electroCore, Inc. - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM                      TO                     

Commission File Number 001-38538

electroCore, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (973) 290-0097

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Stock Market on June 30, 2022 was $33,125,433.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of March 1, 2023 was 4,742,450.

Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the Securities Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the Registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report. 

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in Item 1A of this Annual Report. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. 

Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

References to electroCore

In this Annual Report, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise indicates, references to “ECOR,” “electroCore,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to electroCore, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Our Business

An Overview

We are a commercial stage bioelectronic medicine and wellness company dedicated to improving health through our non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (“nVNS”) technology platform. Our focus is the commercialization of medical devices for the management and treatment of certain medical conditions and consumer product offerings utilizing nVNS to promote general wellbeing and human performance in the United States and select overseas markets. 

nVNS is a platform bioelectronic technology that modulates neurotransmitters through its effects on both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Our nVNS treatment is delivered through a proprietary high-frequency burst waveform that safely and comfortably passes through the skin and stimulates therapeutically relevant fibers in the vagus nerve. Various scientific publications suggest that nVNS works through several mechanistic pathways including the modulation of neurotransmitters.

Historically, vagus nerve stimulation or VNS, required an invasive surgical procedure to implant a costly medical device. This limitation has generally limited VNS from being used by anyone other than the most severe patients. Our medical devices and wellness products are self-administered and intended for regular or intermittent use over many years.

Our business is supported by our in-house capabilities spanning product development, regulatory affairs and compliance, sales and marketing, product testing, assembly, and fulfillment, and customer support. We derive revenues from the sale of medical devices and wellness products in the United States and select overseas markets. We have two principal product categories:

We believe our nVNS treatment may be used in the future to effectively treat additional medical conditions or improve human performance.

Primary Marketed Products and Business Strategy

Our goal is to be a leader in non-invasive neuromodulation by using our proprietary nVNS platform technology to deliver better health. To achieve this, we offer multiple propositions:

Our flagship model, gammaCore Sapphire, is a prescription medical device currently FDA cleared for a variety of primary headache conditions. gammaCore is available by prescription only and Sapphire is a portable, reusable, rechargeable and reloadable personal use option for patients to use at home or on the go. Prescriptions are written by a health care provider and dispensed from a specialty pharmacy, through the patient’s healthcare system, or fulfilled directly to certain patients in the United States directly from our facility in Rockaway, NJ. After the initial prescription is filled, access to additional therapy can be refilled for certain of our gammaCore products periodically through the input of a prescription-only authorization.

Truvaga is a personal use consumer electronics wellness product that does not require a prescription and is available direct-to-consumer from electroCore at www.truvaga.com. Truvaga is not intended for medical use. TAC-STIM is a form of nVNS for human performance and has been developed in collaboration with the United States Department of Defense Biotech Optimized for Operational Solutions and Tactics, or BOOST program. We are exploring strategies to make this product offering available to other branches of the active-duty military and certain human performance professionals in the United States and abroad. TAC-STIM is available as a Commercial Off the Shelf (COtS) solution to professional organizations and is the subject of ongoing research within the United States Air Force Special Operations Command and at the United States Air Force Research Laboratory.

Truvaga and TAC-STIM are intended for general wellness in compliance with the FDA guidance document entitled “General Wellness: Policy for Low-Risk Devices; Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff, issued on September 27 2019”. They are not intended to treat medical conditions.

We have generally focused most of our historical sales efforts in two channels, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and United States Department of Defense, or VA/DOD, and the United Kingdom utilizing our FDA cleared and CE marked product, gammaCore.

The United States Department of Veteran Affairs comprised 60.8% of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022. We expect that a majority of our 2023 sales will be made pursuant to our qualifying contract under the Federal Supply Schedule or FSS, which was secured by us in December 2018, as well as open market sales to individual facilities within the government channels. The FSS is scheduled to expire on January 15, 2024. We intend to request an extension of the FSS from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, but there is no assurance the FSS agreement will be renewed, if at all, or at terms favorable to us, which could have an adverse impact on our financial results. Our sales function in this channel is comprised of employees and independent contractors.

Sales under the MTFM program for cluster headache in the UK comprised 15.1% of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022. In 2023, we plan on continued expansion under this program, as well as continue to utilize distribution partners to commercialize our nVNS technology in territories outside the United States and United Kingdom. In 2023, we expect the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, or NICE, to review the guidance document and any changes in recommendation or pricing may adversely impact our ability to work with the National Health Service, or NHS, England on the MTFM program and could have an adverse impact on our financial results.

We believe there may be significant opportunities beyond these areas. In 2023, therefore, we plan to continue our investment in expanded commercial adoption of gammaCore with cash pay, physician dispense, and direct-to-consumer approaches, and continue our early efforts to begin building wellness and human performance propositions through Truvaga and TAC-STIM.

Primary Headache Market and Competition for our gammaCore Products

In the United States, 39 million patients are affected by migraine, with more than 28 million being adult women. Migraine attacks can be extremely disabling and more than 90% of migraine sufferers are unable to work or function normally while experiencing migraine. According to a recent analysis, the annual economic burden of migraine in the United States is approximately $78 billion. Further, it is estimated that the annual total direct and indirect costs of all migraine-related health services are between $8,500 and $9,500 for an individual patient with chronic migraine. In the United States and EU, research has found that the age of first diagnosis of migraine peaks in the early-to-mid teens and the disease continues to persist throughout adulthood for many of these sufferers, demonstrating that it is often a disorder of long duration.

The marketing landscape for the treatment and prevention of migraine is highly competitive with most migraine patients managing their conditions with over-the-counter therapies. The triptan drug class is the current first line therapy for the acute treatment of migraine. According to the U.S. Pharmacist, a leading pharmacy publication, more than 60% of patients have reported dissatisfaction with, or have contraindications to, the current standard of care, such as triptan medications. There are many additional pharmaceutical approaches currently marketed and under development by third parties.

There are several neuromodulation devices that have been marketed for the treatment of migraine, including CEFALY (sold by CEFALY technologies sprl) and Nerivio (sold by Theranica Bioelectronics), as well as other neuromodulation devices that may be marketed for use in treating pain associated with primary headache. Cefaly has been granted OTC clearance allowing it to be sold without a prescription and the impact of this clearance on the competitive landscape remains to be seen.

The estimated prevalence of CH in the United States ranges from 0.1% to 0.2% of the total population, with an estimated 400,000 patients. CH is a condition in which patients experience extremely painful headache attacks that have been described by patients and physicians as some of the most painful known. CH predominantly affects males in their prime earning ages of 20 to 50, and the attacks of pain occur in bouts, known as cluster periods, during which attacks are experienced at a frequency ranging from every other day to as often as eight times per day. Individual attacks typically last from 15 minutes to as long as three hours. Among CH patients, 85% to 90% experience eCH, with their cluster periods, or bouts, lasting from two to 12 weeks, followed by a remission period, often cycling into bouts twice per year. According to a February 2020 published study in The American Journal of Managed Care, the overall average medical costs for eCH patients over a three-year period exceeded $22,500, compared with $10,140 among non-headache sufferers. Similarly, the overall average pharmacy costs per episodic CH patient during this period were $8,200, which was nearly double that of the non-headache sufferers. Participants in surveys of sufferers indicate that CH is associated with a large socioeconomic burden. For example, research found that nearly 20% of patients with CH reported loss of employment and approximately 8% are unemployed or receiving disability services due to the disorder. 

In the United Kingdom, the estimated prevalence of CH ranges from 0.1% to 0.2% of the total population, with approximately 66,000 affected patients.

Injectable sumatriptan (Imitrex) is an FDA-approved commercially available therapy for the acute treatment for CH. The side effect profile and cost of Imitrex, however, limits patients to treating only a small fraction of their attacks each month and has to be subcutaneously injected, which may be particularly difficult to do during an active CH attack. The most frequently used acute treatments for CH attacks are subcutaneous sumatriptan and high flow rate inhaled oxygen. Alternative treatments include intranasal triptans and intravenous dihydroergotamine, or DHE. Galcanezumab, a calcitonin gene-related peptide was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of episodic CH. Additional medications that are used by patients off-label include verapamil, lithium, and valproate. 

Our gammaCore therapy competes and will compete with numerous existing therapies from many different sources, including pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device and other healthcare companies, and therapies that may become available in the future. We believe the key competitive factors affecting the potential success of our therapy are safety, efficacy, side effect profile, convenience, price, the availability of generic drugs and the availability of coverage and reimbursement from government and certain other third-party payers.

Market and Competition for our General Wellness Products

In April 2021, McKinsey & Company, or McKinsey estimated the global wellness market to be more than $1.5 trillion with annual growth of 5-10%, With the US market, spanning health, fitness, appearance, sleep, nutrition, and mindfulness, to be more than $450 billion and growing at great than 5% annually.

With the U.S. market, spanning health, fitness, appearance, sleep, nutrition, and mindfulness, estimated to be more than $450 billion and growing at greater than 5% annually. In a survey McKinsey conducted in August 2020 with roughly 7,500 customers in Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, 79% of the respondents said they believed wellness is important, and 42% considered it a top priority. Around 37% of surveyed consumers expressed a desire for additional products and services in both the sleep and mindfulness categories, with almost 1/3 of customers wanting more across the remaining four wellness dimensions.

Research and Development

We are developing future iterations of nVNS technology, including the use of our intellectual property around the delivery of smartphone-integrated and smartphone-connected non-invasive therapies. 

We are supporting a variety of Investigator Initiated Trials (IIT) to evaluate additional indications and/or markets for our products. If successful, we believe these trials will provide marketing support for future expansion of our business to new indications and markets.

Regulatory Clearances

Prescription

gammaCore, which is our prescription only, handheld device intended for regular or intermittent use over many years, is cleared by the FDA for use in the following indications:

The FDA clearances of our gammaCore therapy to treat headache were facilitated by the FDA's creation of a new regulatory category: External Vagus Nerve Stimulator for Headache (21 CFR 882-5892). Based on this category’s description, we anticipate that some additional label expansions may be possible through the pathway under Section 510(k) of the Federal Drug and Cosmetic Act.

In January 2022, the FDA granted gammaCore Sapphire “Breakthrough Device designation for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD”. PTSD is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder with limited approved treatment options. The FDA’s Breakthrough Device designation is designed to expedite the development and regulatory review of medical devices that hold the potential for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating disease or condition.

We also are considering several additional medical indications for our nVNS technology which are being studied in several investigator-initiated trials, or IITs. These indications include, post-traumatic stress disorder, opioid use disorders, symptoms of Parkinson's disease, stroke, concussion, attention, nausea, mood, fatigue and memory retention among others.

We received a CE Certificate of Conformity for gammaCore for the treatment of primary headache from the British Standards Institution, a European Union notified body. This CE Certificate of Conformity allowed us to affix the CE Mark on gammaCore and to commercialize it in the European Economic Area and other countries that recognize the CE Mark. In addition, we received CE Certificates of Conformity on gammaCore covering four other indications for use, including reactive airway disease and gastric motility disorders.

In 2019, NICE, published a Medical Technology Guidance document recommending the use of gammaCore for CH within NHS of England and Wales. We expect NICE to review the Medical Technology Guidance in 2023. In January 2021, NHS Scotland adopted the NICE recommendation and recommended gammaCore for use in treatment of CH in Scotland.

NHS England awarded gammaCore a place on the Innovation Technology Payment, or ITP, program for treatment of patients with refractory (severe) cluster headache, a reimbursement pathway that opened in April 2019. Effective April 1, 2021, gammaCore was listed on the NHS England MedTech Funding Mandate (MTFM) Policy. gammaCore is still listed in the policy, which requires commissioners fund the therapy from their existing allocations.

Non-Prescription

During 2022, we launched the Truvaga product line for consumer wellness applications.

During 2022, we launched the TAC-STIM product line designed for active-duty military personnel.

Truvaga and TAC-STIM are being marketed in the United States as wellness and human performance devices pursuant to the FDA guidance document entitled “General Wellness: Policy for Low-Risk Devices; Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff, issued on September 27 2019”.

Manufacturing

We are the FDA-registered and ISO registered manufacturer of our nVNS products. We rely upon third-party contract manufacturers and suppliers, located both within and outside the United States, for substantially all the components of our nVNS products. In order to protect against risk of supply chain disruption, we seek to maintain adequate inventory and have qualified an approved secondary contract manufacturer. Additionally, we retain the internal expertise and capabilities to perform all assembly aspects of our commercial product. These measures include purchasing what we consider to be a sufficient advanced supply of key components to reasonably assure that no component shortages will interrupt our ability to manufacture and deliver our products to patients on a timely basis. All the electronic components used in our products are either high-volume, non-custom commodity components, or are readily available from multiple vendors. The majority of these components have multiple sources, and the few with single sources have been purchased with sufficient reserves to permit continued production while simple product design modifications can be made. We rely upon third parties, however, for the design function for new and modified devices.

At our facility in Rockaway, NJ, we inspect inbound component parts to ensure they meet our design and manufacturing specifications prior to assembly. This quality process involves physical inspection and electrical performance testing. After successful completion of this inspection, each unit is then assembled, packaged, along with appropriate labeling and accessories.

Intellectual Property

Patents and Patent Applications

As of February 1, 2023, we held more than 200 patents and patent applications, including 128 issued U.S. patents, 37 U.S. patent applications, and 45 international patents and applications. All of our current issued patents are projected to expire between 2026 and 2037.

Copyrights, Trademarks and Trade Secrets

The software programs associated with gammaCore and our proprietary ecosystem, are protected by U.S. copyright law. 

As of February 1, 2023, our trademark portfolio consisted of six US trademark registrations, including electroCore, gammaCore, and gammaCore Sapphire, 19 international trademark registrations, and 15 pending US and international trademark applications.

We also rely upon trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation, and may pursue licensing opportunities in the future, to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary rights through a variety of methods, including confidentiality agreements and proprietary information agreements with suppliers, employees, consultants and others who may have access to proprietary information, under which they are bound to assign to us inventions made during the term of their employment or term of service.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Regulation

The majority of our products are medical devices that are subject to extensive regulation by the U.S. FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, as well as by other regulatory bodies in the United States and abroad. The FDA classifies medical devices into one of three classes based on the risks associated with the medical device and the controls deemed necessary to reasonably ensure the device’s safety and effectiveness. Those three classes are:

Before being introduced into the U.S. market, our medical devices must obtain marketing clearance or approval from FDA through the 510(k) pre-market notification process, the de novo classification process (summarized below under De Novo Classification Process), or the PMA process, unless they are determined to be Class I devices or to otherwise qualify for an exemption from one of these available forms of pre-market review and authorization by the FDA. To date, our products have all been classified as Class II, moderate-risk medical devices and have been subject to the 510(k) review and clearance process.

Additionally, the FDA also has a policy, General Wellness: Policy for Low Risk Devices, regarding general wellness products. Under this policy, the FDA does not intend to examine low risk general wellness products to determine whether they are devices within the meaning of the FDCA or, if they are devices, whether they comply with the relevant regulatory requirements for devices (e.g., establishment registration, pre-market review).  The policy defines general wellness products as products that meet the following two factors: (1) are intended for only general wellness use, as defined in the policy, and (2) present a low risk to the safety of users and other persons. We market Truvaga and TAC-STIM as general wellness products pursuant to this policy.

510(k) Pre-Market Notification Process

Class II devices typically require pre-market review and clearance by the FDA, which is accomplished through the submission of a 510(k) pre-market notification before the device may be marketed. To obtain 510(k) clearance, we must demonstrate that a new device is substantially equivalent to another device with 510(k) clearance or grandfathered status, or to a device that was reclassified from Class III to Class II or Class I - this device to which the new device is compared is called the “predicate device.” In some cases, we may be required to perform clinical trials to support a claim of substantial equivalence. If clinical trials are required, we may be required to submit an application for an investigational device exemption, or IDE, which must be cleared by the FDA prior to the start of a clinical investigation, unless the device and clinical investigation are considered non-significant risk by the FDA or are exempt from the IDE requirements. Whether or not an IDE is required for a clinical study involving a medical device, an appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB) must review and approve the study protocol before it is initiated. It generally takes three months from the date of the pre-market notification submission to obtain a final 510(k) clearance decision from the FDA, but it can be significantly longer.

After a medical device receives a 510(k) clearance letter, which authorizes commercial marketing of the new device for one or more specific indications for use, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, requires the submission of a new 510(k) notification or could require de novo classification or a PMA. The FDA allows each company to make this determination, but the FDA can review the decision as part of routine compliance audits of the company. If the FDA disagrees with a company’s decision not to seek prior FDA authorization, the FDA may require the company to seek additional 510(k) clearance or pre-market approval. The FDA also can require the company to cease marketing and/or recall the medical device in question until its regulatory status is resolved.

De Novo Classification Process

If the FDA determines that a new, previously unclassified medical device or its intended use is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, the device is automatically placed into Class III, requiring the submission of a PMA. Devices that cannot be cleared through the 510(k) process due to lack of a predicate device but would be considered low or moderate risk (in other words, they do not rise to the level of requiring the approval of a PMA because any risks associated with the device could be mitigated through general controls and/or special controls) may be eligible for the 510(k) De Novo classification process. If a product is classified as Class II through the De Novo classification process, then that device may serve as a predicate device for subsequent 510(k) pre-market notifications.

FDA has issued a Guidance document that formally codifies requirements for the medical device De Novo process and the procedures and criteria for product developers to file a De Novo classification request.

PMA Application Process

If a medical device does not qualify for the 510(k) pre-market notification process and is not eligible for classification as a low or moderate-risk device through the De Novo process, the device is deemed to be Class III and a company must submit a PMA application to seek authorization for its commercial sale. A PMA requires more extensive pre-filing testing than is required in the 510(k) application and is more costly, lengthy and uncertain. The PMA review and approval process can take one to three years or longer, from the time the PMA application is filed with the FDA. Under a PMA, the company must demonstrate to the FDA that the new medical device is safe and effective for its intended purpose. A PMA typically includes extensive pre-clinical and clinical trial data, and information about the device, its design, manufacture, labeling and components. Before approving a PMA, the FDA generally also performs an on-site inspection of manufacturing facilities for the product to ensure compliance with the FDA’s quality system regulation, or QSR.

If FDA approves the PMA, the approved indications may be more limited than those originally sought. In addition, FDA’s approval order may include post-approval conditions that the FDA believes necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, including, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale and distribution and post-market study requirements. Failure to comply with the post-approval conditions can result in adverse enforcement or administrative actions, including the withdrawal of the approval. Approval of a new PMA application or a PMA supplement may be required before making certain types of modifications to the device, including to its labeling, intended use or indication, or manufacturing process, especially when such modifications have the potential to affect safety and effectiveness.

Post-Marketing Compliance Obligations

Regardless of which pre-market pathway a medical device uses to reach the U.S. market, after a device is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include:

Our international sales are subject to regulatory requirements in the countries in which our products are sold. The regulatory review process varies from country to country and may in some cases require the submission of clinical data.

In 2014, we received CE Certificate of Conformity in the European Economic Area, or EEA, for our gammaCore therapy to treat, primary headache, including migraine, CH, and hemicrania continua, as well as medication overuse headache in adults. The CE Certificate of Conformity was extended to additional indications, including for the treatment or prevention of symptoms of reactive airway disease, which includes asthma, bronchoconstriction, exercise induced bronchospasm, and COPD in adults.

In the EEA and UK, gammaCore must currently comply with the essential requirements laid down in Annex I to Directive 93/42/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the member states relating to medical devices or the EU Medical Devices Directive. Compliance with these requirements is a prerequisite to be able to affix the CE mark to gammaCore, without which they cannot be marketed or sold in the EEA. To demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements and obtain the right to affix the CE Mark medical devices manufacturers must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification. Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I with no measuring function and which are not sterile), where the manufacturer can issue an EC Declaration of Conformity based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the Essential Requirements, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a notified body, which is an organization designated by a competent authority of an EEA country to conduct conformity assessments. Depending on the relevant conformity assessment procedure, the notified body would audit and examine the technical documentation and the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of the medical devices. The notified body issues a CE Certificate of Conformity following successful completion of a conformity assessment procedure conducted in relation to the medical device and its manufacturer and their conformity with the essential requirements. This Certificate entitles the manufacturer to affix the CE mark to its medical devices after having prepared and signed a related EC Declaration of Conformity.

As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the Essential Requirements must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of clinical data supporting the safety and performance of the products during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use and that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device (e.g., product labeling and instructions for use) are supported by suitable evidence. This assessment must be based on clinical data, which can be obtained from (1) clinical studies conducted on the devices being assessed, (2) scientific literature from similar devices whose equivalence with the assessed device can be demonstrated or (3) both clinical studies and scientific literature. gammaCore is a Class IIa medical device in the EU. The conduct of clinical studies in the EEA is governed by detailed regulatory obligations. These may include the requirement of prior authorization by the competent authorities of the country in which the study takes place and the requirement to obtain a positive opinion from a competent ethics committee. This process can be expensive and time-consuming.

Moreover, in May 2017, the EU Medical Devices Regulation 2017/745, or MDR was adopted. The MDR repeals and replaces the EU Medical Devices Directive. Unlike directives, which must be implemented into the national laws of the EEA member states, the regulations would be directly applicable, i.e., without the need for adoption of EEA Member State laws implementing them, in all EEA member states and are intended to eliminate current differences in the regulation of medical devices among EEA member states. The MDR, among other things, is intended to establish a uniform, transparent, predictable and sustainable regulatory framework across the EEA for medical devices and ensure a high level of safety and health while supporting innovation. The MDR became applicable on May 26, 2021, with the transition period intended to end on May 26, 2024. While progress has been made on the transition from the MDD to the MDD, a European Commission proposal published on January 6, 2023, stated that the overall number and capacity of conformity assessment (a.k.a., ‘notified’) bodies remains insufficient to carry out the tasks required of them. In addition, many manufacturers are not sufficiently prepared to meet the strengthened requirements of the MDR by the end of the transition period. This is threatening the availability of medical devices on the EU market. According to an estimation presented by notified bodies to the Medical Device Coordination Group on November 17, 2022, the number of certificates issued by May 2024 may reach around 7,000 if the current rate of certificate issuance remains the same with no changes to current conditions. Notified bodies estimate that the transition of all Directives’ certificates to MDR certificates could possibly be completed by December 2027. The European Commission’s  “Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Regulations (EU) 2017/745 and (EU) 2017/746 as regards the transitional provisions for certain medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices, Brussels, 1.6.2023 intends” to extend the transition period from May 26, 2024 until  December 31, 2027 for high-risk Class III and Class IIb implantable devices, and until  December 31, 2028 for medium and lower risk Class IIb and Class IIa devices. The gammaCore products (gammaCore Sapphire, gammaCore-S) are EU Class IIa devices. Once applicable, the new regulations will among other things: 

It was necessary for notified bodies to be accredited by the EU Member States’ accreditation bodies to conduct assessment procedures for medical devices in accordance with the Regulation. We have the necessary certificates for the MDR. 

On March 29, 2017, the United Kingdom formally notified the EU of its intention to withdraw from the Union pursuant to Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, commonly referred to as Brexit. The United Kingdom and EU have agreed on the terms of the exit deal, which included a transitional period following the United Kingdom’s exit which occurred on January 31, 2020. The transitional period ended on December 31, 2020. The effects of Brexit will be determined by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement which was agreed on December 24, 2020 and ratified by the UK Parliament on December 30, 2020 and was “provisionally” applied by the EU from December 31, 2020. Following Brexit, EU law and the EU Court of Justice no longer have supremacy over British laws or its Supreme Court. The United Kingdom's European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 retains relevant EU law as domestic law, which can be amended or repealed. The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations in the EU and the United Kingdom. Given the lack of comparable precedent, it is unclear what Brexit’s financial, regulatory, and legal implications will be and how it will affect us. However, potentially changing regulatory schemes and tariffs engendered by Brexit may add additional complexity, cost and delays to the operations of electroCore UK Ltd., and in marketing or selling our products in both the United Kingdom and the EEA. Our revenue and profit, supply and demand for our products, and customer retention and acquisition in both the long term and short term could be adversely affected. CE Certificates of Conformity issued by a notified body accredited in the EU may no longer be recognized in the United Kingdom. Similarly, notified bodies accredited in the United Kingdom will no longer be able to issue CE Certificates of Conformity. Obtaining new CE Certificates of Conformity or certification for the United Kingdom may have a significant impact on our activities. Finally, Brexit may also disrupt the way that the United Kingdom interprets obligations under CE Certificates of Conformity. 

Federal Trade Commission

We are subject to Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, regulatory oversight. Under the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act), the FTC is empowered, among other things, to (a) prevent unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce; (b) seek monetary redress and other relief for conduct injurious to consumers; and (c) gather and compile information and conduct investigations relating to the organization, business, practices, and management of entities engaged in commerce. The FTC has very broad enforcement authority, and failure to abide by the substantive requirements of the FTC Act and other consumer protection laws can result in administrative or judicial penalties, including civil penalties, or injunctions affecting the manner in which Truvaga could be marketed in the future. 

Other Regulations

We may also be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse regulation in the jurisdictions in which we will conduct our business. These laws include, without limitation, applicable anti-kickback, false claims, transparency and patient privacy and security laws and regulations.

Advertising and Promotion

Advertising and promotion of medical devices, in addition to being regulated by the FDA, are also regulated by the FTC and by federal and state regulatory and enforcement authorities, including the Department of Justice, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, and various state attorneys general. Although physicians are permitted to use their medical judgment to use medical devices for indications other than those cleared or approved by the FDA, we may not promote our products for such “off-label” uses and can only market our products for cleared or approved uses. Other companies’ promotional activities for their FDA-regulated products have been the subject of FTC enforcement actions brought under healthcare reimbursement laws and consumer protection statutes. FTC enforcement actions often result in consent decrees that constrain future actions. In addition, under the federal Lanham Act and similar state laws, competitors and others can initiate litigation relating to advertising claims. 

Import and Export Requirements

To import a device, the importer must file an entry notice and bond with the United States Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP). All devices are subject to FDA examination before release from CBP. Any article that appears to be in violation of the FDCA may be refused admission and a notice of detention and hearing may be issued. If the FDA ultimately refuses admission, the CBP may issue a notice for redelivery and, if a company fails to redeliver the goods or otherwise satisfy CBP and the FDA with respect to their disposition, may assess liquidated damages for up to three times the value of the lot. The CBP also imposes its own regulatory requirements on the import of our products, including inspection and possible sanctions for noncompliance.

Human Capital Resources

As of March 1, 2023, we employed 62 full-time employees in the US and abroad None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

We believe our success depends on our ability to attract, develop and retain key personnel. The skills, experience and industry knowledge of key employees significantly benefit our operations and performance. Our board of directors and management oversee various employee initiatives. New employees are provided industry-relevant compliance training and are introduced to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics to which all employees are required to annually confirm compliance.

Employee health and safety in the workplace is one of our core values. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has underscored for us the importance of keeping our employees safe and healthy. In response to the pandemic, the Company has taken actions aligned with best practices so our employees can continue to safely and effectively perform their work. For example, since the advent of the pandemic in the first half of 2020, the majority of our employees previously based in our then headquarters in Basking Ridge, NJ have generally conducted business remotely, which has allowed us to reduce our real estate space requirements.

Company History

electroCore, Inc. was founded in 2005 as a limited liability company, which converted into a Delaware corporation pursuant to a statutory conversion effective June 21, 2018. The Company is headquartered in New Jersey and has two wholly owned subsidiaries: electroCore UK Ltd. and electroCore Germany GmbH. The Company has ceased its operations in Germany, although sales to Germany are still supported by electroCore UK Ltd. In addition, an affiliate, electroCore (Aust) Pty Limited, or electroCore Australia, was subject to electroCore’s control on a basis other than voting interests and is a variable interest entity, or VIE, for which electroCore was the primary beneficiary. This VIE has been inactive since May 2017 and was terminated in 2021.

Our Internet website address is www.electrocore.com. We also maintain websites at www.gammacore.com, www.gammacore.co.uk, and www.truvaga.com. The content reflected on our websites are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly noted.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K and proxy statements, and all amendments thereto, are available free of charge on our Internet website. These reports are posted on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with the SEC. The public may read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC electronically through the SEC website (www.sec.gov). The information contained on the SEC’s website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K and should not be considered to be part of this Form 10-K. Within the Investors section of our website, we provide information concerning corporate governance, including our Corporate Governance Guidelines, board committee charters, Code of Conduct and other information. The content reflected on any website reflected in this Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly noted.  

RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information in this Annual Report, including the section of this Annual Report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes. If any of the events described in the following risk factors and the risks described elsewhere in this Annual Report occur, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be seriously harmed. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors that are described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report.  

Risk Related to our Financial Position, Operating Results and Need for Additional Capital

We recently launched new cash pay initiatives, including our gConcierge and gCDirect programs, as well as our direct-to-consumer business channel and patients and providers or consumers may be slow to adopt these programs or their pricing which could adversely impact our business and financial results.

We currently have a cash-pay business channel for our gConcierge and gCDirect programs, and intend to expand our direct-to-consumer business channel through the recently launched ecommerce websites by increasing our advertising and promotional activities in 2023. This will require significant investment and expansion of our sales and marketing capabilities and further development by us relating to this business channel. We have limited experience with scaling and commercializing a direct-to-consumer cash-pay business channel in the United States and abroad, which may impact our ability to rely on this channel as a positive source of revenue. If we are unsuccessful in executing our commercialization efforts in our direct-to consumer business channel and do not achieve the sales levels that we reasonably anticipate to materialize in light of current planning and forecasting, we will be unable to recover the investments described above. Additionally, there is a risk that potentially lower pricing of our therapy in the direct-to-consumer cash-pay business channel could lead to lower pricing and reimbursement in our legacy business channels and, therefore, this risk could have an adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations as well as heighten our need to obtain additional financial capital to support our business projects. 

If third-party payors do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for the use of gammaCore, it may affect our ability to generate significant revenues.

Some of our success in marketing and commercializing gammaCore depends, and will continue to depend, on whether U.S. and international government health administrative authorities, private health insurers, and other payor organizations provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for the cost of our products. Many third-party payors do not currently cover nVNS for any indications other than epilepsy because they have determined all other nVNS modalities to be investigational or experimental. If physicians or insurers do not find our clinical data compelling or wish to wait for additional studies, they may choose not to use or provide coverage and reimbursement for gammaCore. We cannot provide assurance that data we or others may generate in the future will be consistent with data observed in our existing clinical studies, and we cannot provide similar assurance that our current or future published clinical evidence will be sufficient to obtain adequate coverage and reimbursement for gammaCore. Moreover, if we cannot obtain adequate coverage for and reimbursement of the cost of gammaCore, we cannot provide assurance that patients will be willing to incur the full cost of our gammaCore therapy. Access to adequate coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors for our gammaCore therapy or the willingness of patients to bear the entire cost of our therapy is essential in the acceptance of our gammaCore by physicians, patients, and other customers for our therapy.

Third-party payors, whether foreign or domestic, or governmental or commercial, are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs. In addition, in the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for our gammaCore therapy exists among third-party payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for our gammaCore therapy can differ significantly from payor to payor. In addition, payors continually review new technologies for possible coverage and can, without notice, deny coverage for these new products and procedures. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our gammaCore therapy to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained or maintained if obtained. Reimbursement systems in international markets vary significantly by country and by region within some countries, and reimbursement approvals must be obtained on a country-by-country basis. In many international markets, a product must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country. Further, many international markets have government-managed healthcare systems that control reimbursement for new devices and procedures.

In most markets, there are private insurance systems and government-managed systems. If sufficient and timely coverage and reimbursement are not available for our current or future gammaCore products, or if reimbursement rates change, in either the United States or internationally, the demand for our gammaCore product and our revenues would be adversely affected.

We have a limited history commercializing our VNS platform technology, including through direct-to-consumer channels, and commercial success is uncertain.

Moreover, we have limited experience engaging in direct-to-consumer commercial activities and limited established relationships with marketing agencies, analytic platforms, and social media following, all of which are becoming increasingly important to direct-to-consumer initiatives. We may be unable to gain broader market acceptance for our nVNS platform technology in our sales channels and markets, including direct-to-consumer channels in the United States or abroad, for a number of reasons, including:

We have a limited history commercializing our wellness and human performanceproducts in the United States for which market acceptance and commercial success are uncertain.

As a small company with a limited history of selling our wellness and human performance products, we have limited experience engaging in commercial activities and limited established relationships and experience with direct-to-consumer channels and third-party suppliers on whom we depend for the manufacture of our product components. In addition, as a general matter, we may fail to adapt our existing or future technology to patient and customer requirements or emerging treatment standards in our relevant geographic and product markets. New industry standards for the development, manufacture, and marketing of medical devices and general wellness products may evolve in separate ways, and we may not be able to conform to the changes, meet new standards in a timely fashion, or maintain a competitive position in our target marketplace. Moreover, if we face material delays in introducing our products and new technology, we may fail to attract new customers in part due to diminished brand awareness and ineffective implementation of marketing and promotion strategy. Specifically, we may be unable to successfully commercialize our wellness and human performance products in the United States for a number of reasons, including: 

We recently launched our Truvaga and TAC-STIM branded products for wellness and human performance. Commercialization of these products may be very expensive, time consuming and may not generate favorable financial results.

We recently launched our business for wellness and human performance for our Truvaga and TAC-STIM branded products. We have limited experience in this area and our initiatives may require significant investment to develop our sales and marketing capabilities for this business channel. If we are unsuccessful in executing our commercialization efforts in this business channel and do not achieve the sales levels that we expect at all or within the time frames we have forecast, we may need to obtain additional financing on terms that may be dilutive or disadvantageous and we may be unable to recover these investments. 

We have limited operating experience at our current scale of operations. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our brand, company culture, and financial performance may suffer.

Implementation of our growth strategy for our gammaCore and human performance and wellness products may require greater overall planned capital expenditures, and we cannot guarantee that any such increased expenditures will bring forth corresponding, offsetting revenue growth. Because we have a relatively limited history operating our business at its current and evolving scale, it is difficult for us to evaluate our present and future business prospects, including our ability to plan for, and model, future growth scenarios. Our limited operating experience at this scale, combined with the rapidly evolving customer demand and other market structure properties of the health and wellness geographic and product markets in which we operate and other economic factors beyond our control, reduces our ability to accurately forecast quarterly or annual revenue. In particular, our ability to accurately forecast customer demand could be affected by myriad factors, including, without limitation, changes in customer demand levels for our products, changes in demand levels for the products of our competitors, the relative pace of acceptance of personalized health and wellness recommendations, unanticipated weakening of various macroeconomic conditions, and capricious shifts in consumer confidence in future macroeconomic stability and/or the public capital markets. Failure to manage our future growth plans effectively could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

Any significant disruption to our ecommerce business could result in lost sales.

In early 2022, we launched new cash pay initiatives for our gammaCore therapy, including our ecommerce websites in both the United States and United Kingdom. Online sales are subject to a number of risks. System interruptions or delays could cause potential patients to fail to purchase our products, harming our brands. Operating our direct-to-consumer ecommerce business depends on our ability to maintain the efficient and uninterrupted administration of online prescription generation, order-taking, and fulfillment activities. Our ecommerce operations subject us to certain risks that could have an adverse effect on our operating results, including risks related to the computer systems that operate our website and related support systems, such as system failures, viruses, denial of service attacks, computer hackers, data privacy breaches, and other disruptions. If we are unable to continually add software and hardware, effectively upgrade our systems and network infrastructure, and take other steps to improve the efficiency and efficacy of our systems, system interruptions or delays could occur that would adversely affect our operating results.

We utilize third-party vendors for our customer-facing ecommerce technology, portions of our prescription generation, order management system, and fulfillment internationally. We depend on our technology vendors to manage “up-time” of the front-end ecommerce store, manage regulatory control measures around prescriptions, the intake of our orders, and export orders for fulfillment. Any failure on the part of our third-party ecommerce vendors, or in our ability to transition third-party services effectively, could result in lost sales and harm our business.

We are subject to increasing operating costs and inflation risks, which may adversely affect our performance., 

While we may attempt to offset potential increases in operating costs through a variety of measures focused on increasing revenues or reducing operating expenses, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so. Therefore, operating costs may rise faster than associated revenues resulting in a material negative impact on our cash flow and margins.

We are also impacted by inflationary pressures in wages in local and regional labor markets; structural labor market benefits, whether driven by competition for talent or ordinary course pay increases, and other rising costs. Increases in the rate of inflation could also significantly impact our cost base. In all countries in which we operate, wage inflation, whether driven by competition for talent or ordinary course pay increases, may also increase the cost of our cost products and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition if we are not able to pass those costs on to our patients and consumers or charge premium prices when justified by actual or perceived market demand.

Moreover, some of our existing or future customers may consider our products and services to be discretionary by nature. Factors affecting the aggregate level of spending for such customers possibly include current macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, consumer confidence in future macroeconomic conditions, fears of recession, the availability and cost of customer credit, rates of employment, and tax rates, which are factors that would adversely impact demand for our products.

We have a history of significant losses. If we do not achieve and sustain profitability and positive cash flow from operations, our financial condition could suffer. Our failure to become and remain profitable could negatively impact the results of our operations as well as your investment.

We have experienced significant net losses, and we expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future while we operate our sales and marketing infrastructure, endeavor to increase acceptance of our gammaCore therapy and launch our human performance and wellness product line in relevant markets, fund our various research and development activities, and obtain regulatory clearance or approval for other products or indications in the United States and internationally. We have never been profitable and have incurred net losses in each year since our inception.

We incurred net losses of $22.2 million and $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, our accumulated deficit was $146.4 million. Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had, and will continue to have for the foreseeable future, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ deficit and working capital.

To become and remain profitable, we must successfully commercialize our nVNS platform technology and identify promising areas of adoption with significant potential in terms of marketability, brand awareness, and product distinguishability, among other business considerations. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, which may include obtaining adequate coverage and reimbursement from payors; marketing and selling any current and future product candidates for which we may obtain appropriate marketing clearance, approval or authorization; developing commercial-scale manufacturing processes; managing various risks associated with the design, manufacture, marketing, and sale of human performance, wellness product offerings, including compliance risk stemming from inadequate monitoring and analysis of applicable FDA and other relevant guidance as well as applicable consumer protection laws, rules, and regulations, ineffective initial and periodic assessment of claims and intended uses of such offerings, and inadequate government affairs, regulatory change management, or other corporate compliance functions that typically identify and remediate nonconformance with administrative law requirements, whether U.S. federal, state, or otherwise, and execute regulatory compliance processes more broadly; completing future clinical trials of gammaCore for additional therapeutic indications; obtaining additional marketing clearance, approval, or authorization from applicable regulatory authorities; militating against risk in, and enhancing the measures of cost efficiency in, our manufacturing; satisfying any post-marketing requirements; and developing the marketing and promotional expertise necessary to succeed in an integrative, well-funded direct-to-consumer approach through the sale of our wellness and human performance product offerings. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our commercialization efforts as well as our research and clinical development activities, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when, if ever, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. We expect to continue to incur substantial net losses and negative cash flows from operations as we commercialize our nVNS platform technology. We intend to continue to make targeted investments in building our U.S. and UK commercial infrastructure.

If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability, then, we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to further reduce, or ultimately terminate, our operations. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $18.0 million. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient cash flow and liquidity to fund our planned activities, which could force us to significantly reduce or curtail our activities and ultimately and potentially cease operations. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development and marketing efforts, and expand our business or continue our operations. Accordingly, a decline in the market value of our company could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Our plans to expand our direct-to-consumer cash-pay business channel may not be able to generate significant revenues.

We currently have a small direct-to-consumer cash-pay business channel, which we are planning to expand in 2023 and beyond. This will require significant investment in, and expansion of, our sales and marketing capabilities and use of our own ecommerce platform, as stated previously. If we are unsuccessful in executing our commercialization efforts in this business channel and do not achieve the sales levels that we expect in light of our current plans and forecasts, we may be unable to recover these investments. Additionally, there is a risk that expanding our direct-to-consumer cash-pay business channel could erode demand for our prescription products, depress pricing with third-party payors and, therefore, have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

We must successfully attract, hire, train, and retain qualified professionals to service our direct-to-consumer sales channels, and we must productively deploy our professionals to become profitable.

Identifying, recruiting, hiring, and retaining professionals, including employees, independent contractors, and consultants with diverse skill sets across our broad geography of operations consistent with servicing our existing, new, and evolving sales channels, including direct-to-consumer are critical to our sales strategy. The market for qualified professionals is evolving, dynamic, and increasingly challenging. Our corporate reputation is a significant factor on consumers’ evaluation of whether to buy our products and on potential employees’ evaluation of whether to join our company. If we are unable to recruit skilled professionals, and if we do not deploy those professionals productively, our results of operations may be adversely impacted. We must manage our sales and marketing team well and plan and train for future needs effectively while accurately predicting physician, patient, and consumer demand. We may not be able to retain such talented professionals long-term for a variety of reasons, including their desire to remain as independent content creators rather than full-time employees. If we are unable to attract, hire, train, and retain highly skilled professionals and productively deploy them on our sales and marketing efforts, we will jeopardize our ability to develop ongoing and future sales, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Competition for highly skilled professionals is intense in the markets where we operate, and we may experience significant employee turnover rates due to such competition. If we are unable to retain professionals with specialized skills, our revenues, operating efficiency, and profitability would decrease. Cost reductions, such as reducing headcount, or voluntary departures that result from our failure to retain the professionals we hire, could negatively affect our reputation as an employer and our ability to hire skilled professionals to meet our business requirements. Increased compensation to retain skilled professionals could lead to lower margins or higher costs and price increases that could in turn lead to a general reduction in demand levels for our products.

Any significant growth in the market for our products and services or our entry into a new market may require an expansion of our employee base for managerial, marketing, operational, financial, and other purposes. During any period of growth, we may face problems relating to our operational and financial systems and controls, including quality control and delivery and service capacities. We would also need to continue to expand, train, and manage our employee base. Continued future growth will impose significant added responsibilities upon the members of management to identify, recruit, maintain, integrate, and motivate new employees.

Our consultants and certain of our sales force are classified as independent contractors, and we can face consequences if it is determined that they are misclassified as such.

There is often uncertainty in the application of worker classification laws, and, consequently, there is risk that our independent contractors could be deemed to be misclassified under applicable law. The tests governing whether a service provider is an independent contractor or an employee are typically highly fact-intensive and vary by jurisdiction. Laws and regulations that govern the status and misclassification of independent contractors are also subject to divergent interpretations by various authorities, which contributes to uncertainty or unpredictability in the law. A misclassification determination or allegation creates potential exposure for us, including, but not limited to, monetary exposure arising from or relating to failure to withhold and remit taxes, unpaid wages, and wage and hour laws and requirements (such as those pertaining to minimum wage and overtime); claims for employee benefits, social security, workers’ compensation and unemployment; claims of discrimination, harassment, and retaliation under civil rights laws; claims under laws pertaining to unionizing, collective bargaining, and other concerted activity; and other claims, charges, or other proceedings under laws and regulations applicable to employers and employees, including risks relating to allegations of joint employer liability. Such claims could result in monetary damages (including, but not limited to, wage-based damages or restitution, compensatory damages, liquidated damages, and punitive damages), interest, fines, penalties, costs, fees (including, but not limited to, attorneys’ fees), criminal and other liability, assessment, or settlement. Such an allegation, claim, adverse determination, including but not limited to with respect to advisors and consultants that provide services to us, could also harm our brand and reputation, which could in turn adversely impact our business.

If we experience price fluctuations for our products, and we are unable to reduce our expenses, including the per unit cost of producing our products, there may be a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We anticipate that we will experience price fluctuations for our products due to pricing pressure relating to our efforts to increase consumer demand for our products. We may also face pricing pressure from managed care organizations and other third-party payors due to increased market power of our payors while the medical device industry consolidates as well as increased competition among suppliers, including manufacturing services providers. If the prices for our products decrease, and we are unable to reduce our expenses, including the cost of sourcing materials, logistics, and the cost to manufacture our products, our sales, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, could be adversely affected. Macroeconomic conditions may result in increased costs for manufacturing and outsourced services and cause additional pressure to reduce the prices for our products if a recession or depression occurs, and people are unable to afford our products. We cannot predict the ultimate impact that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its effects and macro-economic conditions could have on our business operations and financial condition. Any increased or unexpected pricing pressures, costs, delays, or failures to achieve cost savings, and unexpected risks we encounter in our business, including those caused by factors outside our control, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. 

Future acquisitions, strategic investments, or alliances could disrupt our business and harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We may in the future explore potential acquisitions of companies and technologies, strategic investments, or alliances to strengthen our business. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business, including:

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we anticipate this continuing for at least the next 12 months from the date the financial statements included in this Annual Report are made available as we continue seeking to invest in our business. We believe that our growth will depend, in part, on our ability to fund our commercial efforts for our VNS platform technology, and to opportunistically pursue research and development activities for additional indications for our gammaCore therapy. There is no assurance that we will have sufficient cash flow and liquidity to fund our planned activities. As a result, we will need to seek additional funds in the future or curtail or forgo some or all of such activities. If we seek to and are unable to raise funds on favorable terms, or at all, we may not be able to support our commercialization efforts or increase our research and development activities, and the growth of our business may be negatively impacted. As a result, we may be unable to compete effectively. There is no assurance that we will generate sufficient funds through our operating results or financing activity thereby raising substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements included in this Annual Report. Changes, including those relating to the payor and competitive landscape, our commercialization strategy, our development activities, and regulatory matters, may occur beyond our control that would cause us to consume our available capital more quickly. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

To finance our activities, we may seek funds through borrowings or through additional rounds of financing, including public or private equity or debt offerings and collaborative arrangements with corporate partners. We may be unable to raise funds on favorable terms, if at all. We do not currently have any agreements or understandings with respect to any potential financing. Our stock price, market capitalization trading volume, and other macroeconomic factors may affect our ability to raise funds and the terms on which we will be able to raise funds. Our failure to obtain additional necessary financing could impair our ability to conduct our operations, and any such failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and on our ability to (i) pursue our business plans and strategies and (ii) maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Stock Market.

In addition, our auditors report for our 2022 financial statements contains a statement concerning our ability to continue as a "going concern". Our lack of sufficient liquidity could make it more difficult for us to secure additional financing terms acceptable to us, if at all, and may materially and adversely affect the terms of any financing that we may obtain and our stock price generally. Our ability to continue our operations depends upon, among other things, our ability to increase revenue, reduce operating expenses, and obtain additional funding through the sale of equity and/or debt securities, debt financing, strategic transactions, or otherwise. However, there are significant risks and uncertainties as to our ability to achieve these goals or to obtain required funding on commercially reasonable terms or at all, including as a result of the adverse impact on our business from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and other macro-economic conditions. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient cash flow and liquidity to fund our planned activities, which could force us to significantly reduce or curtail our activities and ultimately potentially cease operations.

The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities could result in additional dilution to our stockholders. If we borrow additional funds or issue debt securities, lenders or security holders could have rights superior to holders of our common stock, and such indebtedness could contain covenants that will restrict our operations. We might have to obtain funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to our technologies, therapeutic candidates, or products that we otherwise would not relinquish. If we do not obtain additional resources, our ability to capitalize on business opportunities will be limited and we may be unable to compete effectively, and the growth of our business would be materially and adversely harmed.

Risks Related to Our Business and the Development of Our gammaCore Therapy

Regulatory requirements and changes to payors’ prescription benefit plans and medical pathway plans could adversely impact our business and financial results. 

While we have ongoing discussions with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, our products are not currently covered by Medicare and Medicaid. Applicable Medicare Part D regulations and federal and state laws will impose additional requirements on us upon execution of our commercialization strategy. Our commercialization strategy, including our planned reimbursement approach with respect to our gammaCore therapy, is likely to subject us to additional audit oversight requirements, and if material contractual or regulatory non-compliance were to be identified, applicable sanctions and/or monetary penalties may be imposed, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In time, changes in payor prescription benefit plans or medical pathway plans could have the effect of rendering existing pharmacy benefit plans or medical pathway plans less valuable to beneficiaries and reduce the total market for our gammaCore therapy. In addition, some payors could decide to discontinue providing full or partial coverage to their members for our gammaCore therapy, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Our commercialization strategy of gammaCore may expose us to increased billing, cash application, and credit risks.

Our commercialization strategy may involve funding for our gammaCore therapy through medical benefit coverage, the majority of which is provided by private insurers, as well as reimbursement by government agencies. Such claims are generally for very high-priced medicines, and collection of payments from insurance companies, patients, and other payors generally takes substantially longer than for those claims administered through a pharmacy benefit manager. Because of the high cost of these claims, complex billing requirements, and the nature of the medical benefit coverage determination process, these accounts receivable are characterized by higher risk in collecting the full amounts due and applying the associated payments. In addition, possible sales in our EUA business channel to hospitals may involve higher credit risks than sales to other payors.

Revenues from the sale of our gammaCore therapy partially depend on the continued availability of reimbursement by government and private insurance plans. The government’s Medicare regulations are complex, and, as a result, the billing and collection process is time-consuming and typically involves the submission of claims to multiple payors whose payment of claims may be contingent upon the payment of another payor. Because of the coordination with multiple payors, and the complexity in determining reimbursable amounts, these accounts receivable have higher risk in collecting the full amounts due and applying the associated payments.

Our gammaCore therapy commercialization strategy may require premium payments from members for the ongoing benefit as well as amounts due from insurers and government-sponsored or national health insurance programs. As a result of the demographics of the consumers covered under these programs, and the complexity of the calculations as well as the potential magnitude and timing of settlement for amounts due from insurers and government-sponsored or national health insurance programs, these accounts receivable may be subject to billing and realization risk. Additionally, we may be subject to increased credit risk associated with state and local government agencies experiencing increased fiscal challenges. As a result of the aforementioned risks, our commercialization strategy, even if successful, may involve recordation of bad debt expenses potentially impacting our results of operations and liquidity.

Third-party payors have been resistant to cover gammaCore through pharmacy benefit plans, which has hindered our commercialization strategy and required changes to our existing business that could delay and negatively impact our ability to generate revenue.

In the United States, our initial strategy to obtain reimbursement for gammaCore under payors’ pharmacy benefit has not achieved adequate coverage and reimbursement. To obtain coverage and reimbursement from Medicare and any other third-party payor that will not cover gammaCore under a pharmacy benefit, we are seeking coverage and reimbursement as a medical device or item of durable medical equipment. While this would provide coverage for the therapy under a patient’s medical insurance, patients may be unwilling to pay out of pocket for deductibles and co-pays for the therapy. Any determination by commercial payors to provide coverage for gammaCore through the medical benefit pathway and not through pharmacy benefit pathway will further delay or pose more risks to our commercial plan for gammaCore therapy since additional medical device codes are required, and we may incur additional direct and indirect expenses in assisting patients with their co-pay or other costs emergent from the determination by payors to not cover gammaCore under the pharmacy benefit pathway. Coverage by commercial payors through the medical benefit pathway or other decisions by commercial payors that have the effect of making patients personally responsible for the costs of, or costs associated with, our gammaCore therapy could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

These potential changes may entail numerous risks, including increased operating expenses, requirements to comply with healthcare regulatory laws, the loss of or delay in obtaining revenue, and uncertainty in our ability to successfully implement the modifications. The failure to obtain recognition by third-party payors under the pharmacy benefit model has required us to modify our commercialization strategy, our distribution model, our pricing, and our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the sales of gammaCore and the results of our operations and financial condition.

We must demonstrate to patients, physicians, and third-party payors the medical and economic benefits of our gammaCore therapy compared to those of our competitors or other available therapies, and such comparisons may not be realizable. 

Physicians play a significant role in determining the course of a patient’s treatment and, as a result, the type of product that will be used to treat a patient. As a result, our success depends, in large part, on effectively marketing our gammaCore therapy to physicians. We have received several 510(k) clearances from the FDA for gammaCore therapy; however, such clearances do not necessitate adoption by physicians. In order for our gammaCore therapy to gain widespread adoption, we must successfully demonstrate to physicians the medical and economic benefits of our gammaCore therapy compared to competitors’ products, including (i) BOTOX marketed by Allergan plc, (ii) CGRP receptor agonists marketed by Amgen Inc. (with a co-marketing arrangement with Novartis International AG), Allergan plc, Eli Lilly and Company, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., and Pfizer Inc., (iii) lasmiditan, marketed by Eli Lilly, (iv) Vycpti, an intravenous preventive treatment for migraine marketed by H. Lundbeck A/S, and (v) neuromodulation devices that have been marketed for the acute treatment and/or prevention of migraine, including the Cefaly and Nerivio devices. We also may face challenges because noninvasive VNS, or nVNS, is relatively new compared to existing traditional treatments for cluster and migraine headaches.

Acceptance of our gammaCore therapy depends on educating patients and physicians as to the distinctive characteristics, perceived benefits, safety, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness of our gammaCore therapy relative to our competitors’ products and communicating to physicians the proper use of our gammaCore therapy. If we are not successful in convincing patients and physicians of the merits of our gammaCore therapy or educating them on the benefits of our gammaCore therapy, they may not seek a prescription or prescribe our gammaCore therapy, and we may be unable to increase our sales, sustain our growth, or achieve profitability. In addition, we believe support of our products by physicians is essential for market acceptance and adoption. If we do not receive support from physicians, or long-term data do not show the benefits of using our gammaCore therapy, patients and physicians may not use it. In such circumstances, our results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

We must demonstrate to customers the benefits of nVNS platform technology for general wellbeing and human performance compared to those of our competitors and such comparisons may not be realizable. 

Consumer sentiments play a significant, and increasing, role in determining customer adoption of certain wellness products. In general, our success depends on the continued willingness of consumers to use health and wellness products and services and to place value in the primacy of scientific evidence in the marketing of wellness products and services. To be successful, we will need to continue to significantly invest in educating consumers about our products. This need is elevated in the light of the health and wellness market’s particular characteristics. The market is heavily saturated, and the expected future demand for and market acceptance of innovative products and services in the market are uncertain. While we believe it is reasonable to predict that the overall health and wellness market will continue to grow, it is difficult to predict the future growth rates, if any, of certain sectors that intersect with comparable and substitution products relevant to our business. As a result, if our market does not further develop, or develops more slowly than expected, or becomes saturated with competitors with greater financial or other resources, or if our products do not achieve sufficient adoption in accordance with present and future business plans, our financial condition, and operating results could be materially and adversely affected. In particular, as stated previously, acceptance of our nVNS platform technology depends on educating patients as to the distinctive characteristics, perceived benefits, safety, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness of our nVNS platform technology relative to our competitors’ products and communicating to customers the proper use of our nVNS products. As a result, our success depends, in large part, on effectively marketing our nVNS platform technology to consumers. For our nVNS platform technology to gain widespread adoption, we must successfully demonstrate to consumers the relative benefits of our nVNS platform technology compared to competitors’ products. We also may face challenges because nVNS is relatively new compared to existing wellness products across a multitude of price points. Further, the competitive landscape for wellness products is crowded and continues to rapidly evolve. Therefore, our wellness business line faces a diverse set of challenges that may have a significant effect on your investment.

Stimulating therapeutically relevant fibers in the vagus nerve by a proprietary high-frequency burst waveform that passes through the skin cells represents a novel approach to treating pain, and we must overcome significant challenges to successfully develop, commercialize, and manufacture our product.

We have concentrated our development and commercialization efforts on products based on a platform of stimulating therapeutically relevant fibers in the vagus nerve by a proprietary high-frequency burst waveform that passes through the skin. We believe that our product platform represents a novel approach to treating pain. However, to date, the FDA has cleared only our gammaCore products for commercialization based on this platform. The processes and requirements imposed by the FDA or other applicable health authorities may cause delays and additional costs in obtaining approvals for marketing authorization for our gammaCore products. Because our platform is novel, regulatory agencies, as well as insurance and other coverage providers and payors, may lack experience in evaluating product candidates like gammaCore and gammaCore Sapphire. This inexperience may lengthen the regulatory review process, increase our development costs, and delay or prevent reimbursement and commercialization of our platform products. Additionally, advancing this novel platform creates significant challenges for us, including:

We must be able to overcome these challenges in order to successfully develop, commercialize, and manufacture our gammaCore and product candidates.

Our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter because of seasonality, bulk orders, shipments to distributors, or otherwise.

Our quarterly revenue and results of operations may fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to, among others, the following reasons:

Our results may also fluctuate on a seasonal basis due to the seasonality of cluster and migraine headache attacks, which could affect the comparability of our results between periods. These seasonal variations are difficult to predict accurately, may vary across different markets, and at times may be entirely unpredictable, which introduce additional risk into our business because we may rely upon forecasts of customer demand to build inventory in advance of anticipated sales. In addition, we believe our limited commercial history has, in part, made our seasonal patterns more difficult to discern, making it more difficult to predict future seasonal patterns.

We derive a material portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers, and the loss of one or more of these customers could adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our customer base is concentrated. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue from Department of Veteran Affairs and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) facilities pursuant to the terms and conditions of our qualifying contract under the Federal Supply Schedule and open market sales represented 60.8%and 59.8% of our total revenue, respectively. In 2022, five specific VA/DoD facilities represented approximately 52.8% of our revenue from this channel, and one of those facilities accounted for more than 10% individually. If we were to lose one or more of our significant customers, our revenue may significantly decline. The loss of one or more of our significant customers could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Because of these and other factors, it is likely that, in some future period, our operating results will not meet investor expectations or those of public market analysts.

Any unanticipated change in revenues or operating results is likely to cause our stock price to fluctuate. New information may cause investors and analysts to revalue our business, which could cause a decline in our stock price. 

Failure to protect our information technology infrastructure against cyber-based attacks, network security breaches, service interruptions, or data corruption could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We rely on information technology and telephone networks and systems, including the internet, to process and transmit sensitive electronic information and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities, including sales, billing, customer service, marketing, procurement and supply chain, manufacturing, and distribution. We also rely on information technology systems to support our proprietary data warehouse, which, among other things, maintains patient product serial numbers and allows for prescription refills at specialty pharmacies through RFID cards. In addition, we use enterprise information technology systems to record, process, and summarize financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory, financial reporting, legal, and tax requirements. Our information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, and the information technology systems of third parties may be susceptible to damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due to computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication failures, user errors, or catastrophic events. Despite the precautionary measures we and third parties have taken to prevent breakdowns in information technology and telephone systems, if these systems are breached or suffer severe damage, disruption, or shutdown, and we are unable to effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, our business and operating results may suffer, and we may be subject to related lawsuits.

We may engage in future acquisitions that increase our capital requirements, dilute our stockholders, cause us to incur debt, or assume contingent liabilities that subject us to other risks.

We may evaluate various strategic transactions, including licensing or acquiring complementary therapies, products and technologies, or businesses. Any potential acquisitions may entail numerous risks, including increased operating expenses and cash requirements, assimilation of operations and products, retention of key employees, diversion of our management’s attention, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships of the acquired entity or entities. In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses, and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition opportunities, and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of our business.

We may seek to grow our business through acquisitions or investments in new or complementary businesses, products, or technologies through the licensing of products or technologies from third parties. The failure to manage acquisitions, investments, licenses, or other strategic alliances, or the failure to integrate them with our existing business, could harm our business.

Our success depends in part on our ability to continually enhance and broaden our product offerings in response to changing customer demands, competitive pressures, and technologies. Accordingly, from time to time, we may consider opportunities to acquire or make investments in businesses, or make investments in or license other technologies and products, that may enhance our capabilities, complement our current products, or expand the geographic or product breadth of our markets or customer base.

Potential and completed acquisitions, strategic investments, licenses, and other alliances involve numerous risks, including:

We do not know if we will be able to identify acquisitions or strategic relationships we deem suitable, whether we will be able to successfully complete any such transactions on favorable terms or at all, or whether we will be able to successfully integrate any acquired business, product, or technology into our business or retain any key personnel, suppliers, or distributors.

To finance any acquisitions, investments, or strategic alliances, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock or other equity-linked securities as consideration, which could dilute the ownership of our stockholders. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may be unable to consummate any acquisitions, investments, or strategic alliances using our stock as consideration.

If serious adverse events or other undesirable side effects are identified during the use of our gammaCore therapy in clinical trials or IITs (collectively and unless the context requires otherwise, “clinical trials”), it may adversely affect our development of such product candidates.

Undesirable side effects caused by our gammaCore therapy could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay, or halt nonclinical studies and future clinical trials or could make it more difficult for us to enroll patients in clinical trials and could, if injuries occur, result in product liability litigation. If serious adverse events or other undesirable side effects or unexpected characteristics of our gammaCore therapy are observed in investigator-sponsored trials, further clinical development of such product candidate may be delayed or we may not be able to continue development of such product candidate at all, and the occurrence of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business. Undesirable side effects caused by our gammaCore therapy could also result in the delay or denial of regulatory clearance or approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities or in more restrictive labels than we desire.

Commercialization of our gammaCore Sapphire therapy for additional conditions may require clinical trials, which are very expensive, take a long time to complete, and are difficult to design and implement and involve uncertain outcomes. Furthermore, results of earlier preclinical studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of results of future preclinical studies, clinical trials, or commercial success.

The risk of failure for our gammaCore therapy in additional treatment areas is high. It is difficult if not impossible to predict when or if any of our product candidates will receive regulatory clearance or approval in additional areas of indication. To obtain the requisite regulatory clearance or approvals to market and sell our gammaCore therapy in additional indications, we must demonstrate through extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials that it is safe and effective in humans for use in each additional target indication. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and the outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process.

In addition, the results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the results of later-stage preclinical studies or clinical trials. The results generated to date in preclinical studies or clinical trials for our gammaCore therapy in cluster and migraine headaches do not ensure that later preclinical studies or clinical trials will demonstrate similar results in other therapeutic indications, and it should be noted that we did not achieve the primary endpoints in our pivotal trials for cluster and migraine headaches. There can be no assurance that the FDA and other regulatory authorities will be satisfied by data from clinical trials for other treatment indications, even where we believe such data to be compelling. Our gammaCore therapy may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits in additional areas of indication in future clinical trials despite having progressed through preclinical and earlier stage clinical trials. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries have suffered significant setbacks in later-stage clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have, nonetheless, failed to obtain marketing clearance or approval of their products.

In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in clinical trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations, adherence to the dosing regimen and other clinical trial protocols, and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. If we fail to produce positive results in our planned preclinical studies or clinical trials of any of our product candidates, the development timeline and regulatory clearance and commercialization prospects for our product candidates, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects, would be materially and adversely affected.

Any clinical trial we conduct in the United States may subject us to additional costs and detriments compared to a foreign clinical trial, which may negatively impact our financial condition and our business.

Conducting any clinical trial within the United States may subject us to additional costs and drawbacks, which may negatively impact our financial condition and our business. The costs of a foreign clinical trial (or FCT) may be significantly lower than costs of an equivalent trial in the United States, as the materials and location costs of an FCT may be lower than a trial within the United States. Electing to run a clinical trial within the United States may impose significant added financial costs compared to a FCT. Among other factors, the faster recruitment of patients overseas and completion of trials in a FCT may represent considerable cost savings that we would forego in conducting clinical trials within the United States. These and other costs from conducting any clinical trial for our gammaCore therapy instead of a FCT may negatively impact our financial condition and our business. In addition, a FCT may offer other non-financial benefits, such as a larger potential population of qualified patients to participate in clinical trials compared against the potential enrollee population in the United States where clinical trials may compete for a limited number of the same potential patients. These and other foregone benefits of a FCT may negatively impact our financial condition and our business.

If we are unable to enroll patients in future clinical trials, our research and development efforts could be adversely affected.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in future clinical trials for our gammaCore therapy in additional areas of indications are critical to our success. Successful and timely completion of future clinical trials will require that we enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the study until conclusion. If we are unable to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our future clinical trials, our timelines for recruiting patients, conducting clinical trials, and obtaining regulatory clearance or approval of our gammaCore therapy in additional areas of indication may be delayed. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing our product development, delays in testing the effectiveness of our technology, or termination of clinical trials altogether.

We cannot predict how successful we will be at enrolling patients in future clinical trials. Patient enrollment is affected by other factors including:

In addition, our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials that are in the same therapeutic areas as we are targeting, and this competition will reduce the number and types of patients available to us because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one of our competitors. 

Delays in the completion of any clinical trial of our gammaCore therapy will increase our costs, slow down our expansion into additional treatment indications and approval process, and delay or potentially jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate future revenue. We have recently reduced resources in research and development which may delay our receipt of regulatory approvals for additional indications. In addition, many of the factors that may lead to a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory clearance or approval of our gammaCore therapy in additional treatment indications.

Clinical trials may be delayed, suspended, or terminated for many reasons, which will increase our expenses and delay the time it takes to develop and expand our gammaCore therapy in additional treatment indications.

We may experience delays in our ongoing or future preclinical studies or clinical trials, and we do not know whether future preclinical studies or clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, will enroll an adequate number of patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed, suspended or terminated as a result of many factors, including:

Consistent with recent years, we continue not to invest in certain clinical trials in indications that are more exploratory in nature.

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated (or paused by us, as we have done with our PREMIUM II trial) by the IRBs or ethics committees of the institutions at which such trials are being conducted, by the data safety monitoring board for such trial, or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, including the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practice (or GCP) regulations, or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations, or administrative actions, or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

In addition, we may encounter delays if the FDA, or other regulators, conclude that our financial relationships with investigators result in a perceived or actual conflict of interest that may have affected the interpretation of a study, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site, or the utility of the clinical trial itself. Principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive cash compensation and/or stock options in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation to, or ownership interest by, the clinical investigator carrying out the study result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or if the FDA or other regulators conclude that the financial relationship may have affected interpretation of the study, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned, and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection by the FDA. Any such delay or rejection could prevent us from commercializing any of our products currently in development.

If we experience delays in the commencement or completion of any clinical trial of our product candidates, or if any of our future clinical trials are terminated, the commercial prospects of our gammaCore therapy may be harmed, and our ability to generate revenue from sales may be delayed or materially diminished.

We do not know whether any of our future preclinical studies or clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Any delays in completing clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process, and jeopardize our ability to commence sales and generate associated revenue. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition, and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial, suspension, or revocation of expanded regulatory clearance or approval of our product candidates. Significant preclinical study or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates.

Even if our products are approved or cleared in the United States and obtain a CE Certificate of Conformity in the EEA, comparable regulatory authorities of additional foreign countries must also approve the manufacturing and marketing of our products in those countries. Approval and clearance procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States or the EEA, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, and prospects significantly.

Our cost-control efforts might not assure profitability and may affect morale and make it difficult to retain employees or attract new ones.

We have previously implemented reductions in force affecting a large portion of our workforce, redeployed resources across our organization, and taken other measures to reduce our operating expenses. These efforts do not assure profitability. Furthermore, no assurance can be given as to the need to implement additional cost reductions in the future. Cost savings may also be offset by future hiring or other costs incurred in pursuing strategic objectives. Reductions in force, strategic redeployment, and other cost-cutting measures could adversely affect morale in our organization and our reputation as an employer, which could lead to the loss of valued employees and could make it more difficult for us to hire new employees in the future, and the reduction of our headcount could adversely affect our operations and make it more difficult for us to pursue new opportunities and initiatives in the future.

If we fail to properly manage our anticipated growth, our business could suffer.

We have a relatively short history of operating as a commercial company. We intend to continue to grow our existing business and may experience periods of rapid growth and expansion, which could place a significant additional strain on our limited personnel, information technology systems, and other resources. In particular, maintaining our sales force in the United States requires significant management, financial, and other supporting resources. Any failure by us to manage our growth effectively could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our commercialization and development goals.

In the future, we may experience difficulties with manufacturing, quality control, component supply, inventory, distribution, and shortages of qualified personnel, among other problems. These problems could result in delays in availability of our gammaCore therapy and increases in expenses. Any such delay or increased expense could adversely affect our ability to generate our revenue.

Future growth will also impose significant added responsibilities on management, including the need to identify, recruit, train, or integrate additional employees. In addition, rapid and significant growth will place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure.

In order to manage our operations and growth, we will need to continue to improve our operational and management controls, reporting and information technology systems, and financial internal control procedures. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it may be difficult for us to execute our business strategy, and our operating results and business could suffer.

If we fail to develop and retain an effective sales force, our business could suffer.

In order to continue to market and sell our nVNS platform technology, we may in the future need to substantially expand our direct sales force. There is significant competition for such personnel. Once hired, the training process is lengthy because it requires significant education for new territory business managers to achieve the level of clinical competency with our products expected by physicians. Upon completion of the training, our territory business managers typically require "lead time" in the field to grow their network of accounts and achieve the productivity levels we expect them to reach. Furthermore, the use of our products often requires or benefits from direct support from us. If we are unable to attract, motivate, develop, and retain a sufficient number of qualified sales personnel, and if our territory business managers do not achieve the productivity levels, we expect them to reach, our revenue will not grow at the rate we expect and, our financial performance will suffer. Also, to the extent we hire personnel from our competitors, we may have to wait until applicable non-competition provisions have expired before deploying such personnel in restricted territories or incur costs to relocate personnel outside of such territories, and, in the past, we have been subject to, and may, in the future, be subject to, allegations that these new hires have been improperly solicited, or that they have divulged to us proprietary or other confidential information of their former employers. Any of these risks may adversely affect our business.

We have limited history of commercializing wellness products withing the United States or abroad. We have limited established relationships with stakeholders and experience in direct-to-consumer channels and limited relationships with third-party suppliers on whom we depend for the manufacture of our product components.

If our competitors are better able to develop and market primary headache treatments that are safer, more effective, less costly, easier to use, or otherwise more attractive than our gammaCore therapy, our business and business prospects will be adversely impacted.

The pharmaceutical and medical device industries are highly competitive and subject to rapid innovation and change. Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to establish a competitive position in the cluster and migraine markets by securing broad market acceptance of our gammaCore therapy. We believe that the primary competitive factors in the primary headache markets including those for CH and migraine headache are cost, demonstrated clinical effectiveness, product safety, reliability and durability, ease of use, product support and service, minimal side effects, and sales force experience and relationships. We face significant competition in the United States and internationally, which we believe will intensify over time. Many of the companies developing or marketing competing products enjoy several advantages over us, including:

Our competitors may develop and patent processes or products earlier than us, obtain patents that may apply to us at any time, obtain regulatory clearance or approvals for competing products or processes more rapidly than us, or develop more effective or less expensive products or technologies that render our technology or products obsolete or less competitive. We also face fierce competition in recruiting and retaining qualified sales, scientific, and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites, and enrolling patients in clinical studies. If our competitors are more successful than us in these matters, our business may be harmed.

Many of our primary headache competitors are large, well-established companies with substantially greater resources than us and have a long history of competing in the migraine or wellness markets. 

Many of our current and potential primary headache competitors are publicly traded, or are divisions of publicly traded, major pharmaceutical and medical device companies that have substantially greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources than we do. We will face steep competition from Allergan plc, Amgen Inc., H. Lundbeck A/S, Novartis International AG, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Pfizer Inc., and Eli Lilly and Company, among other established and potential competitors that may be better capitalized and have a history of commercializing products around the world. Also, several neuromodulation devices are approved for the treatment and/or prevention of migraine, including Cefaly, Nerivo, or any other neuromodulation devices that may be marketed for use in treating pain associated with primary headache. Cefaly has been granted an OTC clearance allowing it to be sold without a prescription, and the impact of this clearance on the competitive landscape remains to be seen. Given the size of the existing and potential market in the United States, we expect that, as we continue our commercial efforts in the United States, our current and future competitors, including any who may compete with us in the direct-to-consumer channel, will take aggressive action to protect their current share of the market. 

We will face significant competition in establishing our market share in the United States and may encounter unforeseen obstacles and competitive challenges in the United States. In addition, some physicians have a long-standing practice of using the headache products of our larger, more established competitors. Physicians who use our competitors’ products for the treatment of migraine headache may be reluctant to try new products from a source with which they are less familiar. If these physicians do not try, and subsequently adopt, our product, then, our financial performance would be adversely affected.

In the United Kingdom, three of the CGRP monoclonal antibody therapies have been recommended for use in the National Health Service by the National Institute Health and Care Excellence for the prevention of migraine. All of our current business with the National Health Service in the United Kingdom is for the prevention and treatment of cluster headache, and these recommendations may limit our ability to penetrate the NHS migraine market in the United Kingdom.

Furthermore, a number of our competitors are currently conducting, or we anticipate will be conducting, clinical trials to demonstrate the results of their headache products. The results of these trials may be equivalent to, or potentially better than, the results of our clinical trials, which could have a material adverse effect on us. The completion of our competitors’ clinical trials with respect to their headache products could negatively impact the perception of us or our gammaCore therapy. In addition, perception by physicians, payors, or patients that a competitor’s product is superior to our gammaCore therapy or offers comparable benefits at a lower cost or lower incidence of undesirable side effects as compared against our gammaCore therapy, among other perception-driven outcomes in the market following competitors’ completion of their clinical trials, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Given our nascent entry into the diverse human performance and wellness market, we expect that the barriers of entry and competitive effects may be significant factors impacting our success in the research and development, advertising, marketing, promotion, distribution, and sale of our general wellness products, Truvaga and TAC-STIM, respectively. We expect to continue to perform, or engage with consultants to perform, where appropriate, extensive market research and other economic analysis to appropriately understand market participants’ product offerings and contextualize various empirical and conjectural properties of market structure, including pricing patterns, competitive or anticompetitive tendencies, collaborative ventures and synergies, and cross-market product substitutions and other consumer behavior inferences, among other factors. To effectively compete with more established marker participants in the wellness industry, we may need to expand our product offerings and distribution channels, which, in the interim, could increase our research and development costs and decrease our operating margins, thereby adversely impacting our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Some of the world’s largest technology companies that have not historically operated in the wellness and/or medical device spaces, such as Alphabet Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., Apple Inc., Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., and others have notably developed or may in the future develop products and technologies that may compete with our current or future products and technologies. Such companies have substantially greater capital, research and development, and sales resources than we have. Future research or investigative reports or publicity that is perceived as unfavorable or that question certain claims associated with or methods underlying our general wellness products could result in a decline in our revenues. Because of our final dependence on consumer perceptions, adverse publicity associated with illness or other undesirable effects resulting from the use of our products or similar products by competitors, whether or not accurate, could also damage customer confidence in our existing and any future general wellness products and result in a decline in revenues. Adverse publicity could arise even if the unfavorable effects associated with our general wellness products resulted from the user’s failure to use such products appropriately.

Traditional products used to treat CH and migraine have been available for decades, while our gammaCore therapy has only been commercially available in Europe for several years, and for approximately four years in the United States, and, as a result, we have a limited track record compared to our competitors.

Traditional products used to treat CH and migraine have been commercially available for decades, while we only began commercializing our gammaCore therapy in Europe to treat CH and migraine several years ago and within the past four years in the United States. Because we have a limited commercial track record compared to our competitors, and our gammaCore therapy generally has been utilized by patients for less time than other headache therapies, physicians and patients may be slower to adopt or recommend our gammaCore therapy. In addition, while we believe our international commercial experience and our clinical trials support the safety and effectiveness of our gammaCore therapy for the acute treatment of eCH and prevention of CH and migraine headache, future studies or patient experience over a longer period of time may indicate that treatment with gammaCore is less attractive than treatment with competitive products, or that our gammaCore therapy causes unexpected or serious complications or other unforeseen negative effects. Such results would likely slow the adoption of our gammaCore therapy and significantly reduce our sales, which would harm our business and adversely affect our results of operations. Furthermore, if patients with traditional or other headache products were to experience unexpected or serious complications or other unforeseen effects, the market for our gammaCore therapy may be adversely affected, even if such effects are not directly attributable to our gammaCore therapy.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or disease and fail to capitalize on product candidates or diseases that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus our research programs and product candidates on specific conditions. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other diseases or conditions that may later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific conditions may not yield any commercially viable products.

Our international operations subject us to certain operating and compliance risks, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Sales of gammaCore outside of the United States represent a substantial portion of our net sales. In 2012, commercial operations began in the United Kingdom and Germany, and we now sell gammaCore throughout Europe from our UK based subsidiary and via two distribution partners based in Belgium and Lithuania. Outside of Europe, we have a network of 8 distribution partners tasked with selling gammaCore to patients in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Cyprus, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The sale and shipment of gammaCore across international borders and the purchase of components from international sources subjects us to U.S. and foreign governmental trade and customs regulations and laws.

Compliance with these regulations and laws is costly and exposes us to penalties for non-compliance. Other laws and regulations that can significantly impact us include various anti-bribery laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (or FCPA), as amended, and export controls laws. The failure to comply with U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions could materially adversely affect our business and result in civil and/or criminal sanctions.

With regard to FCPA, the UK Bribery Act, and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions, such laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. government officials and, in some instances, other persons for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Because of the predominance of government-sponsored healthcare systems around the world, most of our customer relationships outside of the United States are or will be with governmental entities and are therefore potentially subject to such anti-bribery laws. Notably, global enforcement of anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, which are typically interpreted broadly to prohibit generally companies, their employees, and their third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector, has increased substantially in recent years, which has in part led to more frequent voluntary self-disclosures by companies, aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by U.S. and foreign governmental agencies, and assessment of significant fines and penalties against companies and individuals in various cases.

Thus, our international operations create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees, consultants, sales agents, or distributors because these parties are not always subject to our direct oversight and control. As we increase our international sales and direct greater levels of business and sales toward the public sector, we may engage with business partners and third-party intermediaries to market our products and to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. In addition, we or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. [It is therefore our policy to implement safeguards to educate our employees and agents on these legal requirements and discourage improper practices.] However, our existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be less than effective, and our employees, contractors or consultants, partners, sales agents, or distributors may engage in conduct for which we might be held ultimately responsible as principal. Specifically, we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors or consultants, partners, and sales agents, or distributors, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. Detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption and other laws can require a significant diversion of time, resources, and attention from our business.

In addition, government agencies may seek to hold us liable for successor liability for anti-corruption law violations committed by any companies in which we invest or that we acquire in the future. Any alleged or actual violations of these regulations may subject us to expensive government scrutiny, severe criminal or civil sanctions and other liabilities, including exclusion from government contracting, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and such alleged or actual violations could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. As we expand contract relations internationally, our risks under these laws may increase.

In general, any failure to comply with the applicable legal and regulatory obligations could impact us in a variety of ways that include, but are not limited to, significant criminal, civil, and administrative penalties, including imprisonment of individuals, fines, and penalties, denial of export privileges, seizure of shipments, restrictions on certain business activities, and exclusion or debarment from government contracting. 

The U.S. administration of President Biden may support potential trade proposals (including import tariffs and other tariffs on China), modifications to international trade policy, and other changes that may affect U.S. trade relations with other countries. We source a significant amount of the components used in gammaCore from Chinese sources, so any tariffs or other trade restrictions impacting the import of these components from China could have a material adverse impact on us. 

In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused many countries to restrict certain manufacturing activities and has severely disrupted the movement of certain goods. As a result, our distributors, agents, and suppliers may not have the materials, capacity, or capability to operate as our business ordinarily requires.

Additionally, our international operations expose us and our distributors to risks inherent in operating in foreign jurisdictions. These risks include:

If we experience any of these risks, our sales in non-U.S. jurisdictions may be harmed, and our results of operations would suffer.

Our results may be impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

We have international operations and, as a result, an increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies could require us to reduce our selling price or risk making our products less competitive in international markets. Our general costs of doing business could increase. Also, if our international sales increase, we may enter into a greater number of transactions denominated in non-U.S. dollars, which could expose us to increased foreign currency risks, including currency fluctuations and exchange rate risks and indirect effects from net capital flows related risks, such as capital flight and any cross-border capital controls. We do not currently engage in any hedging transactions. If we are unable to address these risks and challenges effectively, our international operations may not be successful, and our business could be harmed.

We may not be able to establish or strengthen our brands.

We believe that establishing and strengthening the electroCore, gammaCore, Truvaga, and TAC-STIM brands are critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our nVNS platform technology. We believe that brand awareness considerations are particularly significant  in light of the highly competitive nature of the burgeoning markets for headache therapies and wellness products. Promoting and positioning our brand will depend largely on the success of our marketing efforts, our direct-to-consumer initiatives, and our ability to provide physicians, patients, and consumers with a reliable product. Given the established nature of our competitors, our relative lack of commercialization in the United States and our lack of experience in the direct-to-consumer channels, it is likely that our future marketing efforts will require us to incur significant additional expenses. These brand promotion activities may not yield increased sales and, even if they do, any sales increases may not offset the expenses we incur to promote our brands. If we fail to successfully promote, expand, and maintain our brands, or if we incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote, expand, and maintain our brands, nVNS platform technology may not be accepted by physicians and consumers, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We may face product liability claims that could result in costly litigation and significant liabilities.

Manufacturing and marketing of our nVNS platform technology and clinical testing of our gammaCore therapy may expose us to individual product liability claims, class action lawsuits or actions, and other individual or mass tort claims. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in any of the following:

Although we have, and intend to maintain, liability insurance, the insurers may deny our claims, and coverage limits of our insurance policies may not be adequate. Specifically, we may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations, or that are not covered by the terms and conditions of our insurance policies, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts. Even if our agreements entitle us to indemnification against losses, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise. These risks are particularly heightened in the event any product recalls take place as a result of any product design defect or defect in product warnings or labeling. One or more successful claims brought against us may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources.

Our operating results and profitability may be adversely affected by increases in reserves for product returns, doubtful accounts receivable, and inventory.

Our net sales and profitability are affected by changes in reserves to account for product returns, doubtful accounts receivable, and inventory. Significant management judgment must be used, and estimates must be made in relation to establishing the foregoing reserves, and any increase thereto could adversely affect our reported financial results by reducing our net revenues and/or profitability for the given reporting period.

If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, or if third-party payors were to deny claims, additional provisions for doubtful accounts may be required.

We permit the return of damaged or defective products and accept limited amounts of product returns in certain instances. While such returns are expected to be nominal and within management’s expectations and the provisions established, future return rates may increase more than anticipated. We have established a reserve in our financial statements for product returns, and we will continue to analyze our returns to determine the adequacy of the reserve. Any significant increase in damaged or defective products or expected returns could have a material adverse effect on our operating results for the period or periods in which such returns materialize.

Additionally, damaged or defective products could (i) adversely affect our reputation and our end customers’ willingness to buy products from us, (ii) adversely affect market acceptance or perception of our products, (iii) increase our service costs, (iv) cause us to lose significant end-customers, and (v) subject us to liability for damages and divert our resources from other tasks, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, asset valuations, results of operations, and financial condition.

If we fail to retain our key executives or recruit and hire new employees, our operations and financial results may be adversely affected while we attract other highly qualified personnel.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to retain our executive officers and other key employees and recruit and hire new employees. All of our executive officers and other employees are at-will employees and therefore may terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. The replacement of any of our key personnel likely would involve significant time and costs, may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives, and may harm our business. In particular, our potential revenue in the United Kingdom is dependent on a small number of certain key UK personnel.

In addition, many of our employees have unvested equity awards in a substantial amount of stock or stock options that have lost significant value since they were granted. Our employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying unvested options have significantly depreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares or the exercise prices of the options, or if the exercise prices of the options that they hold are significantly above the market price of our common stock. Further, our employees’ ability to exercise those options and sell their stock in a public market may result in a higher-than-normal turnover rate. In addition, our financial condition may preclude us from giving additional cash compensation to militate against this risk.

Many executive officers and employees in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries are subject to strict non-compete or confidentiality agreements with their employers, which may include our main competitors. In addition, some of our existing and future employees are or may be subject to confidentiality agreements with previous employers. Our competitors may allege breaches of, and seek to enforce, such non-compete agreements or initiate litigation based on such confidentiality agreements. This litigation, whether or not meritorious, may impede our ability to attract or use executive officers and other key employees who have been employed by our competitors and may result in intellectual property claims against us. It is likely that we will experience similar aggressive lawsuit tactics by our competitors while they seek to protect their market position, particularly as we prepare to expand in new or existing markets.

Our future success depends on our leadership development and succession planning.

Effective succession planning is important to our long-term success. Failure to ensure effective transfer of knowledge and smooth transitions involving key employees and senior executives could hinder our strategic planning and execution. Our ability to execute our business strategies, ensure a cohesive management team, and attract and retain key executives may be adversely affected by the uncertainty that could be associated with the transition to new senior leadership.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial collaborators, principal investigators, CROs, and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, independent contractor influences, other content creators, consultants, commercial collaborators, principal investigators, CROs, and vendors may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity. Possible misconduct by these parties, including intentional, reckless, or negligent conduct or otherwise unauthorized activities, that violates the (1) laws and regulations of the FDA, FTC, and other similar regulatory authorities, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete, and accurate information to such authorities, (2) manufacturing standards, (3) federal and state data privacy, security, fraud, and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, such as the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union, and (4) laws that require the true, complete, and accurate reporting of financial information or data. In particular, sales, advertising and marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing, and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, advertising, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs, and other business arrangements. Misconduct by the foregoing parties could also involve the improper use of individually identifiable information, including information obtained in the course of clinical trials, creation of fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, or illegal misappropriation of product candidates, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. 

Although we have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, including damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

Regarding advertising risk in the United States in particular, the FTC and states’ attorneys general are primarily responsible for enforcing the consumer protection laws by, among other things, investigating and initiating enforcement actions against business practices they deem to be deceptive or fraudulent under applicable laws. We are thus subject to consumer protection laws that regulate our marketing practices and prohibit unfair or deceptive acts or practices. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business, and changes in such regulations or laws could require us to modify our products or marketing or advertising efforts. In connection with the marketing or advertisement of our products, we could be the target of claims relating to false, misleading, deceptive or otherwise noncompliant advertising or marketing practices, including under the auspices of the FTC and state consumer protection statutes. If we rely on third parties to provide any marketing and advertising of our products, we could be liable for, or face reputational harm as a result of, their marketing practices if, for example, they fail to comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. We cannot ensure that all marketing materials currently used for our products comply with applicable laws, rules, and regulations, including bans on false and misleading product related claims. Any failure to comply with these restrictions could subject us to assertions of claims of false advertising and misrepresentation, which potentially bring forth significant financial penalties, costly mandatory product recalls, or relabeling requirements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

If we are found to have breached any consumer protection, advertising, unfair competition or other laws or regulations, we may be subject to enforcement actions that generally require us to amend our marketing and business practices in a manner that may negatively impact us. This could also result in litigation, fines, penalties, and adverse publicity that could cause reputational harm and loss of customer trust, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Social media, including Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, Facebook, and Twitter, are increasingly being used to communicate about our products, clinical development programs, and, at present, the conditions our gammaCore therapy is being developed to treat. We are engaging in what we believe is appropriate social media usage in connection with our commercialization efforts for indications for which our therapy has been approved. We intend to do the same for any future indications or products, if approved. Social media practices in the medical device and wellness industries continue to evolve, and regulations and regulatory guidance relating to such practices are mutable and unclear at times. This evolution creates uncertainty and elevated risk of non-compliance with regulations applicable to our business, which can result in potential regulatory actions against us or potential litigation related to “off-label” marketing or other prohibited activities. For example, for our clinical-stage candidates, patients and consumers may use social media channels to comment on their experience in an ongoing blinded clinical study or to report an alleged adverse event. When such disclosures occur, there is a risk that study enrollment may be adversely impacted, or we fail to monitor and comply with applicable adverse event reporting obligations, or that we may not be able to defend our business or the public’s legitimate interests in the face of the political and market pressures generated by social media due to restrictions on what we may say about our investigational products. There is also a risk of inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information or negative or inaccurate posts or comments about us on any online platform, including a blog on the Internet, or a post on a website, that can be distributed rapidly and could negatively harm our reputation. In addition, our employees may knowingly or inadvertently make use of social media in ways that may not comply with our company policies or other legal or contractual requirements, which may give rise to liability, lead to the loss of trade secrets or other intellectual property, or result in public exposure of personal information of our employees, clinical trial participants, customers, consumers, and others. Our efforts to promote our products via marketing and social media initiatives may subject us in the future to additional scrutiny of our practices of effective communication of risk information, benefits, or claims, by the FDA, FTC, or both. If any of the aforesaid events were to occur, or we otherwise fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could incur liability, face regulatory actions, or cause other injury to our business and stockholders.

Risks Related to COVID-19

The ongoing coronavirus pandemic could have a significant negative impact on our business, revenues, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow, and other epidemics or outbreaks of infectious diseases may have a similar impact.

The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has impacted, and may continue to impact, our headquarters, manufacturing, and warehousing and ecommerce facilities, as well as those of our third-party vendors, including through the effects of facility closures, employee furloughs, reductions in operating hours, staggered shifts and other social distancing efforts, labor shortages, decreased productivity, and unavailability of materials or components. The ongoing coronavirus pandemic may also impact our ability to sell our product, ship our product on a timely basis, and may increase our costs.

The spread of coronavirus caused us to modify certain of our business practices (including social distancing practices, requiring non-essential production related team members to work remotely where possible, restricting business travel, cancelling certain events, and limiting visitor access to our facilities), and we may relax, extend, modify, or take further actions that may be required by government authorities or that we determine are necessary or advisable. Work-from-home and other measures introduce additional operational risks, including cybersecurity risks, and have affected the way we conduct our business, which could have an adverse effect on our operations. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus, and illness and workforce disruptions could lead to unavailability of key personnel and harm our ability to perform critical functions. In addition, work-from-home and related business practice modifications present significant challenges to maintaining our corporate culture, including employee engagement and productivity, both during the ongoing pandemic crisis and as we make additional adjustments in the eventual transition from it. Implementing new business practices to protect employees, vendors, and other parties with whom we interact may result in increased costs. Furthermore, even if we follow what we believe to be best practices, there can be no assurance that our measures will prevent the transmission of COVID-19 between employees. Any incidents of actual or perceived transmission may expose us to liability claims, adversely impact employee productivity and morale, and result in negative publicity and reputational harm.

Additionally, our sales and marketing efforts are, and may from time to time be, adversely affected by protocols for screening and restricting outside visitors and vendors that have been adopted by the Department of Veterans Affairs, commercial prescribers, and other third parties. Officially imposed quarantines and self-quarantines could also interfere with patients’ ability to see a health care provider and obtain our gammaCore therapy.

For the reasons set forth above and any other reasons that may come to light as the coronavirus pandemic continues and associated protective or preventative measures transpire, we are unable to reasonably estimate coronavirus’ impact to our business, revenues, financial condition, and results of operations. We are similarly unable to predict the degree to which the ongoing pandemic impacts our customers, suppliers, vendors, and other partners, and their financial conditions, but a material effect on any of these parties could also adversely affect us.

The impact of coronavirus could also exacerbate other risks discussed below, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on us. Developments related to coronavirus have been rapidly changing, and additional impacts and risks may arise that we are not aware of or able to appropriately respond to currently.

More generally, in the future, our business, financial results, and financial condition may be negatively impacted by the effects of other disease outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, or similar widespread public health concerns.

Risk Related to our Dependence on Third Parties

We have relied upon primary, secondary, and sole source third-party suppliers located in China and elsewhere for components and packaging of our gammaCore products, which suppliers have paused delivery at our request, thereby making us vulnerable to supply shortages, price fluctuations, and an inability to reactivate supply chains if necessary, all of which could harm our business.

A number of the critical components used in gammaCore are supplied to us from either a primary, or secondary manufacturer, and multiple suppliers of high-demand consumer electronic components, and in certain cases sole-source, suppliers. Our manufacturers and suppliers may encounter problems during manufacturing for a variety of reasons, including, for example, disruptions caused by COVID-19, failure to follow specific protocols and procedures, failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements, equipment malfunction and environmental factors, failure to properly conduct their own business affairs, and infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, any of which could delay or impede their ability to meet our requirements. Our ability to supply gammaCore commercially depends, in part, on our ability to obtain a supply of these components that has been manufactured in accordance with regulatory requirements and in sufficient quantities for commercialization and clinical testing. We have not entered into manufacturing, supply or quality agreements with suppliers of consumer electronic components, some of which supply components critical to our products. Although we believe that long-term agreements with these suppliers are not necessary as all the components in our products are either high-volume, non-custom commodity components or are readily available from multiple vendors, there can be no assurance that our multiple-source or sole-source suppliers will be able to meet our demand for their products and services, either because of the informal nature of our arrangements with those suppliers, or our limited experience with those suppliers, due to our relative importance as a customer to those suppliers, or due to supply chain disruptions that may arise such as those relating to COVID-19 and the coronavirus pandemic, the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, trade sanctions, and similar events. It may be difficult for us to assess the ability of our suppliers to timely meet our demand in the future based on past performance. While our suppliers have generally met our demand for their products on a timely basis in the past, they may subordinate our needs in the future to their other customers.

Establishing additional or replacement suppliers for the components or processes used in gammaCore, if required, may not be accomplished quickly. If we are able to find a replacement supplier, such replacement supplier would need to be qualified and may require additional regulatory authority approval, which could result in further delay. While we seek to maintain adequate inventory of the single-source or sole-source components and materials used in our products, any interruption or delay in the supply of components or materials, or our inability to obtain components or materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demand of our customers and cause them to cancel orders.

If our third-party suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of materials, or the level of services we require, on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to find one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost in substantially equivalent volumes and quality and on a timely basis, the continued commercialization of gammaCore would be impeded, delayed, limited, or prevented, which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

In Europe, we rely on a single third-party distributor to effectively distribute the majority of our products.

We depend in part on a single third-party distributor for the warehousing and shipment of our products in certain territories in Europe. We depend on this distributor’s efforts; however, we are unable to control its efforts completely. This distributor typically performs the same services for a variety of other non-competing products that may limit the resources it dedicates to our gammaCore therapy. If our distributor fails to effectively distribute gammaCore in full compliance with applicable laws, our operating results and business may suffer. Recruiting and retaining qualified third-party distributors and training them in our technology and product offerings require significant time and resources. To develop and expand our distribution, we must continue to scale and improve our processes and procedures that support our distributors. In addition, our ability to recruit distributors and their effectiveness may be adversely affected by the armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia.

Furthermore, if our relationship with a successful distributor terminates, we may be unable to replace that distributor without disruption to our business. If we fail to maintain positive relationships with our distributor, fail to develop new relationships with other distributors (including in new markets), fail to manage, train, or incentivize our existing distributor effectively, or fail to strike agreements with attractive terms, or if our distributor is not successful in its businesses, our revenue may decrease, and our operating results, reputation, and business may be harmed.

Our status as a federal contractor subjects us to a wide variety of regulatory compliance, pricing, and contract-based requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements could adversely impact our ability to obtain future federal contracts, which could negatively impact us and our business.

We expect that a majority of our 2023 U.S. sales of gammaCore will be made pursuant to our qualifying contract on the FSS and open market sales to individual VA facilities. Our status as a contractor on FSS means that we are obligated to comply with a variety of federal procurement laws, regulations, and contract terms that require commercial price disclosures, commercial-to-federal price indexing, and compliance with various federal programs. Furthermore, as a federal contractor, we are also subject to contractual remedies and potential administrative, civil, and criminal damages and penalties for non-compliance with contract terms, over billing, or misconduct. In addition to the above considerations, we have reason to believe that our prospective sales of human performance and general wellness products to the U.S. Armed Forces could involve various significant compliance requirements as regards applicable laws and regulations and certain contract law covenants and conditions that collectively regulate our affairs in the ordinary course of business as a result of our status as a federal contractor.

The recent Biden administration's executive order requiring all on-site and remote federal employees, contractors, and sub-contractors to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or receive an approved medical or religious exemption by December 8, 2021 may apply to us because of our Federal Supply Schedule Medical Equipment and Supply contract. Failure to comply with the executive order could lead to loss of the contract, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues, financial condition, and result of operations. In light of the executive order, we implemented a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policy for all employees subject to religious and medical exemptions. There are, however, ongoing challenges in the federal courts regarding the validity of the executive order, which could lead to future changes to our own policies depending on the outcome of those cases.

For now, the cost of maintaining compliance with these requirements could adversely impact us and our business, and complying with these requirements could divert managerial and financial resources. Additionally, failure to comply could result in us being excluded from the opportunity to renew existing federal contracts or to bid on federal future contracts for a period of time lasting up to several years. Our qualifying contract on the FSS is scheduled to expire on January 15, 2024. We intend to request an extension of the FSS from the United States Department of Veterans Affair, but there is no assurance the FSS contract will be renewed, if at all on terms favorable to us. Any of these contingencies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our potential revenue in the United Kingdom is substantially dependent on government funding arrangements, and changes in governmental policy for such arrangements could cause material harm to our business. 

Effective April 1, 2021, gammaCore Sapphire was included in a new long-term reimbursement policy. The MTFM policy supports the use of NICE-approved, clinically effective and cost-saving medical devices, diagnostics, and digital technologies that will improve patient health. In December 2019, NICE published a Medical Technology Guidance document recommending the use of gammaCore for CH within the NHS. In 2023, we expect NICE to review the guidance document, and any changes in recommendation or pricing may adversely impact our ability to work with NHS England on the MTFM program, which could have an adverse impact on our business in the United Kingdom.

We rely on third parties to conduct and support clinical trials and investigator - initiated trials, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials.

We do not independently conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. We rely on third parties, such as CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions, and clinical investigators to perform this function. Currently, we have a number of ongoing IITs. We frequently review both proposals for new trials and the performance of ongoing trials, and our reviews may result in changes to our future obligations. Our reliance on third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. Furthermore, some of the sites for our IIT's are outside the United States. The performance of these sites may be adversely affected by various issues, including less advanced medical infrastructure, lack of familiarity with conducting clinical trials in accordance with U.S. standards, insufficient training of personnel, communication difficulties or change in local regulations. We remain responsible for ensuring that clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the study. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with GCP for conducting, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate, and that the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of patients in clinical trials are protected. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, including our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or conduct clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory clearance or approval for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our products.

Additionally, patient enrollment is affected by many factors beyond our control and the control of the third parties upon whom we rely to conduct IITs. As a result, we cannot predict how successful our IITs will be at enrolling patients. In particular, enrollment in our IITs for nVNS stimulation in COVID-19 patients in the United States has been slower than expected.

We also may rely on other third parties to store and distribute supplies for clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future distributors could delay clinical development or regulatory clearance or approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenues.

If we do not successfully enter into future collaborations for the development, regulatory clearance, and commercialization of our gammaCore therapy in international markets, our business may be harmed.

We may choose to enter into collaboration agreements with third parties with respect to development, regulatory clearance, and commercialization of our gammaCore therapy in international markets. We will have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development, regulatory clearance, or commercialization of our gammaCore therapy. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend in part on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.

Despite carefully written collaboration agreements, collaborations involving our gammaCore therapy are subject to numerous risks, which may include the following:

Any termination or disruption of any future collaboration could result in delayed development of product candidates, increased cost to develop product candidates, or termination of development of a product candidate.

If we are not able to establish or maintain collaborations, we may have to alter some of our future development, regulatory clearance, and commercialization plans.

Our product development programs, regulatory clearance, and potential commercialization of our nVNS platform technology will require substantial additional capital to fund expenses. For some of our product candidates, we may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical and medical device or consumer electronics companies for the future development, regulatory clearance, and potential commercialization of those product candidates. Furthermore, we may find that our programs require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, and the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license, or use these proprietary rights.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, and a number of more established companies may also be pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, financial resources, and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend upon, among other things, our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration, and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. 

We, or third-party manufacturers on whom we rely, may be unable to successfully sustain and to further scale-up manufacturing of our nVNS technology platform or its component parts in sufficient quality and quantity, which would delay or prevent us from developing and commercializing any approved products.

In order to commercialize products, we, or our manufacturers, will need to manufacture products in large quantities.

There are technical challenges to increasing manufacturing capacity, including equipment design, automation, validation and installation, contractor issues and delays, licensing and permitting delays or rejections, materials procurement, manufacturing site expansion, problems with production yields, and quality control and assurance. Continuing to develop or enhance commercial-scale manufacturing facilities could require the investment of substantial additional funds and the hiring and retention of additional management, quality assurance, quality control, and technical personnel who have the necessary manufacturing experience.

In light of the above considerations, we, or our manufacturers, may be unable to successfully sustain, or increase manufacturing capacity in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. In addition, quality issues may arise during further scale-up activities. If we, or any of our manufacturers, are unable to successfully sustain, or further scale-up manufacturing in sufficient quality and quantity, the development, testing, and clinical trials, if appropriate, of our nVNS technology platform may be delayed or infeasible, and regulatory clearance, approval, or commercial launch of any resulting product may be delayed or not obtained, which could significantly harm our business. If we are unable to obtain or maintain third-party manufacturing for commercial supply of our product candidates, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize our gammaCore therapy successfully. 

We are required to maintain high levels of inventory due to lead times with single-source consumer electronic components vendors, which could consume a significant amount of our resources, reduce our cash flows, and lead to inventory impairment charges.

Our nVNS technology platform consists of a substantial number of individual components. In order to market and sell effectively, we often must maintain high levels of inventory of the product and its components.

The manufacturing process requires lengthy lead times during which electronic components of our nVNS technology platform may become obsolete, and we may over- or under-estimate the amount needed of a given component, in which case we may expend extra resources or be constrained in the amount of end product that we can produce. As compared to direct manufacturers, our dependence on third-party manufacturers exposes us to greater lead times, increasing our risk of adverse financial impact of inventory obsolescence comparatively. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $4.2 million of inventory. Our inventory significantly exceeds current demand for the nVNS technology platform, which also could result in an increased risk of adverse financial impact from inventory obsolescence. There are, however, risks that growth in our business, including our recently launched non-prescription, human performance and wellness offerings, may result in demand that could outstrip our current inventory, in which case we would be subject to various supply chain, manufacturing, and operational risks. If not mitigated fully, this could negatively impact our ability to commercialize our products and have a material adverse effect on our brands, revenues, expenses, results of operations, and financial condition.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Our product development initiatives may be delayed or fail to succeed and could also lead to challenging intellectual property rights issues.

We may seek to develop new products and technologies, including enhancements of our existing products for nVNS. Developing new products and improving our existing products to meet the needs of current and future patients and consumers require significant investment in research and development. We do not know whether any such product development activities will result in products that meet necessary standards and performance criteria, whether the development will be completed on a timely basis, or, if the development is completed, whether it will lead to market acceptance and commercial success. We will need to carefully manage our introduction of any new products. If potential purchasers of new products believe such products will offer enhanced features or be sold for a more attractive price, they may delay purchases until such products are available. We may also have excess or obsolete inventory as we transition to new products, and we have limited experience in managing product transitions. Even if we are able to develop enhancements or new generations of our products successfully, these enhancements or new generations of products may not produce sales in excess of the costs of development, and they may be quickly rendered obsolete by changing patient and customer preferences, or the introduction by competitors of products embodying new technologies or features. Delays could occur based on a number of issues, including the need to investigate third party patents and potential infringement matters, which could impair our development and commercialization efforts.

We may in the future become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive and time consuming, and ultimately unsuccessful, and could result in the diversion of significant resources, thereby hindering our ability to effectively commercialize our existing or future products. If we are unable to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property, our business will be negatively affected.

The markets in which we compete and expect to compete are subject to rapid technological change and frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. It is possible that our patents or licenses may not withstand challenges made by others or protect our rights adequately.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to secure effective patent protection for our products and processes in the United States and internationally. We have filed, and intend to continue to file, patent applications for various aspects of our technology and trademark applications to protect our brands and business and copyright applications to protect our software. We seek to obtain and maintain patents and other intellectual property rights to restrict the ability of others to market products or services that misappropriate our technology and work product and/or infringe our intellectual property to compete with our products and services.

However, we face the risks that:

We rely on a variety of intellectual property rights, and if we are unable to maintain or protect our intellectual property, our business and results of operations will be harmed.

Our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our products, processes, and related technologies in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, successfully defend our intellectual property rights against third-party challenges, and successfully enforce our intellectual property rights to prevent third-party infringement. While we rely primarily upon a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secret protection, as well as nondisclosure, confidentiality, and other contractual agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our brands, products, and other proprietary technologies, protection derived from patents is relatively limited.

The process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. We may choose not to seek patent protection for certain innovations or products and may choose not to pursue patent protection in certain jurisdictions, and, under the laws of certain jurisdictions, patents or other intellectual property rights may be unavailable or limited in scope and, in any event, any patent protection we obtain may be limited. As a result, some of our products are not, and in the future may not be, protected by patents. We generally apply for patents in those countries where we intend to make, have made, use, offer for sale, or sell products, and where we assess the risk of infringement to justify the cost of seeking patent protection. However, we do not seek protection in all countries where we sell products, and we may not accurately predict all the countries where patent protection would ultimately be desirable. If we fail to timely file a patent application in any such country or major market, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories in which we have patent protection that may not be sufficient to terminate infringing activities.

Furthermore, we cannot guarantee that any patents will be issued from any pending or future owned or licensed patent applications, or that any current or future patents will provide us with any meaningful protection or competitive advantage. Even if issued, existing, or future patents may be challenged, including with respect to ownership, narrowed, invalidated, held unenforceable or circumvented, any of which could limit our ability to prevent competitors and other third parties from developing and marketing similar products or limit the length of terms of patent protection we may have for our products and technologies. Other companies may also design around technologies we have patented, licensed, or developed. In addition, the issuance of a patent does not give us the right to practice the patented invention. Third parties may have blocking patents that could prevent us from marketing our products or practicing our own patented technology.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical and medical device companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific, and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. The standards that the USPTO and its foreign counterparts use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly. Changes in either the patent laws, implementing regulations, or the interpretation of patent laws may diminish the value of our rights. The legal systems of certain countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions.

Because patent applications in the United States, Europe, and many other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publications of discoveries in scientific literature lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first to conceive or reduce to practice the inventions claimed in our issued patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for protection of the inventions set forth in our patents or pending patent applications. We can give no assurance that all of the potentially relevant art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found; overlooked prior art could be used by a third party to challenge the validity, enforceability, and scope of our patents or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. As a result, we may not be able to obtain or maintain protection for certain inventions. Therefore, the validity, enforceability, and scope of our patents in the United States, Europe, and in other countries cannot be predicted with certainty and, as a result, any patents that we own, or license, may not provide sufficient protection against our competitors.

Third parties may challenge any existing patent or future patent we own or license through adversarial proceedings in the issuing offices or in court proceedings, including as a response to any assertion of our patents against them. In any of these proceedings, a court or agency with  competent jurisdiction may find our patents invalid and/or unenforceable, or even if valid and enforceable, insufficient to provide protection against competing products and services to achieve our business objectives. We may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO, or reexamination by the USPTO if a third party asserts a substantial question of patentability against any claim of a U.S. patent we own or license. The adoption of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, in September 2011, established additional opportunities for third parties to invalidate U.S. patent claims, including inter partes review and post-grant review proceedings. Outside of the United States, patents we own, or license, may become subject to patent opposition or similar proceedings, which may result in loss of scope of some claims or the entire patent. In addition, such proceedings are very complex and expensive and may divert our management’s attention from our core business. If any of our patents are challenged, invalidated, circumvented by third parties, or otherwise limited or expire prior to the commercialization of our products, and if we do not own or have exclusive rights to other enforceable patents protecting our products or other technologies, competitors and other third parties could market products and use processes that are substantially similar to, or superior to, ours, and our business would suffer.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep a competitive advantage. For example:

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time-consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file one or more lawsuit and assert infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable or may refuse to enjoin the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. The standards that courts use to interpret patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change, particularly as new technologies develop. As a result, we cannot predict with certainty how much protection, if any, will be given to our patents if we attempt to enforce them, and they are challenged in court. Further, even if we prevail against an infringer in U.S. district court, there is always the risk that the infringer will file an appeal, and the district court judgment will be overturned at the appeals court, and/or that an adverse decision will be issued by the appeals court relating to the validity or enforceability of our patents. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted in a manner insufficient to achieve our business objectives.

Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.

The pharmaceutical and medical device industries are subject to rapid technological change and substantial litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Our competitors in both the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained, or may in the future apply for or obtain, patents that will prevent, limit, or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use, and sell our products and services. Numerous third-party patents exist in the fields relating to our products and services, and it is difficult for industry participants, including us, to identify all third-party patent rights relevant to our products, services, and technologies. Moreover, because some patent applications are maintained as confidential for a certain period of time, we cannot be certain that third parties have not filed patent applications that cover our products, services, and technologies. 

Patents could be issued to third parties that we may ultimately be found to infringe. Third parties may have or obtain valid and enforceable patents or proprietary rights that could block us from developing products using our technology. Our failure to obtain or maintain a license to any technology that we require may materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, we would be exposed to a threat of litigation.

From time to time, we may be party to, or threatened with, litigation or other proceedings with third parties, including non-practicing entities, who allege that our products, components of our products, services, and/or proprietary technologies infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. The types of situations in which we may become a party to such litigation or proceedings include:

These lawsuits and proceedings, regardless of merit, are time-consuming and expensive to initiate, maintain, defend, or settle, and could divert the time and attention of managerial and technical personnel, which could materially and adversely affect our business. Any such claim could also force use to do one or more of the following:

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, intellectual property litigation, regardless of its outcome, may cause negative publicity, adversely impact prospective customers, cause product shipment delays, or prohibit us from manufacturing, marketing, or otherwise commercializing our products, services, and technology. Any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

In addition, we may indemnify our customers and distributors against claims relating to the infringement of intellectual property rights of third parties related to our products. Third parties may assert infringement claims against our customers or distributors. These claims may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of our customers or distributors, regardless of the merits of these claims. If any of these claims succeed, we may be forced to pay damages on behalf of our customers, suppliers, or distributors or may be required to obtain licenses for the products or services they use. If we cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our customers may be forced to stop using our products or services.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position may be harmed.

In addition to patent, copyright, and trademark protection, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology, and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our consultants and vendors, or our former or current employees. We also enter into confidentiality and invention and patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, however, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our trade secrets and other unpatented or unregistered proprietary information, and once disclosed, we are likely to lose trade secret protection. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures of our intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property will be effective. In addition, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to enforce trade secret protection.

Further, our competitors may independently develop knowledge, methods, and know-how similar, equivalent, or superior to our proprietary technology. Competitors could purchase our products and attempt to reverse engineer and replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our protected technology, or develop their own competitive technologies that fall outside of our intellectual property rights. In addition, our key employees, consultants, suppliers, or other individuals with access to our proprietary technology and know-how may incorporate that technology and know-how into projects and inventions developed independently or with third parties. As a result, disputes may arise regarding the ownership of the proprietary rights to such technology or know-how, and any such dispute may not be resolved in our favor. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us, and our competitive position could be adversely affected. If our intellectual property is not adequately protected so as to protect our market against competitors’ products and processes, our competitive position and business could be adversely affected.

Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our existing and future products and processes.

As is the case with other pharmaceutical and medical device companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries involve both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time-consuming, and inherently uncertain. In addition, patent reform legislation may pass in the future that could lead to additional uncertainties and increased costs surrounding the prosecution, enforcement, and defense of our patents and pending patent applications. US Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain other situations. Furthermore, the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws of the United States are interpreted. Similarly, foreign courts have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws in their respective jurisdictions are interpreted. We cannot predict future changes in the interpretation of patent laws or changes to patent laws that might be enacted into law by United States and foreign legislative bodies. Those changes may materially affect our patents or patent applications and our ability to obtain additional patent protection in the future.

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depend on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In addition, periodic maintenance fees on issued patents often must be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies over the lifetime of the patent. While an unintentional lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees, and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our products or procedures, we may not be able to stop a competitor from marketing products that are the same as or similar to our own, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights in these trademarks and trade names, which we need in order to build name recognition with potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. In addition, third parties have used trademarks similar and identical to our trademarks in foreign jurisdictions and have filed or may in the future file for registration of such trademarks. If they succeed in registering or developing common law rights in such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to market our products in those countries. In any case, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business may be adversely affected.

If we cannot show access and copying, then, our copyrights may not provide protection for our software and our business may be adversely affected.

Copyrights protect works of authorship, such as software, but proving infringement requires a showing of access to the work and copying of the work. Because software is not readily available or accessible, it may be difficult to determine and prove that a third party had access to our software and/or that they copied our software. Because our software may be accessible by obtaining or accessing our product offerings and technology, third parties may be able to download or reproduce our software and reverse engineer our software programs. Software programs can be rewritten in ways that significantly modify it from the original program, which may make it difficult to prove the copying prong of a copyright infringement showing. If we are unable to establish the two prongs of a copyright infringement analysis, then, our copyrights may provide limited or no protection for our software. Copyright infringement suits are expensive, and any damages we seek may be inadequate to compensate us for the costs of litigation and for damage to our business resulting from the copyright infringement.

We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on our products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing countries, and the breadth of patent claims allowed can be inconsistent. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further may export otherwise infringing products to territories in which we have patent protection that may not be sufficient to terminate infringing activities.

We do not have patent rights in certain foreign countries in which a market for our products may exist. Moreover, in foreign jurisdictions where we do have patent rights, proceedings to enforce such rights could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, which could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, such proceedings could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Thus, we may not be able to stop a competitor from marketing and selling in foreign countries products and services that are the same as or similar to our products and services, and our competitive position in the international market would be harmed.

We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party patent, which might adversely affect our ability to develop and market our products.

We cannot guarantee that any of our or our licensors’ patent searches or analyses, including the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims, or the expiration of relevant patents are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every third-party patent and pending application in the United States and abroad that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of our products in any jurisdiction. For example, U.S. patent applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our products could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our product candidates or the use of our products. The scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent, and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our products. We may incorrectly determine that our products are not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party’s pending patent application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our products and services. Our failure to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our products and services.

If we fail to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents, we may be subject to infringement claims. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing any of our products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign products or services, so that we no longer infringe the third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan, and the protection patents afford is limited. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Even if patents covering our products are obtained, once the patent life has expired for patents covering a product, we may be open to competition from competitive products and services. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing product candidates similar or identical to ours.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our business.

Once granted, patents may remain open to invalidity challenges including opposition, interference, re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, nullification or derivation action in court or before patent offices or similar proceedings for a given period after allowance or grant, during which time third parties can raise objections against such grant. In the course of such proceedings, which may continue for a protracted period of time, the patent owner may be compelled to limit the scope of the allowed or granted claims thus attacked or may lose the allowed or granted claims altogether.

In addition, the degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because even granted intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business, provide a barrier to entry against our competitors or potential competitors, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. Moreover, if a third party has intellectual property rights that cover the practice of our technology, we may not be able to fully exercise or extract value from our intellectual property rights. The following examples are illustrative: 

Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of their former employers or other third parties.

We do and may employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other pharmaceutical or medical device companies, including our licensors, competitors, or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, and we are not currently subject to any claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties, we may in the future be subject to such claims. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to commercialize our technology or products. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs, be a distraction to management and other employees, and could result in customers seeking other sources for the technology, or in ceasing from doing business with us.

Our intellectual property agreements with third parties may be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could narrow the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology.

Certain provisions in our intellectual property agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or affect financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

We may not be successful in obtaining necessary intellectual property rights to future products through acquisitions and in-licenses.

Although we intend to develop products and technology through our own internal research, we may also seek to acquire or in-license technologies to grow our product offerings and technology portfolio. However, we may be unable to acquire or in-license intellectual property rights relating to, or necessary for, any such products or technology from third parties on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In that event, we may be unable to develop or commercialize such products or technology. We may also be unable to identify products or technology that we believe are an appropriate strategic fit for our company and protect intellectual property relating to, or necessary for, such products and technology.

The in-licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights for product candidates are a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to in-license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights for products that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources, and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. Furthermore, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to additional technologies or products, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects for growth could suffer.

In addition, we expect that competition for the in-licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights for products and technologies that are attractive to us may increase in the future, which may mean fewer suitable opportunities for us as well as higher acquisition or licensing costs. We may be unable to in-license or acquire the third-party intellectual property rights for products or technology on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment.

Our platform utilizes open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.

Our platform utilizes software governed by open source licenses. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by United States courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our platform. By the terms of certain open source licenses, if we combine certain proprietary software with open source software in a specified manner, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software and make it available under open source licenses. In the event that portions of our platform are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, or to re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, or otherwise be limited in licensing activities, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies. In addition to risks related to license requirements, the use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software cannot be eliminated and could negatively affect our business.

Cyber-security incidents, including data security breaches or computer viruses, could harm our business by disrupting our delivery of services, damaging our reputation, or exposing us to liability.

We receive, process, store, and transmit, often electronically, data of our customers and others which may be confidential. Unauthorized access to our computer systems or stored data could result in the theft or improper disclosure of confidential information, the deletion or modification of records, or could cause interruptions in our operations. These cyber-security risks increase when we transmit information from one location to another, including transmissions over the Internet or other electronic networks. Despite implemented security measures, our facilities, systems, and procedures, and those of our third-party service providers, may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism, software viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors, or other similar events which may disrupt our delivery of services or expose the confidential information of our customers and others. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss, or other unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential information of our customers or others, whether by us or a third party, could: (i) subject us to civil and criminal penalties; (ii) have a negative impact on our reputation; or (iii) expose us to liability to our customers, third parties, or government authorities. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 

The regulatory environment governing information, cybersecurity, and privacy is increasingly demanding and continues to evolve.

The regulatory environment governing information, cybersecurity, and privacy is increasingly demanding and continues to evolve.

Personal privacy and data security have become significant issues in the U.S., Europe, and many other jurisdictions where we offer our products. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future.

Certain U.S. and foreign laws, such as the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (or HIPAA), govern the transmission, security, and privacy of individually identifiable information and sensitive health and other personal information that we may obtain or have access to in connection with the operation of our business, including the conduct of clinical research trials or other research studies that may provide us with access to this information. We may be required to make costly system modifications to comply with these data privacy and security requirements. In addition, if we do not properly comply with applicable laws and regulations related to the protection of this information, we could be subject to criminal or civil penalties and sanctions. The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (or CCPA), which became effective on January 1, 2020, requires us to make new disclosures to consumers about our data collection, use, and sharing practices. The CCPA also allows consumers to opt out of certain data sales to third parties, affords new consumer rights, and provides a new cause of action for data breaches with the possibility of significant statutory damage awards as well as injunctive or declaratory relief if there has been unauthorized access, theft, or disclosure of specified personal information due to failure to implement reasonable security procedures. The California Privacy Rights Act (or CPRA), which went into effect on January 1, 2023, with a 12-month look-back period for enforcement purposes, will effectively replace the CCPA. Among other changes, the CPRA expands consumers’ rights and has enhanced enforcement mechanisms, such as the creation of a new California privacy agency that will investigate and enforce the CPRA and its promulgating regulations. In addition to the CCPA and the CPRA, all 50 U.S. states have data breach notification laws that, if violated, could result in penalties, fines, and litigation. In addition, many states have implemented or are in the process of implementing related legislation, including state-specific biometric privacy laws that have resulted in class-action lawsuits against businesses. The full impact of these laws on our business is yet to be determined, but it could result in increased operating expenses and additional exposure to the risk of litigation by or on behalf of consumers.

Internationally, the General Data Protection Regulation ( or GDPR) took effect in May 2018 within the European Economic Area (EEA), and many EEA jurisdictions have also adopted their own data privacy and protection laws in addition to the GDPR. Furthermore, other international jurisdictions, including Singapore, South Korea, China, Brazil, Mexico, and Australia, have also implemented laws relating to data privacy and protection. Although we believe that we are complying with the GDPR and similar laws, these laws are still relatively new. Therefore, as international data privacy and protection laws continue to evolve, and as new regulations, interpretive guidance, and enforcement information become available, we may incur incremental costs to modify our business practices to comply with these requirements. In addition, our internal control policies and procedures may not always protect us from reckless, intentional and/or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents.

Our business is subject to extensive governmental regulation that makes it expensive and time consuming for us to bring our gammaCore therapy and our general wellness products, Truvaga and TAC-STIM to market in the United States and to expand the use of our gammaCore therapy to additional therapeutic indications, and to expand the reach of our wellness initiatives.

Our gammaCore therapy must comply with regulatory requirements imposed by the FDA in the United States and by similar agencies in foreign jurisdictions. These requirements involve lengthy and detailed laboratory and clinical testing procedures, sampling activities, extensive agency review processes, and other costly and time-consuming procedures. It often takes several years to satisfy these requirements, depending on the complexity and novelty of the product. We also are subject to numerous additional licensing and regulatory requirements relating to safe working conditions, manufacturing practices, environmental protection, fire hazard control, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances. Some of the most important requirements we must comply with include:

Government regulation may impede our ability to conduct clinical trials and manufacture and sell our existing therapy and any future products. Government regulation also could delay our marketing of new products for a considerable period of time and impose costly procedures on our activities. For instance, the FDA and other regulatory agencies may not clear or approve our gammaCore therapy in additional therapeutic areas that we may pursue, on a timely basis, if at all. We have recently reduced resources in research and development which may delay our receipt of regulatory approvals for additional indications. Any delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, such clearances or approvals could negatively impact our marketing of our gammaCore therapy and impede our ability to bring future products to market. Moreover, any reclassification, redesignation, or new regulatory treatment of our existing general wellness products in light of applicable law, nonbinding recommendations or other inferences resulting from complex legal analysis and interpretation of the existing regulatory framework governing wellness products and their relational position in the larger FDA scheme of enforcement may negatively impact our marketing and other activities in respect to our wellness and human performance products, Truvaga and TAC-STIM, respectively, and other future marketing and other activities in respect to future wellness business ventures.

Even though 510(k) clearance from the FDA has been received to expand the label for gammaCore therapy for several indications, our gammaCore therapy will remain subject to strict regulatory controls on manufacturing, marketing, and use. We may be forced to modify or recall a product after release in response to regulatory action or unanticipated difficulties encountered in general use. Any such action could have a material effect on the reputation of our gammaCore therapy and on our competitive and financial position.

The advertising, marketing, and labeling of medical devices are highly regulated by the FDA and FTC. Our efforts to promote our gammaCore therapy, including via direct-to-consumer marketing or social media initiatives, could subject us to additional scrutiny of our communication of risk information, benefits or claims, by the FDA, FTC, or both agencies. Our general wellness product activity is also subject to similar marketing and promotion risk.

In 2009, the FTC promulgated nonbinding Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising (or Endorsement Guides), which explained what endorsement practices the FTC views as being unfair or deceptive acts or practices. In 2020, the FTC sought public comments in connection with informal, notice and comment rulemaking on whether the Endorsement Guides should be amended in various ways. The last time the FTC sought similar public comments led to a major revision of the Endorsement Guides. Consequently, the FTC could bring an enforcement action based on practices that are possibly inconsistent with the current Endorsement Guides as the FTC considers any revisions. Under the current Endorsement Guides, advertisements that feature a consumer and convey his or her atypical experience with a product or service are required to clearly disclose the typical results that consumers can generally expect. We cannot be sure that the FTC will not challenge our advertising or other operations in the future, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Furthermore, as a general matter, regulations may change, and any additional regulation could limit or restrict our ability to use any of our technologies, which could harm our business and prospects for growth. We could also be subject to new international, federal, state, or local regulations that could affect our research and development programs and harm our business in unforeseen ways. If this happens, we may have to incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations, which will harm our results of operations for an unknown period of time. Compliance obligations under the various domestic and foreign regulations are oftentimes complex and onerous, which contributes to a risk that we could be found to be not compliant with particular requirements. The risk of being found in violation of applicable domestic and foreign regulations, as a consequence of public law-based adjudicatory or other processes (such as administrative law hearings), is further increased by the fact that many of them have not been comprehensively interpreted by regulatory agencies or judicial authorities, particularly with respect to new and emerging technologies, and regulatory provisions are typically open to various interpretations and possible juridical doctrines in certain jurisdictions that imbue greater authority to interpret the law to regulatory authorities under certain conditions or standards.

Any significant developments in the FDA or foreign regulatory approval standards and processes, including both legal and policy changes, could also delay, or preclude, the clearance or approval of our products submitted for review. For example, in the United States, as part of the 21^st Century Cures Act passed in 2016, Congress enacted several reforms that affect medical device regulation both pre- and post-approval, and FDA implementation and development of guidance in many areas are ongoing. In August 2017, Congress enacted the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (or FDARA), which reauthorized the FDA to collect device user fees, including a new user fee for de novo classification requests, and contained substantive amendments to the device provisions of the FDCA. Among other changes, FDARA mandated that the FDA update and revise its processes for scheduling inspections of device establishments, communicating about those inspections with manufacturers, and providing feedback on the manufacturer’s responses to Form 483s. The statute also mandated that the FDA study the impact of device servicing, including third-party services, and created a new process for device sponsors to request classification of accessory devices as part of the PMA application for the parent device or to request a separate classification of accessory devices. In addition, the FDA is reportedly in the process of reviewing the 510(k) approval process and criteria and has announced initiatives to improve the current pre- and post-market regulatory processes and requirements associated with infusion pumps and other home-use medical devices, for instance, and, as part of such review efforts, the FDA is evaluating adverse event reporting and recall processes for insulin pumps.

Generally, any change in the laws or regulations that govern the clearance and approval processes relating to our current and future products could make it more difficult and costly to obtain clearance or approval for new products, or to produce, market, and distribute existing products. The data contained in our submissions, including data drawn from our clinical trials, may not be sufficient to support clearance or approval of our products or additional or expanded indications. Medical device company stock prices have declined significantly in certain circumstances where companies have failed to meet expectations in regard to the timing of regulatory approval. If the FDA’s response causes product approval delays, or is not favorable for any of our products, our stock price could decline substantially. It is uncertain how potential changes to FDA regulatory approval standards and processes may impact our ability to gain clearance or approval from FDA for our products in the future.