Enstar Group LTD - Annual Report: 2017 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017
Commission File Number 001-33289
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
BERMUDA | N/A |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
Windsor Place, 3rd Floor, 22 Queen Street, Hamilton HM JX, Bermuda
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (441) 292-3645
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered |
Ordinary shares, par value $1.00 per share | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ý | Accelerated filer ¨ | Non-accelerated filer ¨ | Smaller reporting company ¨ | |
Emerging growth company ¨ | ||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý
The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2017 was approximately $2.15 billion based on the closing price of $198.65 per ordinary share on the NASDAQ Stock Market on that date. Shares held by officers and directors of the registrant and their affiliated entities have been excluded from this computation. Such exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant.
As of February 26, 2018, the registrant had outstanding 16,429,569 voting ordinary shares and 3,004,443 non-voting convertible ordinary shares, each par value $1.00 per share.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A relating to its 2018 annual general meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.
Enstar Group Limited
Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017
Table of Contents
Page | ||
PART I | ||
Item 1. | ||
Item 1A. | ||
Item 1B. | ||
Item 2. | ||
Item 3. | ||
Item 4. | ||
PART II | ||
Item 5. | ||
Item 6. | ||
Item 7. | ||
Item 7A. | ||
Item 8. | ||
Item 9. | ||
Item 9A. | ||
Item 9B. | ||
PART III | ||
Item 10. | ||
Item 11. | ||
Item 12. | ||
Item 13. | ||
Item 14. | ||
PART IV | ||
Item 15. | ||
Item 16. | ||
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report and the documents incorporated by reference contain statements that constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, with respect to our financial condition, results of operations, business strategies, operating efficiencies, competitive positions, growth opportunities, plans and objectives of our management, as well as the markets for our ordinary shares and the insurance and reinsurance sectors in general. Statements that include words such as "estimate," "project," "plan," "intend," "expect," "anticipate," "believe," "would," "should," "could," "seek," "may" and similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise. All forward-looking statements are necessarily estimates or expectations, and not statements of historical fact, reflecting the best judgment of our management and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements. These forward looking statements should, therefore, be considered in light of various important factors, including those set forth in this annual report and the documents incorporated by reference, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward looking statements. These factors include:
• | risks associated with implementing our business strategies and initiatives; |
• | the adequacy of our loss reserves and the need to adjust such reserves as claims develop over time; |
• | risks relating to our acquisitions, including our ability to continue to grow, successfully price acquisitions, evaluate opportunities, address operational challenges, support our planned growth and assimilate acquired companies into our internal control system in order to maintain effective internal controls, provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud; |
• | risks relating to our active underwriting businesses, including unpredictability and severity of catastrophic and other major loss events, failure of risk management and loss limitation methods, the risk of a ratings downgrade or withdrawal, cyclicality of demand and pricing in the insurance and reinsurance markets; |
• | risks relating to the performance of our investment portfolio and our ability to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs; |
• | changes and uncertainty in economic conditions, including interest rates, inflation, currency exchange rates, equity markets and credit conditions, which could affect our investment portfolio, our ability to finance future acquisitions and our profitability; |
• | the risk that ongoing or future industry regulatory developments will disrupt our business, affect the ability of our subsidiaries to operate in the ordinary course or to make distributions to us, or mandate changes in industry practices in ways that increase our costs, decrease our revenues or require us to alter aspects of the way we do business; |
• | risks that we may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may be available only on unfavorable terms; |
• | risks relating to the availability and collectability of our reinsurance; |
• | losses due to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; |
• | increased competitive pressures, including the consolidation and increased globalization of reinsurance providers; |
• | emerging claim and coverage issues; |
• | lengthy and unpredictable litigation affecting assessment of losses and/or coverage issues; |
• | loss of key personnel; |
• | the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us and the resulting impact on our liquidity; |
• | our ability to comply with covenants in our debt agreements; |
• | changes in our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations or intentions, which may happen at any time at management’s discretion; |
• | operational risks, including system, data security or human failures and external hazards; |
• | risks relating to our ability to obtain regulatory approvals, including the timing, terms and conditions of any such approvals, and to satisfy other closing conditions in connection with our acquisition agreements, which could affect our ability to complete acquisitions; |
• | our ability to implement our strategies relating to our active underwriting businesses; |
• | risks relating to our investments in life settlements contracts, including that actual experience may differ from our assumptions regarding longevity, cost projections, and risk of non-payment from the insurance carrier; |
• | risks relating to our subsidiaries with liabilities arising from legacy manufacturing operations; |
• | tax, regulatory or legal restrictions or limitations applicable to us or the insurance and reinsurance business generally; |
• | changes in tax laws or regulations applicable to us or our subsidiaries, or the risk that we or one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries become subject to significant, or significantly increased, income taxes in the United States or elsewhere; |
• | changes in Bermuda law or regulation or the political stability of Bermuda; and |
• | changes in accounting policies or practices. |
The factors listed above should be not construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the Risk Factors that are included in Item 1A below. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward looking statement, whether to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Company Overview
Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") is a Bermuda-based holding company, formed in 2001. Enstar is a multi-faceted insurance group that offers innovative capital release solutions and specialty underwriting capabilities through its network of group companies in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, and other international locations. Enstar is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "ESGR". In this report, the terms "Enstar," "the Company," "us," and "we" are used interchangeably to describe Enstar and our subsidiary companies.
Our fundamental corporate objective is growing our net book value per share. We strive to achieve this primarily through growth in net earnings from both organic and accretive sources, including the completion of new acquisitions, the effective management of companies and portfolios of business acquired, and the execution of active underwriting strategies.
Enstar acquires and manages insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off. Since formation, we have completed the acquisition of over 80 insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of business.
Enstar also manages specialty active underwriting businesses:
• | Atrium Underwriting Group Limited and its subsidiaries ("Atrium"), which manage and underwrite specialist insurance and reinsurance business for Lloyd’s Syndicate 609; and |
• | StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited and its subsidiaries ("StarStone"), which is an A.M. Best A- rated global specialty insurance group with multiple underwriting platforms. |
Business Strategy
Enstar aims to maximize growth in net book value per share by employing the following strategies:
We Leverage Management’s Experience and Industry Relationships to Solidify Enstar’s Position in the Run-Off Market. Enstar leverages the extensive experience and relationships of our senior management team to solidify our position as a leading run-off acquirer and generate future growth opportunities.
We Engage in Highly Disciplined Acquisition Practices. Enstar is highly selective and disciplined when assessing potential acquisition targets, carefully analyzing risk exposures, claims practices and reserve requirements as part of a detailed due diligence process. We believe this decreases risk and increases the probability that we can deliver positive operating results from the companies and portfolios acquired.
We Aim to Profitably Underwrite Selected Specialty Lines to Enhance Future Growth Opportunities. Through our Atrium and StarStone segments, Enstar selectively underwrites in chosen specialty lines, with a focus on balancing risk exposures. Through Atrium and StarStone, the group’s underwriting activity grows organically; and when Enstar acquires run-off businesses, the group’s active underwriting companies are well-positioned to capture profitable active business in specialty lines previously identified as attractive.
We Manage Claims Professionally, Expeditiously, and Cost-Effectively. Enstar aims to manage claims in a professional and disciplined manner, drawing on in-house expertise to dispose of claims efficiently. Enstar strives to pay valid claims on a timely basis, while relying on well-documented policy terms and exclusions where applicable, and litigation when necessary, to defend against paying invalid claims.
We Seek to Commute Assumed Liabilities and Insurance and Reinsurance Assets at a Discount to the Ultimate Liability. Using detailed claims analysis and actuarial projections, Enstar seeks to negotiate with policyholders with a goal of commuting existing insurance and reinsurance liabilities at a discount to the ultimate liability.
We Prudently Manage Investments and Capital. In managing investments and deploying group capital, Enstar strives to achieve superior risk-adjusted returns, while growing profitability and generating long-term growth in shareholder value.
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Strategic Growth
Enstar transactions typically take the form of either acquisitions or portfolio transfers. In an acquisition, we acquire an insurance or reinsurance company and manage the run-off or continued underwriting of risk in its business lines. In a portfolio transfer, a reinsurance contract transfers risk from the initial insurance or reinsurance company to a company in the Enstar group. Enstar also enters into reinsurance to close ("RITC") transactions with Lloyd's of London ("Lloyd's") insurance and reinsurance syndicates in run-off, whereby a portfolio of run-off liabilities is transferred from one Lloyd’s syndicate to another.
The substantial majority of Enstar’s acquisitions have been in the non-life run-off business, which generally includes property and casualty, workers’ compensation, asbestos and environmental, construction defect, marine, aviation and transit, and other closed business. Enstar also has closed life and annuities businesses; however, in 2017 we sold two subsidiaries, Pavonia and Laguna.
Enstar evolved from a stand-alone run-off consolidator to a more diversified insurance group with active underwriting capabilities following our acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. We had several rationales for acquiring Atrium and StarStone:
• | Atrium’s and StarStone’s underwriting businesses provide Enstar with a more diversified earnings stream, which reduces the impact of volatility in earnings from non-life run-off businesses, while concurrently offering the group new growth avenues. |
• | We believe that having active underwriting businesses enhances the group’s overall ability to compete for new acquisition targets because the addition of active underwriting capabilities allows the group to acquire renewal rights or provide loss portfolio reinsurance in connection with such acquisitions. These capabilities can attract certain vendors, and may provide Enstar with additional flexibility in structuring proposed transactions. |
• | Having both run-off and active underwriting businesses within our group allows Enstar to evaluate an acquisition target not only for its fundamental run-off potential, but also for the ongoing value of its profitable business lines. |
We partnered with the Trident V funds ("Trident") (managed by Stone Point Capital LLC) in the acquisitions of the active underwriting businesses. Stone Point Capital is a financial services-focused private equity firm that has significant experience investing in insurance and reinsurance companies and other insurance-related businesses, which Enstar believes is valuable in our active underwriting joint ventures.
In each of the Atrium and StarStone transactions, Enstar has a 59.0% equity interest, Trident has a 39.3% equity interest, and Dowling Capital Partners, L.P. ("Dowling") has a 1.7% equity interest.
Recent Acquisitions and Significant New Business
Zurich Australia
On February 22, 2018, we entered into an agreement with an Australian subsidiary of Zurich Insurance Group ("Zurich") to reinsure its New South Wales Vehicle Compulsory Third Party ("CTP") insurance business. Under the agreement, which is effective as of January 1, 2018, we will assume gross reinsurance reserves of AUD$350 million (approximately $275.0 million) for cash consideration equal to the reserves.
Following the initial reinsurance transaction, which transferred the economics of the CTP insurance business, we and Zurich are also pursuing a portfolio transfer of the CTP insurance business under Division 3A Part III of Australia's Insurance Act 1973 (Cth), which will provide legal finality for Zurich's obligations. The transfer is subject to court, regulatory and other approvals.
Neon RITC Transaction
On February 16, 2018, we closed the previously announced reinsurance-to-close transaction with Neon Underwriting Limited ("Neon"), under which we will reinsure to close the 2015 and prior underwriting years of account (comprising underwriting years 2008 to 2015) of Neon's Syndicate 2468. We have assumed gross reinsurance reserves of £402.2 million (approximately $543.4 million) or net reserves of £337.8 million (approximately $456.4 million) for cash consideration equal to the net amount of reserves assumed. Following the closing of the transaction, Enstar has taken responsibility for claims handling and will provide complete finality to Neon's obligations.
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Novae RITC Transaction
On January 29, 2018, we entered into an RITC transaction with AXIS Managing Agency Limited, under which we will reinsure to close the 2015 and prior underwriting years of account of Novae Syndicate 2007. We will assume gross reinsurance reserves of approximately £840.0 million (approximately $1,136.0 million) or net reinsurance reserves of approximately £600.0 million (approximately $811.0 million) for cash consideration equal to the net amount of reserves assumed.
Allianz SE
On December 28, 2017, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Allianz SE (“Allianz”) to reinsure a portfolio of Allianz’s run-off business, effective December 31, 2017. Pursuant to the reinsurance agreement, we reinsured 50% of certain U.S. workers' compensation, asbestos, and toxic tort business originally held by San Francisco Reinsurance Company, an affiliate of Allianz, and in the process assumed net reinsurance reserves of $81.4 million. Affiliates of Allianz retained $81.4 million of reinsurance premium as funds withheld collateral for the obligations under the reinsurance agreement and we transferred $8.1 million to a reinsurance trust to further support our obligations. We will also provide ongoing consulting services with respect to the entire $162.8 million portfolio, including the 50% share retained by affiliates of Allianz.
RSA
On February 7, 2017, we entered into an agreement to reinsure the U.K. employers' liability legacy business of RSA. Pursuant to the transaction, we assumed gross insurance reserves of £1,046.4 million ($1,301.8 million) relating to 2005 and prior year business. Net insurance reserves assumed were £927.5 million ($1,153.9 million), and the reinsurance premium received was £801.6 million ($997.2 million). We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract, which means changes in the fair value of the net reserves are included in net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"). The initial fair value adjustment was $174.1 million on the gross reserves and $156.7 million on the net reserves. Refer to Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and assumptions.
Following the initial reinsurance transaction, which transferred the economics of the portfolio up to the policy's limits, we and RSA are pursuing a portfolio transfer of the business under Part VII of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, which will provide legal finality for RSA's obligations. The transfer is subject to court, regulatory and other approvals.
QBE
On January 11, 2017, we closed a transaction to reinsure multi-line property and casualty business of QBE. We assumed gross reinsurance reserves of approximately $1,019.0 million (net reserves of $447.0 million) relating to the portfolio, which primarily includes workers' compensation, construction defect, and general liability discontinued lines of business. We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract. The initial fair value adjustment was $180.0 million on the gross reserves and $43.2 million on the net reserves. Refer to Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and assumptions. In addition, we pledged a portion of the premium as collateral to a subsidiary of QBE, and we have provided additional collateral and a limited parental guarantee.
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Summary of Significant New Business since 2017
The table below sets forth a summary of significant new business in excess of $50.0 million in acquired assets that we have signed or completed since January 1, 2017, all of which were reinsurance transactions. For a more detailed explanation of these transactions, as well as transactions completed in 2016 and 2015, refer to Note 3 - "Acquisitions" and Note 4 - "Significant New Business" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Significant New Business (January 1, 2017 - Present) | ||||||||||||
Company Name | Purchase Price | Assets Acquired | Liabilities Acquired | Deferred Charge | Segment | Primary Nature of Business | ||||||
Zurich Australia | N/A | $275 million | $275 million | Nil | Non-life Run-off | Australian motor | ||||||
AXIS Managing Agency Limited (Novae Syndicate 2007) | N/A | $1.1 billion | $1.1 billion | Nil | Non-life Run-off | Financial, casualty, marine and energy, professional indemnity, aviation, motor and property | ||||||
Neon Underwriting Limited | N/A | $543 million | $543 million | Nil | Non-life Run-off | Medical malpractice, general liability, professional indemnity and marine | ||||||
Allianz SE | N/A | $81 million | $81 million | Nil | Non-life Run-off | U.S. workers' compensation, asbestos, pollution and toxic tort | ||||||
RSA Insurance Group PLC | N/A | $1.3 billion | $1.3 billion | Nil | Non-life Run-off | U.K. employers' liability | ||||||
QBE Insurance Group Limited | N/A | $1.0 billion | $1.0 billion | Nil | Non-life Run-off | U.S. workers' compensation, construction defect, and general liability | ||||||
Businesses Sold or Held for Sale
Pavonia
On December 29, 2017, we completed the previously announced sale of Pavonia Holdings (US), Inc. (“Pavonia”), to Southland National Holdings, Inc. (“Southland”), a Delaware corporation and a subsidiary of Global Bankers Insurance Group, LLC. The aggregate purchase price was $120.0 million. The proceeds were used to make repayments under our revolving credit facility.
Pavonia owns Pavonia Life Insurance Company of Michigan (“PLIC MI”) and Enstar Life (US), Inc. Southland will acquire Pavonia Life Insurance Company of New York ("PLIC NY") for $13.1 million in a second closing that is expected to occur in the first or second quarter of 2018, subject to regulatory approval. The additional purchase price represents the cash consideration paid to PLIC MI when we acquired PLIC NY from PLIC MI as a result of the restructuring of the first closing of the transaction. PLIC NY was held for sale as at December 31, 2017.
Laguna
On August 29, 2017, we completed the sale of our wholly-owned subsidiary Laguna Life DAC ("Laguna") to a subsidiary of Monument Insurance Group Limited, for a total consideration of €25.6 million (approximately $30.8 million). The proceeds of the sale were used to pay down our revolving credit facility. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" for further information.
The results, assets, and liabilities of Pavonia and Laguna comprised a substantial portion of what we previously reported as our Life and Annuities segment through the closing of their sale. Refer to Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinuing Operations" for further information.
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Other Transactions
Clear Spring
On January 1, 2017, we sold SeaBright Insurance Company ("SeaBright Insurance") to an affiliate of Delaware Life Insurance Company ("Delaware Life"), a subsidiary of Guggenheim Partners, LLC. Following the sale, SeaBright Insurance was renamed Clear Spring Property and Casualty Company ("Clear Spring") and focuses on underwriting workers' compensation and property business in the United States. Prior to the sale, SeaBright Insurance had reinsured all of its run-off liabilities into another Enstar entity, and at the time of the sale, Clear Spring contained only insurance licenses. We have retained a 20% indirect equity interest in Clear Spring and have agreed to reinsure (on a funds withheld basis) 25% of its new business underwritten. We provide underwriting and claims expertise to Clear Spring through fronting, underwriting and service agreements.
KaylaRe
On February 5, 2018, subsequent to year-end, we announced that we have entered into an agreement to purchase the remaining 51.8% of KaylaRe Holdings Ltd. ("KaylaRe") from the existing shareholders in a transaction valued at $398.3 million. In exchange for the remaining shares in KaylaRe, we will issue ordinary shares. The transaction is subject to regulatory approval and is expected to close in the first quarter of 2018.
For a detailed discussion of various transactions related to KaylaRe and its other shareholders, refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Operating Segments
In the second half of 2017, following the completion of the Laguna and Pavonia transactions, which significantly reduced the size of our life and annuities business, we undertook a review of our reportable segments. Following this review we determined that we have three reportable segments of business that are each managed, operated and reported on separately: (i) Non-life Run-off; (ii) Atrium; and (iii) StarStone. Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange, our remaining life business and other miscellaneous items. The change in reportable segments had no impact on our previously reported historical consolidated financial positions, results of operations or cash flows. For additional information and financial data relating to our segments, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations by Segment," "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investments" and Note 24 - "Segment Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Non-life Run-off
Our Non-life Run-off segment comprises the operations of our subsidiaries that are running off their property and casualty and other non-life lines of business, including the run-off businesses of StarStone and Arden Reinsurance Company Ltd. ("Arden").
In the primary (or direct) insurance business, the insurer assumes risk of loss from persons or organizations that are directly subject to the given risks. In the reinsurance business, the reinsurer agrees to indemnify an insurance or reinsurance company, referred to as the ceding company, against all or a portion of the insurance risks arising under the policies the ceding company has written or reinsured. When an insurer or reinsurer stops writing new insurance business, either entirely or with respect to a particular line of business, the insurer, reinsurer, or the line of discontinued business is in run-off.
Participants in the industry often have portfolios of business that become inconsistent with their core competency or provide excessive exposure to a particular risk or segment of the market (i.e., workers' compensation, property/casualty, asbestos, environmental, director and officer liability, etc.). These non-core and/or discontinued portfolios are often associated with potentially large exposures and lengthy time periods before resolution of the last remaining insured claims, resulting in significant uncertainty to the insurer or reinsurer covering those risks. These factors can distract management, drive up the cost of capital and surplus for the insurer or reinsurer, and negatively impact the insurer’s or reinsurer’s rating, which makes the disposal of the unwanted company or portfolio an attractive option. The insurer or reinsurer may engage with a third party that specializes in run-off management, such as Enstar, to purchase the company or assume the portfolio in run-off.
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In the sale of a company in run-off, a purchaser, such as Enstar, may pay a discount to the book value of the company based on the risks assumed and the relative value to the seller of no longer having to manage the company in run-off. Such a transaction can be beneficial to the seller because it receives an up-front payment for the company, eliminates the need for its management to devote any attention to the disposed company and removes the risk that the established reserves related to the run-off business may prove to be inadequate. The seller is also able to redeploy its management and financial resources to its core businesses.
In some situations, an insurer or reinsurer may wish to divest itself of a portfolio of non-core legacy business that may have been underwritten alongside other ongoing core business that the insurer or reinsurer does not want to dispose of. In such instances, we are able to provide economic finality for the insurer or reinsurer by providing a loss portfolio reinsurance contract to protect the insurer or reinsurer against deterioration of the non-core portfolio of loss reserves.
Overall, the focus of our Non-life Run-off segment is to acquire companies or portfolios in run-off and to effectively manage that business in ways that further our primary corporate objective of growing Enstar's net book value per share.
Acquisition Process
We evaluate each acquisition and loss portfolio transfer opportunity presented by carefully reviewing the portfolio’s risk exposures, claim practices, reserve requirements and outstanding claims, and will seek an appropriate discount to reflect the uncertainty contained in the portfolio’s reserves. Based on this initial analysis, we can determine if a company or portfolio of business would add value to our current portfolio of run-off businesses. If we decide to pursue the purchase of a company in run-off, we then proceed to price the acquisition in a manner we believe will result in positive operating results based on certain assumptions including, without limitation, our ability to favorably resolve claims, negotiate with direct insureds and reinsurers, and otherwise manage the nature of the risks posed by the business.
At the time we acquire a company in run-off, we estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired based on actuarial advice and our views of the exposures assumed. We primarily earn our total return on an acquisition from disciplined claims management and/or commuting the liabilities that we have assumed, maximizing reinsurance recoveries on the assumed portfolio of business and investment returns from the acquired investment portfolios.
Run-off Management
Following the acquisition of a company or portfolio of business in run-off, we strive to conduct the run-off in a disciplined and professional manner to efficiently discharge the liabilities associated with the business while preserving and maximizing its assets. Our approach to managing our companies and portfolios of business in run-off includes, where possible, negotiating with third-party insureds and reinsureds to commute their insurance or reinsurance agreement (sometimes called policy buy-backs for direct insurance) for an agreed upon up-front payment by us and to more efficiently manage payment of insurance and reinsurance claims. We attempt to commute policies with direct insureds or reinsureds to eliminate uncertainty over the amount of future claims. Commutations and policy buy-backs provide an opportunity for the company to exit exposures to certain policies and insureds generally at a discount to the ultimate liability and provide the ability to eliminate exposure to further losses. Commutations can also reduce the duration, administrative burden and ultimately the future cost of the run-off.
In certain lines of business, such as direct workers’ compensation insurance, commutations and policy buy-back opportunities are not typically available, and our strategy with respect to these businesses is to derive value through efficient and effective management of claims.
Integral to our success is our ability to analyze, administer, and settle claims while managing related expenses, such as LAE. We have implemented claims handling guidelines along with claims reporting and control procedures in all of our claims units. All claims matters are reviewed regularly, with all material claims matters being circulated to and authorized by management prior to any action being taken. Our claims management processes also include leveraging our extensive relationships and developed protocols to more efficiently manage outside counsel and other third parties to reduce expenses. With respect to certain lines of business, we have arrangements with third-party administrators to manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. These agreements generally set forth the duties of the third-party administrators, limits of authority, indemnification language designed for our protection and various procedures relating to compliance with laws and regulations. These arrangements are also subject to review by our relevant claims departments, and we monitor these administrators on an ongoing basis.
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We provide consultancy services to third parties in the insurance and reinsurance industry primarily through our subsidiaries, the Cranmore companies, Enstar Limited, Enstar (US), Inc., Paladin Managed Care Services, Inc. ("Paladin") and Kinsale Brokers Limited. In addition to third-party engagements, our consultancy companies also perform these services in-house for our Enstar companies, using their expertise to assist in managing our run-off portfolios and performing certain due diligence matters relating to acquired businesses. The services range from full-service incentive-based or fixed fee run-off management to bespoke solutions such as claims inspection, claims validation, reinsurance asset collection and IT consulting services. Paladin provides medical bill review, utilization review, physician case management and related services in the workers’ compensation area.
Following the acquisition of a company or portfolio of business in run-off, we analyze the acquired exposures and reinsurance receivables on a policyholder-by-policyholder basis to identify those we wish to approach to discuss commutation. In addition, policyholders and reinsurers often approach us requesting commutation. We then carry out a full analysis of the underlying exposures in order to determine the attractiveness of a proposed commutation. From the initial analysis of the underlying exposures, it may take several months, or even years, before a commutation is completed. In certain cases, if we and the policyholder or reinsurer are unable to reach a commercially acceptable settlement, the commutation may not be achievable, in which case we will continue to settle valid claims from the policyholder, or collect reinsurance receivables from the reinsurer, as they arise or become due.
Certain insureds and reinsureds are often willing to commute with us, subject to receiving an acceptable settlement, as this provides certainty of recovery of what otherwise may be claims that are disputed in the future, and often provides a meaningful up-front cash receipt that, with the associated investment income, can provide funds to meet future claim payments or even commutation of their underlying exposure. Therefore, subject to negotiating an acceptable settlement, many of our insurance and reinsurance liabilities and reinsurance receivables can be either commuted or settled by way of policy buy-back over time. Properly priced commutations may reduce the expense of adjusting direct claims and pursuing collection of reinsurance, realize savings, remove the potential future volatility of claims and reduce required regulatory capital.
We manage cash flow with regard to reinsurance recoverables by working with reinsurers, brokers and professional advisors to achieve fair and prompt payment of reinsured claims, and we take appropriate legal action to secure receivables when necessary. We also attempt where appropriate to negotiate favorable commutations with our reinsurers by securing a lump sum settlement from reinsurers in complete satisfaction of the reinsurer’s past, present and future liability in respect of such claims.
Atrium
Our Atrium segment is comprised of the active underwriting operations and financial results of Northshore, a holding company that owns Atrium and its subsidiaries and Arden. Enstar acquired Atrium on November 25, 2013. Atrium was regarded as an attractive expansion opportunity by Enstar management primarily because of its skilled underwriting and management teams and its strong historical performance at Lloyd’s.
Atrium’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Atrium Underwriters Ltd, manages Syndicate 609 which underwrites specialist insurance and reinsurance business at Lloyd’s. Atrium’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Atrium 5 Ltd., provides 25% of the underwriting capacity and capital to Syndicate 609, with the balance provided by traditional Lloyd’s Names. Atrium has offices in London, the United States, Canada, and Singapore. Generally, Atrium continues to operate in accordance with the underwriting and other business strategies established pre-acquisition, although we and Trident continually review these strategies and business goals and continue to develop synergies with our existing business operations.
Arden is a Bermuda-based reinsurance company that provides reinsurance to Atrium (through a 65% quota share reinsurance arrangement with Atrium 5 Ltd., which is eliminated upon consolidation) and is currently in the process of running off certain other discontinued business. Results related to Arden’s discontinued business are included within our Non-life Run-off segment.
Business Lines
Syndicate 609 provides insurance and reinsurance on a worldwide basis including the United States, Europe, the Far East and Australasia. Atrium specializes in a wide range of industry classes, including marine, aviation and transit, property and casualty binding authorities, reinsurance, accident and health and non-marine direct and facultative. Lloyd’s business is often underwritten on a subscription basis across the insurance market. Atrium is the lead underwriter in approximately 42% of the business it underwrites.
Lloyd’s is a surplus lines insurer and an accredited reinsurer in all U.S. states and territories, and a licensed (or admitted) insurer in Illinois, Kentucky and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
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A description of each of Atrium's lines of business follows:
Marine, Aviation and Transit. The marine line of business is a worldwide portfolio writing marine hull, marine war, cargo, fine art and specie, marine and energy liability and total loss only business. Atrium leads a number of the major marine war contracts in London. Business is written on a direct, reinsurance, proportional and excess of loss basis. The aviation portfolio includes all aspects of aviation insurance, with Atrium specializing in rotor wing and non-major airlines. The majority of the account is sourced through London brokers as direct or facultative reinsurance of a local reinsurer. Included within the marine, aviation and transit lines of business are the upstream energy and terrorism portfolios. The upstream energy portfolio is split into two main categories of assureds: operators (private and publicly quoted companies, national oil companies and Oil Insurance Limited members) and contractors (drilling, service and construction companies). The principal coverage is physical damage/business interruption, control of well and associated pollution, construction and Gulf of Mexico windstorm and other natural catastrophe perils. Nearly all of the upstream energy line of business is sourced through Lloyd’s brokers, with the significant majority written on a facultative basis and a smaller amount written on a treaty basis. The terrorism portfolio includes political violence business, in which Atrium focuses on writing with security consultants engaged to provide risk or country surveys.
Binding Authorities. The property and casualty binding authority portfolio includes a broad range of small and medium business entity insurance products offered across the United States and Canada. Typical property risks include commercial, vacant and hard-to-place residential dwellings. Typical casualty risks include owners, landlords and tenants, business owners, artisan, special events and various niche products. Business is written through both traditional binding authorities as well as online binding authorities through AUGold, Atrium’s proprietary online system that is used by brokers. The liability line of business includes a professional liability North American portfolio of products covering a diverse range of classes including architects, consultants and lawyers and also a miscellaneous range encompassing many different professions. Included within this line of business is international liability, which is a book of primary coverholder business covering the security, leisure and hotel industries. The majority of business is produced through delegated binding authority contracts.
Reinsurance. The reinsurance line is a worldwide portfolio and includes aviation reinsurance, casualty reinsurance, property reinsurance, and marine reinsurance. Business is mainly written on a risk excess of loss, catastrophe excess of loss or retrocessional basis. Aviation reinsurance is written through an underwriting consortium managed by Atrium.
Accident and Health. The accident and health line is a global account that encompasses a wide range of classes, including group and individual disability, personal accident, travel insurance, medical expenses, aviation personal accident, war risks, kidnap and ransom insurance, and sports accident insurance. The line includes both insurance and reinsurance business, written as facultative placements and under delegated underwriting facilities and both proportional and non-proportional treaties.
Non-Marine Direct and Facultative. The non-marine direct and facultative portfolio includes a diverse mix of property business offered in both the international and U.S. markets, comprised of physical loss or damage, business interruption, extra expense, construction, contingency and pecuniary loss risks in respect of onshore property and onshore engineered risks. The majority of this line of business is written through Lloyd’s brokers and under delegated underwriting facilities.
Distribution
All of the business in the Atrium segment is placed through insurance and reinsurance brokers, and a key distribution channel for Syndicate 609 is the managing general agent binding authorities. Atrium seeks to develop relationships with insurance and reinsurance brokers, insurance and reinsurance companies, large global corporations and financial intermediaries to develop and underwrite business. Independent brokers Marsh Inc. and Willis Group Holdings Ltd. accounted for 12% and 10%, respectively, of Atrium’s gross premiums written in 2017 (22% collectively). Other brokers (each individually less than 10%) accounted for 78% of gross premiums written.
Atrium’s proprietary online platform, AUGold, provides end-to-end processing, quote and policy production for managing general agents across a range of classes of business. The platform provides agents with efficient and cost effective access to Lloyd’s binding authorities and is designed to enable Atrium to compete more effectively with North American excess and surplus lines carriers.
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Managing Agency Services
Atrium receives a managing agency fee of 0.7% of Syndicate 609 capacity and a 20% profit commission based on the net earnings of Syndicate 609, pursuant to its management contract. Atrium also receives management fees and profit commission from the management of underwriting consortiums. These fees and profit commission are included within fees and commission income in our consolidated statement of earnings.
Claims Management
Claims in respect of business written by Syndicate 609 are primarily notified by various central market bureaus. Where a syndicate is a "leading" syndicate on a Lloyd’s policy, its underwriters and claims adjusters work directly with the broker or insured on behalf of itself and the following market for any particular claim. This may involve appointing attorneys or loss adjusters. The claims bureaus and the leading syndicate advise movement in loss reserves to all syndicates participating on the risk. If necessary, Atrium's claims department may adjust the case reserves it records from those advised by the bureaus.
Reinsurance Ceded
On an annual basis Atrium purchases a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage its risk profile. The majority of Atrium’s third-party reinsurance cover is with Lloyd’s Syndicates or other highly rated reinsurers.
StarStone
Our StarStone segment is comprised of the active underwriting operations and financial results of StarStone Holdings, a holding company that owns StarStone and its subsidiaries. Results relating to StarStone’s run-off lines of business are included within our Non-life Run-off segment.
We acquired StarStone (formerly known as Torus) on April 1, 2014 in partnership with Trident (managed by Stone Point Capital). Dowling also has a minority investment. StarStone rebranded during 2015. Under our ownership, and with a strengthened management team and operating structure, StarStone’s strategy emphasizes underwriting discipline and focuses on profitable lines and improvement of operational effectiveness and efficiency.
StarStone is a global specialty insurer operating worldwide from key underwriting hubs in the Lloyd's and London markets, Bermuda, Continental Europe, and the United States. StarStone has five wholly-owned insurance platforms and licenses to serve a global client base. In December 2017, the London market and European business were merged into a single European entity based in Liechtenstein. This was executed in order to improve operational efficiencies and position the StarStone group for any potential post-Brexit issues. Through Syndicate 1301, StarStone offers a variety of specialty products at Lloyd’s. Syndicate 1301 is managed by StarStone's wholly-owned Lloyd’s managing agency. During 2017, StarStone commenced operations in Dubai and Australia.
Business Lines
StarStone offers a broad range of property, casualty and specialty insurance products to both large multi-national and small and middle-market clients around the world. A description of StarStone's business lines is as follows:
Casualty. Casualty is StarStone's largest product group, including StarStone’s U.S. excess casualty, global management and professional liability, global healthcare, and accident and health products. The U.S. excess casualty product includes umbrella, excess and retained limit products across a wide range of market segments focused on small to mid-market businesses. The global management and professional liability product specializes in directors and officers and professional liability protection for both traditional and emerging professions. Our healthcare product provides insurance for acute care centers, nursing homes, physician groups, senior living facilities, and others. The accident and health product provides protection for a broad range of groups and individuals such as air crew personal accident and loss of license, accidental death and permanent and temporary disability for individuals including athletes and high net worth individuals.
Marine. We provide a broad range of marine and specialty products including hull and machinery, marine and energy liabilities, cargo, war, transport, specie and fine art, and terrorism. These products are written through Lloyd's Syndicate 1301, our European branch network and by some of our U.S. based teams. We also provide high excess casualty coverage placed in the London wholesale market which is focused on high excess layers for Fortune 500 companies.
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Property. This line includes all of our property insurance products. The construction portfolio focuses on large, complex, infrastructure and contractor cover across all risk areas. Property also includes our onshore, power, and upstream and offshore products written through our Lloyd's and London platforms. Most lines are written on a full value, primary, excess of loss or quota share basis. During 2017, StarStone commenced writing US mortgage reinsurance, which is included within the property business line.
Aerospace. We serve a diverse client base within the aerospace sector including airlines, aircraft manufacturers and airport service providers. Our products are split between short-tail and long-tail risks and by aircraft type into three areas: airlines, aviation products and liability, and general aviation.
Workers' compensation. This line provides workers' compensation solutions for a range of industries, including energy and maritime businesses to high-hazard operations. We also cover cross-state, multi-jurisdictional exposures in single policies. Business is written directly with clients and through partnerships with independent agents, managing general underwriters, and select wholesale brokers throughout the United States.
Distribution
StarStone's distribution strategy is to focus on proximity to clients and brokers, using its Lloyd’s platform, European branch distribution network, its U.S. wholesale distribution strategy, as well as its relationships with insurance and reinsurance brokers and risk carriers, corporations and financial intermediaries.
Syndicate 1301 can conduct business in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. In addition to underwriting business directly at Lloyd’s in London, it provides local access to Lloyd’s in Continental Europe and the United States.
In the United States, products are written locally through our admitted and excess and surplus lines carriers. Our U.S. strategy also utilizes our online e-commerce broker portal, ESCAPE, which offers immediate wholesale distribution to all 50 states.
Business in the StarStone segment is generally placed through insurance and reinsurance brokers and managing general agents. Independent brokers Marsh Inc., Aon Benfield Group Ltd. and Willis Group Holdings Ltd. accounted for 8%, 7% and 6%, respectively, of StarStone’s gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017 (21% collectively). Other brokers and managing general agents (each individually less than 10%) accounted for the remaining 79% of gross premiums written.
Claims Management
Claims in respect of business written by Syndicate 1301, as well as in respect of StarStone’s other London market business, are primarily notified by various central market bureaus whereby the leading syndicate or company advise all participants of movement in loss reserves. StarStone’s claims department adjusts bureau claims in respect of coverages where StarStone is the lead underwriter and may choose to adjust the case reserves it records from those advised by the bureaus.
Claims in respect of non-bureau business are handled by StarStone’s experienced claims professionals. StarStone uses claims handling guidelines along with a global claims management system to review, report and administer claims. With respect to certain lines of business, StarStone may use third-party administrators to manage and pay claims on its behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. StarStone also utilizes Enstar’s experience in claims management.
Reinsurance Ceded
StarStone purchases an annual tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage its risk profile. The majority of StarStone’s third party reinsurance cover is with highly rated reinsurers or is collateralized by letters of credit. Several of the StarStone affiliates have entered into a Quota Share Treaty with KaylaRe Ltd. pursuant to which KaylaRe Ltd. reinsures 35% of all business written by these StarStone affiliates for risks attaching from January 1, 2016, net of the StarStone affiliates' reinsurance programs. The portion of this quota share agreement related to U.S. business was not renewed in 2018.
Other activities
Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange, our remaining life business and other miscellaneous items.
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As a result of the change in our operating segments, our remaining life business included within other activities comprises:
Life Business
Following the sale of Pavonia and Laguna in 2017, our remaining life business consists of Alpha's credit and life insurance sold in Europe prior to our acquisition. The life companies continue to generate premiums, and accordingly the reserves remain sensitive to lapse rates as well as mortality rates.
Life Settlements
Our life settlements business relates to interests in U.S. life insurance policies acquired in the secondary and tertiary markets and through collateralized lending transactions. We pay premiums on these policies and other costs to keep the policies in force, and we recognize income upon a policy maturity event.
Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The liability for losses and LAE, also referred to as loss reserves, represents our gross estimates before reinsurance for unpaid reported losses and losses that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR") for our Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone segments. We recognize an asset for the portion of the liability that we expect to recover from reinsurers. LAE reserves include allocated loss adjustment expenses ("ALAE"), and unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE"). ALAE are linked to the settlement of an individual claim or loss, whereas ULAE are based on our estimates of future costs to administer the claims. IBNR represents reserves for loss and LAE that have been incurred but not yet reported to us. This includes amounts for unreported claims, development on known claims and reopened claims.
We establish reserves for individual claims incurred and reported, as well as IBNR claims. We use considerable judgment in estimating losses for reported claims on an individual claim basis based upon our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim, the severity of the injury or damage, the jurisdiction of the occurrence, the potential for ultimate exposure, the type of loss, and our experience with the line of business and policy provisions relating to the particular type of claim. We also use considerable judgment to establish reserves for IBNR claims using a variety of generally accepted actuarial methodologies and procedures to estimate the ultimate cost of settling IBNR claims. See "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" for a description of our loss reserving process.
The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities at any given point in time is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. A significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event. Our actuarial methodologies include industry benchmarking which, under certain methodologies, compares the trend of our loss development to that of the industry. To the extent that the trend of our loss development compared to the industry changes in any period, it is likely to have an impact on the estimate of ultimate liabilities. Unpaid claim liabilities for property and casualty exposures in general are impacted by changes in the legal environment, jury awards, medical cost trends and general inflation. Certain estimates for unpaid claim liabilities involve considerable uncertainty due to significant coverage litigation, and it can be unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development factors, and the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of unpaid claim liabilities are not likely to be resolved in the near future. In addition, reserves are established to cover loss development related to both known and unasserted claims. Consequently, our subsequent estimates of ultimate losses and LAE, and our liability for losses and LAE, may differ materially from our initial estimates.
In our Non-life Run-off segment, policy buy-backs and commutations provide an opportunity for us to exit and settle exposures to policies with insureds and reinsureds, often at a discount to the previously estimated ultimate liability. Commutations are beneficial to us as they extinguish liabilities, reduce the potential for future adverse loss development, and reduce future claims handling costs. Our estimates of ultimate claim liabilities, including IBNR reserves, are based upon actuarial methodologies applied to the remaining non-commuted aggregate exposures and revised historical loss development information, after adjusting for the elimination of historical loss development relating to commuted and bought-back exposures. In addition, the routine settlement of claims, at either below or above the carried advised loss reserve, updates historical loss development information to which actuarial methodologies are applied often, resulting in revised estimates of ultimate liabilities. Our loss reserves are largely related to workers compensation and casualty exposures, which include latent exposures primarily relating to asbestos and environmental damage. In establishing reserves, we consider facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage
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litigation. Case reserves are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy.
Further information regarding the liability for net losses and LAE, including loss development tables and a reconciliation of activity, is included in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Further information regarding net incurred losses and LAE is included in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations by Segment."
Life Benefits and Claims Reserves
We estimate our life benefit and claim reserves on a present value basis using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models. We establish and maintain our life reserves at a level that we estimate will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support future cash flow benefit obligations and third-party servicing obligations as they become payable.
Our policy benefits for life contracts as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $117.2 million and $112.1 million, respectively. Amounts related to Pavonia are excluded as these are classified as liabilities held-for-sale, as described in Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinuing Operations" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
See "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Policy Benefits for Life Contracts" for a discussion of our reserves in this segment.
Investments
For information regarding our investment strategy, portfolio and results, refer to "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investments."
Ratings
In our active underwriting businesses, financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing competitive position and in product marketing. Financial strength ratings by third-party organizations provide an opinion of an insurer’s or reinsurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. These ratings reflect A.M. Best’s, S&P’s, and Fitch’s opinions of capitalization, performance and management, and are not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. These ratings may be changed, suspended or withdrawn at the discretion of the agencies. Rating agencies charge fees for their services.
Our Lloyd’s Syndicates 609 (Atrium) and 1301 (StarStone) are part of a group rating for the Lloyd's overall market. Lloyd’s is rated "A" (Excellent) by A.M. Best, "A+" (Strong) by Standard and Poor’s (or S&P) and "AA-" (Very Strong) by Fitch Ratings.
StarStone’s operating insurance entities have been assigned a financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent) by A.M. Best. The A.M. Best rating for StarStone of "A-" (Excellent) by A.M. Best is the fourth highest of 16 rating levels.
Refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Downgrades of financial strength ratings at StarStone or Lloyd’s could materially and negatively impact our active underwriting business and our company," for more information regarding the importance of financial strength ratings.
Competition
Our Non-life Run-off segment competes in international markets with domestic and international reinsurance companies to acquire and manage insurance and reinsurance companies in run-off and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off. The acquisition and management of companies and portfolios in run-off is highly competitive, and driven by a number of factors, including proposed acquisition price, reputation, and financial resources. Some of these competitors may have greater financial resources than we do, may have been operating for longer than we have and may have established long-term and continuing business relationships throughout the insurance and reinsurance industries, which can be a significant competitive advantage. As a result, we may not be able to compete successfully in the future for suitable acquisition candidates or run-off portfolio management engagements.
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Our Atrium and StarStone active underwriting segments operate in the highly competitive insurance and reinsurance markets, where companies compete on the basis of premium rates, reputation and perceived financial strength, the terms and conditions of the products offered, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payments and quality of administrative services, relationships with insurance and reinsurance companies and insurance intermediaries, capacity and coverage offered, experience in the particular risk to be underwritten, and various other factors.
Atrium and StarStone compete in the international insurance and reinsurance markets directly with numerous other parties, including established global insurance and reinsurance companies, start-up insurance and reinsurance entities, other Lloyd’s syndicates, as well as capital markets and securitization structures aimed at managing risk. Many of these competitors have significant operating histories, underwriting expertise and capacity, extensive capital resources, and longstanding customer relationships. Any of these factors can be a significant competitive advantage and may make it difficult for us to write business effectively and profitably. Because few barriers exist to prevent insurers and reinsurers from entering the non-life active underwriting business, market conditions and capital capacity influence the degree of competition at any given time. For a detailed discussion of competition and the cyclical pattern of the insurance and reinsurance market, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to our Insurance Businesses." The cyclical market pattern can be more pronounced in the specialty insurance and reinsurance markets in which Atrium and StarStone compete.
Employees
As of December 31, 2017, we had 1,341 employees, as compared to 1,278 as of December 31, 2016. Although our employee count was not significantly changed from last year, we generally do not expect it to be consistent from period to period due to our business strategies, which include anticipated ongoing acquisition and integration activities.
Financial Information about Geographic Areas
For financial information about geographic areas, see Note 24 - "Segment Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Enterprise Risk Management
Effective risk oversight is an important priority for our management and our Boards of Directors (both at the Company level and at a subsidiary level), and we place strong emphasis on ensuring we have a robust risk management framework to identify, measure, manage, monitor and report on risks that affect the achievement of our strategic, operational and financial objectives.
An effective enterprise risk management ("ERM") framework contributes to the strength of our overall group and positively impacts many areas of the business such as setting and achieving business strategy and objectives, capital management decision making, efficiency and effectiveness in operations and processes, financial performance and reliable financial reporting, regulatory compliance, good reputation with key stakeholders and business continuity planning.
Risk Management Strategy
Our risk management strategy is to:
• | engage in highly disciplined acquisition practices; |
• | take on underwriting risks, via active underwriting segments, across a balanced range of select specialty lines where the expected margins compensate for the risk and/or the costs of risk mitigation; |
• | seek investment risk where it is adequately rewarded; |
• | maintain reserving risk at low to moderate levels; and |
• | ensure capital, liquidity, credit, operational and regulatory risks remain low. |
These strategies are pursued through the use of appropriate controls, governance structures and highly skilled teams effectively working together.
Our risk strategy is embedded in our organization by promoting a culture of high risk awareness. This is achieved through the demonstration of our day-to-day approach in how we manage our business and in how we manage and assess challenges and opportunities.
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Risk Appetite
The primary objective of our risk appetite framework is to monitor and control activities in order to protect the Group from an unacceptable level of loss, compliance failures and adverse reputational impact. Risk appetite and tolerance is set by our Board and reviewed annually to ensure alignment with the business plan. Our risk appetite framework considers material risks in the business relating to, among other things, strategic risk, insurance risk, investment/market risk, liquidity risk, reinsurance credit/counterparty risk, operational risk, tax risk and regulatory risk. Established at the Group level, it represents the amount of risk that we are willing to accept compared to risk metrics based on our shareholders' equity, capital resources, potential financial loss, and other risk-specific measures.
Accountability for the implementation, monitoring and oversight of risk appetite is aligned with individual corporate executives and monitored and maintained by the Risk Management function. Risk tolerance levels are monitored and any deviations from pre-established levels are reported in order to facilitate responsive action.
Our subsidiary companies’ risk appetite frameworks are aligned with the risk appetite framework of the Group, while local company appetite and tolerances are set by the local boards. Subsidiary risk appetites are reviewed annually to ensure they do not, in the aggregate, exceed Group risk appetite.
Risk Governance and Risk Management Organization
Our ERM framework consists of numerous processes and controls that have been designed by management, with oversight by the Board of Directors and its committees, and implemented by employees across the organization. Senior executives are ultimately accountable for key defined risks and are responsible for providing regular reporting to the Group Executive Team, Management Risk Committee, Board Risk Committee and Board; and to facilitate the same to subsidiary committees and boards to support decision making and strong risk governance. The collective boards, management and employees are responsible for the effective implementation and/or operation of processes and controls.
Board of Directors
Our Board and its committees (and subsidiary boards of directors) receive management information from the Executives, Board Committees and Management Committees relating to performance against strategy and regularly review information regarding, among other things, acquisitions, active underwriting, loss reserves, credit, liquidity and investments, operations and information security and the risks associated with each.
Our Risk Committee has responsibility to assist the Board in overseeing the integrity and effectiveness of the Company’s ERM framework, including by reviewing and evaluating the risks to which the Company is exposed, as well as monitoring and overseeing the guidelines and policies that govern the processes by which the Company identifies, assesses and manages its exposure to risk. Our Audit Committee, comprised entirely of independent directors, oversees our accounting and financial reporting-related risks. Our Investment Committee is responsible for overseeing the Company’s investment portfolio and investment-related risk, determining the Group’s investment strategy and guidelines and approving investment transactions in accordance with these guidelines. Our Compensation Committee oversees compensation-related risks; and our Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for overseeing corporate governance-related risks.
Executive and Risk Management Organization
In addition to this director oversight, our ERM governance structure is supported by our Management Risk Committee ("MRC") comprising members of executive and senior management who are responsible for the management of key risks and representatives from assurance functions. At the operating subsidiary level, risks relating to our individual insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are also overseen by the subsidiary boards of directors, subsidiary risk committees and other committees, and management teams, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and our ERM framework.
The MRC is chaired by the Chief Operating Officer and meets at least quarterly and as required during the year to discharge specific responsibilities. The MRC discusses, challenges and debates the risks in the business and those emerging and where required recommends changes to the course of activity in reacting to these risks. The MRC also provides oversight and governance of ERM matters for the Group, ensuring that risk assumption and risk mitigation activities are consistent with the Risk Appetite Framework (including with regard to business planning, major transactions and significant projects) while promoting and sponsoring risk culture and awareness throughout the Group.
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Risk Ownership, Accountability and Assurance
We have adopted the "three lines of defense" model. Our first line consists of our senior corporate executives and their function as leaders and risk owners. They are accountable for executing the risk management strategy. They are responsible for the appropriate management of the activities and conduct of the business functions and for ensuring that staff understand the business strategy, risk mitigating policies and procedures and have in place personal objectives focused on achieving these.
Our second line comprises our various risk, control and compliance oversight functions. Our Risk Management function reports to the Group Executive Team, the MRC and our Risk Committee and focuses primarily on implementing and overseeing the administration of the MRC and Risk Committee directives and facilitating an efficient, effective and consistent approach to risk management across the Group. Our management assurance is further complemented by our compliance function which seeks to mitigate legal and regulatory compliance risks and ensures that appropriate, effective and responsive compliance services are available to the business units across the Group. Other second line functions include certain activities of our actuarial function and other group functions contributing to our management assurance.
Our third line of defense comprises our internal audit function which independently reviews the effectiveness of our ERM framework. The results of audits are monitored by the Audit Committee. Independent assurance from external third parties (e.g. independent actuarial services) also sits within our third line of defense.
Entity Level Management
At the operating subsidiary level, risks relating to our individual insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are also overseen by the subsidiary boards of directors, subsidiary risk committees and other committees, and management teams, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and our ERM framework.
Certain risks relating to the Group’s underwriting segments (Atrium and StarStone) are distinct from the Non-life Run-off segment. These businesses include external stakeholders that also differ from our other businesses, including joint venture partners, rating agencies, and, with respect to Atrium, third party Lloyd’s names who provide approximately 75% of the underwriting capacity to Atrium’s Syndicate 609. Atrium and StarStone each maintain dedicated ERM frameworks to manage risk, return and capital in the individual businesses, which align with and form part of Group ERM. These include oversight at the Atrium and StarStone boards of directors, as well as executive risk committees and other committees that manage and monitor risks relevant to specified functional areas. Individualized risk policies and risk appetites are established and tailored to the specific needs of Atrium and StarStone, respectively. Enstar senior executives serve as members of the Atrium and StarStone boards of directors and certain committees.
The Group and each regulated insurance entity has a unique risk register maintained through a risk management software system that documents its risk landscape, with risk, key risk metric, and control owners assigned. The risk and control assessment process is carried out on a quarterly basis. The assessment process is facilitated and recorded using a risk management software system.
Risk Categories
We manage our ERM process based on the major categories of risk within our business discussed below. Our ERM is a dynamic process, with updates continually being made as a result of changes in our business, industry and the economic environment. This process and our controls cannot provide absolute assurance that our risk management objectives will be met or that all risks will be appropriately identified and managed, and accordingly, the possibility of material adverse effects on our company remains. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" for important information on the risks we face.
Strategic Risk. Strategic risk is the risk of unintended adverse impact on the business plan objectives arising from business decisions, improper implementation of those decisions, inability to adapt to changes in the external environment, or circumstances that are beyond our control. We manage strategic risk by utilizing a strategic business planning process involving our executive management and Board of Directors. Our annual business plan is reviewed and overseen by our executive management and Board of Directors, and actual performance, trends, and uncertainties are monitored in comparison to the plan throughout the year. We specifically evaluate acquisition opportunities pursuant to a detailed and proprietary process that takes into account, among other things, the risk of the transaction and potential returns, the portfolio’s risk exposures, claims management practices, reserve requirements and outstanding claims, as well as risks specifically related to our ability to integrate the acquired business. Our governance process, led by our Board of Directors, reviews newly proposed transaction opportunities, capital-raising matters, and other significant business initiatives. In order to effectively participate in future opportunities and manage downside risks
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(due to external events) we ensure we have sufficient liquidity and available financing. We expect our processes to allow us to anticipate potential adverse changes in our business and to have the foresight to make the necessary changes to avoid unacceptable loss.
Capital Adequacy Risk. Capital adequacy risk is the risk that capital levels are or become insufficient to ensure our insurance obligations will be met and policyholders are protected. We have a low appetite for capital adequacy risk. As well as meeting our regulatory obligations, the ability to effectively participate in future opportunities is dependent upon the Group and its subsidiaries continually meeting (and/or exceeding) solvency requirements. We endeavor to manage our capital such that all of our regulated entities meet local regulatory capital requirements at all times and maintain adequate capital to enable our insurance obligations to be met while taking into account the risks faced. We aim to deploy capital efficiently and to establish adequate loss reserves that we believe will protect against future adverse developments.
Insurance Risk. Insurance risk spans many aspects of our insurance operations, including underwriting risk, risk assumed upon acquisitions/portfolio transfers and risk associated with our reserving assumptions.
Underwriting risk in our active underwriting businesses relates to the inherent uncertainty as to the occurrence, amount and timing of insurance liabilities we assume through our underwriting process. We manage exposure levels across risk categories to maintain them within the approved risk appetite. Underwriting risk management strategies may differ depending on the line of business involved and the type of account being insured or reinsured.
We strive to mitigate underwriting risk through our controls and strategies, including our underwriting risk selection, diversification of our underwriting portfolios by class and geography, purchasing reinsurance, establishing a business plan and associated parameters, underwriting peer review, authority limits, underwriting guidelines that provide detailed underwriting criteria and a framework for pricing, along with the use of specialized underwriting teams supported by actuarial, catastrophe modeling, claims, risk management, legal, finance, and other technical personnel.
We utilize internally developed pricing models to evaluate individual underwriting decisions within the context of business plans and risk appetites. We also use internally developed capital models, which provide information on key risks and facilitate an understanding of the interaction among the risks and related exposures, as a comprehensive tool for business and capital planning.
In some business lines we are exposed to multiple insured losses arising out of a single peril, such as a natural catastrophe event (for example, a hurricane, windstorm, tornado, flood or earthquake) or a man-made event (for example, war, terrorism, airplane crashes and other transportation-related accidents, or building fires). We model and manage our individual and aggregate exposures to these events and other material correlated exposures in accordance with our risk appetite. Our modeling process utilizes major commercial vendor models to measure certain of these exposures. The incidence, timing and severity of catastrophes and other event types are inherently unpredictable, and it is difficult to estimate the amount of loss any given occurrence will generate. Accordingly, there is material uncertainty around our ability to measure exposures, which can cause actual exposures and losses to deviate from our estimates.
To monitor catastrophe risk, we review exceedance probability curves aggregated across Atrium and StarStone together with aggregated realistic disaster scenarios. We consider occurrence exceedance probability and aggregate exceedance probability, which reflect losses resulting from single or multiple events, from individual perils and in the aggregate. We manage our underwriting exposure through a combination of reporting zonal aggregations, realistic disaster scenarios and stochastic modeling. StarStone also manages its underwriting exposure through monitoring realistic disaster scenarios for man-made events and certain natural catastrophe risks, and applying absolute maximum limits by line of business.
Acquisition Risk. We manage acquisition risks through our acquisition evaluation process and our reserving practices discussed above in "Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses."
Reserving Risk. Reserving risk is the risk related to our carried reserves for losses and loss expenses. The estimation of reserves is subject to uncertainty because the ultimate cost of settling claims is dependent upon future events and loss development trends that can vary with the impact of economic, social, and legal and regulatory matters. We manage reserving risk through our reserving practices discussed above in "Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Loss Reserving," as well as through our commutation and policy buy-back strategy and claims management practices. We also have a Reserving Committee that is responsible for managing reserving risk and making recommendations to our Chief Financial Officer on the appropriate level of reserves to include in our consolidated financial statements. For additional information relating to our loss reserves by segment, "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies."
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Market Risk. We are principally exposed to four types of market risk: interest rate risk, credit risk, equity price risk and foreign currency risk. We manage market risk in a number of ways, including use of investment guidelines; regular reviews of investment opportunities; market conditions; portfolio duration; oversight of the selection and performance of external asset managers; regular stress testing of the portfolio against known and hypothetical scenarios; established tolerance levels; and we manage foreign currency by asset/liability matching and use of derivatives. Investments are primarily managed by our Investment Department, which is overseen by our Investment Committee.
Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk is the risk that we are unable to realize investments and other assets in order to settle financial obligations when they fall due or that we would have to incur excessive cost to do so. We manage this risk generally by following a conservative investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities, as well as for settlement of commutation payments. Liquidity risk also includes the risk of our dependence of our future cash flows upon the availability of dividends or other statutorily permissible payments from our subsidiaries, which is limited by applicable laws and regulations. We manage this risk through our capital planning processes, which include reviews of minimum capital resources requirements at our regulated subsidiaries and anticipated distributions, as well as anticipated capital needs.
Credit / Counterparty Risk. Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of a counterparty’s ability to make timely payments in accordance with contractual terms of the instrument or contract. We are exposed to direct credit risk primarily within our portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments, and through customers, brokers and reinsurers in the form of premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables. In our run-off businesses, we manage credit risk with respect to our reinsurance recoverables by ongoing monitoring of counterparty ratings and working to achieve prompt payment of reinsured claims, as well as through our commutation strategy. In our active underwriting businesses, we firstly mitigate credit risk through our reinsurance purchasing process, where reinsurers are subject to financial security and rating requirements prior to approval and by limiting exposure to individual reinsurers. Thereafter we manage credit risk by the regular monitoring of reinsurance recoveries and premium due directly or via brokers and other intermediaries. In our fixed maturity and short-term investment portfolios, we attempt to mitigate credit risk through diversification and issuer exposure limitation.
Operational Risk. Operational risk is the risk of a loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, or from external events, personnel, systems or third parties. Due to our acquisitive strategy, operational risk also includes risks and challenges associated with integrating new companies into the Group. We seek to mitigate operational risks through the application of our policies and procedures and internal control and compliance processes throughout the Group and a focus on acquisition integration and assimilation of new companies into our internal control systems, including but not limited to operational incident management, business continuity planning, information security procedures, financial reporting controls and a review process for material third-party vendor usage.
Regulatory Risk. Regulatory risk is the risk of legal or regulatory sanctions resulting in a financial loss, or loss of reputation as a result of an insurer’s failure to comply with laws, regulations, rules, related self-regulatory organization standards, and codes of conduct. We manage regulatory risk through a focus on compliance with laws and regulations, adherence to our policies and procedures (including our Code of Conduct) and our internal controls, an established corporate governance framework and practices, and communication and engagement with external stakeholders.
Tax Risk. Tax risk is the risk that tax reporting and/or compliance requirements are not completed accurately or expediently or that tax expense is incurred unexpectedly resulting in financial loss. We proactively seek to identify, evaluate, manage, monitor and mitigate tax risks. We are committed to complying with all tax laws, rules and regulations applicable to the Group. In evaluating potential transactions we consider the overall commercial, financial and tax aspects. Where there is uncertainty or complexity in relation to a tax risk, we may seek external advice and, where appropriate, we may obtain tax clearances from relevant tax authorities.
Regulation
General
The business of insurance and reinsurance is regulated in most countries, although the degree and type of regulation varies significantly from one jurisdiction to another. Our material operations are in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and several Continental European countries. We are subject to extensive regulation under the applicable statutes in these countries and any others in which we operate. In addition, the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") acts as group supervisor of our insurance and reinsurance companies (our "Group"). A summary of the material regulations governing us in these countries is set forth below.
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We may become subject in the future to regulation in new jurisdictions or additional regulations in existing jurisdictions depending on the location and nature of any companies acquired and the volume and location of business being transacted by our existing companies.
Bermuda
Operating Subsidiaries
The Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (together, the "Insurance Act"), regulate the insurance and reinsurance business of our operating subsidiaries in Bermuda. The Insurance Act imposes certain solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies.
Significant requirements pertaining to our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries vary depending on the class in which our company is registered, but generally include the appointment of a principal representative in Bermuda, the appointment of an independent auditor, the appointment of an approved loss reserve specialist, the filing of annual statutory financial statements, the filing of statutory financial returns, compliance with group solvency and supervision rules, and compliance with the Insurance Code of Conduct (relating to corporate governance, risk management and internal controls).
Our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries must also comply with a minimum liquidity ratio and minimum solvency margin. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets must not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and LAE or premiums or pursuant to a risk-based capital measure. StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited, a Class 4 insurer, Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, a Class 3B insurer, and Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited, a Class 3A insurer, all domiciled in Bermuda, are subject to an enhanced capital requirement ("ECR") determined pursuant to a risk-based capital measure and are required to file a Commercial Insurer’s Solvency Self-Assessment (“CISSA”), and a financial condition report with the BMA.
Each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin or liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of our regulated Bermuda subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. Our Bermuda insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek BMA approval for any dividends or distributions.
Group Supervision
The BMA’s group supervision objective is to provide a coordinated approach to the regulation of an insurance group and its supervisory and capital requirements. Bermuda has been recognized by the U.S. National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") as a qualified jurisdiction. Furthermore, the E.U. recognizes Bermuda's full equivalence under Solvency II effective from January 1, 2016.
As our Group supervisor, the BMA performs a number of functions including: (i) coordinating the gathering and dissemination of information for other regulatory authorities; (ii) carrying out a supervisory review and assessment of our Group; (iii) carrying out an assessment of our Group's compliance with the rules on solvency, risk concentration, intra-group transactions and good governance procedures; (iv) planning and coordinating, through regular meetings with other authorities, supervisory activities in respect of our Group; (v) coordinating any enforcement action that may need to be taken against our Group or any Group members; and (vi) coordinating meetings of colleges of supervisors in order to facilitate the carrying out of these functions. StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited ("SIBL") has been named as our Group’s Designated Insurer. As Designated Insurer, SIBL is required to facilitate compliance by our Group with the insurance solvency and supervision rules.
On an annual basis, the Group is required to file Group statutory financial statements, a Group statutory financial return, a Group capital and solvency return, audited Group financial statements, a Group Solvency Self-Assessment ("GSSA"), and a financial condition report with the BMA. The GSSA is designed to document our perspective on the capital resources necessary to achieve our business strategies and remain solvent, and to provide the BMA with insights on our risk management, governance procedures and documentation related to this process. In addition, the Group is required to file a quarterly financial return with the BMA.
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We are required to maintain available Group statutory capital and surplus in an amount that is at least equal to the group enhanced capital requirement ("Group ECR"). The BMA has also established a group target capital level equal to 120% of the Group ECR.
The BMA also maintains supervision over the controllers of all Bermuda registered insurers, and accordingly, any person who, directly or indirectly, becomes a holder of at least 10%, 20%, 33% or 50% of our ordinary shares must notify the BMA in writing within 45 days of becoming such a holder (or ceasing to be such a holder). The BMA may object to such a person and require the holder to reduce its holding of ordinary shares and direct, among other things, that voting rights attaching to the ordinary shares shall not be exercisable.
United Kingdom and Lloyd’s
United Kingdom
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries consist of wholly-owned run-off companies. These subsidiaries are authorized by the U.K. Prudential Regulation Authority (the "PRA"), and are also regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA", together with the PRA, the "U.K. Regulator"). Our U.K. run-off subsidiaries may not underwrite new business without the approval of the U.K. Regulator. E.U. directives also allow certain of our regulated U.K. subsidiaries to conduct business in E.U. states other than the U.K. within the scope of permission granted by the U.K. Regulator without the necessity of additional licensing or authorization in E.U. countries.
Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company.
The Solvency II framework directive, which took effect on January 1, 2016, sets out new E.U.-wide requirements on capital adequacy and risk management for insurers with the aim of further increasing policyholder protection, instilling greater risk awareness and improving the international competitiveness of E.U. insurers. Insurers must now comply with a Solvency Capital Requirement ("SCR"), which is calculated using either the Solvency II standard formula or a bespoke internal model. Our non-Lloyd's U.K. companies use the standard formula.
The U.K. Regulator’s rules require our U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. The U.K. Regulator uses the SCR, among other tests, when assessing requests to make distributions.
In an advisory referendum held on June 23, 2016, the U.K. voted to leave the E.U. (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). For a discussion of the potential impact of Brexit on our operations, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Laws and Regulation."
Under the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000 ("FSMA"), any company or individual (together with its or his concert parties) proposing to directly or indirectly acquire "control" over a U.K. authorized insurance company (which is generally defined as acquiring 10% or more of the shares or voting power in a U.K. authorized insurance company or its parent company) must seek prior approval of the U.K. Regulator of his intention to do so. A person who is already deemed to have "control" will require prior regulatory approval if the person increases the level of "control" beyond 20%, 30% and 50%.
Lloyd’s
We participate in the Lloyd’s market through our interests in: (i) Atrium’s Syndicate 609, which is managed by Atrium Underwriters Limited, a Lloyd's managing agent; (ii) StarStone’s Syndicate 1301, which is managed by StarStone Underwriting Limited ("SUL"), a Lloyd’s managing agent; and (iii) Syndicate 2008, a wholly aligned syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC business and other run-off or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd’s syndicates. SUL serves as managing agent for Syndicate 2008. All of the Group’s underwriting by these syndicates is supported by one or more internal corporate members.
Our Lloyd’s operations are subject to authorization and regulation by the U.K. Regulator and compliance with the Lloyd’s Act(s) and Byelaws and regulations, as well as the applicable provisions of the FSMA. The Council of Lloyd’s has wide discretionary powers to regulate members’ underwriting, and its exercise of these powers might affect the return on an investment of the corporate member in a given underwriting year. This discretion includes the ability to assess up to 3% of a member’s underwriting capacity in any one year as a Central Fund contribution.
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The underwriting capacity of a corporate member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing a deposit (referred to as "Funds at Lloyd’s") in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in satisfaction of its capital requirement. The amount of the Funds at Lloyd’s is assessed annually and is determined by Lloyd’s in accordance with applicable capital adequacy rules.
Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates requires annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which may require changes to any business plan or additional capital to support underwriting plans.
In order to achieve finality and to release their capital, Lloyd’s members are usually required to have transferred their liabilities through an approved RITC, such as offered by Syndicate 2008. RITC is generally put in place after the third year of a syndicate year of account. On successful conclusion of RITC, any profit from the syndicate for that year of account can be fully remitted by the managing agent to the syndicate’s members.
The Lloyd’s market has applied the Solvency II internal model under Lloyd’s supervision, and our Lloyd’s operations are required to meet Solvency II standards. Effective January 1, 2016, the Society of Lloyd's received approval from the PRA to use its internal model under the Solvency II regime.
Lloyd’s approval is required before any person can acquire control of a Lloyd’s managing agent or Lloyd’s corporate member.
United States
Our insurance and reinsurance companies domiciled in the United States consist of property and casualty companies in run-off, as well as StarStone Specialty Insurance Company (a U.S. excess and surplus lines insurer) and StarStone National Insurance Company (a U.S. admitted insurer that is licensed in all 50 states and the District of Columbia). Our U.S. insurers are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision by the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or eligible to conduct business. The insurance laws and regulations of the state of domicile have the most significant impact on operations. We currently have U.S. insurers domiciled in Illinois, New York, Delaware and Rhode Island, with one of these insurers also commercially domiciled in California.
Generally, regulatory authorities have broad regulatory powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, premium rates and policy forms (except for excess and surplus lines insurers), marketing practices, claims practices, investments, security deposits, restrictions on size of risks that may be insured under a single policy, methods of accounting, form and content of financial statements, corporate governance, enterprise risk management, reserves and provisions for unearned premiums, unpaid losses and LAE, reinsurance, minimum capital and surplus requirements, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations, annual and other report filings, and transactions among affiliates.
As to periodic examinations, regulators have begun to look well beyond financial solvency and market conduct. In 2017, for example, the New York Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) increased its focus on cybersecurity, requiring financial institutions regulated by the NYDFS to establish a cybersecurity program. The NYDFS now also requires the completion of an extensive questionnaire regarding each New York domestic insurer’s cybersecurity program in connection with such examinations. Other states are expected to adopt similar laws based on the NAIC’s Insurance Data Security Model Law, adopted in 2017.
U.S. insurers are also required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with risk-based capital requirements and licensing rules. Insurers having less statutory surplus than required by the risk-based capital calculation will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. If any of our U.S. insurers were to have risk-based capital levels that are below required levels, they would be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny and control by their domestic and possibly other insurance regulators. As of December 31, 2017, all of our U.S. insurers exceeded their required levels of risk-based capital.
Applicable insurance laws also limit the amount of dividends or other distributions our U.S. insurers can pay to us. The insurance regulatory limitations are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined by the insurer’s state or states of domicile. Generally, prior regulatory approval must be obtained before an insurer may pay a dividend or make a distribution above a specified level.
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All states have enacted legislation regulating insurance holding company systems that requires each insurance company in the system to register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. The NAIC has adopted amendments to the Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and associated regulations, which all states in which our U.S. insurers are domiciled or commercially domiciled have adopted. The amendments provide the regulators with additional tools to evaluate risks to an insurance company within the insurance holding company system. They impose more extensive informational requirements on parents and other affiliates of licensed insurers with the purpose of protecting them from enterprise risk, including requiring an annual enterprise risk report by the ultimate controlling person of the insurers identifying the material risks within the insurance holding company system that could pose enterprise risk to the insurers and requiring a person divesting its controlling interest to make a confidential advance notice filing.
The NAIC has also adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act, which requires insurers to maintain a risk management framework and establishes a legal requirement for insurers or their insurance group to conduct an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment ("ORSA") in accordance with the NAIC’s ORSA Guidance Manual. The ORSA Model Act has been adopted in all of the states in which our U.S. insurers are domiciled, and our insurers in these states may be subject to ORSA requirements if certain premium thresholds are exceeded. Where applicable, we must regularly conduct an ORSA consistent with the ORSA Model Act, including undertaking an internal risk management review no less often than annually and preparing a summary report assessing the adequacy of risk management and capital in light of our insurers’ current and future business plans.
In addition, the NAIC’s Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure (“CGAD”) Model Act and Regulation requires the annual filing of a disclosure describing the insurance group’s corporate governance structure, policies, and practices. The Model Act and Regulation have been adopted in some, though not all, of the states in which we have insurers domiciled. There are no premium thresholds for CGAD.
The Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), represented a comprehensive overhaul of the financial services industry within the United States and, among other things, established the Financial Services Oversight Council and created within the United States Department of the Treasury a Federal Insurance Office ("FIO"). The FIO is authorized to study, monitor and report to Congress on the U.S. insurance industry and the significance of global reinsurance to the U.S. insurance market. The Dodd-Frank Act also authorizes the federal preemption of certain state insurance laws and streamlines the regulation of reinsurance and surplus lines/non-admitted insurance.
Before a person can acquire control of a domestic insurer (including a reinsurer) or any person controlling such insurer (including acquiring control of Enstar Group Limited), prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state in which the domestic insurer is domiciled and, under certain circumstances, from insurance commissioners in other jurisdictions. Generally, state statutes and regulations provide that "control" over a domestic insurer or person controlling a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, 10% or more of the voting securities or securities convertible into voting securities of the domestic insurer or of a person who controls the domestic insurer.
Australia
Our Australian regulated insurance entities (which include our insurance subsidiary and our non-operating holding company) are subject to prudential supervision by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority ("APRA"). APRA is the primary regulatory body responsible for regulating compliance with the Insurance Act 1973. APRA has issued prudential standards that apply to general insurers in relation to capital adequacy, the holding of assets in Australia, risk management, business continuity management, reinsurance management, outsourcing, audit and actuarial reporting and valuation, the transfer and amalgamation of insurance businesses, governance, and the fit and proper assessment of the insurer’s responsible persons.
APRA’s prudential standards require that all insurers maintain and meet prescribed capital adequacy requirements to enable their insurance obligations to be met under a wide range of circumstances.
APRA also prescribes prudential standards on risk management and governance. These requirements include the need for regulated insurance entities to have a risk management framework that is consistent and integrated with its risk profile and capital strength, supported by a risk management function and subject to comprehensive review. APRA’s risk management requirements also include the need for regulated insurance entities to have a board risk committee that provides the Board with objective non-executive oversight of the implementation and on-going operation of its risk management framework, and the requirement that regulated insurance entities designate a chief risk officer
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who is involved in, and provides effective challenge to, activities and decisions that may materially affect the regulated insurance entities’ risk profile. Our Australian regulated insurance entities are compliant with these requirements.
An insurer must obtain APRA’s written consent prior to making any capital releases, including any payment of dividends in excess of current year earnings. Our insurance subsidiary must provide APRA a valuation prepared by an appointed actuary that demonstrates that the tangible assets of the insurer, after the proposed capital reduction, are sufficient to cover its insurance liabilities to a 99.5% level of sufficiency of capital before APRA will consent to a capital release or dividend.
Under the Financial Sector (Shareholdings) Act 1998, the interest of an individual shareholder or a group of associated shareholders in an insurer is generally limited to a 15% "stake" of the insurer. A person’s stake is the aggregate of the person’s voting power and the voting power of the person’s associates. A higher percentage limit may be approved by the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia on national interest grounds. Any shareholder of Enstar Group Limited with a "stake" greater than 15% has received approval to hold that stake from the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Europe
In addition to Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, we have subsidiaries in Switzerland and Belgium, as well as StarStone Insurance SE, a Liechtenstein-based company that continues to underwrite new business through branches across Europe and is regulated by the Financial Markets Authority. StarStone Insurance Europe AG was merged into StarStone Insurance SE in Liechtenstein effective from October 1, 2017, following the relocation of StarStone Insurance SE’s principal office from the U.K. to Liechtenstein on May 8, 2017. Certain of our U.K. entities also have branches in continental European jurisdictions.
Our Swiss insurance subsidiary is regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority ("FINMA") pursuant to the Insurance Supervisory Act 2004. This subsidiary is obligated to maintain a minimum solvency margin based on the Swiss Solvency Test regulations as stipulated by the Insurance Supervisory Act. From January 1, 2016, Switzerland was granted full Solvency II equivalence by the European Commission.
Our subsidiaries and branches in European jurisdictions such as Belgium and Liechtenstein are regulated in their respective home countries. Typically, such regulation is for the protection of policyholders and ceding insurance companies rather than shareholders. Regulatory authorities generally have broad supervisory and administrative powers over such matters as licenses, standards of solvency, investments, reporting requirements relating to capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations, special reporting and prior approval requirements with respect to certain transactions among affiliates, reserves for unpaid losses and LAE, reinsurance, minimum capital and surplus requirements, dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic examinations and annual and other report filings. The application of the Solvency II framework across such European jurisdictions from January 1, 2016 generally results in a more uniform approach to regulation.
Other
Through StarStone, we participate in joint ventures in Hong Kong and Dubai. We also own two run-off entities in Hong Kong. These operations are not material, but our companies in these countries are subject to applicable regulations.
Available Information
We maintain a website with the address http://www.enstargroup.com. The information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this filing. We make available free of charge through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after the material is electronically filed with or otherwise furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, (the "SEC"). Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are also available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, copies of our Code of Conduct and the governing charters for the Audit, Investment, Nominating and Governance, Compensation, and Underwriting and Risk Committees of our Board of Directors are available free of charge on our website. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Any of the following risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. There may be additional risks that we currently consider not to be material or of which we are not currently aware, and any of these risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results.
You should carefully consider these risks along with the other information included in this document, including the matters addressed above under "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" before investing in any of our securities. We may amend, supplement or add to the risk factors described below from time to time in future reports filed with the SEC.
Risks Relating to Our Insurance Businesses
If we are unable to implement our business strategies successfully, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
Our future results of operations will depend in significant part on the extent to which we can implement our business strategies successfully, including with respect to our active underwriting segments, which we have less experience operating. Our ability to develop and execute our business strategies in our run-off and active business is essential to our success, future growth opportunities, expanded market visibility and increased access to capital.
Our business strategies are described in "Item 1. Business - Business Strategy." We may not be able to implement these strategies or any future strategies fully or realize the anticipated results of our strategies as a result of significant business, economic, regulatory and competitive uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to successfully implement our business strategies, we may not be able to achieve future growth in our earnings and our financial condition may suffer and, as a result, holders of our ordinary shares may receive lower returns.
Inadequate loss reserves could reduce our net earnings and capital and surplus, which could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our success is dependent upon our ability to assess accurately the risks associated with the business we have insured and reinsured. We are required to maintain reserves to cover the estimated ultimate liability for losses and LAE for both reported and unreported incurred claims. These reserves are only estimates of what we expect the settlement and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances known to us, as well as actuarial methodologies, historical industry loss ratio experience, loss development patterns, estimates of future trends and developments and other variable factors such as inflation. We cannot be certain that ultimate losses will not exceed our estimates of losses and LAE because of the uncertainties that surround the estimation process (which are discussed above in "Item 1. Business - Liability for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense"). As a result, actual losses and LAE paid will deviate, perhaps substantially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. If our reserves are insufficient to cover the actual losses and LAE, we would have to augment our reserves and incur a charge to our earnings. These charges could be material and would reduce our net earnings and capital and surplus.
In our non-life run-off businesses, loss reserves include asbestos and environmental ("A&E") liabilities and liabilities associated with personal injury A&E claims from acquired companies with legacy manufacturing businesses. Ultimate values for A&E claims cannot be estimated using traditional reserving techniques and there are significant uncertainties in estimating losses for these claims. Factors contributing to the uncertainty include long waiting periods, reporting delays and difficulties identifying contamination sources and allocating damage liability. Developed case law and adequate claim history do not always exist for A&E claims, and changes in the legal and tort environment affect the development of such claims. To further understand this risk, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Non-Life Run-off - Latent Claims".
In our active underwriting businesses, U.S. GAAP does not permit insurers and reinsurers to reserve for catastrophes until they occur, which means that claims from these events could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as our financial strength ratings.
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Our active underwriting businesses present inherent risks and uncertainties which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Underwriting is inherently a matter of judgment, involving assumptions about matters that are unpredictable and beyond our control, and for which historical experience and probability analysis may not provide sufficient guidance. Our Atrium and StarStone active underwriting businesses expose us to significant risks that could result in under performance of the active underwriting businesses compared to our expectations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Those risks include, but are not limited to:
• | exposure to claims arising out of unpredictable natural and man-made catastrophic events (including hurricanes, windstorms, tsunamis, severe weather, earthquakes, floods, fires, droughts, explosions, environmental contamination, acts of terrorism, cyber events, war or political unrest) and changing climate patterns and ocean temperature conditions; |
• | failure of our risk management and loss limitation methods (described in "Item 1. Business - Enterprise Risk Management") to adequately manage our loss exposure or provide sufficient protection against losses; |
• | the intense competition for business in this industry, including competition from major global insurance and reinsurance companies and underwriting syndicates that may have greater experience and resources than our companies or that may be more highly rated than our companies, or competition resulting from industry consolidation; |
• | dependence on a limited number of brokers, managing general agents and other third parties to support our business, both in terms of the volume of business we rely on them to place and the credit risk we assume from them; and |
• | susceptibility to the effects of inflation due to premiums being established before the ultimate amounts of losses and LAE are known. |
The cyclical nature of the insurance and reinsurance industries may make it more difficult for Atrium and StarStone to generate profits consistently, which could negatively impact our ability to execute our active underwriting strategies successfully.
The insurance and reinsurance industry has historically been characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excess underwriting capacity, as well as periods of more favorable pricing due to limited underwriting capacity. Periods of favorable pricing tend to attract additional underwriting capacity (by new entrants, market instruments and structures, and additional commitments by existing insurers) that ultimately cause prices to decrease. Changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers also impact industry cycles, and we may not be able to accurately predict whether market conditions will improve, remain constant or deteriorate. Any of these factors could lead to a significant reduction in premium rates, impair our ability to underwrite at appropriate rates, result in less favorable policy terms and drive fewer submissions for our active underwriting services, which could decrease our earnings or adversely affect our financial condition.
Cyclical market conditions also impact the availability and cost of reinsurance purchased by Atrium and StarStone as part of our risk management strategy. Market conditions may limit or prevent our active underwriting companies from obtaining adequate reinsurance protection for our business needs. If our active underwriting companies are unable to purchase reinsurance, or if reinsurance is available only on unfavorable terms or with less creditworthy reinsurers, we may retain a higher proportion of risks than we would otherwise prefer, incur additional expense, or purchase reinsurance from companies with higher credit risk, or we may underwrite fewer or smaller contracts. Any of these factors could negatively impact our financial performance.
Downgrades of financial strength ratings at StarStone or Lloyd’s could materially and negatively impact our ability to write new business or renew our existing business in our active underwriting segments.
Financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance and reinsurance companies. The StarStone operating insurance entities are currently assigned a financial strength rating of "A-" (Excellent) by A.M. Best with a stable outlook. A ratings downgrade, outlook change or withdrawal could negatively impact StarStone’s competitive position in the industry, and severely limit or prevent StarStone from writing new insurance and reinsurance contracts if policyholders move their business to other more highly-rated companies. Such a change could also inhibit our ability to implement our business and growth strategies successfully. Additionally, many of StarStone's reinsurance contracts permit the ceding companies to cancel the contract if StarStone's financial strength rating is downgraded. Whether a ceding company would cancel a reinsurance contract after a ratings downgrade
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would depend on a number of factors (including the reason for and extent of the downgrade, and the pricing and availability of replacement reinsurance) and, accordingly, we cannot predict the extent to which these cancellation rights would be exercised or what effect any such cancellations would have on our financial condition or results of operations.
Lloyd’s ratings apply to business written through Syndicate 609 (Atrium) and Syndicate 1301 (StarStone). Lloyd’s is rated "A" (Excellent) by A.M. Best, "A+" (Strong) by Standard and Poor’s ("S&P") and "AA-" (Very Strong) by Fitch Ratings. Financial strength ratings downgrades at Lloyd’s could adversely affect our Lloyd’s syndicates’ ability to trade in certain classes of business at current levels.
Emerging claim and coverage issues could adversely affect our business.
As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect the adequacy of our provision for losses and LAE by either extending coverage beyond the envisioned scope of insurance policies and reinsurance contracts, or by increasing the number or size of claims. Our exposure to these uncertainties could be exacerbated by an increase in insurance and reinsurance contract disputes, arbitration and litigation. The full effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claim and coverage issues are extremely hard to predict. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until long after we have acquired or issued the affected contracts. As a result, the full extent of liability under these insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract has been issued.
Our life business is subject to the risk that actual mortality, morbidity, policy persistency, and investment yield may be different than our assumptions and could render our reserves inadequate or cause our results of operations in this business to suffer materially.
The performance of our life business depends on our ability to manage the run-off successfully and operate the business effectively and efficiently. Our reserves for life policy benefits are based on certain assumptions, including mortality, morbidity, lapse rates, expenses, and discount rates based on expected yields at acquisition. The adequacy of our reserves is contingent on actual experience related to these key assumptions, which were established at acquisition. Under U.S. GAAP, these assumptions are locked in throughout the life of the contract unless a premium deficiency develops, which means the impact of the difference between assumptions and actual experience is reflected in results of operations in the current reporting period. This involves reducing any asset for Value of Business Acquired ("VOBA") that remains from acquisition until a premium deficiency no longer exists. If a premium deficiency still exists after VOBA has been eliminated, we are required to unlock our reserve assumptions and reset to management’s best estimate to remove the deficiency. These revised assumptions are then locked in and used as the basis for reserve calculations going forward. This could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Our life insurance subsidiaries have exposure to the risk of catastrophic mortality, such as a pandemic or other event that causes a large number of deaths. In an economic downturn, our life subsidiaries may experience an elevated incidence of lapses of life insurance policies due to increased risk that policyholders may choose to cease paying insurance premiums (resulting in a non-diversified pool of policyholders). Any of these events could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Acquisitions
We may not be able to continue to grow our business through acquisitions.
We have pursued and, as part of our strategy, will continue to pursue growth through acquisitions of reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business, primarily in our run-off segment. However, the acquisition and management of companies and portfolios in run-off is highly competitive, and driven by a number of factors, including proposed acquisition price, reputation, and financial resources. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, have been operating for longer than we have and have established long-term and continuing business relationships throughout the insurance and reinsurance industries, which can be a significant competitive advantage. As a result, we may not be able to compete successfully in the future for suitable acquisition candidates, and if we do not continue to acquire companies, we may not be able to achieve our strategic goals.
There can be no assurance that our acquisitions will be financially beneficial to us or our shareholders.
The evaluation and negotiation of potential acquisitions, as well as the integration of an acquired business or portfolio, can be complex and costly and may require substantial management resources. Our acquisitions could involve numerous additional risks such as potential losses from unanticipated litigation, levels of claims or other liabilities
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and exposures, an inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs and financial exposures in the event that the sellers of the entities we acquire are unable or unwilling to meet their indemnification, reinsurance and other obligations to us.
Our run-off business entails acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies, portfolios of insurance and reinsurance, and companies with liabilities related to legacy manufacturing operations. Unlike traditional insurers and reinsurers, our companies and portfolios in run-off no longer underwrite new policies and are subject to the risk that their stated provisions for losses and LAE, may not be sufficient to cover future losses and the cost of run-off. Because our non-life companies and portfolios in run-off generally no longer collect underwriting premiums, our sources of capital to cover losses are limited to our stated reserves, reinsurance coverage and retained earnings.
To achieve positive operating results from an acquisition, we must first price transactions on favorable terms relative to the risks posed by the acquired businesses and then successfully manage the acquired businesses by efficiently managing claims, collecting from insurers or reinsurers and controlling expenses. Failure to do these things successfully could result in us having to cover losses sustained with retained earnings, which would materially and adversely impact our ability to grow our business and may result in material losses.
We may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, which may result in underperformance relative to our expectations and a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The acquisitions we have made and expect to make in the future may pose operational challenges that divert management’s time and energy and expose us to risks relating to:
• | funding cash flow shortages that may occur if anticipated revenues are not realized or are delayed, or if expenses are greater than anticipated; |
• | the value of assets or our anticipated return on assets being lower than expected or diminishing because of credit defaults, changes in interest rates, or delays in implementation of our intended investment strategies; |
• | the value of liabilities assumed being greater than expected; |
• | integrating financial and operational reporting systems and internal controls, including assurance of compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and our reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"); |
• | leveraging our existing capabilities and expertise into the business acquired and establishing synergies within our organization; |
• | funding increased capital needs and overhead expenses; |
• | integrating technology platforms and managing any increased cyber security risk; |
• | obtaining and retaining management personnel required for expanded operations; |
• | fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates relating to the assets and liabilities we may acquire; |
• | goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges; and |
• | complying with applicable laws and regulations. |
If we are unable to address some or all of these challenges, our acquisitions may underperform relative to our expectations and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We may not complete future acquisitions within the time frame we anticipate or at all, which could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
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Once we have signed a definitive agreement to acquire a business or portfolio, conditions to closing, such as obtaining regulatory approvals or shareholder approvals, must be met before the acquisition can be consummated. These and other closing conditions may not be satisfied at all, or may cause a material delay in the anticipated timing of closing. In addition, our ability to complete the acquisition on the originally anticipated terms, or at all, could be jeopardized if a seller receives competing proposals, if litigation is brought challenging the transaction or certain of its terms, or if regulators impose unexpected terms and conditions on the transaction. Failure to consummate an acquisition on the originally anticipated terms, or a significant delay in the closing, could result in significant expense, diversion of time and resources, reputational damage, litigation and a failure to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, all of which could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Liquidity and Capital Resources
We may require additional capital and credit in the future that may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.
Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including acquisition activity, our ability to manage the run-off of our assumed policies, our ability to establish reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses, our underwriting plans, and our obligations to satisfy statutory capital requirements. We may need to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings in the future. Our ability to secure this financing may be affected by a number of factors, including volatility in the worldwide financial markets and the strength of our capital position and operating results. In addition, an unfavorable change or downgrade of our issuer credit ratings could increase the interest rate charged under our revolving credit facility and may make it more expensive for us to access capital markets. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our existing shareholders could result, and any securities that are part of an equity financing may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of our already outstanding securities. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or credit, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by, among other things, our inability to finance future acquisitions.
Uncertain conditions in the global economy generally may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In the event of financial turmoil affecting the global banking system and global financial markets (including the sovereign debt markets), additional consolidation of the financial services industry, or significant financial service institution failures, there could be a new or incremental tightening in the credit markets, low liquidity, and extreme volatility in fixed maturity, credit, currency, and equity markets. This could have a number of effects on our business, including our ability to obtain financing for future acquisitions. Even if financing is available, it may only be available at an unattractive cost of capital, which would decrease our profitability.
Global and local economic conditions could also affect demand for and claims made under our products, our counter-party credit risk, and the ability of our customers and other counterparties to establish or maintain their relationships with us.
Net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains or losses also could vary materially from expectations depending on gains or losses realized on the sale or exchange of financial instruments; impairment charges resulting from revaluations of debt and equity securities and other investments; interest rates; cash balances; and changes in the fair value of financial and derivative instruments. Increased volatility in the financial markets and overall economic uncertainty would increase the risk that the actual amounts realized in the future on our financial instruments could differ significantly from the fair values currently assigned to them.
Reinsurers may not satisfy their obligations to our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, which could result in significant losses or liquidity issues for us.
Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to credit risk with respect to their reinsurers because the transfer of risk to a reinsurer does not relieve our subsidiaries of their liability to the insured. Reinsurance companies may be negatively impacted or downgraded during difficult financial and economic conditions in the worldwide capital markets and economies. In addition, reinsurers may be unwilling to pay our subsidiaries even though they are able to do so, or disputes may arise regarding payment obligations. The failure of one or more of our subsidiaries’ reinsurers to honor their obligations in a timely fashion may affect our cash flows, reduce our net earnings or cause us to incur a significant loss. Disputes with our reinsurers may also result in unforeseen expenses relating to litigation or arbitration proceedings. A reinsurer’s inability or unwillingness to honor its obligations to Atrium or StarStone may negate the intended risk-reducing impact of our reinsurance purchasing programs.
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Exposure to reinsurers who from time to time represent meaningful percentages of our total reinsurance balances recoverable may increase the risks described above. For information on reinsurance balances recoverable, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Reinsurance Balances Recoverable."
We are a holding company, and we are dependent on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us.
We are a holding company and therefore we are dependent on distributions of funds from our operating subsidiaries to fund acquisitions, fulfill financial obligations in the normal course of our business, and pay dividends (in the event we sought to do so). The ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to make distributions to us may be limited by various business considerations and applicable insurance laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate (which are described in "Item 1. Business - Regulation"). The ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us may also be restricted by, among other things, other applicable laws and regulations and the terms of our debt obligations and our subsidiaries’ debt obligations. If our subsidiaries are restricted from making distributions to us, we may be unable to maintain adequate liquidity to fund acquisitions or fulfill our financial obligations.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may cause us to experience losses.
We maintain a portion of our investments, insurance liabilities and insurance assets denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Consequently, we and our subsidiaries may experience foreign exchange losses, which could adversely affect our results of operations. We publish our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars. Therefore, fluctuations in exchange rates used to convert other currencies, particularly Australian dollars, Canadian dollars, British pounds and Euros, into U.S. dollars will impact our reported financial condition, results of operations and cash flows from year to year.
Our failure to comply with covenants contained in our credit facilities or in the indenture governing our 4.5% Senior Notes due 2022 ("Senior Notes") could trigger prepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We and our subsidiaries currently have several outstanding credit facilities and outstanding Senior Notes. We depend on access to these funds in operating our business. The credit facilities and the indenture governing our Senior Notes contain various business and financial covenants that impose restrictions on us and certain of our subsidiaries with respect to, among other things, limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, amalgamations and sales of substantially all assets, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to certain dispositions of stock and dividends and stock repurchases, investment constraints and limitations on liens on the capital stock of certain subsidiaries. We may also enter into future debt arrangements containing similar or different restrictive covenants. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default under the credit facilities or the indenture governing our Senior Notes, which could result in us being required to repay the amounts outstanding under these facilities prior to maturity. These prepayment obligations could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, complying with these covenants could limit our financial and operational flexibility. Our credit facilities and Senior Notes are described in more detail in "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Debt Obligations."
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Risks Relating to Our Investments
The value of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios and the investment income that our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries receive from these portfolios may decline materially as a result of market fluctuations and economic conditions, including those related to interest rates and credit spreads.
We derive a significant portion of our income from our invested assets, which consist primarily of investments in fixed maturity securities. The net investment income that our subsidiaries obtain from investments in fixed maturity securities will generally increase or decrease with changes in interest rates. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A rise in interest rates would increase net unrealized losses, which would decline over time as the security approaches maturity. Conversely, a decline in interest rates would increase net unrealized gains, which would decline over time as the security approaches maturity. The fair market value can also decrease as a result of a deterioration of the credit quality of those securities. Any perceived decrease in credit quality may cause credit spreads to widen and this would result in an increase in net unrealized losses. A deterioration of credit ratings on our fixed maturity security investments may result in a preference to liquidate these securities in the financial markets. If we liquidate these securities during a period of tightening credit, we may realize a significant loss.
Some of our fixed maturity securities, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, carry prepayment risk, or the risk that principal will be returned more rapidly or slowly than expected, as a result of interest rate fluctuations. When interest rates decline, consumers will generally make prepayments on their mortgages, causing us to be repaid more quickly than we might have originally anticipated, meaning that our opportunities to reinvest these proceeds back into the investment markets may be at reduced interest rates (with the converse being true in a rising interest rate environment). Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are also subject to default risk on the underlying securitized mortgages, which would decrease the value of our investments.
The changes in the market value of our securities that are classified as trading or available-for-sale are reflected in our financial statements. Other-than-temporary impairment losses in the value of our fixed maturity securities are also reflected in our financial statements. As a result, a decline in the value of the securities in our investment portfolios may materially reduce our net income and shareholders’ equity, and may cause us to incur a significant loss. For more information on our investment portfolios, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investable Assets."
Our investments in alternative investments may be illiquid and volatile in terms of value and returns, which could negatively affect our investment income and liquidity.
In addition to fixed maturity securities, we have invested, and may from time to time continue to invest, in alternative investments such as private equity funds and co-investments, fixed income funds, fixed income hedge funds, equity funds, private credit funds and collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") equity funds, as well as direct investments in CLO equities. These and other similar investments may be illiquid due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemption terms, may have different, more significant risk characteristics than our investments in fixed maturity securities and may also have more volatile values and returns, all of which could negatively affect our investment income and overall portfolio liquidity.
Alternative or "other" investments may not meet regulatory admissibility requirements, which may limit our subsidiaries’ ability to make capital distributions to us and, consequently, negatively impact our liquidity. For more information on our alternative investments, see "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investable Assets."
The valuation of our investments may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Fixed maturity and alternative investments, such as private equity funds and co-investments, fixed income funds, fixed income hedge funds, equity funds, private credit funds and CLO equity funds, as well as direct investments in CLO equities, represent the majority of our total cash and invested assets. These investments are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. Fair value prices for all trading and available-for-sale securities in the fixed maturities portfolio are independently provided by our investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by our accounting service providers, managers or custodians, after we perform an
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internal validation process. Fair value for our alternative investments is estimated based primarily on the most recently reported net asset values reported by the fund manager, which we may adjust following our internal review.
These valuation procedures involve estimates and judgments, and during periods of market disruptions (such as periods of significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity), it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable. In addition, there may be certain asset classes that are now in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to changes in the financial environment. In these cases, the valuation of a greater number of securities in our investment portfolio may require more subjectivity and management judgment. As a result, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that are less observable or require greater estimation as well as valuation methods that are more sophisticated or require greater estimation, which may result in valuations greater than the value at which the investments could ultimately be sold. Further, rapidly changing and unpredictable credit and equity market conditions could materially affect the valuation of securities carried at fair value as reported within our consolidated financial statements and the period-to-period changes in value could vary significantly. Decreases in value could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The nature of our business liquidity demands and the structure of our entities’ investment portfolios may adversely affect the performance of our investment portfolio and financial results and our investing flexibility.
We strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. Because of the unpredictable nature of losses that may arise under the insurance and reinsurance policies issued by certain of our subsidiaries and as a result of our opportunistic commutation strategy, our liquidity needs can be substantial and may arise at any time. In that regard, we attempt to correlate the maturity and duration of our investment portfolio to our general liability profile. If we are unsuccessful in managing our investment portfolio within the context of this strategy, we may be forced to liquidate our investments at times and at prices that are not optimal, and we may have difficulty liquidating some of our alternative investments due to restrictions on sales, transfers and redemption terms. This could have a material adverse effect on the performance of our investment portfolio.
We have many individual portfolios of cash and investments from our acquired companies and portfolios. Each investment portfolio has its own regulatory admissibility requirements, and each run-off entity is likely to have negative operating and financing cash flows due to commutation activity, claims settlements and capital distributions. These factors reduce our overall investing flexibility.
Our investments in life settlements contracts are subject to the risk that actual experience could differ substantially from our assumptions related to their estimated value, which may impair their value and adversely impact our results of operations.
We own companies with interests in life insurance policies acquired in the secondary and tertiary markets and through collateralized lending transactions. We recognize our initial investment in these life settlements contracts at the transaction price plus all initial direct external costs. The transaction price was established based on certain assumptions, including the life expectancy of the insured person, the projected premium payments on the contract (including projections of possible rate increases from the related insurance carrier), the projected costs of administration relating to the contract, and the projected risk of non-payment, including the financial health of the related insurance carrier, the possibility of legal challenges from such insurance carrier or others and the possibility of regulatory changes that may affect payment. The estimated value of a contract is also affected by the discounted value of future cash flows from death benefits and the discounted value of future premiums due on the contract.
The actual value of any life settlement contract cannot be determined until the policy matures (i.e., the insured has died and the insurance carrier has paid out the death benefit to the holder). We pay continuing costs to keep the policies in force, primarily life insurance premiums, which increases the carrying amount of the investment. Because we recognize income on individual investments at an amount equal to the excess of the investment proceeds over the carrying amount of the investment at the time the insured dies, the profitability of our life settlements investments is contingent on actual experience relative to the key assumptions we made when the life settlement investment was acquired. If actual experience differs from these assumptions, our carrying value of these investments may increase or decrease. The investments are subject to a quarterly impairment review on a contract-by-contract basis. A significant negative difference between the carrying cost of contracts and death benefits expected to be received at maturity of contracts could adversely affect our net investment income and our results of operations.
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Risks Relating to Laws and Regulation
Insurance laws and regulations restrict our ability to operate, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or any investigations, inquiries or demands by government authorities, may have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to the insurance laws and regulations of a number of jurisdictions worldwide. Existing laws and regulations, among other things, limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to us by our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, prescribe solvency and capital adequacy standards, impose restrictions on the amount and type of investments that can be held to meet solvency and capital adequacy requirements, require the maintenance of reserve liabilities, and require pre-approval of acquisitions and certain affiliate transactions. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations or to maintain appropriate authorizations, licenses, and/or exemptions under applicable laws and regulations may cause governmental authorities to preclude or suspend our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries from carrying on some or all of their activities, place one or more of them into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings, impose monetary penalties or other sanctions on them or our affiliates, or commence insurance company delinquency proceedings against our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries. The application of these laws and regulations by various governmental authorities may affect our liquidity and restrict our ability to expand our business operations through acquisitions or to pay dividends on our ordinary shares. Furthermore, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements may result in significant expenses, which could have a negative impact on our profitability. To further understand these regulatory requirements, see "Item 1. Business - Regulation."
In addition, the insurance and reinsurance industry has experienced substantial volatility as a result of investigations, litigation and regulatory activity by various insurance, governmental and enforcement authorities concerning certain practices within the insurance and reinsurance industry. Insurance and reinsurance companies that we have acquired, or may acquire in the future, may have been or may become involved in these or other investigations, litigation or regulatory activity and may have lawsuits filed or other regulatory actions taken against them. Our involvement in any such activity would cause us to incur legal costs and, if we or any of our insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries were found to have violated any laws or regulations, we could be required to pay fines and damages and incur other sanctions, perhaps in material amounts, which could have a material negative impact on our profitability.
Political, regulatory and industry initiatives could materially adversely affect our business by increasing the amount of regulation we face or changing the nature of the regulations that apply to us in operating our insurance businesses or acquiring new insurance businesses.
Increasingly, governmental authorities have taken interest in the potential systemic risks posed by the insurance and reinsurance industry as a whole. The insurance regulatory environment has become subject to increased scrutiny across a number of jurisdictions, and authorities regularly consider enhanced or new regulatory requirements and seek to exercise their supervisory authority in new and more extensive ways. Regulators are generally concerned with the protection of policyholders above other constituencies, including our shareholders. Additional laws and regulations have been and may continue to be enacted that may have adverse effects on our operations, financial condition and liquidity. We cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of these initiatives; however, we believe it is likely there will continue to be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future, and these initiatives could adversely affect our business.
In many of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including Bermuda, there are increased initiatives relating to group supervision though cooperation and coordination among insurance regulators regardless of an individual company’s domiciliary jurisdiction. The BMA acts as our Group supervisor, as described in "Item 1. Business - Regulation" which has led to increased regulatory reporting and oversight.
The implementation of Solvency II, an E.U.-wide directive covering the capital adequacy, risk management and regulatory reporting for insurers, requires significant resources to ensure compliance by our E.U. companies. Additionally, if our non-E.U. subsidiaries engage in E.U. insurance or reinsurance business, additional capital requirements may be imposed for such companies to continue to insure or reinsure E.U.-domiciled risk or cedants if their regulatory regime is not deemed to have Solvency II equivalence. Bermuda has gained Solvency II equivalence, and our Bermuda reinsurers are subject to requirements in line with a Solvency II framework.
In the United States, the Dodd-Frank Act addresses the entire financial services industry and includes initiatives such as the creation of a Federal Insurance Office and other federal oversight agencies, the requiring of more transparency, accountability and focus in protecting investors and businesses, the input of shareholders regarding executive compensation, and the enhanced empowerment of regulators to punish fraud and unethical business
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practices. Continued compliance with these laws and regulations is likely to result in additional regulation and additional costs for us.
In addition, increased scrutiny by insurance regulators of investments in or acquisitions of insurers or insurance holding companies by private equity firms or hedge funds may result in imposition of additional regulatory requirements and restrictions. We have in the past partnered with private equity firms in making acquisitions and may do so in the future. This increased scrutiny may make it difficult to complete U.S. acquisitions with private equity or hedge funds should we seek to do so. In addition, private equity firms and hedge funds have invested in Enstar and may seek to do so in the future. This increased scrutiny may materially adversely impact our ability to raise capital through transactions with these types of investors.
The United Kingdom’s referendum vote to leave the European Union could adversely affect our business.
In an advisory referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). Negotiations to determine the terms of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union are ongoing, and the form of the United Kingdom's future relationship with the European Union remains uncertain. We have significant operations and employees in the United Kingdom, including our Lloyd’s businesses. Brexit’s impact on our U.K. businesses will depend on the United Kingdom and Lloyd’s abilities to retain access to the E.U. markets, and our U.K. businesses could be adversely affected if adequate access to these markets is not obtained. Brexit may also lead to legal uncertainty and differences in national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate, and these issues could impact our structure and operations. Any of these effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Changes in accounting principles and financial reporting requirements could impact our reported financial results and our reported financial condition.
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which is periodically revised by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), and they are subject to the accounting-related rules and interpretations of the SEC. We are required to adopt new and revised accounting standards implemented by the FASB.
Unanticipated developments in accounting practices may require us to incur considerable additional expenses to comply with such developments, particularly if we are required to prepare information relating to prior periods for comparative purposes or to apply the new requirements retroactively. The impact of changes in accounting standards, particularly those that apply to insurance companies, cannot be predicted but may affect the calculation of net earnings, shareholders’ equity and other relevant financial statement line items. In addition, such changes may cause additional volatility in reported earnings, decrease the understandability of our financial results and affect the comparability of our reported results with the results of others.
Risks Relating to our Operations
We are dependent on our executive officers, directors and other key personnel and the loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and upon the ability of our senior management and other key employees to implement our business strategy. We believe that there are only a limited number of available qualified personnel in the businesses in which we compete, and the pool of highly skilled employees available to fill key positions at our companies may fluctuate based on market conditions. We rely substantially upon the services of our executive officers and our subsidiaries’ executive officers and directors, as well as our local management teams, to implement our business strategies. The loss of the services of any of our management or other key personnel, or the loss of the services of or our relationships with any of our directors, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Higher demand for employees with appropriate skills could lead to increased compensation expectations for existing and prospective personnel across our organization, which could also make it difficult to maintain labor expenses at desired levels.
Our directors and executive officers may have ownership interests or other involvement with entities that could compete against us, and conflicts of interest might prevent us from pursuing desirable acquisitions, investments and other business opportunities.
Our directors and executive officers may have ownership interests or other involvement with entities that could compete against us or otherwise have interests that could, at times, be considered potentially adverse to us, either in the pursuit of acquisition targets, investments or in our business operations. We have also participated in transactions
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in which one or more of our directors or executive officers or their affiliates had an interest, and we may do so in the future. The interests of our directors and executive officers in such transactions or such entities may result in a conflict of interest for those directors and officers.
The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, which is comprised entirely of independent directors, reviews any material transactions involving a conflict of interest and may take actions as it deems appropriate in the particular circumstances. We may not be able to pursue all advantageous transactions that we would otherwise pursue in the absence of a conflict, in particular if our Audit Committee is unable to determine that any such transaction is on terms as favorable as we could otherwise obtain in the absence of a conflict.
Cyber-security events or other difficulties with our information technology systems could disrupt our business, result in the loss of critical and confidential information, increased costs, and adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.
We rely heavily on the successful, uninterrupted functioning of our information technology systems, as well as those of any third-party service providers we use. We rely on these systems to securely process, store, and transmit confidential and other data in connection with our critical operational functions such as paying claims, performing actuarial and other modeling, pricing, quoting and processing policies, cash and investment management, acquisition analysis, financial reporting and other necessary support functions. Our active underwriting companies rely on broker portals to bind certain business, and, therefore, a service interruption would negatively impact our ability to write business. Where we rely on third parties for outsourced functions and other services, our information may be exposed to the risk of a data breach or cyber-security incident through their systems. A failure of our information technology systems or those of our third-party service providers could materially impact our ability to perform the critical functions described above, affect the confidentiality, availability or integrity of our proprietary information and expose us to litigation and increase our administrative expenses.
Computer viruses, cyber-attacks, and other external hazards, as well as any internal process or employee failures, could expose our information technology systems to security breaches that may cause critical data to be corrupted or confidential or proprietary information to be exposed, or cause system disruptions or shut-downs. In addition to our own information, we receive and may be responsible for protecting confidential or personal information of clients, employees, and other third parties, which could also be compromised in the event of a security breach.
Although we utilize numerous controls, protections and risk management strategies to attempt to mitigate these risks, and management is not aware of a material cyber-security incident to date, the sophistication and volume of these security threats continues to increase. We may not have the technical expertise or resources to successfully prevent every data breach or cyber-security incident. The potential consequences of a data breach or cyber-security incident could include claims against us, significant reputational damage to our company, damage to our business as a result of disclosure of proprietary information, and regulatory action against us, which may include fines and penalties. Such an incident could cause us to lose business and commit resources, management time and money to remediate these breaches and notify aggrieved parties, any of which in turn could have an adverse impact on our business. We may also experience increasing costs associated with implementing and maintaining adequate safeguards against these types of incidents and attacks.
In addition, the information security and data privacy regulatory environment is increasingly demanding. We are subject to numerous laws and regulations in jurisdictions within and without the United States governing the protection of the personal and confidential information of our clients and/or employees, including in relation to medical records and financial information. These laws and regulations are rapidly expanding, increasing in complexity and sometimes conflict between jurisdictions. For example, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") is set to take effect during 2018. The GDPR creates new rights for individuals to control their personal data and sets forth the requirements with which companies handling the personal data of E.U.-based data subjects will have to comply (regardless of whether such data handling involves E.U.-based operations). We will be subject to the GDPR through our handling of the personal data of E.U.-based subjects in connection with our ordinary course operations. If any person, including any of our employees or those with whom we share such information, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our established controls with respect to our client data, or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we could be subject to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions, including as a result of a violation of the GDPR.
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If outsourced providers such as third-party administrators, managing general agents, investment managers or other service providers were to breach obligations owed to us, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We outsource certain business functions to third-party providers, and these providers may not perform as anticipated or may fail to adhere to their obligations to us. For example, certain of our subsidiaries rely on relationships with a number of third-party administrators under contracts pursuant to which these third-party administrators manage and pay claims on our subsidiaries’ behalf and advise with respect to case reserves. In these relationships, we rely on controls incorporated in the provisions of the administration agreement, as well as on the administrator’s internal controls, to manage the claims process within our prescribed parameters. Our StarStone and Atrium subsidiaries use managing general agents, general agents and other producers to write and administer business on their behalf within prescribed underwriting authorities. We also rely on external investment managers to provide services pursuant to the terms of our investment management agreements, including following established investment guidelines. Although we monitor these administrators, agents and producers, and managers on an ongoing basis, our monitoring efforts may not be adequate or our service providers could exceed their authorities or otherwise breach obligations owed to us, which, if material, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares
Our stock price may experience volatility, thereby causing a potential loss of value to our investors.
The market price for our ordinary shares may fluctuate substantially and could cause investment losses due to, among other things, the following factors:
• | announcements with respect to an acquisition or investment; |
• | changes in the value of our assets; |
• | our quarterly and annual operating results; |
• | sales, or the possibility or perception of future sales, by our existing shareholders; |
• | changes in general conditions in the economy and the insurance industry; |
• | the financial markets; and |
• | adverse press or news announcements. |
A few significant shareholders may influence or control the direction of our business. If the ownership of our ordinary shares continues to be highly concentrated, it may limit your ability and the ability of other shareholders to influence significant corporate decisions.
We have a number of shareholders with large interests, including several that may be affiliated with members of our Board of Directors. The interests of certain significant shareholders may not be fully aligned with your interests, and this may lead to a strategy that is not in your best interest. As of December 31, 2017, CPPIB, Akre Capital Management ("Akre Capital"), Trident, Beck Mack & Oliver ("Beck Mack"), and two of Enstar's executive officer co-founders (collectively) beneficially owned approximately 13.7%, 8.9%, 8.2%, 4.7% and 4.1%, respectively, of our outstanding voting ordinary shares. CPPIB owns additional non-voting ordinary shares that, together with its voting shares, represented an economic interest of approximately 19.8% as of December 31, 2017. Funds managed by Hillhouse Capital Management (collectively, "Hillhouse") own approximately 3.2% of our outstanding voting ordinary shares that, together with their non-voting shares and warrants, represented an economic interest of approximately 9.98% as of December 31, 2017. Trident and Hillhouse have agreed to receive additional shares of Enstar pursuant to a transaction in which we will acquire the remaining 51.8% of the shares of our equity method investee, KaylaRe. The transaction is expected to close during the first quarter of 2018 and is discussed in detail in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Although they do not act as a group, the shareholders identified above may exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, and their concentrated holdings may delay or deter possible changes in control of Enstar, which may reduce the market price of our ordinary shares.
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Some aspects of our corporate structure may discourage third-party takeovers and other transactions, limit voting rights of certain shareholders to 9.5% or prevent the removal of our board of directors and management.
Some provisions of our bye-laws have the effect of making more difficult or discouraging unsolicited takeover bids from third parties or preventing the removal of our current board of directors and management. In particular, our bye-laws make it difficult for any U.S. shareholder or Direct Foreign Shareholder Group (a shareholder or group of commonly controlled shareholders of Enstar that are not U.S. persons) to own or control ordinary shares that constitute 9.5% or more of the voting power of all of our ordinary shares. The votes conferred by such shares will be reduced by whatever amount is necessary so that after any such reduction the votes conferred by such shares will constitute 9.5% of the total voting power of all ordinary shares entitled to vote generally. The primary purpose of this restriction was to reduce the likelihood that we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be deemed a "controlled foreign corporation" under prior U.S. federal tax law, which has subsequently changed (as described in “Risks Relating to Taxation” below). However, this limit may also have the effect of deterring purchases of large blocks of our ordinary shares or proposals to acquire us, even if some or a majority of our shareholders might deem these purchases or acquisition proposals to be in their best interests. In addition, our bye-laws provide for a classified board, whose members may be removed by our shareholders only for cause by a majority vote, and contain restrictions on the ability of shareholders to nominate persons to serve as directors, submit resolutions to a shareholder vote and request special general meetings.
These bye-law provisions make it more difficult to acquire control of us by means of a tender offer, open market purchase, proxy contest or otherwise. These provisions may encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate with our directors, which we believe would generally best serve the interests of our shareholders. However, these provisions may have the effect of discouraging a prospective acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. In addition, these bye-law provisions may prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. To the extent these provisions discourage takeover attempts, they may deprive shareholders of opportunities to realize takeover premiums for their shares or may depress the market price of the shares.
There are regulatory limitations on the ownership and transfer of our ordinary shares.
Insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries operate require prior notices or regulatory approval of changes in control of an insurer or its holding company. Different jurisdictions define changes in control differently, and generally any purchaser of 10% or more of our ordinary shares could become subject to regulation and be required to file certain notices and reports with the applicable insurance authorities. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us, including transactions that some shareholders might consider to be desirable.
The market value of our ordinary shares may decline if large numbers of shares are sold, including pursuant to existing registration rights.
We have several registration rights agreements in place pursuant to which, either as parties thereto or by virtue of assignment, certain of our shareholders hold registration rights. These primarily include CPPIB, Trident, Hillhouse and Corsair Capital. These agreements include demand registration rights pursuant to which these shareholders may require that we register certain of their ordinary shares under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), on up to an aggregate of eight occasions. All of these investors also have "piggyback" registration rights with respect to our registration of voting ordinary shares for our own account or for the account of one or more of our shareholders. As of December 31, 2017, an aggregate of approximately 8.0 million ordinary shares (approximately 3.1 million of which are non-voting ordinary shares) are subject to these registration rights agreements. On October 10, 2017, we filed a resale registration statement covering all of the shares held by these shareholders with registration rights in exchange for their agreement to waive their right to have their shares included on our universal shelf registration statement. Upon effectiveness of the resale registration statement, a large number of ordinary shares will become freely tradable without restrictions under the Securities Act. In addition, we have agreed to issue additional shares in connection with a transaction to acquire the remaining 51.8% of KaylaRe as discussed in detail in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and we have agreed to include substantially all of these shares in the resale registration statement. Our ordinary shares have in the past been, and may from time to time continue to be, thinly traded, and significant sales could adversely affect the market price for our ordinary shares and impair our ability to raise capital through offerings of our equity securities.
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Because we are incorporated in Bermuda, it may be difficult for shareholders to serve process or enforce judgments against us or our directors and officers.
We are a Bermuda company. In addition, certain of our officers and directors reside in countries outside the United States. All or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these officers and directors are or may be located outside the United States. Investors may have difficulty effecting service of process within the United States on our directors and officers who reside outside the United States or recovering against us or these directors and officers on judgments of U.S. courts based on civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws even though we have appointed an agent in the United States to receive service of process. Further, no claim may be brought in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers for violation of U.S. federal securities laws, as such laws do not have force of law in Bermuda. A Bermuda court may, however, impose civil liability, including the possibility of monetary damages, on us or our directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Bermuda law.
We believe that there is doubt as to whether the courts of Bermuda would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our directors and officers, as well as our independent auditors, predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or original actions brought in Bermuda against us or these persons predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. Further, there is no treaty in effect between the United States and Bermuda providing for the enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, and there are grounds upon which Bermuda courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Some remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be allowed in Bermuda courts as contrary to that jurisdiction’s public policy. Because judgments of U.S. courts are not automatically enforceable in Bermuda, it may be difficult for you to recover against us based upon such judgments.
Shareholders who own our ordinary shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
The Bermuda Companies Act (the "Companies Act"), which applies to us, differs in certain material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. As a result of these differences, shareholders who own our shares may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders who own shares of a U.S. corporation. For example, class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law. Under Bermuda law, only shareholders holding collectively 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares or numbering 100 or more are entitled to propose a resolution at our general meeting.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares.
We do not intend to pay a cash dividend on our ordinary shares. Rather, we intend to use any retained earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. From time to time, our board of directors will review our alternatives with respect to our earnings and seek to maximize value for our shareholders. In the future, we may decide to commence a dividend program for the benefit of our shareholders. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be limited by our position as a holding company that lacks direct operations, the results of operations of our subsidiaries, our financial condition, cash requirements and prospects and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. In addition, there are significant regulatory and other constraints that could prevent us from paying dividends in any event. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, on our ordinary shares may be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
Our board of directors may decline to register a transfer of our ordinary shares under certain circumstances.
Our board of directors may decline to register a transfer of ordinary shares under certain circumstances, including if it has reason to believe that any non-de minimis adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders may occur as a result of such transfer. Further, our bye-laws provide us with the option to repurchase, or to assign to a third party the right to purchase, the minimum number of shares necessary to eliminate any such non-de minimis adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequence. In addition, our board of directors may decline to approve or register a transfer of shares unless all applicable consents, authorizations, permissions or approvals of any governmental body or agency in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom or any other applicable jurisdiction required to be obtained prior to such transfer shall have been obtained. The proposed transferor of any shares will be deemed to own those shares for dividend, voting and reporting purposes until a transfer of such shares has been registered on our shareholders register.
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It is our understanding that while the precise form of the restrictions on transfer contained in our bye-laws is untested, as a matter of general principle, restrictions on transfers are enforceable under Bermuda law and are not uncommon. These restrictions on transfer may also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control.
Risks Relating to Taxation
Recently enacted U.S. tax reform legislation, various international tax transparency initiatives, and possible future tax reform legislation and regulations could materially affect us and our shareholders.
On December 22, 2017, the US government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act is broad and contains many provisions that will have significant implications on us, and potentially on our shareholders, including re-measurement of deferred taxes and surplus due to the reduction in corporation income tax rate, and imposition of a new base-erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) on affiliate transactions (including reinsurance arrangements between affiliated companies). In response to the introduction of BEAT, we non-renewed (as of January 1, 2018) certain of our active underwriting affiliate reinsurance transactions between our operating entities that are subject to U.S. taxation and our non-U.S. affiliates that are not. We continue to assess the future impact of BEAT on our transaction structuring.
The Tax Act also includes modifications of the taxation of non-U.S. companies owned by U.S. shareholders. Certain aspects of the Tax Act require clarification through future regulatory action and accordingly, we are unable to definitively determine the impact to our shareholders. The Tax Act may increase the likelihood that we or our non-U.S. subsidiaries or joint ventures managed by us will be deemed a “controlled foreign corporation” (CFC) within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) for U.S. federal tax purposes. Specifically, the Tax Act expands the definition of “10% U.S. shareholder” for CFC purposes to include U.S. persons who own 10% or more of the value of a non-U.S. corporation’s shares, rather than only looking to voting power held. Accordingly, the “voting cut-back” provisions included in our bye-laws that limit any U.S. shareholder from owning or controlling ordinary shares that constitute 9.5% or more of the voting power of all of our ordinary shares will be ineffective in avoiding “U.S. shareholder” status for U.S. persons who own 10% or more of the value of our shares. The Tax Act also expands certain attribution rules for share ownership in a way that would cause non-U.S. subsidiaries to now be treated as CFCs if owned in a group, such as Enstar, that has a non-U.S. parent company and also includes at least one U.S. subsidiary. In the event a corporation is characterized as a CFC, any “U.S. shareholder” of the CFC is required to include its pro rata share of certain insurance and related investment income for the taxable year, even if such income is not distributed.
The Tax Act also contains modifications to certain provisions relating to passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) status that if applicable to us could result in adverse tax consequences to U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares. While the Tax Act makes it more difficult to qualify for certain exceptions to PFIC status, we believe that we will not be a PFIC for U.S. federal income purposes for the foreseeable future under the enacted provisions of the Tax Act. In particular, we believe that the income of our non-U.S. subsidiaries that are insurance companies is derived in the "active conduct of an insurance business" by corporations that are predominately engaged in such business under the provision of the Tax Act, and that this is also the case for us when the operations of our subsidiaries are considered as a whole, under the look-through rules applicable to foreign holding companies. There are currently no final regulations regarding the application of the PFIC provisions of the Code to an insurance company, so the application of those provisions to insurance companies remains unclear in certain respects. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") issued proposed regulations on this subject in April 2015, which, if finalized as proposed, might be construed to cause us to be treated as a PFIC. In response to the proposed regulations, comments have been submitted to the IRS on behalf of Bermuda-based insurance holding companies and others, requesting changes and clarifications to the proposed regulations so that a holding company with our structure will not be considered a PFIC. There can be no assurance that the regulations will be finalized in a manner that clearly accommodates our existing structure.
The U.S. and other countries and governing bodies have also enacted reform legislation aimed at increasing transparency on companies’ global tax footprint and profile. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the "OECD") is an intergovernmental economic organization founded to stimulate economic progress and trade. It develops economic policy recommendations to encourage policy reform in member countries. Created by the OECD under the initiative known as the “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (“BEPS”), “Country-by-Country Reporting” (Action 13) aims to ensure that multi-national businesses provide appropriate and accurate information to each respective member and non-member region based on various metrics. These metrics are directed at counteracting the effects of global preferential tax regimes and increasing tax transparency. Bermuda has adopted OECD compliant Country-by-Country Reporting regulations for Bermuda headquartered companies which requires the Company to file a report containing results of our global operations. It is uncertain how cooperating jurisdictions, including those in
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which we operate, will utilize the data collected in our Bermuda filing. These initiatives could increase the burden and costs of compliance.
U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares might become subject to adverse U.S. tax consequences as a result of "related person insurance income," if any, of our non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries.
For any of our wholly-owned non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries, if (1) U.S. persons are treated as owning 25% or more of our shares, (2) the related person insurance income ("RPII") of that subsidiary were to equal or exceed 20% of its gross insurance income in any taxable year, and (3) direct or indirect insureds of that subsidiary (and persons related to such insureds) own (or are treated as owning) 20% or more of the voting power or value of our shares, then a U.S. person who owns our shares directly, or indirectly through non-U.S. entities, on the last day of the taxable year would be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes that person's pro rata share of the RPII of such a non-U.S. insurance company for the entire taxable year, whether or not any such amounts are actually distributed. (In the case of any of our partially-owned non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries, the RPII provisions apply similarly, except that the percentage share ownership thresholds described in the preceding sentence are measured in terms of indirect ownership of the subsidiary’s shares rather than in terms of ownership of our shares.)
Moreover, if the RPII rules of the Code were to apply to any of our non-U.S. insurance company subsidiaries, any RPII that is includible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization would generally be treated as unrelated business taxable income. Although we and our subsidiaries intend to operate generally in a manner so as to avoid exceeding the foregoing thresholds for application of the RPII rules, there can be no assurance that this will always be the case. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that U.S. persons who own our ordinary shares will not be required to recognize gross income inclusions attributable to RPII.
In addition, the RPII rules provide that if a shareholder who is a U.S. person disposes of shares in a foreign insurance company that has RPII and in which U.S. persons collectively own 25% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or the total value of the stock, any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as dividend income to the extent of the shareholder’s share of the corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the shareholder owned the shares (whether or not those earnings and profits are attributable to RPII). Such a shareholder would also be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, regardless of the amount of shares owned by the shareholder. These rules should not apply to dispositions of our ordinary shares because we will not be directly engaged in the insurance business. The RPII rules have not been interpreted by the courts or the IRS and regulations interpreting the RPII rules exist only in proposed form. Accordingly, there is no assurance that our views as to the inapplicability of these rules to a disposition of our ordinary shares will be accepted by the IRS or a court.
We might incur unexpected U.S., U.K., Australia, or other tax liabilities if companies in our group that are incorporated outside those jurisdictions are determined to be carrying on a trade or business in such jurisdictions.
We and a number of our subsidiaries are companies formed under the laws of Bermuda or other jurisdictions that do not impose income taxes; it is our contemplation that these companies will not incur substantial income tax liabilities from their operations. Because the operations of these companies generally involve, or relate to, the insurance or reinsurance of risks that arise in higher tax jurisdictions, such as the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, it is possible that the taxing authorities in those jurisdictions may assert that the activities of one or more of these companies creates a sufficient nexus in that jurisdiction to subject the company to income tax there. There are uncertainties in how the relevant rules apply to insurance businesses, and in our eligibility for favorable treatment under applicable tax treaties. Accordingly, it is possible that we could incur substantial unexpected tax liabilities.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We lease office space in Hamilton, Bermuda, where our principal executive office is located. We also lease office space in a number of U.S. states, the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Switzerland, Canada, Singapore and several Continental European countries.
We renew and enter into new leases in the ordinary course of our business. We believe that this office space is sufficient for us to conduct our current operations for the foreseeable future, although in connection with future acquisitions from time to time, we may expand to different locations or increase space to support any such growth.
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In connection with the acquisition of Dana Companies in December 2016, we acquired properties in the United States. The acquired properties have no present value and are not used to run our operations.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of legal proceedings, see Note 23 - "Commitments and Contingencies" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our ordinary shares trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "ESGR".
Market and Dividend Information
On February 26, 2018, the last reported sale price for our shares was $198.65 per share. The price range per ordinary share presented below represents the highest and lowest sale prices for our ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market during the quarterly periods indicated:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
High | Low | High | Low | ||||||||||||
First Quarter | $ | 207.30 | $ | 181.50 | $ | 164.69 | $ | 142.35 | |||||||
Second Quarter | $ | 204.30 | $ | 180.50 | $ | 164.91 | $ | 148.91 | |||||||
Third Quarter | $ | 224.60 | $ | 193.10 | $ | 171.66 | $ | 157.32 | |||||||
Fourth Quarter | $ | 237.30 | $ | 183.85 | $ | 209.35 | $ | 161.01 | |||||||
Enstar has not historically declared a dividend. Our strategy is to retain earnings and invest distributions from our subsidiaries back into the company. We do not currently expect to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares. Any payment of dividends must be approved by our Board of Directors. Our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions, as described in Note 22 - "Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Holders
On February 26, 2018 there were 1,677 shareholders of record of our voting ordinary shares and 3 shareholders of record of our non-voting ordinary shares. The number of shareholders of record of our voting ordinary shares does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our voting ordinary shares because shares are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of beneficial owners who may vote the shares.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about ordinary shares acquired by the Company during the three months ended December 31, 2017, which are related to shares withheld from employees in order to facilitate the payment of withholding taxes on restricted shares. The Company does not have a share repurchase program.
Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program | |||||||||
October 1, 2017 - October 31, 2017 | 0 | $ | — | — | $ | — | |||||||
November 1, 2017 - November 30, 2017 | 689 | $ | 219.85 | — | $ | — | |||||||
December 1, 2017 - December 31, 2017 | 0 | $ | — | — | $ | — | |||||||
689 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
(1) | Includes shares withheld from employees in order to facilitate the payment of withholding taxes on restricted shares granted pursuant to our equity incentive plan. The shares are calculated at their fair market value, as determined by reference to the closing price of our ordinary shares on the vesting date. |
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Performance Graph
The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return on our ordinary shares with the cumulative total return on the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Insurance Index for the period that commenced December 31, 2012 and ended on December 31, 2017. The performance graph shows the value as of December 31 of each calendar year of $100 invested on December 31, 2012 in our ordinary shares, the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the NASDAQ Insurance Index assuming the reinvestment of dividends. Returns have been weighted to reflect relative market capitalization. This information is not necessarily indicative of future returns.
Indexed Returns* for Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |||||||
Enstar Group Limited | 100.00 | 124.05 | 136.53 | 133.99 | 176.55 | 179.27 | ||||||
NASDAQ Composite Index | 100.00 | 141.63 | 162.09 | 173.33 | 187.19 | 242.29 | ||||||
NASDAQ Insurance Index | 100.00 | 142.75 | 155.66 | 163.93 | 195.08 | 211.22 | ||||||
*$100 invested on December 31, 2012 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected historical financial information for each of the past five fiscal years has been derived from our audited historical financial statements. This information is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for historical accounting periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for future accounting periods.
Since our inception, we have made numerous acquisitions of companies and portfolios of business that impact the comparability between periods of the information reflected below. In particular, our 2017 QBE and RSA transactions, our 2016 acquisition of Dana Companies, our 2015 acquisitions of Alpha, the life settlement companies of Wilton Re, and Sussex, our 2014 acquisition of StarStone and our 2013 acquisitions of SeaBright, Pavonia, Arden and Atrium impact comparability to other periods, including with respect to net premiums earned. In addition, we classified our Pavonia and Laguna operations as held-for-sale, and Pavonia's results of operations are included in discontinued operations. Our acquisitions and significant new business are described in "Item 1. Business - Recent Acquisitions and Significant New Business” and Note 3 - "Acquisitions" and Note 4 - "Significant New Business" of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||
Statements of Earnings Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 613,121 | $ | 823,514 | $ | 753,744 | $ | 542,991 | $ | 147,613 | |||||||||
Fees and commission income | 66,103 | 39,364 | 39,347 | 34,919 | 12,817 | ||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 208,789 | 185,463 | 122,564 | 66,024 | 62,117 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 190,334 | 77,818 | (41,523 | ) | 51,991 | 78,394 | |||||||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | (193,551 | ) | (174,099 | ) | (104,333 | ) | (9,146 | ) | 163,672 | ||||||||||
Acquisition costs | (96,906 | ) | (186,569 | ) | (163,716 | ) | (117,542 | ) | (14,436 | ) | |||||||||
Total other expenses, net | (467,084 | ) | (473,041 | ) | (393,711 | ) | (347,540 | ) | (230,056 | ) | |||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | 320,806 | 292,450 | 212,372 | 221,697 | 220,121 | ||||||||||||||
Net earnings (losses) from discontinuing operations | 10,993 | 11,963 | (2,031 | ) | 5,539 | 3,701 | |||||||||||||
Net earnings | 331,799 | 304,413 | 210,341 | 227,236 | 223,822 | ||||||||||||||
Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (20,341 | ) | (39,606 | ) | 9,950 | (13,487 | ) | (15,218 | ) | ||||||||||
Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited | $ | 311,458 | $ | 264,807 | $ | 220,291 | $ | 213,749 | $ | 208,604 | |||||||||
Per Ordinary Share Data: (1) | |||||||||||||||||||
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited: | |||||||||||||||||||
Basic: | |||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 15.50 | $ | 13.10 | $ | 11.55 | $ | 11.31 | $ | 12.40 | |||||||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | $ | 0.56 | $ | 0.62 | $ | (0.11 | ) | $ | 0.30 | $ | 0.22 | ||||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share | $ | 16.06 | $ | 13.72 | $ | 11.44 | $ | 11.61 | $ | 12.62 | |||||||||
Diluted: | |||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 15.39 | $ | 13.00 | $ | 11.46 | $ | 11.15 | $ | 12.27 | |||||||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | $ | 0.56 | $ | 0.62 | $ | (0.11 | ) | $ | 0.29 | $ | 0.22 | ||||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share | $ | 15.95 | $ | 13.62 | $ | 11.35 | $ | 11.44 | $ | 12.49 | |||||||||
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||
Basic | 19,388,621 | 19,299,426 | 19,252,072 | 18,409,069 | 16,523,369 | ||||||||||||||
Diluted | 19,527,591 | 19,447,241 | 19,407,756 | 18,678,130 | 16,703,442 | ||||||||||||||
(1) Earnings per share is a measure based on net earnings divided by weighted average ordinary shares outstanding. Basic earnings per share is defined as net earnings available to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share is defined as net earnings available to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares and share equivalents outstanding calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. When the effect of dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, these securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
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December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||
Balance Sheet Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
Total investments | $ | 7,232,185 | $ | 6,042,672 | $ | 6,340,781 | $ | 4,844,352 | $ | 4,279,542 | |||||||||
Total cash and cash equivalents (inclusive of restricted) | 1,212,836 | 1,318,645 | 1,295,169 | 1,429,622 | 958,999 | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable | 2,021,030 | 1,460,743 | 1,451,921 | 1,305,515 | 1,331,892 | ||||||||||||||
Total assets | 13,606,422 | 12,865,744 | 11,772,534 | 8,622,147 | 7,236,289 | ||||||||||||||
Losses and loss adjustment expense liabilities | 7,398,088 | 5,987,867 | 5,720,149 | 4,509,421 | 4,219,905 | ||||||||||||||
Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts | 117,207 | 112,095 | 126,321 | 8,940 | 9,779 | ||||||||||||||
Debt obligations | 646,689 | 673,603 | 599,750 | 320,041 | 452,446 | ||||||||||||||
Total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity | 3,136,684 | 2,802,312 | 2,516,872 | 2,304,850 | 1,755,523 | ||||||||||||||
Book Value per Share:(1) | |||||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | 161.63 | $ | 144.66 | $ | 130.65 | $ | 120.04 | $ | 106.21 | |||||||||
Diluted | $ | 159.19 | $ | 143.68 | $ | 129.65 | $ | 119.22 | $ | 105.20 | |||||||||
Shares Outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||
Basic | 19,406,722 | 19,372,178 | 19,263,742 | 19,201,017 | 16,528,343 | ||||||||||||||
Diluted | 19,830,767 | 19,645,309 | 19,714,810 | 19,332,864 | 16,707,115 | ||||||||||||||
(1) Basic book value per share is calculated as total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity available to ordinary shareholders divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding as at the end of the period, giving no effect to dilutive securities. Diluted book value per share is calculated as total Enstar Group Limited shareholders’ equity available to ordinary shareholders plus the assumed proceeds from the exercise of outstanding warrants divided by the sum of the number of ordinary shares and ordinary share equivalents and warrants outstanding at the end of the period.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or included elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements", "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this annual report.
Table of Contents
Section | Page | |
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Business Overview
We are a multi-faceted insurance group that offers innovative capital release solutions and specialty underwriting capabilities through our network of group companies in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, and other international locations. Our core focus is acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off. Since the formation of our Bermuda-based holding company in 2001, we have completed over 80 acquisitions or portfolio transfers.
Until 2013, all but one of our acquisitions had been in the non-life run-off business, which for us generally includes property and casualty, workers’ compensation, asbestos and environmental, construction defect, marine, aviation and transit, and other closed business.
While our core focus remains acquiring and managing non-life run-off business, in 2013 and 2014, we expanded our business to include active underwriting through our acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone. We partnered with Trident in the Atrium and StarStone acquisitions, with Enstar owning a 59.0% interest, Trident owning a 39.3% interest, and Dowling owning a 1.7% interest. We also expanded our portfolio of run-off businesses to include closed life and annuities, primarily through our acquisition of Pavonia from HSBC Holdings plc on March 31, 2013, although in 2017 we disposed of Pavonia, which made up the majority of our life and annuities business.
Our businesses strategies are discussed in "Item 1. Business - Company Overview", "- Business Strategy", "-Strategic Growth" and "- Recent Acquisitions and Significant New Business."
Key Performance Indicator
Our primary corporate objective is growing our fully diluted book value per share. This is driven primarily by growth in our net earnings, which is in turn driven in large part by successfully completing new acquisitions, effectively managing companies and portfolios of business that we have acquired, and executing on our active underwriting strategies. The drivers of our book value growth are discussed in "Item 1. Business - Business Strategy."
During 2017, we increased our book value per share on a fully diluted basis by 10.8% to $159.19 per share. The increase was primarily attributable to net earnings of $311.5 million. See "Item 6. Selected Financial Data" herein for the computation of fully diluted book value per share. The growth of our fully diluted book value per share since becoming a public company is shown in the table below.
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Current Outlook
Run-off
Our business strategy includes generating growth through acquisitions and reinsurance transactions, particularly in our Non-life Run-off segment. Our non-life run-off gross reserves were $5.9 billion as at December 31, 2017, and we continue to evaluate opportunities for future growth. In January and February 2018, we entered into separate agreements to assume net reserves of approximately $811.0 million, $456.4 million and $275.0 million from Novae, Neon and Zurich Australia, respectively. Additionally, in December 2017, we assumed net reserves of $81.4 million from Allianz. We completed the sale of our Pavonia and Laguna businesses during 2017, which formerly comprised the majority of our life and annuities segment. We will continue to employ a disciplined approach when assessing, acquiring or managing portfolios of risk.
We manage claims in a professional and disciplined manner, drawing on our global team of in-house claims management experts as we aim to proactively manage risks and claims efficiently. We employ an opportunistic commutation strategy in which we negotiate with policyholders and claimants with a goal of commuting or settling existing insurance and reinsurance liabilities at a discount to the ultimate liability and also to avoid unnecessary legal and other associated run-off fees and expense.
As a result of the number of transactions we have completed over the years, we have a complex organizational structure consisting of licensed entities across many jurisdictions. In managing our group, we continue to look for opportunities to simplify our legal structure by way of company amalgamations and mergers, reinsurance, or other transactions to improve capital efficiency and decrease ongoing compliance and operational costs over time. In addition, we seek to pool risk in areas where we maintain the expertise to manage such risk to achieve operational efficiencies, which will allow us to most efficiently manage our assets and to achieve capital diversification benefits.
Underwriting
Our underwriting results can be affected by changes in premium rates, significant losses, development of prior year loss reserves and current year underwriting margins. In general, our expectation for 2018 is that underwriting margins will be slightly higher than in 2017, with premium rates expected to be impacted by both market and general economic conditions. We continue to see overcapacity in many markets which can impact premium rates and/or terms and conditions. If general economic conditions worsen, a decrease in the level of economic activity may impact insurable risks and our ability to write premium that is acceptable to us. We may adjust our level of reinsurance to maintain an amount of net exposure that is aligned with our risk tolerance.
For the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016, total gross premiums written were relatively consistent in our Atrium segment and marginally higher in our StarStone segment as we selectively grew in certain lines, which included the development of additional underwriting capabilities. StarStone's net earned premium, net incurred losses and acquisition costs decreased significantly as a result of the 35% quota share reinsurance agreement with our equity method investee KaylaRe Holdings Ltd. ("KaylaRe"), which covers the 2016 and subsequent underwriting years.
The insurance and reinsurance industry was significantly impacted by large losses in the second half of 2017, notably hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, as well as the Mexico earthquake and the wildfires in California. Given the nature and complexity of these events it may take some time before the full extent of the losses is known, and the initial reported losses may develop favorably or adversely in the future. Additionally, the losses may have an impact on capacity and pricing. However at this time we cannot estimate with any certainty whether any such impacts would be significant.
Our industry continues to experience challenging underwriting market conditions, and our strategy is to maintain our disciplined underwriting approach and strong risk management practices, which may result in us writing less premium in certain lines of business than we wrote in 2017. However, we will seek to mitigate these challenging conditions through our diversified book of business, established distribution channels and geographic reach. We will continue to seek growth in certain areas where we have identified opportunities for expansion and the opportunity for increases in premium rates. In addition, our underwriting operations are well-positioned to capture profitable active business from our run-off transactions, where such business is in attractive specialty lines. In both our Atrium and StarStone segments we will maintain our focus on underwriting for profitability.
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Investments
Markets are inherently uncertain and investment performance may be impacted with changes in market volatility. We expect to maintain our investment strategy, which is to seek superior risk adjusted returns while preserving liquidity and capital and maintaining a prudent diversification of assets. We are implementing strategies to more closely align the duration in certain investment portfolios to the duration of our reserves. We will continue allocating a portion of our portfolio to non-investment grade securities or alternative investments, in accordance with our investment guidelines, which carry significant diversification and return benefits.
Net investment income is a significant component of our earnings and we see fully priced asset valuations across many asset classes compared to historical averages. If investment conditions or general economic conditions change during 2018, we may experience further pressure on our investment yields and realized or unrealized losses on investments could materialize. For further discussion of our investments, see "Investable Assets" below.
U.S. Taxation Reform
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), as described in "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risk Relating to Taxation." The Tax Act makes broad changes to the U.S. tax code, some of which were applicable in 2017 and others effective for tax years ending after December 31, 2017. The impact of the Tax Act to Enstar in 2017 is described in "Consolidated Results of Operations - Consolidated Overview" below.
In response to the introduction of the Tax Act, as of January 1, 2018 we non-renewed certain of our active underwriting affiliate reinsurance transactions ceded from our U.S. operating entities to our non-U.S. affiliates. We will continue to assess the impact of the Tax Act on our business as the regulations develop. Our subsidiaries' reinsurance strategies may be different than in the past, which may result in more risk being retained in our U.S. insurance companies, which would have the effect of requiring more capital in those companies and potentially increase our overall group effective tax rate over time.
Brexit
There has been volatility in the financial and foreign exchange markets following the Brexit referendum on June 23, 2016, and this is expected to continue. On March 27, 2017, Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty was triggered, which allows two years for the United Kingdom and the 27 remaining European Union members to reach an agreement with regard to the terms on which the United Kingdom will leave the European Union, subject to an extension of the two year deadline beyond March 29, 2019 being agreed between the United Kingdom and the remaining European Union members. For companies based in the United Kingdom, including certain of our active underwriting and run-off companies, there is heightened uncertainty regarding trading relationships with countries in the European Union. Both our StarStone and Atrium operations have well-diversified sources of premium, which may mitigate the potential impact of Brexit. The majority of business written in StarStone and Atrium is in U.S. dollars, so the impact of currency volatility on those segments has not been significant. In addition, StarStone already has established operations within the European Economic Area. Lloyd's has lobbied the United Kingdom's government to include the retention of passporting rights in its negotiations with the European Union, whilst also evaluating alternative models to access the markets. In the near-term, access to markets is unaffected, and all contracts entered into up until Brexit are expected to remain valid into the post-Brexit period. With specific reference to our run-off business, we are preparing to build and expand on our existing run-off capabilities within the European Union for the purpose of receiving transfers of new run-off business. We are also investigating the post-Brexit additional requirements in each applicable state for the continued payment of policyholders’ claims in respect of the existing run-off business of our U.K. Non-life Run-off companies.
Underwriting Ratios
In presenting our results for the Atrium and StarStone segments, we discuss the loss ratio, acquisition cost ratio, operating expense ratio, and the combined ratio of our active underwriting operations within these segments. Management believes that these ratios provide the most meaningful measure for understanding our underwriting profitability. These measures are calculated using GAAP amounts presented on the statements of earnings for both Atrium and StarStone.
The loss ratio is calculated by dividing net incurred losses and LAE by net premiums earned. The acquisition cost ratio is calculated by dividing acquisition costs by net premiums earned. The operating expense ratio is calculated by dividing operating expenses by net earned premiums. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, the acquisition cost ratio and the operating expense ratio.
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The Atrium segment also includes corporate expenses which are not directly attributable to the underwriting results in the segment. The corporate expenses include general and administrative expenses related to amortization of the definite-lived intangible assets in the holding company, and expenses relating to Atrium Underwriters Limited ("AUL") employee salaries, benefits, bonuses and current year share grant costs. The AUL general and administrative expenses are incurred in managing the syndicate. These are principally funded by the profit commission fees earned from Syndicate 609, which is a revenue item not included in the insurance ratios.
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Consolidated Results of Operations - For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of earnings for each of the periods indicated. For a discussion of the critical accounting policies that affect the results of operations, see "Critical Accounting Policies" below.
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
INCOME | |||||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 613,121 | $ | 823,514 | $ | 753,744 | |||||
Fees and commission income | 66,103 | 39,364 | 39,347 | ||||||||
Net investment income | 208,789 | 185,463 | 122,564 | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 190,334 | 77,818 | (41,523 | ) | |||||||
Other income | 28,509 | 4,836 | 30,328 | ||||||||
1,106,856 | 1,130,995 | 904,460 | |||||||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | 193,551 | 174,099 | 104,333 | ||||||||
Life and annuity policy benefits | 4,015 | (2,038 | ) | (546 | ) | ||||||
Acquisition costs | 96,906 | 186,569 | 163,716 | ||||||||
General and administrative expenses | 435,985 | 423,734 | 389,159 | ||||||||
Interest expense | 28,102 | 20,642 | 19,403 | ||||||||
Net foreign exchange losses | 17,537 | 665 | 3,373 | ||||||||
Loss on sale of subsidiary | 16,349 | — | — | ||||||||
792,445 | 803,671 | 679,438 | |||||||||
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 314,411 | 327,324 | 225,022 | ||||||||
INCOME TAXES | 6,395 | (34,874 | ) | (12,650 | ) | ||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 320,806 | 292,450 | 212,372 | ||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS, NET OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE | 10,993 | 11,963 | (2,031 | ) | |||||||
NET EARNINGS | 331,799 | 304,413 | 210,341 | ||||||||
Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest | (20,341 | ) | (39,606 | ) | 9,950 | ||||||
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 311,458 | $ | 264,807 | $ | 220,291 | |||||
Highlights
Consolidated Results of Operations for 2017
• | Consolidated net earnings of $311.5 million and basic and diluted earnings per share of $16.06 and $15.95, respectively |
• | Net earnings from Non-life Run-off segment of $343.8 million |
• | Net premiums earned of $613.1 million, including $134.7 million and $459.4 million in our Atrium and StarStone segments, respectively |
• | Combined ratios of 99.9% and 108.5% for the active underwriting operations within our Atrium and StarStone segments, respectively. Excluding the impact of hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria during 2017, the combined ratios were 86.7% and 96.7% for Atrium and StarStone, respectively (refer to "Underwriting Ratios" above) |
• | Net investment income of $208.8 million and net realized and unrealized gains of $190.3 million |
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Consolidated Financial Condition as at December 31, 2017
• | Total investments, cash and funds held of $9,625.0 million |
• | Total reinsurance balances recoverable of $2,021.0 million |
• | Total assets of $13,606.4 million |
• | Shareholders' equity of $3,136.7 million and redeemable noncontrolling interest of $479.6 million |
• | Total gross reserves for losses and LAE of $7,398.1 million, with $2,450.8 million of gross reserves acquired and assumed in our Non-life Run-off operations during 2017 |
• | Diluted book value per ordinary share of $159.19 |
Consolidated Overview
2017 versus 2016: We reported consolidated net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders of $311.5 million in 2017, an increase of $46.7 million from $264.8 million in 2016. Our results were impacted by the loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions we completed during 2017 with RSA and QBE, and during 2016 with Allianz, Coca-Cola and Neon. The most significant drivers of the change in our financial performance during 2017 as compared to 2016 included:
• | Net Incurred Losses and LAE in our Non-life Run-off Segment - Net reduction in the liability for net incurred losses and LAE within our Non-life Run-off segment continued to be one of the predominant drivers of our consolidated earnings in 2017, contributing $190.7 million to consolidated net earnings. Although this was a decrease of $95.2 million from 2016, net earnings provided by the Non-life Run-off segment increased by $82.2 million in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to improved investment results, increased fee income and higher other income, partially offset by higher expenses and other items; |
• | Higher Net Investment Income - Total net investment income increased by $23.3 million in 2017, compared to 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in average invested assets and an increase in the book yield we obtained on our assets. The increase in average invested assets was primarily due to the RSA and QBE transactions which were completed in 2017. The increase in the book yield was primarily due to asset allocation strategies and in an increase in the duration of our fixed maturity portfolio; |
• | Atrium - Net earnings attributable to the Atrium segment were $5.4 million in 2017, compared to $6.4 million in 2016. The combined ratio in 2017 was 99.9%, compared to 94.3% in 2016, and the increase was primarily driven by a higher loss ratio. The underwriting performance was impacted by the large losses in the third quarter of 2017, primarily hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, partially offset by favorable prior year loss reserve development. Excluding the impact of hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, the combined ratios was 86.7% for 2017; |
• | StarStone - Net earnings attributable to the StarStone segment were $2.8 million in 2017, compared to $25.2 million in 2016. The decrease in earnings was primarily due to catastrophe loss events, partially offset by improved investment returns. The combined ratio was 108.5% in 2017 compared to 98.2% in 2016. The underwriting performance was impacted by the large losses in the third quarter of 2017, primarily hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria. Excluding the impact of hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, the combined ratio was 96.7% for 2017; |
• | Other Activities - The other activities were driven by higher corporate expenses and a loss on the sale of Laguna, our Irish life insurance company; |
• | Change in Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) - In 2017, net realized and unrealized gains were $190.3 million, compared to $77.8 million in 2016. The net realized and unrealized gains in 2017 were primarily attributable to an increase in the valuation of our funds withheld - directly managed and unrealized gains on our other investments; |
• | Noncontrolling Interest - Noncontrolling interest in earnings is the share of results from those subsidiary companies in which there are either noncontrolling interests or redeemable noncontrolling interests. In 2017, the noncontrolling interest in earnings was $20.3 million, compared to $39.6 million in 2016. The reduction was primarily due to lower earnings in both Atrium and StarStone as a result of the large losses in the third quarter of 2017, as discussed above; and |
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• | Income Taxes - We recorded an income tax benefit of $6.4 million in 2017, compared to an income tax expense of $34.9 million in 2016, a change of $41.3 million. The effective tax rate was (2.0)% in 2017 compared with 10.7% in 2016, with the change primarily due to significant decreases in the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets in the U.S. in 2017 compared to 2016, including changes relating to U.S. Tax Reform which resulted in a tax benefit of $5.7 million, as well as the geographic distribution of our pre-tax net earnings between our taxable and non-taxable jurisdictions. |
2016 versus 2015: We reported consolidated net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders of $264.8 million in 2016, compared to $220.3 million in 2015, an increase of $44.5 million. Our results were impacted by our acquisition activity during 2016 with Allianz, Coca-Cola and Neon. Our results were also impacted by our acquisition activity during 2015, when we acquired Sussex, Wilton Re’s life settlements business, and Alpha, and completed loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions with Reciprocal of America, Voya, and Sun Life. The most significant drivers of the change in our financial performance during 2016 as compared to 2015 included:
• | Net Incurred Losses and LAE in our Non-life Run-off Segment - Net reduction in the liability for net incurred losses and LAE within our Non-life Run-off segment continued to be the predominant driver of our consolidated earnings in 2016, contributing $285.9 million to consolidated net earnings which is an increase of $15.1 million from 2015. Net earnings provided by the Non-life Run-off segment were higher by $76.0 million in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to improved investment results, partially offset by higher earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest, lower other income and other items; |
• | Higher Net Investment Income - Total net investment income increased by $62.9 million in 2016, compared to 2015. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in average invested assets and an increase in the book yield we obtained on our assets. The increase in average invested assets was primarily due to the transactions that were completed in 2016. The increase in the book yield was primarily due to our asset allocation and an increase in the treasury yields; |
• | Atrium - Net earnings attributable to the Atrium segment were $6.4 million in 2016, compared to $16.6 million in 2015, a decrease of $10.1 million. Atrium delivered a solid underwriting performance with a combined ratio of 94.3% for 2016. The 2016 results included a lower level of favorable prior period loss development and some large losses in 2016 compared to a lower level of losses in 2015; |
• | StarStone - Net earnings attributable to the StarStone segment were $25.2 million in 2016, compared to $13.7 million in 2015, an increase of $11.6 million. The decrease in the combined ratio from 98.7% in 2015 to 98.2% in 2016 was primarily due to lower expenses due to the continued execution of expense management initiatives, partially offset by higher losses and acquisition expenses; |
• | Other activities - The other activities were primarily driven by higher corporate expenses and higher interest expense, partially offset by higher fee and commission income and higher income from discontinuing operations; |
• | Change in Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) - In 2016, net realized and unrealized gains were $77.8 million, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $41.5 million in 2015. The net realized and unrealized gains in 2016 were primarily attributable to an increase in the valuation of our other investments, as well as tighter credit spreads in the fixed income markets, while the losses in 2015 were driven by unrealized losses on our fixed maturity and equity portfolios; |
• | Noncontrolling Interest - Noncontrolling interest in earnings is the share of results from those subsidiary companies in which there are either noncontrolling interests or redeemable noncontrolling interests. In 2016, the noncontrolling interest in earnings was $39.6 million, compared to the noncontrolling interest in losses of $10.0 million in 2015; and |
• | Income Taxes - Income tax expense was $34.9 million in 2016, compared to $12.7 million in 2015, an increase of $22.2 million. The effective tax rate was 10.7% in 2016, compared to 5.6% in 2015, with the increase primarily due to the geographic distribution of our pre-tax net earnings between our taxable and non-taxable jurisdictions. |
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Results of Operations by Segment - For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
In the second half of 2017, following the completion of the sale of our Laguna and Pavonia businesses, which significantly reduced the size of our life and annuities business, we undertook a review of our reportable segments. Following this review we determined that we have three reportable segments of business that are each managed, operated and reported on separately: (i) Non-life Run-off; (ii) Atrium; and (iii) StarStone. In addition, our other activities include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange, our remaining life business and other miscellaneous items. For a description of our segments, see "Item 1. Business - Operating Segments." The following is a discussion of our results of operations by segment.
The below table provides a split by operating segment of the net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
Segment split of net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited: | |||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | $ | 343,800 | $ | 261,644 | $ | 185,660 | |||||
Atrium | 5,423 | 6,416 | 16,558 | ||||||||
StarStone | 2,826 | 25,217 | 13,664 | ||||||||
Other | (40,591 | ) | (28,470 | ) | 4,409 | ||||||
Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited | $ | 311,458 | $ | 264,807 | $ | 220,291 | |||||
The following is a discussion of our results of operations by segment.
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Non-life Run-off Segment
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which are summarized below:
For Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross premiums written | $ | 14,102 | $ | 17,316 | $ | (3,214 | ) | $ | 38,704 | $ | (21,388 | ) | |||||||
Net premiums written | $ | 6,482 | $ | 9,202 | $ | (2,720 | ) | $ | 22,594 | $ | (13,392 | ) | |||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 14,162 | $ | 16,755 | $ | (2,593 | ) | $ | 44,369 | $ | (27,614 | ) | |||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | 190,674 | 285,881 | (95,207 | ) | 270,830 | 15,051 | |||||||||||||
Acquisition costs | (328 | ) | (4,198 | ) | 3,870 | (8,860 | ) | 4,662 | |||||||||||
Operating expenses | (132,235 | ) | (151,316 | ) | 19,081 | (158,821 | ) | 7,505 | |||||||||||
Underwriting income | 72,273 | 147,122 | (74,849 | ) | 147,518 | (396 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net investment income | 166,678 | 145,237 | 21,441 | 88,999 | 56,238 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 179,545 | 77,685 | 101,860 | (31,383 | ) | 109,068 | |||||||||||||
Fees and commission income | 43,849 | 17,447 | 26,402 | 22,264 | (4,817 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other income | 27,061 | 2,497 | 24,564 | 29,294 | (26,797 | ) | |||||||||||||
Corporate expenses | (101,592 | ) | (61,583 | ) | (40,009 | ) | (54,213 | ) | (7,370 | ) | |||||||||
Interest expense | (28,970 | ) | (22,268 | ) | (6,702 | ) | (33,599 | ) | 11,331 | ||||||||||
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) | (7,347 | ) | 1,684 | (9,031 | ) | (4,372 | ) | 6,056 | |||||||||||
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 351,497 | 307,821 | 43,676 | 164,508 | 143,313 | ||||||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | 6,990 | (28,577 | ) | 35,567 | (12,570 | ) | (16,007 | ) | |||||||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 358,487 | 279,244 | 79,243 | 151,938 | 127,306 | ||||||||||||||
Net (earnings) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (14,687 | ) | (17,600 | ) | 2,913 | 33,722 | (51,322 | ) | |||||||||||
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 343,800 | $ | 261,644 | $ | 82,156 | $ | 185,660 | $ | 75,984 | |||||||||
Overall Results
2017 versus 2016: Net earnings were $343.8 million in 2017, compared to $261.6 million in 2016, an increase of $82.2 million. The increase of $82.2 million was primarily attributable to an increase of $101.9 million in net realized and unrealized gains in 2017, an increase of $26.4 million in fees and commission income, an increase of $24.6 million in other income, an increase in net investment income of $21.4 million, and a decrease in operating expenses of $19.1 million. These items were partially offset by a lower reduction in net incurred losses and LAE of $95.2 million and an increase in corporate expenses of $40.0 million. Income taxes were a benefit of $7.0 million in 2017, compared to a tax expense of $28.6 million in 2016, a change of $35.6 million.
2016 versus 2015: Net earnings were $261.6 million in 2016 compared to $185.7 million in 2015, an increase of $76.0 million. The increase of $76.0 million was primarily attributable to an increase in net realized and unrealized gains of $109.1 million, an increase in net investment income of $56.2 million, a higher reduction in net incurred losses and LAE of $15.1 million, and a decrease in operating expenses of $7.5 million, partially offset by an increase in the net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest of $51.3 million, a decrease in net premiums earned of $27.6 million, a decrease in other income of $26.8 million and an increase of $16.0 million in income taxes.
Investment results are separately discussed below in "Investments."
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Net Premiums Earned:
The following table shows the gross and net premiums written and earned for the Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross premiums written | $ | 14,102 | $ | 17,316 | $ | (3,214 | ) | $ | 38,704 | $ | (21,388 | ) | |||||||
Ceded reinsurance premiums written | (7,620 | ) | (8,114 | ) | 494 | (16,110 | ) | 7,996 | |||||||||||
Net premiums written | 6,482 | 9,202 | (2,720 | ) | 22,594 | (13,392 | ) | ||||||||||||
Gross premiums earned | 23,950 | 25,989 | (2,039 | ) | 116,494 | (90,505 | ) | ||||||||||||
Ceded reinsurance premiums earned | (9,788 | ) | (9,234 | ) | (554 | ) | (72,125 | ) | 62,891 | ||||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 14,162 | $ | 16,755 | $ | (2,593 | ) | $ | 44,369 | $ | (27,614 | ) | |||||||
Because business in this segment is in run-off, our general expectation is for premiums associated with legacy business to decline in future periods. However, the actual amount in any particular year will be impacted by new acquisitions during the year, and the run-off of premiums from acquisitions completed in recent years.
2017 versus 2016: Premiums written and earned in 2017 and 2016 related primarily to Sussex's run-off business.
2016 versus 2015: Premiums written and earned in 2016 and 2015 related primarily to Sussex's run-off business.
Net Incurred Losses and LAE:
The following table shows the components of net incurred losses and LAE for the Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prior Periods | Current Period | Total | Prior Periods | Current Period | Total | Prior Periods | Current Period | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net losses paid | $ | 578,888 | $ | 2,835 | $ | 581,723 | $ | 529,937 | $ | 3,869 | $ | 533,806 | $ | 501,246 | $ | 16,049 | $ | 517,295 | |||||||||||||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves (1) | (381,450 | ) | 397 | (381,053 | ) | (608,168 | ) | (617 | ) | (608,785 | ) | (366,262 | ) | 10,927 | (355,335 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net change in IBNR reserves (2) | (393,100 | ) | 2,373 | (390,727 | ) | (349,726 | ) | 2,342 | (347,384 | ) | (377,722 | ) | 12,948 | (364,774 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of deferred charges | 14,359 | — | 14,359 | 168,827 | — | 168,827 | 15,265 | — | 15,265 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses | (181,303 | ) | 5,605 | (175,698 | ) | (259,130 | ) | 5,594 | (253,536 | ) | (227,473 | ) | 39,924 | (187,549 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in provisions for bad debt | (1,536 | ) | — | (1,536 | ) | (13,822 | ) | — | (13,822 | ) | (25,271 | ) | — | (25,271 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE | (54,071 | ) | 261 | (53,810 | ) | (44,190 | ) | 235 | (43,955 | ) | (62,653 | ) | — | (62,653 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of fair value adjustments | 10,114 | — | 10,114 | 25,432 | — | 25,432 | 4,643 | — | 4,643 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Changes in fair value - fair value option | 30,256 | — | 30,256 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | $ | (196,540 | ) | $ | 5,866 | $ | (190,674 | ) | $ | (291,710 | ) | $ | 5,829 | $ | (285,881 | ) | $ | (310,754 | ) | $ | 39,924 | $ | (270,830 | ) | |||||||||||
(1) | Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims. |
(2) | Net change in IBNR represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR, less amounts recoverable. |
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2017 versus 2016: The net reduction in incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $190.7 million included net incurred losses and LAE of $5.9 million related to current period net earned premium, primarily for the portion of the run-off business acquired with Sussex. Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $5.9 million, net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods were reduced by $196.5 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $181.3 million, a reduction in provisions for bad debt of $1.5 million and a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $54.1 million, relating to 2017 run-off activity, partially offset by amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $10.1 million and a change in fair value of $30.3 million related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements with RSA and QBE completed in 2017 and for which we have elected the fair value option. The reduction of estimates in net ultimate losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 was reduced by amortization of the deferred charge of $14.4 million. Overall, the reduction in net incurred losses and LAE was lower by $95.2 million in 2017 compared with 2016, primarily due to experiencing approximately $82.0 million of adverse net loss reserve development on certain asbestos reserves relating to increases in our estimates of ultimate losses as well as certain claims judgments.
The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to prior periods of $181.3 million comprised reductions in IBNR reserves of $393.1 million partially offset by net incurred loss development of $211.8 million, which includes amortization of deferred charges of $14.4 million. The decrease in the estimate of net IBNR reserves of $393.1 million (compared to $349.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2016), comprised a decrease of $70.0 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to an increase of $39.4 million in 2016), an decrease of $7.5 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to an increase $35.5 million in 2016), a decrease of $7.2 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $0.8 million in 2016), a decrease of $156.2 million relating to workers' compensation liabilities (compared to $333.2 million in 2016) and a decrease of $152.2 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $90.6 million in 2016).
The reduction in net IBNR reserves of $393.1 million relating to prior periods was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 59 commutations and policy buy-backs, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2017, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred loss development resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $381.5 million for net paid losses of $578.9 million related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 59 commutations and policy buy-backs of assumed and ceded exposures. Net advised case and LAE reserves settled by way of commutation and policy buyback during the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to $7.4 million (comprising $23.2 million of assumed case reserves and LAE reserves, partially offset by $15.8 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverable case reserves).
The reduction in provisions for bad debt of $1.5 million was a result of the favorable resolution of contractual disputes with reinsurers, the reduction in bad debt provisions for insolvent reinsurers as a result of distributions received and the reduction of specific provisions held for potential disputes with reinsurers.
2016 versus 2015: The net reduction in incurred losses and LAE in 2016 of $285.9 million included current period net incurred losses and LAE of $5.8 million related to current period net earned premium of $7.1 million (primarily for the portion of the run-off business acquired with Sussex). Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $5.8 million, net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods were reduced by $291.7 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $259.1 million, a reduction in provisions for bad debts of $13.8 million and a reduction in provision for unallocated LAE of $44.2 million, relating to 2016 run-off activity, partially offset by amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $25.4 million.
The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to prior periods of $259.1 million comprised reductions in IBNR reserves of $349.7 million partially offset by net incurred loss development of $90.6 million, which includes amortization of deferred charges of $168.8 million. The decrease in the estimate of net IBNR reserves of $349.7 million (compared to $377.7 million in 2015) was comprised of an increase of $39.4 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to a decrease of $32.0 million in 2015), an increase of $35.5 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to a decrease of $1.6 million in 2015), a decrease of $0.8 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to a decrease $3.0 million in 2015), a decrease of $333.2 million relating to workers' compensation liabilities (compared to a decrease of $243.4 million in 2015) and a decrease of $90.6 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to a decrease in $97.7 million in 2015).
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The reduction in net IBNR reserves of $349.7 million relating to prior periods was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 56 commutations and policy buy-backs, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2016, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred loss development resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $608.2 million for net paid losses of $529.9 million related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 56 commutations and policy buy-backs of assumed and ceded exposures (including the commutation of two of our top six assumed exposures and one of our top six ceded recoverables). Net advised case and LAE reserves settled by way of commutation and policy buy-back in 2016 amounted to $14.7 million (comprising $39.1 million of assumed case reserves and LAE reserves, partially offset by $24.4 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverable case reserves).
The reduction in provisions for bad debt of $13.8 million was a result of the collection of certain reinsurance recoverables against which bad debt provisions had been provided in earlier periods, and the reduction in bad debt provisions for insolvent reinsurers as a result of distributions received, partially offset by additional provisions for contractual disputes with reinsurers.
Acquisition Costs:
2017 versus 2016: Acquisition costs for the Non-life Run-off segment were $0.3 million in 2017, compared to $4.2 million in 2016, a decrease of $3.9 million. Acquisition costs in 2017 and 2016 primarily related to net premiums earned on the Sussex run-off business.
2016 versus 2015: Acquisition costs for the Non-life Run-off segment were $4.2 million in 2016, compared to $8.9 million for 2015, a decrease of $4.7 million. Acquisition costs in 2016 and 2015 primarily related to net premiums earned on the portion of the Sussex run-off business.
General and Administrative Expenses:
General and administrative expenses consist of operating expenses and corporate expenses.
For Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating expenses | $ | 132,235 | $ | 151,316 | $ | (19,081 | ) | $ | 158,821 | $ | (7,505 | ) | |||||||
Corporate expenses | 101,592 | 61,583 | 40,009 | 54,213 | 7,370 | ||||||||||||||
General and administrative expenses | $ | 233,827 | $ | 212,899 | $ | 20,928 | $ | 213,034 | $ | (135 | ) | ||||||||
2017 versus 2016: General and administrative expenses for the Non-life Run-off segment increased by $20.9 million, from $212.9 million in 2016 to $233.8 million in 2017. The increase in expenses in 2017 related primarily to:
• | an increase in performance-based salary and benefits due to higher net earnings of the Non-life Run-off segment in 2017 compared to 2016; |
• | an increase in bank charges relating to the early repayment of the Sussex Facility and the FAL facility entered into at the end of 2016; and |
• | an increase in professional fees relating to significant new business transactions and projects. |
2016 versus 2015: General and administrative expenses for the Non-life Run-off segment decreased by $0.1 million from $213.0 million in 2015 to $212.9 million in 2016.
Fees and Commission Income:
2017 versus 2016: Our management companies in the Non-life Run-off segment earned fees and commission income of $43.8 million and $17.4 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of $26.4 million. This increase primarily resulted from a $13.6 million increase in profit commission and fee income earned from KaylaRe, as described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We also earned an additional $2.6 million of fee income in 2017 from a new third-
56
party run-off management engagement. The remaining increase is derived from additional fees earned from existing third-party clients. While our consulting subsidiaries continue to provide management and consultancy services, claims inspection services and reinsurance collection services to third-party clients in limited circumstances, the core focus of these subsidiaries is providing in-house services to companies within the Enstar group. These internal fees are eliminated upon consolidation of our results of operations.
2016 versus 2015: Our management companies in the Non-life Run-off segment earned fees and commission income of $17.4 million and $22.3 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively, this decrease being a result of lower fee income earned from our third-party clients. While our consulting subsidiaries continue to provide management and consultancy services, claims inspection services and reinsurance collection services to third-party clients in limited circumstances, the core focus of these subsidiaries is providing in-house services to companies within the Enstar group. These internal fees are eliminated upon consolidation of our results of operations.
Other Income:
2017 versus 2016: Other income was $27.1 million in 2017, compared to $2.5 million in 2016. The increase of $24.6 million is primarily attributable to an increase in our share of the net earnings of our equity method investees and an increase in recoveries of other assets.
2016 versus 2015: Other income was $2.5 million in 2016, compared to $29.3 million in 2015. The decrease of $26.8 million is primarily attributable to a reduction in recoveries of other assets in 2016.
Interest Expense:
2017 versus 2016: Interest expense was $29.0 million in 2017, compared to $22.3 million in 2016, an increase of $6.7 million. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the issuance of Senior Notes in the first quarter of 2017.
2016 versus 2015: Interest expense was $22.3 million in 2016, compared to $33.6 million in 2015, a decrease of $11.3 million, primarily attributable to a reduction in intra-group loan balances in 2016.
Net Foreign Exchange Losses
2017 versus 2016: Net foreign exchange losses for the Non-life Run-off segment were $7.3 million in 2017 compared to net foreign exchange gains of $1.7 million in 2016. The change of $9.0 million in net foreign exchange losses in 2017 arose primarily as a result of changes in exchange rates and the resulting impact on our foreign currency denominated investments and subsidiaries, which is partially offset by the change in currency translation adjustment in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
2016 versus 2015: Net foreign exchange gains for the Non-life Run-off segment were $1.7 million in 2016, compared to net foreign exchange losses of $4.4 million in 2015. The change of $6.1 million is primarily a result of holding more British pound assets than British pound liabilities at a time when the pound depreciated against the U.S. dollar. The Non-life Run-off segment also recorded net foreign exchange (losses) of ($1.6) million and ($5.9) million in currency translation adjustment in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, net of noncontrolling interest, in 2016 and 2015, respectively. In 2016 and 2015, the currency translation adjustments related primarily to our U.K and Australian based subsidiaries whose functional currency is the British Pound and Australian dollar. In 2016 and 2015, we entered into forward exchange contracts to hedge the foreign currency exposure on our net investment in certain of our subsidiaries in the Non-life Run-off segment whose functional currency is the Australian dollar.
Income Taxes:
2017 versus 2016: We recorded an income tax benefit of $7.0 million for our Non-life Run-off segment in 2017, compared to an income tax expense of $28.6 million in 2016, a change of $35.6 million. The effective tax rate was (2.0)% in 2017 compared with 9.3% in 2016. The valuation allowance was decreased in relation to (i) the decrease of the deferred tax asset due to the reduction in the U.S. income tax rate from 35% to 21%, (ii) the current year utilization of deferred tax assets, partially offset by an increase relating to deferred tax assets for which we have deemed are not likely to be realized. In addition our tax rate was impacted by U.S. Tax Reform resulting in a tax benefit of $5.7 million, as well as having proportionately lower net income in our tax paying subsidiaries in 2017 than in 2016. Income tax expense is primarily generated through our foreign operations outside of Bermuda, principally in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Australia. The effective tax rate, which is calculated as income tax expense or benefit divided by income before tax, is driven primarily by the geographic distribution of pre-tax net income between
57
jurisdictions with comparatively higher tax rates and those with comparatively lower income tax rates and as a result may fluctuate significantly from period to period.
2016 versus 2015: Income tax expense for our Non-life Run-off segment was $28.6 million in 2016, compared to $12.6 million in 2015, a change of $16.0 million. The effective tax rate was 9.3% for 2016, compared to 7.6% in 2015 due to having proportionately higher net income in our tax paying subsidiaries in 2016 than in 2015 as well as an increase in the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets in the United States.
Noncontrolling Interest:
2017 versus 2016: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in our Non-life Run-off segment were $14.7 million in 2017, compared to $17.6 million in 2016, a decrease of $2.9 million. The decrease of $2.9 million in 2017 was due primarily to the decrease in earnings for those companies where there is a noncontrolling interest. The number of subsidiaries in this segment with a noncontrolling interest remained unchanged at two as at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in our Non-life Run-off segment was $17.6 million in 2016, compared to the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest of $33.7 million in 2015. The change of $51.3 million in net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in 2016 was due primarily to the increase in earnings for those companies where there is a noncontrolling interest. The number of subsidiaries in this segment with a noncontrolling interest remained unchanged at two as at December 31, 2016 and 2015.
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Atrium Segment
The Atrium segment includes Atrium 5 Ltd. ("Atrium 5"), Atrium Underwriters Limited ("AUL") and Northshore Holdings Limited. Atrium 5 results represent its proportionate share of the results of Syndicate 609 for which it provides 25% of the underwriting capacity and capital. AUL results largely represent fees charged to Syndicate 609 and a 20% profit commission on the results of the syndicate less salaries and general and administrative expenses incurred in managing the syndicate. AUL also includes other Atrium Group non-syndicate fee income and associated expenses. Northshore Holdings Limited results include the amortization of intangible assets that were fair valued upon acquisition.
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for our Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which are summarized below.
For Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross premiums written | $ | 153,472 | $ | 143,170 | $ | 10,302 | $ | 149,082 | $ | (5,912 | ) | ||||||||
Net premiums written | $ | 134,214 | $ | 140,437 | $ | (6,223 | ) | $ | 134,580 | $ | 5,857 | ||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 134,747 | $ | 124,416 | $ | 10,331 | $ | 134,675 | $ | (10,259 | ) | ||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | (69,419 | ) | (58,387 | ) | (11,032 | ) | (47,479 | ) | (10,908 | ) | |||||||||
Acquisition costs | (47,688 | ) | (44,670 | ) | (3,018 | ) | (45,509 | ) | 839 | ||||||||||
Operating expenses | (17,444 | ) | (14,233 | ) | (3,211 | ) | (18,499 | ) | 4,266 | ||||||||||
Underwriting income | 196 | 7,126 | (6,930 | ) | 23,188 | (16,062 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net investment income | 4,218 | 2,940 | 1,278 | 2,225 | 715 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 1,117 | (601 | ) | 1,718 | 252 | (853 | ) | ||||||||||||
Fees and commission income | 22,788 | 18,189 | 4,599 | 28,352 | (10,163 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other income | 230 | 206 | 24 | 359 | (153 | ) | |||||||||||||
Corporate expenses | (12,142 | ) | (10,899 | ) | (1,243 | ) | (13,111 | ) | 2,212 | ||||||||||
Interest expense | (559 | ) | (198 | ) | (361 | ) | (4,264 | ) | 4,066 | ||||||||||
Net foreign exchange losses | (5,060 | ) | (3,310 | ) | (1,750 | ) | (213 | ) | (3,097 | ) | |||||||||
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 10,788 | 13,453 | (2,665 | ) | 36,788 | (23,335 | ) | ||||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | (1,593 | ) | (2,573 | ) | 980 | (5,968 | ) | 3,395 | |||||||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 9,195 | 10,880 | (1,685 | ) | 30,820 | (19,940 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | (3,772 | ) | (4,464 | ) | 692 | (14,262 | ) | 9,798 | |||||||||||
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 5,423 | $ | 6,416 | $ | (993 | ) | $ | 16,558 | $ | (10,142 | ) | |||||||
Underwriting ratios: | |||||||||||||||||||
Loss ratio (1) | 51.5 | % | 46.9 | % | 4.6 | % | 35.3 | % | 11.6 | % | |||||||||
Acquisition cost ratio (1) | 35.4 | % | 35.9 | % | (0.5 | )% | 33.8 | % | 2.1 | % | |||||||||
Operating expense ratio (1) | 13.0 | % | 11.5 | % | 1.5 | % | 13.7 | % | (2.2 | )% | |||||||||
Combined ratio (1) | 99.9 | % | 94.3 | % | 5.6 | % | 82.8 | % | 11.5 | % | |||||||||
(1)Refer to "Underwriting Ratios" for a description of how these ratios are calculated.
Overall Results
An analysis of the components of the segment's net earnings is shown below, after the attribution of net earnings to noncontrolling interest.
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The higher combined ratio in 2017 is primarily due to increases in the net loss and operating expense ratios. The increase in the net loss ratio is primarily attributable to the large losses in 2017, namely those attributable to hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, which have impacted the current year loss experience. The impact of these losses on the net loss ratio has been reduced by higher favorable prior year loss development in 2017 as compared to 2016. The increase in the operating expense ratio is primarily attributable to profit-related expenses arising on favorable prior year loss development.
Investment results are separately discussed below in "Investments."
Gross Premiums Written:
The following table provides gross premiums written by line of business for the Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Marine, Aviation and Transit (1) | $ | 35,105 | $ | 38,920 | $ | (3,815 | ) | $ | 49,332 | $ | (10,412 | ) | |||||||
Binding Authorities (2) | 65,990 | 60,238 | 5,752 | 52,920 | 7,318 | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance | 19,730 | 14,223 | 5,507 | 15,589 | (1,366 | ) | |||||||||||||
Accident and Health | 17,364 | 14,371 | 2,993 | 14,919 | (548 | ) | |||||||||||||
Non-Marine Direct and Facultative | 15,283 | 15,418 | (135 | ) | 16,322 | (904 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 153,472 | $ | 143,170 | $ | 10,302 | $ | 149,082 | $ | (5,912 | ) | ||||||||
(1) The Marine, Aviation and Transit line of business includes marine, upstream energy, aviation and terrorism lines previously disclosed as separate lines of business.
(2) The Binding Authorities line of business includes Liability and Property & Casualty Binding Authorities lines previously disclosed as separate lines of business.
See below for a discussion of the drivers of the increase in net premiums earned for 2017 as compared with 2016, which also explain the increase in gross premium written for the same periods.
Net Premiums Earned:
The following table provides net premiums earned by line of business for the Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Marine, Aviation and Transit (1) | $ | 29,234 | $ | 33,657 | $ | (4,423 | ) | $ | 44,293 | $ | (10,636 | ) | |||||||
Binding Authorities (2) | 60,293 | 54,048 | 6,245 | 49,172 | 4,876 | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance | 16,173 | 11,443 | 4,730 | 14,475 | (3,032 | ) | |||||||||||||
Accident and Health | 15,777 | 12,196 | 3,581 | 12,603 | (407 | ) | |||||||||||||
Non-Marine Direct and Facultative | 13,270 | 13,072 | 198 | 14,132 | (1,060 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total | $ | 134,747 | $ | 124,416 | $ | 10,331 | $ | 134,675 | $ | (10,259 | ) | ||||||||
(1) The Marine, Aviation and Transit line of business includes marine, upstream energy, aviation and terrorism lines previously disclosed as separate lines of business.
(2) The Binding Authorities line of business includes Liability and Property & Casualty Binding Authorities lines previously disclosed as separate lines of business.
2017 versus 2016: Net premiums earned for the Atrium segment were $134.7 million in 2017, compared to $124.4 million in 2016, an increase of $10.3 million. The increase of $10.3 million was seen across all lines of business in 2017 except marine, aviation and transit. The premium increase for the binding authorities line reflects the continued growth of international professional liability business due to new underwriters hired in recent years, as well as the continued success of AU Gold, Atrium's proprietary online underwriting platform. New business has been written by
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property reinsurance underwriters who joined Atrium during 2016. Offsetting these increases was a reduction in premium for the marine, aviation and transit class, where continued pressure on premium rates and terms and conditions led to the non-renewal of certain business in order to maintain underwriting discipline.
2016 versus 2015: Net premiums earned for the Atrium segment were $124.4 million in 2016, compared to $134.7 million in 2015, a decrease of $10.3 million. The decrease of $10.3 million in 2016 was primarily due to the non-renewal of certain business that no longer met our underwriting standards, particularly in the marine, aviation and transit and reinsurance lines. We saw continued pressure on premium rates and terms and conditions due to overcapacity in many markets for insurable risks. We continued to focus on risk selection and underwriting for profitability. These premium decreases were partially offset by the increase in the binding authorities lines, which reflects the continued success of AU Gold, Atrium's proprietary online underwriting platform.
Net Incurred Losses and LAE:
2017 versus 2016: Net incurred losses and LAE were $69.4 million in 2017, compared to $58.4 million in 2016, an increase of $11.0 million. Net favorable loss development in 2017 and 2016 was $20.9 million and $13.0 million, respectively. Net favorable loss development in 2017 and 2016 was experienced across most lines of business. Excluding prior year loss development, net incurred losses and LAE in 2017 and 2016 were $90.4 million and $71.4 million, respectively. The losses in 2017 included $18.5 million in respect of the large catastrophe events that occurred in the third quarter of 2017, primarily hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria. Excluding the large catastrophe events the current year losses were $71.9 million in 2017, broadly consistent with 2016. The large catastrophe events impacted the binding authorities, non-marine direct and facultative and reinsurance lines of business.
2016 versus 2015: Net incurred losses and LAE were $58.4 million in 2016, compared to $47.5 million in 2015, an increase of $10.9 million. Net favorable loss development in 2016 and 2015 was $13.0 million and $21.9 million, respectively. Net favorable loss development in 2016 was experienced across most lines of business. Net favorable loss development in 2015 primarily related to the professional indemnity, aviation, marine and upstream energy lines of business. Excluding net favorable prior year loss development, net incurred losses and LAE in 2016 and 2015 were $71.4 million and $69.4 million, respectively. The increase of $2.0 million in net incurred losses and LAE, excluding prior year loss development, was primarily due to notable 2016 losses in the terrorism and aviation lines, compared to a lower level of losses in 2015.
Acquisition Costs:
2017 versus 2016: Acquisition costs were $47.7 million in 2017, compared to $44.7 million in 2016, an increase of $3.0 million. The Atrium acquisition cost ratios for 2017 and 2016 were 35.4% and 35.9%, respectively, a decrease of 0.5%. The decrease in the ratio was primarily due to changes in the business mix.
2016 versus 2015: Acquisition costs were $44.7 million in 2016, compared to $45.5 million in 2015, a decrease of $0.8 million. The acquisition cost ratios in 2016 and 2015 were 35.9% and 33.8%, respectively, an increase of 2.1%. The increase of 2.1% in the ratio was primarily due to less premium written in lines of business with lower acquisition ratios.
Operating Expenses:
2017 versus 2016: Operating expenses for the Atrium segment were $17.4 million in 2017, compared to $14.2 million in 2016, an increase of $3.2 million. The increase of $3.2 million in 2017 primarily relates to profit commission payable to AUL and bonus costs which are based on the Lloyd’s year of account results. These results are being driven by the favorable prior year loss development, which is greater in 2017 compared to 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Operating expenses for the Atrium segment were $14.2 million in 2016, compared to $18.5 million in 2015, a decrease of $4.3 million. The decrease of $4.3 million in 2016 primarily relates to lower bonus accruals resulting from lower net earnings in 2016 compared to 2015 as well as the foreign exchange impact of the stronger U.S. dollar in 2016 compared with 2015.
Fees and Commission Income:
2017 versus 2016: Fees and commission income was $22.8 million in 2017, compared to $18.2 million in 2016, an increase of $4.6 million. The fees represent management and profit commission fees earned by us in relation to AUL’s management of Syndicate 609 and other underwriting consortiums. The increase of $4.6 million in 2017 is primarily due to profit commission on higher syndicate profits arising on the prior year underwriting profits in 2017 as compared with 2016.
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2016 versus 2015: Fees and commission income was $18.2 million in 2016, compared to $28.4 million in 2015, a decrease of $10.2 million. The decrease of $10.2 million in 2016 was primarily due to management and profit commission fees earned by us in relation to AUL’s management of Syndicate 609 and other underwriting consortiums. The decrease was due primarily to profit commission on lower syndicate profits in 2016 as compared with 2015.
Corporate Expenses:
2017 versus 2016: Corporate expenses for the Atrium segment were $12.1 million in 2017, a $1.2 million increase over $10.9 million in 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Corporate expenses for the Atrium segment were $10.9 million in 2016, compared to $13.1 million in 2015, a decrease of $2.2 million. The decrease of $2.2 million in 2016 primarily relates to the Atrium employee share schemes as well as reduced costs for legal and professional fees.
Interest Expense:
2017 versus 2016: Interest expense was $0.6 million in 2017, broadly consistent with $0.2 million in 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Interest expense was $0.2 million in 2016, compared to $4.3 million in 2015, a decrease of $4.1 million. The $4.3 million in interest expense in 2015 was in respect of borrowings under the Enstar revolving credit facility.
Net Foreign Exchange Losses
2017 versus 2016: Net foreign exchange losses for the Atrium segment were $5.1 million in 2017 compared to $3.3 million in 2016. The net foreign exchange losses in 2017 resulted primarily from recognizing realized losses on the foreign currency available for sale investment portfolio, that were mostly reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income.
2016 versus 2015: Net foreign exchange losses for the Atrium segment were $3.3 million in 2016 compared to $0.2 million in 2015. Net foreign exchange losses in 2016 resulted primarily from recognizing realized losses on the foreign currency available for sale investment portfolio, that were mostly reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income.
Income Taxes:
2017 versus 2016: We recorded income tax expense of $1.6 million in 2017, compared to $2.6 million in 2016, a decrease of $1.0 million, primarily due to lower earnings in the Atrium segment. Income tax expense is associated with the operations of Atrium 5 and AUL in the United Kingdom. The effective tax rates for the Atrium segment in 2017 and 2016 were 14.8% and 19.1%, respectively.
2016 versus 2015: We recorded income tax expense of $2.6 million in 2016, compared to $6.0 million in 2015, a decrease of $3.4 million, primarily due to lower earnings in the Atrium segment. The effective tax rates for the Atrium segment in 2016 and 2015 were 19.1% and 16.2%, respectively.
Noncontrolling Interest:
2017 versus 2016: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in our Atrium segment were $3.8 million in 2017, compared to $4.5 million in 2016, a change of $0.7 million, primarily due to lower earnings in the Atrium segment. As of December 31, 2017, Trident and Dowling had a combined 41.0% noncontrolling interest in the Atrium segment.
2016 versus 2015: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest in our Atrium segment were $4.5 million in 2016, compared to $14.3 million in 2015, a change of $9.8 million, primarily due to lower earnings in the Atrium segment. As of December 31, 2016, Trident and Dowling had a combined 41.0% noncontrolling interest in the Atrium segment, although their share of net earnings was higher due primarily to the interest expense recorded in the segment.
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StarStone Segment
The results of our StarStone segment include the results of StarStone Insurance Bermuda Limited and its subsidiaries ("StarStone") and StarStone Specialty Holdings Limited. StarStone results represent the active underwriting operations.
The following is a discussion and analysis of the results of operations for the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which are summarized below.
For Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross premiums written | $ | 895,160 | $ | 854,699 | $ | 40,461 | $ | 824,714 | $ | 29,985 | |||||||||
Net premiums written | $ | 464,901 | $ | 648,036 | $ | (183,135 | ) | $ | 628,427 | $ | 19,609 | ||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 459,403 | $ | 676,608 | $ | (217,205 | ) | $ | 573,146 | $ | 103,462 | ||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | (314,806 | ) | (401,593 | ) | 86,787 | (327,684 | ) | (73,909 | ) | ||||||||||
Acquisition costs | (48,012 | ) | (138,822 | ) | 90,810 | (109,347 | ) | (29,475 | ) | ||||||||||
Operating expenses | (135,558 | ) | (124,239 | ) | (11,319 | ) | (128,544 | ) | 4,305 | ||||||||||
Underwriting income (loss) | (38,973 | ) | 11,954 | (50,927 | ) | 7,571 | 4,383 | ||||||||||||
Net investment income | 27,706 | 22,221 | 5,485 | 15,937 | 6,284 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 16,613 | 5,728 | 10,885 | (9,784 | ) | 15,512 | |||||||||||||
Fees and commission income | 632 | 5,102 | (4,470 | ) | — | 5,102 | |||||||||||||
Other income | 570 | 740 | (170 | ) | 3,088 | (2,348 | ) | ||||||||||||
Interest expense | (1,902 | ) | (47 | ) | (1,855 | ) | (6 | ) | (41 | ) | |||||||||
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) | (926 | ) | 754 | (1,680 | ) | 480 | 274 | ||||||||||||
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 3,720 | 46,452 | (42,732 | ) | 17,286 | 29,166 | |||||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | 988 | (3,693 | ) | 4,681 | 5,888 | (9,581 | ) | ||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 4,708 | 42,759 | (38,051 | ) | 23,174 | 19,585 | |||||||||||||
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | (1,882 | ) | (17,542 | ) | 15,660 | (9,510 | ) | (8,032 | ) | ||||||||||
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 2,826 | $ | 25,217 | $ | (22,391 | ) | $ | 13,664 | $ | 11,553 | ||||||||
Underwriting ratios: | |||||||||||||||||||
Loss ratio (1) | 68.5 | % | 59.4 | % | 9.1 | % | 57.2 | % | 2.2 | % | |||||||||
Acquisition cost ratio (1) | 10.5 | % | 20.5 | % | (10.0 | )% | 19.1 | % | 1.4 | % | |||||||||
Operating expense ratio (1) | 29.5 | % | 18.3 | % | 11.2 | % | 22.4 | % | (4.1 | )% | |||||||||
Combined ratio (1) | 108.5 | % | 98.2 | % | 10.3 | % | 98.7 | % | (0.5 | )% | |||||||||
(1) | Refer to "Underwriting Ratios" for a description of how these ratios are calculated. |
Overall Results
The StarStone segment recorded net earnings of $2.8 million in 2017 compared to $25.2 million in 2016, a decrease of $22.4 million. The decrease was primarily attributable to the third quarter catastrophe losses of $53.4 million for hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, partially offset by improved investment results. The combined ratio increased to 108.5% in 2017, compared to 98.2% in 2016, primarily due to the hurricanes in the third quarter of 2017. The catastrophe events contributed 11.7 points to the loss ratio and 11.8 points to the combined ratio. The decrease in net premiums written and earned is primarily due to the 35% whole account quota share reinsurance arrangement with KaylaRe, which covers all business written during underwriting years 2016 and 2017. The decrease of 10.0 points in the acquisition cost ratio is driven by the ceding commission earned on the cession to KaylaRe as described below.
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The increase of 11.2 percentage points in the operating expense ratio is a result of the combination of an increase in operating expenses and lower net premiums earned after the reinsurance cession to KaylaRe.
Investment results are separately discussed below in "Investments."
Gross Premiums Written:
The following table provides gross premiums written by line of business for the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Casualty | $ | 289,274 | $ | 267,352 | $ | 21,922 | $ | 246,956 | $ | 20,396 | |||||||||
Marine | 213,754 | 202,672 | 11,082 | 150,828 | 51,844 | ||||||||||||||
Property | 217,680 | 203,336 | 14,344 | 236,670 | (33,334 | ) | |||||||||||||
Aerospace | 65,804 | 68,104 | (2,300 | ) | 87,703 | (19,599 | ) | ||||||||||||
Workers' Compensation | 108,648 | 113,235 | (4,587 | ) | 102,557 | 10,678 | |||||||||||||
Total | $ | 895,160 | $ | 854,699 | $ | 40,461 | $ | 824,714 | $ | 29,985 | |||||||||
2017 versus 2016: Gross premiums written increased by $40.5 million during 2017 as a result of new business written in the U.S. and Europe for casualty, marine and property lines. Our largest line of business, casualty, experienced growth in U.S. excess casualty, partially offset by a reduction in U.S. healthcare resulting from a change in underwriting strategy. Marine includes diversified lines, with most of the growth in gross premiums written occurring in the marine cargo line. Our property line experienced the most growth; this was a combination of growth in the international property business and also includes a new line of business for mortgage reinsurance where we wrote $5.7 million in respect of two quota share reinsurance treaties covering U.S. mortgages. The aerospace and workers' compensation lines of business decreased, the latter due to the timing of contract renewals, and some opportunistic business written in 2016 that was not renewed in 2017.
2016 versus 2015: Gross premiums written in our marine and casualty lines increased during 2016 as a result of selective growth in new business, including new business written by underwriters hired late in 2015 and during 2016. We continued to expand our geographic reach and range of products in our workers' compensation line. Gross premiums written in both our property and aerospace business decreased. Gross premiums written in the property line were higher in 2015 due to an initial assumption of in-force unearned premium of $31.0 million under quota share agreements with Sussex, following the acquisition by Enstar. Aerospace premiums written were lower following our decision in 2015 to discontinue our space product and certain airlines business that no longer met our pricing standards.
Net Premiums Earned:
The following table provides net premiums earned by line of business for the StarStone segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Casualty | $ | 172,209 | $ | 226,330 | $ | (54,121 | ) | $ | 187,984 | $ | 38,346 | ||||||||
Marine | 117,864 | 162,333 | (44,469 | ) | 116,127 | 46,206 | |||||||||||||
Property | 96,757 | 132,927 | (36,170 | ) | 114,589 | 18,338 | |||||||||||||
Aerospace | 30,148 | 66,937 | (36,789 | ) | 75,515 | (8,578 | ) | ||||||||||||
Workers' Compensation | 42,425 | 88,081 | (45,656 | ) | 78,931 | 9,150 | |||||||||||||
Total | $ | 459,403 | $ | 676,608 | $ | (217,205 | ) | $ | 573,146 | $ | 103,462 | ||||||||
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2017 versus 2016: Net premiums earned for the StarStone segment were $459.4 million in 2017, compared to $676.6 million in 2016, a decrease of $217.2 million. The decrease of $217.2 million in 2017 was primarily attributable to the 35% whole account quota share reinsurance cession to KaylaRe which covers all business written during underwriting years 2016 and 2017. The amount ceded to KaylaRe was $233.9 million. Excluding the amount ceded to KaylaRe, net premiums earned increased by $16.7 million. The increase was driven by casualty, marine and property, while aerospace and workers' compensation decreased in line with decreases in current and prior year decreases in gross premiums written.
2016 versus 2015: Net premiums earned for the StarStone segment were $676.6 million in 2016, compared to $573.1 million in 2015, an increase of $103.5 million. The increase of $103.5 million in 2016 was primarily due to growth in the marine, casualty, property and workers' compensation lines of business.
Net Incurred Losses and LAE:
2017 versus 2016: Net incurred losses and LAE were $314.8 million in 2017, compared to $401.6 million in 2016, a decrease of $86.8 million. The movement for 2017 includes $53.4 million of net incurred losses in respect of the large catastrophe events that occurred in the third quarter of 2017, for hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria. Excluding these large catastrophe events, the movement was a decrease of $139.8 million. The decrease is primarily due to business ceded to KaylaRe under the 35% quota share cession for underwriting years 2016 and 2017. The loss ratio for 2017 was 68.5% (or 56.8% excluding the impact of the catastrophe losses), compared to a loss ratio of 59.4% in 2016. Excluding net prior year loss development, net incurred losses and LAE were $341.6 million in 2017, compared to $415.8 million in 2016.
Net favorable prior year loss development in 2017 was $26.8 million, compared to $14.2 million in 2016. Net favorable prior year loss development in 2017 was primarily related to U.S. excess casualty and workers’ compensation. Net favorable prior year loss development in 2016 was primarily related to marine liability, offshore and terrorism.
2016 versus 2015: Net incurred losses and LAE were $401.6 million in 2016, compared to $327.7 million in 2015, an increase of $73.9 million. Excluding net prior year loss development, net incurred losses and LAE in 2016 were $415.8 million, compared to $367.0 million in 2015.
Net favorable prior year loss development in 2016 was $14.2 million, compared to $39.4 million in 2015. Net favorable prior year loss development in 2016 was primarily related to marine liability, offshore and terrorism. Net favorable prior year loss development in 2015 was primarily related to construction, general property and terrorism.
Acquisition Costs:
2017 versus 2016: Acquisition costs of the StarStone segment were $48.0 million in 2017, compared to $138.8 million in 2016, a decrease of $90.8 million. The decrease of $90.8 million in 2017 was primarily due to the ceding commission of $99.5 million earned on the KaylaRe quota share reinsurance contract. The acquisition cost ratios for 2017 and 2016 were 10.5% and 20.5%, respectively. The ratio decreased by 10.0% in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to the ceding commission earned discussed above. Excluding the impact of the KaylaRe ceding commission, the acquisition cost ratio was 21.2%, which is a slight increase on the prior year ratio of 20.5%.
2016 versus 2015: Acquisition costs of the StarStone segment were $138.8 million in 2016, compared to $109.3 million in 2015, an increase of $29.5 million. The increase of $29.5 million in 2016 was primarily due to an increase of $103.5 million in net premiums earned. The acquisition cost ratio was 20.5% in 2016, compared to 19.1% in 2015, an increase of 1.4%. The increase was primarily due to higher gross premiums written in property and marine, which have higher acquisition cost ratios, partially offset by writing less aerospace, which has a lower acquisition cost ratio.
Operating Expenses:
2017 versus 2016: Operating expenses were $135.6 million in 2017, compared to $124.2 million in 2016, an increase of $11.3 million. The increase of $11.3 million in 2017 was primarily due to an increase in compensation costs in respect of additional headcount for our growth strategies in certain lines of business, and the prior year included the impact of favorable foreign exchange rates.
2016 versus 2015: Operating expenses were $124.2 million in 2016, compared to $128.5 million in 2015, a decrease of $4.3 million. The 2016 decrease in operating expenses was partially due to favorable foreign exchange movement in the U.S. Dollar, resulting in a reduction in expenses in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe in U.S. dollar terms, partially offset by an increase in valuation of stock appreciation right awards outstanding in 2016 as a result of the increase in our share price.
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Fees and Commission Income:
2017 versus 2016: Fees and commission income was $0.6 million in 2017, compared to $5.1 million in 2016, a decrease of $4.5 million. Fees and commission income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 primarily represents income related to the KaylaRe cession, as described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2016 versus 2015: Fees and commission income was $5.1 million in 2016, compared to $nil in 2015, an increase of $5.1 million. The increase of $5.1 million in 2016 was primarily due to the KaylaRe cession, as described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Other Income:
2017 versus 2016: Other income was $0.6 million in 2017, broadly consistent with $0.7 million in 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Other income was $0.7 million in 2016, compared to $3.1 million in 2015, a decrease of $2.3 million, primarily due to higher amortization of acquisition-related fair value adjustments being incurred in 2015 after the acquisition of StarStone by Enstar.
Interest Expense:
2017 versus 2016: Interest expense was $1.9 million in 2017, compared to $nil in 2016, an increase of $1.9 million. The increase of $1.9 million was due to interest charged by KaylaRe in respect of the whole account quota share which is on a funds-withheld basis.
2016 versus 2015: Interest expense in 2016 was immaterial and broadly consistent with 2015.
Net Foreign Exchange Gains (Losses):
2017 versus 2016: Net foreign exchange losses of $0.9 million in 2017, compared to net foreign exchange gains of $0.8 million in 2016, a change of $1.7 million. The net foreign exchange losses were primarily driven by movements in the British Pound and Euro exchange rates against the U.S. Dollar, net of currency matching and hedging activities.
2016 versus 2015: Net foreign exchange gains of $0.8 million in 2016 were broadly consistent with net foreign exchange gains of $0.5 million in 2015.
Income Taxes:
2017 versus 2016: We recorded an income tax benefit of $1.0 million in 2017, compared to an income tax expense of $3.7 million in 2016, a change of $4.7 million. The income tax benefit in 2017 was primarily due to the recognition of deferred tax assets in the U.S. resulting from changes to our U.S. reinsurance program following U.S. tax reform. The income tax expense in 2016 primarily related to corporation tax in our U.S. entities, offset by lower U.K corporation tax due to group relief with the Atrium segment.
2016 versus 2015: We recorded an income tax expense of $3.7 million in 2016, compared to an income tax benefit of $5.9 million in 2015, a change of $9.6 million. The income tax expense in 2016 primarily related to corporation tax in our U.S. entities, offset by lower U.K corporation tax due to group relief with the Atrium segment. The income tax benefit in 2015 was attributable to a reduction in valuation allowances in the U.S and the result of tax loss offsets in the UK.
Noncontrolling Interest:
2017 versus 2016: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest were $1.9 million in 2017, compared to $17.5 million in 2016, a change of $15.7 million, primarily due to the large catastrophe events in the third quarter of 2017, hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, which resulted in lower net earnings in 2017, compared to net earnings in 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest were $17.5 million in 2016, compared to $9.5 million in 2015, a change of $8.0 million, primarily as a result of increased earnings in the StarStone entities in 2016 compared to 2015.
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Other
Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange, our remaining life business and other miscellaneous items. The presentation of the results of our other activities reflect the classification of Pavonia as discontinuing operations and held-for-sale. Following the sale of Pavonia and Laguna, we no longer have any annuity products and our continuing life business will comprise of term life products in Alpha Insurance SA and the life settlements business.
The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for our other activities for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which are summarized below.
For Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 4,809 | $ | 5,735 | $ | (926 | ) | $ | 1,554 | $ | 4,181 | ||||||||
Life and Annuity Policy Benefits | (4,015 | ) | 2,038 | (6,053 | ) | 546 | 1,492 | ||||||||||||
Acquisition costs | (878 | ) | 1,121 | (1,999 | ) | — | 1,121 | ||||||||||||
Underwriting income (loss) | (84 | ) | 8,894 | (8,978 | ) | 2,100 | 6,794 | ||||||||||||
Net investment income | 10,187 | 15,065 | (4,878 | ) | 15,403 | (338 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized losses | (6,941 | ) | (4,994 | ) | (1,947 | ) | (608 | ) | (4,386 | ) | |||||||||
Fees and commission income (expense) | (1,166 | ) | (1,374 | ) | 208 | (11,269 | ) | 9,895 | |||||||||||
Other income (expense) | 648 | 1,393 | (745 | ) | (2,413 | ) | 3,806 | ||||||||||||
Corporate expenses | (37,014 | ) | (61,464 | ) | 24,450 | (15,971 | ) | (45,493 | ) | ||||||||||
Interest expense | 3,329 | 1,871 | 1,458 | 18,466 | (16,595 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) | (4,204 | ) | 207 | (4,411 | ) | 732 | (525 | ) | |||||||||||
Loss on sale of subsidiary | (16,349 | ) | — | (16,349 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||
EARNINGS (LOSSES) BEFORE INCOME TAXES | (51,594 | ) | (40,402 | ) | (11,192 | ) | 6,440 | (46,842 | ) | ||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | 10 | (31 | ) | 41 | — | (31 | ) | ||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSSES) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | (51,584 | ) | (40,433 | ) | (11,151 | ) | 6,440 | (46,873 | ) | ||||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSSES) FROM DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS, NET OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE | 10,993 | 11,963 | (970 | ) | (2,031 | ) | 13,994 | ||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSSES) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | (40,591 | ) | $ | (28,470 | ) | $ | (12,121 | ) | $ | 4,409 | $ | (32,879 | ) | |||||
Overall Results:
Net losses were $40.6 million for 2017 and $28.5 million for 2016, an increase in net losses of $12.1 million which primarily resulted from a loss on sale of our Laguna subsidiary of $16.3 million, a $9.0 million decrease in underwriting income from our remaining Life business and a $4.9 million decrease in net investment income, partially offset by a $15.8 million decrease in stock compensation expense which was higher in 2016 due to the valuation of stock appreciation right awards due to an increase in the share price.
Net losses were $28.5 million in 2016 compared to net earnings of $4.4 million in 2015, a change in net losses of $32.9 million, primarily due to an increase in stock compensation expense of $18.3 million as described above, and $5.3 million of impairment charges on investments in life settlements in 2016 compared to $nil in 2015.
For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the contribution to net earnings from our Pavonia life and annuities business, classified as discontinuing operations, was $11.0 million, $12.0 million and $(2.0) million, respectively. For further information refer to Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinuing Operations" in the Consolidated Financial Statements within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Investment results are separately discussed below in "Investments."
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Underwriting Income:
2017 versus 2016: Underwriting loss was $0.1 million in 2017, compared to underwriting income of $8.9 million in 2016, a decrease of $9.0 million which primarily results from a $7.2 million decrease in underwriting income in respect of our life businesses, Alpha and Laguna.
2016 versus 2015: Underwriting income was $8.9 million in 2016, compared to $2.1 million in 2015, an increase of $6.8 million which primarily results from a $5.1 million increase in underwriting income in respect of Alpha and Laguna.
Fees and Commission Income:
2017 versus 2016: Fee and commission expense was $1.2 million in 2017, which is broadly consistent with an expense of $1.4 million in 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Fee and commission expense was $1.4 million in 2016, compared to an expense of $11.3 million in 2015, a change of $9.9 million, primarily due to 2015 including the impact of the elimination of certain transactions between reportable segments that did not reoccur in 2016.
Corporate Expenses:
2017 versus 2016: Corporate expenses were $37.0 million in 2017, compared to $61.5 million in 2016, a decrease of $24.5 million. The decrease is primarily due to a $15.8 million decrease in stock compensation expense which was higher in 2016 due to the valuation of stock appreciation right awards due to an increase in the share price.
2016 versus 2015: Corporate expenses were $61.5 million in 2016, compared to $16.0 million in 2015, an increase of $45.5 million. The increase is primarily due to an increase in stock compensation expense of $18.3 million in 2016 as described above, and other non-recurring corporate expenses.
Interest Expense:
2017 versus 2016: Interest income was $3.3 million in 2017, reflected on the interest expense line, compared to $1.9 million in 2016, a decrease of $1.5 million. This represents the elimination of interest expense between our reportable segments.
2016 versus 2015: Interest income was $1.9 million in 2016, compared to $18.5 million in 2015, a decrease of $16.6 million. The decrease reflected lower intra-group loan balances following settlement activity.
Net Foreign Exchange Gains (Losses):
2017 versus 2016: Net foreign exchange losses were $4.2 million in 2017, compared to net gains of $0.2 million in 2016, a change of $4.4 million which primarily resulted from foreign exchange losses realized by certain of our Life subsidiaries whose functional currency is the Euro, and who were holding more U.S. dollar assets than U.S. dollar liabilities and who consequently recognized a foreign exchange loss at a time when the U.S. dollar depreciated against the Euro. We manage our foreign currency risk on a consolidated basis by seeking to match our liabilities that are payable in foreign currencies with assets that are denominated in such currencies.
2016 versus 2015: Net foreign exchange gains were $0.2 million in 2016, broadly consistent with net gains of $0.7 million in 2015.
Loss of Sale on Subsidiary and Net Earnings (Losses) from Discontinued Operations, Net of Tax:
During 2017 we sold our wholly-owned Irish life subsidiary Laguna and recorded a loss on sale of $16.3 million.
For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the contribution to net earnings from our Pavonia life and annuities business, classified as discontinuing operations, was $11.0 million, $12.0 million and $(2.0) million, respectively.
For further information refer to Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinuing Operations" in the Consolidated Financial Statements within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Investable Assets
We define investable assets as the sum of total investments, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and funds held. Investments consist primarily of investment grade, liquid, fixed maturity securities of short-to-medium duration, equities and other investments. Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents is comprised mainly of cash, high-grade fixed deposits, and other highly liquid instruments such as commercial paper with maturities of less than three months at the time of acquisition and money market funds. Funds held primarily consists of investment grade, liquid, fixed maturity securities of short-to-medium duration. Assets held-for-sale are excluded from our definition of investable assets.
Investable assets were $9.8 billion as at December 31, 2017 as compared to $8.4 billion as at December 31, 2016, an increase of 16.1%. The increase was primarily due to the investments and funds held balance acquired in relation to the QBE and RSA transactions.
Investment Strategies
Our key investment objectives are as follows:
• | To follow an investment strategy designed to emphasize the security and growth of our invested assets that also meet our credit quality and diversification objectives. |
• | To provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities. |
• | To seek superior risk-adjusted returns, by allocating a portion of our portfolio to non-investment grade securities in accordance with our investment guidelines. |
• | To consider the duration characteristics of our liabilities in determining the extent to which we correlate with assets of comparable duration depending on our other investment strategies and to the extent practicable. |
In the Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone segments, we maintain investment portfolios that are shorter duration than the liabilities in order to provide liquidity for the settlement of losses and, where possible, to avoid having to liquidate longer-dated investments. In the Non-life Run-off segment, the commutations of liabilities also have the potential to accelerate the natural payout of losses, which requires liquidity.
Our fixed maturity securities include U.S. government and agency investments, highly rated sovereign and supranational investments, high-grade corporate investments, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments. We allocate a portion of our investment portfolio to other investments, including private equity funds, fixed income funds, fixed income hedge funds, equity funds, CLO equities, CLO equity funds and private credit funds.
We utilize and pay fees to various companies to provide investment advisory and/or management services. These fees, which are predominantly based upon the amount of assets under management, are included in net investment income. The total fees we paid to our investment managers for the year ended 2017 were $7.5 million, including $1.3 million to our largest single investment manager.
Our investment performance is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, foreign exchange risk, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. An increase in interest rates could result in significant losses, realized or unrealized, in the value of our investment portfolio. A portion of our non-investment grade securities consists of alternative investments that subject us to restrictions on redemption, which may limit our ability to withdraw funds for some period of time after the initial investment. The values of, and returns on, such investments may also be more volatile. For more information on these risks, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Investments" and "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."
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Composition of Investable Assets By Segment
Across all of our segments, we strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. Our remaining life subsidiary did not qualify as a reportable segment and is reflected as Other below. We consider the duration characteristics of our liabilities in determining the extent to which we correlate with assets of comparable duration depending on our other investment strategies and to the extent practicable. If our liquidity needs or general liability profile unexpectedly change, we may adjust the structure of our investment portfolio to meet our revised expectations. The following tables summarize the composition of total investable assets by segment as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2017 | (in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value | $ | 165,388 | $ | 2,452 | $ | 12,371 | $ | — | $ | 180,211 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value | 4,407,094 | 107,083 | 1,181,896 | — | 5,696,073 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value | 44 | 79,246 | — | 130,995 | 210,285 | |||||||||||||||
Equities, trading, at fair value | 97,187 | 2,671 | 6,745 | — | 106,603 | |||||||||||||||
Other investments, at fair value | 732,482 | 6,523 | 159,239 | 15,148 | 913,392 | |||||||||||||||
Other investments, at cost | — | — | — | 125,621 | 125,621 | |||||||||||||||
Total investments | 5,402,195 | 197,975 | 1,360,251 | 271,764 | 7,232,185 | |||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash and cash equivalents) | 868,243 | 51,500 | 264,664 | 28,429 | 1,212,836 | |||||||||||||||
Funds held - directly managed | 1,179,940 | — | — | — | 1,179,940 | |||||||||||||||
Funds held by reinsured companies | 133,731 | 26,646 | 15,006 | — | 175,383 | |||||||||||||||
Total investable assets | $ | 7,584,109 | $ | 276,121 | $ | 1,639,921 | $ | 300,193 | $ | 9,800,344 | ||||||||||
Duration (in years) | 5.67 | 1.86 | 2.33 | 5.52 | 4.98 | |||||||||||||||
Average credit rating (1) | A+ | AA- | AA+ | AA- | A+ | |||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2016 | (in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value | $ | 201,188 | $ | 7,938 | $ | 6,160 | $ | 7,632 | $ | 222,918 | ||||||||||
Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value | — | 268 | — | — | 268 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value | 3,144,811 | 13,320 | 1,199,460 | 30,651 | 4,388,242 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value | 3,108 | 142,562 | — | 121,829 | 267,499 | |||||||||||||||
Equities, trading, at fair value | 88,481 | — | 6,566 | — | 95,047 | |||||||||||||||
Other investments, at fair value | 783,857 | — | 153,190 | — | 937,047 | |||||||||||||||
Other investments, at cost | — | — | — | 131,651 | 131,651 | |||||||||||||||
Total investments | 4,221,445 | 164,088 | 1,365,376 | 291,763 | 6,042,672 | |||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash and cash equivalents) | 912,016 | 83,548 | 295,341 | 27,740 | 1,318,645 | |||||||||||||||
Funds held - directly managed | 994,665 | — | — | — | 994,665 | |||||||||||||||
Funds held by reinsured companies | 48,525 | 22,883 | 10,665 | — | 82,073 | |||||||||||||||
Total investable assets | $ | 6,176,651 | $ | 270,519 | $ | 1,671,382 | $ | 319,503 | $ | 8,438,055 | ||||||||||
Duration (in years) | 2.68 | 1.20 | 2.31 | 2.58 | 2.56 | |||||||||||||||
Average credit rating (1) | AA- | AA | AA- | AA- | AA- | |||||||||||||||
(1) Included in the calculation are the credit ratings of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, fixed maturities and funds held - directly managed at December 31, 2017 and 2016.
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, our investment portfolio, including funds held - directly managed had an average credit quality rating of A+ and AA-respectively. As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, our fixed maturity investments rated lower than BBB- comprised 5.4% and 3.7% of our total investment portfolio, respectively. A detailed schedule of average credit ratings by asset class as at December 31, 2017 is included in Note 6 - "Investments" and Note 7 - "Funds Held - Directly Managed" of our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Schedules of maturities for our fixed maturity securities are included in Note 6 - "Investments" and Note 7 - "Funds Held - Directly Managed" of our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Composition of Investment Portfolio by Asset Class
The following table summarizes the fair value and composition of our investment portfolio by asset class as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AAA Rated | AA Rated | A Rated | BBB Rated | Non-investment Grade | Not Rated | Total | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity and short-term investments, trading and available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government & agency | $ | 556,859 | $ | 1,364 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 558,223 | 7.7 | % | |||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | 134,619 | 409,315 | 79,030 | 62,964 | 6,641 | — | 692,569 | 9.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 123,059 | 375,252 | 1,854,503 | 932,238 | 188,237 | 4,892 | 3,478,181 | 48.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipal | 26,313 | 62,605 | 12,864 | 3,575 | — | — | 105,357 | 1.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 166,386 | 7,425 | 14,204 | 678 | 98,997 | 1,054 | 288,744 | 4.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 222,656 | 38,176 | 77,811 | 59,358 | 9,555 | 13,992 | 421,548 | 5.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 272,784 | 43,539 | 68,489 | 69,116 | 88,019 | — | 541,947 | 7.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 1,502,676 | 937,676 | 2,106,901 | 1,127,929 | 391,449 | 19,938 | 6,086,569 | 84.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. | 106,363 | 1.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
International | 240 | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 106,603 | 1.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Private equity funds | 289,556 | 4.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income funds | 229,999 | 3.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income hedge funds | 63,773 | 0.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity funds | 249,475 | 3.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CLO equities | 56,765 | 0.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CLO equity funds | 12,840 | 0.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Private credit funds | 10,156 | 0.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | 828 | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 913,392 | 12.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Life settlements | 131,896 | 1.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total investments | $ | 1,502,676 | $ | 937,676 | $ | 2,106,901 | $ | 1,127,929 | $ | 391,449 | $ | 19,938 | $ | 7,238,460 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
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December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AAA Rated | AA Rated | A Rated | BBB Rated | Non-investment Grade | Not Rated | Total | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity and short-term investments, trading and available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government & agency | $ | 846,698 | $ | 6,286 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 852,984 | 14.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | 140,357 | 150,569 | 43,771 | 18,089 | — | — | 352,786 | 5.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 105,081 | 465,224 | 1,199,452 | 615,538 | 149,898 | 10,784 | 2,545,977 | 42.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipal | 25,566 | 25,834 | 2,357 | — | — | — | 53,757 | 0.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 370,067 | 403 | 3,487 | — | 97 | 1 | 374,055 | 6.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 100,065 | 41,542 | 41,837 | 16,383 | 77 | 17,308 | 217,212 | 3.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 213,312 | 58,322 | 114,503 | 23,534 | 72,485 | — | 482,156 | 8.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 1,801,146 | 748,180 | 1,405,407 | 673,544 | 222,557 | 28,093 | 4,878,927 | 80.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Equities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. | 95,047 | 1.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 95,047 | 1.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Private equity funds | 300,529 | 5.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income funds | 249,023 | 4.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed income hedge funds | 85,976 | 1.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity funds | 223,571 | 3.7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CLO equities | 61,565 | 1.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CLO equity funds | 15,440 | 0.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | 943 | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 937,047 | 15.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Life settlements | 129,474 | 2.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total investments | $ | 1,801,146 | $ | 748,180 | $ | 1,405,407 | $ | 673,544 | $ | 222,557 | $ | 28,093 | $ | 6,040,495 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
A description of our investment valuation processes is included in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies - Investments" and Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements" of our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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The following table summarizes the composition of our top ten corporate issuers included within our fixed maturity and short-term investments as at December 31, 2017:
Fair Value | Average Credit Rating | ||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||
General Electric Co | $ | 96,016 | A | ||
Lloyds Banking Group PLC | 94,008 | A+ | |||
Apple Inc | 84,879 | AA+ | |||
Wells Fargo & Co | 74,889 | A | |||
JPMorgan Chase & Co | 65,225 | A- | |||
Morgan Stanley | 55,675 | A- | |||
National Australia Bank Ltd | 51,053 | A+ | |||
Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV | 46,942 | A- | |||
Pfizer Inc | 44,787 | A+ | |||
Citigroup Inc | 44,717 | A- | |||
$ | 658,191 | ||||
Composition of Funds Held - Directly Managed by Asset Class
The following table summarizes the fair value and composition of our funds held - directly managed portfolio by asset class as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
AAA Rated | AA Rated | A Rated | BBB Rated | Total | % | |||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government & agency | $ | 69,850 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 69,850 | 5.9 | % | ||||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | — | — | 2,926 | — | 2,926 | 0.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 7,754 | 25,418 | 315,385 | 346,933 | 695,490 | 59.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Municipal | — | 20,921 | 30,449 | 7,560 | 58,930 | 5.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 29,439 | — | — | — | 29,439 | 2.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 202,608 | 6,576 | 2,002 | — | 211,186 | 17.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 93,849 | 3,716 | — | — | 97,565 | 8.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total | 403,500 | 56,631 | 350,762 | 354,493 | 1,165,386 | 98.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Other assets | — | — | — | — | 14,554 | 1.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total funds held - directly managed | $ | 403,500 | $ | 56,631 | $ | 350,762 | $ | 354,493 | $ | 1,179,940 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||
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December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
AAA Rated | AA Rated | A Rated | BBB Rated | Total | % | |||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government & agency | $ | 47,885 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 47,885 | 4.8 | % | ||||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | — | — | 2,913 | 3,048 | 5,961 | 0.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 5,549 | 63,809 | 234,975 | 359,223 | 663,556 | 66.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Municipal | — | 12,839 | 26,088 | — | 38,927 | 3.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 146,429 | 3,015 | 1,951 | — | 151,395 | 15.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 76,130 | 3,676 | — | — | 79,806 | 8.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total | 275,993 | 83,339 | 265,927 | 362,271 | 987,530 | 99.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Other assets | — | — | — | — | 7,135 | 0.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total funds held - directly managed | $ | 275,993 | $ | 83,339 | $ | 265,927 | $ | 362,271 | $ | 994,665 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||
The following table summarizes the composition of our top ten corporate issuers included within our funds held - directly managed as at December 31, 2017:
Fair Value | Average Credit Rating | ||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||
Credit Suisse Group AG | $ | 11,365 | BBB+ | ||
Wells Fargo & Co | 11,336 | A | |||
HSBC Holdings PLC | 11,212 | A | |||
Citigroup Inc | 11,104 | BBB+ | |||
UBS Group AG | 11,041 | A- | |||
Morgan Stanley | 10,981 | A- | |||
Verizon Communications Inc | 10,919 | BBB+ | |||
JPMorgan Chase & Co | 10,720 | A- | |||
Oracle Corp | 9,996 | A+ | |||
UnitedHealth Group Inc | 9,810 | A- | |||
$ | 108,484 | ||||
Eurozone Exposure
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, we owned $26.9 million and $15.0 million, respectively, of investments in fixed maturity securities issued by the sovereign governments of Italy, Ireland and Spain.
Investment Results - Consolidated
Comparability between periods is impacted by our acquisitions and significant new business as described in "Item 1. Business - Recent Acquisitions and Significant New Business" and Note 3 - "Acquisitions" and Note 4 - "Significant New Business" of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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The following table summarizes our consolidated investment results for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income: | (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments | $ | 144,367 | $ | 114,885 | $ | 29,482 | $ | 87,512 | $ | 27,373 | ||||||||||
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents | 9,314 | 4,491 | 4,823 | 5,993 | (1,502 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Funds held | 601 | 22,583 | (21,982 | ) | 234 | 22,349 | ||||||||||||||
Funds held – directly managed | 32,479 | 5,769 | 26,710 | — | 5,769 | |||||||||||||||
Investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents | 186,761 | 147,728 | 39,033 | 93,739 | 53,989 | |||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 4,355 | 4,874 | (519 | ) | 5,580 | (706 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other investments | 14,337 | 22,515 | (8,178 | ) | 11,712 | 10,803 | ||||||||||||||
Life settlements and other | 14,370 | 18,191 | (3,821 | ) | 20,871 | (2,680 | ) | |||||||||||||
Investment income from equities and other investments | 33,062 | 45,580 | (12,518 | ) | 38,163 | 7,417 | ||||||||||||||
Gross investment income | 219,823 | 193,308 | 26,515 | 131,902 | 61,406 | |||||||||||||||
Investment expenses | (11,034 | ) | (7,845 | ) | (3,189 | ) | (9,338 | ) | 1,493 | |||||||||||
Net investment income | $ | 208,789 | $ | 185,463 | $ | 23,326 | $ | 122,564 | $ | 62,899 | ||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities | $ | 5,186 | $ | 2,232 | $ | 2,954 | $ | (4,025 | ) | $ | 6,257 | |||||||||
Net realized investment gains on equity securities, trading | 701 | 5,348 | (4,647 | ) | 19,884 | (14,536 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net realized investment losses on funds held - directly managed | (4,219 | ) | (14,616 | ) | 10,397 | — | (14,616 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total net realized gains (losses) on sale | 1,668 | (7,036 | ) | 8,704 | 15,859 | (22,895 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses): | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, trading | 35,878 | 36,314 | (436 | ) | (52,918 | ) | 89,232 | |||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 16,498 | 6,561 | 9,937 | (21,875 | ) | 28,436 | ||||||||||||||
Other investments | 102,388 | 70,296 | 32,092 | 17,411 | 52,885 | |||||||||||||||
Change in fair value of embedded derivative on funds held – directly managed | 32,928 | (28,317 | ) | 61,245 | — | (28,317 | ) | |||||||||||||
Change in value of fair value option on funds held - directly managed | 974 | — | 974 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total net unrealized gains (losses) | 188,666 | 84,854 | 103,812 | (57,382 | ) | 142,236 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | $ | 190,334 | $ | 77,818 | $ | 112,516 | $ | (41,523 | ) | $ | 119,341 | |||||||||
Investment Book Yield | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income from cash and fixed maturities | $ | 186,761 | $ | 147,728 | $ | 39,033 | $ | 93,739 | $ | 53,989 | ||||||||||
Average aggregate fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents, at cost (1) | $ | 8,362,062 | $ | 7,358,424 | $ | 1,003,638 | $ | 6,343,967 | $ | 1,014,457 | ||||||||||
Investment book yield | 2.23 | % | 2.01 | % | 0.22 | % | 1.48 | % | 0.53 | % | ||||||||||
Financial Statement Portfolio Return | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total financial statement return | $ | 399,123 | $ | 263,281 | $ | 135,842 | $ | 81,041 | $ | 182,240 | ||||||||||
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (1) | $ | 9,545,415 | $ | 8,524,264 | $ | 1,021,151 | $ | 7,492,687 | $ | 1,031,577 | ||||||||||
Financial statement portfolio return | 4.18 | % | 3.09 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.08 | % | 2.01 | % | ||||||||||
(1) These amounts are an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
2017 versus 2016: Net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents increased by $39.0 million during 2017 due to an increase of $1.0 billion in our average fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents. The increase in average fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents was primarily due to the transactions with RSA and QBE. The book yield increased by 22 basis points primarily due to higher reinvestment rates and an increase
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in duration. Net investment income from equities and other investments decreased by $12.5 million primarily due to a decrease in income received from CLO equities and private equity investments.
Net realized and unrealized gains were $190.3 million and $77.8 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of $112.5 million. Included in net realized and unrealized gains are the following items:
• | net realized gains of $1.7 million in 2017, compared to net realized losses of $7.0 million in 2016, an increase of $8.7 million; |
• | net unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities, trading, of $35.9 million in 2017, compared to net unrealized gains of $36.3 million in 2016, a decrease of $0.4 million, primarily driven by increased treasury yields in the current year, offset by tightening credit spreads; |
• | net unrealized gains on equity securities, trading, of $16.5 million in 2017, compared to net unrealized gains of $6.6 million in 2016, an increase of $9.9 million, primarily driven by strong returns in the equity markets in 2017; |
• | change in fair value of other investments of $102.4 million in 2017, compared to change in fair value of other investments of $70.3 million in 2016, an increase of $32.1 million, primarily driven by higher returns in private equity and private equity funds, offset by lower returns on CLO equities, CLO equity funds, bond funds and hedge funds; and |
• | change in fair value of embedded derivative on funds held and change in fair value option on funds held of $33.9 million in 2017, compared to unrealized losses of $28.3 million in 2016, an increase of $62.2 million, primarily driven by the impact of tightening credit spreads. |
2016 versus 2015: Net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents increased by $54.0 million during 2016 due to an increase of $1.0 billion in our average fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents The book yield increased by 53 basis points due to the changing mix in asset allocation as we executed on our investment strategies. Net investment income from equities and other investments increased by $7.4 million primarily due to an increase in the income received from CLO equities and private equity investments.
Net realized and unrealized gains were $77.8 million in 2016 compared to $41.5 million of net realized and unrealized losses in 2015, an increase of $119.3 million. Included in net realized and unrealized gains and losses are the following items:
• | net realized losses of $7.0 million in 2016, compared to net realized gains of $15.9 million in 2015, a decrease of $22.9 million; |
• | net unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities, trading, of $36.3 million in 2016, compared to net unrealized losses of $52.9 million in 2015, an increase of $89.2 million, primarily driven by the impact of tighter credit spreads; |
• | net unrealized gains on equity securities, trading, of $6.6 million in 2016, compared to net unrealized losses of $21.9 million in 2015, an increase of $28.4 million, primarily driven by strong returns in the equity markets in 2016; |
• | change in fair value of other investments of $70.3 million in 2016, compared to change in fair value of other investments of $17.4 million in 2015, an increase of $52.9 million, primarily driven by higher returns in private equity funds, equity funds and CLO equities; and |
• | change in fair value of embedded derivative on funds held of $(28.3) million in 2016, compared to $nil in 2015, a decrease of $28.3 million, primarily driven by the Allianz transaction where we re-positioned the portfolio as we moved from a fixed crediting rate to a variable rate of return on the underlying investments as at October 1, 2016. |
Investment Results - By Segment
The following tables summarize our investment results by segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. These tables have been prepared on a basis consistent with the consolidated table above.
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Non-Life Run-off
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income: | (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments | $ | 113,206 | $ | 88,580 | $ | 24,626 | $ | 68,303 | $ | 20,277 | ||||||||||
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents | 7,516 | 2,973 | 4,543 | 5,032 | (2,059 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Funds held | 601 | 22,583 | (21,982 | ) | 234 | 22,349 | ||||||||||||||
Funds held – directly managed | 32,479 | 5,769 | 26,710 | — | 5,769 | |||||||||||||||
Investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents | 153,802 | 119,905 | 33,897 | 73,569 | 46,336 | |||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 4,234 | 4,705 | (471 | ) | 5,238 | (533 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other investments | 13,914 | 22,159 | (8,245 | ) | 10,508 | 11,651 | ||||||||||||||
Other | 3,093 | 3,897 | (804 | ) | 7,093 | (3,196 | ) | |||||||||||||
Investment income from equities and other investments | 21,241 | 30,761 | (9,520 | ) | 22,839 | 7,922 | ||||||||||||||
Gross investment income | 175,043 | 150,666 | 24,377 | 96,408 | 54,258 | |||||||||||||||
Investment expenses | (8,365 | ) | (5,429 | ) | (2,936 | ) | (7,409 | ) | 1,980 | |||||||||||
Net investment income | $ | 166,678 | $ | 145,237 | $ | 21,441 | $ | 88,999 | $ | 56,238 | ||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities | $ | 7,631 | $ | (13 | ) | $ | 7,644 | $ | (6,016 | ) | $ | 6,003 | ||||||||
Net realized investment gains on equity securities, trading | 659 | 4,871 | (4,212 | ) | 17,298 | (12,427 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net realized investment losses on funds held - directly managed | (4,219 | ) | (14,616 | ) | 10,397 | — | (14,616 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total net realized gains (losses) on sale | 4,071 | (9,758 | ) | 13,829 | 11,282 | (21,040 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses): | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, trading | 28,857 | 36,599 | (7,742 | ) | (43,631 | ) | 80,230 | |||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 15,171 | 6,063 | 9,108 | (19,445 | ) | 25,508 | ||||||||||||||
Other investments | 97,544 | 73,098 | 24,446 | 20,411 | 52,687 | |||||||||||||||
Change in fair value of embedded derivative on funds held – directly managed | 32,928 | (28,317 | ) | 61,245 | — | (28,317 | ) | |||||||||||||
Change in value of fair value option on funds held - directly managed | 974 | — | 974 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total net unrealized gains (losses) | 175,474 | 87,443 | 88,031 | (42,665 | ) | 130,108 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | $ | 179,545 | $ | 77,685 | $ | 101,860 | $ | (31,383 | ) | $ | 109,068 | |||||||||
Investment Book Yield | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income from cash and fixed maturities | $ | 153,802 | $ | 119,905 | $ | 33,897 | $ | 73,569 | $ | 46,336 | ||||||||||
Average aggregate fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents, at cost (1) | $ | 6,449,143 | $ | 5,370,302 | $ | 1,078,841 | $ | 4,694,572 | $ | 675,730 | ||||||||||
Investment book yield | 2.38 | % | 2.23 | % | 0.15 | % | 1.57 | % | 0.66 | % | ||||||||||
Financial Statement Portfolio Return | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total financial statement return | $ | 346,223 | $ | 222,922 | $ | 123,301 | $ | 57,616 | $ | 165,306 | ||||||||||
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (1) | $ | 7,315,153 | $ | 6,279,130 | $ | 1,036,023 | $ | 5,505,610 | $ | 773,520 | ||||||||||
Financial statement portfolio return | 4.73 | % | 3.55 | % | 1.18 | % | 1.05 | % | 2.50 | % | ||||||||||
(1) These amounts are an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
2017 versus 2016: Net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents increased by$33.9 million during 2017 due to an increase of $1.1 billion in our average fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents. The book yield increased by 15 basis points primarily due to higher reinvestment rates and an increase in duration.
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Net investment income from equities and other investments decreased by $9.5 million primarily due to a decrease in income received from CLO equities and private equity investments.
The increase of $101.9 million in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) was comprised of:
• | net realized gains of $4.1 million in 2017, compared to net realized losses of $9.8 million in 2016, an increase of $13.8 million; |
• | net unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities, trading, of $28.9 million in 2017, compared to net unrealized gains of $36.6 million in 2016, a decrease of $7.7 million, primarily due to realizing gains on our asset allocation strategies to extend duration; |
• | net unrealized gains on equity securities, trading of $15.2 million in 2017, compared to net unrealized gains of $6.1 million in 2016, an increase of $9.1 million, primarily driven by strong returns in the equity markets in 2017; |
• | change in fair value of other investments of $97.5 million in 2017, compared to change in fair value of other investments of $73.1 million in 2016, an increase of $24.4 million, primarily driven by higher returns in private equity and private equity funds, offset by lower returns on CLO equities, CLO equity funds, bond funds and hedge funds; and |
• | change in fair value of embedded derivative on funds held and change in fair value option on funds held of $33.9 million in 2017, compared to unrealized losses of $28.3 million in 2016, an increase of $62.2 million, primarily driven by the impact of tightening credit spreads. |
2016 versus 2015: Net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents increased by $46.3 million during 2016 due to an increase of $0.7 billion in our average fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents. The book yield increased by 66 basis points due to the changing mix in asset allocation as we executed on our investment strategies. Net investment income from equities and other investments increased by $7.9 million primarily due to an increase in the income received from CLO equities and private equity investments.
Net realized and unrealized gains were $77.7 million in 2016 compared to $31.4 million unrealized losses in 2015, an increase of $109.1 million. Included in net realized and unrealized gains are the following items:
• | net realized losses of $9.8 million in 2016, compared to net realized gains of $11.3 million in 2015, a decrease of $21.0 million; |
• | net unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities, trading, of $36.6 million in 2016, compared to net unrealized losses of $43.6 million in 2015, an increase of $80.2 million, primarily driven by the impact of tighter credit spreads in the current year; |
• | net unrealized gains on equity securities, trading of $6.1 million in 2016, compared to net unrealized losses of $19.4 million in 2015, an increase of $25.5 million, primarily driven by strong returns in the equity markets in 2016; |
• | change in fair value of other investments of $73.1 million in 2016, compared to change in fair value of other investments of $20.4 million in 2015, an increase of $52.7 million, primarily driven by higher returns in the private equity funds, equity funds and CLO equities; and |
• | change in fair value of embedded derivative on funds held and change in fair value option on funds held of $(28.3) million in 2016, compared to $nil million in 2015, a decrease of $28.3 million, primarily driven by the Allianz transaction where we re-positioned the portfolio as we moved from a fixed crediting rate to a variable rate of return on the underlying investments as at October 1, 2016. |
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Atrium
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income: | (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments | $ | 2,901 | $ | 2,645 | $ | 256 | $ | 2,163 | $ | 482 | ||||||||||
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents | 394 | 652 | (258 | ) | 45 | 607 | ||||||||||||||
Investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents | 3,295 | 3,297 | (2 | ) | 2,208 | 1,089 | ||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 27 | — | 27 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Other | 1,155 | (171 | ) | 1,326 | 220 | (391 | ) | |||||||||||||
Investment income from equities and other investments | 1,182 | (171 | ) | 1,353 | 220 | (391 | ) | |||||||||||||
Gross investment income | 4,477 | 3,126 | 1,351 | 2,428 | 698 | |||||||||||||||
Investment expenses | (259 | ) | (186 | ) | (73 | ) | (203 | ) | 17 | |||||||||||
Net investment income | $ | 4,218 | $ | 2,940 | $ | 1,278 | $ | 2,225 | $ | 715 | ||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities | $ | (118 | ) | $ | 131 | $ | (249 | ) | $ | 252 | $ | (121 | ) | |||||||
Net realized investment gains on equity securities, trading | 17 | — | 17 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total net realized gains (losses) on sale | (101 | ) | 131 | (232 | ) | 252 | (121 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses): | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, trading | (90 | ) | (732 | ) | 642 | — | (732 | ) | ||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 317 | — | 317 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Other investments | 991 | — | 991 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total net unrealized gains (losses) | 1,218 | (732 | ) | 1,950 | — | (732 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | $ | 1,117 | $ | (601 | ) | $ | 1,718 | $ | 252 | $ | (853 | ) | ||||||||
Investment Book Yield | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income from cash and fixed maturities | $ | 3,295 | $ | 3,297 | $ | (2 | ) | $ | 2,208 | $ | 1,089 | |||||||||
Average aggregate fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents, at cost (1) | $ | 263,275 | $ | 308,235 | $ | (44,960 | ) | $ | 321,457 | $ | (13,222 | ) | ||||||||
Investment book yield | 1.25 | % | 1.07 | % | 0.18 | % | 0.69 | % | 0.38 | % | ||||||||||
Financial Statement Portfolio Return | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total financial statement return | $ | 5,335 | $ | 2,339 | $ | 2,996 | $ | 2,477 | $ | (138 | ) | |||||||||
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value(1) | $ | 269,225 | $ | 304,561 | $ | (35,336 | ) | $ | 315,382 | $ | (10,821 | ) | ||||||||
Financial statement portfolio return | 1.98 | % | 0.77 | % | 1.21 | % | 0.79 | % | (0.02 | )% | ||||||||||
(1) These amounts are an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
2017 versus 2016: Atrium's net investment income results were relatively consistent for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The book yield increased by 18 basis points primarily due to higher reinvestment rates and an increase in duration. Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) increased by $1.7 million, primarily driven by the impact of tightening credit spreads and increased returns in other investments and equities.
2016 versus 2015: Net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents increased by $1.1 million during 2016. The book yield increased by 38 basis points primarily due to the changing mix in asset allocation as we executed on our investment strategies. Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) decreased by $0.9 million driven by the impact of increased treasury yields.
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StarStone
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | ||||||||||||||||
Net investment income: | (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments | $ | 26,640 | $ | 21,790 | $ | 4,850 | $ | 15,427 | $ | 6,363 | ||||||||||
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents | 1,280 | 689 | 591 | 839 | (150 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents | 27,920 | 22,479 | 5,441 | 16,266 | 6,213 | |||||||||||||||
Equity securities | 94 | 169 | (75 | ) | 342 | (173 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other | 1,865 | 1,528 | 337 | 1,245 | 283 | |||||||||||||||
Investment income from equities and other investments | 1,959 | 1,697 | 262 | 1,587 | 110 | |||||||||||||||
Gross investment income | 29,879 | 24,176 | 5,703 | 17,853 | 6,323 | |||||||||||||||
Investment expenses | (2,173 | ) | (1,955 | ) | (218 | ) | (1,916 | ) | (39 | ) | ||||||||||
Net investment income | $ | 27,706 | $ | 22,221 | $ | 5,485 | $ | 15,937 | $ | 6,284 | ||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities | $ | (2,687 | ) | $ | 1,409 | $ | (4,096 | ) | $ | 1,730 | $ | (321 | ) | |||||||
Net realized investment gains on equity securities, trading | 24 | 477 | (453 | ) | 2,586 | (2,109 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total net realized gains (losses) on sale | (2,663 | ) | 1,886 | (4,549 | ) | 4,316 | (2,430 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses): | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, trading | 7,227 | 835 | 6,392 | (8,481 | ) | 9,316 | ||||||||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 1,010 | 498 | 512 | (2,430 | ) | 2,928 | ||||||||||||||
Other investments | 11,039 | 2,509 | 8,530 | (3,189 | ) | 5,698 | ||||||||||||||
Total net unrealized gains (losses) | 19,276 | 3,842 | 15,434 | (14,100 | ) | 17,942 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | $ | 16,613 | $ | 5,728 | $ | 10,885 | $ | (9,784 | ) | $ | 15,512 | |||||||||
Investment Book Yield | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income from cash and fixed maturities | $ | 27,920 | $ | 22,479 | $ | 5,441 | $ | 16,266 | $ | 6,213 | ||||||||||
Average aggregate fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents, at cost (1) | $ | 1,482,437 | $ | 1,484,121 | $ | (1,684 | ) | $ | 1,254,192 | $ | 229,929 | |||||||||
Investment book yield | 1.88 | % | 1.51 | % | 0.37 | % | 1.30 | % | 0.21 | % | ||||||||||
Financial Statement Portfolio Return | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total financial statement return | $ | 44,319 | $ | 27,949 | $ | 16,370 | $ | 6,153 | $ | 21,796 | ||||||||||
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value(1) | $ | 1,650,429 | $ | 1,609,747 | $ | 40,682 | $ | 1,514,178 | $ | 95,569 | ||||||||||
Financial statement portfolio return | 2.69 | % | 1.74 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.41 | % | 1.33 | % | ||||||||||
(1) These amounts are an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
2017 versus 2016: Net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents increased by $5.4 million during 2017. The book yield increased by 37 basis points primarily due to higher reinvestment rates and an increase in duration. The increase in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) of $10.9 million was comprised of net unrealized gains of $19.3 million in 2017 compared to net unrealized gains of $3.8 million in 2016, offset by a decrease in realized gains of $4.5 million. The increase in net unrealized gains was due to the tightening credit spreads, partially offset by an increase in yields. The change in fair value of other investments of $8.5 million was due to higher returns on private equities and bond funds.
2016 versus 2015: Net investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents increased by $6.2 million during 2016 due to an increase of $229.9 million in our average investable assets. The book yield increased by 21 basis points primarily due to the changing mix in asset allocation as we executed on our investment strategies. The increase in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) of $15.5 million was comprised of net unrealized gains of $3.8 million in 2016 compared to net unrealized losses of $14.1 million in 2015, offset by a decrease in realized gains
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of $2.4 million. The unrealized gains in 2016 were primarily due to increases in the valuations of our fixed maturities and other investments.
Other Activities
2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | ||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | $ | 10,187 | $ | 15,065 | $ | (4,878 | ) | $ | 15,403 | $ | (338 | ) | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized losses | $ | (6,941 | ) | $ | (4,994 | ) | $ | (1,947 | ) | $ | (608 | ) | $ | (4,386 | ) | |||||
Financial Statement Portfolio Return | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total financial statement return | $ | 3,246 | $ | 10,071 | $ | (6,825 | ) | $ | 14,795 | $ | (4,724 | ) | ||||||||
Average aggregate invested assets, at fair value (1) | $ | 310,608 | $ | 330,826 | $ | (20,218 | ) | $ | 157,517 | $ | 173,309 | |||||||||
Financial statement portfolio return | 1.05 | % | 3.04 | % | (1.99 | )% | 9.39 | % | (6.35 | )% | ||||||||||
(1) These amounts are an average of the amounts disclosed in our quarterly U.S. GAAP consolidated financial statements.
2017 versus 2016: Net investment income decreased by $4.9 million during 2017 primarily due to a decrease in the income from life settlements. Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) decreased by $1.9 million, primarily due to higher impairments on the life settlement portfolio in 2017 compared to 2016.
2016 versus 2015: Net investment income remained relatively consistent with a decrease of $0.3 million for 2016 as compared with 2015. Net realized and unrealized losses decreased by $4.4 million, primarily due to impairments of $5.3 million in the life settlement portfolio in 2016 compared to $nil in 2015.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Enstar aims to generate cash flows from our insurance operations and investments, preserve sufficient capital for future acquisitions, and develop relationships with lenders who provide borrowing capacity at competitive rates.
Our capital resources as at December 31, 2017 included shareholders' equity of $3.1 billion, redeemable noncontrolling interest of $0.5 billion classified as temporary equity, and debt obligations of $0.6 billion. The redeemable noncontrolling interest may be settled in the future in cash or Enstar ordinary shares, at our option. Based on our current loss reserves position, our portfolios of in-force insurance and reinsurance business, and our investment positions, we believe we are well capitalized.
As of December 31, 2017, we had $955.2 million of cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash that supports insurance operations, and included in this amount was $502.9 million held by our foreign subsidiaries outside of Bermuda. Based on our group's current corporate structure with a Bermuda domiciled parent company and the jurisdictions in which we operate, if the cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries were to be distributed to us, as dividends or otherwise, such amount would not be subject to incremental income taxes, however in certain circumstances withholding taxes may be imposed by some jurisdictions, including by the United States. Based on existing tax laws, regulations and our current intentions, there were no accruals as of December 31, 2017 for any material withholding taxes on dividends or other distributions, as described in Note 20 - "Taxation" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Dividends
Enstar has not historically declared a dividend. Our strategy is to retain earnings and invest distributions from our subsidiaries back into the company. We do not currently expect to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares. Any payment of dividends must be approved by our Board of Directors. Our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions, as described in Note 22 - "Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Sources and Uses of Cash
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Holding Company Liquidity
The potential sources of cash flows to Enstar as a holding company consist of cash flows from our subsidiaries including dividends, advances and loans, and interest income on loans to our subsidiaries. We also borrow from our credit facilities and, during 2017, we issued senior notes as described below.
We use cash to fund new acquisitions of companies and significant new business. We also utilize cash for our operating expenses associated with being a public company, and to pay interest and principal on loans from subsidiaries and loans under our credit facilities.
Our holding company cash flows are summarized in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant - Statements of Cash Flows - Parent Company Only for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015" and the notes thereto.
We may, from time to time, raise capital from the issuance of equity, debt or other securities as we continuously evaluate our strategic opportunities. We filed an automatic shelf registration statement on October 10, 2017 with the SEC to allow us to conduct future offerings of certain securities, if desired. This shelf registration statement allows us to issue debt, equity and other securities, whereas our previous shelf registration statement, which expired on September 12, 2017, registered only debt securities.
As we are a holding company and have no substantial operations of our own, our assets consist primarily of investments in subsidiaries and our loans and advances to subsidiaries. Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are restricted by insurance regulation.
Operating Company Liquidity
The ability to pay dividends and make other distributions is limited by the applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries operate, including Bermuda, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and Continental Europe, which subject these subsidiaries to significant regulatory restrictions. These laws and regulations require, among other things, certain of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to maintain minimum capital resources requirements and limit the amount of dividends and other payments that these subsidiaries can pay to us, which in turn may limit our ability to pay dividends and make other payments. For more information on these laws and regulations, see "Item 1. Business - Regulation." As of December 31, 2017, all of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries’ capital resources levels were in excess of the minimum levels required. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions, as described in Note 22 - "Dividend Restrictions and Statutory Financial Information" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions may also be limited by our repayment obligations under certain of our outstanding loan facility agreements. Variability in ultimate loss payments may also result in increased liquidity requirements for our subsidiaries. During 2017, 2016 and 2015, our regulated subsidiaries paid aggregate capital distributions and dividends of $580.3 million, $517.1 million and $723.1 million, respectively.
In the Non-life Run-off segment, sources of funds primarily consist of cash and investment portfolios acquired on the completion of acquisitions and loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements. Cash balances acquired upon our purchase of insurance or reinsurance companies are classified as cash provided by investing activities. Cash acquired from loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements is classified as cash provided by operating activities. We expect to use funds acquired from cash and investment portfolios, collected premiums, collections from reinsurance debtors, fees and commission income, investment income and proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments to meet expected claims payments and operational expenses with the remainder used for acquisitions and additional investments. In the Non-life Run-off segment, we generally expect negative operating cash flows to be met by positive investing cash flows.
In the Atrium and StarStone segments we expect a net provision of cash from operations as investment income earned and collected premiums should generally be in excess of total net claim payments, losses incurred on earned premiums and operating expenses. However, we expect operating cash flow in these segments will be impacted by large losses such as hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria.
Overall, we expect our cash flows, together with our existing capital base and cash and investments acquired on the acquisition of insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, to be sufficient to meet cash requirements and to operate our business.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows, including those related to restricted cash, from operating, investing and financing activities in the last three years:
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cash provided by (used in): | 2017 | 2016 | Change | 2015 | Change | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | $ | (343,107 | ) | $ | (202,689 | ) | $ | (140,418 | ) | $ | (265,152 | ) | $ | 62,463 | ||||||
Investing activities | 293,262 | 156,709 | 136,553 | 19,885 | 136,824 | |||||||||||||||
Financing activities | (65,476 | ) | 83,441 | (148,917 | ) | 129,347 | (45,906 | ) | ||||||||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 9,512 | (13,985 | ) | 23,497 | (18,533 | ) | 4,548 | |||||||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (105,809 | ) | 23,476 | (129,285 | ) | (134,453 | ) | 157,929 | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 1,318,645 | 1,295,169 | 23,476 | 1,429,622 | (134,453 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 1,212,836 | $ | 1,318,645 | $ | (105,809 | ) | $ | 1,295,169 | $ | 23,476 | |||||||||
Details of our consolidated cash flows are included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015."
2017 versus 2016: Cash used in operating activities was $343.1 million and $202.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The negative operating cash flow was predominantly driven by: (i) net paid losses in our Non-Life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $581.7 million and $533.8 million, respectively; partially offset by (ii) cash and restricted cash acquired in Non-life Run-off reinsurance transactions for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $428.6 million and $174.5 million, respectively.
Cash provided by investing activities for 2017 primarily related to net cash provided by sale of subsidiaries of $122.4 million, compared to net cash used in acquisitions of $18.5 million 2016. In addition, net redemptions of other investments and net sales of available for sale securities provided cash of $122.9 million and $71.5 million, compared to $154.0 million and $29.0 million, in 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Cash used in financing activities for 2017 primarily related to net outflows of $38.0 million from our credit facilities, consisting of the repayment of the Sussex Facility in full, the repayment of a portion of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility, partially offset by the issuance of our $350.0 million Senior Notes. In addition we paid $27.5 million in dividends to noncontrolling interests. During 2016, we had net inflows of $77.8 million from our credit facilities primarily utilized to finance acquisitions and significant new business.
2016 versus 2015: Cash used in operating activities was $202.7 million and $265.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The negative operating cash flow was predominantly driven by: (i) net paid losses in our Non-Life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 of $533.8 million and $517.3 million, respectively, partially offset by (ii) cash and restricted cash acquired in Non-life Run-off reinsurance transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 of $174.5 million and $468.3 million, respectively.
Cash provided by investing activities for 2016 primarily related to net redemptions of other investments of $154.0 million. Cash provided by investing activities for 2015 primarily related to net purchases of other investments of $149.9 million and purchases of available for sale securities of $102.2 million, offset by acquisitions net of cash acquired of $130.7 million and sales and maturities of available for sale securities of $142.8 million.
Cash provided by financing activities for 2016 primarily related to net inflows of $77.8 million from our credit facilities, including the drawdown of a new three-year term loan of $75.0 million as discussed below, which was primarily utilized to finance acquisitions and significant new business. During 2015, we had net inflows of $280.2 million from our credit facilities primarily utilized to finance acquisitions and significant new business, offset by an outflow of $150.4 million relating to the purchase of noncontrolling interests.
Investments and Cash and Cash Equivalents
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and investments of $8.4 billion and $7.4 billion, respectively. The increase is primarily related to the transactions with QBE and RSA.
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For information regarding our investment strategy, portfolio and results, refer to "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investments."
Reinsurance Balances Recoverable
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had reinsurance balances recoverable of $2.0 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. The increase is primarily related to the transactions with QBE and RSA.
Our insurance and reinsurance run-off subsidiaries and portfolios, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance assumed. On an annual basis, both Atrium and StarStone purchase a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage their risk profiles. The majority of Atrium’s and StarStone's third-party reinsurance cover is with highly rated reinsurers or is collateralized by letters of credit.
We remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires do not meet their obligations under these agreements, and therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible.
For further information regarding our reinsurance balances recoverable, refer to Note 10 - "Reinsurance Balances Recoverable" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Funds Held
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had funds held - directly managed of $1.2 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. The increase was primarily due to the completion on January 11, 2017 of our transaction with QBE to reinsure portfolios of QBE's run-off business, which was completed on a partial funds held basis. Our funds held - directly managed is carried on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value due to a variable investment crediting rate on the Allianz transaction, which was completed in 2016, and the election of the fair value option for the reinsurance transaction with QBE. For further information regarding our funds held - directly managed, refer to Note 7 - "Funds Held - Directly Managed" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In addition, as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had funds held by ceding companies of $175.4 million and $82.1 million, respectively, which are carried at cost with a fixed crediting rate.
For information regarding credit risk, refer to "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Credit Risk - Funds Held" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Debt Obligations
We utilize loan facilities primarily for acquisitions and, from time to time, for general corporate purposes. For information regarding our loan facilities, including our loan covenants, refer to Note 15 - "Debt Obligations" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Under our facilities, debt obligations as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $646.7 million and $673.6 million, respectively.
On March 10, 2017, we issued Senior Notes (the "Notes") for an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million. The Notes pay 4.5% interest semi-annually and mature on March 10, 2022. The Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations that rank equal to any of our other unsecured and unsubordinated, senior to any future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the Notes, effectively subordinated to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all liabilities of our subsidiaries.
Our main facility is the Enstar Group Limited Revolving Credit Facility (the "EGL Revolving Credit Facility"), originated on September 16, 2014 for a 5-year term, and most recently amended on March 20, 2017. This facility is among the Parent Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers and as guarantors, and various financial institutions. We are permitted to borrow up to an aggregate of $831.3 million. The individual outstanding loans under the facility are short-term loans with an interest rate of LIBOR plus a margin and utilization fee as set forth in the credit facility agreement. As at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were borrowings of €50.0 million (approximately $60.1 million) and €75.0 million (approximately $88.5 million), respectively, under the facility that were designated as non-derivative hedges of our net investment in certain subsidiaries whose functional currency is denominated in Euros. During 2017, we repaid €25.0 million (approximately $29.5 million) of the non-derivative hedge and reclassified the related foreign exchange losses of $1.1 million previously deferred in currency translation
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adjustment within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings. As at December 31, 2017 there was $607.2 million of available unutilized capacity under the EGL Revolving Credit Facility. Subsequent to December 31, 2017, we utilized $307.4 million and repaid $132.0 million bringing the available unutilized capacity under this facility to $431.8 million.
We also have a three-year unsecured term loan (the "EGL Term Loan Facility") that was originated on November 18, 2016. As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, the outstanding principal under this facility was $74.1 million and $75.0 million, respectively.
In June 2017, we repaid the outstanding principal on a four-year term loan we had entered into in connection with our acquisition of Sussex, and the facility has been terminated. As at December 31, 2016 the outstanding principal under this facility was $63.5 million.
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Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2017, our future payments under contractual obligations and estimated payments for losses and LAE and policy benefits by expected payment date. The table excludes short-term liabilities and includes only obligations that are expected to be settled in cash.
Total | Less than 1 Year | 1 - 3 years | 3 - 5 years | 6 - 10 years | More than 10 Years | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating Activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Estimated gross reserves for losses and LAE (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Asbestos | $ | 1,789.9 | $ | 95.4 | $ | 186.7 | $ | 175.2 | $ | 318.6 | $ | 1,014.0 | |||||||||||
Environmental | 191.6 | 26.4 | 45.5 | 35.1 | 42.5 | 42.2 | |||||||||||||||||
General Casualty | 610.8 | 132.5 | 161.3 | 92.0 | 92.4 | 132.6 | |||||||||||||||||
Workers' compensation/personal accident | 2,207.4 | 229.3 | 366.3 | 280.6 | 398.6 | 932.5 | |||||||||||||||||
Marine, aviation and transit | 194.2 | 37.8 | 48.1 | 23.3 | 41.3 | 43.7 | |||||||||||||||||
Construction defect | 164.3 | 30.7 | 51.1 | 36.8 | 32.9 | 12.8 | |||||||||||||||||
Professional indemnity/ Directors & Officers | 255.4 | 77.3 | 88.5 | 40.6 | 33.0 | 16.1 | |||||||||||||||||
Other | 676.0 | 136.3 | 152.1 | 85.4 | 97.2 | 204.9 | |||||||||||||||||
Total Non-Life Run-off | 6,089.6 | 765.7 | 1,099.5 | 769.0 | 1,056.5 | 2,399.0 | |||||||||||||||||
Atrium | 228.9 | 71.7 | 97.0 | 37.6 | 18.7 | 3.9 | |||||||||||||||||
StarStone | 1,190.2 | 449.2 | 450.1 | 172.9 | 112.1 | 5.9 | |||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 321.1 | 45.4 | 62.2 | 41.0 | 65.4 | 107.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Estimated gross reserves for losses and LAE (1) | 7,829.8 | 1,332.1 | 1,708.7 | 1,020.4 | 1,252.7 | 2,516.0 | |||||||||||||||||
Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts (2) | 134.0 | 6.3 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 30.5 | 72.8 | |||||||||||||||||
Operating lease obligations | 62.8 | 11.0 | 18.5 | 12.8 | 18.1 | 2.3 | |||||||||||||||||
Investing Activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment commitments to private equity funds | 164.7 | 69.8 | 68.9 | 26.0 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Life settlements premium | 221.2 | 17.8 | 34.3 | 30.9 | 67.9 | 70.3 | |||||||||||||||||
Financing Activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Loan repayments (including estimated interest payments) | 748.3 | 36.6 | 338.1 | 373.6 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 9,160.8 | $ | 1,473.6 | $ | 2,180.6 | $ | 1,476.0 | $ | 1,369.2 | $ | 2,661.4 | |||||||||||
(1) | The reserves for losses and LAE represent management’s estimate of the ultimate cost of settling losses. The estimation of losses is based on various complex and subjective judgments. Actual losses paid may differ, perhaps significantly, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. Similarly, the timing of payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and there may be significant changes in actual payment activity. The assumptions used in estimating the likely payments due by period are based on our historical claims payment experience and industry payment patterns, but due to the inherent uncertainty in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any such period can be significantly different from the amounts disclosed above. The amounts in the above table represent our estimates of known liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and do not take into account corresponding reinsurance recoverable amounts that would be due to us. Furthermore, certain of the reserves included in the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017 were acquired by us and initially recorded at fair value with subsequent amortization, whereas the expected payments by period in the table above are the estimated payments at a future time and do not reflect the fair value adjustment in the amount payable. |
(2) | Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts recorded in our audited consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017 of $117.2 million are computed on a discounted basis, whereas the expected payments by period in the table above are the estimated payments at a future time and do not reflect a discount of the amount payable. Amounts related to Pavonia Life Insurance Company of New York are excluded as these are classified as liabilities held for sale, as described in Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinuing Operations" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. |
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In addition to the contractual obligations in the table above, we also have the right to purchase the redeemable noncontrolling interests ("RNCI") from the RNCI holders at certain times in the future (each such right, a "call right") and the RNCI holders have the right to sell their RNCI interests to us at certain times in the future (each such right, a "put right"). The RNCI rights are described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
For additional information relating to our commitments and contingencies, see Note 23 - "Commitments and Contingencies" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2017, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by Item 303(a) (4) of Regulation S-K.
Critical Accounting Policies
We believe the following accounting policies impact the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.
Accounting for Acquisitions - Fair Value Measurement
The most significant liabilities and assets of an acquired company are typically the liability for losses and LAE, and the assets related to cash, investments and any reinsurance balances recoverable that may be contractually due to the acquired entity. The market for acquisition of run-off companies is not always sufficiently active and transparent to enable us to identify reliable, market exit values for acquired assets and liabilities. Accordingly, consistent with provisions of U.S. GAAP, we have developed internal models that we believe allow us to determine fair values that are reasonable proxies for market exit values. We are familiar with the major participants in the acquisition run-off market and believe that the key assumptions we make in valuing acquired assets and liabilities are consistent with the kinds of assumptions made by such market participants. Furthermore, in our negotiation of purchase prices with sellers, it is frequently clear to us that other bidders in the market are using models and assumptions similar in nature to ours during the competitive bid process. The majority of acquisitions are completed following a public tender process whereby the seller invites market participants to provide bids for the target acquisition.
We account for business acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the acquirer record the assets and liabilities acquired at their estimated fair value. The fair values of each of the insurance and reinsurance assets and liabilities acquired are derived from probability-weighted ranges of the associated projected cash flows, based on actuarially prepared information and management’s run-off strategy. Our run-off strategy, as well as that of other run-off market participants, is expected to be different from the seller’s as generally sellers are not specialized in running off insurance and reinsurance liabilities whereas we and other market participants do specialize in such run-offs.
The key assumptions used by us and, we believe, by other run-off market participants in the fair valuation of acquired companies are (i) the projected payout, timing and amounts of claims liabilities; (ii) the related projected timing and amount of reinsurance collections; (iii) an appropriate discount rate, which is applied to determine the present value of the future cash flows; (iv) the estimated ULAE to be incurred over the life of the run-off; (v) the impact that any accelerated run-off strategy may have on the adequacy of acquired bad debt provisions; and (vi) an appropriate risk margin.
The probability-weighted projected cash flows of the acquired company are based on projected claims payouts provided by the seller predominantly in the form of the seller’s most recent independent actuarial reserve report. In the absence of the seller’s actuarial reserve report, our actuaries will determine the estimated claims payout. In certain jurisdictions, the local legislation provides for the possibility of pursuing strategies to achieve complete finality and conclude the run-off of a company, such as solvent schemes of arrangement. If appropriate we may estimate the probability of being able to complete a solvent scheme of arrangement and factor that into the claims payout projections.
On acquisition, we make a provision for ULAE liabilities. This provision considers the adequacy of the provision maintained and recorded by the seller in light of our run-off strategy and estimated ULAE to be incurred over the life of the acquired run-off as projected by the seller’s actuaries or, in their absence, our actuaries. To the extent that our estimate of the total ULAE provision is different from the seller’s, an adjustment will be made. While our objective is to accelerate the run-off by completing commutations of assumed and ceded business (which would have the effect of shortening the life, and therefore the cost, of the run-off), the success of this strategy is far from certain. Therefore,
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the estimates of ULAE are based on running off the liabilities and assets over the actuarially projected life of the run-off. In those domiciles where solvent schemes of arrangement are available, management’s estimates of the total ULAE are probability-weighted in accordance with the estimated time that a solvent scheme of arrangement could be completed, which has the effect of reducing the period of the run-off and the related ULAE. For those acquisitions in domiciles where solvent schemes of arrangement are not available, the ULAE are estimated over the projected life of the run-off.
We believe that providing for ULAE based on our run-off strategy is appropriate in determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired in an acquisition of a run-off company. We believe that other participants in the run-off acquisition marketplace factor into the price to pay for an acquisition the estimated cost of running off the acquired company based on how that participant expects to manage the assets and liabilities.
The difference between the carrying value of reserves acquired at the date of acquisition and the fair value is the Fair Value Adjustment, ("FVA"). The FVA is amortized over the estimated payout period and adjusted for accelerations on commutation settlements or any other new information or subsequent change in circumstances after the date of acquisition. To the extent the actual payout experience after the acquisition is materially faster or slower than anticipated at the time of the acquisition, there is an adjustment to the estimated ultimate loss reserves, or there are changes in bad debt provisions or in estimates of future run-off costs following accelerated payouts, then the amortization of the FVA is accelerated or decelerated, as the case may be, to reflect such changes.
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Non-Life Run-off
The following table provides a breakdown of gross losses and LAE reserves, consisting of Outstanding Loss Reserve ("OLR"), IBNR, fair value adjustments and ULAE, by type of exposure, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
OLR | IBNR | Total | OLR | IBNR | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Asbestos | $ | 366,446 | $ | 1,434,598 | $ | 1,801,044 | $ | 265,144 | $ | 584,757 | $ | 849,901 | |||||||||||
Environmental | 95,801 | 95,259 | 191,060 | 100,128 | 71,722 | 171,850 | |||||||||||||||||
General casualty | 344,425 | 266,526 | 610,951 | 428,210 | 317,613 | 745,823 | |||||||||||||||||
Workers' compensation/personal accident | 1,458,430 | 748,949 | 2,207,379 | 1,389,097 | 701,616 | 2,090,713 | |||||||||||||||||
Marine, aviation and transit | 109,102 | 56,284 | 165,386 | 54,025 | 35,744 | 89,769 | |||||||||||||||||
Construction defect | 28,701 | 135,608 | 164,309 | 40,446 | 121,551 | 161,997 | |||||||||||||||||
Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers | 214,803 | 40,265 | 255,068 | 110,208 | 61,663 | 171,871 | |||||||||||||||||
Other | 567,995 | 126,438 | 694,433 | 310,478 | 40,993 | 351,471 | |||||||||||||||||
$ | 3,185,703 | $ | 2,903,927 | $ | 6,089,630 | $ | 2,697,736 | $ | 1,935,659 | $ | 4,633,395 | ||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (125,998 | ) | (135,368 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments - fair value option | (314,748 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | 5,648,884 | $ | 4,498,027 | ||||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 300,588 | 218,336 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 5,949,472 | $ | 4,716,363 | |||||||||||||||||||
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The following table provides a breakdown of losses and LAE reserves (net of reinsurance balances recoverable and deferred charges) by type of exposure as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||
Total | % of Total | Total | % of Total | ||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||
Asbestos | $ | 1,678,822 | 37.4 | % | $ | 815,766 | 22.5 | % | |||||
Environmental | 184,394 | 4.1 | % | 164,051 | 4.5 | % | |||||||
General casualty | 471,538 | 10.5 | % | 496,043 | 13.7 | % | |||||||
Workers' compensation/personal accident | 1,260,426 | 28.1 | % | 1,492,391 | 41.4 | % | |||||||
Marine, aviation and transit | 142,005 | 3.2 | % | 84,076 | 2.3 | % | |||||||
Construction defect | 149,713 | 3.3 | % | 124,568 | 3.4 | % | |||||||
Professional Indemnity/Directors and Officers | 220,618 | 4.9 | % | 153,342 | 4.2 | % | |||||||
Other | 459,675 | 10.2 | % | 288,320 | 8.0 | % | |||||||
Fair value adjustments | (113,028 | ) | (2.5 | )% | (121,483 | ) | (3.4 | )% | |||||
Fair value adjustments - fair value option | (182,764 | ) | (4.1 | )% | — | — | % | ||||||
Deferred charges | (80,192 | ) | (1.8 | )% | (94,551 | ) | (2.6 | )% | |||||
ULAE | 300,588 | 6.7 | % | 218,336 | 6.0 | % | |||||||
Total | $ | 4,491,795 | 100.0 | % | $ | 3,620,859 | 100.0 | % | |||||
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the IBNR reserves (net of reinsurance balances receivable) accounted for $2,313.8 million, or 51.5% and $1,542.1 million, or 42.6%, respectively of our total Non-life Run-off net losses and LAE.
Our primary objective in running off the operations of acquired companies and portfolios of insurance and reinsurance business in run-off is to increase book value by settling loss reserves below their acquired fair value. The earnings created in each acquired company or portfolio of insurance and reinsurance business, together with the related decrease in loss reserves, lead to a reduction in the capital required for each company, thereby providing the ability to distribute both earnings and excess capital to the parent company.
• | To the extent that the nature of the acquired loss reserves are conducive to commutation, our aim is to settle the majority of the acquired loss reserves within a time frame of approximately five to seven years from the date of acquisition. |
• | To the extent that acquired reserves are not conducive to commutation, we will instead adopt a disciplined claims management approach to pay only valid claims on a timely basis and endeavor to reduce the level of acquired LAE provisions by streamlining claims handling procedures. |
By adopting either of the above run-off strategies, we would expect that over the targeted life of the run-off, acquired ultimate loss reserves would settle below their recorded fair value, resulting in reductions in ultimate losses and LAE liabilities. There can be no assurance, however, that we will successfully implement our strategy.
Commutations of blocks of policies, along with disciplined claims management, have the potential to produce favorable claims development compared to established reserves. For each newly-acquired company, we determine a commutation strategy that broadly identifies commutation targets using the following criteria:
• | previous commutations completed by existing portfolio companies with policyholders of the newly-acquired company; |
• | nature of liabilities; |
• | size of incurred loss reserves; |
• | recent loss development history; and |
• | targets for claims audits. |
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Once commutation targets are identified, they are prioritized into target years of completion. At the beginning of each year, the approach to commutation negotiations is determined by the commutation team, including claims and exposure analysis and broker account reconciliations. On completion of this analysis, settlement parameters are set around incurred liabilities. Commutation discussions can take many months or even years to come to fruition. Commutation targets not completed in a particular year are re-prioritized for the following year.
Every commutation, irrespective of value, requires the approval of our senior management. The impact of the commutation activity on the IBNR reserve is reflected as part of our annual actuarial reviews of reserves. However, if a significant commutation is completed during the year, loss reserves will be adjusted in the corresponding quarter to reflect management’s then best estimate of the impact on remaining IBNR reserves.
Commutations provide an opportunity for us to exit exposures to entire policies with insureds and reinsureds for an agreed upon payment, or payments, often at a discount to the previously estimated ultimate liability. As a result of exiting all exposures to such policies, all advised case reserves and IBNR reserves relating to the insured or reinsured are eliminated. A commutation is recognized upon the execution of a commutation release agreement. Following completion of a commutation, all the related balances, including insurance and reinsurance balances payable and/or receivable, funds held by ceding companies, and losses and LAE (including fair value adjustments and estimated IBNR), are written off with corresponding gain or loss recorded in the net reduction of ultimate losses. A commutation may result in a net gain irrespective of whether the settlement exceeds the advised case reserves. Advised case reserves are those reserve estimates for a specific loss or losses reported by either the broker or insured or reinsured.
IBNR reserves are established at a class of business level. A commutation settlement is a negotiated settlement of both the advised case reserves and an estimate of the IBNR reserves that relate to the policies being commuted.
For latent exposures with a long reporting tail, the estimated level of IBNR reserves may be significantly higher than the advised case reserves. In such an instance, the commutation settlement of a block of such policies may be greater than the advised case reserves but less than the aggregate of the advised case reserves plus the estimated related IBNR reserves, resulting in a total saving on the remaining liability.
On a quarterly basis, we adjust our estimates of ultimate loss and LAE liabilities in the quarter that any significant commutation is concluded. The agreed commutation settlement is recorded in net losses paid.
To the extent that commuted policies are protected by reinsurance, then we will, on completion of a commutation with an insured or reinsured, negotiate with the reinsurers to contribute their share of the commutation settlement. Any amounts received from such reinsurers will be recorded in net losses paid and the impact of any savings or loss on reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses will be included in the actuarial reassessment of net ultimate liabilities.
Annual Losses and Loss Adjustment Reviews
Because a significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event, the liability for unpaid losses and LAE is based largely upon estimates. On a quarterly basis, our management must use considerable judgment in the process of developing these estimates. Management reviews the actual loss development in the quarter and receives input from the actuarial, claims and legal staff on the drivers of any favorable or unfavorable loss emergence. The liability for unpaid losses and LAE for property and casualty business includes amounts determined from loss reports on individual cases and amounts for IBNR reserves.
Loss advices or reports from ceding companies are generally provided via the placing broker and comprise treaty statements, individual claims files, electronic messages and large loss advices or cash calls.
• | Large loss advices and cash calls are provided to us as soon as practicable after an individual loss or claim is made or settled by the insured. |
• | The remaining broker advices are issued monthly, quarterly or annually depending on the provisions of the individual policies or the ceding company’s practice. |
• | For certain direct insurance policies where the claims are managed by Third Party Administrators (TPAs) and Managing General Agents (MGAs), loss bordereaux are received either monthly or quarterly depending on the arrangement with the TPA and MGA. Loss advices for direct insurance policies may be received from the broker, agent or directly from the insured. |
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Where we provide reinsurance or retrocession reinsurance protection, the process of claims advice from the direct insurer to the reinsurers and/or retrocessionaires naturally involves more levels of communication, which inevitably creates delays or lags in the receipt of loss advice by the reinsurers/retrocessionaires relative to the date of first advice to the direct insurer. Certain types of exposure, typically latent health exposures such as asbestos-related claims, have inherently long reporting delays, in some cases many years, from the date a loss occurred to the manifestation and reporting of a claim and ultimately until the final settlement of the claim.
An industry-wide weakness in cedant reporting affects the adequacy and accuracy of reserving for advised claims. We attempt to mitigate this inherent weakness as follows:
• | We closely monitor cedant loss reporting and, for those cedants identified as providing inadequate, untimely or unusual reporting of losses, we conduct, in accordance with the provisions of the insurance and reinsurance contracts, detailed claims audits at the insured’s or reinsured’s premises. Such claims audits have the benefit of validating advised claims, determining whether the cedant’s loss reserving practices and reporting are adequate and identifying potential loss reserving issues of which our actuaries need to be made aware. Any required adjustments to advised claims reserves reported by cedants identified during the claims audits will be recorded as an adjustment to the advised case reserve. |
• | Onsite claims audits are often supplemented by further reviews by our internal and external legal advisors to determine the reasonableness of advised case reserves and, if considered necessary, an adjustment to the reported case reserve will be recorded. |
• | Our actuaries project expected paid and incurred loss development for each class of business, which is monitored on a quarterly basis. Should actual paid and incurred development differ significantly from the expected paid and incurred development, we will investigate the cause and, in conjunction with our actuaries, consider whether any adjustment to total loss reserves is required. |
• | Our actuaries consider the quality of ceding company data as part of their ongoing evaluation of the liability for ultimate losses and LAE, and the methodologies they select for estimating ultimate losses inherently compensate for potential weaknesses in this data, including weaknesses in loss reports provided by cedants. |
We strive to apply the highest standards of discipline and professionalism to our claims adjusting, processing and settlement, and disputes with cedants are rare. However, we are from time to time involved in various disputes and legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our claims adjusting process. We are often involved in disputes commenced by other co-insurers who act in unison with any litigation or dispute resolution controlled by the lead underwriter. Coverage disputes arise when the insured/reinsured and insurer/reinsurer cannot reach agreement as to the interpretation of the policy and/or application of the policy to a claim. Most insurance and reinsurance policies contain dispute resolution clauses requiring arbitration or mediation. In the absence of a contractual dispute resolution process, civil litigation would be commenced. We aim to reach a commercially acceptable resolution to any dispute, using arbitration or litigation as a last resort. We regularly monitor and provide internal reports on disputes involving arbitration and litigation and engage external legal counsel to provide professional advice and assist with case management.
In establishing reserves, management includes amounts for IBNR reserves using information from the actuarial estimates of ultimate losses. We use generally accepted actuarial methodologies to estimate ultimate losses and LAE and those estimates are reviewed by our management. On an annual basis, independent actuarial firms are retained by management to provide their estimates of ultimate losses and to review the estimates developed by our actuaries.
Nearly all of our unpaid claims liabilities are considered to have a long claims payout tail. Gross loss reserves, excluding fair value and ULAE, for our non-life run-off subsidiaries relate primarily to casualty exposures, including latent claims, of which 32.7% in 2017 (2016: 22.1%) relate to asbestos and environmental ("A&E") exposures.
Within the annual loss reserve studies produced by either our actuaries or independent actuaries, exposures for each subsidiary are separated into homogeneous reserving categories for the purpose of estimating IBNR. Each reserving category contains either direct insurance or assumed reinsurance reserves and groups relatively similar types of risks and exposures (for example, asbestos, environmental, casualty, property) and lines of business written (for example, marine, aviation, non-marine). Based on the exposure characteristics and the nature of available data for each individual reserving category, a number of methodologies are applied. Recorded reserves for each category are selected from the actuarial indications produced by the various methodologies after consideration of exposure characteristics, data limitations and strengths and weaknesses of each method applied. This approach to estimating IBNR has been consistently adopted in the annual loss reserve studies for each period presented.
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Our management, through the loss reserving committees, considers the reasonableness of loss reserves recommended by our actuaries, including actual loss development during the year, using the following reports produced internally on a quarterly basis for each of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries:
• | Gross, ceded and net incurred loss report - This report provides, for each reporting period, the total (including commuted policies) gross, ceded and net incurred loss development for each company and a commentary on each company’s loss development. The report highlights the causes of any unusual or significant loss development activity (including commutations). |
• | Actual versus expected gross incurred loss development schedule - This schedule provides a summary, and commentary thereon, of each company’s (excluding companies or portfolios of business acquired in the current year) non-commuted incurred gross losses compared to the estimate of the development of non-commuted incurred gross losses provided by our actuaries at the beginning of the year as part of the prior year’s reserving process. |
• | Commutations summary schedule - This schedule summarizes all commutations completed during the year for all companies, and identifies the policyholder with which we commuted, the incurred losses settled by the commutation (comprising outstanding unpaid losses and case reserves) and the amount of the commutation settlement. |
• | Analysis of paid, incurred and ultimate losses - This analysis for each company, and in the aggregate, provides a summary of the gross, ceded and net paid and incurred losses and the impact of applying our actuaries’ recommended loss reserves. This report, reviewed in conjunction with the previous reports, provides an analytical tool to review each company’s incurred loss or gain and reduction in IBNR reserves to assess whether the ultimate reduction in loss reserves appears reasonable in light of known developments within each company. |
The above reports provide management with the relevant information to determine whether loss development (including commutations) during the year has, for each company, been sufficiently meaningful so as to warrant an adjustment to the reserves recommended by our actuaries in the most recent actuarial study.
When establishing loss reserves we have an expectation that, in the absence of commutations and significant favorable or unfavorable non-commuted loss development compared to expectations, loss reserves will not exceed the high, or be less than the low, end of the following ranges of gross losses and LAE reserves implied by the various methodologies used by each of our insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017.
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The range of gross loss and LAE reserves implied by the various methodologies used by each of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 is presented in the following table ("Range of Outcomes"):
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Low | Selected | High | Low | Selected | High | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Asbestos | $ | 1,554,713 | $ | 1,801,044 | $ | 2,043,180 | $ | 804,312 | $ | 849,901 | $ | 1,126,508 | |||||||||||
Environmental | 170,461 | 191,060 | 217,643 | 164,010 | 171,850 | 230,202 | |||||||||||||||||
General casualty | 539,506 | 610,951 | 680,562 | 653,690 | 745,823 | 844,477 | |||||||||||||||||
Workers' compensation/personal accident | 1,973,167 | 2,207,379 | 2,434,441 | 1,873,501 | 2,090,713 | 2,494,309 | |||||||||||||||||
Marine, aviation and transit | 140,610 | 165,386 | 185,772 | 79,885 | 89,769 | 105,291 | |||||||||||||||||
Construction defect | 148,939 | 164,309 | 181,609 | 149,504 | 161,997 | 206,157 | |||||||||||||||||
Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers | 230,967 | 255,068 | 280,755 | 150,199 | $ | 171,871 | 201,024 | ||||||||||||||||
Other | 609,669 | 694,433 | 769,306 | 314,517 | 351,471 | 399,728 | |||||||||||||||||
5,368,032 | 6,089,630 | 6,793,268 | 4,189,618 | 4,633,395 | 5,607,696 | ||||||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (108,145 | ) | (125,998 | ) | (141,880 | ) | (125,073 | ) | (135,368 | ) | (169,690 | ) | |||||||||||
Fair value adjustments - fair value option | (273,680 | ) | (314,748 | ) | (349,607 | ) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
ULAE | 263,433 | 300,588 | 333,735 | 218,336 | 218,336 | 218,336 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 5,249,640 | $ | 5,949,472 | $ | 6,635,516 | $ | 4,282,881 | $ | 4,716,363 | $ | 5,656,342 | |||||||||||
Latent Claims
A number of our subsidiaries, and counterparties who wrote portfolios assumed by us, wrote general liability policies and reinsurance (prior to their acquisition by us) under which policyholders continue to present asbestos-related injury claims and claims alleging injury, damage or clean-up costs arising from environmental pollution. These policies, and the associated claims, are referred to as "A&E" exposures. The vast majority of these claims are presented under policies written many years ago.
There is a great deal of uncertainty surrounding A&E claims. This uncertainty impacts the ability of insurers and reinsurers to estimate the remaining amount of unpaid claims and related LAE. The majority of these claims differ from any other type of claim because there is inadequate loss development and significant uncertainty regarding what, if any, coverage exists, to which, if any, policy years claims are attributable and which, if any, insurers/reinsurers may be liable. These uncertainties are exacerbated by lack of clear judicial precedent and legislative interpretations of coverage that may be inconsistent with the intent of the parties to the insurance contracts and expand theories of liability. The insurance and reinsurance industry as a whole is engaged in extensive litigation over these coverage and liability issues and is, thus, confronted with continuing uncertainty in its efforts to quantify A&E exposures.
Given the intensive claim settlement process for these claims, which involves comprehensive fact gathering and subject matter expertise, we operate centrally administered claims facilities to handle A&E claims on behalf of all of our subsidiaries. Our A&E claims staff, working in conjunction with our in-house attorneys experienced in A&E liabilities, proactively administers, on a cost-effective basis, the A&E claims submitted to our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries.
The liability for unpaid losses and LAE, inclusive of A&E reserves, reflects our best estimate for future amounts needed to pay losses and related LAE as of each of the balance sheet dates reflected in the financial statements herein in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
• | As of December 31, 2017, we had net loss reserves of $1,678.8 million for asbestos-related claims (or 36.8% of total non-life run-off net reserves for losses and LAE liabilities) and $184.4 million for environmental pollution-related claims (or 4.0% of total non-life run-off net reserves for losses and LAE). |
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• | As of December 31, 2016, we had net loss reserves of $815.8 million for asbestos-related claims (or 22.5% of total non-life run-off net reserves for losses and LAE liabilities) and $164.1 million for environmental pollution-related claims (or 4.5% of total non-life run-off net reserves for losses and LAE). |
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, our reserves for A&E liabilities increased by $970.4 million and $545.2 million on a gross basis, respectively, and by $883.4 million and $545.1 million on a net basis, respectively, due to acquisition activity in 2017 primarily related to the RSA and QBE transactions. The following table provides a reconciliation of our gross and net loss and ALAE reserves from A&E exposures and the movement in gross and net reserves:
Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | Net | Gross | Net | Gross | Net | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Provisions for A&E claims and ALAE at January 1 | $ | 1,021,751 | $ | 979,817 | $ | 476,508 | $ | 434,681 | $ | 529,181 | $ | 470,993 | |||||||||||
A&E losses and ALAE incurred during the year | 71,397 | 82,042 | (11,347 | ) | (30,457 | ) | (14,659 | ) | (13,300 | ) | |||||||||||||
A&E losses and ALAE paid during the year | (112,015 | ) | (105,224 | ) | (40,761 | ) | (19,127 | ) | (39,633 | ) | (24,631 | ) | |||||||||||
Provision for A&E claims and ALAE acquired during the year | 1,010,971 | 906,581 | 597,351 | 594,720 | 1,619 | 1,619 | |||||||||||||||||
Provision for A&E claims and ALAE at December 31 | $ | 1,992,104 | $ | 1,863,216 | $ | 1,021,751 | $ | 979,817 | $ | 476,508 | $ | 434,681 | |||||||||||
Asbestos continues to be the most significant and difficult mass tort for the insurance industry in terms of claims volume and expense. We believe that the insurance industry has been adversely affected by judicial interpretations that have had the effect of maximizing insurance recoveries for asbestos claims, from both a coverage and liability perspective. Generally, only policies underwritten prior to 1986 have potential asbestos exposure, since most policies underwritten after this date contain an absolute asbestos exclusion.
Environmental pollution claims represent another significant exposure for us. Environmental pollution claims have been developing as expected over the past few years as a result of stable claim trends. Claims against Fortune 500 companies are generally declining, and while insureds with single-site exposures are still active, in many cases claims are being settled for less than initially anticipated due to improved site remediation technology and effective policy buy-backs.
Despite the stability of recent trends, there remains significant uncertainty involved in estimating liabilities related to these exposures. Unlike asbestos claims which are generated primarily from allegedly injured private individuals, environmental claims generally result from governmentally initiated activities. The following factors contribute to the uncertainty of estimating our environmental claims exposure:
• | First, the number of waste sites subject to cleanup is unknown. Over 1,000 sites are included on the National Priorities List of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. State authorities have separately identified many additional sites and, at times, aggressively implement site cleanups. |
• | Second, the liabilities of the insureds themselves are difficult to estimate. At any given site, the allocation of remediation cost among the potentially responsible parties varies greatly depending upon a variety of factors. |
• | Third, as with asbestos liability and coverage issues, judicial precedent regarding liability and coverage issues regarding pollution claims does not provide clear guidance. There is also uncertainty as to the U.S. federal "Superfund" law itself and, at this time, we cannot predict what, if any, reforms to this law might be enacted by the U.S. federal government, or the effect of any such changes on the insurance industry. |
Our future environmental loss development may be influenced by other factors including:
• | The existence of currently undiscovered polluted sites eligible for clean-up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA") and related legislation. |
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• | Costs imposed due to joint and several liability if not all potentially responsible parties ("PRPs") are capable of paying their share. |
• | The outcomes of legal challenges to certain policy terms such as the "absolute" pollution exclusion. |
• | Potential future reforms and amendments to CERCLA, particularly as the resources of Superfund - the funding vehicle, established as part of CERCLA, to provide financing for cleanup of polluted sites where no PRP can be identified - become exhausted. |
The influence of each of these factors is not easily quantifiable and, as with asbestos-related exposures, our historical environmental loss development is of limited value in determining future environmental loss development using traditional actuarial reserving techniques.
Our loss reserves are related largely to casualty exposures including latent exposures relating primarily to A&E. In establishing the reserves for unpaid claims, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, IBNR reserves are established to cover loss development related to both known and unasserted claims.
The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. First, unpaid claim liabilities for property and casualty exposures in general are impacted by changes in the legal environment, jury awards, medical cost trends and general inflation. Moreover, for latent exposures in particular, developed case law and claim history continues to evolve. There is significant coverage litigation related to these exposures, which creates further uncertainty in the estimation of the liabilities. As a result, for these types of exposures, it is especially unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development factors, and the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of unpaid claim liabilities are not likely to be resolved in the near future. There can be no assurance that the reserves we establish will be adequate or will not be adversely affected by the development of other latent exposures.
Our exposure to asbestos claims arises from the general liability, product liability and U.K. employer's liability policies written directly or reinsured by our insurance and reinsurance companies. With the 2016 acquisition of the Dana Companies, we also have direct personal injury asbestos claims recorded in other liabilities that arise from Dana Companies legacy automotive manufacturing operations. While most of our asbestos exposures arise from asbestos mining and the primary manufacturers of asbestos, we also receive claims from tertiary defendants which manufactured products that included asbestos, as well as other defendants in the supply chain of these products.
We generally use industry benchmarking methodologies to estimate appropriate IBNR reserves for our A&E exposures. These methods are based on comparisons of our loss experience on A&E exposures relative to industry loss experience on A&E exposures. Estimates of IBNR are derived separately for each of our relevant subsidiaries and, for some subsidiaries, separately for distinct portfolios of exposure. The discussion that follows describes, in greater detail, the primary actuarial methodologies used by us to estimate IBNR for A&E exposures.
In addition to the specific considerations for each method described below, many general factors are considered in the application of the methods and the interpretation of results for each portfolio of exposures. These factors include:
• | the mix of product types (e.g., primary insurance versus reinsurance of primary versus reinsurance of reinsurance) |
• | the average attachment point of coverages (e.g., first-dollar primary versus umbrella over primary versus high-excess) |
• | payment and reporting lags related to the international domicile of our subsidiaries |
• | payment and reporting pattern acceleration due to large "wholesale" settlements (e.g., policy buy-backs and commutations) pursued by us, and |
• | lists of individual risks remaining and general trends within the legal and tort environments. |
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1. Paid Survival Ratio Method. In this method, our expected annual average payment amount is multiplied by an expected future number of payment years to get an indicated reserve. Our historical calendar year payments are examined to determine an expected future annual average payment amount. This amount is multiplied by an expected number of future payment years to estimate a reserve. Trends in calendar year payment activity are considered when selecting an expected future annual average payment amount. Accepted industry benchmarks are used in determining an expected number of future payment years. Each year, annual payments data is updated, trends in payments are re-evaluated and changes to benchmark future payment years are reviewed. Advantages of this method are ease of application and simplicity of assumptions. A potential disadvantage of the method is that results could be misleading for portfolios of high excess exposures where significant payment activity has not yet begun.
2. Paid Market Share Method. In this method, our estimated market share is applied to the industry estimated unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate losses. The ratio of our historical calendar year payments to industry historical calendar year payments is examined to estimate our market share. This ratio is then applied to the estimate of industry unpaid losses or estimate of industry ultimate losses. Each year, calendar year payment data is updated (for both us and industry), estimates of industry unpaid losses are reviewed and the selection of our estimated market share is revisited. This method has the advantage that trends in calendar year market share can be incorporated into the selection of company share of remaining market payments. A potential disadvantage of this method is that it is particularly sensitive to assumptions regarding the time-lag between industry payments and our payments.
3. Reserve-to-Paid Method. In this method, the ratio of estimated industry reserves to industry paid-to-date losses is multiplied by our paid-to-date losses to estimate our reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the completeness of our paid-to-date loss information, the potential acceleration or deceleration in our payments (relative to the industry) due to our claims handling practices, and the impact of large individual settlements. Each year, paid-to-date loss information is updated (for both us and the industry) and updates to industry estimated reserves are reviewed. This method has the advantage of relying purely on paid loss data and so is not influenced by subjectivity of case reserve loss estimates. A potential disadvantage is that the application to our portfolios that do not have complete inception-to-date paid loss history could produce misleading results. To address this potential disadvantage, a variation of the method is also considered by multiplying the ratio of estimated industry reserves to industry losses paid during a recent period of time (e.g., 5 years) times our paid losses during that period.
4. IBNR: Case Ratio Method. In this method, the ratio of estimated industry IBNR reserves to industry case reserves is multiplied by our case reserves to estimate our IBNR reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the presence of policies reserved at policy limits, changes in overall industry case reserve adequacy and recent loss reporting history. Each year, our case reserves are updated, the estimate of industry reserves is updated and the applicability of the industry IBNR: Case Ratio is reviewed. This method has the advantage that it incorporates the most recent estimates of amounts needed to settle open cases included in current case reserves. A potential disadvantage is that results could be misleading where our case reserve adequacy differs significantly from overall industry case reserve adequacy. In these instances, the industry IBNR: Case Ratios were adjusted to reflect our portfolio case reserve adequacy.
5. Ultimate-to-Incurred Method. In this method, the ratio of estimated industry ultimate losses to industry incurred-to-date losses is applied to our incurred-to-date losses to estimate our IBNR reserves. Specific considerations in the application of this method include the completeness of our incurred-to-date loss information, the potential acceleration or deceleration in our incurred losses (relative to the industry) due to our claims handling practices and the impact of large individual settlements. Each year incurred-to-date loss information is updated (for both us and the industry) and updates to industry estimated ultimate losses are reviewed. This method has the advantage that it incorporates both paid and case reserve information in projecting ultimate losses. A potential disadvantage is that results could be misleading where cumulative paid loss data is incomplete or where our case reserve adequacy differs significantly from overall industry case reserve adequacy. In these instances, the industry IBNR: Case Ratios were adjusted to reflect our portfolio case reserve adequacy.
6. Decay Factor Method. In this method, a decay factor is directly applied to our payment data to estimate future payments. The decay factors were selected based on a review of our own decays and industry decays. This method is most useful where our data shows a decreasing pattern and is credible enough to be reliable.
7. Asbestos Ground-up Exposure Analysis Using Frequency-Severity Method. This method is used when we have defendant level detail policy and claim data. In a frequency-severity method there are two components that need to be estimated, namely, (1) the number of claims that will ultimately be settled with payment and (2) the severity of these claims including legal costs. The estimate of future settled claims is based on the historical filings rates, claim dismissal rates, current pending claims and epidemiological forecasts of asbestos disease incident and claim filings.
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The average severity is based on historical average settlement amounts trended for inflation to the expected year of settlement for claims that close with an indemnity payment. Loss adjustment expenses are loaded on based on historical expense to indemnity ratios. Multiplying the number of expected future claims settled with payments by the average severity results in an estimate of the ground-up losses at the defendant level. At this point, the defendant’s insurance coverage is considered to determine the allocation of the ground-up estimate to policy years and policy within the insurance coverage as well as the amount retained by the defendant.
All Other (Non-latent) Reserves
For our "All Other" (non-latent) loss exposure, including workers compensation, our actuaries apply a range of traditional loss development extrapolation techniques. These methods assume that cohorts, or groups, of losses from similar exposures will increase over time in a predictable manner. Historical paid, incurred, and outstanding loss development experience is examined for earlier years to make inferences about how later years’ losses will develop. The application and consideration of multiple methods is consistent with the Actuarial Standards of Practice.
When determining which loss development extrapolation methods to apply to each company and each class of exposure within each company, we consider the nature of the exposure for each specific subsidiary and reserving segment and the available loss development data, as well as the limitations of that data. In cases where company-specific loss development information is not available or reliable, we select methods that do not rely on historical data (such as incremental or run-off methods) and consider industry loss development information published by industry sources such as the Reinsurance Association of America. In determining which methods to apply, we also consider cause of loss coding information when available.
A brief summary of the methods that are considered most frequently in analyzing non-latent exposures is provided below. This summary discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as the data requirements for each method, all of which are considered when selecting which methods to apply for each reserve segment.
1. Cumulative Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods. The Cumulative Reported (Case Incurred) Loss Development method relies on the assumption that, at any given state of maturity, ultimate losses can be predicted by multiplying cumulative reported losses (paid losses plus case reserves) by a cumulative development factor. The validity of the results of this method depends on the stability of claim reporting and settlement rates, as well as the consistency of case reserve levels. Case reserves do not have to be adequately stated for this method to be effective; they only need to have a fairly consistent level of adequacy at all stages of maturity. Historical "age-to-age" loss development factors ('LDFs') are calculated to measure the relative development of an accident year from one maturity point to the next. Age-to-age LDFs are then selected based on these historical factors. The selected age-to-age LDFs are used to project the ultimate losses. The Cumulative Paid Loss Development Method is mechanically identical to the Cumulative Reported Loss Development Method described above, but the paid method does not rely on case reserves or claim reporting patterns in making projections. The validity of the results from using a cumulative loss development approach can be affected by many conditions, such as internal claim department processing changes, a shift between single and multiple payments per claim, legal changes, or variations in a company’s mix of business from year to year. Typically, the most appropriate circumstances in which to apply a cumulative loss development method are those in which the exposure is mature, full loss development data is available, and the historical observed loss development is relatively stable.
2. Incremental Reported and Paid Loss Development Methods. Incremental incurred and paid analyses are performed in cases where cumulative data is not available. The concept of the incremental loss development methods is similar to the cumulative loss development methods described above, in that the pattern of historical paid or incurred losses is used to project the remaining future development. The difference between the cumulative and incremental methods is that the incremental methods rely on only incremental incurred or paid loss data from a given point in time forward, and do not require full loss history. These incremental loss development methods are therefore helpful when data limitations apply. While this versatility in the incremental methods is a strength, the methods are sensitive to fluctuations in loss development, so care must be taken in applying them.
3. IBNR-to-Case Outstanding Method. This method requires the estimation of consistent cumulative paid and reported (case) incurred loss development patterns and age-to-ultimate LDFs, either from data that is specific to the segment being analyzed or from applicable benchmark or industry data. These patterns imply a specific expected relationship between IBNR, including both development on known claims (bulk reserve) and losses on true late reported claims, and reported case incurred losses. The IBNR-to-Case Outstanding method can be used in a variety of situations. It is appropriate for loss development experience that is mature and possesses a very high ratio of paid losses to reported case incurred losses. The method also permits an evaluation of the difference in maturity between the business being reviewed and benchmark development patterns. Depending on the relationship of paid to incurred losses, an
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estimate of the relative maturity of the business being reviewed can be made and a subsequent estimate of ultimate losses driven by the implied IBNR to case outstanding ratio at the appropriate maturity can be made. This method is also useful where loss development data is incomplete and only the case outstanding amounts are determined to be reliable. This method is less reliable in situations where relative case reserve adequacy has been changing over time.
4. Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Reported and Paid Methods. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Method based on reported loss data relies on the assumption that remaining unreported losses are a function of the total expected losses rather than a function of currently reported losses. The expected losses used in this analysis are based on initial selected ultimate loss ratios by year. The expected losses are multiplied by the unreported percentage to produce expected unreported losses. The unreported percentage is calculated as one minus the reciprocal of the selected cumulative incurred LDFs. Finally, the expected unreported losses are added to the current reported losses to produce ultimate losses. The calculations underlying the Bornhuetter-Ferguson Expected Loss Projection Method based on paid loss data are similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson calculations based on reported losses, with the exception that paid losses and unpaid percentages replace reported losses and unreported percentages. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is most useful as an alternative to other models for immature years. For these immature years, the amounts reported or paid may be small and unstable and therefore not predictive of future development. Therefore, future development is assumed to follow an expected pattern that is supported by more stable historical data or by emerging trends. This method is also useful when changing reporting patterns or payment patterns distort historical development of losses. Similar to the loss development methods, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method may be applied to loss and ALAE on a combined or separate basis. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method may not be appropriate in circumstances where the liabilities being analyzed are very mature, as it is not sensitive to the remaining amount of case reserves outstanding, or the actual development to date.
5. Reserve Run-off Method. This method first projects the future values of case reserves for all underwriting years to future ages of development. This is done by selecting a run-off pattern of case reserves. The selected case run-off ratios are chosen based on the observed run-off ratios at each age of development. Once the ratios have been selected, they are used to project the future values of case reserves. A paid on reserve factor is selected in a similar way. The ratios of the observed amounts paid during each development period to the respective case reserves at the beginning of the periods are used to estimate how much will be paid on the case reserves during each development period. These paid on reserve factors are then applied to the case reserve amounts that were projected during the first phase of this method. A summation of the resulting paid amounts yields an estimate of the liability. The Reserve Run-off Method works well when the historical run-off patterns are reasonably stable and when case reserves ultimately show a decreasing trend. Another strength of this method is that it only requires case reserves at a given point in time and incremental paid and incurred losses after that point, meaning that it can be applied in cases where full loss history is not available. In cases of volatile data where there is a persistent increasing trend in case reserves, this method will fail to produce a reasonable estimate. In several cases, reliance upon this method was limited due to this weakness.
Our actuaries select the appropriate loss development extrapolation methods to apply to each company and each class of exposure, and then apply these methods to calculate an estimate of ultimate losses. Our management, which is responsible for the final estimate of ultimate losses, reviews the calculations of our actuaries, considers whether the appropriate method was applied, and adjusts the estimate of ultimate losses as it deems necessary. Historically, we have not deviated from the recommendations of our actuaries. Paid-to-date losses are then deducted from the estimate of ultimate losses to arrive at an estimated total loss reserve, and reported outstanding case reserves are then deducted from estimated total loss reserves to calculate the estimated IBNR reserve.
Quarterly Reserve Reviews
In addition to an in-depth annual review, we also perform quarterly reserve reviews. This is done by examining quarterly paid and incurred loss development to determine whether it is consistent with reserves established during the preceding annual reserve review and with expected development. Loss development is reviewed separately for each major exposure type (e.g., asbestos, environmental, etc.), for each of our relevant subsidiaries, and for large "wholesale" commutation settlements versus "routine" paid and advised losses. This process is undertaken to determine whether loss development experience during a quarter warrants any change to held reserves.
Loss development is examined separately by exposure type because different exposures develop differently over time. For example, the expected reporting and payout of losses for a given amount of asbestos reserves can be expected to take place over a different time frame and in a different quarterly pattern from the same amount of environmental reserves.
In addition, loss development is examined separately for each of our relevant subsidiaries. Companies can differ in their exposure profile due to the mix of insurance versus reinsurance, the mix of primary versus excess insurance,
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the underwriting years of participation and other criteria. These differing profiles lead to different expectations for quarterly and annual loss development by company.
Our quarterly paid and incurred loss development is often driven by large, wholesale settlements - such as commutations and policy buy-backs - which settle many individual claims in a single transaction. This allows for monitoring of the potential profitability of large settlements, which, in turn, can provide information about the adequacy of reserves on remaining exposures that have not yet been settled.
• | For example, if it were found that large settlements were consistently leading to large negative, or favorable, incurred losses upon settlement, it might be an indication that reserves on remaining exposures are redundant. |
• | Conversely, if it were found that large settlements were consistently leading to large positive, or adverse, incurred losses upon settlement, it might be an indication—particularly if the size of the losses were increasing—that certain loss reserves on remaining exposures are deficient. |
Moreover, removing the loss development resulting from large settlements allows for a review of loss development related only to those contracts that remain exposed to losses. Were this not done, it is possible that savings on large wholesale settlements could mask significant underlying development on remaining exposures.
Once the data has been analyzed as described above, an in-depth review is performed on classes of exposure with significant loss development. Discussions are held with appropriate personnel, including individual company managers, claims handlers and attorneys, to better understand the causes. If it were determined that development differs significantly from expectations, reserves would be adjusted.
As described above, our management regularly reviews and updates reserve estimates using the most current information available and employing various actuarial methods. Adjustments resulting from changes in our estimates are recorded in the period when such adjustments are determined. The ultimate liability for losses and LAE is likely to differ from the original estimate due to a number of factors, primarily consisting of the overall claims activity occurring during any period, including the completion of commutations of assumed liabilities and ceded reinsurance receivables, policy buy-backs and general incurred claims activity.
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses - Atrium and StarStone
The reserve for losses and loss expenses includes reserves for unpaid reported losses and for IBNR reserves. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss expenses are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified by us. The reserve for incurred but not reported losses and loss expenses is established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years.
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The following table provides a breakdown of the liability for losses and LAE by type of exposure for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 for the Atrium segment:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
OLR | IBNR | Total | OLR | IBNR | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Marine, Aviation and Transit | $ | 24,581 | $ | 46,138 | $ | 70,719 | $ | 25,565 | $ | 49,369 | $ | 74,934 | |||||||||||
Binding Authorities | 26,115 | 51,896 | 78,011 | 21,543 | 41,603 | 63,146 | |||||||||||||||||
Reinsurance | 14,381 | 34,489 | 48,870 | 11,485 | 22,178 | 33,663 | |||||||||||||||||
Accident and Health | 3,716 | 5,518 | 9,234 | 2,913 | 5,625 | 8,538 | |||||||||||||||||
Non-Marine Direct and Facultative | 9,570 | 12,467 | 22,037 | 5,873 | 11,343 | 17,216 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 78,363 | $ | 150,508 | $ | 228,871 | $ | 67,379 | $ | 130,118 | $ | 197,497 | |||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | 9,547 | 12,503 | |||||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 2,455 | 2,122 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 240,873 | $ | 212,122 | |||||||||||||||||||
The following table provides a breakdown of the liability for losses and LAE by type of exposure for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 for the StarStone segment:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
OLR | IBNR | Total | OLR | IBNR | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Casualty | $ | 139,200 | $ | 282,789 | $ | 421,989 | $ | 101,897 | $ | 279,823 | $ | 381,720 | |||||||||||
Marine | 130,962 | 118,375 | 249,337 | 102,957 | 94,396 | 197,353 | |||||||||||||||||
Property | 208,777 | 89,963 | 298,740 | 182,480 | 57,184 | 239,664 | |||||||||||||||||
Aerospace | 63,920 | 26,070 | 89,990 | 66,190 | 30,921 | 97,111 | |||||||||||||||||
Workers' Compensation | 48,118 | 82,024 | 130,142 | 48,591 | 78,981 | 127,572 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 590,977 | $ | 599,221 | $ | 1,190,198 | $ | 502,115 | $ | 541,305 | $ | 1,043,420 | |||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (555 | ) | (863 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 18,100 | 16,825 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,207,743 | $ | 1,059,382 | |||||||||||||||||||
Quarterly Reserve Reviews
The reserve for losses and loss expenses is reviewed on a quarterly basis. Each quarter, paid and incurred loss development is reviewed to determine whether it is consistent with expected development. Loss development is examined separately by class of business, and large individual losses or loss events are examined separately from regular attritional development. Discussions are held with appropriate personnel including underwriters, claims adjusters, actuaries, accountants and attorneys to fully understand quarterly loss development and implications for the quarter-end reserve balances. Based on analysis of the loss development data and the associated discussions, management determines whether any adjustment is necessary to quarter-end reserve balances.
Net Incurred Losses and LAE
Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone
The change in our estimated total loss reserves for both latent and all other exposures compared to that of the previous period, less net losses paid during the period, is recorded as net incurred losses and LAE on our statement of earnings for the period. Our estimated total loss reserve at December 31, 2017 was determined by estimating the ultimate losses and deducting paid-to-date losses. The estimated ultimate losses, for both latent and all other (non-latent) liabilities, were determined by the amount of advised case reserves and the application of the actuarial methodologies described above to estimate IBNR reserves. Future changes in our estimates of ultimate losses are
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likely to have a significant impact on future operating results. Our operating objective is to commute our loss exposures and manage non-commuted loss development in a disciplined manner such that future incurred loss development will be less than expected. A combination of future commutations and better-than-expected incurred loss development of non-commuted exposures could improve the trend of loss development and, after the application of actuarial methodologies to the improved trend, reduce the December 31, 2017 estimates of ultimate losses with a positive impact on our future results. However, it is not possible to project future commutation settlements or whether incurred loss development will be better than expected, and it is possible that ultimate loss reserves could increase based on the factors discussed herein.
Policy Benefits for Life Contracts
Policy benefits for life contracts as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||
Policy benefits for life contracts | $ | 117,207 | $ | 112,095 | |||
Our policy benefits for life contracts (or policy benefits) are estimated using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models. We establish and maintain our policy benefits at a level that we estimate will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support future cash flow benefit obligations and third-party servicing obligations as they become payable. We review our policy benefits regularly and perform loss recognition testing based upon cash flow projections.
Since the development of the policy benefits is based upon cash flow projection models, we must make estimates and assumptions based on experience and industry mortality tables, longevity and morbidity rates, lapse rates, expenses and investment experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. The assumptions used to determine policy benefits are determined at the inception of the contracts, reviewed and adjusted at the point of acquisition as required, and are locked-in throughout the life of the contract unless a premium deficiency develops. The assumptions are reviewed no less than annually and are unlocked if they would result in a material adverse reserve change. We establish these estimates based upon transaction-specific historical experience, information provided by the ceding company for the assumed business and industry experience. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. As the experience on the contracts emerges, the assumptions are reviewed by management. We determine whether actual and anticipated experience indicates that existing policy benefits, together with the present value of future gross premiums, are sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs and to recover unamortized acquisition costs. If such a review indicates that policy benefits should be greater than those currently held, then the locked-in assumptions are revised and a charge for policy benefits is recognized at that time.
Reinsurance Balances Recoverable
Our acquired insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries in all three of our operating segments, prior to acquisition by us, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance they assumed. Loss reserves represent total gross losses, and reinsurance balances recoverables represent anticipated recoveries of a portion of those loss reserves, as well as amounts receivable from reinsurers with respect to claims that have already been paid. While reinsurance arrangements are designed to limit losses and to permit recovery of a portion of loss reserves, reinsurance does not relieve us of our liabilities to our insureds or reinsureds. Therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers, including companies that are insolvent, in run-off or facing financial difficulties. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible.
In addition to the acquired retrocessional agreements, on an annual basis, our active underwriting subsidiaries purchase tailored outwards reinsurance programs designed to manage their risk profiles. The majority of the total third-party reinsurance cover for our active underwriting subsidiaries is with Lloyd’s Syndicates or other reinsurers rated A- or better and reinsurers, while not rated, provide collateral in the form of letters of credit, trust funds or funds withheld.
To estimate the provision for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable, the reinsurance balances recoverable is first allocated to applicable reinsurers. As part of this process, ceded IBNR is allocated by reinsurer. We then use a detailed analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer and bad debt provisions applied to these balances to determine the portion of a reinsurer’s balance deemed to be uncollectible. These provisions require considerable judgment and are
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determined using the current rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer (in order to determine its ability to settle the reinsurance balances) as well as other key considerations and assumptions, such as claims and coverage issues.
Premium Revenue Recognition
Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone
Our premiums written are earned on a pro-rata basis over the coverage period. Our reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of the policy, unless policy language stipulates otherwise, and are estimated based upon information in underlying contracts and information provided by clients and/or brokers. A change in reinsurance premium estimates is made when additional information regarding changes in underlying exposures is obtained. Such changes in estimates are expected and may result in significant adjustments in future periods. We record any adjustments as premiums written in the period they are determined.
With respect to retrospectively rated contracts (where additional premium would be due should losses exceed pre-determined contractual thresholds), any additional premiums are based upon contractual terms, and management judgment is involved in estimating the amount of losses that we expect to be ceded. We would recognize additional premiums at the time loss thresholds specified in the contract are exceeded and are earned over the coverage period, or are earned immediately if the period of risk coverage has passed. Changes in estimates of losses recorded on contracts with additional premium features would result in changes in additional premiums recognized.
Investments
Valuation of Investments
Our non-life run-off, active underwriting and life and annuity businesses invest in trading portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments and equities, and an available-for-sale portfolio of fixed maturity and short-term investments. We record both the trading and available-for-sale portfolios at fair value on our balance sheet. For our trading portfolios, the unrealized gain or loss associated with the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the investments is recorded in net earnings. For our available-for-sale portfolios, the unrealized gain or loss (other than credit losses) is excluded from net earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income.
Our other investments comprise investments in various private equities and private equity funds, fixed income funds, fixed income hedge funds, equity funds, private credit funds and CLO equity funds, as well as direct investments in CLO equities. All of these other investments are recorded at fair value.
We measure fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. The guidance dictates a framework for measuring fair value and a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
• | Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. |
• | Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data |
• | Level 3 - Valuations based on unobservable inputs where there is little or no market activity. Unadjusted third party pricing sources or management's assumptions and internal valuation models may be used to determine the fair values. |
In addition, certain of our other investments are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified within the fair value hierarchy above. When the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Thus, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Level 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3).
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The use of valuation techniques may require a significant amount of judgment. During periods of market disruption, including periods of rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable.
Fixed Maturity Investments
Fixed maturity investments are subject to fluctuations in fair value due to changes in interest rates, changes in issuer-specific circumstances such as credit rating and changes in industry-specific circumstances such as movements in credit spreads based on the market’s perception of industry risks. As a result of these potential fluctuations, it is possible to have significant unrealized gains or losses on a security. At maturity, absent any credit loss, fixed maturity investments’ amortized cost will equal their fair value and no realized gain or loss will be recognized in income. If, due to an unforeseen change in loss payment patterns, we need to sell any available-for-sale investments before maturity, we could realize significant gains or losses in any period, which could have a meaningful effect on reported net income for such period.
We perform regular reviews of our available-for-sale fixed maturities portfolios and utilize a process that considers numerous indicators in order to identify investments that are showing signs of potential other-than-temporary impairment losses. These indicators include the length of time and extent of the unrealized loss, any specific adverse conditions, historic and implied volatility of the security, failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest payments, significant rating changes and recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date. The consideration of these indicators and the estimation of credit losses involve significant management judgment.
Any other-than-temporary impairment loss, or OTTI, related to a credit loss would be recognized in earnings, and the amount of the OTTI related to other factors (e.g. interest rates, market conditions, etc.) is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. If no credit loss exists but either we have the intent to sell the fixed maturity investment or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery, then the entire unrealized loss is recognized in earnings.
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment charges through earnings.
The fair values for all fixed maturity securities in our trading and funds held - directly managed investment portfolios are independently provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers or investment custodians and validate this price through a process that includes, but is not limited to: (i) comparison of prices against alternative pricing sources; (ii) quantitative analysis (e.g. comparing the quarterly return for each managed portfolio to its target benchmark); (iii) evaluation of methodologies used by external parties to estimate fair value, including a review of the inputs used for pricing; and (iv) comparing the price to our knowledge of the current investment market. Our internal price validation procedures and review of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment in the prices obtained from the pricing service.
The independent pricing services used by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians obtain actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets. Where we utilize single unadjusted broker-dealer quotes, they are generally provided by market makers or broker-dealers who are recognized as market participants in the markets in which they are providing the quotes. For determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded, in general, pricing services use "matrix pricing" in which the independent pricing service uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and such other inputs as are available from market sources to determine a reasonable fair value. In addition, pricing services use valuation models, using observable data, such as an Option Adjusted Spread model, to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The Option Adjusted Spread model is commonly used to estimate fair value for securities such as mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities.
Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, such as in periods of low trading activity or when transactions are not orderly, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. Where significant inputs are unable to be corroborated with market observable information, we classify the securities as Level 3.
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Equities
Our investments in equities are predominantly traded on the major exchanges and are primarily managed by our external advisors. We use an internationally recognized pricing service to estimate the fair value of our equities. Our equities are widely diversified and there is no significant concentration in any specific industry.
We have categorized all of our investments in equities other than preferred stock as Level 1 investments because the fair values of these investments are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The fair value estimates of our investments in preferred stock are based on observable market data and, as a result, have been categorized as Level 2.
Other Investments, at fair value
We have ongoing due diligence processes with respect to the other investments carried at fair value in which we invest and their managers. These processes are designed to assist us in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each fund and in determining whether such information continues to be reliable or whether further review is warranted. Certain funds do not provide full transparency of their underlying holdings; however, we obtain the audited financial statements for funds annually, and regularly review and discuss the fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values ("NAV").
The use of NAV as an estimate of the fair value for investments in certain entities that calculate NAV is a permitted practical expedient. Due to the time lag in the NAV reported by certain fund managers we adjust the valuation for capital calls and distributions. Other investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments for which we do not use NAV as a practical expedient have been valued using prices from independent pricing services, investment managers and broker-dealers.
For our investments in private equities and private equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Our investments in fixed income funds and equity funds are valued based on a combination of prices from independent pricing services, external fund managers or third-party administrators. For the publicly available prices we have classified the investments as Level 2. For the non-publicly available prices we are using NAV as a practical expedient and therefore these have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
For our investments in fixed income hedge funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
We measure the fair value of our direct investment in CLO equities based on valuations provided by our external CLO equity manager. If the investment does not involve an external CLO equity manager, the fair value of the investment is valued based on valuations provided by the broker or lead underwriter of the investment (the "broker"). Our CLO equity investments have been classified as Level 3 due to the use of unobservable inputs in the valuation and the limited number of relevant trades in secondary markets.
In providing valuations, the CLO equity manager and brokers use observable and unobservable inputs. Of the significant unobservable market inputs used, the default and loss severity rates involve the most judgment and create the most sensitivity. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in lower or higher fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities and, in general, a change in default rate assumptions will be accompanied by a directionally similar change in loss severity rate assumptions. Collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates are less subjective inputs because they are based on the historical average of actual spreads and the weighted-average life of the current underlying portfolios, respectively. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in higher or lower fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities. In general, these inputs have no significant interrelationship with each other or with default and loss severity rates.
On a quarterly basis, we receive the valuation from the external CLO manager and brokers and then review the underlying cash flows and key assumptions used by them. We review and update the significant unobservable inputs based on information obtained from secondary markets. These inputs are our responsibility and we assess the reasonableness of the inputs (and if necessary, update the inputs) through communicating with industry participants,
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monitoring of the transactions in which we participate (for example, to evaluate default and loss severity rate trends), and reviewing market conditions, historical results, and emerging trends that may impact future cash flows.
If valuations from the external CLO equity manager or brokers are not available, we use an income approach based on certain observable and unobservable inputs to value these investments. An income approach is also used to corroborate the reasonableness of the valuations provided by the external manager and brokers. Where an income approach is followed, the valuation is based on available trade information, such as expected cash flows and market assumptions on default and loss severity rates. Other inputs used in the valuation process include asset spreads, loan prepayment speeds, collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates.
For our investments in CLO equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
For our investments in private credit funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
Certain funds are subject to gates or side-pockets, where redemptions are subject to the sale of underlying investments. A gate is the ability to deny or delay a redemption request, whereas a side-pocket is a designated account for which the investor loses its redemption rights. As at December 31, 2017, we had $0.5 million of fixed income hedge funds subject to gates or side-pockets.
A review of fair value hierarchy classifications is conducted on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification for certain financial assets and liabilities. Reclassifications impacting Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are reported as transfers in/out of the Level 3 category as of the end of the quarter in which the reclassifications occur.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. We perform an initial valuation of our goodwill assets and assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. If, as a result of the assessment, we determine the value of our goodwill asset is impaired, goodwill is written down in the period in which the determination is made.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets represent the fair value adjustments related to unpaid losses and loss expenses, unearned premium, reinsurance balances recoverable and policy benefits for life and annuity contracts along with the fair values of Lloyd’s syndicate capacity, customer relationships, management contract and brand arising from the acquisition of Atrium and the syndicate capacity, U.S. insurance licenses and software, technology arising from the acquisition of StarStone. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We recognize the amortization of all intangible assets in our consolidated statement of earnings. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. The carrying values of indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on at least an annual basis or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. Impairment is recognized if the carrying values of the intangible assets are not recoverable from their undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
In connection with the acquisitions of Arden, Atrium and StarStone, certain subsidiaries have issued shares to noncontrolling interests. These shares provide certain redemption rights to the holder, which may be settled in Enstar’s own shares or cash or a combination of cash and shares, at our option. We classify redeemable noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within our control within temporary equity in our consolidated balance sheets and carry them at the redemption value, which is fair value. We recognize changes in the fair value that exceed the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interest through retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date.
Deferred Charges
Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and LAE with respect to past loss events. At the inception of a contract, a deferred charge asset is recorded for the excess, if any, of the estimated ultimate losses payable over the premiums received. Deferred charges, recorded in other assets, are amortized over the estimated
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claim payment period of the related contract with the periodic amortization reflected in earnings as a component of losses and LAE. Deferred charges amortization is adjusted periodically to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of remaining loss payments. Changes in the estimated amount and the timing of payments of unpaid losses may have an effect on the unamortized deferred charges and the amount of periodic amortization.
Fair Value Option - Insurance Contracts
In our Non-life Run-off segment we have elected to apply the fair value option for certain loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions. This is an irrevocable election that applies to all balances under the insurance contract, including funds held assets, reinsurance recoverable, and the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses.
The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance recoverable under these contracts is presented separately in our consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017. Changes in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable are included in net incurred losses and LAE in our consolidated statement of operations.
We use an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses and reinsurance recoverable asset for certain retroactive reinsurance contracts where we have elected the fair value option in our Non-life Run-off segment.
The fair value was calculated as the aggregate of discounted cash flows plus a risk margin:
• | The discounted cash flow approach uses (i) estimated nominal cash flows based upon an appropriate payment pattern developed in accordance with standard actuarial techniques and (ii) a discount rate based upon a high quality rated corporate bond plus a credit spread for non-performance risk. The model uses corporate bond rates across the yield curve depending on the estimated timing of the future cash flows and specific to the currency of the risk. |
• | The risk margin was calculated using the present value of the cost of capital. The cost of capital approach uses (i) projected capital requirements, (ii) multiplied by the risk cost of capital representing the return required for non-hedgeable risk based upon the weighted average cost of capital less investment income, and (iii) discounted using the weighted average cost of capital. |
The observable and unobservable inputs used in the model are described in Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable may increase or decrease due to changes in the corporate bond rate, the credit spread for non-performance risk, the risk cost of capital, the weighted average cost of capital and the estimated payment pattern:
• | An increase in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a decrease in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
• | An increase in the weighted average cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a decrease in the weighted average cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
• | An increase in the risk cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a decrease in the risk cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
• | An acceleration of the estimated payment pattern would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a deceleration of the estimated payment pattern would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
In addition, the estimate of the capital required to support the liabilities is based upon current industry standards for capital adequacy. If the required capital per unit of risk increases then the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable would increase. Conversely, a decrease in required capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The following risk management discussion and the estimated amounts generated from sensitivity analysis presented are forward-looking statements of market risk assuming certain market conditions occur. Future results may differ materially from these estimated results due to, among other things, actual developments in the global financial markets, changes in the composition of our investment portfolio, or changes in our business strategies. The results of analysis we use to assess and mitigate risk are not projections of future events or losses. See "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for additional information regarding our forward-looking statements.
We are principally exposed to four types of market risk: interest rate risk; credit risk; equity price risk and foreign currency risk. Our policies to address these risks in 2017 were not materially different than those used in 2016 other than as described herein, and, based on our current knowledge and expectations, we do not currently anticipate significant changes in our market risk exposures or in how we will manage those exposures in future reporting periods.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in interest rates. Our investment portfolio includes fixed maturity and short-term investments, whose fair values will fluctuate with changes in interest rates. We attempt to maintain adequate liquidity in our fixed maturity investments portfolio with a strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide sufficient liquidity for the prompt payment of claims and contract liabilities, as well as for settlement of commutation payments. We also monitor the duration and structure of our investment portfolio.
The following table summarizes the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from an immediate parallel shift in the treasury yield curve, assuming credit spreads remain constant, in our fixed maturity and short-term investments portfolio classified as trading and available-for-sale as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points | ||||||||||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2017 | -100 | -50 | — | +50 | +100 | |||||||||||||||
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total Market Value | $ | 6,438 | $ | 6,261 | $ | 6,087 | $ | 5,919 | $ | 5,760 | ||||||||||
Market Value Change from Base | 5.8 | % | 2.9 | % | — | (2.8 | )% | (5.4 | )% | |||||||||||
Change in Unrealized Value | $ | 351 | $ | 174 | $ | — | $ | (168 | ) | $ | (327 | ) | ||||||||
As at December 31, 2016 | -100 | -50 | — | +50 | +100 | |||||||||||||||
Total Market Value | $ | 5,040 | $ | 4,969 | $ | 4,879 | $ | 4,830 | $ | 4,762 | ||||||||||
Market Value Change from Base | 3.3 | % | 1.8 | % | — | (1.0 | )% | (2.4 | )% | |||||||||||
Change in Unrealized Value | $ | 161 | $ | 90 | $ | — | $ | (49 | ) | $ | (117 | ) | ||||||||
The following table summarizes the aggregate hypothetical change in fair value from an immediate parallel shift in the treasury yield curve assuming credit spreads remain constant, in our funds held - directly managed portfolio as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points | ||||||||||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2017 | -100 | -50 | — | +50 | +100 | |||||||||||||||
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total Market Value | $ | 1,247 | $ | 1,205 | $ | 1,165 | $ | 1,128 | $ | 1,092 | ||||||||||
Market Value Change from Base | 7.0 | % | 3.4 | % | — | (3.2 | )% | (6.3 | )% | |||||||||||
Change in Unrealized Value | $ | 82 | $ | 40 | $ | — | $ | (37 | ) | $ | (73 | ) | ||||||||
As at December 31, 2016 | -100 | -50 | — | +50 | +100 | |||||||||||||||
Total Market Value | $ | 1,057 | $ | 1,022 | $ | 988 | $ | 958 | $ | 928 | ||||||||||
Market Value Change from Base | 7.0 | % | 3.4 | % | — | (3.0 | )% | (6.1 | )% | |||||||||||
Change in Unrealized Value | $ | 69 | $ | 34 | $ | — | $ | (30 | ) | $ | (60 | ) | ||||||||
Actual shifts in interest rates may not change by the same magnitude across the maturity spectrum or on an individual security and, as a result, the impact on the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and short-term investments portfolio may be materially different from the resulting change in realized value indicated in the tables above.
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Credit Risk
Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of a counterparty’s ability to make timely payments in accordance with contractual terms of the instrument or contract. We are exposed to direct credit risk primarily within our portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments, and through customers, brokers and reinsurers in the form of premiums receivable and reinsurance balances recoverables, respectively, as discussed below.
Fixed Maturity and Short-Term Investments
As a holder of fixed maturity and short-term investments and mutual funds, we also have exposure to credit risk as a result of investment ratings downgrades or issuer defaults. In an effort to mitigate this risk, our investment portfolio consists primarily of investment grade-rated, liquid, fixed maturity investments of short-to-medium duration and mutual funds. A table of credit ratings for our fixed maturity and short-term investments is in Note 6 - "Investments" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. At December 31, 2017, 40.1% of our fixed maturity and short-term investment portfolio was rated AA or higher by a major rating agency (December 31, 2016: 52.2%) with 6.4% rated lower than BBB- (December 31, 2016: 4.6%). The portfolio as a whole, including cash, restricted cash, fixed maturity and short term investments and funds held - directly managed, had an average credit quality rating of A+ as at December 31, 2017 (December 31, 2016: AA-). In addition, we manage our portfolio pursuant to guidelines that follow what we believe are prudent standards of diversification. The guidelines limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers and, as a result, we do not believe we have significant concentrations of credit risk.
Reinsurance Balances Recoverables
We have exposure to credit risk as it relates to our reinsurance balances recoverable. Our insurance subsidiaries remain liable to the extent that retrocessionaires do not meet their contractual obligations and, therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. A discussion of our reinsurance balances recoverable is in Note 10 - "Reinsurance Balances Recoverable" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
As at December 31, 2017, our reinsurance balances recoverable included $357.4 million from a related party and equity method investee, KaylaRe Ltd., amongst other balances, as discussed in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report.
Funds Held
Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted. We are subject to credit risk if the reinsured company is unable to honor the value of the funds held balances, such as in the event of insolvency. However, we generally have the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the funds held balances with amounts owed by us to the reinsured for losses payable and other amounts contractually due. Our funds held are shown under two categories on the consolidated balance sheets, where funds held upon which we receive the underlying portfolio economics are shown as "Funds held - directly managed", and funds held where we receive a fixed crediting rate are shown as "Funds held by reinsured companies". Both types of funds held are subject to credit risk. We routinely monitor the creditworthiness of reinsured companies with whom we have funds held arrangements. As at December 31, 2017 we have a significant concentration of $1.0 billion with one reinsured company, which has financial strength credit ratings of A+ from A.M. Best and AA from Standard & Poor's.
Equity Price Risk
Our portfolio of equity investments, including the equity funds included in other investments (collectively, "equities at risk"), has exposure to equity price risk, which is the risk of potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in stock prices. Our global equity portfolio is correlated with a blend of the S&P 500 and MSCI World indices and changes in this blend of indices would approximate the impact on our portfolio. The fair value of our equities at risk at December 31, 2017 was $645.6 million (December 31, 2016: $619.1 million). At December 31, 2017, the impact of a 10% decline in the overall market prices of our equities at risk would be $64.6 million (December 31, 2016: $61.9 million), on a pre-tax basis.
Foreign Currency Risk
Our foreign currency policy is to broadly manage, where possible, our foreign currency risk by seeking to match our liabilities under insurance and reinsurance policies that are payable in foreign currencies with assets that are
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denominated in such currencies, subject to regulatory constraints. In addition, we may selectively utilize foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate foreign currency risk. To the extent our foreign currency exposure is not matched or hedged, we may experience foreign exchange losses or gains, which would be reflected in our results of operations and financial condition.
Through our subsidiaries located in various jurisdictions, we conduct our insurance and reinsurance operations in a variety of non-U.S. currencies. The functional currency for the majority of our subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relative to a subsidiary's functional currency will have a direct impact on the valuation of our assets and liabilities denominated in other currencies. All changes in foreign exchange rates, with the exception of non-U.S. dollar denominated investments classified as available-for-sale, are recognized in foreign exchange gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of earnings. Changes in foreign exchange rates relating to non-U.S. dollar denominated investments classified as available-for-sale are recorded in unrealized gains (losses) on investments, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.
We have exposure to foreign currency risk through our ownership of European, British, and Australian subsidiaries whose functional currencies are the Euro, British pound and Australian dollar, respectively. Following the closing of the Pavonia sale, as discussed in Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinuing Operations", we no longer have subsidiaries with a functional currency of Canadian dollars. The foreign exchange gain or loss resulting from the translation of their financial statements from functional currency into U.S. dollars is recorded in the currency translation adjustment account, which is a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we reduced our borrowings of Euros under the EGL Revolving Credit Facility from €75.0 million to €50.0 million, to hedge the foreign currency exposure on our net investment in certain of our subsidiaries whose functional currency is denominated in Euros. This reduction was in relation to the sale of Laguna. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we entered into forward exchange contracts to hedge the foreign currency exposure on our net investment in certain of our subsidiaries whose functional currencies are denominated in Canadian and Australian dollars. We utilize hedge accounting to record the foreign exchange gain or loss on these instruments in the currency translation account. The loan and the forward contracts are discussed in Note 15 - "Debt Obligations" and "Note 9 - "Derivative Instruments", respectively, in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, from time to time, we may also utilize foreign currency forward contracts to hedge certain foreign currency exposures in British pounds, Euros and Australian dollars which were not designated for hedge accounting.
The table below summarizes our net exposures as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 to foreign currencies:
2017 | GBP | EUR | AUD | CAD | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total net foreign currency exposure | $ | 7.0 | $ | 11.0 | $ | (2.1 | ) | $ | (3.4 | ) | $ | 3.7 | $ | 16.2 | ||||||||||
Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement of the U.S. dollar(1) | $ | 0.7 | $ | 1.1 | $ | (0.2 | ) | $ | (0.3 | ) | $ | 0.4 | $ | 1.6 | ||||||||||
2016 | GBP | EUR | AUD | CAD | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions of U.S. dollars) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total net foreign currency exposure | $ | 20.6 | $ | 17.9 | $ | 12.2 | $ | 26.6 | $ | 5.2 | $ | 82.5 | ||||||||||||
Pre-tax impact of a 10% movement of the U.S. dollar(1) | $ | 2.1 | $ | 1.8 | $ | 1.2 | $ | 2.7 | $ | 0.5 | $ | 8.3 | ||||||||||||
(1) | Assumes 10% change in U.S. dollar relative to other currencies. |
Effects of Inflation
We do not believe that inflation has had or will have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations, however, the actual effects of inflation on our results cannot be accurately known until claims are ultimately resolved. Inflation may affect the value of our assets, as well as our liabilities including losses and LAE (by causing the cost of claims to rise in the future). Although loss reserves are established to reflect likely loss settlements at the date payment is made, we would be subject to the risk that inflation could cause these costs to increase above established reserves.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | Page |
FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | |
Schedules other than those listed above are omitted as they are not applicable or the information has been included in the consolidated financial statements, notes thereto, or elsewhere herein.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Enstar Group Limited:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Enstar Group Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017 and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to VI (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 28, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG Audit Limited
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.
Hamilton, Bermuda
February 28, 2018
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share data) | |||||||
ASSETS | |||||||
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value | $ | 180,211 | $ | 222,918 | |||
Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2017 — $nil; 2016 — $287) | — | 268 | |||||
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value | 5,696,073 | 4,388,242 | |||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2017 — $208,097; 2016 — $269,577) | 210,285 | 267,499 | |||||
Equities, trading, at fair value | 106,603 | 95,047 | |||||
Other investments, at fair value | 913,392 | 937,047 | |||||
Other investments, at cost | 125,621 | 131,651 | |||||
Total investments | 7,232,185 | 6,042,672 | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 955,150 | 954,871 | |||||
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 257,686 | 363,774 | |||||
Funds held - directly managed | 1,179,940 | 994,665 | |||||
Premiums receivable | 425,702 | 406,676 | |||||
Deferred tax assets | 13,001 | 11,374 | |||||
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 245,101 | 219,115 | |||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable | 1,478,806 | 1,460,743 | |||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable, fair value | 542,224 | — | |||||
Funds held by reinsured companies | 175,383 | 82,073 | |||||
Deferred acquisition costs | 64,984 | 58,114 | |||||
Goodwill and intangible assets | 180,589 | 184,855 | |||||
Other assets | 831,320 | 842,356 | |||||
Assets held for sale | 24,351 | 1,244,456 | |||||
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 13,606,422 | $ | 12,865,744 | |||
LIABILITIES | |||||||
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 5,603,419 | $ | 5,987,867 | |||
Losses and loss adjustment expenses, fair value | 1,794,669 | — | |||||
Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts | 117,207 | 112,095 | |||||
Unearned premiums | 583,197 | 548,343 | |||||
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 236,697 | 394,021 | |||||
Deferred tax liabilities | 15,262 | 28,356 | |||||
Debt obligations | 646,689 | 673,603 | |||||
Other liabilities | 972,457 | 705,318 | |||||
Liabilities held for sale | 11,271 | 1,150,787 | |||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 9,980,868 | 9,600,390 | |||||
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES | |||||||
REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST | 479,606 | 454,522 | |||||
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||
Share capital authorized, issued and fully paid, par value $1 each (authorized 2017 and 2016: 156,000,000): | |||||||
Ordinary shares (issued and outstanding 2017: 16,402,279; 2016: 16,175,250) | 16,402 | 16,175 | |||||
Non-voting convertible ordinary shares: | |||||||
Series C (issued and outstanding 2017: 2,599,672; 2016: 2,792,157) | 2,600 | 2,792 | |||||
Series E (issued and outstanding 2017 and 2016: 404,771) | 405 | 405 | |||||
Series C Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2017 and 2016: 388,571) | 389 | 389 | |||||
Treasury shares at cost (Preferred shares 2017 and 2016: 388,571) | (421,559 | ) | (421,559 | ) | |||
Additional paid-in capital | 1,395,067 | 1,380,109 | |||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 10,468 | (23,549 | ) | ||||
Retained earnings | 2,132,912 | 1,847,550 | |||||
Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholders’ Equity | 3,136,684 | 2,802,312 | |||||
Noncontrolling interest | 9,264 | 8,520 | |||||
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | 3,145,948 | 2,810,832 | |||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTEREST AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | 13,606,422 | $ | 12,865,744 | |||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) | |||||||||||
INCOME | |||||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 613,121 | $ | 823,514 | $ | 753,744 | |||||
Fees and commission income | 66,103 | 39,364 | 39,347 | ||||||||
Net investment income | 208,789 | 185,463 | 122,564 | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 190,334 | 77,818 | (41,523 | ) | |||||||
Other income | 28,509 | 4,836 | 30,328 | ||||||||
1,106,856 | 1,130,995 | 904,460 | |||||||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||||
Net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses | 193,551 | 174,099 | 104,333 | ||||||||
Life and annuity policy benefits | 4,015 | (2,038 | ) | (546 | ) | ||||||
Acquisition costs | 96,906 | 186,569 | 163,716 | ||||||||
General and administrative expenses | 435,985 | 423,734 | 389,159 | ||||||||
Interest expense | 28,102 | 20,642 | 19,403 | ||||||||
Net foreign exchange losses | 17,537 | 665 | 3,373 | ||||||||
Loss on sale of subsidiary | 16,349 | — | — | ||||||||
792,445 | 803,671 | 679,438 | |||||||||
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 314,411 | 327,324 | 225,022 | ||||||||
INCOME TAXES | 6,395 | (34,874 | ) | (12,650 | ) | ||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 320,806 | 292,450 | 212,372 | ||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS, NET OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE | 10,993 | 11,963 | (2,031 | ) | |||||||
NET EARNINGS | 331,799 | 304,413 | 210,341 | ||||||||
Net loss (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest | (20,341 | ) | (39,606 | ) | 9,950 | ||||||
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 311,458 | $ | 264,807 | $ | 220,291 | |||||
Earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited: | |||||||||||
Basic: | |||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 15.50 | $ | 13.10 | $ | 11.55 | |||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | 0.56 | 0.62 | (0.11 | ) | |||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share | $ | 16.06 | $ | 13.72 | $ | 11.44 | |||||
Diluted: | |||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 15.39 | $ | 13.00 | $ | 11.46 | |||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | 0.56 | 0.62 | (0.11 | ) | |||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share | $ | 15.95 | $ | 13.62 | $ | 11.35 | |||||
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding: | |||||||||||
Basic | 19,388,621 | 19,299,426 | 19,252,072 | ||||||||
Diluted | 19,527,591 | 19,447,241 | 19,407,756 | ||||||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
NET EARNINGS | $ | 331,799 | $ | 304,413 | $ | 210,341 | |||||
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: | |||||||||||
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on fixed income investments arising during the year | 4,776 | 4,776 | (3,219 | ) | |||||||
Reclassification adjustment for net realized gains included in net earnings | (491 | ) | (384 | ) | (266 | ) | |||||
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year, net of reclassification adjustment | 4,285 | 4,392 | (3,485 | ) | |||||||
Decrease in defined benefit pension liability | 1,501 | 3,079 | 3 | ||||||||
Change in currency translation adjustment | 9,423 | 4,793 | (24,694 | ) | |||||||
Reclassification to earnings on disposal of subsidiary | 20,751 | — | — | ||||||||
Total currency translation adjustment | 30,174 | 4,793 | (24,694 | ) | |||||||
Total other comprehensive gain (loss) | 35,960 | 12,264 | (28,176 | ) | |||||||
Comprehensive income | 367,759 | 316,677 | 182,165 | ||||||||
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (22,285 | ) | (40,257 | ) | 15,650 | ||||||
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 345,474 | $ | 276,420 | $ | 197,815 | |||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
Share Capital — Ordinary Shares | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 16,175 | $ | 16,133 | $ | 15,761 | |||||
Issue of shares | 35 | 42 | 63 | ||||||||
Conversion of Series C Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares | 192 | — | — | ||||||||
Conversion of Series E Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares | — | — | 309 | ||||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 16,402 | $ | 16,175 | $ | 16,133 | |||||
Share Capital — Series A Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | — | $ | 2,973 | $ | 2,973 | |||||
Shares converted to Series C Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock | — | (2,973 | ) | — | |||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 2,973 | |||||
Share Capital — Series C Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 2,792 | $ | 2,726 | $ | 2,726 | |||||
Warrants exercised | — | 66 | — | ||||||||
Conversion to Ordinary Shares | (192 | ) | — | — | |||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 2,600 | $ | 2,792 | $ | 2,726 | |||||
Share Capital — Series E Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Shares | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 405 | $ | 405 | $ | 714 | |||||
Conversion to Ordinary Shares | — | — | (309 | ) | |||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 405 | $ | 405 | $ | 405 | |||||
Share Capital — Series C Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 389 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||
Conversion of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Stock | — | 389 | — | ||||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 389 | $ | 389 | $ | — | |||||
Treasury Shares | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning and end of year | $ | (421,559 | ) | $ | (421,559 | ) | $ | (421,559 | ) | ||
Additional Paid-in Capital | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 1,380,109 | $ | 1,373,044 | $ | 1,321,715 | |||||
Issue of shares and warrants | 450 | 529 | 1,765 | ||||||||
Conversion of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Ordinary Stock | — | 2,584 | — | ||||||||
Amortization of share-based compensation | 14,508 | 3,952 | 7,867 | ||||||||
Equity attributable to purchase of noncontrolling shareholders’ interest in subsidiaries | — | — | 41,697 | ||||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 1,395,067 | $ | 1,380,109 | $ | 1,373,044 | |||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | (23,549 | ) | $ | (35,162 | ) | $ | (12,686 | ) | ||
Currency translation adjustment | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | (18,993 | ) | (23,790 | ) | (2,779 | ) | |||||
Change in currency translation adjustment | 9,413 | 4,797 | (23,948 | ) | |||||||
Purchase of noncontrolling shareholders' interest in subsidiaries | — | — | 2,937 | ||||||||
Reclassification to earnings on disposal of subsidiary | 20,751 | — | — | ||||||||
Balance, end of year | 11,171 | (18,993 | ) | (23,790 | ) | ||||||
Defined benefit pension liability | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | (4,644 | ) | (7,723 | ) | (7,726 | ) | |||||
Change in defined benefit pension liability | 1,501 | 3,079 | 3 | ||||||||
Balance, end of year | (3,143 | ) | (4,644 | ) | (7,723 | ) | |||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | 88 | (3,649 | ) | (2,181 | ) | ||||||
Change in unrealized gains and losses on investments | 2,352 | 3,737 | (1,780 | ) | |||||||
Purchase of noncontrolling shareholders’ interest in subsidiaries | — | — | 312 | ||||||||
Balance, end of year | 2,440 | 88 | (3,649 | ) | |||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 10,468 | $ | (23,549 | ) | $ | (35,162 | ) | |||
Retained Earnings | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | 1,847,550 | $ | 1,578,312 | $ | 1,395,206 | ||||||
Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited | 311,458 | 264,807 | 220,291 | ||||||||
Change in redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests | (30,978 | ) | 4,431 | (37,185 | ) | ||||||
115
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle | 4,882 | — | — | ||||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 2,132,912 | $ | 1,847,550 | $ | 1,578,312 | |||||
Noncontrolling Interest (excludes redeemable noncontrolling interests) | |||||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 8,520 | $ | 3,911 | $ | 217,970 | |||||
Sale of noncontrolling shareholders' interest in subsidiaries | — | — | (195,347 | ) | |||||||
Dividends paid | — | — | (733 | ) | |||||||
Contribution of capital | 22 | 5,643 | 680 | ||||||||
Reallocation to redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | (15,801 | ) | |||||||
Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | 722 | (1,034 | ) | (1,153 | ) | ||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | (1,558 | ) | |||||||
Net movement in unrealized holding losses on investments | — | — | (147 | ) | |||||||
Balance, end of year | $ | 9,264 | $ | 8,520 | $ | 3,911 | |||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | |||||||||||
Net earnings | $ | 331,799 | $ | 304,413 | $ | 210,341 | |||||
Net (earnings) loss from discontinued operations | (10,993 | ) | (11,963 | ) | 2,031 | ||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities: | |||||||||||
Realized losses (gains) on sale of investments | (5,887 | ) | 7,036 | (15,859 | ) | ||||||
Unrealized losses (gains) on investments | (154,763 | ) | (84,854 | ) | 57,380 | ||||||
Other non-cash items | 15,490 | 8,566 | 3,984 | ||||||||
Depreciation and other amortization | 32,461 | 34,938 | 40,922 | ||||||||
Net change in trading securities held on behalf of policyholders | 25,597 | (1,284 | ) | (7,241 | ) | ||||||
Sales and maturities of trading securities | 5,742,845 | 3,406,788 | 3,651,680 | ||||||||
Purchases of trading securities | (7,024,062 | ) | (3,100,515 | ) | (4,052,430 | ) | |||||
Net loss on sale of subsidiary | 16,349 | — | — | ||||||||
Changes in: | |||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable | (530,857 | ) | (21,866 | ) | 391,182 | ||||||
Funds held by reinsured companies | (278,585 | ) | (967,379 | ) | 32,435 | ||||||
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 1,363,032 | 259,339 | (276,711 | ) | |||||||
Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts | (3,314 | ) | (11,037 | ) | 9,110 | ||||||
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | (157,741 | ) | 120,515 | (20,635 | ) | ||||||
Unearned premiums | 34,854 | 5,682 | (19,355 | ) | |||||||
Other operating assets and liabilities | 260,668 | (151,068 | ) | (271,986 | ) | ||||||
Net cash flows used in operating activities | (343,107 | ) | (202,689 | ) | (265,152 | ) | |||||
INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | |||||||||||
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | $ | (4,185 | ) | $ | (18,454 | ) | $ | 130,667 | |||
Sale of subsidiary, net of cash sold | 126,611 | — | — | ||||||||
Sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities | 86,359 | 81,596 | 142,824 | ||||||||
Purchase of available-for-sale securities | (14,848 | ) | (52,568 | ) | (102,214 | ) | |||||
Purchase of other investments | (109,885 | ) | (91,093 | ) | (315,583 | ) | |||||
Redemption of other investments | 232,827 | 245,069 | 165,711 | ||||||||
Other investing activities | (23,617 | ) | (7,841 | ) | (1,520 | ) | |||||
Net cash flows provided by investing activities | 293,262 | 156,709 | 19,885 | ||||||||
FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | |||||||||||
Contribution by noncontrolling interest | $ | 22 | $ | 5,643 | $ | 680 | |||||
Contribution by redeemable noncontrolling interest | — | — | 15,728 | ||||||||
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest | (27,458 | ) | — | (16,861 | ) | ||||||
Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — | — | (150,400 | ) | |||||||
Receipt of loans | 874,100 | 571,048 | 657,700 | ||||||||
Repayment of loans | (912,140 | ) | (493,250 | ) | (377,500 | ) | |||||
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities | (65,476 | ) | 83,441 | 129,347 | |||||||
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH | 9,512 | (13,985 | ) | (18,533 | ) | ||||||
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH | (105,809 | ) | 23,476 | (134,453 | ) | ||||||
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF YEAR | 1,318,645 | 1,295,169 | 1,429,622 | ||||||||
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF YEAR | $ | 1,212,836 | $ | 1,318,645 | $ | 1,295,169 | |||||
Supplemental Cash Flow Information: | |||||||||||
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | 13,192 | $ | 22,216 | $ | 33,305 | |||||
Interest paid | $ | 21,487 | $ | 19,451 | $ | 19,395 | |||||
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheets: | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 955,150 | $ | 954,871 | $ | 795,245 | |||||
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 257,686 | 363,774 | 499,924 | ||||||||
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 1,212,836 | $ | 1,318,645 | $ | 1,295,169 | |||||
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
117
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Tabular information expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data)
1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Enstar Group Limited ("Enstar") is a Bermuda-based holding company, formed in 2001. Enstar is a multi-faceted insurance group that offers innovative capital release solutions and specialty underwriting capabilities through its network of group companies in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, and other international locations. Our ordinary shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "ESGR". Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms "Enstar," "we," "us" or "our" mean Enstar Group Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries and the term "Parent Company" means Enstar Group Limited and not any of its consolidated subsidiaries.
Our business is organized into three segments:
(i) | Non-life Run-off - This segment is comprised of the operations of our subsidiaries that are running off their property and casualty and other non-life business. It also includes our management business, which manages the run-off portfolios of third parties through our service companies. |
(ii) | Atrium - Atrium Underwriters Ltd. is a managing general agent at Lloyd’s of London ("Lloyd's"), which manages Syndicate 609. Through a corporate capital vehicle, Atrium 5 Ltd., we provide 25% of the syndicate’s underwriting capacity and capital (with the balance provided by traditional Lloyd’s Names). Atrium underwrites specialist marine, energy, aerospace, non-marine and liability classes. |
(iii) | StarStone - StarStone is a global specialty insurer that underwrites a diverse range of property, casualty and specialty insurance through its operations in Bermuda, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Continental Europe. Certain run-off business of StarStone is recorded in our Non-life Run-off segment. |
In addition to our three reportable segments, our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income and expenses, foreign exchange, our remaining life business and other miscellaneous items.
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Preparation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The consolidated financial statements include our assets, liabilities and results of operations as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Results of operations for acquired subsidiaries are included from the date of acquisition. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our actual results could differ materially from our estimates. Accounting policies that we believe are most dependent on assumptions and estimates are considered to be our critical accounting policies and are related to the determination of:
• | liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"); |
• | liability for policy benefits for life and annuity contracts; |
• | reinsurance balances recoverable; |
• | gross and net premiums written and net premiums earned; |
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
• | impairment charges, including other-than-temporary impairments on investment securities classified as available-for-sale, and impairments on goodwill, intangible assets and deferred charges; |
• | fair value measurements of investments; |
• | fair value estimates associated with accounting for acquisitions; |
• | fair value estimates associated with loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option; and |
• | redeemable noncontrolling interests. |
Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Premiums
Non-Life
Non-life premiums written are earned on a pro-rata basis over the period the coverage is provided. Reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of the policy, are based upon contractual terms and, for certain business, are estimated based on underlying contracts or from information provided by insureds and/or brokers. Changes in reinsurance premium estimates are expected and may result in adjustments in future periods. Any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded as premiums written in the period in which they are determined.
Certain non-life contracts are retrospectively rated and provide for a final adjustment to the premium based on the final settlement of all losses. Premiums on such contracts are adjusted based upon contractual terms, and management judgment is involved with respect to the estimate of the amount of losses that we expect to incur. Additional premiums are recognized at the time loss thresholds specified in the contract are exceeded and are earned over the coverage period, or are earned immediately if the period of risk coverage has passed.
Life and Annuities
Prior to going into run-off, our life and annuities subsidiaries wrote life insurance, including credit life and disability insurance, term life insurance, assumed life reinsurance and annuities. We will continue to recognize premiums on term life insurance, assumed life reinsurance and credit life and disability insurance. These premiums are generally recognized as revenue when due from policyholders. The policies include contracts with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits. Benefits and expenses are matched with such revenue to result in the recognition of profit over the life of the contracts.
Premiums receivable
Premiums receivable represent amounts currently due and amounts not yet due on insurance and reinsurance policies. Premiums for insurance policies are generally due at inception. Premiums for reinsurance policies generally become due over the period of coverage based on the policy terms. We monitor the credit risk associated with premiums receivable, taking into consideration the impact of our contractual right to offset loss obligations or unearned premiums against premiums receivable. Amounts deemed uncollectible are charged to net earnings in the period they are determined. Changes in the estimates of premiums written will result in an adjustment to premiums receivable in the period they are determined.
Unearned premiums and prepaid reinsurance premiums
Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Premiums ceded are similarly pro-rated over the period the coverage is provided with the unearned portion being deferred as prepaid reinsurance premiums.
(b) Acquisition Costs
Acquisition costs, consisting principally of commissions and brokerage expenses and certain premium taxes and fees incurred at the time a contract or policy is issued and that vary with and are directly related to the successful efforts of acquiring new insurance contracts or renewing existing insurance contracts, are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Deferred acquisition costs are limited to their estimated realizable
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
value by line of business based on the related unearned premiums, anticipated claims and claim expenses and anticipated investment income.
(c) Losses and LAE
Non-life Run-off
The liability for losses and LAE in the Non-life Run-off segment includes an amount determined from reported claims and an amount, based on historical loss experience and industry statistics, for losses incurred but not reported ("IBNR") determined using a variety of actuarial methods. These estimates are continually reviewed and are necessarily subject to the impact of future changes in factors such as claim severity and frequency, changes in economic conditions including the impact of inflation, legal and judicial developments, and medical cost trends. While we believe that the amount is adequate, the ultimate liability may be in excess of, or less than, the amounts provided. Adjustments will be reflected as part of net increase or reduction in losses and LAE liabilities in the periods in which they become known. Premium and commission adjustments may be triggered by incurred losses, and any amounts are recorded in the same period that the related incurred loss is recognized.
Commutations of acquired companies’ exposures have the effect of accelerating the payout of claims compared to the probability-weighted ranges of actuarially projected cash flows that we apply when estimating the fair values of assets and liabilities at the time of acquisition. Any material acceleration of payout together with the impact of any material loss reserve savings in any period will also accelerate the amortization of fair value adjustments in that period. Gains or losses on settlement of losses and LAE liabilities by way of commutation or policy buy-back are recognized upon execution of a commutation or policy buyback with the insured or reinsured.
Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries also establish provisions for LAE relating to run-off costs for the estimated duration of the run-off, which are included in losses and LAE. These provisions are assessed at each reporting date, and provisions relating to future periods are adjusted to reflect any changes in estimates of the periodic run-off costs or the duration of the run-off, including the impact of any acceleration of the run-off period that may be caused by commutations. Provisions relating to the current period together with any adjustment to future run-off provisions are included in net incurred losses and LAE in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Atrium and StarStone
The reserves for losses and LAE in the Atrium and StarStone segments include reserves for unpaid reported losses and for IBNR loss reserves. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and loss expenses are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to or specifically identified by us. The reserve for IBNR losses is established by us based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which may vary significantly as claims are settled. Accordingly, ultimate losses and loss expenses may differ from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years.
(d) Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts
Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts (“policy benefits”) are calculated using the net level premium method and are derived using locked-in assumptions. Policy benefits are established and maintained at a level that we estimate will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support all future cash flow benefit obligations and third-party servicing obligations as they become payable. We review policy benefits regularly and perform loss recognition testing based upon cash flow projections.
Since the development of the policy benefits is based upon projections of future cash flows, we are required to make assumptions for mortality, longevity and morbidity rates, lapse rates, expenses and investment income. The assumptions used to determine policy benefits are determined at the inception of the contracts, reviewed and adjusted at the point of acquisition, as required, and are locked-in throughout the life of the contract unless a premium deficiency develops. These locked-in assumptions are based on a best estimate view of experience at the time they are established
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
and may include a provision for adverse deviation. Assumptions are established based upon a combination of historical and industry experience, when available, and management judgment. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Policy benefit liabilities are reviewed periodically to determine whether a premium deficiency exists. Management reviews emerging experience and updates best estimate assumptions where appropriate. If existing policy benefit reserves, reduced by unamortized acquisition costs, together with the present value of future gross premiums using current best estimate assumptions, are insufficient in covering the present value of future benefits, settlement, and maintenance costs using current best estimate assumptions, a premium deficiency is deemed to exist. To remediate, unamortized acquisition costs are reduced until the premium deficiency has been eliminated. If unamortized acquisition costs have been entirely written off and a premium deficiency still exists, locked-in assumptions are revised and a charge for policy benefits is recognized.
Because of the many assumptions and estimates used in establishing policy benefits and the long-term nature of the contracts, the reserving process, while based on actuarial techniques, is inherently uncertain.
(e) Reinsurance Balances Recoverable
Amounts billed to, and due from, reinsurers resulting from paid movements in the underlying business are calculated in accordance with the terms of the individual reinsurance contracts. Similarly, reinsurance balances recoverable related to our case reserves are calculated by applying the terms of any applicable reinsurance coverage to movements in the underlying case reserves. Our estimate of reinsurance balances recoverable related to IBNR reserves is recognized on a basis consistent with the underlying IBNR reserves.
Our reinsurance balances recoverable are presented net of a provision for uncollectible amounts, reflecting the amount deemed not collectible due to credit quality, collection problems due to the location of the reinsurer, contractual disputes with reinsurers over individual contentious claims, contract language or coverage issues.
(f) Investments, Cash and Cash Equivalents
Short-term investments and fixed maturity investments
Short-term investments comprise investments with a maturity greater than three months up to one year from the date of purchase. Fixed maturities comprise investments with a maturity of greater than one year from the date of purchase.
Short-term and fixed maturity investments classified as trading are carried at fair value, with realized and unrealized holding gains and losses included in net earnings and reported as net realized and unrealized gains and losses.
Short-term and fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from net earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments classified as available-for-sale are recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings.
The costs of short-term and fixed maturity investments are adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, recognized using the effective yield method and included in net investment income. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed investments, and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and reviewed on a regular basis.
Investment purchases and sales are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are based upon specific identification of the cost of investments.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments
Fixed maturity investments classified as available-for-sale are reviewed quarterly to determine if they have sustained an impairment of value that is, based on our judgment, considered to be other than temporary. The process includes reviewing each fixed maturity investment that is below cost and: (1) determining if we have the intent to sell the fixed maturity investment; (2) determining if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery; and (3) assessing whether a credit loss exists, that is, whether we expect that the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the fixed maturity investment is less than the amortized cost basis of the investment.
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
In assessing whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a fixed maturity investment before its anticipated recovery, we consider various factors including our future cash flow requirements, legal and regulatory requirements, the level of our cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and fixed maturity investments available-for-sale in an unrealized gain position, and other relevant factors.
In evaluating credit losses, we consider a variety of factors in the assessment of a fixed maturity investment including: (1) the time period during which there has been a significant decline below cost; (2) the extent of the decline below cost and par; (3) the potential for the investment to recover in value; (4) an analysis of the financial condition of the issuer; (5) the rating of the issuer; and (6) failure of the issuer of the investment to make scheduled interest or principal payments.
If we conclude that an investment is other-than-temporarily impaired ("OTTI"), then the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the investment is presented as an OTTI charge in the consolidated statements of earnings, with an offset for any non-credit related loss component of the OTTI charge to be recognized in other comprehensive income. Accordingly, only the credit loss component of the OTTI amount would have an impact on our earnings.
Equities
Equities are classified as trading and are carried at fair value with realized and unrealized holding gains and losses included in net earnings and reported as net realized and unrealized gains and losses.
Other investments, at fair value
Other investments include investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies (collectively "private equities") and fixed income funds, hedge funds, equity funds, private credit funds and collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") equity funds that carry their investments at fair value, as well as direct investments in CLO equities. These other investments are stated at fair value, which ordinarily will be the most recently reported net asset value as advised by the fund manager or administrator. Many of our fund investments publish net asset values on a daily basis and provide daily liquidity; others report on a monthly basis. Private equities typically report quarterly. The change in fair value is included in net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments and recognized in net earnings.
Other investments, at cost
Investments in life settlements are recorded as other investments, at cost, and are accounted for under the investment method whereby we recognize our initial investment in the life settlement contracts at the transaction price plus all initial direct external costs. Continuing costs to keep the policy in force, primarily life insurance premiums, increase the carrying amount of the investment. We recognize income on individual investments in life settlements when the insured dies, at an amount equal to the excess of the investment proceeds over the carrying amount of the investment at that time.
The investments are subject to quarterly impairment review on a contract-by-contract basis. An investment in life settlements is considered impaired if the undiscounted cash flows resulting from the expected proceeds from the investment in life settlements are not sufficient to recover the current carrying amount for the investment in life settlements plus anticipated undiscounted future premiums and other capitalizable future costs, if any. Impaired contracts are written down to their estimated fair value, which is determined on a discounted cash flow basis using current market longevity assumptions and market yields, with any impairment charges included within net realized and unrealized gains (losses).
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents includes all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.
(g) Funds Held
Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted. Funds held are shown under two categories on the consolidated balance sheets, where funds held upon which we receive the underlying portfolio economics are shown as "Funds held - directly managed", and funds held where we receive a fixed crediting rate are shown as "Funds held by reinsured companies". Funds held by reinsured
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
companies are carried at cost. Funds held - directly managed, carried at fair value, represents the aggregate of funds held at cost and the value of an embedded derivative. The embedded derivative relates to our contractual right to receive the return on the underlying investment portfolio economics. The investment returns on both categories of funds held are recognized in net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses). The revaluation of the embedded derivative is included in net unrealized gains (losses).
(h) Fees and Commission Income
Fees and commission income primarily includes profit commissions earned from managed Lloyd's syndicates as well as fees earned under fronting and consulting arrangements with third- party clients, which are recorded on an accrual basis.
(i) Foreign Exchange
Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Assets and liabilities of entities whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated at period end exchange rates. Revenues and expenses of such foreign entities are translated at average exchange rates during the year. The effect of the currency translation adjustments for these foreign entities is included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Other foreign currency assets and liabilities that are considered monetary items are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Foreign currency revenues and expenses are translated at transaction date exchange rates. These exchange gains and losses are recognized in net earnings.
(j) Share-based Compensation
We have primarily used three types of share-based compensation: (i) restricted shares, restricted share units and performance share units, (ii) cash-settled stock appreciation rights ("SARs") and (iii) shares issued under our employee share purchase plans. With the exception of SARs and the incentive plan awards issued to certain employees of Atrium, our share-based compensation awards qualify for equity classification. The fair value of the compensation cost is measured at the grant date and is expensed over the service period of the award. The SARs and the Atrium incentive plan awards are classified as liability awards. Liability classified awards are recorded at fair value within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value relating to the vested portion of the award recorded within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.
(k) Derivative Instruments
We utilize derivative instruments in our foreign currency risk management strategy and recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and carry them at the fair value of the specific instrument utilized. Changes in the fair value as well as realized gains or losses on derivative instruments are recognized in net earnings if they are not designated as qualifying hedging instruments or if the criteria for establishing a perfectly effective designated hedging relationship for our net investment hedges has not been met. However, if a designated net investment hedge is deemed to be perfectly effective, then we recognize the changes in the fair value of the underlying hedging instrument in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the application of hedge accounting is discontinued. Any cumulative gains or losses arising on designated net investment hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the CTA from the underlying hedged net investment is recognized in net earnings due to a disposal, deconsolidation or substantial liquidation.
Certain of our funds held arrangements also contain embedded derivatives as described above and which are carried at fair value.
(l) Income Taxes
Certain of our subsidiaries and branches operate in jurisdictions where they are subject to taxation. Current and deferred income taxes are charged or credited to net income, or, in certain cases, to accumulated other comprehensive income, based upon enacted tax laws and rates applicable in the relevant jurisdiction in the period in which the tax becomes accruable or realizable. Deferred income taxes are provided for all temporary differences between the bases of assets and liabilities used in the financial statements and those used in the various jurisdictional tax returns. When our assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that all or some portion of deferred income tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recorded against the deferred tax assets.
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
We recognize a tax benefit relating to uncertain tax positions only where the position is more likely than not to be sustained assuming examination by tax authorities. A liability is recognized for any tax benefit (along with any interest and penalty, if applicable) claimed in a tax return in excess of the amount allowed to be recognized in the financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Any changes in amounts recognized are recorded in the period in which they are determined.
(m) Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding and excludes potentially dilutive securities such as restricted shares, restricted share units, warrants, options and convertible securities. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of ordinary and ordinary share equivalents outstanding calculated using the treasury stock method for all potentially dilutive securities. When the effect of dilutive securities would be anti-dilutive, these securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
(n) Acquisitions, Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The acquisition method is used to account for all business acquisitions. This method requires that we record the acquired assets and liabilities at their estimated fair value. The fair values of each of the acquired reinsurance assets and liabilities are derived from probability-weighted ranges of the associated projected cash flows, based on actuarially prepared information and management’s run-off strategy. Our run-off strategy, as well as that of other run-off market participants, is expected to be different from the seller's as generally sellers are not specialized in running off insurance and reinsurance liabilities whereas we and other market participants do specialize in such run-offs.
The key assumptions used by us and, we believe, by other run-off market participants in the fair valuation of acquired companies are (i) the projected payout, timing and amount of claims liabilities; (ii) the related projected timing and amount of reinsurance collections; (iii) an appropriate discount rate, which is applied to determine the present value of the future cash flows; (iv) the estimated unallocated LAE to be incurred over the life of the run-off; (v) the impact of any accelerated run-off strategy; and (vi) an appropriate risk margin.
The difference between the original carrying value of reinsurance liabilities and reinsurance assets acquired at the date of acquisition and their fair value is recorded as an intangible asset or other liability, which we refer to as the fair value adjustment ("FVA"). The FVA is amortized over the estimated payout period of outstanding losses and loss expenses acquired. To the extent the actual payout experience after the acquisition is materially faster or slower than anticipated at the time of the acquisition, there is an adjustment to the estimated ultimate loss reserves, or there are changes in bad debt provisions or in estimates of future run-off costs following accelerated payouts, then the amortization of the FVA is adjusted to reflect such changes.
The difference between the fair value of net assets acquired and the purchase price is recorded as a goodwill asset or as a gain from bargain purchase in the consolidated statements of earnings. Goodwill is established initially upon acquisition and assessed at least annually for impairment. If the goodwill asset is determined to be impaired it is written down in the period in which the determination is made.
Intangible assets represent the fair value adjustments related to unpaid losses and LAE, reinsurance balances recoverable and policy benefits for life and annuity contracts along with the intangible assets arising from the acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives. Amortization of intangible assets is recognized in the consolidated statement of earnings. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. The carrying values of intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment at least annually. Impairment is recognized if the carrying values of the definite-lived intangible assets are not recoverable from their undiscounted cash flows and are measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value.
(o) Retroactive Reinsurance and Deferred Charges
Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and LAE with respect to past loss events.
In our Non-life Run-off segment we use the balance sheet accounting approach for assumed loss portfolio transfers, whereby at the inception of the contract there are no premiums or losses recorded in earnings. At the inception of a contract, a deferred charge asset is recorded for the excess, if any, of the estimated ultimate losses payable over the premiums received. Deferred charges, recorded in other assets, are amortized over the estimated claim payment period of the related contract with the periodic amortization reflected in earnings as a component of losses and LAE.
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Deferred charges amortization is adjusted at each reporting period to reflect new estimates of the amount and timing of remaining loss payments. Changes in the estimated amount and the timing of payments of unpaid losses may have an effect on the unamortized deferred charges and the amount of periodic amortization. Deferred charges are assessed at each reporting period for impairment. If the asset is determined to be impaired, it is written down in the period in which the determination is made.
In our Non-life Run-off and StarStone segments we have ceded business to KaylaRe Ltd., an affiliated reinsurer, as described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions". The reinsurance ceded by StarStone to KaylaRe Ltd. during the year ended December 31, 2016 was mostly recognized as retroactive reinsurance, except for the unearned ceded premium as at December 31, 2016 which was recognized as prospective reinsurance. The reinsurance ceded by StarStone to KaylaRe Ltd. from January 1, 2017 was recognized as prospective reinsurance.
(p) Retroactive Reinsurance - Fair Value Option
In our Non-life Run-off segment we have elected to apply the fair value option for certain loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions. This is an irrevocable election that applies to all balances under the insurance contract, including funds held assets, reinsurance balances recoverable, and the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses.
We use an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses and the reinsurance balances recoverable asset. Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements" describes the internal model, including the observable and unobservable inputs used in the model.
(q) Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
In connection with the acquisitions of Arden, Atrium and StarStone, certain subsidiaries issued shares to noncontrolling interests. These shares provide certain redemption rights to the holders, which may be settled in our own shares or cash or a combination of cash and shares, at our option. Redeemable noncontrolling interest with redemption features that are not solely within our control are classified within temporary equity in the consolidated balance sheets and carried at the redemption value, which is fair value. Change in the fair value is recognized through retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date.
(r) Internal-use Software
Direct internal and external costs to acquire or develop internal-use software have been capitalized. We only capitalize costs incurred after the preliminary project stage has been completed, and when management has authorized and committed to funding the project and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the functions intended. Capitalized costs related to internal-use software are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. These capitalized costs are also assessed for impairment when impairment indicators exist.
(s) Held-for-sale Business and Discontinued Operations
We report a business as held-for-sale when certain criteria are met which include, (1) management either approving the sale or receiving approval to sell the business and is committed to a formal plan to sell the business, (2) the business is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (3) the business is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, (4) the sale is anticipated to occur during the next 12 months, among other specified criteria. A business classified as held for sale is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value, a loss is recognized. Assets and liabilities related to the businesses classified as held-for-sale are separately reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets beginning in the period in which the business is classified as held-for-sale. Refer to Note 5 for further information regarding our held-for-sale business. The Pavonia business was also classified as a discontinued operation whose results were aggregated and presented within one line in the consolidated statements of earnings.
New Accounting Standards Adopted in 2017
Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities
In August 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2017-12, which amends the hedge accounting recognition and presentation requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815 -
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Derivatives and Hedging. The guidance (1) improves the transparency and understandability of information conveyed to financial statement users about an entity’s risk management activities by better aligning the entity’s financial reporting for hedging relationships with those risk management activities, and (2) reduces the complexity of and simplify the application of hedge accounting by preparers. We early adopted this guidance and that adoption did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2017-08, Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, which amends the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium, shortening such period to the earliest call date. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We early adopted this guidance and that adoption did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01 to clarify the definition of a business in ASC 805 - Business Combinations, with the intent of making the application of the guidance more consistent and cost-efficient. This clarification is expected to result in fewer acquired sets of assets and liabilities being identified as businesses. We early adopted this guidance and that adoption did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. The impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements was a cumulative-effect adjustment of $4.9 million to opening retained earnings for the year ended December 31, 2017 for the excess tax benefit not previously recognized.
ASU 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-07, which simplifies the equity method of accounting by eliminating the requirement to retrospectively apply the equity method to an investment that subsequently qualifies for such accounting as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence. Entities are therefore required to apply the guidance prospectively to increases in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence occurring after the ASU’s effective date. The ASU further requires that unrealized holding gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income related to an available-for-sale security that becomes eligible for the equity method be recognized in earnings as of the date on which the investment qualifies for the equity method. The adoption of this guidance did not have any impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, which gives entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings tax effects related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) that are deemed stranded in AOCI as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Act") enacted in the United States at the end of 2017. The amendments in this guidance eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 but early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period for which financial statements have not yet been issued. Entities also have the option of applying the ASU either (1) in the period of adoption or (2) retrospectivel
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y to each period in which the income tax effects of the Tax Act related to items in AOCI, are recognized. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2017-09, Stock Compensation - Scope of Modification Accounting
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. The ASU provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718. Specifically, an entity would not apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions, and classification of the awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. The ASU’s amendments are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, although early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, which amends the requirements in ASC 715 related to the income statement presentation of the components of net periodic benefit cost for an entity’s sponsored defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The ASU requires entities to (1) disaggregate the current-service-cost component from the other components of net benefit cost (the “other components”) and present it with other current compensation costs for related employees in the statement of earnings, and (2) present the other components elsewhere in the statement of earnings and outside of income from operations if such a subtotal is presented. The ASU also requires entities to disclose the captions within the statement of earnings that contain the other components if they are not presented on appropriately described separate lines. In addition, only the service-cost component of the net benefit cost is eligible for capitalization, which is a change from current practice, under which entities capitalize the aggregate net benefit cost when applicable. The ASU’s amendments are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, although early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2017-05, Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05 to clarify the scope of the Board’s guidance on nonfinancial asset derecognition (ASC 610-20) as well as the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The ASU conforms the derecognition on nonfinancial assets with the model for transactions in the new revenue standard (ASC 606, as amended). The ASU clarifies that ASC 610-20 applies to the derecognition of all nonfinancial assets and in-substance nonfinancial assets. The ASU also requires an entity to derecognize the nonfinancial asset or in-substance nonfinancial asset in a partial sale transaction when (1) the entity ceases to have a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary pursuant to ASC 810, and (2) control of the asset is transferred in accordance with ASC 606. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. We do not expect this adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, which requires immediate recognition of the tax consequences of many intercompany asset transfers other than inventory. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, however early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, which amends the guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, however early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
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ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, which amends the guidance on impairment of financial instruments and significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other financial instruments including reinsurance balances recoverable that are not measured at fair value through net income. The ASU will replace the existing “incurred loss” approach, with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost and require entities to record allowances for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount under the existing OTTI model. The ASU also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019.
We expect to adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2020 and upon adoption the OTTI approach we currently use for our available-for-sale securities whereby any credit losses are presented as write-downs on individual securities will be replaced by an approach whereby any credit losses are instead presented as an allowance against each security. This revised approach records the full effect of reversals of any credit losses in current period earnings, compared to current U.S. GAAP which amortizes the reversal of credit losses over the lifetime of the security. The length of time an available for sale security has been in an unrealized loss position will no longer be considered in determining whether to record a credit loss. In addition, the historical and implied volatility of the fair value of an available for sale security and recoveries or declines in fair value after the balance sheet date will no longer be considered when making a determination of whether a credit loss exists. For our reinsurance balances recoverable, the ASU will require us to determine a provision for credit losses associated with our reinsurers based on an “expected loss” approach which will likely differ from the provisions for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable that we have currently recorded, based on the “incurred loss” approach under existing guidance. We are continuing to review all our financial instruments as well as assets that are subject to credit risk, primarily our reinsurance balance recoverables and available-for-sale debt securities to determine the provisions for credit losses on the instruments and to quantify the impact of adopting the “expected loss” approach required by the ASU.
While we anticipate an increase in our allowances for credit losses for the financial instruments and assets that are within the scope of the ASU in view of the objective of the new guidance, the magnitude of any increase will depend largely on the composition of our investment portfolio at the date of adoption of the ASU as well as on the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts at the time of adoption.
ASU 2016-02, Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, which amends the guidance on the classification, measurement and disclosure of leases for both lessors and lessees. The ASU requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet and to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018.
We expect to adopt the new standard on January 1, 2019 and will recognize and measure our leasing arrangements at the beginning of the earliest period presented using the modified retrospective approach permitted by the ASU. The modified retrospective approach includes a number of specific optional practical expedients which we intend to elect on adoption of the ASU, relating to, (1) the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date, (2) initial direct costs for leases that commenced before the effective date, and (3) the ability to use hindsight in evaluating lessee options to extend or terminate a lease. The election of these practical expedients will allow us to in effect, continue to account for leases that commence before the effective date in accordance with the previous U.S. GAAP unless the lease is modified. The only exception would be that we will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all our existing operating leases at each reporting date based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease rental payments that we are disclosing under current U.S. GAAP.
We are continuing to review all our operating lease arrangements to quantify the right-of-use asset and the offsetting lease liability to be recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet upon adoption of this guidance. We however, do not anticipate that the adoption of the ASU will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments
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In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, which amends the guidance on the classification and measurement of financial instruments. Although the ASU retains many of the current requirements, it significantly revises an entity’s accounting related to (1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities, and (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. The ASU also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017.
Based on our current review, while the ASU will impact the financial liabilities that we have assumed through loss portfolio transfer reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option, substantially all of our assets are not within the scope of the new guidance. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, however we do not expect that adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
ASUs 2014-09, 2016-08, 2016-10, 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The ASU applies to all contracts with customers except those that are within the scope of other topics in the FASB ASC including ASC 944 - Insurance. However, while contracts within the scope of ASC 944 are excluded from the scope of the ASU, certain insurance-related contracts should be accounted for under the ASU, for example contracts under which service providers charge their customers fixed fees in exchange for an agreement to provide services for an uncertain future event. Certain of the ASU’s provisions also apply to transfers of non-financial assets and include guidance on recognition and measurement.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Principal versus Agent Considerations, which clarifies the implementation guidance for principal versus agent considerations in ASU 2014-09. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, which amends the guidance in ASU 2014-09 related to identifying performance obligations and accounting for licenses of intellectual property. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which clarifies the following aspects in ASU 2014-09 - (1) collectability, (2) presentation of sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from customers, (3) noncash considerations, (4) contract modifications at transition, (5) completed contracts at transition, and (6) technical correction.
We are required to adopt ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10 and ASU 2016-12 together with ASU 2014-09, which is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018. The two permitted transition methods under the new revenue standard are the full retrospective method, in which case the guidance would be applied to each prior reporting period presented, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial adoption. We expect to adopt the guidance using the modified retrospective method.
The analysis of our current sources of revenues indicates that substantially all of our revenues are from sources that are within the scope of other FASB topics, primarily ASC 944 - Insurance, and therefore are excluded from the scope of the revenue recognition standard. For those revenue sources within the scope of the revenue recognition standard such as fees earned under consulting arrangements with third- party clients, which are however not material, there are no significant changes in the timing or measurement of those revenues based upon the provisions of the new revenue recognition guidance. Therefore, since substantially all of our revenue sources are excluded from the scope of the new revenue recognition standard, we do not anticipate the adoption of the new guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
3. ACQUISITIONS
2016
Dana Companies
On December 30, 2016, we completed the acquisition of Dana Companies, LLC ("Dana Companies") from Dana Incorporated ("Dana"). Dana Companies holds liabilities associated with personal injury asbestos claims and environmental claims arising from its legacy manufacturing operations. Dana Companies’ assets include, amongst others, insurance rights related to coverage against these liabilities and marketable securities.
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The total consideration for the transaction was $88.5 million.
Purchase price | $ | 88,500 | |
Net assets acquired at fair value | $ | 88,500 | |
Excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired | $ | — | |
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, recorded in our Non-life Run-off segment.
Total | |||
ASSETS | |||
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value | $ | 22,747 | |
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value | 61,389 | ||
Other investments, at fair value | 46,589 | ||
Total investments | 130,725 | ||
Cash and cash equivalents | 58,430 | ||
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 1,692 | ||
Other assets - Insurance balances recoverable | 133,032 | ||
Other assets | 5,383 | ||
TOTAL ASSETS | 329,262 | ||
LIABILITIES | |||
Other liabilities - Asbestos related | 220,496 | ||
Other liabilities | 20,266 | ||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 240,762 | ||
NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE | $ | 88,500 | |
From the date of acquisition to December 31, 2016, we did not record any earnings from Dana Companies.
2015
Nationale Suisse Assurance S.A.
On November 13, 2015, we completed the acquisition of Nationale Suisse Assurance S.A. ("NSA"). We changed the name of NSA to Alpha Insurance SA ("Alpha") at closing and placed the company into run-off. Alpha is a Belgium-based composite insurance company that wrote both non-life and life insurance that we are now operating as part of our non-life run-off segment and other activities, respectively.
The total consideration for the transaction was €32.8 million (or $35.2 million).
Purchase price | $ | 35,225 | |
Net assets acquired at fair value | $ | 35,225 | |
Excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired | $ | — | |
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The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Alpha transaction at the acquisition date, allocated between our Non-life Run-off segment and our other activities.
Non-life Run-off Segment | Other | Total | |||||||||
ASSETS | |||||||||||
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value | $ | 8,644 | $ | — | $ | 8,644 | |||||
Short-term investments, available-for-sale, at fair value | — | 6,687 | 6,687 | ||||||||
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value | 31,350 | — | 31,350 | ||||||||
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value | — | 96,656 | 96,656 | ||||||||
Other investments, at fair value | 1,339 | — | 1,339 | ||||||||
Total investments | 41,333 | 103,343 | 144,676 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 39,451 | 25,258 | 64,709 | ||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable — reserves | 4,041 | 302 | 4,343 | ||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable — paid | 10,831 | 1,320 | 12,151 | ||||||||
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 3,213 | — | 3,213 | ||||||||
Other assets | 3,097 | 2,298 | 5,395 | ||||||||
TOTAL ASSETS | 101,966 | 132,521 | 234,487 | ||||||||
LIABILITIES | |||||||||||
Losses and LAE | 56,021 | 117,188 | 173,209 | ||||||||
Funds withheld | 473 | — | 473 | ||||||||
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 6,212 | 779 | 6,991 | ||||||||
Unearned premium | 5,969 | — | 5,969 | ||||||||
Other liabilities | 9,745 | 2,875 | 12,620 | ||||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 78,420 | 120,842 | 199,262 | ||||||||
NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE | $ | 23,546 | $ | 11,679 | $ | 35,225 | |||||
From the date of acquisition to December 31, 2015, we earned premiums of $nil, recorded net incurred losses and LAE of $nil on those earned premiums, and recorded $0.1 million in net losses attributable to Enstar Group Limited related to Alpha’s business.
Wilton Re
On May 5, 2015, we completed the acquisition of certain subsidiaries from Wilton Re Limited ("Wilton Re"), which hold interests in life insurance policies. These interests were acquired by Wilton Re in the secondary and tertiary markets and through collateralized lending transactions.
The total consideration for the transaction was $173.1 million, paid in two installments. The first installment of $89.1 million was paid on closing. The second installment of $83.9 million was paid on the first anniversary of closing. The companies are operating as part of our other activities.
Purchase price | $ | 173,058 | |
Net assets acquired at fair value | $ | 173,058 | |
Excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired | $ | — | |
The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of the two companies acquired based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date.
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ASSETS | |||
Other investments | $ | 142,182 | |
Cash and cash equivalents | 5,043 | ||
Other assets | 26,376 | ||
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 173,601 | |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 543 | ||
NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE | $ | 173,058 | |
From the date of acquisition to December 31, 2015, we recorded $16.5 million in net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited related to the life settlement contract business.
Canada Pension Plan Investment Board ("CPPIB"), together with management of Wilton Re, owns 100% of the common stock of Wilton Re. Subsequent to the closing of our transaction with Wilton Re, CPPIB separately acquired certain of our voting and non-voting ordinary shares in several third party transactions during 2015 and 2016, as described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" .
Sussex Insurance Company (formerly known as Companion)
On January 27, 2015, we completed the acquisition of Companion Property and Casualty Insurance Company ("Companion") from Blue Cross and Blue Shield of South Carolina, an independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association. Companion is a South Carolina based insurance group with property, casualty, specialty and workers' compensation business, and has also provided fronting and third-party administrative services. We changed the name of Companion to Sussex Insurance Company ("Sussex") following the acquisition, and the company is operating as part of the Non-life Run-off segment. In addition, StarStone is renewing certain business from Sussex.
The total consideration for the transaction was $218.0 million, which was financed 50% through borrowings under a Term Facility Agreement with two financial institutions (the "Sussex Facility") and 50% from cash on hand.
Purchase price | $ | 218,000 | |
Net assets acquired at fair value | $ | 218,000 | |
Excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired | $ | — | |
The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of Sussex based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date.
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ASSETS | |||
Short-term investments, trading, at fair value | $ | 85,309 | |
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value | 523,227 | ||
Equities, trading, at fair value | 31,439 | ||
Total investments | 639,975 | ||
Cash and cash equivalents | 358,458 | ||
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 15,279 | ||
Accrued interest receivable | 3,984 | ||
Premiums receivable | 37,190 | ||
Reinsurance balances recoverable | 483,816 | ||
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 28,751 | ||
Other assets | 43,939 | ||
TOTAL ASSETS | 1,611,392 | ||
LIABILITIES | |||
Losses and LAE | 1,257,205 | ||
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 3,030 | ||
Unearned premium | 79,293 | ||
Funds withheld | 42,090 | ||
Other liabilities | 11,774 | ||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 1,393,392 | ||
NET ASSETS ACQUIRED AT FAIR VALUE | $ | 218,000 | |
The net unearned premiums acquired included a decrease of $34.6 million to adjust net unearned premiums to fair value. This fair value adjustment is included within unearned premiums on the consolidated balance sheet. As at December 31, 2017, $16.1 million has been amortized to acquisition costs and $16.0 million has been amortized to net premiums earned in the consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income. As at December 31, 2017, the remaining balance of the fair value adjustment was $2.5 million, which will be amortized to net premiums earned over the remaining terms of the underlying policies.
From the date of acquisition to December 31, 2015, we earned premiums of $43.2 million, recorded net incurred losses and LAE of $44.4 million on those earned premiums, and recorded $42.4 million in net losses attributable to Enstar Group Limited related to Sussex’s non-life run-off business.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Supplemental Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited)
The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of earnings for the year ended December 31, 2015 combines our historical consolidated statements of earnings with those of Sussex, Alpha and Wilton Re, giving effect to the business combinations and related transactions as if they had occurred on January 1, 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the operating results of Sussex, Alpha and Wilton Re have been included in the consolidated financial statements from each of their respective dates of acquisition. The unaudited pro forma financial information presented below is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisitions of Sussex, Alpha and Wilton Re and related transactions had taken place at the beginning of each period presented, nor is it indicative of future results.
Enstar Group Limited | Unaudited | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | Sussex | Alpha | Wilton Re | Pro forma Adjustments | Enstar Group Limited - Pro forma | ||||||||||||||||||
Total income | $ | 904,460 | $ | 29,990 | $ | 31,884 | $ | 5,793 | $ | 9,494 | $ | 981,621 | |||||||||||
Total expenses | (694,119 | ) | (39,860 | ) | (47,026 | ) | (3,628 | ) | 5,894 | (778,739 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total noncontrolling interest | 9,950 | — | — | — | — | 9,950 | |||||||||||||||||
Net earnings (loss) | $ | 220,291 | $ | (9,870 | ) | $ | (15,142 | ) | $ | 2,165 | $ | 15,388 | $ | 212,832 | |||||||||
Summary of the Pro Forma Adjustments to the Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015 (Unaudited):
Income: | ||
(a) Reversal of amortization of fair value adjustments related to unearned premium included in Enstar Group results but reflected in 2014 pro formas | 13,344 | |
(b) Adjustment to recognize amortization of fair value adjustments related to unearned premium | (3,850 | ) |
9,494 | ||
Expenses: | ||
(a) Adjustment to interest expense to reflect financing costs of the acquisition for the period | (1,098 | ) |
(b) Adjustment to recognize amortization of fair value adjustments related to acquired losses and LAE liabilities and reinsurance balances recoverable | (451 | ) |
(c) Reversal of amortization of fair value adjustments related to acquisition costs included in Enstar Group results but reflected in 2014 pro formas | 16,173 | |
(d) Adjustment to income taxes for pro forma adjustments | (8,730 | ) |
5,894 | ||
Changes in Ownership Interests relating to Holding Companies for our Active Underwriting Businesses
Corporate Holding Company Reorganization during 2015
On December 23, 2015, we completed a corporate reorganization of certain of our subsidiary holding companies. Following the reorganization, StarStone Holdings and Northshore are owned by a common parent, North Bay Holdings Limited ("North Bay"), as described in Note 16 - "Noncontrolling Interest".
4. SIGNIFICANT NEW BUSINESS
2018
Zurich Australia
On February 22, 2018, we entered into an agreement with an Australia subsidiary of Zurich Insurance Group ("Zurich") to reinsure its New South Wales Vehicle Compulsory Third Party ("CTP") insurance business. Under the agreement, which is effective as of January 1, 2018, we will assume gross reinsurance reserves of approximately AUD$350 million (approximately $275.0 million).
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Following the initial reinsurance transaction, which transferred the economics of the CTP insurance business, we and Zurich are pursuing a portfolio transfer of the CTP insurance business under Division 3A Part III of Australia's Insurance Act 1973 (Cth), which will provide legal finality for Zurich's obligations. The transfer is subject to court, regulatory and other approvals.
Neon RITC Transaction
On February 16, 2018, we closed the previously announced reinsurance-to-close transaction with Neon Underwriting Limited ("Neon"), under which we will reinsure to close the 2015 and prior underwriting years of account (comprising underwriting years 2008 to 2015) of Neon's Syndicate 2468. We have assumed gross reserves of £402.2 million (approximately $543.4 million) or net reinsurance reserves of £337.8 million (approximately $456.4 million) relating to the portfolio for cash consideration equal to the net amount of reserves assumed. Following the closing of the transaction, Enstar has taken responsibility for claims handling and will provide complete finality to Neon's obligations.
Novae RITC Transaction
On January 29, 2018, we entered into an RITC transaction with AXIS Managing Agency Limited, under which we will reinsure to close the 2015 and prior underwriting years of account of Novae Syndicate 2007. We will assume gross reserves of approximately £840.0 million (approximately $1.1 billion) relating to the portfolio or net reinsurance reserves of approximately £600.0 million (approximately $811.0 million) for cash consideration equal to the net amount assumed.
2017
Allianz
On December 28, 2017, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Allianz SE (“Allianz”) to reinsure a portfolio of Allianz’s run-off business, effective December 31, 2017. Pursuant to the reinsurance agreement, we reinsured 50% of certain U.S. workers' compensation, asbestos, and toxic tort business originally held by San Francisco Reinsurance Company, an affiliate of Allianz, and in the process assumed net reinsurance reserves of $81.4 million. Affiliates of Allianz retained $81.4 million of reinsurance premium as funds withheld collateral for the obligations under the reinsurance agreement and we transferred $8.1 million to a reinsurance trust to further support our obligations. We will also provide ongoing consulting services with respect to the entire $162.8 million portfolio, including the 50% share retained by affiliates of Allianz.
RSA
On February 7, 2017, we entered into an agreement to reinsure the U.K. employers' liability legacy business of RSA Insurance Group PLC ("RSA"). Pursuant to the transaction, our subsidiary assumed gross insurance reserves of £1,046.4 million ($1,301.8 million), relating to 2005 and prior year business. Net insurance reserves assumed were £927.5 million ($1,153.9 million) and the reinsurance premium received was £801.6 million ($997.2 million). We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract. The initial fair value adjustment on the gross reserves was $174.1 million, and on the net reserves was $156.7 million. Refer to Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and assumptions.
Following the initial reinsurance transaction, which transferred the economics of the portfolio up to the policy's limits, we and RSA are pursuing a portfolio transfer of the business under Part VII of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, which would provide legal finality for RSA's obligations. The transfer is subject to court, regulatory and other approvals.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
QBE
On January 11, 2017, we closed a transaction to reinsure multi-line property and casualty business of QBE Insurance Group Limited ("QBE"). We assumed gross reinsurance reserves of approximately $1,019.0 million (net reserves of $447.0 million) relating to the portfolio, which primarily includes workers' compensation, construction defect, and general liability discontinued lines of business. The reinsurance premium received was $403.8 million, comprised of $227.6 million in restricted cash and $176.2 million in funds held. We elected the fair value option for this reinsurance contract. The initial fair value adjustment was $180.0 million on the gross reserves and $43.2 million on the net reserves. Refer to Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements" for a description of the fair value process and assumptions. In addition, we pledged a portion of the premium as collateral to a subsidiary of QBE, and we have provided additional collateral and a limited parental guarantee.
2016
Coca-Cola
On August 5, 2016, we entered into a reinsurance transaction with The Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries (“Coca-Cola”) pursuant to which we reinsured certain of Coca-Cola’s retention and deductible risks under its subsidiaries’ U.S. workers’ compensation, auto liability, general liability, and product liability insurance coverage. We assumed total gross reserves of $108.8 million, received total assets of $101.3 million and recorded a deferred charge of $7.5 million, included in other assets. We have transferred $108.8 million into a trust to support our obligations under the reinsurance agreements. We provided a limited parental guarantee, subject to an overall maximum of $27.0 million.
Allianz
On February 17, 2016, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Allianz to reinsure portfolios of Allianz's run-off business. Pursuant to the reinsurance agreement, our subsidiary reinsured 50% of certain portfolios of workers' compensation, construction defect, and asbestos, pollution, and toxic tort business originally held by Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, and in the process assumed net reinsurance reserves of $1.1 billion. Affiliates of Allianz retained $1.1 billion of reinsurance premium as funds withheld collateral for the obligations of our subsidiary under the reinsurance agreement and we transferred $110.0 million to a reinsurance trust to further support our subsidiary's obligations. We have also provided a limited parental guarantee, which is subject to a maximum cap. The combined monetary total of the support offered by us through the trust and parental guarantee was initially be capped at $270.0 million.
In addition to the reinsurance transaction described above, we have entered into a consulting agreement with San Francisco Reinsurance Company, an affiliate of Allianz, with respect to the entire $2.2 billion portfolio, including the 50% share retained by affiliates of Allianz.
Shelbourne RITC Transaction
On November 15, 2016, we entered into a RITC transaction of the 2007 and prior underwriting years of account of a Lloyd’s syndicate managed by Neon (formerly Marketform), under which we assumed total net insurance reserves of £121.5 million ($158.0 million) for cash consideration of an equal amount.
2015
Doctors
On November 30, 2015, we completed the assignment and assumption of a portfolio of primarily workers' compensation business from The Doctors Company and its affiliates. Total assets and liabilities assumed were $29.5 million.
Sun Life
On September 30, 2015, we entered into two 100% reinsurance agreements and a related administration services agreement with Sun Life pursuant to which we reinsured all of the run-off workers' compensation carve-out and occupational accident business of Sun Life. We assumed reinsurance reserves of $128.3 million, received total assets of $122.5 million and recorded a deferred charge of $5.8 million, included in other assets. We transferred $30.6 million of additional funds into trust to further support our obligations under the reinsurance agreements. We provided limited parental guarantees, subject to an overall maximum of $36.8 million.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Voya Financial
On May 27, 2015, we entered into two 100% reinsurance agreements and related administration services agreements with a subsidiary of Voya, pursuant to which we reinsured all of the run-off workers' compensation and occupational accident assumed reinsurance business of the Voya subsidiary and that of its Canadian branch. Pursuant to the transaction, the Voya subsidiary transferred assets into two reinsurance collateral trusts securing our obligations under the reinsurance agreements. We assumed reinsurance reserves of $572.4 million, received total assets of $307.0 million and recorded a deferred charge of $265.4 million, included in other assets. We transferred $67.2 million of additional funds to the trusts to further support our obligations under the reinsurance agreements. We provided a limited parental guarantee, subject to a maximum cap with respect to the reinsurance liabilities. As of December 31, 2017, the amount of the parental guarantee was $129.1 million.
Reciprocal of America
On January 15, 2015, we completed a loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transaction with Reciprocal of America (in Receivership) and its Deputy Receiver relating to a portfolio of workers' compensation business that has been in run-off since 2003. The total insurance reserves assumed were $162.1 million with an equivalent amount of cash and investments received as consideration.
5. DIVESTITURES, HELD-FOR-SALE BUSINESSES AND DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS
Pavonia
On December 29, 2017, the Company completed the previously announced sale of its subsidiary, Pavonia Holdings (US), Inc. (“Pavonia”), to Southland National Holdings, Inc. (“Southland”), a Delaware corporation and a subsidiary of Global Bankers Insurance Group, LLC. The aggregate purchase price was $120.0 million. The Company used the proceeds to make repayments under its revolving credit facility.
Pavonia owns Pavonia Life Insurance Company of Michigan (“PLIC MI”) and Enstar Life (US), Inc. Pursuant to the amended stock purchase agreement between the Company and Southland, which partially restructured the transaction, Southland will acquire Pavonia Life Insurance Company of New York ("PLIC NY") for $13.1 million in a second closing that is expected to occur in the first or second quarter of 2018, subject to regulatory approval. The additional purchase price represents the cash consideration we paid to PLIC MI when we acquired PLIC NY from PLIC MI as a result of the restructuring of the first closing of the transaction.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Pavonia was a substantial portion of our previously reported Life and Annuities segment. We have classified the assets and liabilities of the remaining businesses to be sold in the second closing as held-for-sale as at December 31, 2017. The following table summarizes the components of assets and liabilities held-for-sale on our consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 in relation to Pavonia:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||
Assets: | |||||||
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value | $ | 20,770 | $ | 326,382 | |||
Fixed maturities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost | — | 765,554 | |||||
Equities, trading, at fair value | 765 | 4,428 | |||||
Other investments, at fair value | — | 15,114 | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 6,314 | 18,018 | |||||
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 13 | 5,202 | |||||
Deferred tax assets | — | 31,500 | |||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable | 1,728 | 18,029 | |||||
Other assets | 269 | 60,229 | |||||
Assets of businesses held for sale | 29,859 | 1,244,456 | |||||
Less: Accrual of loss on sale | (5,508 | ) | — | ||||
Total assets held for sale | $ | 24,351 | $ | 1,244,456 | |||
Liabilities: | |||||||
Policy benefits for life and annuity contracts | $ | 10,666 | $ | 1,144,850 | |||
Other liabilities | 605 | 5,937 | |||||
Total liabilities held for sale | $ | 11,271 | $ | 1,150,787 | |||
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, included in the table above were restricted investments of $1.4 million and $786.0 million, respectively.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The Pavonia business qualified as a discontinued operation. The following table summarizes the components of net earnings (losses) from discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||
Operations: | |||||||||||
INCOME | |||||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 55,906 | $ | 69,089 | $ | 85,327 | |||||
Net investment income | 41,117 | 38,140 | 35,404 | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains | 577 | 4,263 | 271 | ||||||||
Other income | 1,564 | 1,912 | 7,690 | ||||||||
$ | 99,164 | $ | 113,404 | $ | 128,692 | ||||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||||
Life and annuity policy benefits | 84,029 | 76,594 | 97,472 | ||||||||
Acquisition costs | 9,025 | 9,836 | 13,712 | ||||||||
General and administrative expenses | 12,813 | 14,416 | 13,886 | ||||||||
Other expenses | (26 | ) | 199 | 486 | |||||||
$ | 105,841 | $ | 101,045 | $ | 125,556 | ||||||
EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES | (6,677 | ) | 12,359 | 3,136 | |||||||
INCOME TAXES | (3,190 | ) | $ | (396 | ) | (5,167 | ) | ||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS BEFORE GAIN ON SALE | $ | (9,867 | ) | $ | 11,963 | $ | (2,031 | ) | |||
Disposal: | |||||||||||
Consideration received | $ | 120,000 | — | — | |||||||
Less: Carrying value of subsidiary | 86,961 | — | — | ||||||||
Less: Cumulative currency translation adjustment previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income | 12,179 | — | — | ||||||||
Gain on sale of subsidiary | $ | 20,860 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS | $ | 10,993 | $ | 11,963 | $ | (2,031 | ) | ||||
The following table presents the cash flows of Pavonia whilst under our ownership for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||
Operating activities | $ | 75,714 | $ | (71,521 | ) | $ | (5,893 | ) | |||
Investing activities | 42,542 | 56,646 | (24,766 | ) | |||||||
Change in cash of businesses held for sale | $ | 118,256 | $ | (14,875 | ) | $ | (30,659 | ) | |||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash carried on the balance sheet of Pavonia on December 29, 2017 were $135.1 million, as at the date of disposal.
Laguna
On August 29, 2017, we closed the previously-announced sale of our wholly-owned subsidiary Laguna Life DAC (“Laguna”) to a subsidiary of Monument Insurance Group Limited ("Monument"), for a total consideration of €25.6 million (approximately $30.8 million). We have an investment in Monument, as described further in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions". Laguna was classified as held-for-sale during 2017 prior to its sale.
Following the closing of the sale of Laguna, we recorded a loss on sale of $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, which has been included in earnings from continuing operations before income taxes in our consolidated statement of earnings. This loss includes a cumulative currency translation adjustment balance of $(6.3) million, which has been reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income and included in earnings as a component of the loss on sale of Laguna during the year ended December 31, 2017, following the closing of the sale. Excluding the loss on sale, the net earnings (losses) relating to Laguna for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $(1.2) million, $1.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively. These amounts were not significant to our consolidated operations and therefore Laguna was not classified as a discontinued operation in current or prior periods.
6. INVESTMENTS
We hold: (i) trading portfolios of fixed maturity investments, short-term investments and equities, carried at fair value; (ii) available-for-sale portfolios of fixed maturity and short-term investments carried at fair value; and (iii) other investments carried at either fair value or cost.
Trading
The fair values of our fixed maturity investments, short-term investments and equities classified as trading were as follows:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 554,036 | $ | 840,274 | |||
Non-U.S. government | 607,132 | 267,363 | |||||
Corporate | 3,363,060 | 2,387,322 | |||||
Municipal | 100,221 | 47,181 | |||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 288,713 | 373,528 | |||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 421,548 | 217,212 | |||||
Asset-backed | 541,574 | 478,280 | |||||
Total fixed maturity and short-term investments | 5,876,284 | 4,611,160 | |||||
Equities — U.S. | 106,363 | 95,047 | |||||
Equities — International | 240 | — | |||||
$ | 5,982,887 | $ | 4,706,207 | ||||
Included within residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities as at December 31, 2017 were securities issued by U.S. governmental agencies with a fair value of $152.4 million (as at December 31, 2016: $362.9 million). Included within corporate securities as at December 31, 2017 were senior secured loans of $68.9 million (as at December 31, 2016: $90.7 million).
The contractual maturities of our fixed maturity and short-term investments classified as trading are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
As at December 31, 2017 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | % of Total Fair Value | ||||||||
One year or less | $ | 398,054 | $ | 398,083 | 6.8 | % | |||||
More than one year through two years | 340,531 | 341,753 | 5.8 | % | |||||||
More than two years through five years | 1,283,898 | 1,286,527 | 21.9 | % | |||||||
More than five years through ten years | 1,235,079 | 1,249,887 | 21.3 | % | |||||||
More than ten years | 1,278,126 | 1,348,199 | 22.9 | % | |||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 285,312 | 288,713 | 4.9 | % | |||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 427,469 | 421,548 | 7.2 | % | |||||||
Asset-backed | 534,893 | 541,574 | 9.2 | % | |||||||
$ | 5,783,362 | $ | 5,876,284 | 100.0 | % | ||||||
Available-for-sale
The amortized cost and fair values of our fixed maturity and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale were as follows:
As at December 31, 2017 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses Non-OTTI | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 4,210 | $ | — | $ | (23 | ) | $ | 4,187 | |||||||
Non-U.S. government | 84,776 | 1,249 | (588 | ) | 85,437 | |||||||||||
Corporate | 113,561 | 2,436 | (876 | ) | 115,121 | |||||||||||
Municipal | 5,146 | 8 | (18 | ) | 5,136 | |||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 31 | — | — | 31 | ||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 373 | — | — | 373 | ||||||||||||
$ | 208,097 | $ | 3,693 | $ | (1,505 | ) | $ | 210,285 | ||||||||
As at December 31, 2016 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses Non-OTTI | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 12,784 | $ | 32 | $ | (106 | ) | $ | 12,710 | |||||||
Non-U.S. government | 86,897 | 1,303 | (2,777 | ) | 85,423 | |||||||||||
Corporate | 159,243 | 2,040 | (2,628 | ) | 158,655 | |||||||||||
Municipal | 6,585 | 12 | (21 | ) | 6,576 | |||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 488 | 39 | — | 527 | ||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 3,867 | 9 | — | 3,876 | ||||||||||||
$ | 269,864 | $ | 3,435 | $ | (5,532 | ) | $ | 267,767 | ||||||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The contractual maturities of our fixed maturity and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
As at December 31, 2017 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | % of Total Fair Value | ||||||||
One year or less | $ | 50,135 | $ | 49,828 | 23.7 | % | |||||
More than one year through two years | 17,549 | 17,427 | 8.3 | % | |||||||
More than two years through five years | 53,690 | 54,355 | 25.8 | % | |||||||
More than five years through ten years | 46,743 | 47,735 | 22.7 | % | |||||||
More than ten years | 39,576 | 40,536 | 19.3 | % | |||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 31 | 31 | — | % | |||||||
Asset-backed | 373 | 373 | 0.2 | % | |||||||
$ | 208,097 | $ | 210,285 | 100.0 | % | ||||||
Gross Unrealized Losses
The following tables summarize our fixed maturity and short-term investments classified as available-for-sale in a gross unrealized loss position:
12 Months or Greater | Less Than 12 Months | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2017 | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments, at fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 2,344 | $ | (16 | ) | $ | 1,842 | $ | (7 | ) | $ | 4,186 | $ | (23 | ) | ||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | 11,101 | (373 | ) | 20,965 | (215 | ) | 32,066 | (588 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 9,177 | (807 | ) | 24,200 | (69 | ) | 33,377 | (876 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Municipal | 369 | (5 | ) | 3,605 | (13 | ) | 3,974 | (18 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Total fixed maturity investments | $ | 22,991 | $ | (1,201 | ) | $ | 50,612 | $ | (304 | ) | $ | 73,603 | $ | (1,505 | ) | ||||||||||
12 Months or Greater | Less Than 12 Months | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2016 | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity and short-term investments, at fair value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 10,743 | $ | (106 | ) | $ | 10,743 | $ | (106 | ) | |||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | 8,316 | (1,794 | ) | 30,086 | (983 | ) | 38,402 | (2,777 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 8,003 | (1,800 | ) | 42,304 | (828 | ) | 50,307 | (2,628 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Municipal | — | — | 3,132 | (21 | ) | 3,132 | (21 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Total fixed maturity and short-term investments | $ | 16,319 | $ | (3,594 | ) | $ | 86,265 | $ | (1,938 | ) | $ | 102,584 | $ | (5,532 | ) | ||||||||||
As at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the number of securities classified as available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position was 96 and 156, respectively. Of these securities, the number of securities that had been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer was 37 and 41, respectively.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment losses on our available-for-sale securities. We determined that no credit losses existed as at December 31, 2017 and 2016. A description of our other-than-temporary impairment process is included in Note 2 - "Significant Accounting Policies". There were no changes to our process in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Credit Ratings
The following table sets forth the credit ratings of our fixed maturity and short-term investments as of December 31, 2017:
Amortized Cost | Fair Value | % of Total Investments | AAA Rated | AA Rated | A Rated | BBB Rated | Non- Investment Grade | Not Rated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 561,483 | $ | 558,223 | 9.2 | % | $ | 556,859 | $ | 1,364 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | 665,056 | 692,569 | 11.4 | % | 134,619 | 409,315 | 79,030 | 62,964 | 6,641 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 3,413,543 | 3,478,181 | 57.2 | % | 123,059 | 375,252 | 1,854,503 | 932,238 | 188,237 | 4,892 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Municipal | 103,299 | 105,357 | 1.7 | % | 26,313 | 62,605 | 12,864 | 3,575 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 285,343 | 288,744 | 4.7 | % | 166,386 | 7,425 | 14,204 | 678 | 98,997 | 1,054 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 427,469 | 421,548 | 6.9 | % | 222,656 | 38,176 | 77,811 | 59,358 | 9,555 | 13,992 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 535,266 | 541,947 | 8.9 | % | 272,784 | 43,539 | 68,489 | 69,116 | 88,019 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 5,991,459 | 6,086,569 | 100.0 | % | 1,502,676 | 937,676 | 2,106,901 | 1,127,929 | 391,449 | 19,938 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
% of total fair value | 24.7 | % | 15.4 | % | 34.6 | % | 18.6 | % | 6.4 | % | 0.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Investments, at fair value
The following table summarizes our other investments carried at fair value:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | |||||||
Private equities and private equity funds | $ | 289,556 | $ | 300,529 | ||||
Fixed income funds | 229,999 | 249,023 | ||||||
Fixed income hedge funds | 63,773 | 85,976 | ||||||
Equity funds | 249,475 | 223,571 | ||||||
CLO equities | 56,765 | 61,565 | ||||||
CLO equity funds | 12,840 | 15,440 | ||||||
Private credit funds | 10,156 | — | ||||||
Other | 828 | 943 | ||||||
$ | 913,392 | $ | 937,047 | |||||
The valuation of our other investments is described in Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements". Due to a lag in the valuations of certain funds reported by the managers, we may record changes in valuation with up to a three-month lag. We regularly review and discuss fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values and to assess whether any events have occurred within the lag period that would affect the valuation of the investments. The following is a description of the nature of each of these investment categories:
• | Private equities and private equity funds invest primarily in the financial services industry. All of our investments in private equities and private equity funds are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that are determined by the governing documents and limit our ability to liquidate those investments. These restrictions have been in place since the dates of our initial investments. |
• | Fixed income funds comprise a number of positions in diversified fixed income funds that are managed by third-party managers. Underlying investments vary from high-grade corporate bonds to non-investment grade senior secured loans and bonds, but are generally invested in liquid fixed income markets. These funds have regularly published prices. The funds have liquidity terms that vary from daily up to 45 days' notice. |
• | Fixed income hedge funds invest in a diversified portfolio of debt securities. The hedge funds have imposed lock-up periods of up to three years from the time of initial investment. Once eligible, redemptions will be permitted quarterly with 90 days’ notice. Approximately half of our portfolio of fixed income hedge funds are eligible for redemption. |
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• | Equity funds invest in a diversified portfolio of U.S. and international publicly-traded equity securities. The funds have liquidity terms that vary from daily up to 6 days' notice. |
• | CLO equities comprise investments in the equity tranches of term-financed securitizations of diversified pools of corporate bank loans. CLO equities denote direct investments by us in these securities. |
• | CLO equity funds comprise two funds that invest primarily in the equity tranches of term-financed securitizations of diversified pools of corporate bank loans. One of the funds has a fair value of $1.1 million, part of a self-liquidating structure which is expected to pay out over one to five years. The other fund has a fair value of $11.7 million and is eligible for redemption in 2018. |
• | Private credit funds invest in direct senior or collateralized loans. The investments are subject to restrictions on redemption and sales that are determined by the governing documents and limit our ability to liquidate our positions in the funds. |
• | Other primarily comprises a fund that provides loans to educational institutions throughout the United States and its territories. |
Investments of $0.5 million in fixed income hedge funds were subject to gates or side-pockets, where redemptions are subject to the sale of underlying investments. A gate is the ability to deny or delay a redemption request, whereas a side-pocket is a designated account for which the investor loses its redemption rights.
As at December 31, 2017, we had unfunded commitments to private equity funds of $164.7 million.
Other Investments, at cost
Our other investments carried at cost of $125.6 million as of December 31, 2017 consist of life settlement contracts. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, net investment income included $13.8 million and $18.0 million, respectively, related to investments in life settlements. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were impairment charges of $7.2 million and $5.3 million, respectively, recognized in net realized and unrealized gains/losses. The following table presents further information regarding our investments in life settlements as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Number of Contracts | Carrying Value | Face Value (Death Benefits) | Number of Contracts | Carrying Value | Face Value (Death Benefits) | |||||||||||||||||
Remaining Life Expectancy of Insureds: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
0 – 1 year | — | $ | — | $ | — | 2 | $ | 461 | $ | 700 | ||||||||||||
1 – 2 years | 11 | 17,655 | 29,471 | 7 | 11,396 | 18,337 | ||||||||||||||||
2 – 3 years | 10 | 7,524 | 19,906 | 11 | 15,338 | 29,715 | ||||||||||||||||
3 – 4 years | 20 | 16,119 | 32,411 | 17 | 17,013 | 32,189 | ||||||||||||||||
4 – 5 years | 13 | 13,960 | 32,730 | 16 | 10,377 | 23,302 | ||||||||||||||||
Thereafter | 162 | 70,363 | 390,843 | 181 | 77,066 | 431,034 | ||||||||||||||||
Total | 216 | $ | 125,621 | $ | 505,361 | 234 | $ | 131,651 | $ | 535,277 | ||||||||||||
Remaining life expectancy for year 0-1 in the table above references policies whose current life expectancy is less than 12 months as of the reporting date. Remaining life expectancy is not an indication of expected maturity. Actual maturity in any category above may vary significantly (either earlier or later) from the remaining life expectancies reported.
At December 31, 2017, our best estimate of the life insurance premiums required to keep the policies in force, payable in the 12 months ending December 31, 2018 and the four succeeding years ending December 31, 2022 is $17.8 million, $17.7 million, $16.6 million, $15.7 million, and $15.2 million, respectively.
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Net Investment Income
Major categories of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are summarized as follows:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments | $ | 144,367 | $ | 114,885 | $ | 87,512 | ||||||
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents | 9,314 | 4,491 | 5,993 | |||||||||
Funds held | 601 | 22,583 | 234 | |||||||||
Funds held – directly managed | 32,479 | 5,769 | — | |||||||||
Investment income from fixed maturities and cash and cash equivalents | 186,761 | 147,728 | 93,739 | |||||||||
Equity securities | 4,355 | 4,874 | 5,580 | |||||||||
Other investments | 14,337 | 22,515 | 11,712 | |||||||||
Life settlements and other | 14,370 | 18,191 | 20,871 | |||||||||
Investment income from equities and other investments | 33,062 | 45,580 | 38,163 | |||||||||
Gross investment income | 219,823 | 193,308 | 131,902 | |||||||||
Investment expenses | (11,034 | ) | (7,845 | ) | (9,338 | ) | ||||||
Net investment income | $ | 208,789 | $ | 185,463 | $ | 122,564 | ||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)
Components of net realized and unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
Net realized gains (losses) on sale: | ||||||||||||
Gross realized gains on fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 616 | $ | 405 | $ | 396 | ||||||
Gross realized (losses) on fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale securities | (125 | ) | (21 | ) | (130 | ) | ||||||
Net realized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, trading | 4,695 | 1,848 | (4,291 | ) | ||||||||
Net realized investment gains on equity securities, trading | 701 | 5,348 | 19,884 | |||||||||
Net realized investment losses on funds held - directly managed | (4,219 | ) | (14,616 | ) | — | |||||||
Total net realized gains (losses) on sale | 1,668 | (7,036 | ) | 15,859 | ||||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses): | ||||||||||||
Fixed maturity securities, trading | 35,878 | 36,314 | (52,918 | ) | ||||||||
Equity securities, trading | 16,498 | 6,561 | (21,875 | ) | ||||||||
Other investments | 102,388 | 70,296 | 17,411 | |||||||||
Change in fair value of embedded derivative on funds held – directly managed | 32,928 | (28,317 | ) | — | ||||||||
Change in value of fair value option on funds held - directly managed | 974 | — | — | |||||||||
Total net unrealized gains (losses) | 188,666 | 84,854 | (57,382 | ) | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | $ | 190,334 | $ | 77,818 | $ | (41,523 | ) | |||||
The gross realized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities included in the table above resulted from sales of $40.8 million, $41.3 million and $95.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Restricted Assets
We are required to maintain investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit to support our insurance and reinsurance operations. The investments and cash and cash equivalents on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. We also utilize trust accounts to collateralize business with our insurance and reinsurance counterparties. These trust accounts generally take the place of letter of credit requirements. The assets in trusts as collateral are primarily highly rated fixed maturity securities. The carrying value of our restricted assets, including restricted cash of $257.7 million and $363.8 million, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, was as follows:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | |||||||
Collateral in trust for third party agreements | $ | 3,118,892 | $ | 1,975,022 | ||||
Assets on deposit with regulatory authorities | 599,829 | 882,400 | ||||||
Collateral for secured letter of credit facilities | 151,467 | 177,263 | ||||||
Funds at Lloyd's (1) | 234,833 | 220,328 | ||||||
$ | 4,105,021 | $ | 3,255,013 | |||||
(1) Our underwriting businesses include three Lloyd's syndicates. Lloyd's determines the required capital principally through the annual business plan of each syndicate. This capital is referred to as "Funds at Lloyd's" and will be drawn upon in the event that a syndicate has a loss that cannot be funded from other sources. As at December 31, 2017, our combined Funds at Lloyd's were comprised of cash and investments of $234.8 million and unsecured letters of credit of $165.0 million. At December 31, 2017, we had an unsecured letter of credit agreement for Funds at Lloyd’s purposes ("FAL Facility") to issue up to $165.0 million of letters of credit, with a provision to increase the facility up to $200.0 million. On February 8, 2018, we amended and restated the FAL Facility to issue up to $325.0 million of letters of credit, with a provision to increase the facility up to $400.0 million. The FAL Facility is available to satisfy our Funds at Lloyd’s requirements and expires in 2022.
The increase in the collateral in trust for third-party agreements was primarily due to the loss portfolio transfer reinsurance transactions with RSA and QBE described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business".
7. FUNDS HELD - DIRECTLY MANAGED
Funds held - directly managed consists of the following:
• | The funds held balance in relation to the Allianz transaction, described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business", moved from a fixed crediting rate to a variable rate of return on the underlying investments on October 1, 2016. This variable return reflects the economics of the investment portfolio underlying the funds held asset and qualifies as an embedded derivative. We have recorded the aggregate of the funds held, typically held at cost, and the embedded derivative as a single amount in our consolidated balance sheet. As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, the funds held at cost had a carrying value of $994.8 million and $1,023.0 million, respectively, and the embedded derivative had a fair value of $4.7 million and ($28.3) million, respectively, the aggregate of which was $999.5 million and $994.7 million, respectively, as included in the table below. |
• | The funds held balance in relation to the QBE reinsurance transaction described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business", for which we elected the fair value option. |
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The following table presents the fair values of assets and liabilities underlying the funds held - directly managed account as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||
Fixed maturity investments: | |||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 69,850 | $ | 47,885 | |||
Non-U.S. government | 2,926 | 5,961 | |||||
Corporate | 695,490 | 663,556 | |||||
Municipal | 58,930 | 38,927 | |||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 29,439 | — | |||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 211,186 | 151,395 | |||||
Asset-backed | 97,565 | 79,806 | |||||
Total fixed maturity investments | $ | 1,165,386 | $ | 987,530 | |||
Other assets | 14,554 | 7,135 | |||||
$ | 1,179,940 | $ | 994,665 | ||||
The contractual maturities of our fixed maturity investments underlying the funds held - directly managed account are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
As at December 31, 2017 | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | % of Total Fair Value | ||||||||
One year or less | $ | 49,093 | $ | 49,007 | 4.2 | % | |||||
More than one year through two years | 54,447 | 54,204 | 4.7 | % | |||||||
More than two years through five years | 230,872 | 230,256 | 19.8 | % | |||||||
More than five years through ten years | 248,525 | 248,675 | 21.3 | % | |||||||
More than ten years | 234,556 | 245,054 | 21.0 | % | |||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 29,544 | 29,439 | 2.5 | % | |||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 215,603 | 211,186 | 18.1 | % | |||||||
Asset-backed | 97,160 | 97,565 | 8.4 | % | |||||||
$ | 1,159,800 | $ | 1,165,386 | 100.0 | % | ||||||
Credit Ratings
The following table sets forth the credit ratings of our fixed maturity investments underlying the funds held - directly managed account as of December 31, 2017:
Amortized Cost | Fair Value | % of Total Investments | AAA Rated | AA Rated | A Rated | BBB Rated | |||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 69,754 | $ | 69,850 | 6.0 | % | $ | 69,850 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | 2,977 | 2,926 | 0.3 | % | — | — | 2,926 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | 688,239 | 695,490 | 59.6 | % | 7,754 | 25,418 | 315,385 | 346,933 | |||||||||||||||||||
Municipal | 56,523 | 58,930 | 5.1 | % | — | 20,921 | 30,449 | 7,560 | |||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 29,544 | 29,439 | 2.5 | % | 29,439 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 215,603 | 211,186 | 18.1 | % | 202,608 | 6,576 | 2,002 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | 97,160 | 97,565 | 8.4 | % | 93,849 | 3,716 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,159,800 | $ | 1,165,386 | 100.0 | % | $ | 403,500 | $ | 56,631 | $ | 350,762 | $ | 354,493 | |||||||||||||
% of total fair value | 34.6 | % | 4.9 | % | 30.1 | % | 30.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Net Investment Income
Major categories of net investment income underlying the funds held - directly managed account for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized as follows:
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
Fixed maturity investments | $ | 33,558 | $ | 5,705 | ||||
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents | 292 | 64 | ||||||
Gross investment income | 33,850 | 5,769 | ||||||
Investment expenses | (1,371 | ) | — | |||||
Investment income on funds held - directly managed | $ | 32,479 | $ | 5,769 | ||||
Net Realized Gains (Losses) and Change in Fair Value due to Embedded Derivative and Fair Value Option
Net realized gains (losses) and change in fair value for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized as follows:
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
Net realized losses on fixed maturity securities | $ | (4,219 | ) | $ | (14,616 | ) | ||
Change in fair value of embedded derivative | 32,928 | (28,317 | ) | |||||
Change in value of fair value option on funds held- directly managed | 974 | — | ||||||
Net realized gains (losses) and change in fair value of funds held- directly managed | $ | 29,683 | $ | (42,933 | ) | |||
8. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
Fair value is defined as the price at which to sell an asset or transfer a liability (i.e. the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants. We use a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels as follows:
• | Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. |
• | Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data. |
• | Level 3 - Valuations based on unobservable inputs where there is little or no market activity. Unadjusted third party pricing sources or management's assumptions and internal valuation models may be used to determine the fair values. |
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
In addition, certain of our other investments are measured at fair value using net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified within the fair value hierarchy above. We have categorized our investments that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis among levels based on the observability of inputs, or at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as follows:
December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value Based on NAV as Practical Expedient | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||
Investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | — | $ | 558,223 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 558,223 | ||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | — | 692,569 | — | — | 692,569 | |||||||||||||||
Corporate | — | 3,411,003 | 67,178 | — | 3,478,181 | |||||||||||||||
Municipal | — | 105,357 | — | — | 105,357 | |||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | — | 285,664 | 3,080 | — | 288,744 | |||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | — | 400,054 | 21,494 | — | 421,548 | |||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | — | 514,055 | 27,892 | — | 541,947 | |||||||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 5,966,925 | $ | 119,644 | $ | — | $ | 6,086,569 | |||||||||||
Equities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equities — U.S. | $ | 103,652 | $ | 2,711 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 106,363 | ||||||||||
Equities — International | — | 240 | — | — | 240 | |||||||||||||||
$ | 103,652 | $ | 2,951 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 106,603 | |||||||||||
Other investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Private equities and private equity funds | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 289,556 | $ | 289,556 | ||||||||||
Fixed income funds | — | 202,570 | — | 27,429 | 229,999 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed income hedge funds | — | — | — | 63,773 | 63,773 | |||||||||||||||
Equity funds | — | 121,046 | — | 128,429 | 249,475 | |||||||||||||||
CLO equities | — | — | 56,765 | — | 56,765 | |||||||||||||||
CLO equity funds | — | — | — | 12,840 | 12,840 | |||||||||||||||
Private credit funds | — | — | — | 10,156 | 10,156 | |||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | 314 | 514 | 828 | |||||||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 323,616 | $ | 57,079 | $ | 532,697 | $ | 913,392 | |||||||||||
Total Investments | $ | 103,652 | $ | 6,293,492 | $ | 176,723 | $ | 532,697 | $ | 7,106,564 | ||||||||||
Funds Held - Directly Managed: | ||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | — | $ | 69,850 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 69,850 | ||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | — | 2,926 | — | — | 2,926 | |||||||||||||||
Corporate | — | 695,490 | — | — | 695,490 | |||||||||||||||
Municipal | — | 58,930 | — | — | 58,930 | |||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | — | 29,439 | — | — | 29,439 | |||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | — | 211,186 | — | — | 211,186 | |||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | — | 97,565 | — | — | 97,565 | |||||||||||||||
Other assets | — | 14,554 | — | — | 14,554 | |||||||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 1,179,940 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,179,940 | |||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable: | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 542,224 | $ | — | $ | 542,224 | ||||||||||
Other Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Derivative Instruments | $ | — | $ | 319 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 319 | ||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 319 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 319 | |||||||||||
Losses and LAE: | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,794,669 | $ | — | $ | 1,794,669 | ||||||||||
Other Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative Instruments | $ | — | $ | 7,246 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 7,246 | ||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 7,246 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 7,246 | |||||||||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value Based on NAV as Practical Expedient | Total Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||
Investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fixed maturity investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | — | $ | 852,984 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 852,984 | ||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | — | 352,786 | — | — | 352,786 | |||||||||||||||
Corporate | — | 2,471,444 | 74,534 | — | 2,545,978 | |||||||||||||||
Municipal | — | 53,757 | — | — | 53,757 | |||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | — | 374,055 | — | — | 374,055 | |||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | — | 204,999 | 12,213 | — | 217,212 | |||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | — | 467,463 | 14,692 | — | 482,155 | |||||||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 4,777,488 | $ | 101,439 | $ | — | $ | 4,878,927 | |||||||||||
Equities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Equities — U.S. | $ | 91,287 | $ | 3,760 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 95,047 | ||||||||||
$ | 91,287 | $ | 3,760 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 95,047 | |||||||||||
Other investments: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Private equities and private equity funds | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 15,000 | $ | 285,529 | $ | 300,529 | ||||||||||
Fixed income funds | — | 223,636 | — | 25,387 | 249,023 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed income hedge funds | — | — | — | 85,976 | 85,976 | |||||||||||||||
Equity funds | — | 133,802 | — | 89,769 | 223,571 | |||||||||||||||
CLO equities | — | — | 61,565 | — | 61,565 | |||||||||||||||
CLO equity funds | — | — | — | 15,440 | 15,440 | |||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | 313 | 630 | 943 | |||||||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 357,438 | $ | 76,878 | $ | 502,731 | $ | 937,047 | |||||||||||
Total Investments | $ | 91,287 | $ | 5,138,686 | $ | 178,317 | $ | 502,731 | $ | 5,911,021 | ||||||||||
Funds Held - Directly Managed: | ||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | — | $ | 47,885 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 47,885 | ||||||||||
Non-U.S. government | — | 5,961 | — | — | 5,961 | |||||||||||||||
Corporate | — | 663,556 | — | — | 663,556 | |||||||||||||||
Municipal | — | 38,927 | — | — | 38,927 | |||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | — | 151,395 | — | — | 151,395 | |||||||||||||||
Asset-backed | — | 79,806 | — | — | 79,806 | |||||||||||||||
Other assets | — | 7,135 | — | — | 7,135 | |||||||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 994,665 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 994,665 | |||||||||||
Other Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative Instruments | $ | — | $ | 2,930 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 2,930 | ||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 2,930 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 2,930 | |||||||||||
Other Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Derivative Instruments | $ | — | $ | 74 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 74 | ||||||||||
$ | — | $ | 74 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 74 | |||||||||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Valuation Methodologies of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value
Fixed Maturity Investments
The fair values for all securities in the fixed maturity investments and funds held - directly managed portfolios are independently provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians, each of which utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. We record the unadjusted price provided by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers or investment custodians and validate this price through a process that includes, but is not limited to: (i) comparison of prices against alternative pricing sources; (ii) quantitative analysis (e.g. comparing the quarterly return for each managed portfolio to its target benchmark); (iii) evaluation of methodologies used by external parties to estimate fair value, including a review of the inputs used for pricing; and (iv) comparing the price to our knowledge of the current investment market. Our internal price validation procedures and review of fair value methodology documentation provided by independent pricing services have not historically resulted in adjustment in the prices obtained from the pricing service.
The independent pricing services used by the investment accounting service providers, investment managers and investment custodians obtain actual transaction prices for securities that have quoted prices in active markets. Where we utilize single unadjusted broker-dealer quotes, they are generally provided by market makers or broker-dealers who are recognized as market participants in the markets in which they are providing the quotes. For determining the fair value of securities that are not actively traded, in general, pricing services use "matrix pricing" in which the independent pricing service uses observable market inputs including, but not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, broker-dealer quotes, interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and other such inputs as are available from market sources to determine a reasonable fair value. In addition, pricing services use valuation models, using observable data, such as an Option Adjusted Spread model, to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The Option Adjusted Spread model is commonly used to estimate fair value for securities such as mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities.
The following describes the techniques generally used to determine the fair value of our fixed maturity investments by asset class, including the investments underlying the funds held - directly managed.
• | U.S. government and agency securities consist of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and mortgage pass-through agencies such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and other agencies. Non-U.S. government securities consist of bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and agencies along with supranational organizations. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades and broker-dealer quotes. These are considered to be observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2. |
• | Corporate securities consist primarily of investment-grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, benchmark yields, and industry and market indicators. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, such as in periods of low trading activity or when transactions are not orderly, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. Where significant inputs are unable to be corroborated with market observable information, we classify the securities as Level 3. |
• | Municipal securities consist primarily of bonds issued by U.S.-domiciled state and municipal entities. The fair values of these securities are determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes and benchmark yields. These are considered observable market inputs and, therefore, the fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2. |
• | Asset-backed securities consist primarily of investment-grade bonds backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities include both agency and non-agency originated securities. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. The significant inputs used to determine the fair value of these securities include the spread above the risk-free yield curve, reported trades, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds and default rates. The fair values of these securities are classified as Level 2 if the significant inputs are |
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market observable. Where significant inputs are unable to be corroborated with market observable information, we classify the securities as Level 3.
Equities
Our investments in equities are predominantly traded on the major exchanges and are primarily managed by our external advisors. We use an internationally recognized pricing service to estimate the fair value of our equities. Our equities are widely diversified and there is no significant concentration in any specific industry.
We have categorized all of our investments in equities other than preferred stock as Level 1 investments because the fair values of these investments are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The fair value estimates of our investments in preferred stock are based on observable market data and, as a result, have been categorized as Level 2.
Other investments, at fair value
We have ongoing due diligence processes with respect to the other investments carried at fair value in which we invest and their managers. These processes are designed to assist us in assessing the quality of information provided by, or on behalf of, each fund and in determining whether such information continues to be reliable or whether further review is warranted. Certain funds do not provide full transparency of their underlying holdings; however, we obtain the audited financial statements for funds annually, and regularly review and discuss the fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the reported net asset values ("NAV").
The use of NAV as an estimate of the fair value for investments in certain entities that calculate NAV is a permitted practical expedient. Due to the time lag in the NAV reported by certain fund managers we adjust the valuation for capital calls and distributions. Other investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Other investments for which we do not use NAV as a practical expedient have been valued using prices from independent pricing services, investment managers and broker-dealers.
The following describes the techniques generally used to determine the fair value of our other investments.
• | For our investments in private equities and private equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. |
• | Our investments in fixed income funds and equity funds are valued based on a combination of prices from independent pricing services, external fund managers or third-party administrators. For the publicly available prices we have classified the investments as Level 2. For the non-publicly available prices we are using NAV as a practical expedient and therefore these have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. |
• | For our investments in fixed income hedge funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. |
• | We measure the fair value of our direct investment in CLO equities based on valuations provided by our external CLO equity manager. If the investment does not involve an external CLO equity manager, the fair value of the investment is based on valuations provided by the broker or lead underwriter of the investment (the "broker"). Our CLO equity investments have been classified as Level 3 due to the use of unobservable inputs in the valuation and the limited number of relevant trades in secondary markets. |
In providing valuations, the CLO equity manager and brokers use observable and unobservable inputs. Of the significant unobservable market inputs used, the default and loss severity rates involve the most judgment and create the most sensitivity. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in lower or higher fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities and, in general, a change in default rate assumptions will be accompanied by a directionally similar change in loss severity rate assumptions. Collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates are less subjective inputs because they are based on the historical average of actual spreads and the weighted-average life of the current underlying portfolios, respectively. A significant increase or decrease in either of these significant inputs in isolation would
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result in higher or lower fair value estimates for direct investments in CLO equities. In general, these inputs have no significant interrelationship with each other or with default and loss severity rates.
On a quarterly basis, we receive the valuation from the external CLO manager and brokers and then review the underlying cash flows and key assumptions used by them. We review and update the significant unobservable inputs based on information obtained from secondary markets. These inputs are our responsibility and we assess the reasonableness of the inputs (and if necessary, update the inputs) through communicating with industry participants, monitoring of the transactions in which we participate (for example, to evaluate default and loss severity rate trends), and reviewing market conditions, historical results, and emerging trends that may impact future cash flows.
If valuations from the external CLO equity manager or brokers are not available, we use an income approach based on certain observable and unobservable inputs to value these investments. An income approach is also used to corroborate the reasonableness of the valuations provided by the external manager and brokers. Where an income approach is followed, the valuation is based on available trade information, such as expected cash flows and market assumptions on default and loss severity rates. Other inputs used in the valuation process include asset spreads, loan prepayment speeds, collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates.
• | For our investments in CLO equity funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV as advised by the external fund manager or third party administrator. The fair values of these investments were measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. |
• | For our investments in private credit funds, we measure fair value by obtaining the most recently available NAV from the external fund manager or third-party administrator. The fair values of these investments are measured using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. |
Insurance Contracts - Fair Value Option
The Company uses an internal model to calculate the fair value of the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses and reinsurance balances recoverable assets for certain retroactive reinsurance contracts where we have elected the fair value option in our Non-life Run-off segment. The fair value was calculated as the aggregate of discounted cash flows plus a risk margin. The discounted cash flow approach uses (i) estimated nominal cash flows based upon an appropriate payment pattern developed in accordance with standard actuarial techniques and (ii) a discount rate based upon a high quality rated corporate bond plus a credit spread for non-performance risk. The model uses corporate bond rates across the yield curve depending on the estimated timing of the future cash flows and specific to the currency of the risk. The risk margin was calculated using the present value of the cost of capital. The cost of capital approach uses (i) projected capital requirements, (ii) multiplied by the risk cost of capital representing the return required for non-hedgeable risk based upon the weighted average cost of capital less investment income and (iii) discounted using the weighted average cost of capital.
Derivative Instruments
The fair values of our foreign currency exchange contracts, as described in Note 9 - "Derivative Instruments" are classified as Level 2. The fair values are based upon prices in active markets for identical contracts.
Level 3 Measurements and Changes in Leveling
Transfers into or out of levels are recorded at their fair values as of the end of the reporting period, consistent with the date of determination of fair value.
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Investments
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | Residential mortgage-backed | Commercial mortgage-backed | Asset-backed | Other Investments | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
Beginning fair value | $ | 74,534 | $ | — | $ | 12,213 | $ | 14,692 | $ | 76,878 | — | $ | 178,317 | ||||||||||||
Purchases | 28,872 | 711 | 21,306 | 9,749 | 435 | — | 61,073 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sales | (37,941 | ) | (37 | ) | (424 | ) | (20,795 | ) | (12,350 | ) | — | (71,547 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 249 | (16 | ) | (434 | ) | 205 | (7,884 | ) | — | (7,880 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Transfer into Level 3 from Level 2 | 24,431 | 3,085 | 18,974 | 56,074 | — | — | 102,564 | ||||||||||||||||||
Transfer out of Level 3 into Level 2 | (22,967 | ) | (663 | ) | (30,141 | ) | (32,033 | ) | — | — | (85,804 | ) | |||||||||||||
Ending fair value | $ | 67,178 | $ | 3,080 | $ | 21,494 | $ | 27,892 | $ | 57,079 | — | $ | 176,723 | ||||||||||||
2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate | Residential mortgage-backed | Commercial mortgage-backed | Asset-backed | Other Investments | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
Beginning fair value | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 26,704 | $ | 120,440 | $ | 77,016 | $ | 224,160 | ||||||||||||
Purchases | 24,586 | — | 14,216 | 19,750 | 6,885 | 65,437 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sales | (11,011 | ) | (2,178 | ) | (14,071 | ) | (25,581 | ) | (12,933 | ) | (65,774 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) | (841 | ) | (24 | ) | (460 | ) | (1,897 | ) | 5,910 | 2,688 | ||||||||||||||
Transfer into Level 3 from Level 2 | 64,134 | 2,781 | 23,628 | 31,778 | — | 122,321 | ||||||||||||||||||
Transfer out of Level 3 into Level 2 | (2,334 | ) | (579 | ) | (37,804 | ) | (129,798 | ) | — | (170,515 | ) | |||||||||||||
Ending fair value | $ | 74,534 | $ | — | $ | 12,213 | $ | 14,692 | $ | 76,878 | $ | 178,317 | ||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains related to Level 3 assets in the table above are included in net realized and unrealized (losses) gains in our consolidated statements of earnings.
The securities transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 were transferred due to insufficient market observable inputs for the valuation of the specific assets. The transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 were based upon us obtaining market observable information regarding the valuations of the specific assets.
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Insurance Contracts - Fair Value Option
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all insurance contracts measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the year ended December 31, 2017:
Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||
Liability for losses and LAE | Reinsurance balances recoverable | ||||||
Beginning fair value | $ | — | $ | — | |||
Assumed business | 1,966,843 | 565,824 | |||||
Changes in nominal amounts: | |||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | (122,797 | ) | (1,848 | ) | |||
Paid losses | (197,102 | ) | (56,256 | ) | |||
Changes in fair value: | |||||||
Discounted cash flows | 78,046 | 29,785 | |||||
Risk margin | (24,039 | ) | (6,034 | ) | |||
Effect of exchange rate movements | 93,718 | 10,753 | |||||
Ending fair value | $ | 1,794,669 | $ | 542,224 | |||
Changes in fair value related to Level 3 assets and liabilities in the table above are included in net incurred losses and LAE in our consolidated statements of earnings.
Below is a summary of the quantitative information regarding the significant observable and unobservable inputs used in the internal model to determine fair value on a recurring basis as at December 31, 2017:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Valuation Technique | Unobservable (U) and Observable (O) Inputs | Weighted Average | |
Internal model | Corporate bond yield (O) | A rated | |
Internal model | Credit spread for non-performance risk (U) | 0.2% | |
Internal model | Risk cost of capital | 5.0% | |
Internal model | Weighted average cost of capital (U) | 8.5% | |
Internal model | Duration - liability (U) | 11.41 years | |
Internal model | Duration - reinsurance balances recoverable (U) | 11.66 years | |
The fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable may increase or decrease due to changes in the corporate bond rate, the credit spread for non-performance risk, the risk cost of capital, the weighted average cost of capital and the estimated payment pattern as described below:
• | An increase in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a decrease in the corporate bond rate or credit spread for non-performance risk would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
• | An increase in the weighted average cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a decrease in the weighted average cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
• | An increase in the risk cost of capital would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a decrease in the risk cost of capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
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• | An acceleration of the estimated payment pattern would result in an increase in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. Conversely, a deceleration of the estimated payment pattern would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable. |
In addition, the estimate of the capital required to support the liabilities is based upon current industry standards for capital adequacy. If the required capital per unit of risk increases, then the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable would increase. Conversely, a decrease in required capital would result in a decrease in the fair value of the liability for losses and LAE and reinsurance balances recoverable.
Disclosure of Fair Values for Financial Instruments Carried at Cost
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, investments in life settlement contracts were carried at cost of $125.6 million and $131.7 million, respectively, and their fair values were $131.9 million and $129.5 million, respectively.
The fair value of investments in life settlement contracts is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology that utilizes unobservable inputs. Due to the individual nature of each investment in life settlement contracts and the illiquidity of the existing market, significant inputs to the fair value include our estimates of premiums necessary to keep the policies in-force, and our assumptions for mortality and discount rates. Our mortality assumptions are based on a combination of medical underwriting information obtained from a third-party underwriter for each referenced life and internal proprietary mortality studies of older aged U.S. insured lives. These assumptions are used to develop an estimate of future net cash flows that, after discounting, are intended to be reflective of the asset's value in the life settlement market.
As of December 31, 2017, our 4.5% Senior Notes due 2022 had a carrying value of $347.5 million while the fair value based on observable market pricing from a third party service was $357.4 million. The fair value is classified as Level 2.
Disclosure of fair value of amounts relating to insurance contracts is not required, except those for which we elected the fair value option, as described above. Our remaining assets and liabilities were generally carried at cost or amortized cost, which due to their short-term nature approximates fair value as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
9. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
Foreign Currency Hedging of Net Investments
We use foreign currency forward exchange rate contracts in qualifying hedging relationships to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with certain of our net investments in foreign operations. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had forward currency contracts in place which we had designated as hedges of our net investments in foreign operations.
The following table presents the gross notional amounts and the estimated fair values recorded within other assets and liabilities related to our qualifying foreign currency forward exchange rate contracts as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Notional Amount | Assets | Liabilities | Gross Notional Amount | Assets | Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||
Foreign exchange forward - AUD | $ | 32,810 | $ | — | $ | 965 | $ | 45,467 | $ | 2,753 | $ | 74 | ||||||||||||
Foreign exchange forward - CAD | 27,141 | 11 | 512 | 37,175 | 177 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Total qualifying hedges | $ | 59,951 | $ | 11 | $ | 1,477 | $ | 82,642 | $ | 2,930 | $ | 74 | ||||||||||||
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The following table presents the amounts of the net gains and losses deferred in the currency translation adjustment ("CTA") account, which is a component of AOCI, in shareholders' equity, related to our qualifying foreign currency forward exchange rate contracts for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:
Amount of Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI | ||||||||
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
Foreign exchange forward - AUD | $ | (1,247 | ) | $ | 2,568 | |||
Foreign exchange forward - CAD | — | 1,186 | ||||||
Total qualifying hedges | $ | (1,247 | ) | $ | 3,754 | |||
Following the completion of the sale of Pavonia which closed on December 29, 2017, we reclassified into earnings, the cumulative losses of $1.1 million related to the CAD foreign currency forward contract that we had set up to hedge our CAD dominated net investment in Pavonia, and which had previously been deferred in the CTA.
We also borrowed €75.0 million (approximately $88.5 million) during 2016 that was designated as a non-derivative hedge of our net investment in certain subsidiaries whose functional currency is denominated in Euros, as described in Note 15 - "Debt Obligations". We repaid €25.0 million (approximately $29.5 million) of this outstanding loan balance during the year ended December 31, 2017 and reclassified the related foreign exchange losses of $1.1 million previously deferred in AOCI, into earnings.
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments
From time to time, we may also utilize foreign currency forward contracts as part of our overall foreign currency risk management strategy or to obtain exposure to a particular financial market, as well as for yield enhancement in non-qualifying hedging relationships. We may also utilize equity call option instruments either to obtain exposure to a particular equity instrument or for yield enhancement in non-qualifying hedging relationships.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
The following table presents the gross notional amounts, estimated fair values recorded within other assets and liabilities and the amounts included in net earnings related to our non-qualifying foreign currency forward exchange rate hedging relationships as at December 31, 2017.
December 31, 2017 Fair Value | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
Gross Notional Amount | Assets | Liabilities | Losses on non-qualifying hedges charged to earnings | |||||||||||||
Foreign exchange forward - AUD | $ | 57,028 | $ | — | $ | 1,002 | $ | (1,002 | ) | |||||||
Foreign exchange forward - GBP | 207,323 | 262 | 4,312 | (6,367 | ) | |||||||||||
Foreign exchange forward - EUR | 19,235 | 46 | 455 | (971 | ) | |||||||||||
Total non-qualifying hedges | $ | 283,586 | $ | 308 | $ | 5,769 | $ | (8,340 | ) | |||||||
There were no such non-qualifying foreign currency forward contracts utilized as at December 31, 2016 or during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Investments in Call Options on Equities
During the year ended December 31, 2016 we purchased call options on equities at a cost of $5.5 million and sold these for a realized gain of $5.4 million. We did not have any equity derivative instruments as at or during the year ended December 31, 2017.
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10. REINSURANCE BALANCES RECOVERABLE
The following table provides the total reinsurance balances recoverable as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||
Recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding losses | $ | 932,284 | $ | 7,472 | $ | 211,650 | $ | 16 | $ | 1,151,422 | ||||||||||
IBNR | 590,154 | 31,476 | 242,620 | — | 864,250 | |||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (12,970 | ) | 1,583 | (2,253 | ) | — | (13,640 | ) | ||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments - fair value option | (131,983 | ) | — | — | — | (131,983 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total reinsurance reserves recoverable | 1,377,485 | 40,531 | 452,017 | 16 | 1,870,049 | |||||||||||||||
Paid losses recoverable | 128,253 | (451 | ) | 23,179 | — | 150,981 | ||||||||||||||
$ | 1,505,738 | $ | 40,080 | $ | 475,196 | $ | 16 | $ | 2,021,030 | |||||||||||
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable | $ | 963,514 | $ | 40,080 | $ | 475,196 | $ | 16 | $ | 1,478,806 | ||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable - fair value option | 542,224 | — | — | — | 542,224 | |||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,505,738 | $ | 40,080 | $ | 475,196 | $ | 16 | $ | 2,021,030 | ||||||||||
2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||
Recoverable from reinsurers on unpaid: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding losses | $ | 621,288 | $ | 6,438 | $ | 182,478 | $ | 190 | $ | 810,394 | ||||||||||
IBNR | 393,550 | 21,753 | 178,259 | — | 593,562 | |||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (13,885 | ) | 1,818 | (3,506 | ) | — | (15,573 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total reinsurance reserves recoverable | 1,000,953 | 30,009 | 357,231 | 190 | 1,388,383 | |||||||||||||||
Paid losses recoverable | 47,160 | (1,081 | ) | 25,512 | 769 | 72,360 | ||||||||||||||
$ | 1,048,113 | $ | 28,928 | $ | 382,743 | $ | 959 | $ | 1,460,743 | |||||||||||
Our insurance and reinsurance run-off subsidiaries and assumed portfolios, prior to acquisition, used retrocessional agreements to reduce their exposure to the risk of insurance and reinsurance assumed. On an annual basis, both Atrium and StarStone purchase a tailored outwards reinsurance program designed to manage their risk profiles. The majority of Atrium’s and StarStone's third-party reinsurance cover is with highly rated reinsurers or is collateralized by pledged assets or letters of credit.
The fair value adjustments, determined on acquisition of insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, are based on the estimated timing of loss and LAE recoveries and an assumed interest rate equivalent to a risk free rate for securities with similar duration to the acquired reinsurance balances recoverable plus a spread to reflect credit risk, and are amortized over the estimated recovery period, as adjusted for accelerations in timing of payments as a result of commutation settlements. The determination of the fair value adjustments on the retroactive reinsurance contracts for which we have elected the fair value option is described in Note 8 - "Fair Value Measurements".
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had reinsurance balances recoverable of approximately $2.0 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. The increase of $560.3 million in reinsurance balances recoverable was primarily a result of the QBE and RSA reinsurance transactions, which closed in the first quarter of 2017, and the impact of the recent hurricane losses on Atrium and StarStone, partially offset by reserve reductions, commutations and cash collections made during the year ended December 31, 2017 in our Non-life Run-off segment.
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Top Ten Reinsurers
December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | % of Total | Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | % of Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top ten reinsurers | $ | 1,166,057 | $ | 22,422 | $ | 328,257 | $ | — | $ | 1,516,736 | 75.0 | % | $ | 737,074 | $ | 23,245 | $ | 226,283 | $ | — | $ | 986,602 | 67.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other reinsurers > $1 million | 322,722 | 16,631 | 144,336 | — | 483,689 | 24.0 | % | 301,856 | 4,827 | 152,341 | — | 459,024 | 31.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other reinsurers < $1 million | 16,959 | 1,027 | 2,603 | 16 | 20,605 | 1.0 | % | 9,183 | 856 | 4,119 | 959 | 15,117 | 1.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,505,738 | $ | 40,080 | $ | 475,196 | $ | 16 | $ | 2,021,030 | 100.0 | % | $ | 1,048,113 | $ | 28,928 | $ | 382,743 | $ | 959 | $ | 1,460,743 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Six of the top ten external reinsurers, as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, were all rated A- or better. The remaining four non-rated reinsurers, from which $687.6 million was recoverable as at December 31, 2017 (December 31, 2016: $512.2 million recoverable from four non-rated reinsurers), including KayleRe Ltd., have provided security in the form of pledged assets in trust, letters of credit issued to us, or funds withheld in the full amount of the recoverable. As at December 31, 2017, reinsurance balances recoverable of $357.4 million related to KaylaRe Ltd. (December 31, 2016: $242.1 million) and $320.0 million related to Hannover Ruck SE (December 31, 2016: $67.3 million), both of which represent 10% or more of total reinsurance balances recoverable. KaylaRe Ltd. is not rated but is an affiliated company partly owned by Enstar, as described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions", and security is provided in the form of funds withheld. Hannover Ruck SE is rated AA- by Standard & Poor's and A+ by A.M. Best.
Provisions for Uncollectible Reinsurance Recoverables
We evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our reinsurers. Provisions are made for amounts considered potentially uncollectible.
The following table shows our reinsurance balances recoverable by rating of reinsurer and our provisions for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable ("provisions for bad debt") as at December 31, 2017 and 2016. The provisions for bad debt all relate to the Non-life Run-off segment.
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | Provisions for Bad Debt | Net | Provisions as a % of Gross | Gross | Provisions for Bad Debt | Net | Provisions as a % of Gross | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Reinsurers rated A- or above | $ | 1,252,887 | $ | 51,115 | $ | 1,201,772 | 4.1 | % | $ | 892,776 | $ | 35,184 | $ | 857,592 | 3.9 | % | |||||||||||||
Reinsurers rated below A-, secured | 771,097 | — | 771,097 | — | % | 544,894 | — | 544,894 | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Reinsurers rated below A-, unsecured | 162,259 | 114,098 | 48,161 | 70.3 | % | 197,589 | 139,332 | 58,257 | 70.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 2,186,243 | $ | 165,213 | $ | 2,021,030 | 7.6 | % | $ | 1,635,259 | $ | 174,516 | $ | 1,460,743 | 10.7 | % | |||||||||||||
11. LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES
The liability for losses and LAE, also referred to as loss reserves, represents our gross estimates before reinsurance for unpaid reported losses and losses that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR") for our Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone segments. We recognize an asset for the portion of the liability that we expect to recover from reinsurers. LAE reserves include allocated loss adjustment expenses ("ALAE"), and unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE"). ALAE are linked to the settlement of an individual claim or loss, whereas ULAE are based on our estimates of future costs to administer the claims. IBNR represents reserves for loss and LAE that have been incurred but not yet reported to us. This includes amounts for unreported claims, development on known claims and reopened claims.
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The following table summarizes the liability for losses and LAE by segment as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Total | Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding losses | $ | 3,185,703 | $ | 78,363 | $ | 590,977 | $ | 3,855,043 | $ | 2,697,736 | $ | 67,379 | $ | 502,115 | $ | 3,267,230 | |||||||||||||||
IBNR | 2,903,927 | 150,508 | 599,221 | 3,653,656 | 1,935,659 | 130,118 | 541,305 | 2,607,082 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (125,998 | ) | 9,547 | (555 | ) | (117,006 | ) | (135,368 | ) | 12,503 | (863 | ) | (123,728 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments - fair value option | (314,748 | ) | — | — | (314,748 | ) | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 300,588 | 2,455 | 18,100 | 321,143 | 218,336 | 2,122 | 16,825 | 237,283 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 5,949,472 | $ | 240,873 | $ | 1,207,743 | $ | 7,398,088 | $ | 4,716,363 | $ | 212,122 | $ | 1,059,382 | $ | 5,987,867 | |||||||||||||||
Reconciliation to Consolidated Balance Sheet: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 5,603,419 | $ | 5,987,867 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Losses and loss adjustment expenses, at fair value | 1,794,669 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 7,398,088 | $ | 5,987,867 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The overall increase in the liability for losses and LAE between December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017 was primarily attributable to the assumed reinsurance agreements with RSA and QBE in our Non-life Run-off segment, for which we have elected the fair value option, as described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business".
The table below provides a consolidated reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Balance as at January 1 | $ | 5,987,867 | $ | 5,720,149 | $ | 4,509,421 | |||||
Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 1,388,193 | 1,360,382 | 1,154,196 | ||||||||
Less: deferred charges on retroactive reinsurance | 94,551 | 255,911 | — | ||||||||
Net balance as at January 1 | 4,505,123 | 4,103,856 | 3,355,225 | ||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE: | |||||||||||
Current period | 437,853 | 493,016 | 476,364 | ||||||||
Prior periods | (244,302 | ) | (318,917 | ) | (372,031 | ) | |||||
Total net incurred losses and LAE | 193,551 | 174,099 | 104,333 | ||||||||
Net paid losses: | |||||||||||
Current period | (82,273 | ) | (79,579 | ) | (99,933 | ) | |||||
Prior periods | (862,921 | ) | (753,478 | ) | (681,956 | ) | |||||
Total net paid losses | (945,194 | ) | (833,057 | ) | (781,889 | ) | |||||
Effect of exchange rate movement | 158,429 | (46,903 | ) | (65,069 | ) | ||||||
Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries | 10,251 | 10,019 | 878,815 | ||||||||
Assumed business | 1,525,703 | 1,340,444 | 612,441 | ||||||||
Ceded business | — | (243,335 | ) | — | |||||||
Net balance as at December 31 | 5,447,863 | 4,505,123 | 4,103,856 | ||||||||
Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 1,870,033 | 1,388,193 | 1,360,382 | ||||||||
Plus: deferred charges on retroactive reinsurance | 80,192 | 94,551 | 255,911 | ||||||||
Balance as at December 31 | $ | 7,398,088 | $ | 5,987,867 | $ | 5,720,149 | |||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The tables below provide the components of net incurred losses and LAE by segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Total | ||||||||||||
Net losses paid | $ | 581,723 | $ | 55,678 | $ | 307,793 | $ | 945,194 | |||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves | (381,053 | ) | 8,338 | 31,685 | (341,030 | ) | |||||||||
Net change in IBNR reserves | (390,727 | ) | 7,679 | (23,540 | ) | (406,588 | ) | ||||||||
Amortization of deferred charges | 14,359 | — | — | 14,359 | |||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses | (175,698 | ) | 71,695 | 315,938 | 211,935 | ||||||||||
Reduction in provisions for bad debt | (1,536 | ) | 159 | — | (1,377 | ) | |||||||||
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE | (53,810 | ) | 285 | (187 | ) | (53,712 | ) | ||||||||
Amortization of fair value adjustments | 10,114 | (2,720 | ) | (945 | ) | 6,449 | |||||||||
Changes in fair value - fair value option | 30,256 | — | — | 30,256 | |||||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | $ | (190,674 | ) | $ | 69,419 | $ | 314,806 | $ | 193,551 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Total | ||||||||||||
Net losses paid | $ | 533,806 | $ | 47,998 | $ | 251,253 | $ | 833,057 | |||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves | (608,785 | ) | (148 | ) | 73,049 | (535,884 | ) | ||||||||
Net change in IBNR reserves | (347,384 | ) | 13,700 | 75,643 | (258,041 | ) | |||||||||
Amortization of deferred charges | 168,827 | — | — | 168,827 | |||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses | (253,536 | ) | 61,550 | 399,945 | 207,959 | ||||||||||
Reduction in provisions for bad debt | (13,822 | ) | — | — | (13,822 | ) | |||||||||
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE | (43,955 | ) | 145 | 3,543 | (40,267 | ) | |||||||||
Amortization of fair value adjustments | 25,432 | (3,308 | ) | (1,895 | ) | 20,229 | |||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | $ | (285,881 | ) | $ | 58,387 | $ | 401,593 | $ | 174,099 | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Total | ||||||||||||
Net losses paid | $ | 517,295 | $ | 52,035 | $ | 212,559 | $ | 781,889 | |||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves | (355,335 | ) | (709 | ) | 77,219 | (278,825 | ) | ||||||||
Net change in IBNR reserves | (364,774 | ) | 2,844 | 37,904 | (324,026 | ) | |||||||||
Amortization of deferred charges | 15,265 | — | — | 15,265 | |||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses | (187,549 | ) | 54,170 | 327,682 | 194,303 | ||||||||||
Increase in provisions for bad debt | (25,271 | ) | — | — | (25,271 | ) | |||||||||
Reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE | (62,653 | ) | (83 | ) | 3,537 | (59,199 | ) | ||||||||
Amortization of fair value adjustments | 4,643 | (6,608 | ) | (3,535 | ) | (5,500 | ) | ||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | $ | (270,830 | ) | $ | 47,479 | $ | 327,684 | $ | 104,333 | ||||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Loss Development Information
Methodology for Establishing Reserves
The liability for losses and LAE includes an amount determined from reported claims and an amount based on historical loss experience and industry statistics for IBNR using a variety of actuarial methods. Our loss reserves cover multiple lines of business, which include workers' compensation, general casualty, asbestos and environmental, marine, aviation and transit, construction defects and other non-life lines of business. Our management, through our loss reserving committees, considers the reasonableness of loss reserves recommended by our actuaries, including actual loss development during the year.
Case reserves are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been reported to us to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy. We use considerable judgment in estimating losses for reported claims on an individual claim basis based upon our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim, the severity of the injury or damage, the jurisdiction of the occurrence, the potential for ultimate exposure, the type of loss, and our experience with the line of business and policy provisions relating to the particular type of claim. The reserves for unpaid reported losses and LAE are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represent the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified, by us. We also consider facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation.
IBNR reserves are established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. We use generally accepted actuarial methodologies to estimate ultimate losses and LAE and those estimates are reviewed by our management. In addition, the routine settlement of claims, at either below or above the carried advised loss reserve, updates historical loss development information to which actuarial methodologies are applied often, resulting in revised estimates of ultimate liabilities. On an annual basis, independent actuarial firms are retained by management to provide their estimates of ultimate losses and to review the estimates developed by our actuaries.
Within the annual loss reserve studies produced by either our actuaries or independent actuaries, exposures for each subsidiary are separated into homogeneous reserving categories for the purpose of estimating IBNR. Each reserving category contains either direct insurance or assumed reinsurance reserves and groups relatively similar types of risks and exposures (for example, asbestos, environmental, casualty, property) and lines of business written (for example, marine, aviation, non-marine). Based on the exposure characteristics and the nature of available data for each individual reserving category, a number of methodologies are applied. Recorded reserves for each category are selected from the actuarial indications produced by the various methodologies after consideration of exposure characteristics, data limitations and strengths and weaknesses of each method applied. This approach to estimating IBNR has been consistently adopted in the annual loss reserve studies for each period presented.
The estimation of unpaid claim liabilities at any given point in time is subject to a high degree of uncertainty for a number of reasons. A significant amount of time can lapse between the assumption of risk, the occurrence of a loss event, the reporting of the event to an insurance or reinsurance company and the ultimate payment of the claim on the loss event. Our actuarial methodologies include industry benchmarking which, under certain methodologies, compares the trend of our loss development to that of the industry. To the extent that the trend of our loss development compared to the industry changes in any period, it is likely to have an impact on the estimate of ultimate liabilities. Unpaid claim liabilities for property and casualty exposures in general are impacted by changes in the legal environment, jury awards, medical cost trends and general inflation. Certain estimates for unpaid claim liabilities involve considerable uncertainty due to significant coverage litigation, and it can be unclear whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using reserving techniques that extrapolate losses to an ultimate basis using loss development factors, and the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of unpaid claim liabilities are not likely to be resolved in the near future. In addition, reserves are established to cover loss development related to both known and unasserted claims. Consequently, our subsequent estimates of ultimate losses and LAE, and our liability for losses and LAE, may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements.
These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, will be recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves established in previous calendar years.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The loss development tables disclosed below, sets forth our historic incurred and paid loss development by accident year through December 31, 2017, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims, IBNR balances, and other supplementary information.
With the exception of our Atrium segment, the loss development tables disclosed below are presented by line of business for our Non-life Run-off and StarStone segments as follows:
• | Non-Life Run-off - The lines of business included within the loss development disclosures below include General Casualty, Workers’ Compensation and Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers; and |
• | StarStone - All the lines of business related to the StarStone segment have been included within the loss development disclosures below, namely, Casualty, Marine, Property, Aerospace and Workers’ Compensation. |
The loss development disclosures for our Atrium segment have not been disaggregated further by line of business as the segment comprised only 3% of our total consolidated liability for losses and LAE as at December 31, 2017 and was, therefore, not considered material for further disaggregation.
Certain lines of business within our Non-Life Run-off segment were not included within the loss development disclosures presented below due to the following reasons:
• | The asbestos and environmental lines of business contain exposures which impact accident years older than those presented within the loss development tables disclosed below and have, therefore, not been included within those disclosures. These lines of business cumulatively comprised approximately 41% of our total net liabilities for losses and LAE, before reconciling items, within our Non-life Run-off segment, as at December 31, 2017; |
• | The marine, aviation and transit and construction defect lines of business, which each comprised approximately 3% of our total net liabilities for losses and LAE, before reconciling items, within our Non-Life Run-off segment, as at December 31, 2017 were each not considered material for separate disclosure; and |
• | The exposures included within the other category includes losses with several different development patterns that are not individually significant for separate disclosure. |
For each line of business for which loss development tables have been provided below, the disclosure approach and format adopted reflects the following:
• | The incurred loss triangle includes both reported case reserves and IBNR liabilities, as well as cumulative paid losses; |
• | Both the incurred and cumulative paid loss triangles include allocated loss adjustment expense (i.e. claims handling costs allocated to specific individual claims) but exclude unallocated loss adjustment expenses (i.e. the costs associated with internal claims staff and third party administrators as well as consultants that cannot be allocated to specific individual claims); |
• | Fair value adjustments arising from the business acquisitions that we have completed as well as the retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we have elected the fair value option are excluded from the incurred loss triangles; |
• | The amounts included within the loss triangles for the years ended December 31, 2008 through to December 31, 2016, (April 1, 2014 through to December 31, 2016 in the case of StarStone since its date of acquisition), as well as the historical average annual percentage payout ratios as of December 31, 2017 are presented as supplementary information and are therefore unaudited; |
• | All data presented within the loss triangles is net of reinsurance recoveries, excluding provisions for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables; and |
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
• | The IBNR reserves included within each incurred loss development table by accident year, reflect the net IBNR recorded as of December 31, 2017, including expected development on reported losses. |
The historical dollar amounts disclosed within the loss development tables for all lines of business presented below are on a constant-currency basis, which is achieved by using constant foreign exchange rates between periods in the loss triangles, and translating prior period amounts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which is our reporting currency, using the closing exchange rates as at December 31, 2017.
The impact of this exchange rate conversion is to show the change between periods exclusive of the effect of exchange rate fluctuations, which would otherwise distort the change in incurred losses and the cash flow patterns associated with those incurred losses shown within the loss development tables disclosed below. The change in incurred losses shown within the loss development tables below will, however, differ from other U.S. GAAP disclosures of incurred current and prior period reserve development amounts, which include the effect of exchange rate fluctuations.
The loss development tables disclosed below are presented retrospectively with respect to the acquisitions and retroactive reinsurance agreements that we have completed, where it is practicable to do so. However, where it is not practicable, a prospective approach has been adopted in the presentation of the loss development tables disclosed below as follows:
• | Acquisitions - The information included within the incurred and paid loss development tables for all the lines of business related to the StarStone segment below have been presented on a prospective basis from the date of our acquisition of StarStone, which was effective on April 1, 2014. Providing pre-acquisition incurred and paid losses by accident year for years prior to 2014 was determined to be impracticable due to significant data limitations. This prospective treatment was also adopted for the disclosures included within our Non-Life Run-off segment with respect to StarStone’s run-off business whose exposures are included within the general casualty and professional indemnity/Directors & Officers lines of business disclosed within our Non-Life Run-off loss development tables below; and |
• | Retroactive reinsurance agreements - For those loss portfolio transfers that we assume through retroactive reinsurance agreements for which we don’t have access to historical loss development information from the ceding entities or where the data is not sufficiently reliable, these have been presented prospectively within the loss development tables disclosed below, from the date that the reinsurance agreements became effective. |
This prospective treatment, therefore, results in loss development trends within the calendar year that either the business acquisition or retroactive reinsurance agreement is completed, that is not entirely reflective of the actual performance of the acquired business or the retroactive reinsurance agreement.
Establishing an estimate for loss reserves requires the incorporation of various assumptions and judgment, therefore, the information contained within the loss development disclosures below only allows readers or users of our consolidated financial statements to understand, at the summary level presented in the development tables, the change over time in our reported incurred loss estimates as well as the nature and patterns of the cash flows associated with those estimates. We, therefore, believe that the information provided within the loss development tables disclosed below is of limited use for independent analysis or application of standard actuarial estimations, and any results obtained from doing so should be interpreted with caution. For a more detailed discussion on how our loss reserve estimates are established, refer to the discussion on “Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” within our Critical Accounting Policies.
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
Reported claim counts, on a cumulative basis, are provided as supplemental information to each incurred loss development table by accident year. We measure claim frequency information on an individual claim count basis within each of our segments as follows:
• | Non-Life Run-off - The claim frequency information for the exposures included within our general casualty, workers’ compensation and professional indemnity lines of business includes direct and assumed open and closed claims by accident year at the claimant level. Reported claims that are closed without a payment are included within our cumulative number of reported claims because we typically incur claim adjustment expenses on them prior to their closure. The claim count numbers exclude counts related to claims within policy deductibles where the insured is |
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
responsible for the payment of losses within the deductible layer. Individual claim counts related to certain assumed reinsurance contracts such as excess-of-loss and quota share treaties are not available to us, and the losses arising from these treaties have been treated as single claims for the purposes of determining claim counts. Therefore, each treaty year within the reinsurance contract is deemed a single claim because the detailed underlying individual claim information is generally not reported to us by our cedents; and
• | StarStone and Atrium - The claim frequency information is determined at the claimant level for the exposures within the lines of business related to these segments. Our claims system assigns a unique claim identifier to each reported claim we receive. Each unique claim identifier is deemed to be a single claim, irrespective of whether the claim remains open or has been closed with or without payment. For certain insurance facilities and business produced or managed by managing general agents, coverholders and third party administrators where the underlying claims data is reported to us in an aggregated format, the information necessary to provide cumulative claims frequency is not available. In such cases, we typically record a “block” claim in our system. This also applies to a small amount of assumed reinsurance business that we write where, similarly, the underlying claims data is reported to us in an aggregated format. In such instances, each assumed reinsurance contract is deemed a single claim. |
The cumulative number of reported claims for our Atrium segment includes all claim counts for Syndicate 609. Our Atrium segment represents our 25% share of Syndicate 609's underwriting capacity and capital, however, the claims count is the same whether viewed at the 100% Syndicate level or for our 25% share.
Our reported claim frequency information is subject to the following inherent limitations when analyzing our loss experience and severity:
• | Claim counts are presented only on a reported and not on an ultimate basis. Therefore, reported claim counts include open claims which have outstanding reserves but exclude IBNR claims. As such the reported claims are consistent with reported losses, which can be calculated by subtracting IBNR losses from incurred losses. However, the reported claim counts are inconsistent with the losses in the incurred losses triangles, which include IBNR losses, and to losses in the paid loss triangles, which exclude outstanding reserves; |
• | Reported claim counts have not been adjusted for ceded reinsurance, which may distort any measures of frequency or severity; |
• | For lines of business that have a mix of primary and excess layer exposures, such as our general casualty and workers’ compensation lines of business, the reported claim counts may fluctuate from period to period between exposure layers, thereby distorting any measure of frequency and severity; and |
• | The use of our reported claim frequency information to project ultimate loss payouts by disaggregated disclosure category or line of business may not be as meaningful as claim count information related to individual contracts at a more granular level. |
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Non-Life Run-off Segment
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserves for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 for the Non-life Run-off segment:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Balance as at January 1 | $ | 4,716,363 | $ | 4,585,454 | $ | 3,435,010 | |||||
Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 1,000,953 | 1,034,747 | 800,709 | ||||||||
Less: deferred charges on retroactive reinsurance | 94,551 | 255,911 | — | ||||||||
Net balance as at January 1 | 3,620,859 | 3,294,796 | 2,634,301 | ||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE: | |||||||||||
Current period | 5,866 | 5,829 | 39,924 | ||||||||
Prior periods | (196,540 | ) | (291,710 | ) | (310,754 | ) | |||||
Total net incurred losses and LAE | (190,674 | ) | (285,881 | ) | (270,830 | ) | |||||
Net paid losses: | |||||||||||
Current period | (2,835 | ) | (3,869 | ) | (16,049 | ) | |||||
Prior periods | (578,888 | ) | (529,937 | ) | (501,246 | ) | |||||
Total net paid losses | (581,723 | ) | (533,806 | ) | (517,295 | ) | |||||
Effect of exchange rate movement | 138,772 | (27,478 | ) | (42,636 | ) | ||||||
Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries | 10,251 | 10,019 | 878,815 | ||||||||
Assumed business | 1,494,310 | 1,340,444 | 612,441 | ||||||||
Ceded business | — | (177,235 | ) | — | |||||||
Net balance as at December 31 | 4,491,795 | 3,620,859 | 3,294,796 | ||||||||
Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 1,377,485 | 1,000,953 | 1,034,747 | ||||||||
Plus: deferred charges on retroactive reinsurance | 80,192 | 94,551 | 255,911 | ||||||||
Balance as at December 31 | $ | 5,949,472 | $ | 4,716,363 | $ | 4,585,454 | |||||
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Net incurred losses and LAE in the Non-life Run-off segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prior Period | Current Period | Total | Prior Period | Current Period | Total | Prior Period | Current Period | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net losses paid | $ | 578,888 | $ | 2,835 | $ | 581,723 | $ | 529,937 | $ | 3,869 | $ | 533,806 | $ | 501,246 | $ | 16,049 | $ | 517,295 | |||||||||||||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves | (381,450 | ) | 397 | (381,053 | ) | (608,168 | ) | (617 | ) | (608,785 | ) | (366,262 | ) | 10,927 | (355,335 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net change in IBNR reserves | (393,100 | ) | 2,373 | (390,727 | ) | (349,726 | ) | 2,342 | (347,384 | ) | (377,722 | ) | 12,948 | (364,774 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of deferred charges | 14,359 | — | 14,359 | 168,827 | — | 168,827 | 15,265 | — | 15,265 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses | (181,303 | ) | 5,605 | (175,698 | ) | (259,130 | ) | 5,594 | (253,536 | ) | (227,473 | ) | 39,924 | (187,549 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Reduction in provisions for bad debt | (1,536 | ) | — | (1,536 | ) | (13,822 | ) | — | (13,822 | ) | (25,271 | ) | — | (25,271 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE | (54,071 | ) | 261 | (53,810 | ) | (44,190 | ) | 235 | (43,955 | ) | (62,653 | ) | — | (62,653 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of fair value adjustments | 10,114 | — | 10,114 | 25,432 | — | 25,432 | 4,643 | — | 4,643 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Changes in fair value - fair value option | 30,256 | — | 30,256 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | $ | (196,540 | ) | $ | 5,866 | $ | (190,674 | ) | $ | (291,710 | ) | $ | 5,829 | $ | (285,881 | ) | $ | (310,754 | ) | $ | 39,924 | $ | (270,830 | ) | |||||||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims. Net change in IBNR represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR, less amounts recoverable.
Year Ended December 31, 2017
The net reduction in incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $190.7 million included net incurred losses and LAE of $5.9 million related to current period net earned premium, primarily for the portion of the run-off business acquired with Sussex. Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $5.9 million, net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods were reduced by $196.5 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $181.3 million, a reduction in provisions for bad debt of $1.5 million and a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $54.1 million, relating to 2017 run-off activity, partially offset by amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $10.1 million and a change in fair value of $30.3 million related to our assumed retroactive reinsurance agreements with RSA and QBE completed during the period and for which we have elected the fair value option. The reduction of estimates in net ultimate losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 was reduced by amortization of the deferred charge of $14.4 million.
The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to prior periods of $181.3 million comprised reductions in IBNR reserves of $393.1 million, partially offset by net incurred loss development of $211.8 million, which includes amortization of deferred charges of $14.4 million. The decrease in the estimate of net IBNR reserves of $393.1 million (compared to $349.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2016), was comprised of a decrease of $70.0 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to an increase of $39.4 million in 2016), a decrease of $7.5 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to an increase $35.5 million in 2016), a decrease of $7.2 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $0.8 million in 2016), a decrease of $156.2 million relating to workers' compensation liabilities (compared to $333.2 million in 2016) and a decrease of $152.2 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $90.6 million in 2016).
The reduction in net IBNR reserves of $393.1 million relating to prior periods was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 59 commutations and policy buy-backs, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2017, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred loss development resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $381.5 million for net paid losses of $578.9 million related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 59 commutations and
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
policy buy-backs of assumed and ceded exposures. Net advised case and LAE reserves settled by way of commutation and policy buyback during the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to $7.4 million (comprising $23.2 million of assumed case reserves and LAE reserves, partially offset by $15.8 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverable case reserves).
The reduction in provisions for bad debt of $1.5 million was a result of the favorable resolution of contractual disputes with reinsurers, the reduction in bad debt provisions for insolvent reinsurers as a result of distributions received and the reduction of specific provisions held for potential disputes with reinsurers.
Year Ended December 31, 2016
The net reduction in incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $285.9 million included current period net incurred losses and LAE of $5.8 million related to current period net earned premium of $7.1 million (primarily for the portion of the run-off business acquired with Sussex). Excluding current period net losses and LAE of $5.8 million, net incurred losses and LAE liabilities relating to prior periods were reduced by $291.7 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $259.1 million, reduction in provisions for bad debt of $13.8 million and a reduction in provision for unallocated LAE of $44.2 million, relating to 2016 run-off activity, partially offset by amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $25.4 million.
The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to prior periods of $259.1 million comprised reductions in IBNR reserves of $349.7 million partially offset by net incurred loss development of $90.6 million, which includes amortization of deferred charges of $168.8 million. The decrease in the estimate of net IBNR reserves of $349.7 million (compared to $377.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2015), was comprised of an increase of $39.4 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to a decrease of $32.0 million in 2015), an increase of $35.5 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to a decrease of $1.6 million in 2015), a decrease of $0.8 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $3.0 million in 2015), a decrease of $333.2 million relating to workers' compensation liabilities (compared to $243.4 million in 2015) and a decrease of $90.6 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $97.7 million in 2015).
The reduction in net IBNR reserves of $349.7 million relating to prior periods was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 56 commutations and policy buy-backs, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2016, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred loss development resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $608.2 million for net paid losses of $529.9 million related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 56 commutations and policy buy-backs of assumed and ceded exposures. Net advised case and LAE reserves settled by way of commutation and policy buy-back during the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to $14.7 million (comprising $39.1 million of assumed case reserves and LAE reserves, partially offset by $24.4 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverable case reserves).
The reduction in provisions for bad debt of $13.8 million was a result of the collection of certain reinsurance recoverables against which bad debt provisions had been provided in earlier periods, and the reduction in bad debt provisions for insolvent reinsurers as a result of distributions received and the reduction of specific provisions held for potential disputes with reinsurers.
Year Ended December 31, 2015
The net reduction in incurred losses and LAE for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $270.8 million included current period incurred losses and LAE of $39.9 million related to current period net earned premium of $43.3 million (primarily for the portion of the run-off business acquired with StarStone). Excluding current period net incurred losses and LAE of $39.9 million, net incurred losses and LAE relating to prior periods were reduced by $310.8 million, which was attributable to a reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses of $227.5 million, reduction in provisions for bad debts of $25.3 million and a reduction in provisions for unallocated LAE of $62.7 million, relating to 2015 run-off activity, partially offset by amortization of fair value adjustments over the estimated payout period relating to companies acquired amounting to $4.6 million.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The reduction in estimates of net ultimate losses relating to prior periods of $227.5 million comprised reductions in IBNR reserves of $377.7 million partially offset by net incurred loss development of $150.2 million, which includes amortization of deferred charges of $15.3 million. The decrease in the estimate of net IBNR reserves of $377.7 million (compared to $262.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2014) was comprised of $32.0 million relating to asbestos liabilities (compared to $59.4 million in 2014), $1.6 million relating to environmental liabilities (compared to $6.2 million in 2014), $3.0 million relating to general casualty liabilities (compared to $62.5 million in 2014), $243.4 million relating to workers' compensation liabilities (compared to $63.6 million in 2014) and $97.7 million relating to all other remaining liabilities (compared to $70.7 million in 2014).
The reduction in net IBNR reserves of $377.7 million relating to prior periods was a result of the application, on a basis consistent with the assumptions applied in the prior period, of our actuarial methodologies to revised historical loss development data, following 79 commutations and policy buy-backs, to estimate loss reserves required to cover liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE relating to non-commuted exposures. The prior period estimate of net IBNR reserves was reduced as a result of the combined impact on all classes of business of loss development activity during 2015, including commutations and the favorable trend of loss development related to non-commuted policies compared to prior forecasts. The net incurred loss development resulting from settlement of net advised case and LAE reserves of $366.3 million for net paid losses of $501.2 million related to the settlement of non-commuted losses in the year and 79 commutations and policy buy-backs of assumed and ceded exposures (including the commutation of two of our top ten assumed exposures and one of our top ten ceded recoverables as at January 1, 2014). Net advised case and LAE reserves settled by way of commutation and policy buy-back during the year ended December 31, 2015 amounted to $56.6 million (comprising $140.3 million of assumed case reserves and LAE reserves partially offset by $83.7 million of ceded incurred reinsurance recoverable case reserves).
The increase in provisions for bad debt of $25.3 million was a result of the collection of certain reinsurance recoverables against which bad debts had been provided in earlier periods, and the reduction in bad debt provisions for insolvent reinsurers as a result of distributions received, partially offset by additional provisions for contractual disputes with reinsurers.
Asbestos and Environmental
In establishing the reserves for losses and LAE related to asbestos and environmental claims, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy, and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, reserves have been established to cover additional exposures on both known and unreported claims. Estimates of the reserves are reviewed and updated continually. Developed case law and claim histories are still evolving for such claims, especially because significant uncertainty exists about the outcome of coverage litigation and whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. In view of the changes in the legal and tort environment that affect the development of such claims, the uncertainties inherent in valuing asbestos and environmental claims are not likely to be resolved in the near future. Ultimate values for such claims cannot be estimated using traditional reserving techniques and there are significant uncertainties in estimating the amount of our potential losses for these claims. There can be no assurance that the reserves established by us will be adequate or will not be adversely affected by the development of other latent exposures. The net liability for unpaid losses and LAE as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 included $1,863.2 million and $979.8 million, respectively, which represented an estimate of the net ultimate liability for asbestos and environmental claims. The gross liability for such claims as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $1,992.1 million and $1,021.8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, our reserves for asbestos and environmental liabilities increased by $970.4 million and $545.2 million on a gross basis, respectively, and by $883.4 million and $545.1 million on a net basis, respectively, due to acquisition activity in 2017 primarily related to the RSA and QBE transactions.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The following tables provides a breakdown of the gross and net losses and LAE reserves by line of business as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | Net | ||||||||||||||||||||||
OLR | IBNR | Total | OLR | IBNR | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Asbestos | $ | 366,446 | $ | 1,434,598 | $ | 1,801,044 | $ | 341,355 | $ | 1,337,467 | $ | 1,678,822 | |||||||||||
Environmental | 95,801 | 95,259 | 191,060 | 91,049 | 93,345 | 184,394 | |||||||||||||||||
General casualty | 344,425 | 266,526 | 610,951 | 276,791 | 194,747 | 471,538 | |||||||||||||||||
Workers' compensation/personal accident | 1,458,430 | 748,949 | 2,207,379 | 889,265 | 371,161 | 1,260,426 | |||||||||||||||||
Marine, aviation and transit | 109,102 | 56,284 | 165,386 | 90,101 | 51,904 | 142,005 | |||||||||||||||||
Construction defect | 28,701 | 135,608 | 164,309 | 27,406 | 122,307 | 149,713 | |||||||||||||||||
Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers | 214,803 | 40,265 | 255,068 | 181,027 | 39,591 | 220,618 | |||||||||||||||||
Other | 567,995 | 126,438 | 694,433 | 356,424 | 103,251 | 459,675 | |||||||||||||||||
$ | 3,185,703 | $ | 2,903,927 | $ | 6,089,630 | $ | 2,253,418 | $ | 2,313,773 | $ | 4,567,191 | ||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (125,998 | ) | (113,028 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments - fair value option | (314,748 | ) | (182,764 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Deferred charge on retroactive reinsurance | — | (80,192 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | 5,648,884 | $ | 4,191,207 | ||||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 300,588 | 300,588 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 5,949,472 | $ | 4,491,795 | |||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | Net | ||||||||||||||||||||||
OLR | IBNR | Total | OLR | IBNR | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Asbestos | $ | 265,144 | $ | 584,757 | $ | 849,901 | $ | 246,030 | $ | 569,736 | $ | 815,766 | |||||||||||
Environmental | 100,128 | 71,722 | 171,850 | 94,311 | 69,740 | 164,051 | |||||||||||||||||
General casualty | 428,210 | 317,613 | 745,823 | 300,650 | 195,393 | 496,043 | |||||||||||||||||
Workers' compensation/personal accident | 1,389,097 | 701,616 | 2,090,713 | 1,007,528 | 484,863 | 1,492,391 | |||||||||||||||||
Marine, aviation and transit | 54,025 | 35,744 | 89,769 | 48,469 | 35,607 | 84,076 | |||||||||||||||||
Construction defect | 40,446 | 121,551 | 161,997 | 33,591 | 90,977 | 124,568 | |||||||||||||||||
Professional indemnity/Directors & Officers | 110,208 | 61,663 | 171,871 | 92,716 | 60,626 | 153,342 | |||||||||||||||||
Other | 310,478 | 40,993 | 351,471 | 253,154 | 35,166 | 288,320 | |||||||||||||||||
$ | 2,697,736 | $ | 1,935,659 | $ | 4,633,395 | $ | 2,076,449 | $ | 1,542,108 | $ | 3,618,557 | ||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (135,368 | ) | (121,483 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Deferred charge on retroactive reinsurance | — | (94,551 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | 4,498,027 | $ | 3,402,523 | ||||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 218,336 | 218,336 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 4,716,363 | $ | 3,620,859 | |||||||||||||||||||
As noted in the tables above, the significant lines of business within this segment include asbestos, general casualty, workers’ compensation and professional indemnity/Directors & Officers, which collectively comprised approximately 80% and 80% of total gross and net reserves, respectively, as at December 31, 2017 and 83% and 82% of total gross and net reserves, respectively, as at December 31, 2016. Separate loss development tables have been provided for the general casualty, workers’ compensation and professional indemnity/Directors & Officers lines of business as set forth below. The asbestos and the environmental lines of business are wholly comprised of losses with accident years before 2008 and therefore no accident year disclosures have been included within the loss development tables presented below for these lines of business. The exposures included within the marine, aviation and transit and construction defect lines of business, which each comprised approximately 3% of total gross and net reserves, were each not considered material for separate disclosure within the loss development tables presented below. Similarly, the exposures included within the other category includes losses with several different development patterns that are not individually sufficiently significant to be disclosed in separate loss development tables.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Our non-life run-off segment is unique within the insurance industry in that legacy reserves are continuously being acquired and added to this segment through business acquisitions or through retroactive reinsurance agreements. The loss development tables within this segment include actual loss development as well as the effects of integrating newly acquired reserves. Accordingly, it would not be appropriate to extrapolate redundancies or deficiencies into the future or to infer actual historical accident year development information from the loss development tables provided below. Acquired reserves arising from business acquisitions are presented on a full retrospective basis. Assumed reserves arising from retroactive reinsurance transactions are presented as follows: (i) unpaid reported losses are shown on a full retrospective basis, and (ii) assumed IBNR is shown on a prospective basis as historical IBNR is generally not available to us in these transactions. This presentation approach therefore distorts the loss development trends in the specific years in which these retroactive reinsurance transactions are completed. We have however disclosed additional development tables as appropriate to show the take-on IBNR reserves that we have assumed through the retroactive reinsurance agreements that we have completed in each calendar year, for the lines of business presented below.
The following tables set forth information about incurred and paid loss development, total IBNR reserves and cumulative loss frequency related to our general casualty, workers' compensation and professional indemnity/Directors & Officers lines of business within the Non-Life Run-off segment as at December 31, 2017. The information related to incurred and paid loss development for the years ended December 31, 2008 through 2016 is presented as supplementary information and is therefore unaudited.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
General Casualty
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 20,277 | $ | 24,456 | $ | 45,420 | $ | 51,927 | $ | 59,142 | $ | 63,437 | $ | 64,982 | $ | 69,784 | $ | 66,160 | $ | 84,811 | $ | 10,162 | 3,543 | ||||||||||||
2009 | 20,081 | 27,612 | 48,009 | 66,202 | 84,596 | 86,618 | 92,084 | 94,550 | 112,799 | 10,570 | 3,497 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 34,527 | 55,916 | 68,142 | 93,817 | 177,344 | 201,813 | 215,279 | 230,288 | 20,143 | 5,365 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 40,109 | 42,977 | 68,439 | 83,854 | 87,625 | 86,727 | 92,802 | 16,825 | 3,864 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 65,494 | 72,203 | 82,667 | 73,218 | 88,743 | 104,284 | 16,766 | 3,929 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 60,121 | 76,526 | 50,524 | 53,597 | 72,586 | 13,387 | 2,529 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 35,789 | 23,657 | 25,197 | 37,628 | 7,883 | 1,447 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 9,478 | 9,891 | 14,003 | 5,500 | 516 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 2,319 | 1,281 | 868 | 103 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 141 | 115 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 750,623 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 5,752 | $ | 12,512 | $ | 20,372 | $ | 30,193 | $ | 40,909 | $ | 45,447 | $ | 52,416 | $ | 54,510 | $ | 57,625 | $ | 62,930 | |||||||||||||||
2009 | 4,834 | 11,384 | 22,986 | 41,723 | 55,455 | 66,001 | 73,154 | 80,004 | 85,802 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 6,108 | 14,462 | 26,943 | 41,340 | 97,854 | 150,681 | 179,633 | 195,858 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 8,353 | 17,573 | 26,839 | 43,189 | 55,998 | 60,809 | 64,789 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 12,435 | 17,787 | 31,031 | 42,991 | 58,717 | 71,372 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 2,449 | 14,311 | 20,416 | 29,342 | 39,996 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 1,740 | 5,070 | 10,300 | 19,672 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 744 | 1,505 | 3,188 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 81 | 147 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 543,771 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | 264,686 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 471,538 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 471,538 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 139,413 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 610,951 | |
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The table below provides a summary of IBNR reserves assumed through retroactive reinsurance transactions which are presented on a prospective basis within the incurred losses table above from the year in which the transactions occurred:
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Take-On IBNR for Assumed Business | $ | 10,740 | $ | — | $ | 3,633 | $ | — | $ | 25,703 | $ | — | $ | 5,263 | $ | — | $ | 36,501 | $ | 79,495 | ||||||||||
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
General casualty | 6.64 | % | 8.29 | % | 10.25 | % | 14.39 | % | 15.49 | % | 10.99 | % | 7.85 | % | 5.2 | % | 4.41 | % | 6.26 | % |
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Workers' Compensation
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 265,540 | $ | 295,970 | $ | 315,753 | $ | 329,516 | $ | 327,727 | $ | 338,214 | $ | 344,977 | $ | 340,547 | $ | 344,352 | $ | 360,478 | $ | 13,587 | 43,430 | ||||||||||||
2009 | 236,790 | 275,932 | 288,464 | 294,104 | 301,191 | 308,837 | 316,540 | 322,864 | 312,309 | 16,599 | 41,928 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 257,331 | 291,649 | 309,258 | 326,852 | 337,680 | 344,619 | 348,008 | 354,173 | 25,476 | 46,023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 201,011 | 215,605 | 224,479 | 253,525 | 257,374 | 251,575 | 250,915 | 26,894 | 46,698 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 191,946 | 200,200 | 232,410 | 227,214 | 223,991 | 231,740 | 41,832 | 44,448 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 99,594 | 133,563 | 116,744 | 107,511 | 104,942 | 35,061 | 31,945 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 75,905 | 87,181 | 81,227 | 82,084 | 18,062 | 10,925 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 23,973 | 18,038 | 18,465 | 2,895 | 2,885 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 981 | 1,055 | 652 | 38 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2,915 | 2,307 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,719,076 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 83,344 | $ | 164,145 | $ | 219,202 | $ | 255,550 | $ | 278,088 | $ | 293,874 | $ | 306,607 | $ | 313,936 | $ | 317,946 | $ | 324,480 | |||||||||||||||
2009 | 76,071 | 146,631 | 198,214 | 233,516 | 254,348 | 270,693 | 275,620 | 283,407 | 275,573 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 85,367 | 163,231 | 218,846 | 252,732 | 264,329 | 275,286 | 288,933 | 299,285 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 44,931 | 110,189 | 153,192 | 134,487 | 162,444 | 185,650 | 199,292 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 37,848 | 89,004 | 57,070 | 92,588 | 134,993 | 156,579 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 18,305 | (41,452 | ) | (17,142 | ) | 21,187 | 45,909 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 8,385 | 13,896 | 35,025 | 49,884 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 4,602 | 8,944 | 11,432 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 184 | 420 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 159 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,363,013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | 904,363 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,260,426 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
175
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,260,426 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 946,953 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 2,207,379 | |
The table below provides a summary of IBNR reserves assumed through retroactive reinsurance transactions which are presented on a prospective basis within the incurred losses table above from the year in which the transactions occurred:
For the Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Take-On IBNR for Assumed Business | $ | — | $ | 5,323 | $ | 5,954 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 100,000 | $ | 62,192 | ||||||||||
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Workers' compensation | 18.1 | % | 23.1 | % | 17.3 | % | 12.3 | % | 5.4 | % | 4.2 | % | 3.0 | % | 2.5 | % | 1.1 | % | 1.8 | % |
176
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Professional Indemnity/Directors & Officers
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 4,149 | $ | 23,865 | $ | 53,480 | $ | 58,806 | $ | 80,673 | $ | 86,120 | $ | 83,578 | $ | 77,421 | $ | 128,985 | $ | 128,410 | $ | 3,666 | — | |||||||||||||
2009 | 1,205 | 14,027 | 25,782 | 48,547 | 54,345 | 58,429 | 62,705 | 59,906 | 57,076 | 2,238 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | — | — | — | — | 793 | 463 | 454 | 485 | (3 | ) | 520 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | — | — | — | 39,854 | 43,180 | 41,508 | 40,602 | 1,500 | 2,003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | — | — | 59,123 | 69,319 | 67,098 | 65,893 | 3,254 | 2,281 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | — | 47,164 | 62,259 | 57,983 | 61,785 | 8,724 | 1,922 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 7,374 | 4,903 | 5,496 | 3,760 | 2,417 | 439 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 198 | 4,925 | 8,789 | 2,216 | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 42 | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 58 | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
$ | 366,858 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 179 | $ | 3,157 | $ | 11,350 | $ | 26,799 | $ | 33,932 | $ | 40,045 | $ | 44,913 | $ | 53,018 | $ | 107,854 | $ | 109,032 | ||||||||||||||||
2009 | 88 | 2,604 | 7,784 | 17,040 | 26,023 | 33,246 | 37,708 | 41,053 | 46,209 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | — | — | — | — | 462 | 463 | 456 | 490 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | — | — | — | 28,221 | 32,366 | 35,061 | 36,236 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | — | — | 33,687 | 44,410 | 51,396 | 54,208 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | — | 18,678 | 31,063 | 35,219 | 44,337 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 430 | 717 | 1,075 | 1,127 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 29 | 198 | 1,821 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 37 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 293,497 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | 147,257 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 220,618 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 220,618 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 34,450 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 255,068 | |
177
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Professional indemnity/ Directors & Officers | 15.1 | % | 4.1 | % | 12.7 | % | 10.5 | % | 11.4 | % | 5.7 | % | 4.8 | % | 6.4 | % | 9.0 | % | 0.9 | % |
Losses and LAE reserves reported at fair value
The following table includes the carrying amount of the liability for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance reported at fair value, the discount rates used to discount the liabilities and the related aggregate amount of the discount as at December 31, 2017 and the interest accretion for the year ended December 31, 2017, recorded within net incurred losses and LAE in our consolidated statements of earnings:
As at December 31, 2017 | For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||
Line of business | Carrying value | Discount rate | Aggregate amount of discount | Interest Accretion | |||||||
Asbestos | $ | 712,890 | 2.3% | $ | 222,138 | $ | 18,637 | ||||
Environmental | 1,003 | 2.0% | 122 | 10 | |||||||
General casualty | 120,480 | 2.8% | 28,233 | 3,751 | |||||||
Workers' compensation/personal accident | 69,266 | 3.0% | 19,497 | 4,142 | |||||||
Marine, aviation and transit | 71,138 | 2.0% | 9,520 | 799 | |||||||
Construction defect | 38,819 | 2.9% | 5,513 | 1,171 | |||||||
Other | 145,013 | 2.0% | 18,827 | 1,716 | |||||||
ULAE | 93,836 | 3.0% | 25,953 | 3,621 | |||||||
Total | $ | 1,252,445 | $ | 329,803 | $ | 33,847 | |||||
178
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Atrium
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Balance as at January 1 | $ | 212,122 | $ | 201,017 | $ | 212,611 | |||||
Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 30,009 | 25,852 | 28,278 | ||||||||
Net balance as at January 1 | 182,113 | 175,165 | 184,333 | ||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE: | |||||||||||
Current period | 90,359 | 71,358 | 69,400 | ||||||||
Prior periods | (20,940 | ) | (12,971 | ) | (21,921 | ) | |||||
Total net incurred losses and LAE | 69,419 | 58,387 | 47,479 | ||||||||
Net paid losses: | |||||||||||
Current period | (24,571 | ) | (23,582 | ) | (21,145 | ) | |||||
Prior periods | (31,107 | ) | (24,416 | ) | (30,890 | ) | |||||
Total net paid losses | (55,678 | ) | (47,998 | ) | (52,035 | ) | |||||
Effect of exchange rate movement | 4,488 | (3,441 | ) | (4,612 | ) | ||||||
Net balance as at December 31 | 200,342 | 182,113 | 175,165 | ||||||||
Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 40,531 | 30,009 | 25,852 | ||||||||
Balance as at December 31 | $ | 240,873 | $ | 212,122 | $ | 201,017 | |||||
Net incurred losses and LAE in the Atrium segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prior Period | Current Period | Total | Prior Period | Current Period | Total | Prior Period | Current Period | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net losses paid | $ | 31,107 | $ | 24,571 | $ | 55,678 | $ | 24,416 | $ | 23,582 | $ | 47,998 | $ | 30,890 | $ | 21,145 | $ | 52,035 | |||||||||||||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves | (13,324 | ) | 21,662 | 8,338 | (13,115 | ) | 12,967 | (148 | ) | (18,213 | ) | 17,504 | (709 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net change in IBNR reserves | (35,650 | ) | 43,329 | 7,679 | (20,543 | ) | 34,243 | 13,700 | (27,382 | ) | 30,226 | 2,844 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses | (17,867 | ) | 89,562 | 71,695 | (9,242 | ) | 70,792 | 61,550 | (14,705 | ) | 68,875 | 54,170 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Reduction (increase) in provisions for bad debt | 89 | 70 | 159 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE | (442 | ) | 727 | 285 | (421 | ) | 566 | 145 | (608 | ) | 525 | (83 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of fair value adjustments | (2,720 | ) | — | (2,720 | ) | (3,308 | ) | — | (3,308 | ) | (6,608 | ) | — | (6,608 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | $ | (20,940 | ) | $ | 90,359 | $ | 69,419 | $ | (12,971 | ) | $ | 71,358 | $ | 58,387 | (21,921 | ) | $ | 69,400 | $ | 47,479 | |||||||||||||||
179
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The following table provides a breakdown of the liability for losses and LAE by line of business for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 for the Atrium segment:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
OLR | IBNR | Total | OLR | IBNR | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Marine, Aviation and Transit | $ | 24,581 | $ | 46,138 | $ | 70,719 | $ | 25,565 | $ | 49,369 | $ | 74,934 | |||||||||||
Binding Authorities | 26,115 | 51,896 | 78,011 | 21,543 | 41,603 | 63,146 | |||||||||||||||||
Reinsurance | 14,381 | 34,489 | 48,870 | 11,485 | 22,178 | 33,663 | |||||||||||||||||
Accident and Health | 3,716 | 5,518 | 9,234 | 2,913 | 5,625 | 8,538 | |||||||||||||||||
Non-Marine Direct and Facultative | 9,570 | 12,467 | 22,037 | 5,873 | 11,343 | 17,216 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 78,363 | $ | 150,508 | $ | 228,871 | $ | 67,379 | $ | 130,118 | $ | 197,497 | |||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | 9,547 | 12,503 | |||||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 2,455 | 2,122 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 240,873 | $ | 212,122 | |||||||||||||||||||
The Atrium segment comprises only 3% of the total consolidated liability for losses and LAE as at December 31, 2017 and therefore has not been disaggregated further for purposes of presenting the accident year disclosures below.
180
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The following tables set forth information about incurred and paid loss development information for the Atrium segment as at December 31, 2017. The information related to incurred and paid loss development for the years ended December 31, 2008 through 2016 is presented as supplementary information and is therefore unaudited. Information about total IBNR reserves and cumulative loss frequency as at December 31, 2017, including expected development on reported losses included within the net incurred losses and allocated LAE amounts for the Atrium segment, are set forth in the table below.
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For the Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 46,002 | $ | 60,309 | $ | 60,742 | $ | 73,128 | $ | 68,943 | $ | 67,201 | $ | 66,701 | $ | 65,311 | $ | 63,552 | $ | 63,081 | $ | 2,478 | 266 | |||||||||||||
2009 | 28,071 | 40,847 | 57,959 | 52,744 | 51,888 | 50,246 | 47,715 | 46,929 | 46,542 | 1,705 | 294 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 27,139 | 65,704 | 58,465 | 55,666 | 50,078 | 47,871 | 47,128 | 45,478 | 1,900 | 376 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 87,325 | 85,580 | 78,981 | 75,384 | 72,380 | 70,537 | 69,341 | 2,642 | 561 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 70,930 | 64,633 | 60,804 | 57,126 | 54,416 | 52,995 | 3,536 | 756 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 69,241 | 71,302 | 62,166 | 57,415 | 53,632 | 3,985 | 1,132 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 70,008 | 70,275 | 66,825 | 61,211 | 8,570 | 1,835 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 70,336 | 72,234 | 64,178 | 15,047 | 3,070 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 74,001 | 76,208 | 25,036 | 4,899 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 91,129 | 56,376 | 5,197 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 623,795 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2008 (unaudited) | 2009 (unaudited) | 2010 (unaudited) | 2011 (unaudited) | 2012 (unaudited) | 2013 (unaudited) | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 15,492 | $ | 37,939 | $ | 48,558 | $ | 53,307 | $ | 56,311 | $ | 58,193 | $ | 59,439 | $ | 60,018 | $ | 59,546 | $ | 59,738 | ||||||||||||||||
2009 | 12,145 | 28,002 | 35,047 | 38,591 | 40,631 | 41,849 | 42,542 | 42,833 | 43,093 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 11,599 | 25,421 | 32,600 | 36,968 | 39,486 | 40,526 | 41,137 | 41,713 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2011 | 17,314 | 40,413 | 53,018 | 59,270 | 63,237 | 64,607 | 65,904 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 11,357 | 31,762 | 38,324 | 42,499 | 44,807 | 45,710 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 14,731 | 32,383 | 40,890 | 43,984 | 45,884 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2014 | 17,754 | 34,763 | 42,114 | 47,441 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 12,147 | 30,009 | 39,430 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 13,878 | 34,988 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 14,473 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 438,374 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | 3,369 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 188,790 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
181
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the Atrium segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 188,790 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 40,081 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 228,871 | |
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims within the Atrium segment:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Atrium | 23.2 | % | 37.09 | % | 15.11 | % | 8.02 | % | 4.72 | % | 2.31 | % | 1.67 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.56 | % | 0.3 | % |
StarStone
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Balance as at January 1 | $ | 1,059,382 | $ | 933,678 | $ | 861,800 | |||||
Less: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 357,231 | 299,783 | 325,209 | ||||||||
Net balance as at January 1 | 702,151 | 633,895 | 536,591 | ||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE: | |||||||||||
Current period | 341,628 | 415,829 | 367,040 | ||||||||
Prior periods | (26,822 | ) | (14,236 | ) | (39,356 | ) | |||||
Total net incurred losses and LAE | 314,806 | 401,593 | 327,684 | ||||||||
Net paid losses: | |||||||||||
Current period | (54,867 | ) | (52,128 | ) | (62,739 | ) | |||||
Prior periods | (252,926 | ) | (199,125 | ) | (149,820 | ) | |||||
Total net paid losses | (307,793 | ) | (251,253 | ) | (212,559 | ) | |||||
Effect of exchange rate movement | 15,169 | (15,984 | ) | (17,821 | ) | ||||||
Acquired on purchase of subsidiaries | — | — | — | ||||||||
Assumed business | 31,393 | — | — | ||||||||
Ceded business | — | (66,100 | ) | — | |||||||
Net balance as at December 31 | 755,726 | 702,151 | 633,895 | ||||||||
Plus: reinsurance reserves recoverable | 452,017 | 357,231 | 299,783 | ||||||||
Balance as at December 31 | $ | 1,207,743 | $ | 1,059,382 | $ | 933,678 | |||||
182
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Net incurred losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prior Period | Current Period | Total | Prior Period | Current Period | Total | Prior Period | Current Period | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net losses paid | $ | 252,926 | $ | 54,867 | $ | 307,793 | $ | 199,125 | $ | 52,128 | $ | 251,253 | $ | 149,820 | $ | 62,739 | $ | 212,559 | |||||||||||||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves | (63,785 | ) | 95,470 | 31,685 | (51,309 | ) | 124,358 | 73,049 | 15,772 | 61,447 | 77,219 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net change in IBNR reserves | (208,244 | ) | 184,704 | (23,540 | ) | (156,546 | ) | 232,189 | 75,643 | (200,730 | ) | 238,634 | 37,904 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in estimates of net ultimate losses | (19,103 | ) | 335,041 | 315,938 | (8,730 | ) | 408,675 | 399,945 | (35,138 | ) | 362,820 | 327,682 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Increase (reduction) in provisions for unallocated LAE | (6,774 | ) | 6,587 | (187 | ) | (3,611 | ) | 7,154 | 3,543 | (683 | ) | 4,220 | 3,537 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of fair value adjustments | (945 | ) | — | (945 | ) | (1,895 | ) | — | (1,895 | ) | (3,535 | ) | — | (3,535 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | $ | (26,822 | ) | $ | 341,628 | $ | 314,806 | $ | (14,236 | ) | $ | 415,829 | $ | 401,593 | $ | (39,356 | ) | $ | 367,040 | $ | 327,684 | ||||||||||||||
Net change in case and LAE reserves comprises the movement during the year in specific case reserve liabilities as a result of claims settlements or changes advised to us by our policyholders and attorneys, less changes in case reserves recoverable advised by us to our reinsurers as a result of the settlement or movement of assumed claims. Net change in IBNR represents the gross change in our actuarial estimates of IBNR, less amounts recoverable.
Disclosures of Incurred and Paid Loss Development, IBNR, Claims Counts and Payout Percentages
The following table provides a breakdown of the liability for losses and LAE reserves by line of business as at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
OLR | IBNR | Total | OLR | IBNR | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Casualty | $ | 139,200 | $ | 282,789 | $ | 421,989 | $ | 101,897 | $ | 279,823 | $ | 381,720 | |||||||||||
Marine | 130,962 | 118,375 | 249,337 | 102,957 | 94,396 | 197,353 | |||||||||||||||||
Property | 208,777 | 89,963 | 298,740 | 182,480 | 57,184 | 239,664 | |||||||||||||||||
Aerospace | 63,920 | 26,070 | 89,990 | 66,190 | 30,921 | 97,111 | |||||||||||||||||
Workers' Compensation | 48,118 | 82,024 | 130,142 | 48,591 | 78,981 | 127,572 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 590,977 | $ | 599,221 | $ | 1,190,198 | $ | 502,115 | $ | 541,305 | $ | 1,043,420 | |||||||||||
Fair value adjustments | (555 | ) | (863 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
ULAE | 18,100 | 16,825 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,207,743 | $ | 1,059,382 | |||||||||||||||||||
183
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The following tables set forth information about incurred and paid loss development, total IBNR reserves and cumulative loss frequency related to all the individual lines of business within the StarStone segment as at December 31, 2017. The information related to incurred and paid loss development for the years ended December 31, 2014 through 2016 is presented as supplementary information and is therefore unaudited. The information within the tables below is presented on a prospective basis from the date of our acquisition of StarStone on April 1, 2014 since providing pre-acquisition incurred and paid losses by accident year for years prior to 2014 was determined to be impracticable due to significant data limitations.
Casualty
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | |||||||||||
2008 | $ | 7,759 | $ | 7,734 | $ | 7,740 | $ | 7,733 | $ | — | 491 | ||||||
2009 | 21,096 | 21,158 | 21,158 | 21,162 | — | 496 | |||||||||||
2010 | 15,972 | 18,026 | 18,113 | 18,974 | 178 | 734 | |||||||||||
2011 | 20,964 | 23,948 | 24,665 | 25,211 | 713 | 2,043 | |||||||||||
2012 | 57,413 | 48,530 | 44,003 | 39,388 | 2,381 | 3,100 | |||||||||||
2013 | 74,312 | 69,537 | 79,689 | 78,573 | 7,002 | 4,952 | |||||||||||
2014 | 92,236 | 93,687 | 93,325 | 90,663 | 18,892 | 5,336 | |||||||||||
2015 | 108,762 | 112,430 | 111,582 | 36,723 | 3,950 | ||||||||||||
2016 | 103,057 | 100,301 | 49,588 | 3,722 | |||||||||||||
2017 | 96,294 | 73,042 | 3,594 | ||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 589,881 | |||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | |||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 7,759 | $ | 7,734 | $ | 7,740 | $ | 7,733 | |||||||||
2009 | 21,096 | 21,158 | 21,158 | 21,162 | |||||||||||||
2010 | 15,809 | 18,026 | 18,113 | 18,796 | |||||||||||||
2011 | 15,850 | 21,200 | 23,930 | 24,497 | |||||||||||||
2012 | 18,514 | 29,613 | 32,805 | 34,074 | |||||||||||||
2013 | 23,210 | 30,675 | 50,427 | 54,989 | |||||||||||||
2014 | 5,803 | 22,041 | 37,793 | 51,012 | |||||||||||||
2015 | 8,779 | 28,230 | 50,072 | ||||||||||||||
2016 | 4,856 | 34,214 | |||||||||||||||
2017 | 6,761 | ||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 303,310 | |||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 286,589 | |||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
184
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 286,589 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 135,400 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 421,989 | |
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Casualty | 6.6 | % | 21.5 | % | 15.5 | % | 22.4 | % | 11.9 | % | 8.7 | % | 1.0 | % | 1.1 | % | 0.1 | % | — | % |
185
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Marine
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | |||||||||||
2008 | $ | 7,114 | $ | 7,105 | $ | 7,112 | $ | 7,113 | $ | — | 486 | ||||||
2009 | 10,653 | 10,554 | 10,526 | 10,539 | — | 657 | |||||||||||
2010 | 26,257 | 23,478 | 23,344 | 23,471 | 211 | 1,087 | |||||||||||
2011 | 25,459 | 23,838 | 23,503 | 23,631 | 243 | 2,082 | |||||||||||
2012 | 49,820 | 53,365 | 53,309 | 52,110 | 667 | 2,498 | |||||||||||
2013 | 63,366 | 56,191 | 54,163 | 55,122 | 249 | 2,318 | |||||||||||
2014 | 52,740 | 53,415 | 49,624 | 56,212 | 5,439 | 4,298 | |||||||||||
2015 | 73,237 | 71,311 | 81,587 | 7,131 | 5,868 | ||||||||||||
2016 | 63,694 | 61,926 | 11,258 | 6,751 | |||||||||||||
2017 | 87,925 | 44,629 | 5,487 | ||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 459,636 | |||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | |||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 7,081 | $ | 7,092 | $ | 7,108 | $ | 7,108 | |||||||||
2009 | 10,529 | 10,542 | 10,523 | 10,530 | |||||||||||||
2010 | 20,427 | 22,482 | 22,562 | 22,530 | |||||||||||||
2011 | 20,185 | 21,245 | 22,237 | 22,484 | |||||||||||||
2012 | 39,975 | 44,127 | 46,028 | 46,820 | |||||||||||||
2013 | 29,985 | 39,370 | 43,538 | 45,993 | |||||||||||||
2014 | 11,146 | 25,533 | 33,311 | 37,794 | |||||||||||||
2015 | 11,038 | 31,483 | 51,454 | ||||||||||||||
2016 | 11,102 | 34,452 | |||||||||||||||
2017 | 16,527 | ||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 295,692 | |||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | — | ||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 163,944 | |||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
186
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 163,944 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 85,393 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 249,337 | |
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Marine | 16.8 | % | 29.5 | % | 18.4 | % | 7.8 | % | 4.2 | % | 4.8 | % | 0.5 | % | — | % | 0.1 | % | — | % |
187
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Property
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | |||||||||||
2008 | $ | 48,894 | $ | 49,135 | $ | 49,163 | $ | 49,158 | $ | — | 740 | ||||||
2009 | 28,946 | 28,417 | 28,826 | 29,070 | — | 1,100 | |||||||||||
2010 | 75,670 | 74,491 | 73,332 | 73,395 | — | 1,698 | |||||||||||
2011 | 92,107 | 90,708 | 90,646 | 90,364 | — | 1,688 | |||||||||||
2012 | 65,529 | 62,398 | 61,594 | 62,332 | 284 | 1,574 | |||||||||||
2013 | 76,665 | 66,079 | 65,885 | 65,146 | 868 | 1,946 | |||||||||||
2014 | 63,673 | 44,317 | 44,955 | 45,382 | 1,927 | 2,114 | |||||||||||
2015 | 79,339 | 77,695 | 71,391 | 1,717 | 5,563 | ||||||||||||
2016 | 74,134 | 80,379 | 3,698 | 6,525 | |||||||||||||
2017 | 105,672 | 30,785 | 6,036 | ||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 672,289 | |||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | |||||||||||||
2008 | $ | 48,894 | $ | 49,135 | $ | 49,163 | $ | 49,158 | |||||||||
2009 | 28,382 | 28,420 | 28,829 | 29,070 | |||||||||||||
2010 | 70,293 | 73,213 | 73,332 | 73,395 | |||||||||||||
2011 | 88,327 | 89,561 | 90,103 | 90,364 | |||||||||||||
2012 | 48,588 | 52,705 | 55,061 | 56,079 | |||||||||||||
2013 | 31,433 | 46,983 | 51,915 | 54,040 | |||||||||||||
2014 | 5,537 | 18,998 | 33,199 | 36,213 | |||||||||||||
2015 | 10,467 | 29,060 | 55,956 | ||||||||||||||
2016 | 23,386 | 49,730 | |||||||||||||||
2017 | 24,715 | ||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 518,720 | |||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | 858 | ||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 154,427 | |||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
188
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 154,427 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 144,313 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 298,740 | |
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Property | 22.4 | % | 29.5 | % | 30.9 | % | 6.9 | % | 2.8 | % | 2.1 | % | 0.2 | % | 0.7 | % | 0.4 | % | — | % |
189
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Aerospace
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | ||||||||||||
2008 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | — | |||||||
2009 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
2010 | 18,269 | 18,430 | 18,741 | 19,258 | 66 | 569 | ||||||||||||
2011 | 58,954 | 57,436 | 57,833 | 58,268 | 192 | 2,173 | ||||||||||||
2012 | 56,144 | 55,765 | 56,586 | 56,552 | 172 | 2,393 | ||||||||||||
2013 | 72,762 | 70,535 | 70,820 | 75,228 | 348 | 2,324 | ||||||||||||
2014 | 65,526 | 54,077 | 53,751 | 52,593 | 1,087 | 2,380 | ||||||||||||
2015 | 66,078 | 69,843 | 73,125 | 2,642 | 2,252 | |||||||||||||
2016 | 30,718 | 35,540 | 4,141 | 1,725 | ||||||||||||||
2017 | 19,036 | 8,407 | 882 | |||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 389,600 | ||||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
2009 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
2010 | 15,743 | 16,890 | 17,497 | 18,566 | ||||||||||||||
2011 | 53,956 | 55,321 | 56,002 | 56,584 | ||||||||||||||
2012 | 46,219 | 49,665 | 52,502 | 53,982 | ||||||||||||||
2013 | 51,098 | 60,118 | 63,723 | 69,071 | ||||||||||||||
2014 | 17,375 | 31,309 | 38,605 | 40,865 | ||||||||||||||
2015 | 32,415 | 52,407 | 61,081 | |||||||||||||||
2016 | 10,193 | 24,904 | ||||||||||||||||
2017 | 6,711 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 331,764 | ||||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 57,836 | ||||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses
190
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 57,836 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 32,154 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 89,990 | |
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Aerospace | 36.1 | % | 31.7 | % | 12.6 | % | 5.1 | % | 4.8 | % | 3.2 | % | 1.4 | % | 1.8 | % | — | % | — | % |
191
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Workers' Compensation
Incurred Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | As of December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | IBNR(1) | Cumulative Number of Claims | ||||||||||||
2008 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | — | |||||||
2009 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
2010 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
2011 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
2012 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
2013 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
2014 | 15,607 | 17,199 | 18,291 | 15,662 | 2,129 | 1,061 | ||||||||||||
2015 | 54,978 | 55,505 | 50,102 | 9,583 | 2,510 | |||||||||||||
2016 | 54,630 | 46,866 | 12,550 | 2,468 | ||||||||||||||
2017 | 27,261 | 17,659 | 1,783 | |||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 139,891 | ||||||||||||||||
Cumulative Paid Losses and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||
For The Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
Accident Year | 2014 (unaudited) | 2015 (unaudited) | 2016 (unaudited) | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
2008 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
2009 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
2010 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
2011 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
2012 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
2013 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
2014 | 1,491 | 6,079 | 9,279 | 11,431 | ||||||||||||||
2015 | 6,361 | 20,194 | 30,439 | |||||||||||||||
2016 | 8,092 | 21,329 | ||||||||||||||||
2017 | 3,560 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 66,759 | ||||||||||||||||
All outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE prior to 2008, net of reinsurance | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total outstanding liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 73,132 | ||||||||||||||||
(1) Total of IBNR plus expected development on reported losses.
192
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The reconciliation of incurred and paid loss development to the liability for unpaid losses and LAE as presented in the tables above for the year ended December 31, 2017 is set forth below:
December 31, 2017 | |||
Liabilities for unpaid losses and allocated LAE, net of reinsurance | $ | 73,132 | |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 57,010 | ||
Gross liability for unpaid losses and LAE before unallocated loss adjustment expenses and fair value adjustments | $ | 130,142 | |
The following is unaudited supplementary information for average annual historical duration of claims:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance | ||||||||||||||||||||
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | |||||||||||
Workers' compensation | 14.3 | % | 28.4 | % | 13.6 | % | 4.6 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % |
12. POLICY BENEFITS FOR LIFE CONTRACTS
We have acquired long duration contracts that subject us to mortality, longevity and morbidity risks and which are accounted for as life and annuity premiums earned. Life benefit reserves are established using assumptions for investment yields, mortality, morbidity, lapse and expenses, including a provision for adverse deviation. We establish and review our life reserves regularly based upon cash flow projections. We establish and maintain our life reinsurance reserves at a level that we estimate will, when taken together with future premium payments and investment income expected to be earned on associated premiums, be sufficient to support all future cash flow benefit obligations and third-party servicing obligations as they become payable. Refer to Note 2 - "Significant Accounting Policies" - (d) Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts" for a description of the assumptions used and the process for establishing our assumptions and estimates. Policy benefits for life contracts as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $117.2 million and $112.1 million, respectively.
193
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
13. PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND EARNED
The following tables provide a summary of net premiums written and earned for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Premiums Written | Premiums Earned | Premiums Written | Premiums Earned | Premiums Written | Premiums Earned | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-life Run-off | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | $ | 14,102 | $ | 23,950 | $ | 17,316 | $ | 25,989 | $ | 38,704 | $ | 116,494 | |||||||||||
Ceded | (7,620 | ) | (9,788 | ) | (8,114 | ) | (9,234 | ) | (16,110 | ) | (72,125 | ) | |||||||||||
Net | $ | 6,482 | $ | 14,162 | $ | 9,202 | $ | 16,755 | $ | 22,594 | $ | 44,369 | |||||||||||
Atrium | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | $ | 153,472 | $ | 152,278 | $ | 143,170 | $ | 140,438 | $ | 149,082 | $ | 149,310 | |||||||||||
Ceded | (19,258 | ) | (17,531 | ) | (2,733 | ) | (16,022 | ) | (14,502 | ) | (14,635 | ) | |||||||||||
Net | $ | 134,214 | $ | 134,747 | $ | 140,437 | $ | 124,416 | $ | 134,580 | $ | 134,675 | |||||||||||
StarStone | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | $ | 895,160 | $ | 865,159 | $ | 854,699 | $ | 830,186 | $ | 824,714 | $ | 769,875 | |||||||||||
Ceded | (430,259 | ) | (405,756 | ) | (206,663 | ) | (153,578 | ) | (196,287 | ) | (196,729 | ) | |||||||||||
Net | $ | 464,901 | $ | 459,403 | $ | 648,036 | $ | 676,608 | $ | 628,427 | $ | 573,146 | |||||||||||
Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | $ | 5,719 | $ | 5,900 | $ | 7,157 | $ | 7,220 | $ | 2,883 | $ | 2,884 | |||||||||||
Ceded | (926 | ) | (1,091 | ) | (896 | ) | (1,485 | ) | (1,330 | ) | (1,330 | ) | |||||||||||
Net | $ | 4,793 | $ | 4,809 | $ | 6,261 | $ | 5,735 | $ | 1,553 | $ | 1,554 | |||||||||||
Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross | $ | 1,068,453 | $ | 1,047,287 | $ | 1,022,342 | $ | 1,003,833 | $ | 1,015,383 | $ | 1,038,563 | |||||||||||
Ceded | (458,063 | ) | (434,166 | ) | (218,406 | ) | (180,319 | ) | (228,229 | ) | (284,819 | ) | |||||||||||
Net | $ | 610,390 | $ | 613,121 | $ | 803,936 | $ | 823,514 | $ | 787,154 | $ | 753,744 | |||||||||||
14. GOODWILL, INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND DEFERRED CHARGES
The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending goodwill, intangible assets and deferred charges for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | Goodwill | Intangible assets with a definite life - Other | Intangible assets with an indefinite life | Total | Intangible assets with a definite life - FVA | Other assets - Deferred Charges | |||||||||||||||||
Balance as at January 1, 2017 | $ | 73,071 | $ | 24,753 | $ | 87,031 | $ | 184,855 | $ | 145,158 | $ | 94,551 | |||||||||||
Acquired during the year | — | — | — | — | 958 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Amortization | — | (4,266 | ) | — | (4,266 | ) | (5,723 | ) | (14,359 | ) | |||||||||||||
Balance as at December 31, 2017 | $ | 73,071 | $ | 20,487 | $ | 87,031 | $ | 180,589 | $ | 140,393 | $ | 80,192 | |||||||||||
2016 | Goodwill | Intangible assets with a definite life - Other | Intangible assets with an indefinite life | Total | Intangible assets with a definite life - FVA | Other assets - Deferred Charges | |||||||||||||||||
Balance as at January 1, 2016 | $ | 73,071 | $ | 31,202 | $ | 87,031 | $ | 191,304 | $ | 127,170 | $ | 255,911 | |||||||||||
Acquired during the year | — | — | — | — | 37,005 | 7,467 | |||||||||||||||||
Amortization | — | (6,449 | ) | — | (6,449 | ) | (19,017 | ) | (168,827 | ) | |||||||||||||
Balance as at December 31, 2016 | $ | 73,071 | $ | 24,753 | $ | 87,031 | $ | 184,855 | $ | 145,158 | $ | 94,551 | |||||||||||
194
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Goodwill as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, related to Non-life Run-off, Atrium and StarStone, was $21.2 million, $38.9 million and $13.0 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we completed our assessment for impairment of goodwill and concluded that there had been no impairment of our carried goodwill amount.
Intangible assets with a definite life - Other includes the distribution channel, Lloyd’s capacity, technology and brand related to our acquisitions of Atrium and StarStone. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period ranging from four to fifteen years. Intangible asset amortization for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $4.3 million, $6.4 million and $9.8 million, respectively. Amortization for the year ended December 31, 2015 included an impairment charge of $4.0 million for the Torus brand in relation to the StarStone rebranding exercise.
Intangible assets with an indefinite life includes assets associated with the Lloyd’s syndicate capacity for StarStone and Atrium, StarStone's U.S. insurance licenses, and Atrium’s management contract with Syndicate 609 in relation to underwriting, actuarial and support services it provides.
Intangible assets with a definite life - fair value adjustments ("FVA") relates to outstanding losses and LAE, unearned premiums, other liabilities, reinsurance recoverables and other assets from acquisitions of companies. These are included as a component of each balance sheet item. FVA are amortized in proportion to the recovery period for outstanding losses and LAE and reinsurance recoverables and as the unearned premiums expire for business in-force as of the acquisition date. Intangible asset amortization (accretion) of fair value adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $5.7 million, $19.0 million and $(5.6) million, respectively. The FVA acquired during the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the acquisition of some small U.S. companies.
Other assets - deferred charges relate to retroactive reinsurance policies providing indemnification of losses and LAE with respect to past loss events. For insurance and reinsurance contracts for which we do not elect the fair value option, a deferred charge asset is recorded for the excess, if any, of the estimated ultimate losses payable over the premiums received at the inception of the contract. These amounts relate to the transactions with Voya Financial, Sun Life and Coca-Cola, described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business". Amortization of the deferred charges included $14.4 million and $130.2 million related to a reduction in the liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and $nil and $38.6 million primarily related to a change in the expected return on the underlying assets for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization and net carrying value of intangible assets by type and deferred charge at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | Gross Carrying Value | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Value | ||||||||||||||||||
Intangible assets with a definite life: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Losses and LAE liabilities | $ | 462,455 | $ | (345,449 | ) | $ | 117,006 | $ | 458,202 | $ | (334,475 | ) | $ | 123,727 | |||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable | (179,219 | ) | 165,579 | (13,640 | ) | (175,924 | ) | 160,350 | (15,574 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other Assets | (48,840 | ) | 440 | (48,400 | ) | (48,840 | ) | — | (48,840 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other Liabilities | 85,845 | (418 | ) | 85,427 | 85,845 | — | 85,845 | ||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 320,241 | $ | (179,848 | ) | $ | 140,393 | $ | 319,283 | $ | (174,125 | ) | $ | 145,158 | |||||||||
Other: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution channel | $ | 20,000 | $ | (5,444 | ) | $ | 14,556 | $ | 20,000 | $ | (4,111 | ) | $ | 15,889 | |||||||||
Technology | 15,000 | (13,210 | ) | 1,790 | 15,000 | (10,978 | ) | 4,022 | |||||||||||||||
Brand | 7,000 | (2,859 | ) | 4,141 | 7,000 | (2,158 | ) | 4,842 | |||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 42,000 | $ | (21,513 | ) | $ | 20,487 | $ | 42,000 | $ | (17,247 | ) | $ | 24,753 | |||||||||
Intangible assets with an indefinite life: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lloyd’s syndicate capacity | $ | 37,031 | $ | — | $ | 37,031 | $ | 37,031 | $ | — | $ | 37,031 | |||||||||||
Licenses | 19,900 | — | 19,900 | 19,900 | — | 19,900 | |||||||||||||||||
Management contract | 30,100 | — | 30,100 | 30,100 | — | 30,100 | |||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 87,031 | $ | — | $ | 87,031 | $ | 87,031 | $ | — | $ | 87,031 | |||||||||||
Deferred charges on retroactive reinsurance | $ | 278,643 | $ | (198,451 | ) | $ | 80,192 | $ | 278,643 | $ | (184,092 | ) | $ | 94,551 | |||||||||
The table above excludes fair value adjustments of $2.7 million and $46.5 million as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, relating to policy benefits for life and annuity contracts relating to our Pavonia operations which are classified as held-for-sale. Amortization of fair value adjustments relating to Pavonia were $6.1 million and $7.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The estimated amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years related to our intangible assets with a definite life is as follows:
Year | Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Total | ||||||||||||
2018 | $ | 8,082 | $ | (463 | ) | $ | 255 | $ | 7,874 | |||||||
2019 | $ | 7,927 | $ | (69 | ) | $ | (401 | ) | $ | 7,457 | ||||||
2020 | $ | 7,634 | $ | 760 | $ | (246 | ) | $ | 8,148 | |||||||
2021 | $ | 7,169 | $ | 1,254 | $ | (166 | ) | $ | 8,257 | |||||||
2022 | $ | 6,559 | $ | 1,506 | $ | (108 | ) | $ | 7,957 | |||||||
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
15. DEBT OBLIGATIONS
We utilize debt facilities primarily for acquisitions and, from time to time, for general corporate purposes. Under these facilities, debt obligations as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
Facility | Origination Date | Term | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||
Senior Notes | March 10, 2017 | 5 years | $ | 350,000 | $ | — | ||||||
Unamortized debt issuance costs | (2,484 | ) | — | |||||||||
Total Senior Notes | 347,516 | — | ||||||||||
EGL Revolving Credit Facility | September 16, 2014 | 5 years | 225,110 | 535,103 | ||||||||
Sussex Facility | December 24, 2014 | 4 years | — | 63,500 | ||||||||
EGL Term Loan Facility | November 18, 2016 | 3 years | 74,063 | 75,000 | ||||||||
Total debt obligations | $ | 646,689 | $ | 673,603 | ||||||||
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we utilized $874.1 million and repaid $912.1 million under our facilities. The facilities were primarily utilized for funding significant new business as described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business".
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, interest expense was $26.0 million, $20.3 million and $19.3 million, respectively, on our loan facilities.
Senior Notes
On March 10, 2017, we issued Senior Notes (the "Notes") for an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million. The Notes pay 4.5% interest semi-annually and mature on March 10, 2022. The Notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations that rank equal to any of our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations, senior to any future obligations that are expressly subordinated to the Notes, effectively subordinate to any of our secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinate to all liabilities of our subsidiaries.
The Notes are rated BBB- and are redeemable at our option on a make whole basis at any time prior to the date that is one month prior to the maturity of the Notes. On or after the date that is one month prior to the maturity of the Notes, the Notes are redeemable at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed.
We incurred costs of $2.9 million in issuing the Notes. These costs included underwriters’ fees, legal and accounting fees, and other fees, and are capitalized and presented as a direct deduction from the principal amount of debt obligations in the consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized over the term of the Notes and are included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of earnings.
EGL Revolving Credit Facility
This 5-year revolving credit facility, originated on September 16, 2014, and most recently amended on March 20, 2017 is among the Parent Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers and as guarantors, and various financial institutions. We are permitted to borrow up to an aggregate of $831.3 million. The individual outstanding loans under this facility are short-term loans, and the fair values of these loans approximate their book values. As of December 31, 2017, there was $607.2 million of available unutilized capacity under this facility. Subsequent to December 31, 2017, we utilized $307.4 million and repaid $132.0 million bringing the available unutilized capacity under this facility to $431.8 million.
Interest is payable at least every six months at a LIBOR rate plus a margin and utilization fee as set forth in the credit facility agreement. The margin could vary based upon any change in our long term senior unsecured debt rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services or Fitch Ratings Ltd. We also pay a commitment fee for any unutilized portion of the facility. In the event of default, the interest rate may increase and the agent may cancel lender commitments and may demand early repayment.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Financial and business covenants imposed on us include certain limitations on mergers and consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions as to dispositions of stock and assets, and limitations on liens. Generally, the financial covenants require us to maintain a gearing ratio of consolidated indebtedness to total capitalization of not greater than 0.35 to 1.0 and to maintain a consolidated tangible net worth of not less than the aggregate of (i) $1.5 billion, (ii) 50% of positive net income since June 30, 2014, and (iii) 75% of the proceeds of any common stock issuance. In addition, the weighted-average credit rating of our cash and fixed maturity investments must be "BBB" or greater at all times. We are in compliance with the covenants of the EGL Revolving Credit Facility.
As at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were borrowings of €50.0 million (approximately $60.1 million) and €75.0 million (approximately $88.5 million), respectively, under the facility that were designated as non-derivative hedges of our net investment in certain subsidiaries whose functional currency is denominated in Euros. The foreign exchange effect of revaluing these Euro borrowings resulted in a loss of $9.4 million and a gain of $6.0 million recognized in the currency translation adjustment within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts were offset against equivalent amounts recognized upon the translation of those subsidiaries' financial statements from their Euro-denominated functional currency into U.S. dollars. There were no ineffective portions of the net investment hedge during the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we repaid €25.0 million (approximately $29.5 million) of the non-derivative hedge and reclassified the related foreign exchange losses of $1.1 million previously deferred in CTA within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings.
Sussex Facility
On December 24, 2014, we entered into a four-year term loan (the "Sussex Facility", formerly called the Companion Facility) with two financial institutions. This facility was fully utilized to borrow $109.0 million to fund 50% of the consideration payable for the acquisition of Sussex, which was completed on January 27, 2015. We repaid the outstanding principal in June 2017 and terminated the facility.
EGL Term Loan Facility
On November 18, 2016, we entered into and fully utilized a three-year $75.0 million unsecured term loan (the "EGL Term Loan Facility"). During the year ended December 31, 2017, we repaid $0.9 million of the outstanding principal under this facility.
Interest is payable at least every three months at either (i) a base rate plus a margin or (ii) a LIBOR rate plus a margin as set forth in the loan agreement. In the event of default, an interest rate increase and early repayment may be demanded.
Financial and business covenants imposed on us include certain limitations on mergers, consolidations, acquisitions, indebtedness and guarantees, restrictions on dividends, and limitations on liens. We are also required to maintain an average credit quality in our fixed income investment portfolio of BBB or its equivalent, and certain of our subsidiaries are restricted from engaging in certain derivative transactions without lender consent. The covenants require our regulated insurance subsidiaries to maintain capital resources of at least 1.1 times the amount required to meet solvency requirements.
16. NONCONTROLLING INTEREST
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Redeemable noncontrolling interest ("RNCI") as of December 31, 2017 comprises the ownership interest held by Trident (39.3%) and Dowling (1.7%) in North Bay Holdings Limited ("North Bay"). On December 23, 2015, we completed a corporate reorganization of certain of our subsidiary holding companies. Following the reorganization, StarStone Holdings, Northshore and all of the interests in a segregated cell of one of our non-life run-off subsidiaries that reinsured all of StarStone’s non-life run-off reserves with effect from January 1, 2014 are owned by a common parent, North Bay. Northshore owns 100% of Atrium and Arden. StarStone Holdings owns 100% of StarStone.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amount of the equity attributable to the RNCI for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 454,522 | $ | 417,663 | ||||
Dividends paid | (27,458 | ) | — | |||||
Net earnings attributable to RNCI | 19,619 | 40,639 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to RNCI | 1,945 | 651 | ||||||
Change in redemption value of RNCI | 30,978 | (4,431 | ) | |||||
Balance at end of year | $ | 479,606 | $ | 454,522 | ||||
We carried the RNCI at its estimated redemption value, which is fair value, as of December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in comparable company market valuations, an increase in the net assets due to net earnings, partially offset by a reduction in net assets due to the distribution of dividends during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Refer to Note 2 - "Significant Accounting Policies", Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" and Note 23 - "Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information regarding RNCI.
Noncontrolling Interest
As of December 31, 2017, we had $9.3 million of noncontrolling interest ("NCI") primarily related to an external interest in one of our non-life run-off subsidiaries. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amount of the equity attributable to NCI is included in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders Equity.
17. SHARE CAPITAL
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, the authorized share capital was 111,000,000 ordinary shares ("Voting Ordinary Shares") and non-voting convertible ordinary shares ("Non-Voting Ordinary Shares"), each of par value $1.00 per share, and 45,000,000 preference shares of par value $1.00 per share.
The Voting Ordinary Shares are listed and trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Each Voting Ordinary Share entitles the holder thereof to one vote. In accordance with the bye-laws, any U.S. shareholder or direct foreign shareholder group whose shares constitute 9.5% or more of the voting power of the Voting Ordinary Shares is entitled to less than one vote for each Voting Ordinary Share held by it.
The Non-Voting Ordinary Shares are comprised of several different series as of December 31, 2017:
• | the Series A shares were issued and held in treasury, but were not outstanding. These shares were canceled in June 2016 in an internal reorganization as described below. |
• | the Series C shares were originally issued in connection with investment transactions in April and December of 2011. In addition, there were 66,520 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares issued in March 2017 in connection with the exercise of warrants as described below. The Series C shares: (i) have all of the economic rights (including dividend rights) attaching to Voting Ordinary Shares but are non-voting except in certain limited circumstances; (ii) will automatically convert at a one-for-one exchange ratio (subject to adjustment for share splits, dividends, recapitalizations, consolidations or similar transactions) into Voting Ordinary Shares if the registered holder transfers them in a widely dispersed offering; (iii) may only vote on certain limited matters that would constitute a variation of class rights and as required under Bermuda law, provided that the aggregate voting power of the Series C shares with respect to any merger, consolidation or amalgamation will not exceed 0.01% of the aggregate voting power of our issued share capital; and (iv) require the registered holders’ written consent in order to vary the rights of the shares in a significant and adverse manner. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, 192,485 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares were converted into Voting Ordinary Shares in a widely dispersed offering by their registered holders. |
• | the Series B and Series D shares were created in connection with the 2011 investment transactions, but no shares in these series are issued and outstanding. Holders of the Series C shares have the right to convert such shares, on a share-for-share basis, subject to certain adjustments, into Series D shares at their option. |
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
There is no economic difference in Series B, C or D shares, but there are slight differences in the conversion rights and the limited voting rights of each series.
• | there were 404,771 Series E shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017. There were 714,015 Series E shares originally issued and outstanding in connection with the acquisition of StarStone. During 2015, 309,244 of the previously issued and outstanding Series E shares were converted into Voting Ordinary Shares upon market sales constituting a widely dispersed offering. The Series E shares have substantially the same rights as the Series C shares, except that (i) they are convertible only into Voting Ordinary Shares and (ii) they may only vote as required under Bermuda law. The Series E shares include all other Non-Voting Ordinary Shares authorized under our bye-laws but not classified as Series A, B, C or D Non-Voting Ordinary Shares. |
As of December 31, 2017, there were warrants outstanding to acquire 175,901 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares for an exercise price of $115.00 per share, subject to certain adjustments (the "Warrants"). The Warrants were issued in April 2011 and expire in April 2021. The Warrant holder may, at its election, satisfy the exercise price of the Warrants on a cashless basis by surrender of shares otherwise issuable upon exercise of the Warrants in accordance with a formula set forth in the Warrants. During December 2016, 164,919 Warrants were exercised on a cashless basis, resulting in the issuance of 66,520 Series C Non-Voting Ordinary Shares.
As of December 31, 2017, there were 388,571 Series C Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock ("Series C Preferred Shares") issued and held by one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Series C Preferred Shares were issued in June 2016 in an internal reorganization transaction that resulted in the cancellation of all of the Series A Shares, which had an equivalent value and were also previously held by our wholly-owned subsidiary. The Series C Preferred Shares (i) upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, entitle their holders to a preference over holders of our ordinary voting and non-voting shares of an amount equal to $0.001 per share with respect to surplus assets and (ii) are non-voting except in certain limited circumstances. The Series C Preferred shares have dividend rights equal to those of the ordinary voting shares, subject to certain limitations and in an amount determined by a "participation rate" that is generally reflective of the reduction in the number of Series C Preferred Shares issued in exchange for the previously outstanding Series A Shares. The Series C Preferred Shares otherwise rank on parity with the ordinary voting and non-voting shares, and they rank senior to each other class or series of share capital, unless the terms of any such class or series shall expressly provide otherwise.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
18. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Numerator: | |||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 300,465 | $ | 252,844 | $ | 222,322 | |||||
Net earnings (losses) from discontinuing operations | 10,993 | 11,963 | (2,031 | ) | |||||||
Net earnings attributable to Enstar Group Limited | $ | 311,458 | $ | 264,807 | $ | 220,291 | |||||
Denominator: | |||||||||||
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding — basic | 19,388,621 | 19,299,426 | 19,252,072 | ||||||||
Effect of dilutive securities: | |||||||||||
Share-based compensation plans | 62,732 | 48,428 | 76,801 | ||||||||
Warrants | 76,238 | 99,387 | 78,883 | ||||||||
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding — diluted | 19,527,591 | 19,447,241 | 19,407,756 | ||||||||
Earnings per share attributable to Enstar Group Limited: | |||||||||||
Basic: | |||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 15.50 | $ | 13.10 | $ | 11.55 | |||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | 0.56 | 0.62 | (0.11 | ) | |||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share | $ | 16.06 | $ | 13.72 | $ | 11.44 | |||||
Diluted: | |||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 15.39 | $ | 13.00 | $ | 11.46 | |||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | 0.56 | 0.62 | (0.11 | ) | |||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share | $ | 15.95 | $ | 13.62 | $ | 11.35 | |||||
19. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AND PENSIONS
Share-based compensation
Employee share awards have been granted under the 2016 and 2006 Equity Incentive Plans.
Restricted Shares and Restricted Share Units
Restricted shares and restricted share units are service awards that typically vest over three to four years. These awards are share-settled and are recorded in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of these awards is measured at the grant date and expensed over the service period. The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted shares and restricted share awards during 2017:
Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Share Price of Award | |||||
Nonvested — January 1 | 78,992 | $ | 165.94 | |||
Granted | 56,333 | 202.82 | ||||
Vested | (31,199 | ) | 163.75 | |||
Forfeited | (4,821 | ) | 159.93 | |||
Nonvested — December 31 | 99,305 | 187.84 | ||||
Compensation costs of $7.3 million, $3.0 million and $6.1 million relating to these share awards were recognized in our statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The unrecognized compensation cost related to our non-vested share awards as at December 31, 2017 was $11.7 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over the next 1.75 years, which is the weighted average contractual life of the awards.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Performance Share Units ("PSUs")
PSUs are share-settled and vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. The number of shares to vest will be determined by a performance adjustment based on the change in fully diluted book value per share ("FDBVPS") over three years, based upon the following award terms:
Grant Year | PSU's Granted at Target | Nonvested Units | Change in FDBVPS (3 - year) | ||||||||||||
at December 31, 2017 | Threshold | Target | Maximum | ||||||||||||
2017 | 36,321 | 34,878 | 20.00 | % | 30.00 | % | 40.00 | % | |||||||
2017 | 91,875 | 91,875 | 30.30 | % | 35.70 | % | 41.00 | % | |||||||
128,196 | 126,753 | ||||||||||||||
An increase of Target to Maximum or more in FDBVPS results in a settlement of 100% to a maximum of 150% of the units granted, respectively. An increase of Threshold to Target in FDBVPS results in a settlement of 50% to 100% of the units granted, respectively. Straight-line interpolation applies within these ranges and no settlement occurs if the increase in FDBVPS is less than the Threshold.
The following table summarizes the activity related to PSUs during 2017:
Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Share Price of Award | |||||
Nonvested — January 1 | — | $ | — | |||
Granted | 128,196 | 188.15 | ||||
Forfeited | (1,443 | ) | 196.11 | |||
Nonvested — December 31 | 126,753 | 188.06 | ||||
Compensation costs of $5.8 million, $nil and $nil relating to these share awards were recognized in our statement of earnings for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The unrecognized compensation cost related to our non-vested share awards as at December 31, 2017 was $18.0 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over the next 2.3 years, which is the weighted average contractual life of the awards.
Cash-Settled Stock Appreciation Rights
Cash-settled stock appreciation right awards ("SARs") give the holder the right, upon exercise, to receive in cash the difference between the market price per share of our ordinary shares at the time of exercise and the exercise price of the SARs. The exercise price of each SAR is equal to the market price of our ordinary shares on the date of the grant. Vested SARs are exercisable for periods not to exceed either 4 years or 10 years from the date of grant.
The following table summarizes the activity related to SARs during 2017:
Number of SARs | Weighted- Average Exercise Price of SARs | Weighted Average Expected Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) | |||||||||
Balance, beginning of year | 941,168 | $ | 140.70 | |||||||||
Exercised | (630,301 | ) | 140.39 | |||||||||
Balance, end of year | 310,867 | 141.30 | 1.58 | $ | 18,471 | |||||||
(1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the pre-tax difference between the exercise price of the underlying share awards and the closing price per share of our ordinary shares of $200.75 on December 31, 2017.
Compensation expense for SARs is based on the estimated fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions related to the expected stock price volatility, expected term, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rate. SARs are liability-classified awards for which compensation expense and the liability are re-measured using the then-current Black Scholes assumptions at each interim reporting date based upon the portion of the requisite service period rendered. Compensation costs of $8.9 million, $35.6 million and $8.9 million relating to these share awards were recognized in our statement of earnings for
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The unrecognized compensation cost related to our SARs as at December 31, 2017 was $0.2 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over the next 0.61 years, which is the weighted-average remaining vesting term of the awards.
The following table sets forth the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the SARs using the Black-Scholes option valuation model as at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Weighted-average fair value per SAR | $ | 75.38 | $ | 62.39 | $ | 29.02 | |||||
Weighted-average volatility | 19.44 | % | 19.82 | % | 22.08 | % | |||||
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate | 1.65 | % | 1.12 | % | 1.29 | % | |||||
Dividend yield | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | |||||
Other share-based compensation plans
Northshore Incentive Plan
Our subsidiary, Northshore, has long-term incentive plans that award time-based restricted shares of Northshore to certain Atrium employees. Shares generally vest over two to three years. These share awards have been classified as liability awards. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, compensation costs of $3.2 million, $2.8 million and $3.9 million, respectively, relating to the long-term incentive plans were recorded in our consolidated statement of earnings. The unrecognized compensation cost related to the Northshore incentive plan at December 31, 2017 was $5.4 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over the next 1.87 years, which is the weighted average contractual life of the awards.
Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 3,852, 4,298 and 5,174 restricted share units, respectively, were credited to the accounts of non-employee directors under the Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors (the "Deferred Compensation Plan"). Expense related to the restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was $0.8 million, $0.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, 2,393 restricted share units previously credited to the accounts of two directors under the Deferred Compensation Plan were converted into ordinary shares following their resignations.
Employee Share Purchase Plan
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, compensation costs relating to the shares issued under the Amended and Restated Enstar Group Limited Employee Share Purchase Plan ("Share Plan") of $0.4 million, $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively, were recorded in our consolidated statement of earnings. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 12,401, 12,234 and 11,998 shares, respectively, were issued to employees under the Share Plan.
Pension Plans
We provide retirement benefits to eligible employees through various plans that we sponsor.
Defined Contribution Plans
Pension expense relating to defined contribution plans for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $12.2 million, $10.8 million and $10.3 million, respectively. Pension expense can be affected by changes in our employee headcount as a result of our acquisitions described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions".
Defined Benefit Plan
We have a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan that was acquired in the Providence Washington transaction in 2010. Pension expense relating to this defined benefit plan was $1.9 million, $2.3 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in pension expense during 2016 was due to the completion of a lump sum buyout offering during 2016 and was offset by a reduction in accumulated
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
other comprehensive loss in shareholders' equity. During 2017, an actuarial review was performed, which determined that the plan’s unfunded liability, as at December 31, 2017, was $9.4 million as compared to $10.3 million as at December 31, 2016. As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had an accrued liability of $9.4 million and $10.3 million, respectively, for this plan.
20. TAXATION
Enstar Group Limited is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and under Bermuda law is not required to pay taxes in Bermuda based upon income or capital gains. The Company, under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1966, is protected against any legislation that may be enacted in Bermuda which would impose any tax on profits, income, or gain until March 31, 2035.
We have foreign operating subsidiaries and branch operations principally located in the United States, United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Australia that are subject to federal, foreign, state and local taxes in those jurisdictions. Deferred income tax liabilities have not been accrued with respect to the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. If the earnings were to be distributed, as dividends or other distributions, withholding taxes may be imposed by the jurisdiction of the paying subsidiary. For our U.S. subsidiaries, we have not currently accrued any withholding taxes with respect to unremitted earnings as management has no current intention of remitting these earnings. For our United Kingdom subsidiaries, there are no withholding taxes imposed. For our other foreign subsidiaries, it would not be practicable to compute such amounts due to a variety of factors, including the amount, timing, and manner of any repatriation. Because we operate in many jurisdictions, our net earnings are subject to risk due to changing tax laws and tax rates around the world. The current, rapidly changing economic environment may increase the likelihood of substantial changes to tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate.
The following table presents earnings before income taxes by jurisdiction from continuing operations:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Domestic (Bermuda) | $ | 167,263 | $ | 191,647 | $ | 61,695 | |||||
Foreign | 147,148 | 135,677 | 163,327 | ||||||||
Total earnings before income tax on continuing operations | $ | 314,411 | $ | 327,324 | $ | 225,022 | |||||
The following table presents our current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations by jurisdiction:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Current: | |||||||||||
Domestic (Bermuda) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||
Foreign | 10,299 | 21,485 | 30,028 | ||||||||
10,299 | 21,485 | 30,028 | |||||||||
Deferred: | |||||||||||
Domestic (Bermuda) | — | — | — | ||||||||
Foreign | (16,694 | ) | 13,389 | (17,378 | ) | ||||||
(16,694 | ) | 13,389 | (17,378 | ) | |||||||
Total tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations | $ | (6,395 | ) | $ | 34,874 | $ | 12,650 | ||||
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The actual income tax rate differs from the amount computed by applying the effective rate of 0% under Bermuda law to earnings from continuing operations before income taxes as shown in the following reconciliation:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Earnings before income tax | $ | 314,411 | $ | 327,324 | $ | 225,022 | |||||
Bermuda income taxes at statutory rate | 0.0 | % | 0.0 | % | 0.0 | % | |||||
Foreign income tax rate differential | 13.1 | % | 8.8 | % | 17.6 | % | |||||
Change in valuation allowance | (34.9 | )% | (0.1 | )% | (10.5 | )% | |||||
Effect of change in foreign (U.S.) tax rate | 20.3 | % | — | % | — | % | |||||
Other | (0.5 | )% | 2.0 | % | (1.5 | )% | |||||
Effective tax rate | (2.0 | )% | 10.7 | % | 5.6 | % | |||||
Our effective tax rate is generally driven by the geographical distribution of our pre-tax net earnings between our taxable and non-taxable jurisdictions. We have recorded the effects of U.S. Tax Reform in 2017, primarily related to our deferred tax asset and valuation allowance thereon, as described below.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the tax effect of the differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities. Significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities related to our continuing operations were as follows:
December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Deferred tax assets: | |||||||
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 177,695 | $ | 262,271 | |||
Tax credits and other carryforwards | — | 7,487 | |||||
Insurance reserves | 9,082 | 19,265 | |||||
Unearned premiums | 1,690 | 8,760 | |||||
Lloyd's underwriting losses taxable in future periods | 9,131 | 6,581 | |||||
Provisions for bad debt | 6,371 | 16,018 | |||||
Other deferred tax assets | 1,944 | 7,946 | |||||
Gross deferred tax assets | 205,913 | 328,328 | |||||
Valuation allowance | (188,300 | ) | (290,861 | ) | |||
Deferred tax assets | 17,613 | 37,467 | |||||
Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||
Unrealized gains on investments | (3,798 | ) | (12,804 | ) | |||
Intangible assets | — | (20,615 | ) | ||||
Other deferred tax liabilities | (16,076 | ) | (21,030 | ) | |||
Deferred tax liabilities | (19,874 | ) | (54,449 | ) | |||
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (2,261 | ) | $ | (16,982 | ) | |
The change in the deferred tax liability during the year ended December 31, 2017 differs from deferred tax expense for 2017 primarily due to reclassification of our deferred tax asset to other assets in relation to Alternative Minimum Tax ("AMT") recoverable as described below in relation to U.S. Tax Reform, partially offset by the adoption of ASU 2016-09 which resulted in a reduction of our deferred tax liability and an increase in retaining earnings on the consolidated statement of changes in shareholders' equity.
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Net Deferred Tax Liability balance for continuing operations by major jurisdiction:
December 31, | |||||||
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Net Deferred Tax Asset / (Liability) | Net Deferred Tax Asset / (Liability) | ||||||
United States | $ | 4,947 | $ | (513 | ) | ||
United Kingdom | (5,150 | ) | (12,297 | ) | |||
Other | (2,058 | ) | (4,172 | ) | |||
Total | $ | (2,261 | ) | $ | (16,982 | ) | |
As of December 31, 2017, we had net operating loss carryforwards that could be available to offset future taxable income, as follows:
Tax Jurisdiction | Loss Carryforwards | Tax effect | Expiration | ||||||
Operating and Capital Loss Carryforwards: | |||||||||
United States - Net operating loss | $ | 528,226 | $ | 110,927 | 2030-2036 | ||||
United States - Capital loss | 14,339 | 3,011 | 2021-2022 | ||||||
United Kingdom | 324,784 | 62,521 | None | ||||||
Other | 19,105 | 1,236 | None | ||||||
Impact of US Tax Reform
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act resulted in a reduction of the U.S. Federal Tax rate to 21% from 35%, effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Consequently, we have recorded a $63.8 million write down of our U.S. deferred tax asset in 2017. The Tax Act also repealed the corporate AMT. Taxpayers with AMT credit carryovers in excess of their tax liability may have the credits refunded over multiple years between 2018 and 2022. As a result, we have recorded a reduction to our valuation allowance of $7.4 million and reclassified our AMT credit carryforward to other assets on our consolidated balance sheet.
Assessment of Valuation Allowance on Deferred Tax Assets
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $188.3 million and $290.9 million, respectively, related to foreign subsidiaries. We recorded a reduction of $102.6 million in our deferred tax valuation allowance for continuing operations during 2017. The valuation allowance was decreased in relation to (i) the decrease of the deferred tax asset due to the reduction in the U.S. income tax rate from 35% to 21%, (ii) the current year utilization of deferred tax assets, partially offset by an increase relating to deferred tax assets for which we have deemed are not likely to be realized.
The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in future periods in which the tax benefits are deductible or creditable. Taxes are determined and assessed jurisdictionally by legal entity or by filing group. Certain jurisdictions require or allow combined or consolidated tax filings. We have estimated future taxable income of our foreign subsidiaries and provided a valuation allowance in respect of those assets where we do not expect to realize a benefit. We have considered all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard in determining the amount of the valuation allowance. Our assessment weighs both positive and negative evidence and considers the extent to which the evidence can be objectively verified. When negative evidence outweighs positive evidence then it can be difficult to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed. We consider the following evidence: (i) net earnings or losses in recent years; (ii) the future sustainability and likelihood of positive net earnings of our subsidiaries; (iii) the carryforward periods of tax losses including the effect of reversing temporary differences; and (iv) tax planning strategies.
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Uncertainty in Income Taxes
During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, there were no unrecognized tax benefits. There were no accruals for the payment of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Our operating subsidiaries may be subject to audit by various tax authorities and may have different statutes of limitations expiration dates. Tax authorities may propose adjustments to our income taxes. Listed below are the tax years that remain subject to examination by a major tax jurisdiction as of December 31, 2017:
Major Tax Jurisdiction | Open Tax Years | ||||
United States | 2014-2016 | ||||
United Kingdom | 2014-2016 | ||||
Australia | 2012-2016 | ||||
21. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Stone Point Capital LLC
Through several private transactions occurring from May 2012 to July 2012, Trident acquired 1,350,000 of our Voting Ordinary Shares (which now constitutes approximately 8.2% of our outstanding Voting Ordinary Shares). On November 6, 2013, we appointed James D. Carey to our Board of Directors. Mr. Carey is the sole member of an entity that is one of four general partners of the entities serving as general partners for Trident, is a member of the investment committees of such general partners, and is a member and senior principal of Stone Point Capital LLC ("Stone Point"), the manager of the Trident funds.
In addition, we have entered into certain agreements with Trident with respect to Trident’s co-investments in the Atrium, Arden, and StarStone acquisitions. These include investors’ agreements and shareholders’ agreements, which provide for, among other things: (i) our right to redeem Trident’s equity interest in the Atrium/Arden and StarStone transactions in cash at fair market value within the 90 days following September 9, 2018 and April 1, 2019, respectively, and at any time following September 9, 2020 and April 1, 2021, respectively; and (ii) Trident’s right to have its equity co-investment interests in the Atrium/Arden and StarStone transactions redeemed by us at fair market value (which we may satisfy in either cash or our ordinary shares) following September 9, 2020 and April 1, 2021. As of December 31, 2017, we have included $459.6 million (December 31, 2016: $435.6 million) as RNCI on our balance sheet relating to these Trident co-investment transactions. Pursuant to the terms of the shareholders’ agreements, Mr. Carey serves as a Trident representative on the boards of the holding companies established in connection with the Atrium/Arden and StarStone co-investment transactions. Trident also has a second representative on these boards who is a Stone Point employee.
As at December 31, 2017, we had investments in funds (carried within other investments) and a registered investment company affiliated with entities owned by Trident or otherwise affiliated with Stone Point. The fair value of the investments in the funds was $255.9 million and $232.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The fair value of our investment in the registered investment company was $22.1 million and $20.9 million as at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized net unrealized gains of $22.3 million and $17.2 million, respectively, in respect of the fund investments, and net unrealized gains of $2.9 million and net realized and unrealized losses of $0.4 million, respectively, in respect of the registered investment company investment. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized interest income of $2.5 million and $3.1 million, respectively, in respect of the registered investment company.
We also have separate accounts, with a balance of $183.4 million and $215.0 million as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, managed by Eagle Point Credit Management and PRIMA Capital Advisors, which are affiliates of entities owned by Trident, with respect to which we incurred approximately $0.5 million in management fees for each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
In addition, we are invested in two funds (carried within other investments) managed by Sound Point Capital, an entity in which Mr. Carey has an indirect minority ownership interest and serves as director. The fair value of our investments in Sound Point Capital funds was $27.4 million and $25.4 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we have recognized net
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unrealized gains of $2.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively, in respect of investments managed by Sound Point Capital.
Sound Point Capital has acted as collateral manager for certain of our direct investments in CLO equity securities. The fair value of these investments was $17.8 million and $20.3 million as at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized net unrealized losses of $2.5 million and net unrealized gains of $2.1 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized interest income of $4.3 million and $6.7 million, respectively, in respect of these investments.
We have a separate account managed by Sound Point Capital, with a balance of $63.6 million and $61.2 million as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, with respect to which we incurred approximately $0.3 million in management fees for each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
CPPIB
CPPIB, together with management of Wilton Re, owns 100% of the common stock of Wilton Re. Subsequent to the closing of our transaction with Wilton Re, as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions", CPPIB purchased voting and non-voting shares in Enstar from FR XI Offshore AIV, L.P., First Reserve Fund XII, L.P., FR XII-A Parallel Vehicle L.P. and FR Torus Co-Investment, L.P. On September 29, 2015, CPPIB exercised its acquired right to appoint a representative, Poul Winslow, to our Board of Directors. During November 2016, CPPIB acquired additional non-voting shares in Enstar from Goldman Sachs affiliates in a private transaction. Following this transaction, CPPIB's shares constitute an approximate 9.1% voting interest and an approximate 16% aggregate economic interest in Enstar. In addition, approximately 4.5% of our voting shares (constituting an aggregate economic interest of approximately 3.8%) are held indirectly by CPPIB through CPPIB Epsilon Ontario Limited Partnership ("CPPIB LP"). CPPIB is the sole limited partner of CPPIB LP, and CPPIB Epsilon Ontario Trust ("CPPIB Trust") is the general partner. CPPIB's director representative is a trustee of CPPIB Trust.
We also have a pre-existing reinsurance recoverable from a company later acquired by Wilton Re, which was carried on our balance sheet at $7.0 million and $9.4 million as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
KaylaRe
On December 15, 2016, our equity method investee, KaylaRe Holdings Ltd. ("KaylaRe") completed an initial capital raise of $620.0 million. As of December 31, 2017, we have an approximate 48.2% ownership interest in KaylaRe. We have recorded the investment in KaylaRe using the equity method basis of accounting, pursuant to the conclusion that we are not required to consolidate following an analysis based on the guidance in ASC 810 - Consolidation. Our investment in KaylaRe was carried at $309.8 million and $294.6 million in other assets on our consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
In connection with our investment in KaylaRe, we entered into a shareholders agreement with the other shareholders in KaylaRe, including the Trident funds and HH KaylaRe Holdings, Ltd., an affiliate of Hillhouse Capital Management (“Hillhouse”). The Shareholders Agreement (i) provides us with the right to appoint one member to the KaylaRe Board of Directors until the date that we own less than 1,250,000 common shares, (ii) includes a five year lock-up period on common shares of KaylaRe (unless KaylaRe completes an initial public offering before the expiry of this five year lock-up period) and (iii) provides customary tag-along rights and rights of first refusal in the case of certain proposed transfers by any other shareholder and customary preemptive rights in the event of a proposed new issuance of equity securities by KaylaRe. In the event that KaylaRe has not consummated an initial public offering by March 31, 2021, the Trident funds have the right to require us and Hillhouse to purchase on a pro rata basis all of their common shares in KaylaRe at the then-current fair market value.
Subsequent to December 31, 2017, we announced that we have entered into an agreement to purchase the remaining 51.8% of KaylaRe from the existing shareholders. In exchange for the shareholdings in KaylaRe, we will issue $398.3 million of ordinary shares. In the transaction, Hillhouse will increase its overall economic interest in Enstar from 9.98% to 17.1% and its voting interest from 3.2% to 9.7%, and Stone Point will increase its economic interest from 6.9% to 7.6% and its voting interest from 8.2% to 9.1%. In addition, the shareholders agreement described above among Enstar and the other KaylaRe shareholders will be effectively terminated. The transaction is subject to regulatory approval and is expected to close during the first quarter of 2018.
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Our subsidiary, Enstar Limited, acts as insurance and reinsurance manager to KaylaRe's subsidiary, KaylaRe Ltd., for which it received fee income of $8.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 (2016: $6.8 million). Affiliates of Enstar have also entered into various reinsurance agreements with KaylaRe Ltd., and KaylaRe Ltd. will also have the opportunity to participate in future Enstar legacy transactions. We also provide administrative services to KaylaRe and KaylaRe Ltd.
Through a Quota Share Agreement dated December 31, 2017 (the "KaylaRe-StarStone QS"), several of our StarStone affiliates have entered into a Quota Share Treaty with KaylaRe Ltd. pursuant to which KaylaRe Ltd. reinsures 35% of all business written by these StarStone affiliates for risks attaching from January 1, 2016, net of the StarStone affiliates’ reinsurance programs. During the year ended December 31, 2017, StarStone ceded $234.1 million (2016: $117.6 million) of premium earned, $155.4 million (2016: $75.7 million) of net incurred losses and LAE and $99.5 million (2016: $42.5 million) of acquisition costs to KaylaRe Ltd. under the KaylaRe-StarStone QS. The amounts in 2016 were recorded in the aggregate as net incurred losses and LAE of $1.4 million in our consolidated statement of earnings for the year ended December 31, 2017 in accordance with retroactive reinsurance accounting. The amounts in 2017 were recorded in their appropriate category on our consolidated statement of earnings in accordance with prospective reinsurance accounting.
In addition, Fitzwilliam Insurance Limited ("Fitzwilliam"), one of our non-life run-off subsidiaries, ceded $nil (2016: $177.2 million) of loss reserves to KaylaRe Ltd. during the year ended December 31, 2017, on a funds held basis. Under the terms of this reinsurance agreement, Fitzwilliam is entitled to receive a profit commission calculated with reference to reserve savings made during the currency of this agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2017, Fitzwilliam recognized $18.8 million of profit commission (2016: $7.1 million), recorded as fees and commission income.
Our consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017 included the following balances related to transactions between us and KaylaRe and KaylaRe Ltd.: reinsurance recoverable of $357.4 million (2016: $242.1 million), prepaid reinsurance premiums of $116.4 million (2016: $109.0 million), funds held of $174.2 million (2016: $182.3 million) recorded in other liabilities, insurance and reinsurance balances payable of $232.9 million (2016: $132.6 million), and ceded acquisition costs of $36.1 million (2016: $41.2 million) recorded as a reduction of deferred acquisition costs.
Hillhouse
Investment funds managed by Hillhouse collectively own approximately 3.2% of Enstar’s voting ordinary shares. These funds also own non-voting ordinary shares and warrants to purchase additional non-voting ordinary shares, which together with their voting ordinary shares, represent an approximate 9.98% economic interest in Enstar.
As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our equity method investee, KaylaRe, had investments in a fund managed by Hillhouse with a fair value of $456.7 million and $350.0 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Cavello Bay, had transferred funds to Hillhouse of $200.0 million, which were invested on January 2, 2018. A further $50.0 million will be invested by Cavello Bay in funds managed by Hillhouse during the first quarter of 2018.
Monument
On August 29, 2017, we closed the previously announced sale of our wholly-owned subsidiary Laguna, to a subsidiary of Monument Insurance Group Limited ("Monument"), for a total consideration of €25.6 million (approximately $30.8 million).
Monument was established in October 2016 and we have invested a total of $16.0 million in the common and preferred shares of Monument. We have approximately a 26.6% interest in Monument. In connection with our investment in Monument, we entered into a Shareholders Agreement with the other shareholders.
We recorded the investment in Monument using the equity method basis of accounting, as we concluded that we are not required to consolidate based on the guidance in ASC 810 - Consolidation. Our investment in Monument was carried at $16.0 million and $0.2 million in other assets on our consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Clear Spring (formerly SeaBright)
Effective January 1, 2017 we sold SeaBright Insurance Company (“SeaBright Insurance”) and its licenses to Delaware Life Insurance Company ("Delaware Life"), a subsidiary of Guggenheim Partners, LLC. Following the sale,
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SeaBright Insurance was renamed Clear Spring Property and Casualty Company (“Clear Spring”). Clear Spring was subsequently capitalized with $56.0 million of equity, with Enstar retaining at 20% indirect equity interest in Clear Spring.
We have recorded the investment in Clear Spring using the equity method basis of accounting, pursuant to the conclusion that we are not required to consolidate following an analysis based on the guidance in ASC 810 - Consolidation. Our investment in the common shares of Clear Spring was carried at $10.6 million on the balance sheet as at December 31, 2017.
Effective January 1, 2017, StarStone National Insurance Company (“StarStone National”) entered into a Quota Share Treaty with Clear Spring pursuant to which Clear Spring reinsures 33.3% of core Workers Compensation business written by StarStone National. During the year ended December 31, 2017, StarStone National ceded $14.3 million of premium earned, $9.5 million of net incurred losses and LAE and $6.7 million of acquisition costs to Clear Spring under this quota share agreement.
Our consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017 includes the following balances related to transactions between StarStone National and Clear Spring; reinsurance recoverable of $9.1 million, prepaid reinsurance premiums of $13.7 million, ceded payable of $14.0 million recorded in other liabilities, and ceded acquisition costs of $3.2 million recorded as a reduction of deferred acquisition costs.
Effective January 1, 2017, Cavello Bay entered into a quota share treaty with Clear Spring pursuant to which Cavello Bay reinsures 25.0% of all Workers Compensation business written by Clear Spring. During the year ended December 31, 2017, Cavello Bay accepted $3.6 million of premium earned, $1.2 million of net incurred losses and LAE and $1.7 million of acquisition costs from Clear Spring under this quota share agreement.
Our consolidated balance sheet as at December 31, 2017 includes the following balances related to transactions between Cavello Bay and Clear Spring: losses and LAE of $2.2 million, unearned reinsurance premiums of $3.4 million and funds held of $5.1 million.
22. DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS AND STATUTORY FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Parent Company Dividend Restrictions
There were no significant restrictions on the Parent Company's ability to pay dividends from retained earnings as at December 31, 2017. Bermuda law permits the payment of dividends if (i) we are not, or would not be after payment, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due and (ii) the realizable value of our assets is in excess of our liabilities after taking such payment into account. Enstar has not historically declared a dividend. Our strategy is to retain earnings and invest distributions from our subsidiaries back into the company. We do not currently expect to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares.
The Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA") acts as group supervisor to Enstar. On an annual basis, we are required to file group statutory financial statements, a group statutory financial return, a group capital and solvency return, audited group financial statements and a Group Solvency Self-Assessment ("GSSA") with the BMA. The GSSA is designed to document our perspective on the capital resources necessary to achieve our business strategies and remain solvent, and to provide the BMA with insights on our risk management, governance procedures and documentation related to this process. We are required to maintain available group statutory capital and surplus in an amount that is at least equal to the group enhanced capital requirement ("Group ECR"). The BMA has also established a group target capital level equal to 120% of the Group ECR. We are in compliance with these requirements.
Our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders is dependent upon the ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to distribute capital and pay dividends to us. Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory restrictions on the distribution of capital and payment of dividends in the jurisdictions in which they operate, as described below. The restrictions are generally based on net income or levels of capital and surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting practices. Failure of these subsidiaries to meet their applicable regulatory requirements could result in restrictions on any distributions of capital or retained earnings or stricter regulatory oversight of the subsidiaries.
Our ability to pay dividends and make other forms of distributions may also be limited by repayment obligations and financial covenants in our outstanding loan facility agreements.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Subsidiary Statutory Financial Information and Dividend Restrictions
Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries prepare their statutory financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by local regulators. Statutory accounting differs from U.S. GAAP, including in the treatment of investments, acquisition costs and deferred income taxes, amongst other items.
The statutory capital and surplus amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 and statutory net income amounts for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 for our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries based in Bermuda, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Continental Europe were as follows:
Statutory Capital and Surplus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Required | Actual | Statutory Income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Bermuda | $ | 1,556,644 | $ | 792,652 | $ | 2,802,653 | $ | 2,131,308 | $ | 390,752 | $ | 339,548 | $ | 147,883 | |||||||||||||
U.K. | $ | 453,160 | $ | 532,132 | $ | 699,798 | $ | 805,170 | $ | 77,900 | $ | 131,619 | $ | 113,296 | |||||||||||||
U.S. | $ | 195,855 | $ | 209,283 | $ | 589,029 | $ | 662,942 | $ | (5,065 | ) | $ | (1,439 | ) | $ | 14,964 | |||||||||||
Europe | $ | 253,981 | $ | 240,107 | $ | 444,870 | $ | 286,039 | $ | (4,245 | ) | $ | 31,075 | $ | 1,856 | ||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2017, the total amount of net assets of our consolidated subsidiaries that were restricted was $2.5 billion.
Certain material aspects of these laws and regulations as they relate to solvency, dividends and capital and surplus are summarized below.
Bermuda
Our Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are registered under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (the "Insurance Act"). The Insurance Act imposes certain solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, require information and the production of documents and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies.
The Insurance Act requires that our Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries maintain certain solvency and liquidity standards. The minimum liquidity ratio requires that the value of relevant assets not be less than 75% of the amount of relevant liabilities. The minimum solvency margin, which varies depending on the class of the insurer, is determined as a percentage of either net reserves for losses and LAE or premiums or pursuant to a risk-based capital measure. Our Bermuda subsidiaries with commercial insurance licenses are required to maintain a minimum statutory capital and surplus (Enhanced Capital Requirement or "ECR") at least equal to the greater of a minimum solvency margin or the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement ("BSCR"). The BSCR is calculated based on a standardized risk-based capital model.
Each of our regulated Bermuda insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if it were in breach of its minimum solvency margin (which is a function of outstanding losses) or liquidity ratio (which is a function of relevant assets) or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, each of our regulated Bermuda insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries is prohibited, without the prior approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements. Our Bermuda insurance companies that are in run-off are required to seek regulatory approval for any dividends or distributions.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, each of our Bermuda-based insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their respective minimum solvency and liquidity requirements. The Bermuda insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries in aggregate exceeded minimum solvency requirements by $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2017 (2016: $1.3 billion) and were in compliance with their liquidity requirements.
United Kingdom
U.K. Insurance Companies (non-Lloyd's)
Our U.K. based insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulatory Authority (the "PRA") and the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA", together with the PRA, the "U.K. Regulator").
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Our U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain adequate financial resources in accordance with the requirements of the U.K. Regulator. The calculation of the minimum capital resources requirements in any particular case depends on, among other things, the type and amount of insurance business written and claims paid by the insurance company. As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, all of our U.K. insurance subsidiaries maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements and complied with the relevant U.K. Regulator requirements. The U.K.-based insurance subsidiaries, in aggregate, maintained capital in excess of the minimum capital resources requirements by $246.6 million and $273.0 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Solvency II framework directive took effect on January 1, 2016. Solvency II sets out E.U.-wide requirements on capital adequacy and risk management for insurers with the aim of further increasing policyholder protection, instilling greater risk awareness and improving the international competitiveness of E.U. insurers. Insurers must comply with a Solvency Capital Requirement ("SCR"), which is calculated using either the Solvency II standard formula or a bespoke internal model. Our non-Lloyd's U.K. companies use the standard formula.
The U.K. Regulator’s rules require our U.K. insurance subsidiaries to obtain regulatory approval for any proposed or actual payment of a dividend. From January 1, 2016, the U.K. Regulator has used the SCR, among other tests, when assessing requests to make distributions.
Lloyd’s
As of December 31, 2017, we participated in the Lloyd’s market through our interests in: (i) Atrium’s Syndicate 609, which is managed by Atrium Underwriters Limited, a Lloyd's managing agent, and the Atrium corporate member; (ii) StarStone’s Syndicate 1301, which is managed by StarStone Underwriting Limited ("SUL"), a Lloyd’s managing agent, and the StarStone corporate member; and (iii) Syndicate 2008, a wholly aligned syndicate that has permission to underwrite RITC business and other run-off or discontinued business type transactions with other Lloyd’s syndicates, and its corporate member. During 2015, SUL assumed the role of managing agent for Syndicate 2008 in place of Shelbourne Syndicate Services Limited as we streamlined our organizational structure and combined Shelbourne and StarStone resources into one agency. For the 2017 underwriting year, participation in all three syndicates has been through a common corporate member.
The underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd’s is supported by providing Funds at Lloyd’s, as described in Note 6 - "Investments". Business plans, including maximum underwriting capacity, for Lloyd’s syndicates requires annual approval by the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which may require changes to any business plan or additional capital to support underwriting plans.
The Lloyd’s market has applied the Solvency II internal model under Lloyd’s supervision, and our Lloyd’s operations are required to meet Solvency II standards. Effective January 1, 2016, Lloyd's received approval from the PRA to use its internal model under the Solvency II regime.
United States
Our U.S. non-life run-off and active underwriting insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to the insurance laws and regulations of the states in which they are domiciled, licensed and/or eligible to conduct business. These laws restrict the amount of dividends the subsidiaries can pay to us. The restrictions are generally based on statutory net income and/or certain levels of statutory surplus as determined in accordance with the relevant statutory accounting requirements of the individual domiciliary states or states in which any of the insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled. Generally, prior regulatory approval must be obtained before an insurer may pay a dividend or make a distribution above a specified level.
For all of our U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, with the exception of one subsidiary which has a permitted accounting practice to treat an adverse development cover reinsurance agreement as prospective reinsurance, there are no prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices that differ significantly from the statutory accounting principles established by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). The U.S. insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are also required to maintain minimum levels of solvency and liquidity as determined by law, and to comply with risk-based capital requirements and licensing rules.
As of December 31, 2017, all of our U.S. non-life insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their required levels of risk-based capital. On an aggregate basis, our U.S. non-life insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries exceeded their minimum levels of risk-based capital as of December 31, 2017 by $385.4 million (December 31, 2016: $402.0 million).
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Our remaining regulated life subsidiary files financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities and the NAIC in the United States. Our life company is subject to certain Risk-Based Capital ("RBC") requirements as specified by the NAIC. RBC is used to evaluate the adequacy of capital and surplus maintained by our life company in relation to risks associated with: (i) asset risk; (ii) insurance risk; (iii) interest rate risk and (iv) business risk. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our life subsidiary exceeded their minimum RBC requirements by $7.8 million (2016: $51.6 million). This subsidiary is restricted by state laws and regulations as to the amount of dividends they may pay. Any dividends in excess of limits are deemed "extraordinary" and require approval. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the maximum dividend payout which may be made without prior approval is $nil (2016: $nil).
Europe
Our Swiss insurance subsidiary, Harper Insurance Limited, is regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority ("FINMA") pursuant to the Insurance Supervisory Act 2004. This subsidiary is obligated to maintain a minimum solvency margin based on the Swiss Solvency Test regulations ("SST") as stipulated by the Insurance Supervisory Act. From January 1, 2016, Switzerland has been granted full Solvency II equivalence by the European Commission. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, this subsidiary exceeded the SST requirements by $44.0 million (2016: $6.1 million). The amount of dividends that this subsidiary is permitted to distribute is restricted to freely distributable reserves, which consist of retained earnings, the current year profit and legal reserves. Any dividend exceeding the current year profit requires FINMA’s approval. The solvency and capital requirements must continue to be met following any distribution.
Our Liechtenstein insurance subsidiary (StarStone Insurance SE) is regulated by the Liechtenstein Financial Market Authority ("FMA") pursuant to the Liechtenstein Insurance Supervisory Act. This subsidiary is obligated to maintain a minimum solvency margin based on the Solvency II regulations. As of December 31, 2017, this subsidiary exceeded the Solvency II requirements by $146.8 million (2016: $12.8 million). The amount of dividends that this subsidiary is permitted to distribute is restricted to freely distributable reserves, which consist of retained earnings, the current year profit and legal reserves. Any dividend exceeding the current year profit requires the FMA’s approval. Solvency and capital requirements for this subsidiary are based on the Solvency II framework and must continue to be met following any distribution.
Our Belgian life insurance subsidiary files financial statements and returns with the National Bank of Belgium. This subsidiary was in compliance with its solvency and capital requirements under Solvency II.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
23. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Concentration of Credit Risk
We believe that there are no significant concentrations of credit risk associated with our cash and cash equivalents, fixed maturity investments, or other investments. Cash, cash equivalents and fixed maturity investments are managed pursuant to guidelines that follow prudent standards of diversification and limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuers. Other investments are managed pursuant to guidelines that emphasize diversification and liquidity. Pursuant to these guidelines, we manage and monitor risk across a variety of investment funds and vehicles, markets and counterparties. We are also subject to custodial credit risk on our fixed maturity and equity investments, which we manage by diversifying our holdings amongst large financial institutions that are highly regulated.
We have exposure to credit risk on certain of our assets pledged to ceding companies under insurance contracts. In addition, we are potentially exposed should any insurance intermediaries be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations with respect to payments of balances owed to and by us.
Credit risk exists in relation to our insurance and reinsurance balances recoverable. We remain liable to the extent that counterparties do not meet their contractual obligations and, therefore, we evaluate and monitor concentration of credit risk among our insurers and reinsurers. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are described Note 10 - "Reinsurance Balances Recoverable".
We are also subject to credit risk in relation to funds held by reinsured companies. Under funds held arrangements, the reinsured company has retained funds that would otherwise have been remitted to our reinsurance subsidiaries. The funds may be placed into trust or subject to other security arrangements. The funds balance is credited with investment income and losses payable are deducted. We are subject to credit risk if the reinsured company is unable to honor the value of the funds held balances, such as in the event of insolvency. However, we generally have the contractual ability to offset any shortfall in the payment of the funds held balances with amounts owed by us to the reinsured for losses payable and other amounts contractually due. We routinely monitor the creditworthiness of reinsured companies with whom we have funds held arrangements. We have a significant concentration of $1.0 billion to one reinsured company which has financial strength credit ratings of A+ from A.M. Best and AA from Standard & Poor's, as well as to KaylaRe as described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions".
We limit the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty and none of our counterparty credit exposures, excluding U.S. Government instruments and the counterparties noted above, exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2017. Our credit exposure to the U.S. government was $810.9 million as at December 31, 2017.
Operating Leases
We lease office space under operating leases expiring in various years through 2028. The leases are renewable at our option under certain circumstances. The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments on non-cancelable leases as of December 31, 2017:
2018 | $ | 11,023 | |
2019 | 9,217 | ||
2020 | 9,310 | ||
2021 | 7,137 | ||
2022 | 5,647 | ||
2023 and beyond | 20,461 | ||
$ | 62,795 | ||
Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $9.5 million, $9.7 million and $11.1 million, respectively.
Legal Proceedings
We are, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation and arbitration regarding claims. Estimated losses relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of business,
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
including the anticipated outcome of any pending arbitration or litigation are included in the liability for losses and LAE in our consolidated balance sheets. In addition to claims litigation, we may be subject to other lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business, which may involve, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or omissions, employment claims or regulatory activity. We do not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We anticipate that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, we will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including litigation generally related to the scope of coverage with respect to asbestos and environmental and other claims.
Unfunded Investment Commitments
As at December 31, 2017, we had unfunded commitments to investment funds of $164.7 million.
Guarantees
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, parental guarantees supporting subsidiaries' insurance obligations were $795.7 million and $625.7 million, respectively. The increase relates to new transactions during 2017 as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions" and Note 4 - "Significant New Business", and includes $165.0 million for letters of credit issued under a Funds at Lloyd's facility as described in Note 6 - "Investments". On February 8, 2018, we amended and restated the FAL Facility to issue up to $325.0 million of letters of credit, with a provision to increase the facility up to $400.0 million. The FAL Facility is available to satisfy our Funds at Lloyd’s requirements and expires in 2022.
Significant New Business
On December 20, 2017, we entered into a reinsurance-to-close transaction with Neon's Syndicate 2468. On January 29, 2018, we entered into a reinsurance-to-close transaction with Novae's Syndicate 2007. On February 22, 2018, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Zurich Insurance Group. These agreements are described in Note 4 - "Significant New Business".
Asbestos Personal Injury Liabilities
We acquired Dana Companies, LLC ("Dana") on December 30, 2016, as described in Note 3 - "Acquisitions". Dana continues to process asbestos personal injury claims in the normal course of business and is separately managed.
Other liabilities included $205.7 million and $220.5 million for indemnity and defense costs for pending and future claims at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, determined using standard actuarial techniques for asbestos-related exposures. Other liabilities also included $2.2 million and $2.3 million for environmental liabilities associated with Dana properties at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Other assets included $122.3 million and $133.0 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for estimated insurance recoveries relating to these liabilities. The recorded asset represents our assessment of the capacity of the insurance agreements to provide for the payment of anticipated defense and indemnity costs for pending claims and projected future demands. The recognition of these recoveries is based on an assessment of the right to recover under the respective contracts and on the financial strength of the insurers. The recorded asset does not represent the limits of our insurance coverage, but rather the amount we would expect to recover if the accrued indemnity and defense costs were paid in full.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
We have the right to purchase the RNCI interests from the RNCI holders at certain times in the future (each such right, a "call right") and the RNCI holders have the right to sell their RNCI interests to us at certain times in the future (each such right, a "put right"). The RNCI rights held by Trident are described in Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions". Dowling has a right to participate if Trident exercises its put right.
24. SEGMENT INFORMATION
In the second half of 2017, following the completion of the sale of our Laguna and Pavonia businesses, which significantly reduced the size of our life and annuities business, we undertook a review of our reportable segments. Following this review we determined that we have three reportable segments of business that are each managed, operated and reported on separately: (i) Non-life Run-off; (ii) Atrium; and (iii) StarStone. Our other activities, which do not qualify as a reportable segment, include our corporate expenses, debt servicing costs, holding company income
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
and expenses, foreign exchange, our remaining life business and other miscellaneous items. The change in reportable segments had no impact on our previously reported historical consolidated financial positions, results of operations or cash flows. These segments are described in Note 1 - "Description of Business".
The Non-life Run-off segment comprises the operations and financial results of those insurance and reinsurance companies and portfolios in run-off that have been acquired by us.
Atrium and StarStone, our active underwriting operations, are reported as separate segments because they are managed and operated in separate and distinct manners. Atrium’s senior management runs its day-to-day operations with limited involvement of our senior management, whereas our senior management and employees are involved in StarStone’s day-to-day operations. Atrium employees are not involved in the management or strategy of StarStone, nor are StarStone employees involved in the management or strategy of Atrium. Atrium and StarStone are monitored and reported upon separately and distinctly and their strategies and business plans are determined independently of each other.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The following tables set forth selected and consolidated statement of earnings results by segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015:
2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-Life Run-Off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | |||||||||||||||
Gross premiums written | $ | 14,102 | $ | 153,472 | $ | 895,160 | $ | 5,719 | $ | 1,068,453 | |||||||||
Net premiums written | $ | 6,482 | $ | 134,214 | $ | 464,901 | $ | 4,793 | $ | 610,390 | |||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 14,162 | $ | 134,747 | $ | 459,403 | $ | 4,809 | $ | 613,121 | |||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | 190,674 | (69,419 | ) | (314,806 | ) | — | (193,551 | ) | |||||||||||
Life and Annuity Policy Benefits | — | — | — | (4,015 | ) | (4,015 | ) | ||||||||||||
Acquisition costs | (328 | ) | (47,688 | ) | (48,012 | ) | (878 | ) | (96,906 | ) | |||||||||
Operating expenses | (132,235 | ) | (17,444 | ) | (135,558 | ) | — | (285,237 | ) | ||||||||||
Underwriting income (loss) | 72,273 | 196 | (38,973 | ) | (84 | ) | 33,412 | ||||||||||||
Net investment income | 166,678 | 4,218 | 27,706 | 10,187 | 208,789 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 179,545 | 1,117 | 16,613 | (6,941 | ) | 190,334 | |||||||||||||
Fees and commission income (expense) | 43,849 | 22,788 | 632 | (1,166 | ) | 66,103 | |||||||||||||
Other income | 27,061 | 230 | 570 | 648 | 28,509 | ||||||||||||||
Corporate expenses | (101,592 | ) | (12,142 | ) | — | (37,014 | ) | (150,748 | ) | ||||||||||
Interest income (expense) | (28,970 | ) | (559 | ) | (1,902 | ) | 3,329 | (28,102 | ) | ||||||||||
Net foreign exchange losses | (7,347 | ) | (5,060 | ) | (926 | ) | (4,204 | ) | (17,537 | ) | |||||||||
Loss on sale of subsidiary | — | — | — | (16,349 | ) | (16,349 | ) | ||||||||||||
EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 351,497 | 10,788 | 3,720 | (51,594 | ) | 314,411 | |||||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | 6,990 | (1,593 | ) | 988 | 10 | 6,395 | |||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 358,487 | 9,195 | 4,708 | (51,584 | ) | 320,806 | |||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS, NET OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE | — | — | — | 10,993 | 10,993 | ||||||||||||||
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | (14,687 | ) | (3,772 | ) | (1,882 | ) | — | (20,341 | ) | ||||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 343,800 | $ | 5,423 | $ | 2,826 | $ | (40,591 | ) | $ | 311,458 | ||||||||
Underwriting ratios: | |||||||||||||||||||
Loss ratio (1) | 51.5 | % | 68.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
Acquisition expense ratio (1) | 35.4 | % | 10.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
Operating expense ratio (1) | 13.0 | % | 29.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
Combined ratio (1) | 99.9 | % | 108.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
2016 | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-Life Run-Off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | |||||||||||||||
Gross premiums written | $ | 17,316 | $ | 143,170 | $ | 854,699 | $ | 7,157 | $ | 1,022,342 | |||||||||
Net premiums written | $ | 9,202 | $ | 140,437 | $ | 648,036 | $ | 6,261 | $ | 803,936 | |||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 16,755 | $ | 124,416 | $ | 676,608 | $ | 5,735 | $ | 823,514 | |||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | 285,881 | (58,387 | ) | (401,593 | ) | — | (174,099 | ) | |||||||||||
Life and Annuity Policy Benefits | — | — | — | 2,038 | 2,038 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition costs | (4,198 | ) | (44,670 | ) | (138,822 | ) | 1,121 | (186,569 | ) | ||||||||||
Operating expenses | (151,316 | ) | (14,233 | ) | (124,239 | ) | — | (289,788 | ) | ||||||||||
Underwriting income | 147,122 | 7,126 | 11,954 | 8,894 | 175,096 | ||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 145,237 | 2,940 | 22,221 | 15,065 | 185,463 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 77,685 | (601 | ) | 5,728 | (4,994 | ) | 77,818 | ||||||||||||
Fees and commission income (expense) | 17,447 | 18,189 | 5,102 | (1,374 | ) | 39,364 | |||||||||||||
Other income | 2,497 | 206 | 740 | 1,393 | 4,836 | ||||||||||||||
Corporate expenses | (61,583 | ) | (10,899 | ) | — | (61,464 | ) | (133,946 | ) | ||||||||||
Interest income (expense) | (22,268 | ) | (198 | ) | (47 | ) | 1,871 | (20,642 | ) | ||||||||||
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) | 1,684 | (3,310 | ) | 754 | 207 | (665 | ) | ||||||||||||
EARNINGS (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 307,821 | 13,453 | 46,452 | (40,402 | ) | 327,324 | |||||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | (28,577 | ) | (2,573 | ) | (3,693 | ) | (31 | ) | (34,874 | ) | |||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 279,244 | 10,880 | 42,759 | (40,433 | ) | 292,450 | |||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS, NET OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE | — | — | — | 11,963 | 11,963 | ||||||||||||||
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest | (17,600 | ) | (4,464 | ) | (17,542 | ) | — | (39,606 | ) | ||||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 261,644 | $ | 6,416 | $ | 25,217 | $ | (28,470 | ) | $ | 264,807 | ||||||||
Underwriting ratios: | |||||||||||||||||||
Loss ratio (1) | 46.9 | % | 59.4 | % | |||||||||||||||
Acquisition expense ratio (1) | 35.9 | % | 20.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
Operating expense ratio (1) | 11.5 | % | 18.3 | % | |||||||||||||||
Combined ratio (1) | 94.3 | % | 98.2 | % | |||||||||||||||
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
2015 | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-Life Run-Off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | |||||||||||||||
Gross premiums written | $ | 38,704 | $ | 149,082 | $ | 824,714 | $ | 2,883 | $ | 1,015,383 | |||||||||
Net premiums written | $ | 22,594 | $ | 134,580 | $ | 628,427 | $ | 1,553 | $ | 787,154 | |||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 44,369 | $ | 134,675 | $ | 573,146 | $ | 1,554 | $ | 753,744 | |||||||||
Net incurred losses and LAE | 270,830 | (47,479 | ) | (327,684 | ) | — | (104,333 | ) | |||||||||||
Life and Annuity Policy Benefits | — | — | — | 546 | 546 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition costs | (8,860 | ) | (45,509 | ) | (109,347 | ) | — | (163,716 | ) | ||||||||||
Operating expenses | (158,821 | ) | (18,499 | ) | (128,544 | ) | — | (305,864 | ) | ||||||||||
Underwriting income | 147,518 | 23,188 | 7,571 | 2,100 | 180,377 | ||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 88,999 | 2,225 | 15,937 | 15,403 | 122,564 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | (31,383 | ) | 252 | (9,784 | ) | (608 | ) | (41,523 | ) | ||||||||||
Fees and commission income (expense) | 22,264 | 28,352 | — | (11,269 | ) | 39,347 | |||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | 29,294 | 359 | 3,088 | (2,413 | ) | 30,328 | |||||||||||||
Corporate expenses | (54,213 | ) | (13,111 | ) | — | (15,971 | ) | (83,295 | ) | ||||||||||
Interest income (expense) | (33,599 | ) | (4,264 | ) | (6 | ) | 18,466 | (19,403 | ) | ||||||||||
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) | (4,372 | ) | (213 | ) | 480 | 732 | (3,373 | ) | |||||||||||
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 164,508 | 36,788 | 17,286 | 6,440 | 225,022 | ||||||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | (12,570 | ) | (5,968 | ) | 5,888 | — | (12,650 | ) | |||||||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 151,938 | 30,820 | 23,174 | 6,440 | 212,372 | ||||||||||||||
NET LOSSES FROM DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS, NET OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE | — | — | — | (2,031 | ) | (2,031 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net (earnings) losses attributable to noncontrolling interest | 33,722 | (14,262 | ) | (9,510 | ) | — | 9,950 | ||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 185,660 | $ | 16,558 | $ | 13,664 | $ | 4,409 | $ | 220,291 | |||||||||
Underwriting ratios: | |||||||||||||||||||
Loss ratio (1) | 35.3 | % | 57.2 | % | |||||||||||||||
Acquisition expense ratio (1) | 33.8 | % | 19.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
Operating expense ratio (1) | 13.7 | % | 22.4 | % | |||||||||||||||
Combined ratio (1) | 82.8 | % | 98.7 | % | |||||||||||||||
(1)Refer to "Underwriting Ratios" for a description of how these ratios are calculated.
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Gross Premiums Written by Geographical Area
The following table summarizes our gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017 by geographic area. Geographic distribution in subsequent years is subject to variation based upon market conditions and business strategies.
Non-life Run-off | Atrium | StarStone | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
United States | $ | 9,639 | 68.3 | % | $ | 81,438 | 53.1 | % | $ | 546,223 | 61.0 | % | $ | — | — | % | $ | 637,300 | 59.6 | % | ||||||||||||||
United Kingdom | 4,271 | 30.3 | % | 11,203 | 7.3 | % | 97,745 | 10.9 | % | 1,346 | 23.5 | % | 114,565 | 10.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Europe | 192 | 1.4 | % | 10,684 | 7.0 | % | 151,106 | 16.9 | % | 4,373 | 76.5 | % | 166,355 | 15.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Asia | — | — | % | 4,739 | 3.1 | % | 48,839 | 5.5 | % | — | — | % | 53,578 | 5.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Rest of World | — | — | % | 45,408 | 29.5 | % | 51,247 | 5.7 | % | — | — | % | 96,655 | 9.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 14,102 | 100.0 | % | $ | 153,472 | 100.0 | % | $ | 895,160 | 100.0 | % | $ | 5,719 | 100.0 | % | $ | 1,068,453 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||
Assets by Segment
Invested assets are managed on a subsidiary by subsidiary basis, and investment income and realized and unrealized gains on investments are recognized in each segment as earned. Our total assets as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 by segment were as follows (the elimination items include the elimination of intersegment assets):
2017 | 2016 | ||||||
Assets by Segment: | |||||||
Non-life Run-off | $ | 10,368,105 | $ | 8,233,450 | |||
Atrium | 556,637 | 563,754 | |||||
StarStone | 3,128,725 | 2,968,316 | |||||
Other | (447,045 | ) | 1,100,224 | ||||
Total assets | $ | 13,606,422 | $ | 12,865,744 | |||
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ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
25. UNAUDITED CONDENSED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA
December 31, | September 30, | June 30, | March 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
INCOME | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net premiums earned | $ | 160,627 | $ | 216,188 | $ | 148,025 | $ | 205,730 | $ | 155,571 | $ | 208,709 | $ | 148,898 | $ | 192,887 | |||||||||||||||
Fees and commission income | 19,627 | 13,266 | 15,895 | 9,187 | 18,667 | 10,487 | 11,914 | 6,424 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | 58,605 | 42,229 | 52,028 | 48,022 | 49,417 | 44,932 | 48,739 | 50,280 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 50,637 | (61,570 | ) | 29,301 | 66,608 | 51,877 | 34,503 | 58,519 | 38,277 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other income (losses) | 9,303 | (1,277 | ) | (3,848 | ) | 414 | 10,856 | 3,289 | 12,198 | 2,410 | |||||||||||||||||||||
298,799 | 208,836 | 241,401 | 329,961 | 286,388 | 301,920 | 280,268 | 290,278 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses | 30,327 | 1,321 | 75,712 | (6,902 | ) | 9,620 | 96,462 | 77,892 | 83,218 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Life and annuity policy benefits | (1,033 | ) | (2,265 | ) | 1,060 | 1,682 | 4,289 | (1,613 | ) | (301 | ) | 158 | |||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition costs | 21,449 | 47,619 | 24,281 | 50,074 | 30,355 | 43,847 | 20,821 | 45,029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
General and administrative expenses | 126,702 | 123,497 | 100,325 | 103,097 | 106,490 | 104,206 | 102,468 | 92,934 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense | 7,251 | 4,796 | 6,410 | 5,027 | 7,573 | 5,421 | 6,868 | 5,398 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) | 1,925 | (1,527 | ) | 4,775 | 2,276 | 7,122 | (1,856 | ) | 3,715 | 1,772 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Loss on sale of subsidiary | — | — | 6,740 | — | 9,609 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
186,621 | 173,441 | 219,303 | 155,254 | 175,058 | 246,467 | 211,463 | 228,509 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 112,178 | 35,395 | 22,098 | 174,707 | 111,330 | 55,453 | 68,805 | 61,769 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
INCOME TAXES | 9,629 | (11,228 | ) | (1,432 | ) | (8,227 | ) | (4,731 | ) | (8,050 | ) | 2,929 | (7,369 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 121,807 | 24,167 | 20,666 | 166,480 | 106,599 | 47,403 | 71,734 | 54,400 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS (LOSS) FROM DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS, NET OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE | 11,998 | 5,483 | 3,495 | 3,897 | (4,871 | ) | 2,378 | 371 | 205 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS | 133,805 | 29,650 | 24,161 | 170,377 | 101,728 | 49,781 | 72,105 | 54,605 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net losses (earnings) attributable to noncontrolling interest | (6,206 | ) | (7,005 | ) | 14,832 | (14,329 | ) | (11,542 | ) | (9,187 | ) | (17,425 | ) | (9,085 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | $ | 127,599 | $ | 22,645 | $ | 38,993 | $ | 156,048 | $ | 90,186 | $ | 40,594 | $ | 54,680 | $ | 45,520 | |||||||||||||||
EARNINGS PER SHARE — BASIC: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 5.96 | $ | 0.91 | $ | 1.83 | $ | 7.89 | $ | 4.90 | $ | 1.98 | $ | 2.80 | $ | 2.34 | |||||||||||||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | $ | 0.62 | $ | 0.26 | $ | 0.18 | $ | 0.20 | $ | (0.25 | ) | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.02 | $ | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders | $ | 6.58 | $ | 1.17 | $ | 2.01 | $ | 8.09 | $ | 4.65 | $ | 2.10 | $ | 2.82 | $ | 2.36 | |||||||||||||||
EARNINGS PER SHARE — DILUTED: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings from continuing operations | $ | 5.90 | $ | 0.90 | $ | 1.81 | $ | 7.82 | $ | 4.87 | $ | 1.97 | $ | 2.78 | $ | 2.33 | |||||||||||||||
Net earnings (loss) from discontinuing operations | $ | 0.61 | $ | 0.26 | $ | 0.18 | $ | 0.20 | $ | (0.25 | ) | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.02 | $ | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||
Net earnings per ordinary share attributable to Enstar Group Limited shareholders | $ | 6.51 | $ | 1.16 | $ | 1.99 | $ | 8.02 | $ | 4.62 | $ | 2.09 | $ | 2.80 | $ | 2.35 | |||||||||||||||
221
SCHEDULE I
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES
As of December 31, 2017
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
Type of investment | Cost (1) | Fair Value | Amount at which shown in the balance sheet(2) | |||||||||
Fixed maturity securities and short-term investments — Trading: | ||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | $ | 557,273 | $ | 554,036 | $ | 554,036 | ||||||
Non-U.S. government | 580,280 | 607,132 | 607,132 | |||||||||
Corporate | 3,299,982 | 3,363,060 | 3,363,060 | |||||||||
Municipal | 98,153 | 100,221 | 100,221 | |||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 285,312 | 288,713 | 288,713 | |||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed | 427,469 | 421,548 | 421,548 | |||||||||
Asset-backed | 534,893 | 541,574 | 541,574 | |||||||||
Total | 5,783,362 | 5,876,284 | 5,876,284 | |||||||||
Fixed maturity securities and short-term investments — Available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||
U.S. government and agency | 4,210 | 4,187 | 4,187 | |||||||||
Non-U.S. government | 84,776 | 85,437 | 85,437 | |||||||||
Corporate | 113,561 | 115,121 | 115,121 | |||||||||
Municipal | 5,146 | 5,136 | 5,136 | |||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed | 31 | 31 | 31 | |||||||||
Asset-backed | 373 | 373 | 373 | |||||||||
Total | 208,097 | 210,285 | 210,285 | |||||||||
Equities(3) | 64,197 | 84,543 | 84,543 | |||||||||
Other investments, at fair value(4) | 630,058 | 630,058 | 630,058 | |||||||||
Other investments, at cost | 125,621 | 131,896 | 125,621 | |||||||||
Total | $ | 6,811,335 | $ | 6,933,066 | $ | 6,926,791 | ||||||
(1) | Original cost of fixed maturity securities is reduced by repayments and adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts. |
(2) | The table above excludes businesses held for sale. Refer to Note 5 - "Divestitures, Held-for-Sale Businesses and Discontinuing Operations" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements. |
(3) | The difference in the amount of equities shown at fair value and the equities shown in our consolidated balance sheet relates to the fair value of $22.1 million as of December 31, 2017 for our investment in a registered investment company affiliated with entities owned by Trident. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements. |
(4) | The difference in the amount of other investments shown at fair value and the other investments shown in our consolidated balance sheet relates to the fair value of $283.3 million as of December 31, 2017 for our other investments in funds or companies owned by or affiliated with certain related parties. Refer to Note 21 - "Related Party Transactions" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements. |
222
SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
Balance Sheets - Parent Company Only
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016
2017 | 2016 | |||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share data) | ||||||||
ASSETS | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,458 | $ | 4,884 | ||||
Balances due from subsidiaries | 23,635 | 35,563 | ||||||
Investments in subsidiaries | 3,917,830 | 3,400,401 | ||||||
Other assets | 2,877 | 8,533 | ||||||
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 3,946,800 | $ | 3,449,381 | ||||
LIABILITIES | ||||||||
Debt obligations | $ | 646,689 | $ | 488,103 | ||||
Balances due to subsidiaries | 148,410 | 153,843 | ||||||
Other liabilities | 15,017 | 5,123 | ||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 810,116 | 647,069 | ||||||
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES | ||||||||
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
Share capital authorized, issued and fully paid, par value $1 each (authorized 2017 and 2016: 156,000,000): | ||||||||
Ordinary shares (issued and outstanding 2017: 16,402,279; 2016: 16,175,250) | 16,402 | 16,175 | ||||||
Non-voting convertible ordinary shares: | ||||||||
Series C (issued and outstanding 2017: 2,599,672; 2016: 2,792,157) | 2,600 | 2,792 | ||||||
Series E (issued and outstanding 2017 and 2016: 404,771) | 405 | 405 | ||||||
Series C Preferred Shares (issued and outstanding 2017 and 2016: 388,571) | 389 | 389 | ||||||
Treasury shares at cost (Preferred shares 2017 and 2016: 388,571) | (421,559 | ) | (421,559 | ) | ||||
Additional paid-in capital | 1,395,067 | 1,380,109 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 10,468 | (23,549 | ) | |||||
Retained earnings | 2,132,912 | 1,847,550 | ||||||
Total Enstar Group Limited Shareholders’ Equity | 3,136,684 | 2,802,312 | ||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | 3,946,800 | $ | 3,449,381 | ||||
See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
223
SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT - CONTINUED
Statements of Earnings - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
INCOME | |||||||||||
Net investment income | $ | 80 | $ | 44 | $ | 14,965 | |||||
Other income | 1,050 | — | — | ||||||||
Dividend income from subsidiaries | 249,055 | 361,675 | 1,000 | ||||||||
250,185 | 361,719 | 15,965 | |||||||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||||
General and administrative expenses | 87,596 | 59,755 | 50,349 | ||||||||
Interest expense | 23,138 | 10,109 | 8,693 | ||||||||
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) | 6,135 | (318 | ) | 213 | |||||||
116,869 | 69,546 | 59,255 | |||||||||
EARNINGS (LOSSES) BEFORE EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES | 133,316 | 292,173 | (43,290 | ) | |||||||
EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS (LOSSES) OF SUBSIDIARIES - CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 167,149 | (39,329 | ) | 265,612 | |||||||
EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS (LOSSES) OF SUBSIDIARIES - DISCONTINUING OPERATIONS | 10,993 | 11,963 | (2,031 | ) | |||||||
NET EARNINGS | $ | 311,458 | $ | 264,807 | $ | 220,291 | |||||
Statements of Comprehensive Income - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
NET EARNINGS | $ | 311,458 | $ | 264,807 | $ | 220,291 | |||||
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) RELATING TO SUBSIDIARIES, NET OF TAX | 34,016 | 11,613 | (22,476 | ) | |||||||
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | $ | 345,474 | $ | 276,420 | $ | 197,815 | |||||
See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
224
SCHEDULE II
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT - CONTINUED
Statements of Cash Flows - Parent Company Only
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
(in thousands of U.S. dollars) | |||||||||||
OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | |||||||||||
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 97,898 | $ | 39,185 | $ | (81,384 | ) | ||||
INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | |||||||||||
Dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries | 217,450 | 250,117 | 1,000 | ||||||||
Contributions to subsidiaries | (465,650 | ) | (295,268 | ) | (218,935 | ) | |||||
Net cash flows used in investing activities | (248,200 | ) | (45,151 | ) | (217,935 | ) | |||||
FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | |||||||||||
Repayment of loans | (696,640 | ) | (426,750 | ) | (223,500 | ) | |||||
Receipt of loans | 844,516 | 433,048 | 505,700 | ||||||||
Net cash flows provided by financing activities | 147,876 | 6,298 | 282,200 | ||||||||
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | (2,426 | ) | 332 | (17,119 | ) | ||||||
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR | 4,884 | 4,552 | 21,671 | ||||||||
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR | $ | 2,458 | $ | 4,884 | $ | 4,552 | |||||
See accompanying notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Notes to the Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
The Condensed Financial Information of Registrant should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries are recorded based upon our proportionate share of our subsidiaries' net assets (similar to presenting them on the equity method).
Investing activities in the Condensed Statements of Cash Flows primarily represents the flow of funds to and from subsidiaries to provide cash on hand to fund acquisitions and significant new business. Net investment income relates to interest on loans to subsidiaries. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, interest paid was $17.6 million, $15.0 million, and $13.0 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, non-cash investing activities included $31.6 million and $111.6 million, respectively, for dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries and $148.1 million and $452.1 million, respectively, for contributions to subsidiaries. These transactions were to settle intercompany balances, resulting in a net reduction in balances due from subsidiaries and an increase in investments in subsidiaries. There were no non-cash investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015.
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, parental guarantees supporting subsidiaries' insurance obligations were $795.7 million and $625.7 million, respectively.
As at December 31, 2017 and 2016, retained earnings was $2,132.9 million and $1,847.6 million, respectively, an increase of $285.4 million. The increase in retained earnings was primarily attributable to net earnings of $311.5 million.
225
SCHEDULE III
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
As of December 31, | Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred Acquisition Costs | Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses | Unearned Premiums | Policy Benefits for Life and Annuity Contracts | Net Premiums Earned | Net Investment Income | Losses and Loss Expenses and Policy Benefits | Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs | Other Operating Expenses | Net Premiums Written | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-life run-off | $ | 655 | $ | 5,949,472 | $ | 14,275 | $ | — | $ | 14,162 | $ | 166,678 | $ | (190,674 | ) | $ | 328 | $ | 233,827 | $ | 6,482 | ||||||||||||||||||
Atrium | 18,385 | 240,873 | 64,877 | — | 134,747 | 4,218 | 69,419 | 47,688 | 29,586 | 134,214 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
StarStone | 45,944 | 1,207,743 | 504,045 | — | 459,403 | 27,706 | 314,806 | 48,012 | 135,558 | 464,901 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | — | 117,207 | 4,809 | 10,187 | 4,015 | 878 | 37,014 | 4,793 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 64,984 | $ | 7,398,088 | $ | 583,197 | $ | 117,207 | $ | 613,121 | $ | 208,789 | $ | 197,566 | $ | 96,906 | $ | 435,985 | $ | 610,390 | |||||||||||||||||||
2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-life run-off | $ | 1,081 | $ | 4,716,363 | $ | 15,107 | $ | — | $ | 16,755 | $ | 145,237 | $ | (285,881 | ) | $ | 4,198 | $ | 212,899 | $ | 9,202 | ||||||||||||||||||
Atrium | 16,964 | 212,122 | 61,862 | — | 124,416 | 2,940 | 58,387 | 44,670 | 25,132 | 140,437 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
StarStone | 40,069 | 1,059,382 | 471,374 | — | 676,608 | 22,221 | 401,593 | 138,822 | 124,239 | 648,036 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | — | 112,095 | 5,735 | 15,065 | (2,038 | ) | (1,121 | ) | 61,464 | 6,261 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 58,114 | $ | 5,987,867 | $ | 548,343 | $ | 112,095 | $ | 823,514 | $ | 185,463 | $ | 172,061 | $ | 186,569 | $ | 423,734 | $ | 803,936 | |||||||||||||||||||
2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-life run-off | $ | 1,788 | $ | 4,585,454 | $ | 27,792 | $ | — | $ | 44,369 | $ | 88,999 | $ | (270,830 | ) | $ | 8,860 | $ | 213,034 | $ | 22,594 | ||||||||||||||||||
Atrium | 16,326 | 201,017 | 59,808 | — | 134,675 | 2,225 | 47,479 | 45,509 | 31,610 | 134,580 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
StarStone | 71,009 | 933,678 | 455,171 | — | 573,146 | 15,937 | 327,684 | 109,347 | 128,544 | 628,427 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | — | — | — | 126,321 | 1,554 | 15,403 | (546 | ) | — | 15,971 | 1,553 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 89,123 | $ | 5,720,149 | $ | 542,771 | $ | 126,321 | $ | 753,744 | $ | 122,564 | $ | 103,787 | $ | 163,716 | $ | 389,159 | $ | 787,154 | |||||||||||||||||||
226
SCHEDULE IV
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
REINSURANCE
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
Gross | Ceded to Other Companies | Assumed from Other Companies | Net Amount | Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net | ||||||||||||||
2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
Life insurance in force | $ | 979,291 | $ | (100,189 | ) | $ | — | $ | 879,102 | — | % | |||||||
Premiums earned: | ||||||||||||||||||
Property and casualty | 899,226 | (433,075 | ) | 142,161 | 608,312 | 23.4 | % | |||||||||||
Life and annuities | 5,900 | (1,091 | ) | — | 4,809 | — | % | |||||||||||
Total premiums earned | $ | 905,126 | $ | (434,166 | ) | $ | 142,161 | $ | 613,121 | |||||||||
2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
Life insurance in force | $ | 2,317,567 | $ | (585,575 | ) | $ | — | $ | 1,731,992 | — | % | |||||||
Premiums earned: | ||||||||||||||||||
Property and casualty | 804,141 | (178,834 | ) | 192,472 | 817,779 | 23.5 | % | |||||||||||
Life and annuities | 7,220 | (1,485 | ) | — | 5,735 | — | % | |||||||||||
Total premiums earned | $ | 811,361 | $ | (180,319 | ) | $ | 192,472 | $ | 823,514 | |||||||||
2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
Life insurance in force | $ | 2,978,466 | $ | (777,759 | ) | $ | — | $ | 2,200,707 | — | % | |||||||
Premiums earned: | ||||||||||||||||||
Property and casualty | 854,856 | (283,489 | ) | 180,823 | 752,190 | 24.0 | % | |||||||||||
Life and annuities | 2,884 | (1,330 | ) | — | 1,554 | — | % | |||||||||||
Total premiums earned | $ | 857,740 | $ | (284,819 | ) | $ | 180,823 | $ | 753,744 | |||||||||
227
SCHEDULE V
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
Balance at Beginning of Year | Charged to costs and expenses | Charged to other accounts (1) | Deductions (2) | Balance at End of Year | ||||||||||
December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable: | ||||||||||||||
Provisions for bad debt | 174,516 | (1,536 | ) | (4,191 | ) | (3,576 | ) | 165,213 | ||||||
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | 290,861 | (16,694 | ) | — | (85,867 | ) | 188,300 | |||||||
December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable: | ||||||||||||||
Provisions for bad debt | 210,327 | (13,822 | ) | (19,255 | ) | (2,734 | ) | 174,516 | ||||||
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | 291,280 | 13,389 | — | (13,808 | ) | 290,861 | ||||||||
December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance balances recoverable: | ||||||||||||||
Provisions for bad debt | 289,909 | (25,271 | ) | (45,234 | ) | (9,077 | ) | 210,327 | ||||||
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets | 333,617 | (17,379 | ) | — | (24,958 | ) | 291,280 | |||||||
(1) | These amounts are credited to net incurred losses and there is an offsetting debit within the same line, resulting in no impact on earnings. |
(2) | Credited to the related asset account. |
228
SCHEDULE VI
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
As of December 31, | Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Affiliation with Registrant | Deferred Acquisition Costs | Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses | Unearned Premiums | Net Premiums Earned | Net Investment Income | Net Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred | Net Paid Losses and Loss Expenses | Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs | Net Premiums Written | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current Year | Prior Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Subsidiaries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2017 | $ | 64,984 | $ | 7,398,088 | $ | 583,197 | $ | 608,312 | $ | 198,602 | $ | 437,853 | $ | (244,302 | ) | $ | (945,194 | ) | $ | 96,028 | $ | 605,597 | ||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 58,114 | 5,987,867 | 548,343 | 817,779 | 170,398 | 493,016 | (318,917 | ) | (833,057 | ) | 187,690 | 797,675 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 89,123 | 5,720,149 | 542,771 | 752,190 | 107,161 | 476,364 | (372,031 | ) | (781,889 | ) | 163,716 | 785,601 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
229
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2017. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that we maintained effective disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and timely reported as specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Management does not expect that its internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, has inherent limitations, and accordingly no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. As a result, even those internal control systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that evaluation, we have concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
230
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Enstar Group Limited:
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Enstar Group Limited’s and subsidiaries (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017 and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to VI (collectively, the consolidated financial statements) and our report dated February 28, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Form 10-K under Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG Audit Limited
Hamilton, Bermuda
February 28, 2018
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
All information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the definitive proxy statement for our 2018 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
See Item 10 herein.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
See Item 10 herein.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
See Item 10 herein.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
See Item 10 herein.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) | Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules: see Item 8 in Part II of this report. |
(b) | Exhibits: see accompanying exhibit index that follows the signature page of this report. |
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Omitted at Company's option.
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Exhibit Index
Exhibit No. | Description | |
2.1s | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 23, 2006, as amended on November 21, 2006, by and among Castlewood Holdings Limited, CWMS Subsidiary Corp. and The Enstar Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the proxy statement/prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Form S-4 declared effective December 15, 2006). | |
2.2s | Recapitalization Agreement, dated as of May 23, 2006, among Castlewood Holdings Limited, The Enstar Group, Inc. and the other parties signatory thereto (incorporated by reference to Annex C to the proxy statement/prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Form S-4 declared effective December 15, 2006). | |
2.3s | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 27, 2012, among Enstar Group Limited, AML Acquisition, Corp. and SeaBright Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2012). | |
2.4s | Stock Purchase Agreement, dated September 6, 2012, among Household Insurance Group Holding Company, Pavonia Holdings (US), Inc. and Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2012). | |
2.5s | Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, by and among Arden Holdings Limited, Alopuc Limited and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). | |
Deed of Variation, dated October 3, 2013, to the Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, by and among Arden Holdings Limited, Alopuc Limited and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2013). | ||
Deed of Variation, dated November 21, 2013, to the Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, by and among Arden Holdings Limited, Alopuc Limited and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Atrium Underwriting Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.7 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 3, 2013). | ||
2.8s | Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 5, 2013, by and among Arden Holdings Limited, Northshore Holdings Limited and Kenmare Holdings Ltd. for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of Arden Reinsurance Company Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2013). | |
2.9s | Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Amalgamation, dated March 11, 2014, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Veranda Holdings Ltd., Hudson Security holders Representative LLC, and Torus Insurance Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form S-3ASR filed on April 29, 2014). | |
2.10s | Stock Purchase Agreement, dated August 26, 2014, by and among Enstar Group Limited, Sussex Holdings, Inc. and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of South Carolina (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 2, 2014). | |
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated February 17, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2017). | ||
Amendment No. 1 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated June 1, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017). | ||
Amendment No. 2 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 31, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017). | ||
2.14* | Amendment No. 3 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 31, 2017, by and between Southland National Holdings, Inc. and Laguna Life Holdings SARL. | |
Memorandum of Association of Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K/A filed on May 2, 2011). | ||
Fourth Amended and Restated Bye-Laws of Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2(b) of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2014). | ||
Certificate of Designations for the Series B Convertible Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on July 9, 2013). | ||
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Certificate of Designations of Series C Participating Non-Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock of Enstar Group Limited, dated as of June 13, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2016). | ||
Senior Indenture, dated as of March 10, 2017, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2017). | ||
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 10, 2017, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2017). | ||
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2007, by and among Castlewood Holdings Limited, Trident II, L.P., Marsh & McLennan Capital Professionals Fund, L.P., Marsh & McLennan Employees’ Securities Company, L.P., Dominic F. Silvester, J. Christopher Flowers, and other parties thereto set forth on the Schedule of Shareholders attached thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K12B filed on January 31, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). | ||
10.2+ | Form of Director Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form S-3 (No. 333-151461) initially filed on June 5, 2008) (file no. 333-151461). | |
10.3+ | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2017 and effective April 17, 2017, by and between the Company and Dominic F. Silvester (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2017). | |
10.4+ | Employment Agreement, dated as of March 28, 2017 and effective April 6, 2017, by and between the Company and Paul J. O'Shea (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2017). | |
10.5+ | Employment Agreement, dated May 11, 2015, effective August 15, 2015, by and between the Company and Mark Smith (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 7, 2015). | |
10.6+ | Transition Agreement, dated May 19, 2017, by and between the Company and Mark W. Smith (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2017). | |
10.7+ | Employment Agreement, dated May 19, 2017, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Orla M. Gregory (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2017). | |
10.8+ | Employment Agreement, dated December 28, 2017, by and between Enstar Group Limited and Guy T.A. Bowker (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 4, 2018). | |
10.9+ | Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the proxy statement/prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Form S-4 declared effective December 15, 2006) (file no. 333-135699). | |
First Amendment to Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). | ||
Form of Award Agreement under the Castlewood Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). | ||
Form of Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement pursuant to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2014). | ||
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement pursuant to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2014). | ||
Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2016). | ||
Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2016). | ||
Form of Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2016). | ||
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2016). | ||
Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2016). | ||
Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (2018) under the Enstar Group Limited 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2017). | ||
Enstar Group Limited Amended and Restated Employee Share Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2016). | ||
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Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective as of June 5, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 11, 2007) (file no. 001-33289). | ||
Amended and Restated Enstar Group Limited Deferred Compensation and Ordinary Share Plan for Non-Employee Directors, effective as of January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2015). | ||
Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2015). | ||
Enstar Group Limited 2016-2018 Annual Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2016). | ||
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011). | ||
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2011, by and among Enstar Group Limited, GSCP VI AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Offshore Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Parallel AIV Navi, Ltd., GSCP VI Employee Navi, Ltd., and GSCP VI GmbH Navi, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2011). | ||
Amended and Restated Bayshore Shareholders’ Agreement, dated May 8, 2014, among Bayshore Holdings Limited, Kenmare Holdings Ltd., Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P., Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P., and Dowling Capital Partners I, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 11, 2014). | ||
Registration Rights Agreement, dated April 1, 2014, among Enstar Group Limited, FR XI Offshore AIV, L.P., First Reserve Fund XII, L.P., FR XII A Parallel Vehicle L.P., FR Torus Co-Investment, L.P. and Corsair Specialty Investors, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2014). | ||
Form of Waiver Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Company's Form S-3 filed on October 10, 2017). | ||
Shareholder Rights Agreement, dated June 3, 2015, between Enstar Group Limited and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2015. | ||
Voting and Shareholders’ Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2015, among North Bay Holdings Limited, Kenmare Holdings Ltd., Trident V, L.P., Trident V Parallel Fund, L.P., Trident V Professionals Fund, L.P., Dowling Capital Partners I, L.P., Atrium Nominees Limited, Bayshore Holdings Limited, Northshore Holdings Limited and Enstar Group Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2015). | ||
Second Amended and Restated Northshore Shareholders’ Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2015, among Northshore Holdings Limited, North Bay Holdings Limited and Atrium Nominees Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2015). | ||
Restatement Agreement for Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, among Enstar Group Limited and certain of its subsidiaries, National Australia Bank Limited, Barclays Bank PLC, Lloyds Bank plc, SunTrust Bank and SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2016). | ||
Subscription Agreement, dated as of December 14, 2016, by and between Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited and KaylaRe Holdings Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2017). | ||
12.1* | Computation of Ratios of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Dividends. | |
21.1* | List of Subsidiaries. | |
23.1* | Consent of KPMG Audit Limited. | |
31.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
31.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
32.1** | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
32.2** | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
101* | Interactive Data Files. | |
* filed herewith
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** furnished herewith
+ denotes management contract or compensatory arrangement
s certain of the schedules and similar attachments are not filed but Enstar Group Limited undertakes to furnish
a copy of the schedules or similar attachments to the SEC upon request
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 28, 2018.
ENSTAR GROUP LIMITED | |
By: | /S/ DOMINIC F. SILVESTER |
Dominic F. Silvester Chief Executive Officer | |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 28, 2018.
Signature | Title | |
/s/ ROBERT J. CAMPBELL Robert J. Campbell | Chairman and Director | |
/s/ DOMINIC F. SILVESTER Dominic F. Silvester | Chief Executive Officer and Director | |
/s/ GUY BOWKER Guy Bowker | Chief Financial Officer (signing in his capacity as principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) | |
/s/ PAUL J. O’SHEA Paul J. O’Shea | President and Director | |
/s/ B. Frederick BECKER B. Frederick Becker | Director | |
/s/ SANDRA L. BOSS Sandra L. Boss | Director | |
/s/ JAMES D. CAREY James D. Carey | Director | |
/s/ HANS-PETER GERHARDT Hans-Peter Gerhardt | Director | |
/s/ JIE LIU Jie Liu | Director | |
/s/ HITESH PATEL Hitesh Patel | Director | |
/s/ POUL A. WINSLOW Poul A. Winslow | Director | |
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