ExOne Co - Annual Report: 2012 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012

Or

For the transition period from                     to                    

Commission file number 001-35806

The ExOne Company

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

127 Industry Boulevard North Huntingdon, Pittsburgh, PA 15642 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(724) 863-9663 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Act.    Yes   ¨    No   x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes   ¨    No   ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).    Yes  ¨    No   x

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates for the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter is not applicable.

As of March 15, 2013, 13,281,608 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 were outstanding.

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Our principal executive offices are located at 127 Industry Boulevard, North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 15642 and our telephone number is (724) 863-9663. Our website address is http://www.exone.com. The information on our website is not part of this Form 10-K.

Available Information

Our website address is http://www.exone.com. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K unless expressly noted. We file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which we make available on our website free of charge at http://www.exone.com/financials.cfm. These reports include quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, each of which is provided on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with or furnish them to the SEC. We also make, or will make, available through our website other reports filed with or furnished to the SEC under the Exchange Act, including our Proxy Statements and reports filed by officers and directors under Section 16(a) of that Act. You can also read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549. You can obtain additional information about the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition; the SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including us.

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GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

“3D” means three dimensional.

“AM” means additive manufacturing.

“Amended MIT License Agreement” means the amendment to the Amended and Restated Exclusive Patent License Agreement by and between MIT and ExOne, dated January 22, 2013.

“Company” means The ExOne Company.

“EXMAL” means ExOne Materials Application Laboratory.

“EXONE AMERICAS” means ExOne Americas LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company is the sole member of ExOne Americas, formally known as ProMetal.

“EXTEC” means ExOne Training and Education Center.

“IPO” means initial public offering.

“LONE STAR” means Lone Star Metal Fabrication, LLC.

“MAJORITY MEMBER” means affiliates of S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, who is the indirect, sole shareholder of RHI and RFP. Each of RHI and RFP have provided funding to us.

“MIT” means Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

“Plan” means the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, adopted by the Board of Directors on January 24, 2013.

“ProMetal” means ProMetal RCT, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company is the sole member of ProMetal. ProMetal’s name was changed to ExOne Americas LLC on March 28, 2013.

“PSCs” means Production Service Centers.

“REORGANIZATION” means on January 1, 2013, The Ex One Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, merged with and into a Delaware corporation, which survived and changed its name to The ExOne Company.

“RFP” mean Rockwell Forest Products, Inc.

“RHI” means Rockwell Holdings, Inc.

“SELLING STOCKHOLDER” means RHI.

“TMF” means Troy Metal Fabricating, LLC.

“TRUST” means the S. Kent Rockwell 1997 Irrevocable Trust.

“VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES” means Lone Star and TMF.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Reorganization and IPO. On January 1, 2013, The Ex One Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, merged with and into a Delaware corporation, which survived and changed its name to The ExOne Company. As a result of the Reorganization, The Ex One Company, LLC became the Company, a Delaware corporation, the common and preferred interest holders of The Ex One Company, LLC became holders of common stock and preferred stock, respectively, of the Company and the subsidiaries of The Ex One Company, LLC became the subsidiaries of the Company. The preferred stock of the Company was converted into common stock on a 9.5 to 1 basis (1,998,275 shares of common stock) immediately prior to the IPO.

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On February 6, 2013, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-185933) was declared effective for the Company’s IPO, pursuant to which the Company registered the offering and sale of 6,095,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share for an aggregate offering price of $109.7 million and the offering has closed. The managing underwriter was FBR Capital Markets & Co. and the co-managers were BB&T Capital Markets and Stephens Inc.

As a result of the IPO, the Company received net proceeds on February 12, 2013 of approximately $92.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.

Except as disclosed in the accompanying Form 10-K, the consolidated financial statements and selected historical consolidated financial data and other financial information included in this Form 10-K are those of The Ex One Company, LLC and its subsidiaries and our Variable Interest Entities, TMF and Lone Star, and do not give effect to the Reorganization. As used in this Form 10-K, unless the context otherwise requires or indicates, the terms “ExOne,” “our company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” and “us” refer to The ExOne Company and its subsidiaries. Except as disclosed in the accompanying Form 10-K, the consolidated financial statements and selected historical consolidated financial data and other financial information included in this Form 10-K, references to the majority member refer to affiliates of S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, who is the indirect, sole shareholder of RHI and RFP. Each of RHI and RFP have provided funding to us. See “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

IMPLICATIONS OF BEING AN EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY.

As a company with less than $1.0 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting requirements and is relieved of certain other significant requirements that are otherwise generally applicable to public companies. As an emerging growth company:

We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1.0 billion in annual revenues, have more than $700 million in market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens.

TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS, AND TRADE NAMES

This Form 10-K includes our trademarks, service marks, and trade names, such as “EXONE,” our logo, and “ExOne,” which are protected under applicable intellectual property laws and are the property of The ExOne Company and our subsidiaries. This Form 10-K also contains trademarks, service marks, and trade names of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, marks and trade names referred to in this Form 10-K may appear without the ^® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to

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indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these marks and trade names. Third-party marks and trade names used herein are for informational purposes only and in no way constitute or are intended to be a commercial use of such names and marks. The use of such third-party names and marks in no way constitutes or should be construed to be an approval, endorsement or sponsorship of us, or our products or services, by the owners of such third-party names and marks.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions and are identified by words such as “expects,” “estimates,” “projects,” “typically” “anticipates” “believes,” “appears,” “could,” “plan,” and other similar words. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning future revenue and earnings, involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results of the Company to differ materially from the results expressed or implied by such statements, which include our ability to qualify more materials in which we can print; the availability of skilled personnel; our strategy, including the expansion and growth of our operations; the impact of loss of key management; our plans regarding increased international operations in additional international locations; the adequacy of sources of liquidity; expectations regarding demand for our industrial products, operating revenues, operating and maintenance expenses, insurance expenses and deductibles, interest expenses, debt levels, and other matters with regard to outlook; demand for aerospace, automotive, energy and other industrial products; the impact of disruption of our manufacturing facilities or PSOs; liabilities under laws and regulations protecting the environment; the impact of governmental laws and regulations; operating hazards, war, terrorism and cancellation or unavailability of insurance coverage; the effect of litigation and contingencies; and the adequacy of our protection of our intellectual proper, and other factors disclosed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in this annual Report on Form 10-K. Because they are forward-looking, these statements should be evaluated in light of important risk factors and uncertainties.

Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those currently anticipated. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation to update or publicly announce any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

The Company

We are a global provider of 3D printing machines and printed products to industrial customers. Our business primarily consists of manufacturing and selling 3D printing machines and printing products to specifications for our customers using our in-house 3D printing machines. We offer pre-production collaboration and print products for customers through our PSCs, which are located in the United States, Germany and Japan. We build 3D printing machines at our facilities in the United States and Germany. We also supply the associated products, including consumables and replacement parts, and services, including training and technical support, necessary for purchasers of our machines to print products. We believe that our ability to print in a variety of industrial materials, as well as our industry-leading printing capacity (as measured by build box size and printhead speed), uniquely position us to serve the needs of industrial customers.

Our 3D printing machines use our technology, powdered materials, chemical binding agents and integrated software to print 3D products directly from computer models by repeatedly depositing very thin layers of powdered materials and selectively placing chemical binding agents to form the finished product. One of our key industry advantages is that our machines are able to print products in materials which are desired by industrial customers. Currently, our 3D printing machines are able to manufacture casting molds and cores from specialty silica sand, and ceramics, which are the traditional materials for these casting products. We are capable of printing in silica sand, ceramics, stainless steel, bronze, and glass, and we are in varying stages of qualifying additional industrial materials for printing, such as titanium, tungsten carbide, aluminum, and magnesium.

We believe that we are a leader in providing 3D printing machines, 3D printed products and related services to industrial customers in the aerospace, automotive, heavy equipment, energy/oil/gas and other industries.

Our business began as the advanced manufacturing business of Extrude Hone Corp., which manufactured its first 3D printing machine in 2003 using licensed technology developed by researchers at MIT. In 2005, our business assets were transferred into The Ex One Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, when Extrude Hone Corp. was purchased by another company. In 2007, we were acquired by S. Kent Rockwell through his wholly-owned company RFP. On January 1, 2013, The Ex One Company, LLC was merged with and into a newly created Delaware corporation, which changed its name to The ExOne Company. The initial public offering of our common stock became effective on February 6, 2013. See the Explanatory Note contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the history of the Company.

On March 27, 2013, our wholly-owned subsidiary, ExOne Americas, acquired certain assets, including property and equipment (principally land, buildings and machinery and equipment) held by our two Variable Interest Entities, TMF and Lone Star, and assumed all outstanding debt of such Variable Interest Entities, including certain related interest rate swap agreements. Lone Star is owned by RFP and TMF is owned by the S. Kent Rockwell Revocable Trust. S. Kent Rockwell, our chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is the trustee and beneficiary of the S. Kent Rockwell Revocable Trust, which is the 100% owner of Rockwell Venture Capital, Inc. which is the 100% owner of RFP. See “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions, and Director Independence.”

Payment of approximately $1.9 million was made to TMF and approximately $0.2 million was made to Lone Star, including a return of capital to these entities, which are controlled by Mr. Rockwell, of approximately $1.4 million. There was no gain or loss or goodwill generated as a result of this transaction. Simultaneous with the completion of this transaction, we also repaid all of the outstanding debt and settled the related interest rate swap agreements assumed from the Variable Interest Entities, resulting in a payment of approximately $4.7 million.

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The Additive Manufacturing Industry and 3D Printing

3D printing is the most common type of an emerging manufacturing technology broadly referred to as additive manufacturing (“AM”). In general, AM is a term used to describe a manufacturing process that produces 3D objects directly from digital or computer models through the repeated deposit of very thin layers of material. 3D printing is the process of joining materials from a digital 3D model, usually layer by layer, to make objects using a printhead, nozzle or other printing technology. The terms “AM” and “3D printing” are increasingly being used interchangeably as the media and marketplace have popularized the term 3D printing rather than AM, the industry term.

AM represents a transformational shift from traditional forms of manufacturing (e.g., machining or tooling) sometimes referred to as subtractive manufacturing. We believe that AM and 3D printing are poised to displace traditional manufacturing methodologies in a growing range of industrial applications. Our 3D printing process differs from other forms of 3D printing processes in that we use a chemical binding agent and focus on industrial products and materials.

ExOne and 3D Printing

We provide 3D printing primarily to industrial customers and end-market users. We believe that we are an early entrant into the AM industrial products market and are one of the few providers of 3D printing solutions to industrial customers, including in the aerospace, automotive, heavy equipment and power fluid handling industries.

Our 3D printing technology was developed over 15 years ago by researchers at MIT. Our machines build or print products from Computer-aided designs (“CAD”) by depositing successive very thin layers of particles of materials such as silica sand or metal powder in a “build box.” A moveable printhead passes over each layer and deposits a chemical binding agent in the selected areas where the finished product will be materialized. Each layer can be unique.

Depending on the industrial material used in printing, printed products may need post-production processing. We generally use silica sand or foundry sand for casting, which requires no additional processing. Parts printed in other materials, such as glass or metals, need varying amounts of heat treating or other post-processing.

Our Machines. Our 3D printing machines consist of a build box that includes a machine platform and a computer processor controlling the printheads for applying layers of industrial materials and binding agents. We currently build our machines in both Germany and the United States. See “Item 1. Business — Our Machines and Machine Platforms.” Our machines are used to produce molds for castings, products for end users and

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prototypes. In some situations, we can make prototypes in metal rather than resin polymer, or make a part from a mold for the casting of a newly designed part which we then cast at a qualified foundry. As a result, the prototype can be made from the same material as the final production part, which allows more accurate testing of the prototype. We provide a broad spectrum of qualified materials for direct part production and are continuing to qualify additional materials for use in our printing process. See “Item 1. Business — Competitive Strengths — Industrial Materials.”

Our machines are mostly used to manufacture industrial products which are ordered in relatively low volumes, are highly complex, and have a high value to the customer. For example, the manufacture of an aircraft requires several complex parts, such as transmission housings (also known as gear-casings), which are needed in relatively low volume and which have a high performance value in the aircraft. The bulk of our machines are used to make complex sand molds, which are used to cast these kinds of parts for several industries, although in some cases we make the end part directly. We intend to expand the direct part production segment of our business as we grow. In addition, as our technologies advance, and our unit cost of production decreases, we believe we can increase the type and number of products that our 3D printing machines can manufacture in a cost-effective manner, expanding our addressable market.

Post Processing. After a part is 3D printed, the bound and unbound powder in the build box requires curing of the chemical binding agent. In the case of molds and cores, curing occurs at room temperature and the printed part is complete after the binder is cured. In the case of other materials, such as stainless steel, bronze, and metallic powders, the part needs to be sintered, or sintered and infiltrated. With sintering, the part is placed into a vacuum furnace in an inert atmosphere to sinter the bonded particles and form a strong bonded porous structure. The porous structure can be further infiltrated with an infiltrant to fill the voids. After the sintering and infiltration, the part can be polished and finished with a variety of standard industrial methods and coatings.

Customers and Sales

Educating Our Customers.

Educating our customers and raising awareness in our target markets about the many uses and benefits of our 3D printing technology is an important part of our sales process. We believe that customers who experience the efficiency gains, decreased lead-time, increased design flexibility, and decreased cost potential of 3D printing, as compared to subtractive manufacturing, are more likely to purchase our machines and be repeat customers of our products. We educate our customers on the design freedom, speed, and other benefits of 3D printing by providing printing and design services and support through our growing number of PSCs. We also seek to expose key potential users to our products through our PSCs, installed machines at customers’ locations, university programs, and sales and marketing efforts. See “Item 1. Business — Our Business Strategy.”

Production Service Centers.

We have established a network of five PSCs in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania; Troy, Michigan; Houston, Texas; Augsburg, Germany; and Kanagawa, Japan. Through our PSCs we provide sales and marketing and delivery of support and printing services to our customers. At our PSCs, our customers see our printing machines in operation and can evaluate their production capabilities before ordering a machine or a printed product. The PSCs are scalable and have a well-defined footprint that can be easily replicated to serve additional regional markets. As described below, placing our PSCs in strategic locations around the world is an important part of our business strategy. See “Item 1. Business — Our Business Strategy.”

For all customers, we offer the following support and services through our PSCs:

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Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that our competitive strengths include:

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Our Business Strategy

The principal elements of our growth strategy include:

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Our Machines and Machine Platforms

We produce a variety of machines in order to enable designers and engineers to rapidly, efficiently, and cost-effectively design and produce industrial prototypes and production parts. The models of our machines differ based on the materials in which they print, build box size, and production speeds, but all utilize our advanced technology and designs. The variation in the models of machines that we produce allows for flexibility of use based on the needs of our customers.

We have created machine platforms in four size ranges in order to cater to the job sizes at the machine prices that the market demands. Our two largest platforms, the “Max” size platform and the “Print” size platform, are differentiated from those of our competitors in their ability to print on an industrial size and scale.

We further differentiate our model name by a prefix of either “M” or “S” before the platform name. The S prefix indicates that the machine is largely used for printing molds and cores for castings. The M prefix indicates that the machine is largely used for the direct printing of objects. The largest platform, the Max size, is generally used for castings, and therefore the current model in this platform is the S Max. The Print size platform is broadly applicable in a variety of industrial uses, and therefore, we have introduced the platform with both M Print and S Print machines. We anticipate offering the new Flex platform in an M Flex machine. The Lab size platform is primarily sold and used as the M Lab machine.

Our machines come in a variety of sizes and are named for the size of print job they are able to produce. In descending order by capacity are our Max, Print, Flex, and Lab machines.

S Max. The S Max machine, the largest of our machines, has a build box size of 1.8 meters x 1 meter x .7 meters and sells for approximately $1.4 million (based upon average model options and exchange rates). The total time to produce an entire build box on the S Max is approximately 24 hours. We introduced the S Max machine in 2010 to provide improved size and speed over the predecessor model, the S 15. Our PSCs each generally have at least one S Max or S 15 machine installed on-site, which provides our customers with the ability to print casting molds and cores on an industrial scale.

S Print/M Print. Our Print machine platform has been completely redesigned and is our current mid-sized machine platform. The S Print machine provides the same cutting edge technology available in the S Max platform, with an average price point of $800,000 (based upon average model options and exchange

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rates). The S Print machine is used by customers interested in printing objects made from silica sand and ceramics, with a particular focus on industrial applications for smaller casting cores that are often required for the aerospace industry, especially in hydraulic applications. The build box size permits the use of exotic and expensive print materials, such as ceramics, that are required for high heat/high strength applications. The S Print machine build box is approximately 125 liters. This same basic platform is used in the M Print, which is used by customers interested in direct printing of objects made from metals and glass. The average price point of the M Print is $900,000 (based upon average model options and exchange rates). We expect to start installing S Print machines in each PSC to complement the S Max machines currently in use in the first half of 2013.

M Flex. We are actively marketing our Flex machines and are quoting deliveries for the third quarter of 2013. We expect the M Flex to satisfy the demand for a large range of industrial customers that are interested in directly printing metals, ceramic and glass products. The average price point of $350,000 (based upon average model options and exchange rates) is designed to satisfy demand from industrial production houses. We have developed a collaborative process for assisting the users in production implementation through the EXTEC and EXMAL organizational efforts.

M Lab. The M Lab is the smallest of our build platforms. At an average price point of $100,000 (based upon average model options and exchange rates), it is primarily used as a development platform, as well as a teaching tool in an engineering environment. There are over 20 M Lab machines installed at universities and research institutions in the United States and Europe.

Laser Micromachining

We also manufacture the ExMicro Orion™ (“Orion™”) machine, which is used for both conventional and exotic materials. Micromachining is an integrated process that combines the use of a short pulse laser with a patented trepanning (which is a type of laser drilling) head to capture and manipulate a laser beam. By controlling and manipulating the beam, the Orion™ machine, which we build in the United States, can remove microns of material from precise locations with thousands of pulses per second.

The beam manipulation capability allows us to shape design features like tapers, making the Orion™ machine an effective tool for production of automotive and aerospace components. The Orion™ machine sells for approximately $1.0 million, and we shipped the first of these machines to a production customer in the fourth quarter of 2012.

Marketing and Sales

We market our products under the ExOne brand name in our three major geographic regions — the Americas, Europe and Asia. Our sales are made primarily by ten full-time equivalent, in-house sales people. Our sales force is augmented, in certain territories, by representatives with specific industry or territorial expertise. Even where we are supported by a representative, all of our product and service offerings provided by our PSCs are sold directly to customers by us.

We believe that our direct selling relationship helps to create one of the building blocks for our business —the creation of true collaboration between us and industrial customers who are interested in 3D printing. Increasingly, industrial producers are considering shifting from subtractive manufacturing techniques to 3D printing. Our marketing efforts include educating potential customers about 3D printing technology through collaboration starting with pre-production services and continuing with production and technical support at our PSCs. Currently, our sales people are based in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania; Troy, Michigan; Houston, Texas; Augsburg, Germany; and Kanagawa, Japan (near Tokyo).

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Our Customers

Our customers are located primarily in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. We are a party to non-disclosure agreements with many of our customers, and therefore, are often prohibited from disclosing many of our customers’ identities. Our customers include several Fortune 500 companies that are leaders in their respective markets. The primary markets that we currently serve are:

Sales of 3D printing machines are low volume but generate significant revenue. Timing of customer purchases is dependent upon the customer’s capital budgeting cycle, which may vary from period to period. Sales of 3D printed parts and consumables tend to be from repeat customers that may utilize the capability of our PSCs for three months or longer. Although revenue from 3D printing machines is greater than 40% of our total revenue, the nature of the revenue described above does not leave us dependent upon a single or a limited number of customers. Rather, the timing of the sales can have a material effect on period to period financial results. We had three customers in 2010 (Intek, I Metal, and BMW) and one customer in 2011 (Ryoyu Systems) that represented ten percent or more of our revenue. For 2012, no customer represented ten percent or more of our revenue.

Services and Warranty

We have fully trained service technicians to perform machine installations in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. We provide an industry standard one-year warranty on installed machines. Customers can purchase additional service contracts for maintenance and service. Finally, we sell spare parts which we maintain in stock in worldwide, to assist in providing service expeditiously to our customers.

The Company’s terms of sale generally require payment within 30 to 60 days after shipment of a product, although the Company also recognizes longer payment periods are customary in some countries where it transacts business.

Suppliers

Our largest suppliers in 2012, based upon dollar volume of purchases, were Bauer GmbH & Co KG, Bosch Rexroth AG and Batz, Burgel GmbH & Co KG, Fuji Film Dimatix, T&S Materials, RPMC Lasers and Intek Systems.

We buy our industrial materials from several suppliers and, except as set forth below, the loss of any one of which would not materially adversely affect our business. We currently have a single supplier of printheads for our 3D printing machines. While we believe that our printheads supplier is replaceable, in the event of the loss of that supplier, we could experience delays and interruptions that might adversely affect the financial performance of our business. Additionally, we obtain certain preproduction services through design and data capture providers, and certain post-production services though vendors with whom we have existing and good relationships. The loss of any one of these providers or vendors would not materially adversely affect our business.

Research and Development

We spent approximately $1.9 million, $1.5 million and $1.2 million on research and development during 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. We expect to continue to invest significantly in research and development in the future.

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A significant portion of our research and development expenditures have been focused upon the:

Intellectual Property

Patents and MIT Licenses. Our technology is covered by a variety of patents or licenses for use of patents. We are the worldwide licensee of certain patents of MIT for certain AM printing processes (the “MIT Patents”), with exclusive rights to practice the patents in certain fields including the application of the printing processes to metals (with sublicensing rights), and non-exclusive rights to practice the patents in certain fields including the application of the printing processes to certain non-metals (without sublicensing rights). Additionally, we hold patents solely or as majority owner as a result of our own technological developments and from the acquisition of Prometal RCT GmbH (subsequently renamed ExOne GmbH). Our patents are issued in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions, including Japan and Germany. As a result of our commitment to research and development, we also hold process patents and have applied for other patents for equipment, processes, materials and 3D printing applications. The expiration dates of our patents range from 2013 to 2029. We believe that the expiration of patents in the near term will not impact our business.

Certain of the MIT Patents under which we are licensed will expire over the next 24 months. We believe that the expiration of these licenses will not impact our business, however the expiration may allow our competitors that were previously prevented from doing so to utilize binder jetting 3D printing. However, we have developed know-how and trade secrets relative to our 3D printing technology and believe that our early entrance into the industrial market provides us with a timing and experience advantage. Through our investment in our technology, we have been able to qualify industrial materials for use in our 3D printing machines, and we intend to continue such efforts. In addition, we have taken steps to protect much of our technology as a trade secret. Given the significant steps that we have taken to establish our experience in AM for industrial applications, as well as our ongoing commitment to research and development, we intend to maintain our preeminent position in the AM industry market.

We entered into an Amended and Restated Exclusive Patent License Agreement with MIT in June 2011. The terms of the agreement require that we remit both license fees and royalties to MIT based upon worldwide revenue of licensed products, processes and consumables. The term of the agreement commenced on January 1, 2011, and remains in force until the expiration or abandonment of all issued patent rights.

Effective January 22, 2013, we entered into the Amended MIT License Agreement with MIT related to the MIT Patents. The Amended MIT License Agreement provides, among other things, that we will pay MIT an annual fee of $100,000 for each of the years 2011 through 2016, in satisfaction of a license maintenance fee for such periods. In addition, in 2013, we made a one-time payment to MIT of $200,000 in satisfaction of all remaining royalty payments for licensed products, processes or consumables sold either before or after such amendment. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Trademarks. We have registered ExOne as a trademark in the United States. We have filed trademark applications for “EX ONE,” a stylized “X1” and the phrase “Digital Part Materialization” in the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, China, Korea and Brazil.

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Trade Secrets. The development of our products, processes and materials has involved a considerable amount of experience, manufacturing and processing know-how and research and development techniques that are not easily duplicated. We protect this knowledge as a trade secret through the confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements which all employees, customers and consultants are required to sign at the time they are employed or engaged by us. Additional information related to the risks associated with our intellectual property rights are described within “Item 1A Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Competition

Other companies are active in the market for 3D printing products and services. These companies use a variety of AM technologies, including:

Some of the companies that have developed and employ one or more AM technologies include: 3D Systems Corporation (including the recently acquired Z Corporation), Stratasys Inc. (including the recently acquired Solidscape, Inc. and Objet Ltd.), EOS Optronics GmbH, EnvisionTEC GmbH, and Solid Model Ltd.

Some of these processes and companies compete with some of the products and services that we provide. Despite the challenging competitive landscape, we believe that we are the only AM printing solutions provider that focuses primarily on industrial applications on a production scale. Our competitive advantages, including the size of our build platforms, the speed of our printing heads, the variety of materials used by industrial manufacturers in which we can print, the industry qualification of many of the materials we print in, our robust market capabilities, and our suite of machine system families offering scale and flexibility, also serve to differentiate us from the other competitors in the AM market.

We also compete with established subtractive manufacturers in the industrial products market. These companies often provide large-scale, highly capitalized facilities that are designed or built to fill specific production purposes, usually mass production. However, we believe that we are well positioned to expand our share of the industrial products market from these manufacturers as AM gains recognition. As our technologies improve and our unit cost of production decreases, we expect to be able to compete with subtractive manufacturing on a wide range of products, thereby expanding our addressable market.

Seasonality

Purchases of our 3D printing machines often follow a seasonal pattern owing to the capital budgeting cycles of our customers. Generally, machine sales are higher in our third and fourth quarters than in our first and second quarters.

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Backlog

At December 31, 2012, our backlog (including confirmed purchase orders, deferred revenue and customer prepayments) was $5.1 million. We expect to fulfill our December 31, 2012 backlog for machines and PSCs during the next twelve months. This is compared to a backlog of $7.7 million at December 31, 2011.

Environmental Matters

Compliance with federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment has not had a material impact on capital expenditures, earnings or the competitive position of us and our subsidiaries. We are not the subject of any legal or administrative proceeding relating to the environmental laws of the United States or any country in which we have an office. We have not received any notices of any violations of any such environmental laws.

Employees

As of December 31, 2012, we employed a total of 163 (131 full time) employees at our five locations. None of these employees is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and we believe our relations with them are good.

Geographic Information

Our revenues by geographic region (based upon the country where the sale originated) for the year ended December 31, 2012 were Americas 27.2%, Europe 48.7% and Asia 24.1% as compared to Americas 30.0%, Europe 37.1% and Asia 32.9% for the same period in 2011. Revenues by geographic region for the year ended December 31, 2010 were Americas 29.3%, Europe 51.4% and Asia 19.3%. See Note 17 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

RISK FACTORS

In addition to other information contained in this annual report, the following risks should be considered in evaluating our business and future prospects and an investment in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. If any of the following risks and uncertainties develops into actual events, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In that case, the price of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We may not be able to significantly increase the number of materials in which we can print products fast enough to meet our business plan.

Our business plan is heavily dependent upon our ability to steadily increase the number of qualified materials in which our machines can print products, because this will increase our addressable market, both as to customers and products for customers. However, qualifying new materials is a complicated engineering task, and there is no way to predict whether, or when, any given material will be qualified. If we cannot hire sufficient skilled people to work on qualifying new materials for printing, or if we lack the resources necessary to create a steady flow of new materials, we will not be able to meet our business plan goals and a competitor may emerge that is better at qualifying new materials, either of which would have an adverse effect on our business results.

Our future success in qualifying new materials for printing may attract more competitors into our markets, some which may be much larger than we are.

If we succeed in qualifying a growing number of materials for use in our 3D printing machines, that will increase our addressable market. However, as we create a larger addressable market, our market may become more attractive to other 3D printing companies or large companies that are not 3D printing companies, but which may see an economic opportunity in the markets we have created. Because we are a supplier of 3D printed products to industrial companies, an increase in the number of competitors for our addressable market is likely to adversely affect our business and financial results.

We may not be able to adequately increase demand for our products.

Our business plan is built around a steady increase in the demand for our products. However, only a relatively small number of our potential customers know of the existence of AM and are familiar with its capabilities, and even fewer understand the potential benefits of using AM to manufacture products. If we do not develop effective strategies to raise awareness among potential customers of the benefits of AM, we may be unable to achieve our planned rate of growth, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may not be able to hire the number of skilled employees that we need to achieve our business plan.

For our business to grow in accordance with our business plan, we will need to hire and retain additional employees with the technical competence and engineering skills to operate our machines, improve our technology and processes and expand our technological capability to print using an increasing variety of materials. People with these skills are in short supply and may not be available in sufficient numbers to allow us to meet the goals of our business plan. If we cannot obtain the services of sufficient technically skilled employees, we may not be able to achieve our planned rate of growth, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

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Our revenues and operating results may fluctuate.

Our revenues and operating results may fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year and are likely to continue to vary due to a number of factors, many of which are not within our control. A significant portion of our machine orders are typically received during the third or fourth quarter of the fiscal year as a result of the timing of capital expenditures of our customers. Our machines typically are shipped within the quarter or the next quarter after orders are received. Thus, revenues and operating results for any future period are not predictable with any significant degree of certainty. We also typically experience weaker demand for our machines in the first and second quarters. For these reasons, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

Fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition may occur due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, those listed below and those identified throughout this “Risk Factors” section:

Due to the foregoing factors, you should not rely on quarter-to-quarter or year-to-year comparisons of our operating results as an indicator of future performance.

We may not be able to generate operating profits.

Since our inception, we have not generated operating profits. In the event that we are unable to execute on our business plan, we may be unable to generate profits in the future.

We may not be able to introduce new machines and related industrial materials acceptable to the market or to improve the technology and industrial materials used in our current machines.

Our revenues are derived from the sale of machines for, and products manufactured using, AM. Our market is subject to innovation and technological change. A variety of technologies have the capacity to compete against one another in our market, which is, in part, driven by technological advances and end-user requirements and

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preferences, as well as the emergence of new standards and practices. Our ability to compete in the industrial AM market depends, in large part, on our success in enhancing and developing new machines, in enhancing our current machines, in enhancing and adding to our technology, and in developing and qualifying new industrial materials in which we can print. We believe that to remain competitive we must continuously enhance and expand the functionality and features of our products and technologies. However, we may not be able to:

If the market does not develop as we expect, our revenues may stagnate or decline.

The marketplace for industrial manufacturing is dominated by conventional manufacturing methods that do not involve AM technology. If AM technology does not gain market acceptance as an alternative for industrial manufacturing, or if the marketplace adopts AM based on a technology other than our technology, we may not be able to increase or sustain the level of sales of our products and machines and our results of operations would be adversely affected as a result.

Loss of key management or sales or customer service personnel could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our future success depends to a significant extent on the skills, experience and efforts of our management and other key personnel. We must continue to develop and retain a core group of management individuals if we are to realize our goal of continued expansion and growth. While we have not previously experienced significant problems attracting and retaining members of our management team and other key personnel, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to retain these individuals, and the loss of any or all of these individuals could materially and adversely affect our business. We do not carry key-man insurance on any member of management.

Our international operations pose currency risks, which may adversely affect our operating results.

Our operating results may be affected by volatility in currency exchange rates and our ability to effectively manage our currency transaction and translation risks. In general, we conduct our business, earn revenue and incur costs in the local currency of the countries in which we operate. As a result, our international operations present risks from currency exchange rate fluctuations. The financial condition and results of operations of each of our foreign operating subsidiaries are reported in the relevant local currency and then translated to U.S. dollars at the applicable currency exchange rate for inclusion in our combined consolidated financial statements. We do not manage our foreign currency exposure in a manner that would eliminate the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. Therefore, changes in exchange rates between these foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar will affect the recorded levels of our foreign assets and liabilities, as well as our revenues, cost of goods sold, and operating margins, and could result in exchange losses in any given reporting period.

In the future, we may not benefit from favorable exchange rate translation effects, and unfavorable exchange rate translation effects may harm our operating results. In addition to currency translation risks, we incur

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currency transaction risks whenever we enter into either a purchase or a sale transaction using a different currency from the currency in which we receive revenues. In such cases we may suffer an exchange loss because we do not currently engage in currency swaps or other currency hedging strategies to address this risk.

Given the volatility of exchange rates, we can give no assurance that we will be able to effectively manage our currency transaction and/or translation risks or that any volatility in currency exchange rates will not have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

One of our principal stockholders will be able to exert substantial influence.

S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owns approximately 37.1% of our outstanding shares of common stock and may have effective control over the election of our Board of Directors and the direction of our affairs. As a result, he could exert considerable influence over the outcome of any corporate matter submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any transaction that might cause a change in control, such as a merger or acquisition. Any stockholders in favor of a matter that is opposed by Mr. Rockwell would have to obtain a significant number of votes to overrule the votes of Mr. Rockwell.

We may need to raise additional capital from time to time if we are going to meet our growth strategy and may be unable to do so on attractive terms.

Expanding our business to meet the growth strategy may require additional investments of capital from time to time, and our existing sources of cash and any funds generated from operations may not provide us with sufficient capital. For various reasons, including any current noncompliance with existing or future lending arrangements, additional financing may not be available when needed, or may not be available on terms favorable to us. If we fail to obtain adequate capital on a timely basis or if capital cannot be obtained at reasonable costs, we will not be able to achieve our planned rate of growth, which will adversely affect our results of operations.

We are highly dependent upon sales to certain industries.

For 2012, revenues of machines and products have been concentrated to companies in the aerospace (20%), automotive (24%), heavy equipment (26%) and energy/oil/gas (13%) industries and those industries’ respective suppliers. To the extent any of these industries experience a downturn, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Additionally, if any of these industries or their respective suppliers or other providers of manufacturing services develop new technologies or alternatives to manufacture the products that are currently manufactured using our machines, it may adversely affect our results of operations.

We are dependent on a single supplier of printheads.

We currently rely on a single source to supply the printheads used by our machines. While we believe that there are other suppliers of printheads upon which we could rely, we could experience delays and interruptions if our supply is interrupted that might temporarily impact the financial performance of our business.

We may not be able to manage the expansion of our operations effectively in order to achieve our projected levels of growth.

We have expanded our operations significantly in recent periods, and our business plan calls for further expansion over the next several years. We anticipate that further development of our infrastructure and an increase in the number of our employees will be required to achieve our planned broadening of our product offerings and client base, improvements in our machines and materials used in our machines, and our planned international growth. In particular, we must increase our marketing and services staff to support new marketing

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and service activities and to meet the needs of both new and existing customers. Our future success will depend in part upon the ability of our management to manage our growth effectively. If our management is unsuccessful in meeting these challenges, we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth which would adversely affect our results of operations.

Our planned expansion of our international sales is subject to various risks, and failure to manage these risks could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business is subject to certain risks associated with doing business globally. Our sales outside of the Americas were 72.8%, 70.0% and 70.7% of our total sales in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. One of our growth strategies is to pursue opportunities for our business in several areas of the world outside of the United States, any or all of which could be adversely affected by the risks set forth below. Our operations outside of the United States are subject to risks associated with the political, regulatory and economic conditions of the countries in which we operate, such as:

Any of these factors could materially adversely affect sales of our products to global customers or harm our reputation, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Global economic, political and social conditions have adversely impacted our sales and may continue to do so.

The uncertain direction and relative strength of the global economy, difficulties in the financial services sector and credit markets, continuing geopolitical uncertainties and other macroeconomic factors all affect spending behavior of potential end-users of our products. The prospects for economic growth in the United States and other countries remain uncertain and may cause end-users to further delay or reduce technology purchases. In particular, a substantial portion of our sales are made to customers in countries in Europe, which is experiencing a significant economic crisis. If global economic conditions remain volatile for a prolonged period or if European economies experience further disruptions, our results of operations could be adversely affected. The global financial crisis affecting the banking system and financial markets has resulted in a tightening of credit markets, lower levels of liquidity in many financial markets and extreme volatility in fixed income, credit, currency and equity markets. These conditions may make it more difficult for our end-users to obtain financing.

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Due to our plan to increase our global business activities, we may be adversely affected by violations of the FCPA, similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions in which we currently or may in the future operate, or various international trade and export laws.

Our business plan envisions that we will conduct increasing amounts of business outside of the United States, which will create various domestic and foreign regulatory challenges. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit U.S.-based companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We have policies and controls in place designed to ensure internal and external compliance with these and other anti-bribery laws. To ensure compliance, our anti-bribery policy and training on a global basis provides our employees with procedures, guidelines and information about anti-bribery obligations and compliance. Further, we require our partners, subcontractors, agents and others who work for us or on our behalf to comply with anti-bribery laws. We also have procedures and controls in place designed to ensure internal and external compliance. However, such anti-bribery policy, training, internal controls, and procedures will not always protect us from reckless, criminal or unintentional acts committed by our employees, agents or other persons associated with us. If we are found to be in violation of the FCPA or other anti-bribery laws (either due to acts or inadvertence of our employees, or due to the acts or inadvertence of others), we could suffer criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and adversely affect our results of operations.

We rely on our information technology systems to manage numerous aspects of our business and customer and supplier relationships, and a disruption of these systems could adversely affect our results of operations.

We depend on our information technology, or “IT,” systems to manage numerous aspects of our business and provide analytical information to management. Our IT systems allow us to efficiently purchase products from our suppliers, provide procurement and logistic services, ship products to our customers on a timely basis, maintain cost-effective operations and provide superior service to our customers. Our IT systems are an essential component of our business and growth strategies, and a disruption to our IT systems could significantly limit our ability to manage and operate our business efficiently. These systems are vulnerable to, among other things, damage and interruption from power loss, including as a result of natural disasters, computer system and network failures, loss of telecommunication services, operator negligence, loss of data, security breaches and computer viruses. Any such disruption could adversely affect our results of operations.

We could be subject to personal injury, property damage, product liability, warranty and other claims involving allegedly defective products that we supply.

The products we supply are sometimes used in potentially hazardous applications, such as the assembled parts of an aircraft or automobile, that could result in death, personal injury, property damage, loss of production, punitive damages, and consequential damages. While we have not experienced any such claims to date, actual or claimed defects in the products we supply could result in our being named as a defendant in lawsuits asserting potentially large claims. Any such lawsuit, regardless of merit, could result in material expense, diversion of management time and efforts, and damage to our reputation, and could cause us to fail to retain or attract customers, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may not have adequate insurance for potential liabilities.

In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to various product and non-product related claims, lawsuits and administrative proceedings seeking damages or other remedies arising out of our commercial operations. We maintain insurance to cover our potential exposure for most claims and losses. However, our insurance coverage is subject to various exclusions, self-retentions and deductibles, may be inadequate or

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unavailable to protect us fully, and may be cancelled or otherwise terminated by the insurer. Furthermore, we face the following additional risks under our insurance coverage:

Even a partially uninsured claim of significant size, if successful, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. However, even if we successfully defend ourselves against any such claim, we could be forced to spend a substantial amount of money in litigation expenses, our management could be required to spend valuable time in the defense against these claims and our reputation could suffer, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations.

If any of our manufacturing facilities or PSCs are disrupted, sales of our products may be disrupted, which could result in loss of revenues and an increase in unforeseen costs.

We manufacture our machines at our facilities in Augsburg, Germany and North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. Our PSCs are located in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania; Houston, Texas; Troy, Michigan; Augsburg, Germany; and Kanagawa, Japan. If the operations of these facilities are materially disrupted, we would be unable to fulfill customer orders for the period of the disruption, we would not be able to recognize revenue on orders, and we might need to modify our standard sales terms to secure the commitment of new customers during the period of the disruption and perhaps longer. Depending on the cause of the disruption, we could incur significant costs to remedy the disruption and resume product shipments. Such a disruption could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees. These agreements prohibit our employees, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work, including Germany and Japan, and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefitting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. If we cannot demonstrate that our legally protectable interests will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We may not be able to protect our trade secrets and intellectual property.

While some of our technology is licensed under patents belonging to others or is covered by process patents which are owned or applied for by us, much of our key technology is not protected by patents. Since we cannot legally prevent one or more other companies from developing similar or identical technology to our unpatented technology, it is likely that, over time, one or more other companies may be able to replicate our technology, thereby reducing our technological advantages. If we do not protect our technology or are unable to develop new

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technology that can be protected by patents or as trade secrets, we may face increased competition from other companies, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

We enjoy license rights and exclusivity of certain patents and intellectual property and cannot adequately estimate the effects of their expiration upon the entrance or advancement of competitors into the AM industrial market.

We have exclusive license and non-exclusive license rights to certain patents that we utilize in the industrial market. Some of these patents expired in November 2012. We cannot adequately estimate the effect that the expiration of these patents will have upon the entrance or advancement of other AM manufacturers into the industrial market. See “Item 1. Business — Intellectual Property” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may not be able to obtain patent protection or otherwise adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could impair our competitive position.

Our success and future revenue growth will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely primarily on patents, trademarks, and trade secrets, as well as non-disclosure agreements and other methods, to protect our proprietary technologies and processes globally. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technologies and processes, it is possible that competitors or other unauthorized third parties may obtain, copy, use, or disclose our technologies and processes. We cannot assure you that any of our existing or future patents or other intellectual property rights will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented or will otherwise provide us with meaningful protection. We may not be able to obtain foreign patents corresponding to our U.S. or foreign patent applications. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available. If our patents and other intellectual property protections do not adequately protect our technology, our competitors may be able to offer products similar to ours. We may not be able to detect the unauthorized use of our proprietary technology and processes or take appropriate steps to prevent such use. Our competitors may also be able to develop similar technology independently or design around our patents. Any of the foregoing events would lead to increased competition and lower revenue or gross profits, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We may be subject to alleged infringement claims.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims from individuals, vendors, and other companies who have acquired or developed patents in the field of AM for purposes of developing competing products or for the sole purpose of asserting claims against us. Any claims that our products or processes infringe the intellectual property rights of others, regardless of the merit or resolution of such claims, could cause us to incur significant costs in responding to, defending, and resolving such claims, and may prohibit or otherwise impair our ability to commercialize new or existing products. If we are unable to effectively defend our technologies and processes, our market share, sales and profitability could suffer, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Certain of our employees and patents are subject to German law.

Many of our employees work in Germany and are subject to German employment law. Ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions made by such employees and consultants are subject to the provisions of the German Act on Employees’ Inventions (Gesetz über Arbeitnehmererfindungen), which regulates the ownership of, and compensation for, inventions made by employees. We face the risk that disputes can occur between us and our employees or ex-employees pertaining to alleged non-adherence to the provisions of this act that may be costly to defend and take up our management’s time and efforts whether we prevail or fail in such dispute. In addition, under the German Act on Employees’ Inventions, certain employees retained rights to patents they invented or co-invented prior to 2009. Although most of these employees have subsequently assigned their interest in these patents to us, there is a risk that the compensation we provided to them may be deemed to be insufficient in the

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future and we may be required under German law to increase the compensation due to such employee for the use of their patent. In those cases where employees have not assigned their interests to us, we may need to pay compensation for the use of those patents. If we are required to pay additional compensation or face other disputes under the German Act on Employees’ Inventions, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Ownership of Our Common Stock

We have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from our public offering and may not use them effectively.

We cannot specify with certainty the particular uses to which we will put the net proceeds from our public offering. Our management has broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may disagree or for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of the offering. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly.

The market price and liquidity of the market for shares of our common stock that will prevail in the market after the IPO may fluctuate and may be significantly affected by numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance. These factors include:

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our shares, the price of our shares could decline.

The trading market for our shares will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not have control over these analysts, and we do not have commitments

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from them to write research reports about us. The price of our shares could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrades our shares, issues other unfavorable commentary, or ceases publishing reports about us or our business.

Future sales of our shares could reduce the market price of our shares.

The price of our shares could decline if there are substantial sales of our common stock, particularly by our directors, their affiliates or our executive officers, or when there is a large number of shares of our common stock available for sale. The perception in the public market that our stockholders might sell our shares could also depress the market price of our shares. Many of our existing stockholders are subject to lock-up agreements with the underwriters that restrict their ability to transfer their shares for at least 180 days after the date of the IPO. Consequently, upon expiration of the lock-up agreements, approximately 7,072,105 shares held by our existing stockholders or directors will be eligible for sale in the public market. The market price of our shares may drop significantly when the restrictions on resale by our existing stockholders lapse and these stockholders are able to sell their shares into the market. If this occurs or continues it could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities should we desire to do so.

Raising additional capital by issuing securities may cause dilution to our stockholders.

We may need or desire to raise substantial additional capital in the future. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, among others:

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, we will reduce the percentage ownership of our then-existing stockholders, and the holders of those newly-issued equity or convertible debt securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those possessed by our then-existing stockholders. Additionally, future sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock or other equity-related securities in the public market could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our common stock or other equity-related securities would have on the market price of our common stock.

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company whose shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Market, we will incur accounting, legal and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We will incur costs associated with our public company reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We also anticipate that we will incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC, the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Global Market and the NASDAQ Marketing Rules and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, introduce new costs such as investor relations, stock exchange listing fees and

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stockholder reporting, and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be adversely affected.

However, for as long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, less extensive disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements to hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved and an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We may remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years. See “Explanatory Note — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common equity interests, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, if our share price does not appreciate, our investors may not gain and could potentially lose on their investment in our shares.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common interests, nor do we anticipate paying any cash dividends on our share capital, after this offering and in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our shares will be investors’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

As an emerging growth company, we intend to follow certain permitted corporate governance practices instead of the otherwise applicable SEC and NASDAQ requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors in a non-emerging growth company.

As an emerging growth company, we will be permitted, and intend to follow, certain permitted corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required by the SEC and under the listing requirements of the NASDAQ Global Market. Following our emerging growth company governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a company listed on the NASDAQ Global Market may provide less protection to you than what is accorded to investors under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market applicable to non-emerging growth company issuers.

As an emerging growth company, we may delay adoption of new or revised accounting standards, which may make our stock less attractive and our trading price more volatile.

Pursuant to the JOBS Act, as an emerging growth company, we have elected to take advantage of an extended transition period for any new or revised accounting standards that may be issued by the Financial

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Accounting Standards Board (FASB) or the SEC, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can delay adoption of the standard until it applies to private companies. This may make a comparison of our financial statements with any other public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult, as different or revised standards may be used. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile and could decline.

If we are unable to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as they apply to an emerging growth company that is listed on an exchange for the first time, or if our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective, the reliability of our financial statements may be questioned and our share price may suffer.

We are subject to the requirements of Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires a company that is subject to the reporting requirements of the U.S. securities laws to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of its and its subsidiaries’ internal controls over financial reporting. To comply with this statute, we will be required to document and test our internal control procedures, and our management will be required to assess and issue a report concerning our internal controls over financial reporting beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for 2013.

We will need to prepare for compliance with Section 404 by strengthening, assessing and testing our system of internal controls to provide the basis for our management’s report. However, the continuous process of strengthening our internal controls and complying with Section 404(a) is complicated and time-consuming. Furthermore, as our business continues to grow internationally, our internal controls will become more complex and will require significantly more resources and attention to ensure that our internal controls remain effective overall. We have been made aware of material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting by our independent registered public accounting firm. See “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures — Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.” We have taken steps to remediate these material weaknesses and plan to take further steps in the future. Section 404 requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Assuming that we continue to qualify as an emerging growth company for the next five years, we will be required to comply with Section 404(b), which requires an independent registered public accounting firm to attest to and report on management’s assessment of its internal control over financial reporting, at the time we file our annual report for 2018 with the SEC. Over the course of testing our internal controls, our management may identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, which may not be remedied in a timely manner to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If our management cannot favorably assess the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, investor confidence in our financial results may weaken, and our share price may suffer.

Provisions in our charter documents or Delaware law may inhibit a takeover, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws will contain, and Delaware corporate law contains, provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions will apply even if some of our stockholders consider the offer to be beneficial or favorable. If a change of control or change in management is delayed or prevented, the market price of our common stock could decline.

None.

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Item 2. Properties

We have five locations. Our corporate headquarters are located in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. The size of the facilities at these locations is as follows:

In addition to office space, we maintain manufacturing facilities, primarily for producing our machines, in the above referenced space in Augsburg, Germany and North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. We intend to expand our manufacturing facility in Germany.

We maintain PSCs in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania; Troy, Michigan; Houston, Texas; Augsburg, Germany; and Kanagawa, Japan (near Tokyo). We intend to open two new PSCs during 2013.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are not a party to any legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no sales of unregistered securities by the registrant in 2012.

On January 1, 2013, we merged our predecessor company, The Ex One Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “LLC”), with and into a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), which changed its name to The ExOne Company. At the time the Reorganization became effective, by operation of the Delaware corporation law and in accordance with the Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between the LLC and the Corporation, each common unit of LLC membership interest was converted into 0.58 shares of our Common Stock for a total of 5,800,000 shares of Common Stock and each preferred unit of LLC membership interest was converted into 1 share of our Class A Preferred Stock or a total of 18,984,000 shares of Class A Preferred Stock. There were no underwriters. The persons who acquired shares of our Common Stock and our Class A Preferred Stock were those persons who were the owners of the equivalent class of LLC membership interests in our predecessor company prior to the Reorganization.

The shares of Common Stock and Class A Preferred Stock were not sold for cash, and the Company received no consideration in the transaction. The conversion of securities in the Reorganization was exempt from registration under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act as a private placement.

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Use of Proceeds

Net Proceeds. On February 6, 2013, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-185933) was declared effective for the Company’s IPO, pursuant to which the Company registered the offering and sale of 6,095,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share for an aggregate offering price of $109.7 million. The managing underwriter was FBR Capital Markets & Co. and the co-managers were BB&T Capital Markets and Stephens Inc.

As a result of the IPO, the Company received net proceeds on February 12, 2013 of approximately $92.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. Following our receipt of the net proceeds, we paid offering expenses of approximately $1.6 million. Except as described below, none of such payments were direct or indirect payments to any of the Company’s directors or officers or their associates or to persons owning 10 percent or more of the Company’s common stock or direct or indirect payments to others. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of 611,667 shares of the common stock by the selling stockholder, although we bore the costs, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, associated with the sale of these shares. The selling stockholder was RHI. S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is deemed to have beneficial ownership of our common stock owned by RHI. References to the majority member refer to affiliates of S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, who is the indirect, sole shareholder of RHI and RFP. Each of RHI and RFP have provided funding to us.

Rockwell Line of Credit. On February 14, 2013, we paid approximately $9.8 million of the net proceeds to repay a revolving line of credit that we have with RFP (the “Rockwell Line of Credit”) for working capital. The Rockwell Line of Credit provided for borrowing, repayment and reborrowing from time to time. While no limit was specified, borrowings were subject to RFP’s approval. Borrowings under the Rockwell Line of Credit bear interest at the rate of 8% per annum and are repayable, in whole or part, upon demand of RFP. As of February 14, 2013, we had $9.8 million in borrowings and accrued interest outstanding under the Rockwell Line of Credit. The Company no longer maintains the Rockwell Line of Credit. S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is the beneficiary of the S. Kent Rockwell Revocable Trust, which is the indirect, sole stockholder of RFP. See, “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence—Rockwell Related Entities” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Purchase of Variable Interest Entities. On March 27, 2013, our wholly-owned subsidiary, ExOne Americas, acquired certain assets, including property and equipment (principally land, buildings and machinery and equipment) held by our two Variable Interest Entities, TMF and Lone Star, and assumed all outstanding debt of such Variable Interest Entities, including certain related interest rate swap agreements. Lone Star is owned by RFP and TMF is owned by the S. Kent Rockwell Revocable Trust. S. Kent Rockwell, our chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is the trustee and beneficiary of the S. Kent Rockwell Revocable Trust, which is the 100% owner of Rockwell Venture Capital, Inc. which is the 100% owner of RFP. See “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions and Director Independence.”

Payment of approximately $1.9 million was made to TMF and approximately $0.2 million was made to Lone Star, including a return of capital to these entities, which are controlled by Mr. Rockwell, of approximately $1.4 million. These payments were made using net proceeds of the IPO. There was no gain or loss or goodwill generated as a result of this transaction. Simultaneous with the completion of this transaction, we also repaid all of the outstanding debt and settled the related interest rate swap agreements assumed from the Variable Interest Entities, resulting in a payment of approximately $4.7 million.

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Prior to such purchase and for the periods represented herein, we leased property and equipment used by our Houston, Texas and Troy, Michigan operations from Lone Star and TMF, respectively, and we guaranteed certain debt of both of them. During 2012, 2011 and 2010 we paid Lone Star $0.1 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million, and TMF $1.6 million, $1.0 million and $1.0 million, respectively, under these leases.

Other. On February 14, 2013, we repaid $300,000 to retire our building note payable with an unrelated party with respect to our facility in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania out of the net proceeds of the IPO. See Note 1 on the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report in Form 10-K for additional information. There were no prepayment penalties or gains or losses associated with this early retirement of debt.

We had previously disclosed in our IPO an intention to assume the liabilities of our Variable Interest Entities. Other then our payment of such liabilities described above, rather than the assumption of their debt, there has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b). The remainder of the net proceeds are held them as cash, deposited in banks or invested in cash equivalents or securities.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock currently trades on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “XONE” and began trading on February 7, 2013. There was no active trading market in 2012.

Holders

On March 15, 2013, there were nine holders of record of our Common stock. The number of record holders does not include persons who held our common stock in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our Common stock. We currently intend to retain all earnings, if any, to finance the development and growth of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our Common stock in the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount and payment of any dividends on shares of Common stock will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions and implications on the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries to us, and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

In 2012, we did not have any equity compensation plans.

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The data presented in the Selected Financial Data table should be read in conjunction with the information provided in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II Item 7 and the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K. As the Company qualifies as an emerging growth company per the JOBS Act, certain selected financial data as ordinarily required under SEC Regulation S-K Item 301 for the years ending December 31, 2009 and 2008 has been omitted. (See “Explanatory Note — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.)

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(dollars in thousands, except per-unit, unit and share amounts)

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with the “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto set forth in this Form 10-K. Certain statements contained in this discussion may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in any forward-looking statements, as a result of a variety of risks and uncertainties, including those described under “Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The forward looking information set forth in this Form 10-K is provided as of the date of this filing, and, except as required by law, we undertake no duty to update that information.

Overview

Business and Strategy

We are a global provider of 3D printing machines and printed products, materials and other services to industrial customers. Our business primarily consists of manufacturing and selling 3D printing machines and printing products to specifications for our customers using our 3D printing machines. We offer pre-production collaboration and print products for customers through our production service centers (PSCs), which are located in the United States, Germany and Japan. We build 3D printing machines at our facilities in the United States and Germany. We also supply the associated materials, including consumables and replacement parts, and other services, including training and technical support, necessary for purchasers of our machines to print products.

As an additive manufacturer, we are an early entrant into an evolving manufacturing technology and marketplace. Our strategy has been to position our manufacturing assets, both in terms of our ability and capacity, to prepare for an anticipated increase of customer acceptance of this form of manufacturing. We have made financial support of this growth strategy a priority. We have invested in both our research and development and infrastructure, including capital investment in 3D printing machines, and hiring key personnel.

As our infrastructure grows, we intend to shift our strategic focus to opening additional PSCs in order to broaden our potential global customer base and to expand our 3D printing capability in an increasing variety of industrial materials. Our growth strategy focuses on growing our PSCs in order to print more products for our existing customers and gain new customers. In addition, our growth strategy includes using our printed products as an introduction of our technology to facilitate 3D printing machine sales. An important part of reaching these goals is to increase our capability to print in a growing number of industrial materials and increase the job box sizes and production speeds (volumetric output) available to our potential customers which will increase the efficiency and usefulness of our technology. Additionally, we also believe expanding the location of our PSCs to high-growth economies and geographic regions that are readily accessible by a significant number of potential customers will help us to increase sales. To better balance our business, we intend to develop our customer base so that revenue is not dependent on any one region (North America, South America and Latin America (collectively the Americas), Europe and Asia). Likewise we intend to balance revenue between our 3D printing machines and 3D printed products, materials and other services.

Recent Developments

Reorganization.    On January 1, 2013, The Ex One Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, merged with and into a Delaware corporation, which survived and changed its name to The ExOne Company. As a result of the Reorganization, The Ex One Company, LLC became the Company, a Delaware corporation, the

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common and preferred interest holders of The Ex One Company, LLC became holders of common stock and preferred stock, respectively, of the Company and the subsidiaries of The Ex One Company, LLC became the subsidiaries of the Company. The preferred stock of the Company was converted into common stock on a 9.5 to 1 basis (1,998,275 shares of common stock) immediately prior to the IPO.

Prior to giving effect to the Reorganization transaction, no provision for income taxes had been recorded for The Ex One Company, LLC as its individual members were taxed based on their proportionate share of taxable income. Upon conversion, The ExOne Company will be taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax purposes. On January 1, 2013, we recorded a net deferred tax asset of approximately $213 based on the difference between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities as of that date. Due to a history of operating losses at the subsidiary level, a valuation allowance of 100% of the net deferred tax asset was established.

Amendment to the Exclusive Patent License Agreement with MIT.    On January 22, 2013, we entered into the Amended MIT License Agreement, which provides for, among other things, (1) a reduction in the term of the agreement between us and MIT from the date of expiration or abandonment of all issued patent rights to December 31, 2016, (2) an increase in the minimum license maintenance fees due for the years ended December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2016 from $50 annually to $100 annually, with amounts related to 2013 through 2016 guaranteed by ExOne in the event of termination of the agreement and (3) a settlement of all past and future royalties on net sales of licensed products, processes and consumables for a one-time payment of $200, payable in 2013 by us, and (4) a provision for extension of the term of the arrangement between the parties for an annual license maintenance fee of $100 for each subsequent year beyond 2016. As a result of the Amended MIT License Agreement, we recorded a reduction to our accrued license fees at December 31, 2012, of approximately $1,500 with a corresponding reduction to cost of sales.

Settlement of Preferred Unit Dividends.    On January 23, 2013, we settled an accrued dividend with certain preferred unit holders of the former limited liability company in the amount of approximately $1,437. Of this amount, approximately $304 was settled in cash with the remaining $1,133 converted by the principal preferred unit holder (also the majority member of the former limited liability company) to additional amounts due under the demand note payable to member. The demand note payable to member was fully repaid on February 14, 2013 (See “Long-Term Debt Repayments” below).

2013 Equity Incentive Plan.    On January 24, 2013, our Board of Directors adopted the Plan. In connection with the adoption of the Plan, 500,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to the Plan, with automatic increases in such reserve available each year annually on January 1 from 2014 through 2023 equal to the lesser of (i) 3.0% of our total outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31 of the immediately preceding year or (ii) a number of shares of common stock determined by the Board of Directors, provided that the maximum number of shares authorized under the Plan will not exceed 1,992,242 shares, subject to certain adjustments. On January 24, 2013, the Board also authorized awards of 180,000 incentive stock options (ISOs) under the Plan to certain employees granted contemporaneously with the IPO at an exercise price determined by the IPO offering price, which was $18.00 per share. These awards vest on a cumulative annual basis over a three year period and the ISOs fully expire on February 6, 2023. See “Item 11. Executive Compensation — 2013 Equity Incentive Plan” of the Annual report on Form 10-K for more information about the Plan.

Initial Public Offering of The ExOne Company.    On February 6, 2013, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No 333-185933) was declared effective for the Company’s IPO, pursuant to which the Company registered the offering and sale of 6,095,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share for an aggregate offering price of $109,710. The managing underwriter was FBR Capital Markets & Co. and the co-managers were BB&T Capital Markets and Stephens Inc.

As a result of the IPO, the Company received net proceeds on February 12, 2013 of approximately $91,996, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. Following our receipt of the net proceeds, we paid offering expenses of approximately $1,600. Except as described below, none of such payments were direct or indirect payments to any of the Company’s directors or officers or their associates or to persons owning 10 percent or

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more of the Company’s common stock or direct or indirect payments to others. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of 611,667 shares of the common stock by the selling stockholder, although we bore the costs, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, associated with the sale of these shares. The selling stockholder was RHI. S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is deemed to have beneficial ownership of our common stock owned by RHI. References to the majority member refer to affiliates of S. Kent Rockwell, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, who is the indirect, sole shareholder of RHI and RFP. Each of RHI and RFP have provided funding to us.

Long-Term Debt Repayments.    On February 14, 2013, we repaid outstanding amounts due on the Rockwell Line of Credit, also referred to as demand note payable to member, of approximately $9,800 (including accrued interest). Following this repayment, the Rockwell Line of Credit was retired. See “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions and Director Independence” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Separately, on February 14, 2013, we repaid $300 to retire our building note payable with respect to our North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania facility to an unrelated party. There were no prepayment penalties or gains or losses associated with this early retirement of debt.

TMF and Lone Star Asset Acquisition.    On March 27, 2013, our wholly-owned subsidiary, ExOne Americas, acquired certain assets, including property and equipment (principally land, buildings and machinery and equipment) held by our two Variable Interest Entities, TMF and Lone Star, and assumed all outstanding debt of such Variable Interest Entities, including certain related interest rate swap agreements. Lone Star is owned by RFP and TMF is owned by the S. Kent Rockwell Revocable Trust. S. Kent Rockwell, our chairman and Chief Executive Officer, is the trustee and beneficiary of the S. Kent Rockwell Revocable Trust, which is the 100% owner of Rockwell Venture Capital, Inc. which is the 100% owner of RFP. See, “Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions and Director Independence.”

Payment of approximately $1,900 was made to TMF and approximately $200 was made to Lone Star, including a return of capital to these entities, which are controlled by Mr. Rockwell, of approximately $1,400. There was no gain or loss or goodwill generated as a result of this transaction. Simultaneous with the completion of this transaction, we also repaid all of the outstanding debt and settled the related interest rate swap agreements assumed from the Variable Interest Entities, resulting in a payment of approximately $4,700.

Operational Performance and Outlook

We believe that interest in 3D printing is increasing by virtue of the general commercialization of 3D printers and subsequent recent media attention. We occupy a defined space in the 3D printing market because of the size of our 3D printing machines and their application for industrial products and qualified industrial materials. There are 3D printing companies in various sectors of the market, including art, home-printing, dental, biotech and other areas. While our 3D printing machines may differ from those of many other 3D printing companies in that our machines are designed to print industrial products from qualified industrial materials, we expect a general increase in 3D printing to have a positive effect on the public’s awareness of our industry.

We have made investments in technology, material sciences, engineering resources, production capacity, marketing and sales force training and developing a global organization, as discussed above, in an attempt to improve our financial performance.

Our growth prospects for 2013 are dependent upon the following external and internal factors:

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How We Measure Our Business

We use several financial and operating metrics to measure our business. We use these metrics to assess the progress of our business, make decisions on where to allocate capital, time and technology investments, and assess longer-term performance within our marketplace. The key metrics are as follows:

Revenue. Our revenue consists primarily of sales of our 3D printing machines and 3D printed products, materials and other services.

3D printing machines. 3D printing machine sales are influenced by a number of factors including, among other things, (i) the adoption rate of our 3D printing technology, (ii) end-user product design and manufacturing activity, (iii) the capital expenditure budgets of end-users and potential end-users and (iv) the mix of products sold, all of which may be significantly influenced by macroeconomic factors. Purchases of our 3D printing machines, especially our higher-end, higher-priced systems, typically involve long sales cycles. Our 3D printing machine prices generally include machine installation, training, maintenance and the value of a warranty. Several factors can significantly affect revenue reported for our 3D printing machines for a given period including, among other things, (i) the overall low unit volume of 3D printing machine sales, (ii) the long lead times of our customers’ purchasing decisions and (iii) the acceleration or delay of orders and shipments of a small number of machines.

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3D printed products, materials and other services. 3D printed products revenue is derived from our network of PSCs located in the United States (3), Germany (1) and Japan (1). The PSCs utilize our 3D printing machine technology to print products. In addition, our PSCs are also full-service operations that provide support and services such as pre-production collaboration prior to printing products for a customer. Revenue of materials depends upon the volume of consumables that we sell. Sales of our consumables are linked to the number of our 3D printing machines that are installed and active worldwide. Sales of consumables are also driven by our customers’ machine usage, which is generally a function of the size of the particular machine and the habits and budget of the particular end-user. Larger machines generally use larger amounts of consumables due to their greater capacity and the higher levels of design and manufacturing activity that are typical of an end-user who utilizes a larger machine.

Cost of Sales and Gross Profit. Our cost of sales consists primarily of labor (including service labor), parts (including consumables and spare parts) and overhead to produce 3D printing machines and 3D printed products, materials and other services. Also included in cost of sales are license fees (based upon a percentage of revenue of qualifying products and processes) for the use of intellectual properties, warranty costs and other overhead associated with our production processes. The production capacity at our PSCs (as well as our 3D printing machine manufacturing facilities) presently exceeds the current customer demand and as such a portion of our fixed overhead associated with these facilities is being recognized as a period expense rather than being capitalized as a product cost. We expect our excess capacity to decrease as sales of 3D printing machines and 3D printed products, materials and other services increase. Our 3D printing machines are manufactured at our facilities in Germany and the United States. The cost to manufacture machines consists of component parts, labor and production overhead. The cost of 3D printed products, materials and other services consist primarily of the material cost of our printed products, labor and overhead (including facilities expense and other conversion costs).

Our gross profit is influenced by a number of factors. Most important of these factors is the volume and mix of our 3D printing machines, products, materials and other services sold.

As 3D printing machine sales are cyclical, we will seek to achieve an equal balance in revenue from 3D printing machines and 3D printed products, materials and other services in order to maximize gross profit while managing business risk. In addition, we expect to reduce our cost of sales over time by continued research and development activities directed towards achieving increased efficiencies in the production of 3D printing machines. Our PSCs will also seek to achieve lower material cost and improve throughput.

We are continuously analyzing our supply chain to identify opportunities for better management, in partnership with our customers, in order to reduce the overall cost as a percentage of revenue in this area.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses consist of research and development expenses and selling, general and administrative expenses.

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses aimed at developing new machinery and materials. Additional costs include the related software and materials, laboratory supplies, and costs for facilities and equipment. We charge all research and development expenses to operations as they are incurred, with the exception of expenses for specific equipment that we capitalize.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs (salaries, benefits, equity-based compensation, education and training and travel) of our executive officers, sales and marketing, finance, accounting, information technology and human resources personnel. Other significant general and administrative costs include the facility costs related to our headquarters in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania (and the other four facilities where administrative personnel are located) and external costs for legal, accounting, consulting and other professional services.

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We expect our administrative expenses to increase in absolute terms and as a percentage of revenue as a result of the additional costs that we expect to incur as a result of becoming a public company. This will include, among other things, increased administrative personnel costs and legal and professional service expenses. Long-term, we expect these expenses will decrease as a percentage of revenue.

Interest Expense. Interest expense consists of the interest cost associated with outstanding long-term debt and financing lease arrangements.

We expect our interest expense to continue to decrease as our outstanding debt is lowered over time. Included in our strategy is the consideration of early retirement of debt (where practicable).

Provision for Income Taxes. Prior to our reorganization as a corporation on January 1, 2013, we operated as a limited liability company whereby our members were taxed on a proportionate share of our taxable income. As such, no provision has been recorded for U.S. federal or state income taxes. For 2012, 2011 and 2010 our entire provision for income taxes was attributed to our German operations.

Following our Reorganization, we are taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax purposes. Current statutory tax rates in the jurisdictions in which we operate, the United States, Germany and Japan, are approximately 40.0% (including state taxes), 29.5% and 38.0%, respectively.

Results of Operations.

Summary

Net loss attributable to ExOne for 2012 was $10,168, or $1.16 per basic and diluted unit, compared with a net loss attributable to ExOne of $8,037, or $0.80 per basic and diluted unit in 2011. The increase in our net loss was due to an increase in our operating expenses from 2012 compared to 2011 principally due to a non-recurring equity-based compensation charge and professional service fees incurred in preparation for our initial public offering. Offsetting the impact of the increase in operating expenses, were (i) increases in our revenue and gross profit as a result of a significant increase in 3D printing machine sales for 2012 compared to 2011 and a reduction in license fee expense as a result of the amendment to our agreement with MIT and (ii) a decrease in interest expense as a result of a lower average outstanding debt balance. Refer to the sections below for further description of these changes.

Net loss attributable to ExOne for 2011 was $8,037, or $0.80 per basic and diluted unit, compared with a net loss attributable to ExOne of $5,508, or $0.55 per basic and diluted unit in 2010. The increase in our net loss was principally due to increases in operating expenses (mostly personnel costs associated with a higher headcount), an increase in interest expense as a result of a higher average outstanding debt balance and an increase in the provision for income taxes due to higher taxable income for our German operations. These increases were offset by improvements in our gross profit as a result of an increase in the volume of sales of 3D printed products, materials and other services. Refer to the sections below for further description of these changes.

Revenue

Revenue for 2012 was $28,657 compared with revenue of $15,290 in 2011, an increase of $13,367, or 87.4%. This increase was principally due to a higher volume of sales of 3D printing machines (13 in 2012 as compared to 5 in 2011) as well as 3D printed parts, materials and other services.

Revenue for 2011 was $15,290 compared with revenue of $13,440 in 2010, an increase of $1,850, or 13.8%. This increase was principally due to a higher volume of sales of 3D printed parts, materials and other services.

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The following table summarizes revenue by product line for each of the years ending December 31:

The following table summarizes 3D printing machines sold by type for each of the years ending December 31 (refer to the Our Machines and Machine Platforms section of Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-K for a description of 3D printing machines by type):

The following table summarizes the significant components of the change in revenue by product line for 2012 compared to 2011:

The following table summarizes the significant components of the change in revenue by product line for 2011 compared to 2010:

Cost of Sales and Gross Profit

Cost of sales for 2012 was $16,514 compared with cost of sales of $11,647 in 2011, an increase of $4,867, or 41.8%. Cost of sales as a percentage of revenue was 57.6% for 2012 compared with 76.2% in 2011, a decrease of 18.6%.

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Cost of sales for 2011 was $11,647 compared with cost of sales of $10,374 in 2010, an increase of $1,273, or 12.3%. Cost of sales as a percentage of revenue was 76.2% for 2011 compared with 77.2% in 2010, a decrease of 1.0%.

Gross profit for 2012 was $12,143 compared with gross profit of $3,643 in 2011, an increase of $8,500, or 233.4%. Gross profit percentage was 42.4% for 2012 compared with 23.8% in 2011, an increase of 18.6%. This increase was principally due to the increase in 3D printing machine volume for 2012 compared with 2011 (see table above) and a reduction in our license fees of $625 mostly due to the amendment to our agreement with MIT (see description above).

Gross profit for 2011 was $3,643 compared with gross profit of $3,066 in 2010, an increase of $577, or 18.8%. Gross profit percentage was 23.8% for 2011 compared with 22.8% in 2011, an increase of 1.0%. This increase was principally due to (i) a favorable mix of sales in our PSCs (lower cost) as well as (ii) increased volume of activity in our PSCs resulting in more efficient use of our fixed overhead.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for 2012 were $20,215 compared with operating expenses of $8,817 in 2011, an increase of $11,398, or 129.3%. Operating expenses as a percentage of revenue were 70.5% for 2012 compared with 57.7% in 2011, an increase of 12.8%.

Research and development expenses for 2012 were $1,930 compared with research and development expenses of $1,531 in 2011, an increase of $399, or 26.1%. This increase was mostly due to (i) continued investment in our 3D printing machine technology and (ii) increased costs associated with our materials qualification activities (for titanium, tungsten carbide, aluminum and magnesium).

Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2012 were $18,285 compared with selling, general and administrative expenses of $7,286 in 2011, an increase of $10,999, or 150.1%. This increase was principally due to an equity-based compensation charge of $7,735 associated with the sale of common units of the former limited liability company to certain members of executive management. In addition, we incurred professional service fees (including legal, audit and other consulting expenses) of $2,328 in 2012 as compared to $469 in 2011. This increase is mostly attributable to costs incurred in preparation for our initial public offering, finalized in February 2013.

Operating expenses for 2011 were $8,817 compared with operating expenses of $7,131 in 2011, an increase of $1,686, or 23.6%. Operating expenses as a percentage of revenue were 57.7% for 2011 compared with 53.1% in 2011, an increase of 4.6%.

Research and development expenses for 2011 were $1,531 compared with research and development expenses of $1,153 in 2010, an increase of $378, or 32.8%. This increase was mostly due to continued investment in our 3D printing machine technology.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2011 were $7,286 compared with selling, general and administrative expenses of $5,978 in 2010, an increase of $1,308, or 21.9%. This increase was principally due to employee-related costs (salaries, benefits and travel) as a result of an increase in headcount.

The following table summarizes the significant components of operating expenses for each of the years ending December 31:

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Interest Expense

Interest expense for 2012 was $842 compared with interest expense of $1,570 in 2011, a decrease of $728, or 46.4%. This decrease was principally due to a lower average outstanding debt balance in 2012 as compared to 2011, mostly due to the conversion of amounts payable on our demand note payable to member to redeemable preferred units.

Interest expense for 2011 was $1,570 compared with interest expense of $1,114 in 2010, an increase of $456, or 40.9%. This increase was principally due to a higher average outstanding debt balance in 2011 as compared to 2010, mostly due to (i) additional equipment loans added in 2011 and (ii) increased borrowings from our majority member of approximately $3,939. The demand note payable to member accrued interest at 8.0% during both 2011 and 2010.

Other (Income) Expense — Net

Other income — net for 2012 was $221 compared with other income — net of $158 in 2011, an increase of $63, or 39.9%. Other income — net for 2011 was $158 compared with other income — net of $197 in 2010, a decrease of $39, or 19.8%. Changes in other income — net were mostly due to net changes in foreign currency exchange impacts.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for 2012 was $995 compared with a provision for income taxes of $1,031 in 2011, a decrease of $36, or 3.5%. This decrease was due to a reduction in expense associated with uncertain tax positions in 2012 compared to 2011 for our German operations.

The provision for income taxes for 2011 was $1,031 compared with a provision for income taxes of $198 in 2010, an increase of $833, or 420.7%. This increase was due to an increase in taxable income in 2011 compared to 2010 for our German operations.

Noncontrolling Interests

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for 2012 was $480 compared with net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $420 in 2011, an increase of $60, or 14.3%. This increase was principally due to additional rental income (rental expense for ExOne) associated with 3D printing machines purchased by our variable interest entities, Lone Star and TMF.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for 2011 was $420 compared with net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $328 in 2010, an increase of $92, or 28.0%. This increase was principally due to an increase in rental income by the noncontrolling interests (rental expense for ExOne) associated with 3D printing machines purchased by our variable interest entities, Lone Star and TMF.

Other Financial Information

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is meaningful to our investors to enhance their understanding of our financial performance. Although Adjusted EBITDA is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs, we understand that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties as a measure of financial performance and to compare our performance with the performance of other companies that report Adjusted EBITDA. Our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

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We define Adjusted EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) as net income (loss) attributable to ExOne (as calculated under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP)) plus net income (loss) of noncontrolling interests, provision (benefit) for income taxes, interest expense, depreciation, and other (income) expense—net. Disclosure in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as defined under the rules of the SEC, is intended as a supplemental measure of our performance that is not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) attributable to ExOne or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net Loss Attributable to ExOne

The significant changes in the reconciling items between Adjusted EBITDA and net loss attributable to ExOne for 2012 compared to 2011 include (i) a decrease in interest expense of $728 due to a lower average outstanding debt balance in 2012 as compared to 2011, including the conversion of demand note payable to member borrowings at the end of 2011 to redeemable preferred units and (ii) an increase in depreciation expense of $513 attributed to an increase in 3D printing machines in-service in 2012 as compared to 2011.

The significant changes in the reconciling items between Adjusted EBITDA and net loss attributable to ExOne for 2011 compared to 2010 include (i) an increase in interest expense of $456 due to a higher average outstanding debt balance in 2011 as compared to 2010, mostly due to additional equipment loans added in 2011 and increased borrowings from our majority member of approximately $3,939 and (ii) an increase in the provision for income taxes of $833 due to increased taxable income for our German operations.

Impact of Inflation

Our results of operations and financial condition are presented based on historical cost. While it is difficult to accurately measure the impact of inflation due to the imprecise nature of the estimates required, we believe the effects of inflation, if any, on our results of operations and financial condition are not significant.

Liquidity and Capital Resources.

We have incurred net losses of $9,688, $7,617 and $5,180 for 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Prior to our Reorganization, we operated as a limited liability company and were substantially supported by the continued financial support provided by our majority member. These conditions raise substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. On February 12, 2013, in connection with our IPO we received unrestricted net proceeds from the sale of our common stock of approximately $91,996. We believe that such net proceeds will

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be sufficient to support our operations at least through January 1, 2014 (the measurement period for such determination), and therefore no longer believe substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern continues to exist.

We have continuously operated with negative working capital. This deficit has generally resulted from our inability to generate sufficient cash from our operations to offset our current liabilities, which consist primarily of obligations to vendors and other accounts payable, deferred revenues and borrowings required to be paid within twelve months. We are continuing our efforts to increase revenue from our operations and improve our gross profit, but to date these efforts have not been successful to eliminate our working capital deficit. We have been able to operate since inception due primarily to cash advances made on a regular basis by our majority member. For the year ended December 31, 2012, our working capital deficit increased by $3,703 as a result of increases to our current liabilities of $13,830 mostly due to increases in (i) accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities of $2,398 (attributed to increased purchasing activity of materials and other services in supporting both production and our efforts to commence an initial public offering), (ii) borrowings on our line of credit, long-term debt obligations and financing leases of $10,848 (used to finance production of our 3D printing machines) and (iii) preferred unit dividends payable of $1,437. The increase to our current liabilities was offset by an increase in our current assets mostly due to higher accounts receivable ($7,078) and inventories ($3,054) attributed to increased selling and production of 3D printing machines.

Our primary sources of cash have been (i) existing operating cash balances, (ii) additional funding by our majority member (through the demand note payable to member or through equity contributions) (iii) additional external financing obtained through third parties (including both our line of credit and notes payable).

On February 12, 2013, in connection with the completion of our IPO, we received net proceeds of approximately $91,996. Subsequent to this offering of our common stock, we utilized proceeds of (i) approximately $9,800 to extinguish certain debt held by us (including extinguishment of the demand note payable to member) and (ii) approximately $6,800 to acquire certain net assets of our variable interest entities (including the repayment of all debt held by our variable interest entities).

The following table summarizes the significant components of cash flows for each of the years ending December 31:

Operating Activities

Cash used for operating activities in 2012 was $9,803 compared with $2,436 in 2011. The increase of $7,367, or 302.4%, was attributed to increases in net working capital of $13,544 (mostly increases in accounts receivable and inventories as a result of increased selling and production activity) slightly offset by increases to accounts payable and accrued expenses, also linked to selling and production activity. The increase in net working capital was offset by an increase of cash earnings in 2012 of $6,177 (net income less non-cash items).

Cash used for operating activities in 2011 was $2,436 compared with $5,912 in 2010. The decrease of $3,476, or 58.8%, was attributed to sources of cash of (i) an increase in deferred revenue and customer prepayments of $4,377 mostly due to increased prepayments from customers on 3D printing machine sales, (ii) an increase in

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cash from accounts receivable of $2,902 as a result of collections of outstanding amounts due and (iii) an increase in amounts attributable to accrued expenses and other liabilities of $1,076 mostly due to an increase in accrued income taxes. Offsetting these sources were uses of cash of (i) $2,437 attributed to an increase in the net loss from 2011 compared to 2010, (ii) $1,982 in increases attributable to inventory (mostly due to additional raw material purchases and one 3D printing machine included in finished goods compared to zero in 2010).

Investing Activities

Cash used for investing activities in 2012 was $1,724 compared with $1,080 in 2011 and $1,795 in 2010. The use of cash for each of the three years was attributed to capital expenditures, principally to support the construction of 3D printing machines at our facilities in the United States and Germany.

Although our plans are not definitive, we intend to expand our existing facility in Germany to increase our 3D printing machine manufacturing, PSCs and other administrative facilities located there. Estimated costs of such expansion could range from $14,000 to $18,000, and could occur in 2013 or 2014.

We have also indicated that we intend to establish two new PSCs in the second half of 2013. Although our plans are not definitive, we estimate the cost associated with opening such PSCs to range from approximately $2,000 to $4,000 for each location.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities in 2012 was $11,003 compared with $5,931 in 2011 and $7,811 in 2010.

The principal sources of cash in 2012 were (i) net borrowings on our line of credit of $528 to support operations, (ii) net borrowings on the demand note payable to member of $8,629 to support operations, and (iii) proceeds from long-term debt and financing leases of $4,707 used to finance 3D printing machine production. Offsetting these sources of cash were long-term debt and financing lease repayments of $2,063.

At December 31, 2012, we identified that we were not in compliance with the annual cash flow-to-debt service ratio covenant associated with our ExOne building note payable to a bank. We requested and were granted a waiver related to compliance with this covenant through December 31, 2013. Related to our 2012 noncompliance, there were no cross default provisions or related impacts on other lending agreements.

The principal sources of cash in 2011 were (i) net borrowings on the demand note payable to member of $3,939 to support operations, (ii) proceeds from long-term debt of $2,398 used to finance 3D printing machine production and (iii) contributions from noncontrolling interests of $402. Offsetting these sources of cash were long-term debt repayments of $808.

The principal source of cash in 2010 was the net borrowings on the demand note payable to member of $12,290 to support operations. Offsetting this source of cash were long-term debt repayments of $4,479.

At December 31, 2011, we identified that we were not in compliance with the annual minimum equity-to-asset ratio covenant associated with our line of credit. The bank did not take action related to this noncompliance. At December 31, 2012, we were in compliance with this covenant. Related to our 2011 noncompliance, there were no cross default provisions or related impacts on other lending agreements.

On January 23, 2013, we settled an accrued dividend with certain preferred unitholders of the former limited liability company in the amount of approximately $1,437. Of this amount, approximately $304 was settled in cash with the remaining $1,133 converted by the principal preferred unitholder (also the majority member of the former limited liability company) to additional amounts due under the demand note payable to member. On February 14, 2013, we repaid outstanding amounts due on the demand note payable to member of approximately $9,800 (including accrued interest). Following this repayment, the demand note payable to member was retired. Separately, on February 14, 2013, we repaid $300 to retire our building note payable with an unrelated party. There were no prepayment penalties or gains or losses associated with this early retirement of debt.

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On March 27, 2013, in connection with our acquisition of certain net assets of the Lone Star and TMF variable interest entities, we assumed and repaid all amounts outstanding on Lone Star and TMF debt, including accrued interest, and settled amounts related to certain interest rate swap agreements held by TMF. There were no prepayment penalties or gains or losses associated with this early retirement of debt.

Contractual Obligations.

We are required to make future payments under operating lease, license fee, debt and financing lease agreements. At December 31, 2012, a summary of our outstanding contractual obligations is as follows:

Operating Leases

Operating leases consist of various lease agreements of manufacturing facilities, office and warehouse spaces, equipment and vehicles, expiring in various years through 2017.

License Fee Obligations

License fee obligations include amounts contractually due to third parties for use of patented technology, expiring in various years through 2016.

Deferred Revenue and Customer Prepayments

Deferred revenue and customer prepayments require ExOne to deliver 3D printing machines or other products or services to customers over a specified contract period. While these obligations are not expected to result in cash payments, they represent contractual obligations for which we would be obligated if the specified deliveries could not be made.

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following instruments (i) a line of credit held by our German subsidiary; (ii) the demand note payable to our majority member and (iii) the current and noncurrent portion of notes payable used to finance the acquisition of various property and equipment. Maturity of our long-term debt extends to 2027.

Financing Leases

Financing leases consist of borrowings associated with sale-leaseback transactions required to be accounted for as financings. Maturity of our financing leases extends to 2017.

Interest Related to Long-Term Debt and Financing Leases

Interest related to long-term debt and financing leases is based on interest rates in effect at December 31, 2012, and is calculated on instruments with maturities that extend to 2027.

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Off Balance Sheet Arrangements.

We are not a party to any off balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Areas that require significant judgments, estimates and assumptions include accounting for inventories (including the allowance for slow moving and obsolete inventory); product warranty reserves; equity-based compensation (including the fair value of common units used to measure equity-based compensation); income taxes (including the valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets) and future cash flow estimates associated with long-lived assets for purposes of impairment testing. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which forms the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue from the sale of 3D printing machines and related 3D printed parts and materials is recognized upon transfer of title, generally upon shipment. Revenue from the performance of contract services or production services is generally recognized when either the services are performed or the finished product is shipped. Revenue for all deliverables in a sales arrangement is recognized provided that persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists, both title and risk of loss have passed to the customer and collection is reasonably assured. Persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists upon execution of a written sales agreement or signed purchase order that constitutes a fixed and legally binding commitment between us and our customer. In instances where revenue recognition criteria are not met, amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and customer prepayments in the consolidated balance sheets.

We enter into sales arrangements that may provide for multiple deliverables to a customer. Sales of machines may include consumables, maintenance services, and training and installation. We identify all goods and services that are to be delivered separately under a sales arrangement and allocate revenue to each deliverable based on relative fair values. Fair values are generally established based on the prices charged when sold separately. In general, revenues are separated between machines, consumables, maintenance services and installation and training services. The allocated revenue for each deliverable is then recognized ratably based on relative fair values of the components of the sale. We also evaluate the impact of undelivered items on the functionality of delivered items for each sales transaction and, where appropriate, defer revenue on delivered items when that functionality has been affected. Functionality is determined to be met if the delivered products or services represent a separate earnings process. Revenue from maintenance services as well as installation is recognized at the time of performance.

We provide customers with a standard warranty on all machines generally over a period of twelve months from the date of installation at the customer’s site. The warranty is not treated as a separate service because the warranty is an integral part of the sale of the machine. After the initial one year warranty period, we offer our customers optional maintenance contracts. Deferred maintenance service revenue is recognized when the maintenance services are performed since we have historical evidence that indicates that the costs of performing the services under the contract are not incurred on a straight-line basis.

We sell equipment with embedded software to our customers. The embedded software is not sold separately and it is not a significant focus of our marketing effort. We do not provide post-contract customer support specific to the software or incur significant costs that are within the scope of FASB guidance on accounting for software to be leased or sold. Additionally, the functionality that the software provides is marketed as part of the overall

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product. The software embedded in the equipment is incidental to the equipment as a whole such that the FASB guidance referenced above is not applicable. Sales of these products are recognized in accordance with FASB guidance on accounting for multiple-element arrangements.

Shipping and handling costs billed to customers for machine sales and sales of consumables are included in revenue in the consolidated statement of operations and other comprehensive loss. Costs incurred by us associated with shipping and handling is included in cost of sales in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Our terms of sale generally require payment within 30 to 60 days after shipment of a product, although we also recognize that longer payment periods are customary in some countries where we transact business. To reduce credit risk in connection with machine sales, we may, depending upon the circumstances, require certain amounts be prepaid prior to shipment. In some circumstances, we may require payment in full for our products prior to shipment and may require international customers to furnish letters of credit. These prepayments are reported as deferred revenue and customer prepayments in the consolidated balance sheets. Production and contract services are billed on a time-and-materials basis. Services under maintenance contracts are billed to customers upon performance of services in accordance with the contract.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid instruments with maturities when purchased of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our policy is to invest cash in excess of short-term operating and debt-service requirements in such cash equivalents. These instruments are stated at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short maturity of the instruments. We maintain cash balances with financial institutions located in the United States, Germany, and Japan. We place our cash with high quality financial institutions and believe our risk of loss is limited; however, at times, account balances may exceed international and federally insured limits. We have not experienced any losses associated with these cash balances.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are reported at their net realizable value. Our estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts related to trade receivables is based on our evaluation of customer accounts with past-due outstanding balances or specific accounts for which we have information that the customer may be unable to meet its financial obligations. Based upon review of these accounts, and management’s analysis and judgment, we record a specific allowance for that customer’s accounts receivable balance to reduce the outstanding receivable balance to the amount expected to be collected. The allowance is re-evaluated and adjusted periodically as additional information is received that impacts the allowance amount reserved. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $83 and $43, respectively.

Inventories

We value all of our inventories at the lower of cost, as determined on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method or market value. Overhead is allocated to work in progress and finished goods based on normal capacity of our production facilities. Fixed overhead associated with production facilities that are being operated below normal capacity are recognized as a period expense rather than being capitalized as a product cost. An allowance for slow-moving and obsolete inventories is provided based on historical experience and current product demand. These provisions reduce the cost basis of the respective inventory and are recorded as a charge to cost of sales. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the allowance for slow-moving and obsolete inventories was approximately $891 and $1,401, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, generally three to twenty-five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of (i) their estimated useful lives or (ii) the estimated or contractual lives of the

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related leases. Gains or losses from the sale of assets are recognized upon disposal or retirement of the related assets and are generally recorded in other (income) expense — net on the statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred.

We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets (asset group) may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets is determined by comparing the estimated undiscounted net cash flows of the operations related to the assets (asset group) to their carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of the assets (asset group) exceeds the estimated undiscounted net cash flows. The amount of the impairment loss to be recorded is calculated as the excess of carrying value of assets (asset group) over their fair value, with fair value determined using the best information available, which generally is a discounted cash flow model. The determination of what constitutes an asset group, the associated undiscounted net cash flows, and the estimated useful lives of assets require significant judgments and estimates by management. We recorded no impairment losses during 2012, 2011 or 2010.

Product Warranty Reserves

Substantially all of our 3D printing machines are covered by a warranty, generally over a period of twelve months from the date of installation at the customer’s site. A liability is recorded for future warranty costs in the same period in which the related revenue is recognized. The liability is based on anticipated parts and labor costs using historical experience. We periodically assess the adequacy of the product warranty reserves based on changes in these factors and record any necessary adjustments if actual experience indicates that adjustments are necessary. Future claims experience could be materially different from prior results because of the introduction of new, more complex products, a change in our warranty policy in response to industry trends, competition or other external forces, or manufacturing changes that could impact product quality. In the event that we determine that our current or future product repair and replacement costs exceed estimates, an adjustment to these reserves would be charged to cost of sales in the statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss in the period such a determination is made. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, product warranty reserves were approximately $554 and $117, respectively, and were included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Income Taxes

Prior to reorganization we were organized as a limited liability company. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions, we were taxed as a partnership and were not liable for income taxes. Instead, earnings and losses were included in the tax returns of our members. Therefore, the consolidated financial statements do not reflect a provision for U.S. federal or state income taxes.

Our subsidiaries in Germany and Japan are taxed as corporations under the taxing regulations of Germany and Japan, respectively. As a result, the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss includes tax expense related to these foreign jurisdictions.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Tax benefits that do not meet the more likely than not criteria are recognized when effectively settled, which generally means that the statute of limitations has expired or that appropriate taxing authority has completed its examination even through the statute of limitations remains open. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized.

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities of our wholly-owned subsidiaries in Germany and Japan using

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enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce foreign deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We seek to minimize these risks through regular operating and financing activities and, when we consider it to be appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments.

We hold interest rate swaps for the purpose of managing risks related to the variability of future earnings and cash flows caused by changes in interest rates. We have elected not to prepare and maintain the documentation required to qualify for hedge accounting treatment and therefore, all gains and losses (realized or unrealized) related to derivative instruments are recognized as interest expense in the statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Fair value of the interest rate swaps are reported as accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We do not purchase, hold or sell derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

We are exposed to credit risk if the counterparties to such transactions are unable to perform their obligations. However, we seek to minimize such risk by entering into transactions with counterparties that are believed to be creditworthy financial institutions.

We held no foreign currency contracts in 2012 or 2011. During 2010, we entered into a foreign currency contract to hedge our exposure arising from the sale of inventory. We recognized a loss of approximately $76 during 2010 in connection with this transaction and the termination of this contract.

Taxes on Revenue Producing Transactions

Taxes assessed by governmental authorities on revenue producing transactions, including sales, excise, value added and use taxes, are recorded on a net basis (excluded from revenue) in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Research and Development

We are continuously involved in research and development of new methods and technologies relating to our products. All research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.

Advertising

Advertising costs are charged to expense as incurred and were not significant for 2012, 2011 or 2010.

Defined Contribution Plan

We sponsor a defined contribution savings plan under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the plan, participating employees in the United States may elect to defer a portion of their pre-tax earnings, up to the Internal Revenue Service annual contribution limit. We make matching contributions of 50% of the first 8% of employee contributions, subject to certain Internal Revenue Service limitations. Our matching contributions to the plan were approximately $90, $87 and $57 in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Equity-Based Compensation

We recognize compensation expense for equity-based grants using the straight-line attribution method, in which the expense (net of estimated forfeitures) is recognized ratably over the requisite service period based on the

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grant date fair value. Fair value of equity-based awards is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes pricing model. We recognized approximately $7,735 in equity-based compensation during 2012. There was no equity-based compensation expense recognized during 2011 or 2010.

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance.

Refer to the Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance section of Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance.

None.

We are exposed to market risk from fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We seek to minimize these risks through regular operating and financing activities and, when we consider it to be appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. We do not purchase, hold or sell derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest Rates

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to debt instruments held with variable interest rates. From time to time, we may use derivative financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, collars or options, to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. At December 31, 2012, we held two interest rate swap agreements which converted the variable interest rates on two equipment notes payable to a fixed rate of 6.80% and 6.68%, respectively. At December 31, 2012, we held approximately $2,292 in debt instruments with variable rates. A hypothetical interest rate change of 1.0 percentage point, or 100 basis points, on these debt instruments would result in an increase in our annual interest expense of less than $100.

Foreign Currency

The local currency is the functional currency for significant operations outside of the United States. The determination of the functional currency of an operation is made based on the appropriate economic and management indicators.

Foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated into their U.S. dollar equivalents based on year end exchange rates, and are included in members’ equity (deficit) as a component of comprehensive loss. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations are charged to operations as incurred, except for gains and losses associated with intercompany receivables and payables for which settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future, which are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets.

We transact business globally and are subject to risks associated with fluctuating foreign exchange rates. The geographic areas outside the United States in which we operate are generally not considered to be highly inflationary. Approximately 72.8%, 70.0% and 70.7% of our consolidated revenue was derived from transactions outside the United States for 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. This revenue is generated primarily from wholly-owned subsidiaries operating in their respective countries and surrounding geographic areas. This revenue is primarily denominated in each subsidiary’s local functional currency, including the Euro and Japanese Yen. A hypothetical change in foreign exchange rates of +/- 10.0% for 2012, would result in an increase (decrease) in revenue of approximately $2,100. These subsidiaries incur most of their expenses (other than intercompany expenses) in their local functional currencies.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

The ExOne Company (formerly The Ex One Company, LLC and Subsidiaries)

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Ex One Company, LLC and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, members’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for the each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the entity’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The Ex One Company, LLC and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

As disclosed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company reorganized as The ExOne Company on January 1, 2013 and completed an initial public offering of the Company’s common stock on February 12, 2013.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

March 29, 2013

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Table of Contents

The ExOne Company and Subsidiaries (formerly The Ex One Company, LLC and Subsidiaries)

Statement of Consolidated Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except per-unit amounts)