UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

____________________________________________________

☒			Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
			For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
			or
☐			Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 001-16715

First Citizens BancShares, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware									56-1528994
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)									(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
4300 Six Forks Road			Raleigh			North Carolina			27609
(Address of principle executive offices)									(Zip code)
						(919)			716-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

____________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Title of each class			Trading Symbol(s)			Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, Par Value $1			FCNCA			Nasdaq Global Select Market
Depositary Shares, Each Representing a 1/40th Interest in a Share of 5.375% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A			FCNCP			Nasdaq Global Select Market
5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C			FCNCO			Nasdaq Global Select Market
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Class B Common Stock, Par Value $1

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and ‘emerging growth company’ in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Class A Common Stock— 13,514,808 shares

Class B Common Stock— 1,005,185 shares

(Number of shares outstanding, by class, as of April 30, 2023

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CONTENTS

Part One — Financial Information:

Item 1.

Financial Statements

4

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

4

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

5

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

6

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

7

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

8

Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

10

Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

60

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

102

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures

103

Part Two — Other Information:

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

103

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

103

Item 2.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

106

Item 6.

Exhibits

107

Signatures

107

2

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GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following is a list of certain abbreviations and acronyms we use throughout this document. You may find it helpful to refer back to this table.

Acronym			Definition			Acronym			Definition
ACL			Allowance for Credit Losses			HOA			Home Owner’s Association
AFS			Available for Sale			HQLS			High Quality Liquid Securities
AOCI			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			HTM			Held to Maturity
ASC			Accounting Standards Codification			LIBOR			London Inter-Bank Offered Rate
ASU			Accounting Standards Update			LGD			Loss Given Default
BHC			Bank Holding Company			LOCOM			Lower of the Cost or Market Value
BOLI			Bank Owned Life Insurance			MD&A			Management’s Discussion and Analysis
bps			Basis point(s); 1 bp = 0.01%			MSRs			Mortgage Servicing Rights
CAB			Community Association Banking			NCCOB			North Carolina Commissioner of Banks
CCAR			Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review			NII			Net Interest Income
CECL			Current Expected Credit Losses			NII Sensitivity			Net Interest Income Sensitivity
DPA			Deferred Purchase Agreement			NIM			Net Interest Margin
DTAs			Deferred Tax Assets			OREO			Other Real Estate Owned
ETR			Effective Tax Rate			PAA			Purchase Accounting Adjustments
EVE Sensitivity			Economic Value of Equity Sensitivity			PCA			Prompt corrective action
FASB			Financial Accounting Standards Board			PCAOB			Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
FCB			First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company			PCD			Purchased Credit Deteriorated
FDIC			Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation			PD			Probability of Obligor Default
FHA			Federal Housing Administration			PPP			Paycheck Protection Program
FHC			Financial Holding Company			ROU			Right of Use
FHLB			Federal Home Loan Bank			RSU			Restricted Stock Unit
FOMC			Federal Open Market Committee			SBA			Small Business Administration
FRB			Federal Reserve Bank			SOFR			Secured Overnight Financing Rate
GAAP			Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the U.S.			TDRs			Troubled Debt Restructuring
GDP			Gross Domestic Product			UPB			Unpaid Principal Balance
HFI			Held for Investment			VIE			Variable Interest Entity

3

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PART I

Item 1. Financial Statements

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

dollars in millions, except share data			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and due from banks			$	1,598					$	518
Interest-earning deposits at banks			38,522						5,025
Investment in marketable equity securities (cost of $75 at March 31, 2023 and $75 at December 31, 2022)			85						95
Investment securities available for sale (cost of $9,955 at March 31, 2023 and $9,967 at December 31, 2022), net of allowance for credit losses			9,061						8,995
Investment securities held to maturity (fair value of $8,993 at March 31, 2023 and $8,795 at December 31, 2022)			10,381						10,279
Assets held for sale			94						60
Loans and leases			138,288						70,781
Allowance for credit losses			(1,605)						(922)
Loans and leases, net of allowance for credit losses			136,683						69,859
Operating lease equipment, net			8,331						8,156
Premises and equipment, net			1,743						1,456
Goodwill			346						346
Other intangible assets			364						140
Other assets			7,450						4,369
Total assets			$	214,658					$	109,298
Liabilities
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing			$	54,649					$	24,922
Interest-bearing			85,401						64,486
Total deposits			140,050						89,408
Credit balances of factoring clients			1,126						995
Borrowings:
Short-term borrowings			1,009						2,186
Long-term borrowings			45,085						4,459
Total borrowings			46,094						6,645
Other liabilities			8,172						2,588
Total liabilities			195,442						99,636
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock - $0.01 par value (10,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022)			881						881
Common stock:
Class A - $1 par value (16,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2023; 13,514,808 and 13,501,017 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)			14						14
Class B - $1 par value (2,000,000 shares authorized; 1,005,185 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022)			1						1
Additional paid in capital			4,104						4,109
Retained earnings			14,885						5,392
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			(669)						(735)
Total stockholders’ equity			19,216						9,662
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	214,658					$	109,298

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

			Three Months Ended March 31,
dollars in millions, except share and per share data			2023						2022
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans			$	1,017					$	621
Interest on investment securities			107						83
Interest on deposits at banks			87						6
Total interest income			1,211						710
Interest expense
Deposits			288						39
Borrowings			73						22
Total interest expense			361						61
Net interest income			850						649
Provision for credit losses			783						464
Net interest income after provision for credit losses			67						185
Noninterest income
Rental income on operating lease equipment			233						208
Fee income and other service charges			50						36
Wealth management services			42						35
Service charges on deposit accounts			24						27
Factoring commissions			19						27
Cardholder services, net			21						25
Merchant services, net			10						10
Insurance commissions			13						12
Realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale, net			(14)						—
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net			(9)						3
Bank-owned life insurance			5						8
Gain on sale of leasing equipment, net			4						6
Gain on acquisition			9,824						431
Gain on extinguishment of debt			—						6
Other noninterest income			37						16
Total noninterest income			10,259						850
Noninterest expense
Depreciation on operating lease equipment			89						81
Maintenance and other operating lease expenses			56						43
Salaries and benefits			420						356
Net occupancy expense			50						48
Equipment expense			58						52
Professional fees			12						12
Third-party processing fees			29						24
FDIC insurance expense			18						12
Marketing expense			15						8
Acquisition-related expenses			28						135
Intangible asset amortization			5						6
Other noninterest expense			75						33
Total noninterest expense			855						810
Income before income taxes			9,471						225
Income tax (benefit) expense			(47)						(46)
Net income			$	9,518					$	271
Preferred stock dividends			14						7
Net income available to common stockholders			$	9,504					$	264
Earnings per common share
Basic			$	654.22					$	16.70
Diluted			$	653.64					$	16.70
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic			14,526,693						15,779,153
Diluted			14,539,709						15,779,153

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

			Three Months Ended March 31,
dollars in millions			2023						2022
Net income			$	9,518					$	271
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Net unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale			58						(318)
Net change in unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to securities held to maturity			—						1
Net change in defined benefit pension items			8						2
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			$	66					$	(315)
Total comprehensive income (loss)			$	9,584					$	(44)

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

						Three Months Ended March 31,
dollars in millions, except share data						Preferred Stock						Class A Common Stock						Class B Common Stock						Additional Paid in Capital						Retained Earnings						Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income						Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022						$	881					$	14					$	1					$	4,109					$	5,392					$	(735)					$	9,662
Net income						—						—						—						—						9,518						—						9,518
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax						—						—						—						—						—						66						66
Stock based compensation						—						—						—						(5)						—						—						(5)
Cash dividends declared ($0.75 per common share):
Class A common stock						—						—						—						—						(10)						—						(10)
Class B common stock						—						—						—						—						(1)						—						(1)
Preferred stock dividends declared:
Series A						—						—						—						—						(4)						—						(4)
Series B						—						—						—						—						(7)						—						(7)
Series C						—						—						—						—						(3)						—						(3)
Balance at March 31, 2023						$	881					$	14					$	1					$	4,104					$	14,885					$	(669)					$	19,216
Balance at December 31, 2021						$	340					$	9					$	1					$	—					$	4,378					$	10					$	4,738
Net income						—						—						—						—						271						—						271
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax						—						—						—						—						—						(315)						(315)
Issued in CIT Merger:
Common stock						—						6						—						5,273						—						—						5,279
Series B preferred stock						334						—						—						—						—						—						334
Series C preferred stock						207						—						—						—						—						—						207
Stock based compensation						—						—						—						71						—						—						71
Cash dividends declared ( $0.47 per common share):
Class A common stock						—						—						—						—						(7)						—						(7)
Class B common stock						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Preferred stock dividends declared
Series A						—						—						—						—						(5)						—						(5)
Series C						—						—						—						—						(3)						—						(3)
Balance at March 31, 2022						$	881					$	15					$	1					$	5,344					$	4,634					$	(305)					$	10,570

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

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First Citizens BancShares, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

			Three Months Ended March 31,
dollars in millions			2023						2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income			$	9,518					$	271
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Provision for credit losses			783						464
Deferred tax benefit			(69)						(61)
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion, net			124						114
Stock based compensation expense			1						12
Realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale, net			14						—
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net			9						(3)
Gain on sale of loans, net			(1)						(3)
Gain on sale of operating lease equipment, net			(4)						(6)
Loss on sale of premises and equipment, net			—						1
Gain on other real estate owned, net			—						(2)
Gain on acquisition			(9,824)						(431)
Gain on extinguishment of debt			—						(6)
Origination of loans held for sale			(82)						(235)
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale			67						248
Net change in other assets			(486)						343
Net change in other liabilities			(347)						(118)
Other operating activities			(65)						(11)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities			(362)						577
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net (increase) decrease in interest-earning deposits at banks			(88)						2,705
Purchases of investment securities available for sale			(125)						(810)
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities available for sale			227						330
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available for sale			1						—
Purchases of investment securities held to maturity			(212)						—
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities held to maturity			117						283
Net decrease in loans			1,060						107
Proceeds from sales of loans			113						53
Net increase (decrease) in credit balances of factoring clients			131						(383)
Purchases of operating lease equipment			(288)						(226)
Proceeds from sales of operating lease equipment			33						19
Purchases of premises and equipment			(44)						(15)
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned			3						11
Acquisition, net of cash acquired			1,347						134
Other investing activities			353						(13)
Net cash provided by investing activities			2,628						2,195
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase (decrease) in time deposits			2,124						(823)
Net (decrease) increase in demand and other interest-bearing deposits			(7,570)						1,275
Net change in securities sold under customer repurchase agreements			63						27
Repayment of short-term borrowings			(1,750)						—
Proceeds from issuance of short-term borrowings			500						—
Repayment of long-term borrowings			(1,021)						(3,031)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowings			6,500						1
Cash dividends paid			(26)						(14)
Other financing activities			(6)						(22)
Net cash used in financing activities			(1,186)						(2,587)
Change in cash and due from banks			1,080						185
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period			518						338
Cash and due from banks at end of period			$	1,598					$	523

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			Three Months Ended March 31,
dollars in millions			2023						2022
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid (refunded) during the period for:
Interest			$	366					$	146
Income taxes			—						(1)
Significant non-cash investing and financing activities:
Transfers of loans to other real estate			—						1
Transfers of premises and equipment to other real estate			1						4
Dividends declared but not paid			—						1
Transfer of assets from held for investment to held for sale			115						25
Transfer of assets from held for sale to held for investment			1						12
Loans held for sale exchanged for investment securities			—						38
Commitments extended during the period on affordable housing investment credits			3						—
Issuance of common stock as consideration for CIT Merger			—						5,278
Stock based compensation as consideration for CIT Merger			—						81
Issuance of preferred stock as consideration for CIT Merger			—						541
Purchase Money Note as consideration for SVBB Acquisition			35,150						—
Value Appreciation Instrument as consideration for SVBB Acquisition			500						—

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Nature of Operations

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Parent Company” and, when including all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, “we,” “us,” “our,” “BancShares”) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware that conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB,” or the “Bank”), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina. BancShares and its subsidiaries operate a network of more than 550 branches in 23 states, predominantly located in the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Western United States. BancShares provides various types of commercial and consumer banking services, including lending, leasing and wealth management services. Deposit services include checking, savings, money market and time deposit accounts.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

These consolidated financial statements and notes thereto are presented in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, therefore, do not include all information and notes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flow activity required in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations have been made. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in BancShares’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”). Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

The consolidated financial statements of BancShares include the accounts of BancShares and its subsidiaries, certain partnership interests and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where BancShares is the primary beneficiary, if applicable. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation. Assets held in agency or fiduciary capacity are not included in the consolidated financial statements.

Reclassifications

In certain instances, amounts reported in the 2022 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on previously reported stockholders’ equity or net income.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions impact the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ from those estimates. The significant estimates relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) and fair values of loans acquired in and the core deposit intangibles associated with a business combination are considered critical accounting estimates.

Business Combinations

BancShares accounts for all business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, acquired assets and assumed liabilities are included with the acquirer’s accounts at their estimated fair value as of the date of acquisition, with any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired recognized as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired exceeds the purchase price, a gain on acquisition is recognized. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as period expenses as incurred.

On March 27, 2023, FCB acquired substantially all loans and certain other assets and assumed all customer deposits and certain other liabilities, of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (“SVBB”) from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) pursuant to the terms of a purchase and assumption agreement (the “SVBB Purchase Agreement”) by and among FCB, the FDIC and the FDIC, as receiver of SVBB (the “SVBB Acquisition”).

On January 3, 2022 (the “CIT Merger Date”), BancShares completed its merger (the “CIT Merger”) with CIT Group Inc. (“CIT”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 15, 2020, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of September 30, 2021 (as amended, the “CIT Merger Agreement”).

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Refer to Note 2 — Business Combinations for additional information.

Reportable Segments

As of December 31, 2022, BancShares reported its financial results in the following reportable segments: General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail, and Corporate segments. During the first quarter of 2023, BancShares added the Silicon Valley Banking (“SVB”) reportable segment, which includes the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and related operations from the SVBB Acquisition.

ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Significant accounting policies are described in the 2022 Form 10-K. We have further described relevant updates to the significant accounting policies presented below.

Securities Purchased Under Agreement to Resell

Securities purchased under agreement to resell (“reverse repos”) are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions as the terms of purchase agreement do not qualify for sale accounting and are therefore recorded at the amount of cash advanced. Accrued interest receivables are recorded in other assets. Interest earned is recorded in interest income.

Assets Held for Sale

Assets held for sale (“AHFS”) primarily consists of commercial loans carried at the lower of the cost or fair value (“LOCOM”) and residential mortgage loans carried at fair value. AHFS also includes operating lease equipment held for sale carried at LOCOM.

Loans and Leases

BancShares extends credit to commercial customers through a variety of financing arrangements including term loans, revolving credit facilities, finance leases and operating leases. BancShares also extends credit through consumer loans, including residential mortgages and auto loans. Our loan classes are further described in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation in the 2022 Form 10-K.

SVB Loan Classes

SVB loan classes were added to reflect the loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition. The SVB loan classes are described below. There was no impact to our prior period disclosures.

Global Fund Banking – Global fund banking is the largest class of SVB loans and consists of capital call lines of credit, the repayment of which is dependent on the payment of capital calls by the underlying limited partner investors in funds managed by certain private equity and venture capital firms.

Investor Dependent – The investor dependent class includes loans made primarily to technology and life science/healthcare companies. These borrowers typically have modest or negative cash flows and rarely have an established record of profitable operations. Repayment of these loans may be dependent upon receipt by borrowers of additional equity financing from venture capital firms or other investors, or in some cases, a successful sale to a third party or an initial public offering (“IPO”). The investor dependent loans are disaggregated into two classes:

•Early-Stage – These include loans to pre-revenue, development-stage companies and companies that are in the early phases of commercialization, with revenues of up to $5 million.

•Growth Stage – These include loans to growth-stage enterprises. Companies with revenues between $5 million and $15 million, or pre-revenue clinical-stage biotechnology companies, are considered to be mid stage, and companies with revenues in excess of $15 million are considered to be later stage.

Cash Flow Dependent and Innovation Commercial and Industrial (“C&I”) – Cash flow dependent and innovation C&I loans are made primarily to technology and life science/healthcare companies that are not investor dependent. Repayment of these loans is not dependent on additional equity financing, a successful sale or an IPO.

•Cash Flow Dependent – Cash flow dependent loans are typically used to assist a select group of private equity sponsors with the acquisition of businesses, are larger in size and repayment is generally dependent upon the cash flows of the combined entities. Acquired companies are typically established, later-stage businesses of scale, and characterized by reasonable levels of leverage with loan structures that include meaningful financial covenants. The sponsor’s equity contribution is often 50 percent or more of the acquisition price.

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•Innovation C&I – These include loans in innovation sectors such as technology and life science/healthcare industries. Innovation C&I loans are dependent on either the borrower’s cash flows or balance sheet for repayment. Cash flow dependent loans require the borrower to maintain cash flow from operations that is sufficient to service all debt. Borrowers must demonstrate normalized cash flow in excess of all fixed charges associated with operating the business. Balance sheet dependent loans include asset-backed loans and are structured to require constant current asset coverage (e.g., cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and, to a much lesser extent, inventory) in an amount that exceeds the outstanding debt. The repayment of these arrangements is dependent on the financial condition, and payment ability, of third parties with whom our clients do business.

Private Bank – Private banking includes loans to clients who are primarily private equity/venture capital professionals and executives in the innovation companies, as well as high net worth clients. We offer a customized suite of private banking services, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, restricted and private stock loans, personal capital call lines of credit, lines of credit against liquid assets and other secured and unsecured lending products. In addition, we provide owner occupied commercial mortgages and real estate secured loans.

Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) – CRE consists generally of acquisition financing loans for commercial properties such as office buildings, retail properties, apartment buildings and industrial/warehouse space.

Other – The remaining smaller acquired portfolios are aggregated into this category. These include other C&I, premium wine and other acquired portfolios.

•Other C&I loans include working capital and revolving lines of credit, as well as term loans for equipment and fixed assets. These loans are primarily to clients that are not in the technology and life sciences/healthcare industries. Additionally, other C&I loans contain commercial tax-exempt loans to not-for-profit private schools, colleges, public charter schools and other not-for-profit organizations.

•Premium wine loans are made to wine producers, vineyards and wine industry or hospitality businesses across the Western United States. A large portion of these loans are secured by real estate collateral such as vineyards and wineries.

▪Other acquired portfolios consist primarily of construction and land loans for financing new developments as well as financing for improvements to existing buildings. These also include community development loans made as part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, and a small amount of Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans, which are loans guaranteed by the SBA that were issued through the PPP.

Acquired Loans and Leases

BancShares’ accounting methods for acquired loans and leases depends on whether or not the loans reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition.

Non-Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans and Leases

Non-Purchased Credit Deteriorated (“Non-PCD”) loans and leases do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition. These loans are recorded at fair value and an increase to the ACL is recorded with a corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses at the date of acquisition. The difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans and Leases

Purchased loans and leases that reflect a more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition are classified as PCD loans and leases. PCD loans and leases are recorded at acquisition-date amortized cost, which is the purchase price or fair value in a business combination, plus BancShares' initial ACL, which results in a gross up of the loan balance (the “PCD Gross-Up”). The initial ACL for PCD loans and leases is established through the PCD Gross-Up and there is no corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses. The difference between the UPB and the acquisition date amortized cost resulting from the PCD Gross-Up is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Goodwill

BancShares applied the acquisition method of accounting for the SVBB Acquisition and CIT Merger. The fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the purchase price for each transaction. Consequently, there was a gain on acquisition (and no goodwill) related to the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger. Refer to further discussion in Note 2 — Business Combinations and Note 7 — Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles.

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Derivative Assets and Liabilities

Foreign Exchange Contracts

SVB has foreign exchange forwards and swaps contracts with clients involved in foreign activities, either as the purchaser or seller, depending upon the clients’ needs. These are structured as back-to-back contracts to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in currency rates. The foreign exchange forward contracts are with correspondent banks to economically reduce our foreign exchange exposure related to certain foreign currency denominated instruments.

Equity Warrant Assets

In connection with negotiating credit facilities and certain other services, SVB often obtained rights that gave an option to purchase a position in a client company's stock in the form of equity warrant assets in primarily private, venture-backed companies in the technology and life science/healthcare industries. These were generally categorized as Level 3 on the fair value hierarchy due to lack of direct observable pricing and a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the associated underlying company. FCB did not acquire equity warrant assets in the SVBB Acquisition. FCB may obtain equity warrant assets for certain loans originated or funded after the SVBB Acquisition Date.

Newly Adopted Accounting Standards

BancShares adopted the following accounting standards as of January 1, 2023:

ASU 2022-02 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures- Issued March 2022 (“ASU 2022-02”)

The amendments in this ASU: (i) eliminate the previous recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, (ii) require new disclosures for loan modifications when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty (the “Modification Disclosures”) and (iii) require disclosures of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination in the vintage disclosures (the “Gross Charge-off Vintage Disclosures”).

The Modification Disclosures apply to the following modification types: principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, term extensions, or a combination thereof. Creditors are required to disclose the following by loan class: (i) amounts and relative percentages of each modification type, (ii) the financial effect of each modification type, (iii) the performance of the loan in the 12 months following the modification and (iv) qualitative information discussing how the modifications factored into the determination of the ACL.

BancShares elected to apply the modified retrospective transition method for ACL recognition and measurement. The adoption of this ASU did not result in a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings. The Modification Disclosures and Gross Charge-off Vintage Disclosures are applied prospectively starting in the period of adoption and are presented in Note 4 — Loans and Leases.

ASU 2022-01, Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method - Issued March 2022

The amendments in this ASU allow entities to designate multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio and expands the scope of the portfolio layer method to include non-prepayable financial assets. The ASU provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments under the portfolio layer method. In addition, upon adoption the update permits a one-time reclassification of certain debt securities from the held-to-maturity category to the available-for-sale category if the portfolio layer hedging method is applied to those securities. Upon adoption, we did not make any one-time reclassifications. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements and disclosures as BancShares did not have any hedged portfolios.

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NOTE 2 — BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Silicon Valley Bridge Bank Acquisition

FCB completed the SVBB Acquisition on March 27, 2023 (the “SVBB Acquisition Date”) and acquired substantially all loans and certain other assets and assumed all customer deposits and certain other liabilities of SVBB in an FDIC-assisted transaction. Pursuant to the terms of the SVBB Purchase Agreement, FCB acquired assets with an estimated total fair value of approximately $106.60 billion, primarily including $68.50 billion of loans and $35.28 billion of cash and interest-earning deposits at banks. FCB also assumed liabilities with an estimated total fair value of approximately $61.13 billion, primarily including $55.96 billion of customer deposits. The deposits were acquired without a premium and the assets were acquired at a discount of approximately $16.45 billion pursuant to the terms of the SVBB Purchase Agreement. Further details regarding the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities are provided in the “Purchase Price Consideration; Unaudited Statement of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed” table below.

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB issued a five-year note of approximately $35 billion payable to the FDIC (the “Purchase Money Note”). The Purchase Money Note will be primarily secured by all loans (other than certain consumer loans and related collateral) and certain real estate and bank premises acquired by FCB from the FDIC, as well as certain other assets acquired, including specified rights under the SVBB Purchase Agreement and Shared-Loss Agreement (as defined below). The interest rate is 3.50% per annum. FCB may prepay the principal of the Purchase Money Note at any time, without premium or penalty, upon notice to the FDIC. The principal amount of the Purchase Money Note is based on the book value of net assets acquired less the asset discount of approximately $16.45 billion pursuant to the terms of the SVBB Purchase Agreement. The principal amount of the Purchase Money Note is subject to change upon Final Settlement (as defined and described below).

In addition, as part of the consideration for the SVBB Acquisition, BancShares issued a Cash Settled Value Appreciation Instrument to the FDIC (the “Value Appreciation Instrument”) in which FCB agreed to make a cash payment to the FDIC equal to the product of (i) 5 million and (ii) the excess amount by which the average volume weighted price of one share of BancShares’ Class A common stock, par value $1 (“Class A Common Stock”), over the two Nasdaq trading days immediately prior to the date on which the Value Appreciation Instrument is exercised exceeds $582.55; provided that the settlement amount does not exceed $500 million. The Value Appreciation Instrument was exercisable by the holder thereof, in whole or in part, from and including March 27, 2023 to April 14, 2023. The FDIC exercised its right under the Value Appreciation Instrument on March 28, 2023 and a $500 million payment was made on April 4, 2023.

FCB and the FDIC also entered into terms and conditions for a five-year, up to $70 billion line of credit to FCB (the “Credit Facility”) provided by the FDIC. During the two-year period following the SVBB Acquisition Date, FCB may draw on the Credit Facility to support liquidity, including for deposit withdrawal or runoff and to fund the unfunded commercial lending commitments acquired in the SVBB Acquisition (the “Acquired Unfunded Commitments”). The Credit Facility is secured by the commercial loans and other extensions of commercial credit acquired pursuant to the SVBB Acquisition, including Acquired Unfunded Commitments subsequently funded by FCB. Interest on outstanding principal will accrue at a variable rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 25 basis points (but in no event less than 0.00%).

In connection with the SVBB Purchase Agreement, FCB also entered into a commercial shared loss agreement with the FDIC (the “Shared-Loss Agreement”). The Shared-Loss Agreement covers an estimated $60 billion of commercial loans (collectively, the “Covered Assets”). The FDIC will reimburse FCB for 0% of losses of up to $5 billion with respect to Covered Assets and 50% of losses in excess of $5 billion with respect to Covered Assets (“FDIC Loss Sharing”) and FCB will reimburse the FDIC for 50% of recoveries related to such Covered Assets (“FCB reimbursement”). The Shared-Loss Agreement provides for FDIC loss sharing for five years and FCB reimbursement for eight years. The Shared-Loss Agreement extends to loans funded after the SVBB Acquisition Date that were unfunded commitments to loans at the SVBB Acquisition Date for a period of one year after the SVBB Acquisition Date. If certain conditions are met pursuant to the Shared-Loss Agreement, FCB has agreed to pay to the FDIC, 45 days after March 31, 2031 (or, if earlier, the time of disposition of all acquired assets pursuant to the Shared-Loss Agreement), a true-up amount up to $1.5 billion calculated using a formula set forth in the Shared-Loss Agreement.

FCB and the FDIC are awaiting conclusion of the customary final settlement process to determine whether certain assets and liabilities of SVBB will remain with the FDIC or be acquired or assumed by FCB (“Final Settlement”). Final Settlement is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2023. Final Settlement primarily relates to: (i) FCB’s option to purchase SVBB branches, office buildings and certain other premises and equipment and (ii) certain subsidiaries of SVBB. These pending items are not reflected in the “Purchase Price Consideration; Unaudited Statement of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed” table below.

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BancShares has determined that the SVBB Acquisition constitutes a business combination as defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented at their estimated fair values based on preliminary valuations as of March 27, 2023. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions at the time of the SVBB Acquisition and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and may require adjustments.

We believe the preliminary fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed provide a reasonable basis for determining the preliminary gain on acquisition. We continue to review information relating to events or circumstances existing at the SVBB Acquisition Date that could impact the preliminary fair value estimates. The preliminary gain on acquisition could change until management finalizes its fair value estimates for the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, up to one year from the SVBB Acquisition Date. As of March 31, 2023, fair value measurements of loans, core deposit intangibles, low-income housing tax credits, unfunded commitments, premises and equipment, and intangibles related to the Shared-Loss Agreement are preliminary as we identify and assess information regarding the nature of these assets and liabilities and review the associated valuation assumptions and methodologies. Further, as described above, whether certain assets and liabilities are acquired or assumed by FCB is subject to the conclusion of Final Settlement. The tax treatment of FDIC-assisted acquisitions is complex and subject to interpretations that may result in future adjustments of deferred taxes as of the SVBB Acquisition Date. As such, the amounts recorded for tax assets and liabilities are considered provisional as we continue to evaluate the nature and extent of permanent and temporary differences between the book and tax bases of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed, as well as the tax impact on the preliminary gain on acquisition.

The following table provides the purchase price allocation to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the SVBB Acquisition Date:

Purchase Price Consideration; Unaudited Statement of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

dollars in millions			Fair Value Purchase Price Allocation as of March 27, 2023
Purchase price consideration
Purchase Money Note (1)			$	35,150
Value Appreciation Instrument			500
Purchase price consideration			$	35,650
Assets
Cash and due from banks			1,347
Interest-earning deposits at banks			33,932
Investment securities			122
Loans and leases			68,503
Affordable housing tax credit investments			1,134
Core deposit intangibles			230
Other assets			1,332
Total assets acquired			$	106,600
Liabilities
Deposits			55,959
Borrowings			10
Deferred tax liabilities			3,310
Other liabilities			1,847
Total liabilities assumed			$	61,126
Fair value of net assets acquired			45,474
Preliminary gain on acquisition, after income taxes (2)			$	9,824
Preliminary gain on acquisition, before income taxes (2)			$	13,134

(1) The principal amount of the Purchase Money Note is the book value of net assets acquired of approximately $51.82 billion less the asset discount of $16.45 billion pursuant to the SVBB Purchase Agreement. The $35.15 billion above is net of a fair value discount of approximately $220 million.

(2) The difference between the preliminary gain on acquisition before and after taxes reflects the deferred tax liabilities recorded in the SVBB Acquisition, as presented above.

BancShares recorded a preliminary gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion in noninterest income, representing the excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the purchase price. The following is a description of the methods used to determine the estimated fair values of the Purchase Money Note and significant assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as presented above.

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Purchase Money Note

The fair value of the Purchase Money Note was estimated based on the income approach, which includes: (i) projecting cash flows over a certain discrete projection period and (ii) discounting those projected cash flows to present value at a rate of return that considers the relative risk of the cash flows and the time value of money.

Cash and interest-earning deposits at banks

For financial instruments with a short-term or no stated maturity, prevailing market rates and limited credit risk, carrying amounts approximate fair value.

Investment Securities

Fair values for securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value estimates are based on observable inputs including quoted market prices for similar instruments, quoted market prices that are not in an active market or other inputs that are observable in the market. In the absence of observable inputs, fair value is estimated based on pricing models and/or discounted cash flow methodologies.

Loans

Fair values for loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, remaining term of loan, credit quality ratings or scores, amortization status and current discount rate. Loans with similar risk characteristics were pooled together and treated in aggregate when applying various valuation techniques. The discount rates used for loans were based on an evaluation of current market rates for new originations of comparable loans and required rates of return for market participants to purchase similar assets, including adjustments for liquidity and credit quality when necessary.

BancShares’ accounting methods for acquired Non-PCD and PCD loans and leases are discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. The following table presents the UPB and fair value of the loans acquired by BancShares in the SVBB Acquisition. The UPB for PCD loans includes the PCD Gross-Up of $200 million as discussed further in Note 4 — Loans and Leases.

Loans Acquired

dollars in millions			Loans and Leases
			UPB						Fair Value
Non-PCD loans and leases			$	68,742					$	66,473
PCD loans and leases			2,529						2,030
Total loans and leases			$	71,271					$	68,503

Affordable housing tax credit investments

The fair values of the affordable housing tax credit investments were determined based on discounted cash flows. The cash flow projections considered tax credits and net cash flows from operating losses and tax depreciation. The discount rate was determined using observable market data points for similar investments.

Core deposit intangibles

The following table presents the intangible asset recorded related to the valuation of core deposits:  

Intangible Asset

dollars in millions

Fair Value

Estimated Useful Life

Amortization Method

Core deposit intangibles

$

230

8 years

Effective Yield

Certain core deposits were acquired as part of the SVBB Acquisition, which provide an additional source of funds for BancShares. The core deposit intangible represents the costs saved by BancShares by acquiring the core deposits rather than sourcing the funds elsewhere. This intangible was valued using the after-tax cost savings method under the income approach. This method estimates the fair value by discounting to present value the favorable funding spread attributable to the core deposit balances over their estimated average remaining life. The valuation considered a dynamic approach to interest rates and alternative cost of funds. The favorable funding spread is calculated as the difference in the alternative cost of funds and the net deposit cost. Refer to further discussion in Note 7 — Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles.

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Other assets and liabilities

The following table details other assets acquired:

Other Assets

dollars in millions			Fair Value
Accrued interest receivable			$	412
Fair value of derivative financial instruments, net			197
Premises and equipment			286
Other			437
Total other assets			$	1,332

The fair values of the derivative assets in the table above and derivative liabilities in the table below were valued using prices of financial instruments with similar characteristics and observable inputs. The fair value of accrued interest receivable and the remaining other assets was determined to approximate book value. Refer to further discussion in Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments and Note 14 — Fair Value.

Deposits

Acquired deposits were essentially all transactional deposits. Thus, we determined carrying amounts approximate fair value.

Deferred Tax liability

The SVBB Acquisition is an asset acquisition for tax purposes and is therefore considered a taxable transaction. The deferred tax liability (“DTL”) for the SVBB Acquisition was calculated by applying FCB’s deferred tax rate to the book and tax basis differences on the SVBB Acquisition Date for acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Deferred taxes were not recorded for the affordable housing tax credit investments in accordance with the proportional amortization method.

Other liabilities

The following table details other liabilities assumed:

dollars in millions			Fair Value
Fair value of derivative financial instruments, net			$	333
Accrued interest payable			113
Commitments to fund tax credit investments			716
Other			685
Total other liabilities			$	1,847

The fair value of the liability representing our commitment for future capital contributions to the affordable housing tax credit investments was determined based on discounted cash flows. Projected cash flows for future capital contributions were discounted at a rate that represented FCB’s cost of debt.

Shared-Loss Agreement Intangibles

Preliminary estimates indicate there is no material value to attribute to the loss indemnification asset or true-up liability. This is primarily based on evaluation of historical loss experience and the credit quality of the portfolio.

Unaudited Pro Forma Information - SVBB Acquisition

The amount of net interest income, noninterest income and net income of $65 million, $14 million and $35 million, respectively, attributable to the SVBB Acquisition were included in BancShares’ Consolidated Statement of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2023. SVBB’s net interest income, noninterest income and net income noted above reflect management’s best estimates, based on information available at the reporting date.

SVBB was only in operation from March 10 to March 27, 2023 and does not have historical financial information on which we could base pro forma information. Additionally, we did not acquire all assets or assume all liabilities of SVBB and an essential part of the SVBB Acquisition is the federal assistance governed by the SVBB Purchase Agreement and Shared-Loss Agreement, which is not reflected in the previous operations of SVBB. Therefore, it is impracticable to provide pro forma information on revenues and earnings for the SVBB Acquisition in accordance with ASC 805-10-50-2.

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CIT Group Inc.

BancShares completed the CIT Merger on January 3, 2022 (the “Merger Date”). Pursuant to the CIT Merger Agreement, each share of CIT common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“CIT Common Stock”), issued and outstanding, except for certain shares of CIT Common Stock owned by CIT or BancShares, was converted into the right to receive 0.062 shares of Class A Common Stock, plus cash in lieu of fractional shares of Class A Common Stock. The Parent Company issued approximately 6.1 million shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the consummation of the CIT Merger.

The CIT Merger has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values based on the Merger Date. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions at the time of the merger and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and may require adjustments.

The following table provides the purchase price allocation to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the Merger Date:

Purchase Price Consideration and Net Assets Acquired

dollars in millions, except shares issued and price per share															Purchase Price Allocation
Common share consideration
Shares of Class A Common Stock issued															6,140,010
Price per share on January 3, 2022															$	859.76
Common stock consideration															$	5,279
Preferred stock consideration															541
Stock-based compensation consideration															81
Cash in lieu of fractional shares and other consideration paid															51
Purchase price consideration															$	5,952
Assets
Cash and interest-earning deposits at banks															$	3,060
Investment securities															6,561
Assets held for sale															59
Loans and leases															32,714
Operating lease equipment															7,838
Bank-owned life insurance															1,202
Intangible assets															143
Other assets															2,198
Total assets acquired															$	53,775
Liabilities
Deposits															$	39,428
Borrowings															4,536
Credit balances of factoring clients															1,534
Other liabilities															1,894
Total liabilities assumed															$	47,392
Fair value of net assets acquired															6,383
Gain on acquisition															$	431

BancShares recorded a gain on acquisition of $431 million in noninterest income, representing the excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the purchase price. The gain on acquisition was not taxable.

For a description of the fair value and unpaid principal balance of loans from the CIT Merger, as well as the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities, see Note 2 — Business Combinations in Item 8 of our 2022 Form 10-K.

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NOTE 3 — INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The following tables include the amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Amortized Cost and Fair Value - Debt Securities

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
			Amortized Cost						Gross Unrealized Gains						Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury			$	2,091					$	—					$	(113)					$	1,978
Government agency			152						—						(2)						150
Residential mortgage-backed securities			5,415						3						(570)						4,848
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			1,755						—						(170)						1,585
Corporate bonds(1)			542						—						(42)						500
Total investment securities available for sale(1)			$	9,955					$	3					$	(897)					$	9,061
Investment in marketable equity securities			$	75					$	14					$	(4)					$	85
Investment securities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury			$	475					$	—					$	(42)					$	433
Government agency			1,550						—						(163)						1,387
Residential mortgage-backed securities			4,511						2						(655)						3,858
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			3,547						1						(497)						3,051
Supranational securities			296						—						(34)						262
Other			2						—						—						2
Total investment securities held to maturity			$	10,381					$	3					$	(1,391)					$	8,993
Total investment securities(1)			$	20,411					$	20					$	(2,292)					$	18,139
(1) Balances presented net of allowance for credit losses of $4 million
			December 31, 2022
			Amortized Cost						Gross Unrealized Gains						Gross Unrealized Losses						Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury			$	2,035					$	—					$	(137)					$	1,898
Government agency			164						—						(2)						162
Residential mortgage-backed securities			5,424						1						(630)						4,795
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			1,774						—						(170)						1,604
Corporate bonds			570						—						(34)						536
Total investment securities available for sale			$	9,967					$	1					$	(973)					$	8,995
Investment in marketable equity securities			$	75					$	21					$	(1)					$	95
Investment securities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury			$	474					$	—					$	(50)					$	424
Government agency			1,548						—						(186)						1,362
Residential mortgage-backed securities			4,605						—						(723)						3,882
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			3,355						—						(484)						2,871
Supranational securities			295						—						(41)						254
Other			2						—						—						2
Total investment securities held to maturity			$	10,279					$	—					$	(1,484)					$	8,795
Total investment securities			$	20,321					$	22					$	(2,458)					$	17,885

Investments in mortgage-backed securities represent securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association, Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. U.S. Treasury investments represents T-bills and Notes issued by the U.S. Treasury. Investments in government agency securities represent securities issued by the Small Business Association (“SBA”), Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and other agencies. Investments in supranational securities represent securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks. Investments in corporate bonds represent positions in debt securities of other financial institutions. Investments in marketable equity securities represent positions in common stock of publicly traded financial institutions. Other held to maturity investments include certificates of deposit with other financial institutions.

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BancShares also holds approximately 354,000 shares of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. (“Visa”). Until the resolution of certain litigation, at which time the Visa Class B common stock will convert to publicly traded Visa Class A common stock, these shares are only transferable to other stockholders of Visa Class B common stock. As a result, there is limited transfer activity in private transactions between buyers and sellers. Given this limited trading activity and the continuing uncertainty regarding the likelihood, ultimate timing and eventual exchange rate for shares of Visa Class B common stock into shares of Visa Class A common stock, these shares are not considered to have a readily determinable fair value and have no carrying value. BancShares continues to monitor the trading activity in Visa Class B common stock and the status of the resolution of certain litigation matters at Visa that would trigger the conversion of the Visa Class B common stock into Visa Class A common stock.

Accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were excluded from the estimate for credit losses. At March 31, 2023, accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were $30 million and $17 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, accrued interest receivables for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities were $33 million and $19 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no accrued interest that was deemed uncollectible and written off against interest income.

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturity. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities on certain securities because borrowers and issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed and government agency securities are stated separately as they are not due at a single maturity date.

Maturities - Debt Securities

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
			Cost						Fair Value						Cost						Fair Value
Investment securities available for sale
Non-amortizing securities maturing in:
One year or less			$	34					$	33					$	37					$	37
After one through five years			2,120						2,004						2,068						1,928
After five through 10 years			463						427						483						455
After 10 years			16						14						17						14
Government agency			152						150						164						162
Residential mortgage-backed securities			5,415						4,848						5,424						4,795
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			1,755						1,585						1,774						1,604
Total investment securities available for sale(1)			$	9,955					$	9,061					$	9,967					$	8,995
Investment securities held to maturity
Non-amortizing securities maturing in:
One year or less			$	51					$	51					$	51					$	51
After one through five years			1,579						1,440						1,479						1,328
After five through 10 years			693						593						789						663
Residential mortgage-backed securities			4,511						3,858						4,605						3,882
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			3,547						3,051						3,355						2,871
Total investment securities held to maturity			$	10,381					$	8,993					$	10,279					$	8,795

(1) Balances as of March 31, 2023 are presented net of the allowance for credit losses of $4 million.

The following table presents interest and dividend income on investment securities:

Interest and Dividends on Investment Securities

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023						2022
Interest income - taxable investment securities			$	106					$	82
Dividend income - marketable equity securities			1						1
Interest on investment securities			$	107					$	83

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The following table presents the gross realized losses on the sales of investment securities available for sale:

Realized Losses on Debt Securities Available For Sale

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023						2022
Gross realized gains on sales of investment securities available for sale			$	—					$	—
Gross realized losses on sales of investment securities available for sale			(14)						—
Net realized losses on sales of investment securities available for sale			$	(14)					$	—

The following table provides the fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities:

Fair Value Adjustment on Marketable Equity Securities

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023						2022
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net			$	(9)					$	3

The following table provides information regarding investment securities available for sale with unrealized losses:

Gross Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities Available For Sale

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
			Less than 12 months												12 months or more												Total
			Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury			$	28					$	(1)					$	1,889					$	(112)					$	1,917					$	(113)
Government agency			75						(1)						75						(1)						150						(2)
Residential mortgage-backed securities			656						(26)						3,955						(544)						4,611						(570)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			568						(13)						1,003						(157)						1,571						(170)
Corporate bonds(1)			360						(25)						140						(17)						500						(42)
Total(1)			$	1,687					$	(66)					$	7,062					$	(831)					$	8,749					$	(897)
			December 31, 2022
			Less than 12 months												12 months or more												Total
			Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury			$	403					$	(27)					$	1,495					$	(110)					$	1,898					$	(137)
Government agency			65						(1)						62						(1)						127						(2)
Residential mortgage-backed securities			1,698						(165)						3,001						(465)						4,699						(630)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			836						(53)						752						(117)						1,588						(170)
Corporate bonds			499						(30)						37						(4)						536						(34)
Total			$	3,501					$	(276)					$	5,347					$	(697)					$	8,848					$	(973)

(1) Balances as of March 31, 2023 are presented net of the allowance for credit losses of $4 million.

As of March 31, 2023, there were 337 investment securities available for sale with continuous unrealized losses for more than 12 months, of which 315 were government sponsored enterprise-issued mortgage-backed securities, government agency securities, or U.S. treasury securities and the remaining 22 were corporate bonds. BancShares has the ability and intent to retain these securities for a period of time sufficient to recover all unrealized losses. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, as of March 31, 2023, no ACL was required. For corporate bonds, we analyzed the changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased and considered other factors including changes in credit ratings, delinquencies, and other macroeconomic factors. As a result of this analysis, we determined that one corporate bond had a credit-related loss of $4 million as of March 31, 2023, which is reflected in the provision for credit losses as further discussed in Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses.

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BancShares’ portfolio of held to maturity debt securities consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, and securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, as of March 31, 2023, no ACL was required for held to maturity debt securities.

Investment securities having an aggregate carrying value of $4.16 billion at March 31, 2023, and $4.20 billion at December 31, 2022, were pledged as collateral to secure public funds on deposit and certain short-term borrowings, and for other purposes as required by law.

A security is considered past due once it is 30 days contractually past due under the terms of the agreement. There were no securities past due as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

There were no debt securities held to maturity on non-accrual status as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Certain investments held by BancShares were recorded in other assets. BancShares held FHLB stock of $393 million and $197 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; these securities are recorded at cost. BancShares held $62 million and $58 million of nonmarketable securities without readily determinable fair values, which are measured at cost at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Investments in qualified affordable housing projects, all of which qualify for the proportional amortization method were $1.66 billion and $598 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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NOTE 4 — LOANS AND LEASES

Unless otherwise noted, loans held for sale are not included in the following tables. Leases in the following tables include finance leases, but exclude operating lease equipment. As disclosed in Note 2 — Business Combinations, the following tables as of March 31, 2023 include loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

Loans by Class

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	2,971					$	2,804
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			14,456						14,473
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			10,292						9,902
Commercial and industrial			24,508						24,105
Leases			2,163						2,171
Total commercial			54,390						53,455
Consumer
Residential mortgage			13,727						13,309
Revolving mortgage			1,916						1,951
Consumer auto			1,452						1,414
Consumer other			632						652
Total consumer			17,727						17,326
SVB
Global fund banking			36,097						—
Investor dependent - early stage			1,994						—
Investor dependent - growth stage			4,418						—
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent			9,193						—
Private Bank			9,476						—
CRE			2,444						—
Other			2,549						—
Total SVB			66,171						—
Total loans and leases			$	138,288					$	70,781

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, accrued interest receivable on loans included in other assets was $643 million and $203 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The following table presents selected components of the amortized cost of loans:

Components of Amortized Cost

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Deferred costs, including unamortized costs and unearned fees on non-PCD loans			$	26					$	34
Net unamortized discount on purchased loans
Non-PCD			$	2,337					$	73
PCD			337						45
Total net unamortized discount			$	2,674					$	118

The aging of the outstanding loans and leases, by class, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is provided in the tables below. Loans and leases less than 30 days past due are considered current, as various grace periods allow borrowers to make payments within a stated period after the due date and remain in compliance with the respective agreement.

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Loans and Leases - Delinquency Status

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
			30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						90 Days or Greater						Total Past Due						Current						Total
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	9					$	1					$	—					$	10					$	2,961					$	2,971
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			30						—						34						64						14,392						14,456
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			165						67						190						422						9,870						10,292
Commercial and industrial			158						30						61						249						24,259						24,508
Leases			55						13						14						82						2,081						2,163
Total commercial			417						111						299						827						53,563						54,390
Consumer
Residential mortgage			77						17						46						140						13,587						13,727
Revolving mortgage			10						3						8						21						1,895						1,916
Consumer auto			7						2						1						10						1,442						1,452
Consumer other			4						2						3						9						623						632
Total consumer			98						24						58						180						17,547						17,727
SVB
Global fund banking			37						—						—						37						36,060						36,097
Investor dependent - early stage			17						3						2						22						1,972						1,994
Investor dependent - growth stage			25						8						—						33						4,385						4,418
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent			27						11						—						38						9,155						9,193
Private Bank			39						1						17						57						9,419						9,476
CRE			4						1						—						5						2,439						2,444
Other			10						—						4						14						2,535						2,549
Total SVB			159						24						23						206						65,965						66,171
Total loans and leases			$	674					$	159					$	380					$	1,213					$	137,075					$	138,288
			December 31, 2022
			30-59 Days Past Due						60-89 Days Past Due						90 Days or Greater						Total Past Due						Current						Total
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	50					$	—					$	1					$	51					$	2,753					$	2,804
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			29						5						25						59						14,414						14,473
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			76						144						11						231						9,671						9,902
Commercial and industrial			173						26						53						252						23,853						24,105
Leases			59						17						16						92						2,079						2,171
Total commercial			387						192						106						685						52,770						53,455
Consumer
Residential mortgage			73						16						52						141						13,168						13,309
Revolving mortgage			9						3						8						20						1,931						1,951
Consumer auto			7						1						1						9						1,405						1,414
Consumer other			4						2						3						9						643						652
Total consumer			93						22						64						179						17,147						17,326
Total loans and leases			$	480					$	214					$	170					$	864					$	69,917					$	70,781

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The amortized cost, by class, of loans and leases on non-accrual status, and loans and leases greater than 90 days past due and still accruing at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented below.

Loans on Non-Accrual Status (1) (2)

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
			Non-Accrual Loans						Loans > 90 Days and Accruing						Non-Accrual Loans						Loans > 90 Days and Accruing
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	2					$	—					$	48					$	—
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			46						8						41						2
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			219						114						228						—
Commercial and industrial			214						20						184						41
Leases			29						4						28						7
Total commercial			510						146						529						50
Consumer
Residential mortgage			71						8						75						10
Revolving mortgage			18						—						18						—
Consumer auto			4						—						4						—
Consumer other			1						3						1						3
Total consumer			94						11						98						13
SVB
Global fund banking			—						—						—						—
Investor dependent - early stage			56						—						—						—
Investor dependent - growth stage			60						—						—						—
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent			78						—						—						—
Private Bank			27						—						—						—
CRE			2						—						—						—
Other			1						4						—						—
Total SVB			224						4						—						—
Total loans and leases			$	828					$	161					$	627					$	63

(1) Accrued interest that was reversed when the loan went to non-accrual status was $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

(2) Non-accrual loans for which there was no related ACL totaled $59 million at March 31, 2023 and $63 million at December 31, 2022.

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) and repossessed assets were $47 million as of March 31, 2023 and $47 million as of December 31, 2022.

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Credit Quality Indicators

Loans and leases are monitored for credit quality on a recurring basis. Commercial loans and leases and consumer loans have different credit quality indicators as a result of the unique characteristics of the loan classes being evaluated. The credit quality indicators for Non-PCD commercial loans and leases are developed through a review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Commercial loans are evaluated periodically with more frequent evaluations done on criticized loans. The indicators as of the date presented are based on the most recent assessment performed and are defined below:

Pass – A pass rated asset is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.

Special mention – A special mention asset has potential weaknesses which deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, such potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These assets are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – An asset classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in an asset classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.

Loss – Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value it is inappropriate to be carried as an asset. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to any potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not appropriate to defer a full charge-off even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.

Ungraded – Ungraded loans represent loans not included in the individual credit grading process due to their relatively small balances or borrower type. The majority of ungraded loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, relate to business credit cards. Business credit card loans are subject to automatic charge-off when they become 120 days past due in the same manner as unsecured consumer lines of credit.

The credit quality indicator for consumer loans is based on delinquency status of the borrower as of the date presented. As the borrower becomes more delinquent, the likelihood of loss increases. An exemption is applied to government guaranteed loans as the principal repayments are insured by the Federal Housing Administration and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and thus remain on accrual status regardless of delinquency status.

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The following tables summarize the commercial and SVB loans disaggregated by year of origination and by risk rating. The consumer loan delinquency status by year of origination is also presented below. The tables reflect the amortized cost of the loans and include PCD loans.

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

March 31, 2023
Risk Classification:			Term Loans by Origination Year																																										Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						2018 & Prior						Revolving												Total
Commercial construction
Pass			$	187					$	1,226					$	772					$	384					$	119					$	96					$	60					$	—					$	2,844
Special Mention			—						4						—						48						40						—						—						—						92
Substandard			1						1						—						—						28						5						—						—						35
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total commercial construction			188						1,231						772						432						187						101						60						—						2,971
Owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass			393						2,709						3,292						2,877						1,767						2,728						165						—						13,931
Special Mention			—						40						20						46						30						72						1						—						209
Substandard			5						22						47						52						29						154						6						—						315
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						—						1						—						—						1
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total owner occupied commercial mortgage			398						2,771						3,359						2,975						1,826						2,955						172						—						14,456
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass			612						2,500						1,666						1,772						1,202						1,456						49						—						9,257
Special Mention			—						—						—						79						130						81						—						—						290
Substandard			—						4						13						67						312						313						—						—						709
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						26						10						—						—						36
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			612						2,504						1,679						1,918						1,670						1,860						49						—						10,292
Commercial and industrial
Pass			3,482						5,434						3,890						1,863						1,342						1,529						5,125						28						22,693
Special Mention			52						84						120						93						47						54						100						—						550
Substandard			24						103						135						175						148						272						239						1						1,097
Doubtful			—						4						5						1						14						30						10						—						64
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						104						—						104
Total commercial and industrial			3,558						5,625						4,150						2,132						1,551						1,885						5,578						29						24,508
Leases
Pass			235						648						425						338						177						152						—						—						1,975
Special Mention			5						21						20						14						8						3						—						—						71
Substandard			5						35						28						23						10						6						—						—						107
Doubtful			—						3						3						2						1						1						—						—						10
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total leases			245						707						476						377						196						162						—						—						2,163
Total commercial			$	5,001					$	12,838					$	10,436					$	7,834					$	5,430					$	6,963					$	5,859					$	29					$	54,390

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SVB - Risk Classifications by Class

March 31, 2023
Risk Classification:			Term Loans by Origination Year																																										Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						2018 & Prior						Revolving												Total
Global fund banking
Pass			$	78					$	191					$	134					$	103					$	44					$	9					$	35,453					$	75					$	36,087
Special Mention			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Substandard			—						—						—						—						—						—						10						—						10
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total global fund banking			78						191						134						103						44						9						35,463						75						36,097
Investor dependent - early stage
Pass			76						848						406						115						48						10						169						—						1,672
Special Mention			—						15						1						1						—						—						3						—						20
Substandard			—						61						89						38						8						2						47						—						245
Doubtful			—						27						20						4						2						—						4						—						57
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total investor dependent - early stage			76						951						516						158						58						12						223						—						1,994
Investor dependent - growth stage
Pass			206						1,372						1,137						512						145						186						314						5						3,877
Special Mention			—						8						15						17						—						—						—						—						40
Substandard			3						76						150						120						20						38						35						—						442
Doubtful			—						5						42						1						9						2						—						—						59
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total investor dependent - growth stage			209						1,461						1,344						650						174						226						349						5						4,418
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent
Pass			129						1,684						1,191						1,309						586						669						2,948						—						8,516
Special Mention			41						—						—						26						28						—						15						—						110
Substandard			—						37						133						117						7						34						160						—						488
Doubtful			—						—						2						61						—						—						16						—						79
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total innovation C&I and cash flow dependent			170						1,721						1,326						1,513						621						703						3,139						—						9,193
Private bank
Pass			398						2,379						2,332						1,443						788						1,171						889						14						9,414
Special Mention			—						—						2						—						—						9						2						—						13
Substandard			—						—						13						1						3						20						2						—						39
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						1						9						—						—						10
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total private bank			398						2,379						2,347						1,444						792						1,209						893						14						9,476
CRE
Pass			53						516						260						194						195						889						98						5						2,210
Special Mention			—						3						10						—						3						27						—						—						43
Substandard			—						—						4						18						102						65						2						—						191
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total CRE			53						519						274						212						300						981						100						5						2,444
Other
Pass			43						419						416						356						163						625						364						64						2,450
Special Mention			—						—						2						11						—						11						2						—						26
Substandard			—						10						6						7						8						29						13						—						73
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total Other			43						429						424						374						171						665						379						64						2,549
Total SVB			$	1,027					$	7,651					$	6,365					$	4,454					$	2,160					$	3,805					$	40,546					$	163					$	66,171

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Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

March 31, 2023
Days Past Due:			Term Loans by Origination Year																																										Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						2018 & Prior						Revolving												Total
Residential mortgage
Current			$	726					$	3,527					$	3,681					$	2,043					$	774					$	2,819					$	17					$	—					$	13,587
30-59 days			—						5						9						6						2						55						—						—						77
60-89 days			—						—						2						2						1						12						—						—						17
90 days or greater			—						1						1						3						1						40						—						—						46
Total residential mortgage			726						3,533						3,693						2,054						778						2,926						17						—						13,727
Revolving mortgage
Current			—						—						—						—						—						—						1,803						92						1,895
30-59 days			—						—						—						—						—						—						7						3						10
60-89 days			—						—						—						—						—						—						1						2						3
90 days or greater			—						—						—						—						—						—						5						3						8
Total revolving mortgage			—						—						—						—						—						—						1,816						100						1,916
Consumer auto
Current			165						565						360						193						95						64						—						—						1,442
30-59 days			—						2						2						1						1						1						—						—						7
60-89 days			—						1						1						—						—						—						—						—						2
90 days or greater			—						—						1						—						—						—						—						—						1
Total consumer auto			165						568						364						194						96						65						—						—						1,452
Consumer other
Current			30						142						73						12						5						20						341						—						623
30-59 days			—						1						—						—						—						1						2						—						4
60-89 days			—						—						—						—						—						—						2						—						2
90 days or greater			—						—						—						—						—						1						2						—						3
Total consumer other			30						143						73						12						5						22						347						—						632
Total consumer			$	921					$	4,244					$	4,130					$	2,260					$	879					$	3,013					$	2,180					$	100					$	17,727

 

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The following tables represent current credit quality indicators by origination year as of December 31, 2022:

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

December 31, 2022
Risk Classification:			Term Loans by Origination Year																																										Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions			2022						2021						2020						2019						2018						2017 & Prior						Revolving												Total
Commercial construction
Pass			$	1,140					$	759					$	511					$	157					$	27					$	75					$	42					$	—					$	2,711
Special Mention			4						—						18						18						—						—						—						—						40
Substandard			2						—						—						43						—						5						—						—						50
Doubtful			—						—						—						3						—						—						—						—						3
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total commercial construction			1,146						759						529						221						27						80						42						—						2,804
Owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass			2,773						3,328						2,966						1,825						1,048						1,867						177						—						13,984
Special Mention			33						14						32						33						18						49						2						—						181
Substandard			24						47						41						28						47						114						6						—						307
Doubtful			—						—						—						—						—						1						—						—						1
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total owner occupied commercial mortgage			2,830						3,389						3,039						1,886						1,113						2,031						185						—						14,473
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass			2,501						1,658						1,794						1,397						680						933						48						—						9,011
Special Mention			—						1						69						38						35						10						1						—						154
Substandard			3						11						68						324						58						236						—						—						700
Doubtful			—						—						—						17						—						20						—						—						37
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			2,504						1,670						1,931						1,776						773						1,199						49						—						9,902
Commercial and industrial
Pass			7,695						4,145						2,035						1,533						872						845						5,252						29						22,406
Special Mention			87						153						79						63						52						23						40						—						497
Substandard			106						117						194						132						166						145						200						1						1,061
Doubtful			1						4						3						11						6						16						7						—						48
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						—						93						—						93
Total commercial and industrial			7,889						4,419						2,311						1,739						1,096						1,029						5,592						30						24,105
Leases
Pass			718						466						389						216						80						108						—						—						1,977
Special Mention			21						22						17						9						4						—						—						—						73
Substandard			32						32						27						12						7						1						—						—						111
Doubtful			2						3						2						1						1						—						—						—						9
Ungraded			—						—						—						—						—						1						—						—						1
Total leases			773						523						435						238						92						110						—						—						2,171
Total commercial			$	15,142					$	10,760					$	8,245					$	5,860					$	3,101					$	4,449					$	5,868					$	30					$	53,455

 

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Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

December 31, 2022
Days Past Due:			Term Loans by Origination Year																																										Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions			2022						2021						2020						2019						2018						2017 & Prior						Revolving												Total
Residential mortgage
Current			$	3,485					$	3,721					$	2,097					$	805					$	413					$	2,625					$	22					$	—					$	13,168
30-59 days			3						7						6						5						3						49						—						—						73
60-89 days			1						1						2						—						1						11						—						—						16
90 days or greater			—						1						1						2						2						46						—						—						52
Total residential mortgage			3,489						3,730						2,106						812						419						2,731						22						—						13,309
Revolving mortgage
Current			—						—						—						—						—						—						1,839						92						1,931
30-59 days			—						—						—						—						—						—						5						4						9
60-89 days			—						—						—						—						—						—						2						1						3
90 days or greater			—						—						—						—						—						—						5						3						8
Total revolving mortgage			—						—						—						—						—						—						1,851						100						1,951
Consumer auto
Current			599						398						216						111						59						22						—						—						1,405
30-59 days			1						2						2						1						1						—						—						—						7
60-89 days			—						1						—						—						—						—						—						—						1
90 days or greater			—						1						—						—						—						—						—						—						1
Total consumer auto			600						402						218						112						60						22						—						—						1,414
Consumer other
Current			160						82						13						6						2						19						361						—						643
30-59 days			—						—						—						—						—						1						3						—						4
60-89 days			—						—						—						—						—						1						1						—						2
90 days or greater			—						—						—						—						—						1						2						—						3
Total consumer other			160						82						13						6						2						22						367						—						652
Total consumer			$	4,249					$	4,214					$	2,337					$	930					$	481					$	2,775					$	2,240					$	100					$	17,326

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Gross Charge-offs

Gross Charge-off Vintage Disclosures by origination year and loan class are summarized in the following table for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Gross Charge-offs

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
			Term Loans by Origination Year																																										Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						2018 & Prior						Revolving												Total
Commercial
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	12					$	—					$	—					$	12
Commercial and industrial			—						14						9						4						2						1						8						—						38
Leases			—						2						1						1						—						—						—						—						4
Total commercial			—						16						10						5						2						13						8						—						54
Consumer
Residential mortgage			—						—						—						—						—						2						—						—						2
Consumer other			—						—						—						—						—						—						3						—						3
Total consumer			—						—						—						—						—						2						3						—						5
SVB
Total SVB			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total loans and leases			$	—					$	16					$	10					$	5					$	2					$	15					$	11					$	—					$	59

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties

On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-02 as further discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. The Modification Disclosures required by ASU 2022-02 are included below.

As part of BancShares’ ongoing credit risk management practices, BancShares attempts to work with borrowers when necessary to extend or modify loan terms to better align with borrowers current ability to repay. BancShares’ modifications granted to debtors experiencing financial difficulties typically take the form of term extensions, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, principal forgiveness, or a combination thereof. Modifications are made in accordance with internal policies and guidelines to conform to regulatory guidance.

The following table presents loan modifications made to debtors experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class and type of loan modification. The table also includes the weighted average term extensions, as well as the modification total

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relative to the total period-end amortized cost basis of loans in the respective loan class.

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty (three months ended March 31, 2023)

dollars in millions			Term Extension(1)												Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction																		Term Extension and Other Than Insignificant Payment Delay																		Total
			Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Term Extension (Months)						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Term Extension (Months)						Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction						Amortized Cost						Weighted Average Term Extension (Months)						Weighted Average Payment Delay (Months)						Amortized Cost						Total as a % of Loan and Lease Class
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	1					9						$	—					—						—		%				$	—					—						—						$	1					0.02		%
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			10						11						—						36						2.00		%				—						—						—						10						0.07		%
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			53						3						—						—						1.10		%				—						—						—						53						0.51		%
Commercial and industrial			12						6						6						3						1.17		%				3						8						8						21						0.09		%
Total commercial			76						5						6						4						1.19		%				3						8						8						85						0.16		%
Consumer
Residential mortgage			1						29						—						—						—		%				—						—						—						1						0.01		%
Total consumer			1						29						—						60						0.39		%				—						—						—						1						0.01		%
SVB
Investor dependent - growth stage			6						6						—						—						—		%				—						—						—						6						0.14		%
Total SVB			6						6						—						—						—		%				—						—						—						6						0.01		%
Total loans and leases			$	83					5						$	6					4						1.18		%				$	3					8						8						$	92					0.07		%

(1) Term extensions include loans where the balloon payment has been deferred to a later date or is amortizing over an extended period.

Borrowers experiencing financial difficulties are typically identified in our credit risk management process before loan modifications occur. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is reassessed or performed on the date of a modification. Since the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Upon BancShares’ determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is charged off. There were no significant amounts of modified loans that subsequently defaulted during the first quarter of 2023.

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The following table presents the amortized cost and performance of modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties in the three months ended March 31, 2023. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days the scheduled payment is contractually past due.

Modified Loans Payment Status

dollars in millions			Current						30–59 Days Past Due						60–89 Days Past Due						90 days or greater Past Due						Total
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	1					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	1
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			10						—						—						—						10
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			53						—						—						—						53
Commercial and industrial			21						—						—						—						21
Total commercial			85						—						—						—						85
Consumer
Residential mortgage			1						—						—						—						1
Total consumer			1						—						—						—						1
SVB
Investor dependent - growth stage			6						—						—						—						6
Total SVB			6						—						—						—						6
Total loans and leases			$	92					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	92

At March 31, 2023, there were no significant commitments to lend additional funds to debtors experiencing financial difficulty for which the terms of the loan were modified.

Prior Period Troubled Debt Restructuring

The following includes disclosures for certain loan modifications or restructurings as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for historical periods prior to adoption of ASU 2022-02. In general, a modification or restructuring of a loan was considered a TDR if, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, a concession is granted to the borrower that creditors would not otherwise consider. Many aspects of a borrower’s financial situation are assessed when determining whether they are experiencing financial difficulty.

Concessions may have related to the contractual interest rate, maturity date, payment structure or other actions. The assessments of whether a borrower was experiencing (or is likely to experience) financial difficulty, and whether a concession had been granted, were subjective in nature and management’s judgment was required when determining whether a modification was classified as a TDR. Modified loans that met the definition of a TDR were subject to BancShares’ individually reviewed loans policy.

The following table presents amortized cost of TDRs:

TDRs

dollars in millions			December 31, 2022
			Accruing						Non-Accruing						Total
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	2					$	1					$	3
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			46						9						55
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			24						30						54
Commercial and industrial			26						8						34
Leases			—						1						1
Total commercial			98						49						147
Consumer
Residential mortgage			33						17						50
Revolving mortgage			17						5						22
Consumer auto			2						—						2
Consumer other			—						—						—
Total consumer			52						22						74
Total TDRs			$	150					$	71					$	221

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The following table summarizes the loan restructurings during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that were designated as TDRs. BancShares defines payment default as movement of the TDR to non-accrual status, which is generally 90 days past due, foreclosure or charge-off, whichever occurs first.

Restructurings

dollars in millions (except for number of loans)																		Three Months Ended March 31,
									2022
																		Number of Loans						Amortized Cost at Period End
Loans and leases
Interest only																		2						$	—
Loan term extension																		35						20
Below market rates																		20						2
Discharge from bankruptcy																		24						2
Total																		81						$	24

There were $1.5 million of commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loan terms that were modified in TDRs as of December 31, 2022.

After a loan is determined to be a TDR, BancShares continues to track its performance under its most recent restructured terms. TDRs that subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2022, and were classified as TDRs during the applicable 12-month period preceding March 31, 2022 were as follows:

TDR Defaults

dollars in millions						Three Months Ended March 31,
						2022
TDR Defaults						$	2

Purchased loans and leases

The following table summarizes PCD loans and leases that BancShares acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

PCD Loans and Leases - SVBB Acquisition

			Total PCD from SVBB Acquisition
UPB			$	2,529
Initial PCD ACL			(200)
Fair value discount, net of the PCD Gross-Up			(299)
Purchase price			$	2,030

The recorded fair values of Non-PCD loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition as of the acquisition date was $66.47 billion, resulting in a purchase accounting adjustment discount of $2.27 billion. BancShares’ accounting methods for acquired loans are discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. See Note 2 — Business Combinations for further discussion of the SVBB Acquisition.

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Loans Pledged

The following table provides information regarding loans pledged as collateral for borrowing capacity through the FHLB of Atlanta and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Loans Pledged

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
FHLB of Atlanta
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans			$	14,662					$	14,918
Less: Advances			8,500						4,250
Less: Letters of Credit			1,450						1,450
Available borrowing capacity			$	4,712					$	9,218
Pledged non-PCD loans (contractual balance)			$	23,743					$	23,491
FRB
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans			$	4,676					$	4,203
Less: Advances			—						—
Available borrowing capacity			$	4,676					$	4,203
Pledged non-PCD loans (contractual balance)			$	5,864					$	5,697

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB and the FDIC entered into terms and conditions for a five-year, up to $70 billion line of credit to FCB provided by the FDIC and a Purchase Money Note, both of which are or will be primarily secured by all loans acquired and related commitments that subsequently were drawn and outstanding as of March 31, 2023. See Note 2 — Business Combinations for further discussion of the facility and note.

NOTE 5 — ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The ACL for loans and leases is reported in the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, while the ACL for unfunded commitments is reported in other liabilities. The provision or benefit for credit losses related to (i) loans and leases (ii) unfunded commitments and (iii) investment securities available for sale is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income as provision or benefit for credit losses.

The initial ACL for PCD loans and leases acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger (the “Initial PCD ACL”) were established through a PCD Gross-Up and there were no corresponding increases to the provision for credit losses. The PCD Gross-Ups are discussed further in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation. The initial ACL for Non-PCD loans and leases acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger were established through corresponding increases to the provision for credit losses (the “day 2 provision for loans and leases”). The initial ACL for unfunded commitments acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger were established through a corresponding increase to the provision for unfunded commitments (the “day 2 provision for unfunded commitments”).

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The ACL activity for loans and leases, unfunded commitments and investment securities is summarized in the following tables.

ACL for Loans and Leases

dollars in millions									Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
																					Commercial						Consumer						SVB						Total
Balance at beginning of period																					$	789					$	133					$	—					$	922
Initial PCD ACL																					—						—						200						200
Day 2 provision for loans and leases																					—						—						462						462
Provision for credit losses - loans and leases																					58						13						—						71
Total provision for credit losses- loans and leases																					58						13						462						533
Charge-offs																					(55)						(7)						—						(62)
Recoveries																					8						4						—						12
Balance at March 31, 2023																					$	800					$	143					$	662					$	1,605
									Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
																					Commercial						Consumer						SVB						Total
Balance at beginning of period																					$	80					$	98					$	—					$	178
Initial PCD ACL																					270						14						—						284
Day 2 provision for loans and leases																					432						22						—						454
Benefit for credit losses - loans and leases																					(23)						(30)						—						(53)
Total provision (benefit) for credit losses- loans and leases																					409						(8)						—						401
Charge-offs																					(28)						(5)						—						(33)
Recoveries																					12						6						—						18
Balance at March 31, 2022																					$	743					$	105					$	—					$	848

ACL for Unfunded Commitments

dollars in millions									Three Months Ended March 31,
															2023						2022
Beginning balance															$	106					$	12
Day 2 provision for unfunded commitments															254						59
(Benefit) provision for unfunded commitments															(8)						4
Total provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments															246						63
Ending balance															$	352					$	75

ACL for Investment Securities

dollars in millions									Three Months Ended March 31,
															2023						2022
Beginning balance															$	—					$	—
Provision for credit losses - investment securities available for sale															4						—
Ending balance															$	4					$	—

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NOTE 6 — LEASES

Lessee

BancShares leases primarily include administrative offices and bank locations. Substantially all of our lease liabilities relate to United States real estate leases under operating lease arrangements. Our real estate leases have remaining lease terms of up to 16 years. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. The options are included in the lease term when it is determined that it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised.

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information and remaining weighted average lease terms and discount rates.

Supplemental Lease Information

dollars in millions			Classification						March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
ROU assets:
Operating leases			Other assets						$	337					$	345
Finance leases			Premises and equipment						7						7
Total ROU assets									$	344					$	352
Lease liabilities:
Operating leases			Other liabilities						$	345					$	352
Finance leases			Other borrowings						7						7
Total lease liabilities									$	352					$	359
Weighted-average remaining lease terms:
Operating leases									9.4 years						9.6 years
Finance leases									3.8 years						4.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases									2.22		%				2.19		%
Finance leases									2.34		%				2.34		%

The following table presents components of lease cost:

Components of Net Lease Cost

dollars in millions									Three Months Ended March 31,
			Classification						2023						2022
Lease cost
Operating lease cost(1)			Occupancy Expense						$	13					$	16
Finance lease cost
Amortization of leased assets			Equipment expense						—						1
Interest on lease liabilities			Interest expense - other borrowings						—						—
Variable lease cost			Occupancy Expense						4						3
Sublease income			Occupancy Expense						(1)						(1)
Net lease cost									$	16					$	19

(1) Includes short-term lease cost, which is not significant.

Variable lease cost includes common area maintenance, property taxes, utilities, and other operating expenses related to leased premises recognized in the period in which the expense was incurred. Certain of our lease agreements also include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. While lease liabilities are not remeasured because of these changes, these adjustments are treated as variable lease costs and recognized in the period in which the expense is incurred. Sublease income results from leasing excess building space that BancShares is no longer utilizing under operating leases, which have remaining lease terms of up to 13 years.

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023						2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases			$	13					$	14
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities			4						8

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Lessor

BancShares leases equipment to commercial end-users under operating lease and finance lease arrangements. The majority of operating lease equipment is long-lived rail equipment, which is typically leased several times over its life. We also lease technology and office equipment, and large and small industrial, medical, and transportation equipment under both operating leases and finance leases.

The table that follows presents lease income related to BancShares’ operating and finance leases:

Lease Income

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023						2022
Lease income – Operating leases			$	214					$	195
Variable lease income – Operating leases(1)			19						13
Rental income on operating leases			233						208
Interest income - Sales type and direct financing leases			41						42
Variable lease income included in Other noninterest income(2)			15						11
Interest income - Leveraged leases			5						5
Total lease income			$	294					$	266

(1) Primarily includes per diem railcar operating lease rental income earned on a time or mileage usage basis.

(2) Includes leased equipment property tax reimbursements due from customers of $4 million and $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively and revenue related to insurance coverage on leased equipment of $10 million and $7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

NOTE 7 — GOODWILL AND CORE DEPOSIT INTANGIBLES

Goodwill

BancShares applied the acquisition method of accounting for the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger. The fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the purchase prices for both acquisitions. Consequently, there was a gain on acquisition (and no goodwill) as discussed further in Note 2 — Business Combinations. BancShares had goodwill of $346 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 that relates to business combinations completed prior to the SVBB Acquisition and the CIT Merger. All of the goodwill relates to the General Banking reporting segment. There was no goodwill impairment during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Core Deposit Intangibles

Core deposit intangibles represent the estimated fair value of core deposits and other customer relationships acquired. Core deposit intangibles are being amortized over their estimated useful life. The following tables summarize the activity for core deposit intangibles during the quarter ending March 31, 2023.

Core Deposit Intangibles

dollars in millions			2023
Balance, net of accumulated amortization at January 1			$	140
Core deposit intangibles related to the SVBB Acquisition			230
Amortization for the period			(6)
Balance at March 31, net of accumulated amortization			$	364

Core Deposit Intangible Accumulated Amortization

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Gross balance			$	501					$	271
Accumulated amortization			(137)						(131)
Balance, net of accumulated amortization			$	364					$	140

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The following table summarizes the expected amortization expense as of March 31, 2023 in subsequent periods for core deposit intangibles.

Core Deposit Intangible Expected Amortization

dollars in millions
Remainder 2023			$	52
2024			63
2025			54
2026			46
2027			39
2028			34
Thereafter			76
Balance, net of accumulated amortization			$	364

NOTE 8 — VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Variable Interest Entities

Described below are the results of BancShares’ assessment of its variable interests in order to determine its current status with regard to being the VIE primary beneficiary. Refer to Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation for additional information on accounting for VIEs and investments in qualified housing projects.

Consolidated VIEs

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no consolidated VIEs.

Unconsolidated VIEs

Unconsolidated VIEs include limited partnership interests and joint ventures where BancShares’ involvement is limited to an investor interest and BancShares does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance or obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. 

The table below presents potential losses that would be incurred under hypothetical circumstances, such that the value of BancShares’ interests and any associated collateral declines to zero and assuming no recovery or offset from any economic hedges. BancShares believes the possibility is remote under this hypothetical scenario; accordingly, this disclosure is not an indication of expected loss. As disclosed in Note 2 — Business Combinations, the following tables as of March 31, 2023 include VIEs acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

Unconsolidated VIEs Carrying Value

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Investment in qualified affordable housing projects			$	1,662					$	598
Other tax credit equity investments			5						5
Total tax credit equity investments			$	1,667					$	603
Other unconsolidated investments			166						159
Total assets (maximum loss exposure)(1)			$	1,833					$	762
Liabilities for commitments to tax credit investments(2)(3)			$	991					$	295

(1) Included in other assets. Balance presented net of purchase accounting adjustments of $273 million at March 31, 2023.

(2) Represents commitments to invest in qualified affordable housing investments, and other investments qualifying for community reinvestment tax credits. These commitments are payable on demand and are included in other liabilities.

(3) Balance presented net of purchase accounting adjustment of $70 million at March 31, 2023.

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NOTE 9 — OTHER ASSETS

The below table reflects the impact of approximately $2.18 billion of miscellaneous assets acquired in conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition. These consisted primarily of affordable housing tax credit investments, accrued interest receivable, derivative assets, and other miscellaneous assets. Refer to Note 2 — Business Combinations for further discussion. The following table includes the components of other assets:

Other Assets

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Affordable housing tax credit and other unconsolidated investments (1)			$	1,869					$	762
Right of use assets for operating leases, net			337						345
Pension assets			359						343
Accrued interest receivable			772						329
Income tax receivable			284						275
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			393						197
Fair value of derivative financial instruments			547						159
Bank-owned life insurance			530						586
Counterparty receivables			171						98
Nonmarketable equity securities			62						58
Other real estate owned			46						47
Mortgage servicing assets			25						25
Other (2)			2,055						1,145
Total other assets			$	7,450					$	4,369

(1) Refer to Note 8 — Variable Interest Entities for additional information.

(2) The balances at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include $428 million and $607 million, respectively, in “Other” related to bank-owned life insurance policies that had terminated, but not cash-settled as further discussed in the 2022 Form 10-K.

NOTE 10 — DEPOSITS

The following table provides detail on deposit types. The deposit balances as of March 31, 2023 include those acquired in the SVBB Acquisition, as described in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

Deposit Types

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Noninterest-bearing demand			$	54,649					$	24,922
Checking with interest			23,743						16,202
Money market			30,598						21,040
Savings			17,932						16,634
Time			13,128						10,610
Total deposits			$	140,050					$	89,408

At March 31, 2023, the scheduled maturities of time deposits were:

Deposit Maturities

dollars in millions
Twelve months ended March 31,
2024			$	9,199
2025			3,281
2026			437
2027			55
2028			31
Thereafter			125
Total time deposits			$	13,128

Time deposits with a denomination of $250,000 or more were $3.74 billion and $2.22 billion at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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NOTE 11 — BORROWINGS

Short-term Borrowings

Short-term borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include:

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements			$	509					$	436
Notes payable to FHLB of Atlanta at overnight SOFR plus 0.28%.			500						1,750
Total short-term borrowings			$	1,009					$	2,186

Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase

BancShares held $509 million and $436 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of securities sold under agreements to repurchase that have overnight contractual maturities and are collateralized by government agency securities.

BancShares utilizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs for collateralization of commercial customers and secure wholesale funding needs. Repurchase agreements are transactions whereby BancShares offers to sell to a counterparty an undivided interest in an eligible security at an agreed upon purchase price, and which obligates BancShares to repurchase the security at an agreed upon date, repurchase price and interest rate. These agreements are recorded at the amount of cash received in connection with the transactions and are reflected as securities sold under customer repurchase agreements.

BancShares monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis and maintains records of each transaction specifically describing the applicable security and the counterparty’s fractional interest in that security, and segregates the security from general assets in accordance with regulations governing custodial holdings of securities. The primary risk with repurchase agreements is market risk associated with the investments securing the transactions, as additional collateral may be required based on fair value changes of the underlying investments. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with safekeeping agents. The carrying value of investment securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements was $545 million and $496 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Long-term Borrowings

Long-term borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include:

Long-term Borrowings

dollars in millions			Maturity						March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Parent Company:
Subordinated:
Fixed-to-Floating subordinated notes at 3.375%			March 2030						$	350					$	350
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 2.25% (FCB/SC Capital Trust II)			June 2034						20						20
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 1.75% (FCB/NC Capital Trust III)			June 2036						88						88
Subsidiaries:
Senior:
Senior unsecured fixed-to-floating rate notes at 3.929%			June 2024						500						500
Senior unsecured fixed-to-floating rate notes at 2.969%			September 2025						315						315
Fixed senior unsecured notes at 6.00%			April 2036						51						51
Subordinated:
Fixed subordinated notes at 6.125%			March 2028						400						400
Fixed-to-Fixed subordinated notes at 4.125%			November 2029						100						100
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 2.80% (Macon Capital Trust I)			March 2034						14						14
Junior subordinated debentures at 3-month LIBOR plus 2.85% (SCB Capital Trust I)			April 2034						10						10
Secured:
Notes payable to FHLB of Atlanta at overnight SOFR plus spreads ranging from 0.24% to 0.48%.			Maturities through September 2025						8,000						2,500
Purchase Money Note to FDIC fixed at 3.50%(1)			March 2028						35,370						—
Other secured financings			Maturities through January 2024						—						18
Capital lease obligations			Maturities through June 2027						7						7
Unamortized issuance costs									(1)						(1)
Unamortized purchase accounting adjustments(2)									(139)						87
Total long-term borrowings									$	45,085					$	4,459

(1) Issued in connection with the SVBB Acquisition and will be secured by acquired loans. See below and Note 2 — Business Combinations for further information.

(2) At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, unamortized purchase accounting adjustments were $65 million and $69 million, respectively, for subordinated debentures.

Pledged Assets

At March 31, 2023, BancShares had pledged $29.6 billion of loans to the FHLB and FRB.

As a member of the FHLB, FCB can access financing based on an evaluation of its creditworthiness, statement of financial position, size and eligibility of collateral. Pledged assets related to these financings totaled $23.7 billion at March 31, 2023. FCB may at any time grant a security interest in, sell, convey or otherwise dispose of any of the assets used for collateral, provided that FCB is in compliance with the collateral maintenance requirement immediately following such disposition.

Under borrowing arrangements with the FRB of Richmond, BancShares has access to an additional $4.7 billion on a secured basis. There were no outstanding borrowings with the FRB Discount Window at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Assets pledged to the FRB of Richmond totaled $5.9 billion at March 31, 2023.

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB and the FDIC entered into a Purchase Money Note, which is primarily secured by all loans acquired and related commitments that subsequently were drawn and outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

At March 31, 2023, BancShares had other unused credit lines allowing contingent access to borrowings of up to $100 million on an unsecured basis.

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NOTE 12 — DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table presents notional amount and fair value of derivative financial instruments on a gross basis. At March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 BancShares’ derivatives are not designated as hedging instruments.

Notional Amount and Fair Value of Derivative Financial Instruments

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
			Notional Amount						Asset Fair Value						Liability Fair Value						Notional Amount						Asset Fair Value						Liability Fair Value
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (Non-qualifying hedges)
Interest rate contracts(1)(3)			$	23,557					$	285					$	(535)					$	18,173					$	158					$	(482)
Foreign exchange contracts			18,419						262						(255)						125						1						(4)
Other contracts(2)			713						—						(1)						507						—						—
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments			$	42,689					547						(791)						$	18,805					159						(486)
Gross derivatives fair values presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets									547						(791)												159						(486)
Less: Gross amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets									—						—												—						—
Net amount presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets									547						(791)												159						(486)
Less: Amounts subject to master netting agreements(4)									(179)						179												(13)						13
Less: Cash collateral pledged(received) subject to master netting agreements(5)									(255)						16												(124)						—
Total net derivative fair value									$	113					$	(596)											$	22					$	(473)

(1) Fair value balances include accrued interest.

(2) Other derivative contracts not designated as hedging instruments include risk participation agreements.

(3) BancShares accounts for swap contracts cleared by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and LCH Clearnet as “settled-to-market”. As a result, variation margin payments are characterized as settlement of the derivative exposure and variation margin balances are netted against the corresponding derivative mark-to-market balances. Gross amounts of recognized assets and liabilities were lowered by $324 million and $24 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023, and $376 million and $19 million, respectively at December 31, 2022.

(4) BancShares’ derivative transactions are governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) agreements that allow for net settlements of certain payments as well as offsetting of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event of bankruptcy or default of one of the two parties to the transaction. BancShares believes its ISDA agreements meet the definition of a master netting arrangement or similar agreement for purposes of the above disclosure.

(5) In conjunction with the ISDA agreements described above, BancShares has entered into collateral arrangements with its counterparties, which provide for the exchange of cash depending on change in the market valuation of the derivative contracts outstanding. Such collateral is available to be applied in settlement of the net balances upon an event of default of one of the counterparties. Collateral pledged or received is included in other assets or other liabilities, respectively.

Non-Qualifying Hedges

The following table presents gains of non-qualifying hedges recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income:

Gains on Non-Qualifying Hedges

dollars in millions									Three Months Ended March 31,
			Amounts Recognized						2023						2022
Interest rate contracts			Other noninterest income						$	21					$	4
Foreign currency forward contracts			Other noninterest income						(2)						—
Total non-qualifying hedges - income statement impact									$	19					$	4

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NOTE 13 —OTHER LIABILITIES

We assumed approximately $1.85 billion of other liabilities in conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition, comprised of commitments to fund tax credit investments, derivative liabilities, accrued interest payable and other miscellaneous liabilities. In addition, we recorded $3.31 billion of deferred tax liabilities, primarily related to the purchase of the acquired assets. Refer to Note 2 — Business Combinations for further discussion. The following table presents the components of other liabilities:

Other Liabilities

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Fair value of derivative financial instruments			$	791					$	486
Lease liabilities			345						352
Accrued expenses and accounts payable			476						275
Commitments to fund tax credit investments			991						295
Deferred taxes			3,551						286
ACL for unfunded commitments			352						106
Incentive plan liabilities			156						267
Accrued interest payable			150						57
Other (1)			1,360						464
Total other liabilities			$	8,172					$	2,588

(1) The balance at March 31, 2023 includes $500 million payable to the FDIC for the Value Appreciation Instrument discussed further in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

NOTE 14 — FAIR VALUE

Fair Value Hierarchy

BancShares measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels.

Assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value according to a fair value hierarchy comprised of three levels. The levels are based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The level within the fair value hierarchy for an asset or liability is based on the lowest level of input significant to the fair value measurement with Level 1 inputs considered highest and Level 3 inputs considered lowest. A brief description of each input level follows:

•Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and inputs other than quoted prices observable for the assets or liabilities and market corroborated inputs.

•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These unobservable inputs and assumptions reflect the estimates market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes BancShares’ assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis:

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value - Recurring Basis

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
			Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Assets
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury			$	1,978					$	—					$	1,978					$	—
Government agency			150						—						150						—
Residential mortgage-backed securities			4,848						—						4,848						—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			1,585						—						1,585						—
Corporate bonds			500						—						340						160
Total investment securities available for sale			$	9,061					$	—					$	8,901					$	160
Marketable equity securities			85						29						56						—
Loans held for sale			9						—						9						—
Derivative assets(1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges			$	285					$	—					$	284					$	1
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges			262						—						262						—
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges			—						—						—						—
Total derivative assets			$	547					$	—					$	546					$	1
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities(1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges			$	535					$	—					$	535					$	—
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges			255						—						255						—
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges			1						—						—						1
Total derivative liabilities			$	791					$	—					$	790					$	1
			December 31, 2022
			Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Assets
Investment securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury			$	1,898					$	—					$	1,898					$	—
Government agency			162						—						162						—
Residential mortgage-backed securities			4,795						—						4,795						—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			1,604						—						1,604						—
Corporate bonds			536						—						362						174
Total investment securities available for sale			$	8,995					$	—					$	8,821					$	174
Marketable equity securities			95						32						63						—
Loans held for sale			4						—						4						—
Derivative assets(1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges			$	158					$	—					$	158					$	—
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges			1						—						1						—
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges			—						—						—						—
Total derivative assets			$	159					$	—					$	159					$	—
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities(1)
Interest rate contracts — non-qualifying hedges			$	482					$	—					$	482					$	—
Foreign exchange contracts — non-qualifying hedges			4						—						4						—
Other derivative contracts — non-qualifying hedges			—						—						—						—
Total derivative liabilities			$	486					$	—					$	486					$	—

(1) Derivative fair values include accrued interest.

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:

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Investment securities available for sale. The fair value of U.S. Treasury, government agency, mortgage-backed securities, and a portion of the corporate bonds are generally estimated using a third-party pricing service. To obtain an understanding of the processes and methodologies used, management reviews correspondence from the third-party pricing service. Management also performs a price variance analysis process to corroborate the reasonableness of prices. The third-party provider evaluates securities based on comparable investments with trades and market data and will utilize pricing models which use a variety of inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids and offers as needed. These securities are generally classified as Level 2. The remaining corporate bonds held are generally measured at fair value based on indicative bids from broker-dealers using inputs that are not directly observable. These securities are classified as Level 3.

Marketable equity securities. Equity securities are measured at fair value using observable closing prices. The valuation also considers the amount of market activity by examining the trade volume of each security. Equity securities are classified as Level 1 if they are traded in an active market and as Level 2 if the observable closing price is from a less than active market.

Loans held for sale. Certain residential real estate loans originated for sale to investors are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices for similar types of loans. Accordingly, the inputs used to calculate fair value of originated residential real estate loans held for sale are considered Level 2 inputs.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities. Derivatives were valued using models that incorporate inputs depending on the type of derivative. Other than the fair value of credit derivatives, which were estimated using Level 3 inputs, most derivative instruments were valued using Level 2 inputs based on observed pricing for similar assets and liabilities and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. See Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments for notional amounts and fair values.

The following tables summarize information about significant unobservable inputs related to BancShares’ categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis:

Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements - Recurring Basis

dollars in millions

Financial Instrument

Estimated Fair Value

Valuation Technique(s)

Significant Unobservable Inputs

March 31, 2023

Assets

Corporate bonds

$

160

Indicative bid provided by broker

Multiple factors, including but not limited to, current operations, financial condition, cash flows, and recently executed financing transactions related to the issuer.

Interest rate & other derivative — non-qualifying hedges

$

1

Internal valuation model

Not material

Liabilities

Interest rate & other derivative — non-qualifying hedges

$

1

Internal valuation model

Not material

December 31, 2022

Assets

Corporate bonds

$

174

Indicative bid provided by broker

Multiple factors, including but not limited to, current operations, financial condition, cash flows, and recently executed financing transactions related to the issuer.

The following table summarizes the changes in estimated fair value for all assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

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Changes in Estimated Fair Value of Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities - Recurring Basis

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31, 2023																		Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
			Corporate Bonds						Other Derivative Assets — Non-Qualifying						Other Derivative Liabilities — Non-Qualifying						Corporate Bonds						Other Derivative Assets — Non-Qualifying						Other Derivative Liabilities — Non-Qualifying
Beginning balance			$	174					$	—					$	—					$	207					$	—					$	—
Purchases			—						—						—						—						—						1
Changes in FV included in earnings			—						1						—						—						1						—
Changes in FV included in comprehensive income			(5)						—						—						(7)						—						—
Transfers in			—						—						1						—						—						—
Transfers out			—						—						—						(14)						—						—
Maturity and settlements			(9)						—						—						—						—						—
Ending balance			$	160					$	1					$	1					$	186					$	1					$	1

Fair Value Option

The following table summarizes the difference between the aggregate fair value and the UPB for residential real estate loans originated for sale measured at fair value as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Aggregate Fair Value and UPB - Residential Real Estate Loans

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
			Fair Value						Unpaid Principal Balance						Difference
Originated loans held for sale			$	9					$	9					$	—
			December 31, 2022
			Fair Value						Unpaid Principal Balance						Difference
Originated loans held for sale			$	4					$	4					$	—

BancShares has elected the fair value option for residential real estate loans originated for sale. This election reduces certain timing differences in the Consolidated Statements of Income and better aligns with the management of the portfolio from a business perspective. The changes in fair value were recorded as a component of mortgage income and included $0 million and a loss of $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest earned on loans held for sale is recorded within interest income on loans and leases in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

No originated loans held for sale were 90 or more days past due or on non-accrual status as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Assets Measured at Estimated Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Certain assets or liabilities are required to be measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis subsequent to initial recognition. Generally, these adjustments are the result of LOCOM or other impairment accounting. The following table presents carrying value of assets measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis for which gains and losses have been recorded in the periods. The gains and losses reflect amounts recorded for the respective periods, regardless of whether the asset is still held at period end. Gains and losses related to assets held for sale and OREO for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were not significant.

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Assets Measured at Fair Value - Non-recurring Basis

dollars in millions			Fair Value Measurements
			Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Total Gains (Losses)
March 31, 2023
Assets held for sale - loans			$	9					$	—					$	—					$	9					$	—
Loans - collateral dependent loans			87						—						—						87						(15)
Other real estate owned			36						—						—						36						—
Total			$	132					$	—					$	—					$	132					$	(15)
December 31, 2022
Assets held for sale - loans			$	23					$	—					$	—					$	23					$	(1)
Loans - collateral dependent loans			149						—						—						149						(24)
Other real estate owned			43						—						—						43						14
Mortgage servicing rights			—						—						—						—						1
Total			$	215					$	—					$	—					$	215					$	(10)

Certain other assets are adjusted to their fair value on a non-recurring basis, including certain loans, OREO, and goodwill, which are periodically tested for impairment, and MSRs, which are carried at the lower of amortized cost or market. Most loans held for investment, deposits, and borrowings are not reported at fair value.

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are as follows:

Assets held for sale - loans. Loans held for investment subsequently transferred to held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market. When available, the fair values for the transferred loans are based on quoted prices from the purchase commitments for the individual loans being transferred and are considered Level 1 inputs. The fair value of Level 2 assets was primarily estimated based on prices of recent trades of similar assets. For other loans held for sale, the fair value of Level 3 assets was primarily measured under the income approach using the discounted cash flow model based on Level 3 inputs including discount rate or the price of committed trades.

Loans - collateral dependent loans. The population of Level 3 loans measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis includes collateral-dependent loans evaluated individually. Collateral values are determined using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property discounted based on estimated selling costs, and adjustments for other external factors that may impact the marketability of the collateral.

Other real estate owned. OREO is carried at LOCOM. OREO asset valuations are determined by using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property with discounts, generally between 6% and 11%, applied for estimated selling costs and other external factors that may impact the marketability of the property. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average discount applied was 8.48% and 9.31%, respectively. Changes to the value of the assets between scheduled valuation dates are monitored through continued communication with brokers and monthly reviews by the asset manager assigned to each asset. If there are any significant changes in the market or the subject property, valuations are adjusted or new appraisals are ordered to ensure the reported values reflect the most current information.

Mortgage servicing rights. MSRs are carried at the lower of amortized cost or market and are, therefore, carried at fair value only when fair value is less than amortized cost. The fair value of MSRs is determined using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a discounted cash flow model, which takes into consideration discount rates, prepayment rates, and the weighted average cost to service the loans, is used to determine the fair value.

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Financial Instruments Fair Value

The table below presents the carrying values and estimated fair values for financial instruments, excluding leases and certain other assets and liabilities for which these disclosures are not required.

Carrying Values and Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
									Estimated Fair Value
			Carrying Value						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Total
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks			$	1,598					$	1,598					$	—					$	—					$	1,598
Interest earning deposits at banks			38,522						38,522						—						—						38,522
Investment in marketable equity securities			85						29						56						—						85
Investment securities available for sale			9,061						—						8,901						160						9,061
Investment securities held to maturity			10,381						—						8,993						—						8,993
Loans held for sale			90						—						9						81						90
Net loans			134,556						—						1,576						130,572						132,148
Accrued interest receivable			772						—						772						—						772
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			393						—						393						—						393
Mortgage and other servicing rights			25						—						—						45						45
Derivative assets			547						—						546						1						547
Financial Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity			126,922						—						126,922						—						126,922
Time deposits			13,128						—						13,055						—						13,055
Credit balances of factoring clients			1,126						—						—						1,126						1,126
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements			509						—						509						—						509
Other short-term borrowings			500						—						500						—						500
Long-term borrowings			45,078						—						45,048						—						45,048
Accrued interest payable			150						—						150						—						150
Derivative liabilities			791						—						790						1						791
			December 31, 2022
									Estimated Fair Value
			Carrying Value						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Total
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks			$	518					$	518					$	—					$	—					$	518
Interest earning deposits at banks			5,025						5,025						—						—						5,025
Investment in marketable equity securities			95						32						63						—						95
Investment securities available for sale			8,995						—						8,821						174						8,995
Investment securities held to maturity			10,279						—						8,795						—						8,795
Loans held for sale			52						—						4						45						49
Net loans			67,720						—						1,679						62,633						64,312
Accrued interest receivable			329						—						329						—						329
Federal Home Loan Bank stock			197						—						197						—						197
Mortgage and other servicing rights			25						—						—						47						47
Derivative assets			159						—						159						—						159
Financial Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity			78,798						—						78,798						—						78,798
Time deposits			10,610						—						10,504						—						10,504
Credit balances of factoring clients			995						—						—						995						995
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements			436						—						436						—						436
Other short-term borrowings			1,750						—						1,750						—						1,750
Long-term borrowings			4,452						—						4,312						18						4,330
Accrued interest payable			57						—						57						—						57
Derivative liabilities			486						—						486						—						486

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The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments not discussed elsewhere are as follows:

Net loans. The carrying value of net loans is net of the ACL. Loans are generally valued by discounting expected cash flows using market inputs with adjustments based on cohort level assumptions for certain loan types as well as internally developed estimates at a business segment level. Due to the significance of the unobservable market inputs and assumptions, as well as the absence of a liquid secondary market for most loans, these loans are classified as Level 3. Certain loans are measured based on observable market prices sourced from external data providers and classified as Level 2. Nonaccrual loans are written down and reported at their estimated recovery value which approximates their fair value and classified as Level 3.

Investment securities held to maturity. BancShares’ portfolio of held to maturity debt securities consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks and FDIC guaranteed CDs with other financial institutions. We primarily use prices obtained from pricing services to determine the fair value of securities, which are Level 2 inputs.

FHLB stock. The carrying amount of FHLB stock is a reasonable estimate of fair value, as these securities are not readily marketable and are evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares considers positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience, when determining the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares investment in FHLB stock is ultimately recoverable at par. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for the FHLB stock are considered Level 2 inputs.

Mortgage and other servicing rights. Mortgage and other servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently carried at the lower of amortized cost or market. Therefore, servicing rights are carried at fair value only when fair value is less than the amortized cost. The fair value of mortgage and other servicing rights is determined using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a model which relies on discount rates, estimates of prepayment rates and the weighted average cost to service the loans is used to determine the fair value. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for mortgage and other servicing rights are considered Level 3 inputs.

Deposits. The estimated fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as demand deposit accounts, money market accounts, and savings accounts was the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of time deposits was estimated based on a discounted cash flow technique using Level 2 inputs appropriate to the contractual maturity.

Credit balances of factoring clients. The impact of the time value of money from the unobservable discount rate for credit balances of factoring clients is inconsequential due to the short term nature of these balances, therefore, the fair value approximated carrying value, and the credit balances were classified as Level 3.

Short-term borrowed funds. Includes repurchase agreements and certain other short-term borrowings. The fair value approximates carrying value and are classified as Level 2.

Long-term Borrowings. For certain long-term senior and subordinated unsecured borrowings, the fair values are sourced from a third-party pricing service. The fair value of other long-term borrowings are determined by discounting future cash flows using current interest rates for similar financial instruments. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for FHLB borrowings, senior and subordinated debentures, and other borrowings are classified as Level 2. The fair value of other secured borrowings are estimated based on unobservable inputs and therefore classified as Level 3.

For all other financial assets and financial liabilities, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of the fair value as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The carrying value and fair value for these assets and liabilities are equivalent because they are relatively short-term in nature and there is no interest rate or credit risk that would cause the fair value to differ from the carrying value. Cash and due from banks, and interest earning deposits at banks, are classified on the fair value hierarchy as Level 1. Accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable are classified as Level 2.

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NOTE 15 — STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

A roll forward of common stock activity is presented in the following table:

Number of Shares of Common Stock

			Outstanding
			Class A						Class B
Common stock - December 31, 2022			13,501,017						1,005,185
Restricted stock units vested, net of shares held to cover taxes			13,791						—
Common stock - March 31, 2023			13,514,808						1,005,185

Common Stock

The Parent Company has Class A Common Stock and Class B common stock (“Class B Common Stock”). Class A Common Stock have one vote per share, while shares of Class B Common Stock have 16 votes per share.

Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock

The following table summarizes BancShares’ non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock.

Preferred Stock

dollars in millions, except per share and par value data
Preferred Stock						Issuance Date						Earliest Redemption Date						Par Value						Authorized Shares																		Liquidation Preference Per Share						Total Liquidation Preference						Dividend						Dividend Payment Dates
Series A						March 12, 2020						March 15, 2025						$	0.01					345,000																		$	1,000					345						5.375%						Quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15
Series B						January 3, 2022						January 4, 2027						$	0.01					325,000																		$	1,000					325						LIBOR + 3.792%
Series C						January 3, 2022						January 4, 2027						$	0.01					8,000,000																		$	25					200						5.625%

For further description of BancShares’ non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, refer to Note 17 — Stockholders’ Equity in Item 8 of our 2022 Form 10-K.

NOTE 16 — ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

The following table details the components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income (“AOCI”):

Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
			Gross Unrealized						Income Taxes						Net Unrealized						Gross Unrealized						Income Taxes						Net Unrealized
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale			$	(894)					$	213					$	(681)					$	(972)					$	233					$	(739)
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to securities held to maturity			(8)						2						(6)						(8)						2						(6)
Defined benefit pension items			23						(5)						18						13						(3)						10
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss			$	(879)					$	210					$	(669)					$	(967)					$	232					$	(735)

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The following table details the changes in the components of AOCI, net of income taxes:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component

dollars in millions			Unrealized (loss) gain on securities available for sale						Unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to securities held to maturity						Net change in Defined Benefit Pension Items												Total AOCI
Balance as of December 31, 2022			$	(739)					$	(6)					$	10											$	(735)
AOCI activity before reclassifications			45						—						8												53
Amounts reclassified from AOCI			13						—						—												13
Other comprehensive income for the period			58						—						8												66
Balance as of March 31, 2023			$	(681)					$	(6)					$	18											$	(669)
Balance as of December 31, 2021			$	(9)					$	(7)					$	26											$	10
AOCI activity before reclassifications			(318)						—						—												(318)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI			—						1						2												3
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the period			(318)						1						2												(315)
Balance as of March 31, 2022			$	(327)					$	(6)					$	28											$	(305)

Other Comprehensive Income

The amounts included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income are net of income taxes. The following table presents the pretax and after-tax components of other comprehensive income:

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023																		2022
			Gross Amount						Tax						Net Amount						Gross Amount						Tax						Net Amount						Income Statement Line Items
Defined benefit pension items
Actuarial (loss) gain			$	10					$	(2)					$	8					$	—					$	—					$	—
Amounts reclassified from AOCI			—						—						—						3						(1)						2						Other noninterest expense
Other comprehensive (loss) income for defined benefit pension items			$	10					$	(2)					$	8					$	3					$	(1)					$	2
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale transferred to securities held to maturity
Amounts reclassified from AOCI			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Reclassifications out of AOCI			—						—						—						1						—						1						Interest on investment securities
Other comprehensive income (loss) on securities available for sale transferred to securities held to maturity			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	1					$	—					$	1
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale
AOCI activity before reclassification			$	60					$	(15)					$	45					$	(419)					$	101					$	(318)
Reclassifications out of AOCI			18						(5)						13						—						—						—						$14 realized loss on sales of investment securities available for sale, net; $4 provision for credit losses
Other comprehensive loss on securities available for sale			$	78					$	(20)					$	58					$	(419)					$	101					$	(318)
Total other comprehensive loss			$	88					$	(22)					$	66					$	(415)					$	100					$	(315)

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NOTE 17 — REGULATORY CAPITAL

BancShares and FCB are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the BancShares’ Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain activities, such as the ability to undertake new business initiatives, including acquisitions, the access to and cost of funding for new business initiatives, the ability to pay dividends, the ability to repurchase shares or other capital instruments, the level of deposit insurance costs, and the level and nature of regulatory oversight, largely depend on a financial institution’s capital strength.

Federal banking agencies approved regulatory capital guidelines (“Basel III”) aimed at strengthening previous capital requirements for banking organizations. Basel III became effective for BancShares on January 1, 2015 and the associated capital conservation buffers of 2.50% were fully phased in by January 1, 2019.

The following table includes the Basel III requirements for regulatory capital ratios.

			Basel III Minimums						Basel III Conservation Buffers						Basel III Requirements
Regulatory capital ratios
Total risk-based capital			8.00		%				2.50		%				10.50		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital			6.00						2.50						8.50
Common equity Tier 1			4.50						2.50						7.00
Tier 1 leverage			4.00						—						4.00

The FDIC also has Prompt Corrective Action (“PCA”) thresholds for regulatory capital ratios. The regulatory capital ratios for BancShares and FCB are calculated in accordance with the guidelines of the federal banking authorities. The regulatory capital ratios for BancShares and FCB exceed the Basel III requirements and the PCA well-capitalized thresholds as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 as summarized in the following table.

dollars in millions															March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
			Basel III Requirements						PCA well-capitalized thresholds						Amount						Ratio						Amount						Ratio
BancShares
Total risk-based capital			10.50		%				10.00		%				$	21,764					14.86		%				$	11,799					13.18		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital			8.50						8.00						19,225						13.13						9,902						11.06
Common equity Tier 1			7.00						6.50						18,344						12.53						9,021						10.08
Tier 1 leverage			4.00						5.00						19,225						16.72						9,902						8.99
FCB
Total risk-based capital			10.50		%				10.00		%				$	21,578					14.74		%				$	11,627					12.99		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital			8.50						8.00						19,495						13.32						10,186						11.38
Common equity Tier 1			7.00						6.50						19,495						13.32						10,186						11.38
Tier 1 leverage			4.00						5.00						19,495						16.97						10,186						9.25

At March 31, 2023, BancShares and FCB had risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers of 6.86% and 6.74%, respectively, which are in excess of the fully phased in Basel III conservation buffer of 2.50%. At December 31, 2022, BancShares and FCB had risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers of 5.06% and 4.99%, respectively. The capital ratio conservation buffers represent the excess of the regulatory capital ratio as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 over the Basel III minimum for the ratio that is the binding constraint.

Additional Tier 1 capital for BancShares includes preferred stock discussed further in Note 15 — Stockholders’ Equity. Additional Tier 2 capital for BancShares and FCB primarily consists of qualifying ACL and qualifying subordinated debt.

Dividend Restrictions

Dividends paid from FCB to the Parent Company are the primary source of funds available to the Parent Company for payment of dividends to its stockholders. The Board of Directors of FCB may approve distributions, including dividends, as it deems appropriate, subject to the requirements of the FDIC and the General Statutes of North Carolina, provided that the distributions do not reduce the regulatory capital ratios below the applicable requirements. FCB could have paid additional dividends to the Parent Company in the amount of $6.94 billion while continuing to meet the requirements for well-capitalized banks at March 31, 2023. Dividends declared by FCB and paid to the Parent Company amounted to $52 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Payment of dividends is made at the discretion of FCB’s Board of Directors and is contingent upon satisfactory earnings as well as projected capital needs.

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NOTE 18 — EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted earnings per common share:

Earnings per Common Share

dollars in millions, except per share data									Three Months Ended March 31,
															2023						2022
Net income															$	9,518					$	271
Preferred stock dividends															14						7
Net income available to common stockholders															$	9,504					$	264
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic shares outstanding															14,526,693						15,779,153
Stock-based awards															13,016						—
Diluted shares outstanding															14,539,709						15,779,153
Earnings per common share
Basic															$	654.22					$	16.70
Diluted															$	653.64					$	16.70

NOTE 19 — INCOME TAXES

BancShares’ global effective income tax rate was (0.5)% and (20.4)% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in the income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 was primarily due to the bargain purchase gain relating to the SVBB Acquisition.

The quarterly income tax expense is based on a projection of BancShares’ annual effective tax rate (“ETR”). This annual ETR is applied to the year-to-date consolidated pre-tax income to determine the interim provision for income taxes before discrete items. The ETR each period is also impacted by a number of factors, including the relative mix of domestic and international earnings, effects of changes in enacted tax laws, adjustments to the valuation allowances, and discrete items. The currently forecasted ETR may vary from the actual year-end 2023 ETR due to the changes in these factors.

Uncertain Tax Benefits

BancShares’ recognizes tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the position will prevail, based solely on the technical merits under the tax law of the relevant jurisdiction. BancShares will recognize the tax benefit if the position meets this recognition threshold determined based on the largest amount of the benefit that is more than likely to be realized.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards and Valuation Adjustments

As a result of the SVBB Acquisition, BancShares’ net deferred tax liabilities increased by approximately $3.31 billion, primarily related to acquired loans and other assets.

BancShares’ ability to recognize DTAs is evaluated on a quarterly basis to determine if there are any significant events that would affect our ability to utilize existing DTAs. If events are identified that affect our ability to utilize our DTAs, adjustments to the valuation allowance adjustments may be required.

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NOTE 20 — EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

BancShares sponsors non-contributory defined benefit pension plans for its qualifying employees. The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is included in salaries and wages while all other non-service cost components are included in other noninterest expense.

The components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31,
			2023						2022
Service cost			$	2					$	3
Interest cost			15						11
Expected return on assets			(21)						(22)
Amortization of prior service cost			—						—
Amortization of net actuarial loss			—						3
Net periodic benefit			$	(4)					$	(5)

NOTE 21 — BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION

BancShares’ segments include General Banking, Commercial Banking, a new segment Silicon Valley Banking that includes the operating results for the SVBB Acquisition, as well as Rail and Corporate. Each of the segments are described below.

General Banking

General Banking delivers products and services to consumers and businesses through an extensive network of branches and various digital channels, including a full suite of deposit products, loans (primarily residential mortgages and business/commercial loans), and various fee-based services. General Banking also provides a variety of wealth management products and services to individuals and institutional clients, including brokerage, investment advisory, and trust services. In addition, General Banking has a dedicated business line that supports deposit, cash management and lending to homeowner associations and property management companies nationwide. Revenue is primarily generated from interest earned on loans and fees for banking and advisory services.

Commercial Banking

Commercial Banking provides a range of lending, leasing, capital markets, asset management and other financial and advisory services primarily to small and middle market companies in a wide range of industries. Loans offered are primarily senior secured loans collateralized by accounts receivable, inventory, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment and/or intangibles, and are often used for working capital, plant expansion, acquisitions or recapitalizations. These loans include revolving lines of credit and term loans and, depending on the nature of the collateral, may be referred to as collateral-backed loans, asset-based loans or cash flow loans. Commercial Banking provides senior secured loans to developers and other commercial real estate professionals, and also provides small business loans and leases, including both capital and operating leases, through a highly automated credit approval, documentation and funding process. Commercial Banking also provides factoring, receivable management, and secured financing to businesses that operate in various industries.

Revenue is primarily generated from interest earned on loans, rents on equipment leased, fees and other revenue from lending and leasing activities and banking services, along with capital markets transactions and commissions earned on factoring and related activities.

Silicon Valley Banking

Silicon Valley Banking offers products and services to commercial clients in key innovation markets, such as healthcare and technology industries, as well as private equity and venture capital firms. The segment provides solutions to the financial needs of commercial clients through credit, treasury management, foreign exchange, trade finance and other services. In addition, the segment offers private banking and wealth management and provides a range of personal financial solutions for consumers. Private banking and wealth management clients consist of private equity/venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support and premium wine clients. The segment offers a customized suite of private banking services, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, restricted and private stock loans, capital call lines of credit, other secured and unsecured lending products and vineyard development loans, as well as planning-based financial strategies, wealth management, family office, financial planning, tax planning and trust services.

Revenue is primarily generated from interest earned on loans, and fees and other revenue from lending activities and banking services.

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Deposit products include business and analysis checking accounts, money market accounts, multi-currency accounts, bank accounts, sweep accounts and positive pay services. Services are provided through online and mobile banking platforms, as well as branch locations.

Rail

Rail offers customized leasing and financing solutions on a fleet of railcars and locomotives to railroads and shippers throughout North America. Railcar types include covered hopper cars used to ship grain and agricultural products, plastic pellets, sand, and cement, tank cars for energy products and chemicals, gondolas for coal, steel coil and mill service products, open hopper cars for coal and aggregates, boxcars for paper and auto parts, and center beams and flat cars for lumber. Revenue is primarily from operating lease income.

Corporate

Certain items that are not allocated to operating segments are included in the Corporate segment, inclusive of similar items related to Silicon Valley Banking. Some of the more significant and recurring items include interest income on investment securities, a portion of interest expense primarily related to corporate funding costs (including brokered deposits), income on BOLI (other noninterest income), acquisition-related costs, as well as certain unallocated costs and intangible asset amortization expense (operating expenses). Corporate also includes certain significant items that are infrequent, such as the Initial Non-PCD Provision for loans and leases and unfunded commitments and gain on acquisition.

Segment Net Income (Loss) and Select Period End Balances

The following table presents the condensed income statement by segment:

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
			General Banking						Commercial Banking						Silicon Valley Banking						Rail						Corporate						Total BancShares
Net interest income (expense)			$	560					$	240					$	65					$	(28)					$	13					$	850
Provision for credit losses			14						49						—						—						720						783
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses			546						191						65						(28)						(707)						67
Noninterest income			116						143						14						177						9,809						10,259
Noninterest expense			395						211						33						120						96						855
Income before income taxes			267						123						46						29						9,006						9,471
Income tax expense (benefit)			65						29						11						7						(159)						(47)
Net income			$	202					$	94					$	35					$	22					$	9,165					$	9,518
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases			$	43,353					$	28,684					$	66,171					$	80					$	—					$	138,288
Deposits			85,982						3,045						49,259						14						1,750						140,050
Operating lease equipment, net			—						719						—						7,612						—						8,331
			Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
			General Banking						Commercial Banking						Silicon Valley Banking						Rail						Corporate						Total BancShares
Net interest income (expense)			$	437					$	207					$	—					$	(19)					$	24					$	649
(Benefit) provision for credit losses			(15)						(34)						—						—						513						464
Net interest income (expense) after benefit for credit losses			452						241						—						(19)						(489)						185
Noninterest income			123						112						—						162						453						850
Noninterest expense			409						191						—						100						110						810
Income (loss) before income taxes			166						162						—						43						(146)						225
Income tax expense (benefit)			40						41						—						11						(138)						(46)
Net income (loss)			$	126					$	121					$	—					$	32					$	(8)					$	271
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases			$	38,528					$	26,922					$	—					$	67					$	7					$	65,524
Deposits			85,458						4,698						—						13						1,428						91,597
Operating lease equipment, net			—						721						—						7,251						—						7,972

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NOTE 22 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments

To meet the financing needs of its customers, BancShares and its subsidiaries have financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments involve elements of credit, interest rate or liquidity risk and include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. The below balances for March 31, 2023 include balances related to the SVBB Acquisition. The balances acquired are included in Financing Commitments and Letters of Credit.

The accompanying table summarizes credit-related commitments and other purchase and funding commitments:

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Financing Commitments
Financing assets (excluding leases)			$	74,507					$	23,452
Letters of Credit
Standby letters of credit			3,928						436
Other letters of credit			111						44
Deferred Purchase Agreements			1,707						2,039
Purchase and Funding Commitments(1)			869						941

(1) BancShares’ purchase and funding commitments relate to the equipment leasing businesses’ commitments to fund finance leases and operating leases, and Rail’s railcar manufacturer purchase and upgrade commitments.

Financing Commitments

Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of fees. Established credit standards control the credit risk exposure associated with these commitments. In some cases, BancShares requires collateral be pledged to secure the commitment, including cash deposits, securities and other assets.

Financing commitments, referred to as loan commitments or lines of credit, primarily reflect BancShares’ agreements to lend to its customers, subject to the customers’ compliance with contractual obligations. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, substantially all undrawn financing commitments were senior facilities. The undrawn and available financing commitments are primarily in the Silicon Valley Banking and Commercial Banking segments. Financing commitments also include approximately $74 million and $66 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, related to off-balance sheet commitments to fund equity investments. Commitments to fund equity investments are contingent on events that have yet to occur and may be subject to change.

As financing commitments may not be fully drawn, may expire unused, may be reduced or canceled at the customer’s request, and may require the customer to be in compliance with certain conditions, total commitment amounts do not necessarily reflect actual future cash flow requirements.

The table above excludes uncommitted revolving credit facilities extended by Commercial Services to its clients for working capital purposes. In connection with these facilities, Commercial Services has the sole discretion throughout the duration of these facilities to determine the amount of credit that may be made available to its clients at any time and whether to honor any specific advance requests made by its clients under these credit facilities.

Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are commitments to pay the beneficiary thereof if drawn upon by the beneficiary upon satisfaction of the terms of the letter of credit. Those commitments are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. To mitigate its risk, BancShares’ credit policies govern the issuance of standby letters of credit. The credit risk related to the issuance of these letters of credit is essentially the same as in extending loans to clients and, therefore, these letters of credit are collateralized when necessary. These financial instruments generate fees and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Deferred Purchase Agreements (“DPA”)

A DPA is provided in conjunction with factoring, whereby a client is provided with credit protection for trade receivables without purchasing the receivables. The trade receivables terms generally require payment in 90 days or less. If the client’s customer is unable to pay an undisputed receivable solely as the result of credit risk, BancShares is then required to purchase the receivable from the client, less any borrowings for such client based on such defaulted receivable. The outstanding amount in the table above, less $170 million and $186 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of borrowings for such clients, is the maximum amount that BancShares would be required to pay under all DPAs. This maximum amount would only occur if all receivables subject to DPAs default in the manner described above, thereby requiring BancShares to purchase all such receivables from the DPA clients.

The table above includes $1.60 billion and $1.90 billion of DPA exposures at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, related to receivables on which BancShares has assumed the credit risk. The table also includes $110 million and $138 million available under DPA credit line agreements provided at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The DPA credit line agreements specify a contractually committed amount of DPA credit protection and are cancellable by us only after a notice period, which is typically 90 days or less.

Litigation and other Contingencies

The Parent Company and certain of its subsidiaries have been named as a defendant in legal actions arising from its normal business activities in which damages in various amounts are claimed. BancShares is also exposed to litigation risk relating to the prior business activities of banks from which assets were acquired and liabilities assumed.

BancShares is involved, and from time to time in the future may be involved, in a number of pending and threatened judicial, regulatory, and arbitration proceedings as well as proceedings, investigations, examinations and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies. These matters arise in connection with the ordinary conduct of BancShares’ business. At any given time, BancShares may also be in the process of responding to subpoenas, requests for documents, data and testimony relating to such matters and engaging in discussions to resolve the matters (all of the foregoing collectively being referred to as “Litigation”). While most Litigation relates to individual claims, BancShares may be subject to putative class action claims and similar broader claims and indemnification obligations.

In light of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of Litigation matters and indemnification obligations, particularly when such matters are in their early stages or where the claimants seek indeterminate damages, BancShares cannot state with confidence what the eventual outcome of the pending Litigation will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters will be, or what the eventual loss, fines, or penalties related to each pending matter will be, if any. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, BancShares’ establishes reserves for Litigation when those matters present loss contingencies as to which it is both probable that a loss will occur and the amount of such loss can reasonably be estimated. Based on currently available information, BancShares believes that the outcome of Litigation that is currently pending will not have a material adverse effect on BancShares’ financial condition, but may be material to BancShares’ operating results or cash flows for any particular period, depending in part on its operating results for that period. The actual results of resolving such matters may be substantially higher than the amounts reserved.

For certain Litigation matters in which BancShares is involved, BancShares is able to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses in excess of established reserves and insurance. For other matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible, such an estimate cannot be determined. For Litigation and other matters where losses are reasonably possible, management currently estimates an aggregate range of reasonably possible losses of up to $10 million in excess of any established reserves and any insurance we reasonably believe we will collect related to those matters. This estimate represents reasonably possible losses (in excess of established reserves and insurance) over the life of such Litigation, which may span a currently indeterminable number of years, and is based on information currently available as of March 31, 2023. The Litigation matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from this estimate.

Those Litigation matters for which an estimate is not reasonably possible or as to which a loss does not appear to be reasonably possible, based on current information, are not included within this estimated range and, therefore, this estimated range does not represent BancShares’ maximum loss exposure.

The foregoing statements about BancShares’ Litigation are based on BancShares’ judgments, assumptions, and estimates and are necessarily subjective and uncertain. In the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these cases, matters, and proceedings, if unfavorable, may be material to BancShares’ consolidated financial position in a particular period.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) of earnings and related financial data is presented to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Parent Company” and, when including all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, “we,” “us,” “our,” or “BancShares”) and its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB”). Unless otherwise noted, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” and “BancShares” in this section refer to the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations for BancShares.

This MD&A is expected to provide our investors with a view of our financial condition and results of operations from our management’s perspective. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes presented within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, along with our consolidated financial statements and related MD&A of financial condition and results of operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”). Throughout this MD&A, references to a specific “Note” refer to Notes to the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Although certain amounts for the prior year have been reclassified to conform to statement presentations for 2023, the reclassifications had no effect on stockholders’ equity or net income as previously reported. Refer to further detail in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation.

Management uses certain non-GAAP financial measures in its analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of BancShares. See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measurements" section of this MD&A for a reconciliation of these financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures in accordance with GAAP.

On March 27, 2023, FCB acquired substantially all loans and certain other assets and assumed all customer deposits and certain other liabilities, of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (“SVBB”) from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) pursuant to the terms of a purchase and assumption agreement (the “SVBB Purchase Agreement”) by and among FCB, the FDIC, and the FDIC, as receiver of SVBB (the “SVBB Acquisition”). The SVBB Acquisition is briefly described below and further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

In conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition, we added a new business segment, Silicon Valley Banking (“SVB”), as further discussed below. BancShares’ financial data for periods prior to the SVBB Acquisition (i.e., periods in 2022) does not include SVB, and therefore may not be directly comparable to financial data for periods in 2023.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

The Parent Company is a bank holding company ("BHC") and Financial Holding Company (“FHC”). The Parent Company is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System under the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Parent Company is also registered under the BHC laws of North Carolina and is subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the North Carolina Commissioner of Banks (the “NCCOB”). BancShares conducts its banking operations through its wholly-owned subsidiary, FCB, a state-chartered bank organized under the laws of the state of North Carolina. FCB is regulated by the NCCOB. In addition, FCB, as an insured depository institution, is supervised by the FDIC.

BancShares provides financial services for a wide range of consumer and commercial clients. This includes retail and mortgage banking, wealth management, commercial and middle market banking, factoring, and leasing. BancShares provides commercial factoring, receivables management and secured financing services to businesses (generally manufacturers or importers of goods) that operate in various industries, including apparel, textile, furniture, home furnishings, and consumer electronics.

In addition, BancShares owns a fleet of railcars and locomotives that are leased to railroads and shippers. We also provide various investment products and services through FCB’s wholly owned subsidiaries, First Citizens Investor Services, Inc. (“FCIS”) and First Citizens Asset Management, Inc. (“FCAM”). As a registered broker-dealer, FCIS provides a full range of investment products, including annuities, discount brokerage services and third-party mutual funds. As registered investment advisors, FCIS and FCAM provide investment management services and advice. BancShares delivers products and services to its customers through an extensive branch network and additionally operates a nationwide direct bank (the “Direct Bank”). Services offered at most branches include accepting deposits, cashing checks and providing for consumer and commercial cash needs. Consumer and business customers may also conduct banking transactions through various digital channels.

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The recently completed SVBB Acquisition adds a global fund banking business to serve private equity and venture capital clients and also compliments BancShares’ existing wealth management business by adding enhanced digital capabilities. The SVBB Acquisition further diversifies our loan portfolio and business mix, particularly across technology and life sciences and healthcare industries, and wealth clients.

Refer to our 2022 Form 10-K for a discussion of our strategy.

Significant Events in 2023

SVBB Acquisition

As discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations, the SVBB Acquisition closed on March 27, 2023 (the “SVBB Acquisition Date”).

Significant items related to the SVBB Acquisition are as follows: 

•The fair value of total assets acquired was $106.60 billion, which mainly consists of approximately $68.50 billion of loans and $35.28 billion of cash and interest-earning deposits at banks.

•The fair value of deposits assumed was $55.96 billion.

•FCB recorded a preliminary gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion (net of tax), representing the excess of the net assets acquired over the purchase price, and recorded a $230 million core deposit intangible.

Segment Updates

As of December 31, 2022, BancShares managed its business and reported its financial results as General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail, and Corporate segments. In conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition, BancShares added a new business segment, SVB. Prior periods were not impacted by this update. Information about our segments is included in Note 21 — Business Segment Information and in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” in this MD&A.

Recent Economic and Industry Developments

The Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) continued to raise its target for the federal funds rate in an effort to combat inflation. The FOMC raised interest rates at its January, March and May meetings by 25 basis points each. With these latest increases, the FOMC raised their benchmark federal funds rate to a range between 5.00% - 5.25%.

The FOMC stands ready in its efforts to control inflation and said it will monitor economic and financial-market developments and the effects of their earlier rate increases in determining the extent to which additional policy firming may be appropriate to return inflation to 2% over time. The FOMC’s efforts to control inflation has increased concerns over the possibility of a recession within the next twelve months. In addition, geopolitical events are likely to maintain upward pressure on inflation and weigh on economic activity. The timing and impact of inflation, continued volatility in the stock market, rising interest rates, and possible recession will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict.

In recent months, the banking industry has experienced increased volatility due to the failure of multiple high-profile banking institutions. These failures have increased industry concerns related to liquidity, deposit outflows, uninsured deposit concentrations, and unrealized losses on securities. Due to the recent uncertainty and related bank failures, there has been ongoing discussions that banking agencies may propose certain actions, including reforms that will require higher capital and increased requirements to issue long term debt, as well as special assessments to repay losses to the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund. The impact of these potential actions, and any others, is unknown at this time.

Refer to the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” discussion below in the “Financial Performance Summary” section of this MD&A.

Financial Performance Summary

The following tables in this MD&A compare financial data for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (the “current quarter”) to financial data for the three months ended December 31, 2022 (the “linked quarter”) and March 31, 2022 (the “prior year quarter”). In accordance with Item 303(c) of Regulation S-K, we focus on the linked quarter for the narrative discussion and analysis of our results of operations as we believe this provides investors and other users of our data with the most relevant information. For our financial position, the following tables compare balances as of March 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022. Our results of operations include SVB beginning on the SVBB Acquisition Date. Financial position balances as of March 31, 2023 include the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the SVBB Acquisition.

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The following table summarizes BancShares’ results in accordance with U.S. GAAP, unless otherwise noted. Refer to the section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measurements” at the end of this MD&A for a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

Table 1

Selected Quarterly Data

dollars in millions, except share data			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
Interest income			$	1,211					$	1,040					$	710
Interest expense			361						238						61
Net interest income			850						802						649
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			783						79						464
Net interest income after provision for credit losses			67						723						185
Noninterest income			10,259						429						850
Noninterest expense			855						760						810
Income before income taxes			9,471						392						225
Income tax (benefit) expense			(47)						135						(46)
Net income			9,518						257						271
Preferred stock dividends			14						14						7
Net income available to common stockholders			$	9,504					$	243					$	264
PER COMMON SHARE DATA
Average diluted common shares			14,539,709						14,607,426						15,779,153
Earnings per common share (diluted)			$	653.64					$	16.67					$	16.70
KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS
Return on average assets (ROA)			33.23		%				0.93		%				1.00		%
Net interest margin (NIM)(1)			3.41						3.36						2.73
SELECTED QUARTERLY AVERAGE BALANCES
Investment securities			$	19,416					$	18,876					$	19,492
Total loans and leases(2)			74,907						70,465						65,303
Operating lease equipment, net			8,236						8,049						7,924
Total assets			116,164						109,792						110,394
Total deposits			93,844						89,042						91,620
Total stockholders’ equity			11,369						9,621						10,423
SELECTED QUARTER-END BALANCES
Investment securities			$	19,527					$	19,369					$	19,469
Total loans and leases			138,288						70,781						65,524
Operating lease equipment, net			8,331						8,156						7,972
Total assets			214,658						109,298						108,597
Total deposits			140,050						89,408						91,597
Total stockholders’ equity			19,216						9,662						10,570
Loan to deposit ratio			98.74		%				79.17		%				71.53		%
Noninterest-bearing deposits to total deposits			39.02						27.87						28.24
CAPITAL RATIOS
Common equity Tier 1			12.53		%				10.08		%				11.34		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital			13.13						11.06						12.39
Total risk-based capital			14.86						13.18						14.47
Tier 1 leverage			16.72						8.99						9.55
ASSET QUALITY
Ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans			0.60		%				0.89		%				0.82		%
Allowance for credit losses to loans ratio			1.16						1.30						1.29
Net charge off ratio			0.27						0.14						0.09

(1) The rate presented is calculated net of average credit balances of factoring clients.

(2) Average loan balances include held for sale and non-accrual loans.

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First Quarter Income Statement Highlights

•Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $9.52 billion, an increase of $9.26 billion from $257 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Net income available to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $9.50 billion, an increase of $9.26 billion from $243 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increases were primarily due to the $9.82 billion preliminary gain on acquisition, partially offset by the $716 million provision for non-purchased credit deteriorated (“Non-PCD”) loans and leases and the unfunded commitments acquired in the SVBB Acquisition (the “day 2 provision for credit losses”). Results also reflected higher noninterest expenses discussed below and a lower provision for income taxes. Net income per diluted common share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $653.64, an increase from $16.67 for the three months ended December 31, 2022.

•Select items in the current quarter and linked quarter are summarized below:

◦For the three months ended March 31, 2023:

▪Preliminary gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion (net of tax) for the SVBB Acquisition in other noninterest income.

▪Day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million related to the SVBB Acquisition.

▪Acquisition-related expenses of $28 million in noninterest expense.

◦For the three months ended December 31, 2022:

▪CIT Merger-related expenses of $29 million in noninterest expense.

▪Income tax expense of $55 million related to the strategic decision to exit $1.25 billion of BOLI policies.

•Return on average assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 33.23%, compared to 0.93% for the three months ended December 31, 2022.

•Net interest income (“NII”) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $850 million, an increase of $48 million, or 6% compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher yields resulting in higher interest income on our earning assets, along with higher interest income from organic loan growth as well as SVB loans, partially offset by higher costs on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings.

•Net interest margin (“NIM”) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 3.41%, an increase of 5 basis points (“bps”) compared to 3.36% for the three months ended December 31, 2022, as the rising interest rate environment benefits on our interest-earning assets exceeded the impacts of higher rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings.

•Provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $783 million compared to $79 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million related to the SVBB Acquisition, which included $462 million for acquired loans and leases (the “day 2 provision for loans and leases”) and $254 million for acquired unfunded commitments (the “day 2 provision for unfunded commitments”). The net charge-off ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 0.27%, compared to 0.14% for the three months ended December 31, 2022.

•Noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $10.26 billion, an increase of $9.83 billion compared to $429 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the preliminary gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion. The remaining increase reflected higher rental income on operating lease equipment and wealth management fees, partially offset by a $14 million loss on sale of one investment security and lower factoring income.

•Noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $855 million, an increase of $95 million compared to $760 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher salary and benefit costs, which included higher incentive awards (these are traditionally paid in the first quarter), and the restart of annual benefit costs, such as Federal Insurance Contributions Act (“FICA”), and salary costs from the SVBB Acquisition. The increase in noninterest expense also included higher FDIC insurance expense and operating lease maintenance expenses.

Balance Sheet Highlights

•Total loans and leases at March 31, 2023 were $138.29 billion, an increase of $67.51 billion from December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to SVB loans of $66.17 billion at March 31, 2023. Loans from our branch network in the General Banking segment increased $432 million. Loans in the Commercial Banking segment increased $902 million, primarily related to growth in industry verticals, such as real estate, maritime and healthcare.

•Total deposits at March 31, 2023 were $140.05 billion, an increase of $50.64 billion from December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to SVB deposits of $49.26 billion at March 31, 2023. The remaining increase of $1.38 billion was primarily related to deposit growth in the Direct Bank, which is included in the General Banking segment.

•Total borrowings at March 31, 2023 were $46.09 billion, an increase of $39.45 billion from December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the Purchase Money Note (as defined and described below) of $35.15 billion payable to the FDIC related to the SVBB Acquisition as further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations. The remaining increase was primarily due to advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) that were drawn to improve our cash position.

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•At March 31, 2023, BancShares remained well capitalized with a total risk-based capital ratio of 14.86%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 13.13%, a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 12.53% and a leverage ratio of 16.72%.

Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview

Deposit Composition

We fund our business primarily through deposits. Deposits represent approximately 75% of total funding at March 31, 2023. The following table summarizes the composition, average size and uninsured percentages of our deposits.

Table 2

Select Deposit Data

			Deposits as of March 31, 2023
			Ending Balance (in millions)						Average Size (in thousands)						Uninsured %
General Banking segment			$	85,982					$	36					29%
Commercial Banking segment			3,045						212						86%
SVB segment			49,259						360						86%
Other business segments			1,764						n/m						7%
Total			$	140,050					55						50%

The General Banking segment includes deposits from our branch network, which deploys a relationship-based approach to deposit gathering. The remaining deposits in the General Banking segment are primarily related to the Direct Bank, which enables us to increase deposits to meet the needs of our business, albeit at a higher cost compared to the branch network. The Commercial Banking segment includes deposits of commercial customers and the SVB segment includes deposits related to the SVBB Acquisition. Other business segments primarily include brokered deposits of $1.75 billion in the Corporate segment and the remaining $14 million relates to the Rail segment.

As displayed in the table above, the average size of deposits varies across our business segments. The uninsured data represents the percentage of deposits in the respective business segments. At March 31, 2023, total uninsured deposits were approximately $69.96 billion or 50% of total deposits. The increase in uninsured deposits from of $29.13 billion or 33% of total deposits at December 31, 2022 is due to deposits in the SVB segment, which have higher average customer balances.

Deposit Trends

Table 3

Deposit Trends

(dollars in millions)			Deposit Balance
									Acquisition Date
			December 31, 2022						March 27, 2023						March 31, 2023						April 14, 2023						April 28, 2023
SVB segment			$	—					$	55,959					$	49,259					$	41,336					$	41,425
General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail and Corporate segments			89,408						—						90,791						92,149						92,447
Total deposits			$	89,408					$	55,959					$	140,050					$	133,485					$	133,872

SVB deposits declined from $55.96 billion at the SVBB Acquisition Date to $49.26 billion at March 31, 2023, primarily due to uncertainty in the banking industry. While SVB deposits declined to $41.43 billion as of April 28, 2023, the pace of the decline slowed and deposit amounts leveled off to approximately $41 billion during the last two weeks of April. The table above also indicates that aggregate deposits for the General Banking, Commercial Banking, Rail and Corporate segments increased during the current quarter and in April of 2023, primarily due to deposit growth in the Direct Bank, which is included in the General Banking segment.

Liquidity Position

We strive to maintain a strong liquidity position and our risk appetite for liquidity is low. At March 31, 2023, liquidity metrics remained strong as we had $51.42 billion in liquid assets consisting of $37.67 billion in cash and interest-earning deposits at banks and $13.75 billion in high-quality liquid securities. To further enhance our liquidity position, we increased our FHLB borrowings to $8.50 billion at March 31, 2023 and increased our remaining FHLB borrowing capacity by pledging an additional $4 billion of investment securities held to maturity. We have unused borrowing capacity with the FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank of $4.71 billion and $4.68 billion, respectively. Further, in conjunction with the SVBB Acquisition, we entered into binding terms and conditions for a five year, up to $70.00 billion line of credit with the FDIC. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk” section of this MD&A for further discussion.

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Investment Securities Duration

At March 31, 2023, our investment securities portfolio primarily consisted of debt securities available for sale and debt securities held to maturity as summarized below. The available for sale securities portfolio has an average duration of 3.4 years and the debt securities held to maturity portfolio has an average duration of 4.9 years. Refer to the “Interest-earning Assets - Investment securities” section of this MD&A and Note 3 — Investment Securities for further information.

Table 4

Investment Securities

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
			Composition(1)						Amortized cost						Fair value																								Fair value to cost
Total investment securities available for sale			49.9		%				$	9,955					$	9,061																							91.0		%
Total investment securities held to maturity			49.6		%				10,381						8,993																								86.6		%
Investment in marketable equity securities			0.5		%				75						85																								113.3		%
Total investment securities			100		%				$	20,411					$	18,139
(1) Calculated as a percentage of the total fair value of investment securities.

Capital Position

Our capital position remains strong and all regulatory capital ratios for BancShares and FCB significantly exceed the Prompt Corrective Action (“PCA”) well-capitalized thresholds and Basel III Requirements as further discussed in the “Capital” section of this MD&A and Note 17 — Regulatory Capital.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

NET INTEREST INCOME AND NET INTEREST MARGIN

NII is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. NII is affected by changes in interest rates and changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The following tables present the average balances, yields on interest-earning assets, rates on interest-bearing liabilities, and changes in NII due to changes in: (i) volume (average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities) and (ii) yields or rates.

•The change in NII due to volume is calculated as the change in average balance multiplied by the yield or rate from the prior period.

•The change in NII due to yield or rate is calculated as the change in yield or rate multiplied by the average balance from the prior period.

•The change in NII due to rate/volume change (i.e., portfolio mix) is calculated as the change in rate multiplied by the change in volume. This component is allocated between the changes in NII due to volume and yield or rate based on the ratio each component bears to the absolute value of their total.

•Tax equivalent net interest income was not materially different from NII, therefore we present NII in our analysis.

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Table 5

Average Balances and Rates

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022																		Change in NII Due to:
			Average Balance						Income / Expense						Yield / Rate						Average Balance						Income / Expense						Yield / Rate						Volume(1)						Yield /Rate(1)						Total Change
Loans and leases (1)(2)			$	73,900					$	1,017					5.57		%				$	69,290					$	892					5.10		%				$	52					$	73					$	125
Total investment securities			19,416						107						2.21						18,876						92						1.95						3						12						15
Interest-earning deposits at banks			7,585						87						4.61						6,193						56						3.60						14						17						31
Total interest-earning assets (2)			$	100,901					$	1,211					4.85		%				$	94,359					$	1,040					4.37		%				$	69					$	102					$	171
Operating lease equipment, net			$	8,236																	$	8,049
Cash and due from banks			595																		500
Allowance for credit losses			(936)																		(886)
All other noninterest-earning assets			7,368																		7,770
Total assets			$	116,164																	$	109,792
Interest-bearing deposits:
Checking with interest			$	16,499					$	22					0.50		%				$	15,985					$	13					0.24		%				$	—					$	9					$	9
Money market			21,216						80						1.53						21,200						60						1.13						—						20						20
Savings			17,521						110						2.54						15,831						69						1.73						8						33						41
Time deposits			12,126						76						2.55						9,516						34						1.42						11						31						42
Total interest-bearing deposits			67,362						288						1.73						62,532						176						1.12						19						93						112
Borrowings:
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements			455						—						0.30						514						—						0.27						—						—						—
Short-term FHLB Borrowings			323						4						4.67						2,080						20						3.77						(19)						3						(16)
Short-term borrowings			778						4						2.23						2,594						20						3.04						(19)						3						(16)
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings			3,284						40						4.96						2,818						28						3.90						4						8						12
Senior unsecured borrowings			883						5						2.06						906						4						2.08						1						—						1
Subordinated debt			1,048						9						3.54						1,051						9						3.38						—						—						—
Other borrowings			1,978						15						2.95						25						1						5.76						14						—						14
Long-term borrowings			7,193						69						3.84						4,800						42						3.45						19						8						27
Total borrowings			7,971						73						3.68						7,394						62						3.32						—						11						11
Total interest-bearing liabilities			$	75,333					$	361					1.94		%				$	69,926					$	238					1.35		%				$	19					$	104					$	123
Noninterest-bearing deposits			$	26,482																	$	26,510
Credit balances of factoring clients			1,007																		1,174
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities			1,973																		2,561
Stockholders' equity			11,369																		9,621
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	116,164																	$	109,792
Interest rate spread (2)															2.91		%																3.02		%
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets (2)									$	850					3.41		%										$	802					3.36		%

(1) Loans and leases include non-PCD and PCD loans, nonaccrual loans and held for sale. Interest income on loans and leases includes accretion income and loan fees.

(2) The balance and rate presented is calculated net of average credit balances of factoring clients.

Current quarter compared to linked quarter

•NII for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $850 million, an increase of $48 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher yields on loans and interest-earning deposits at banks and loan growth, partially offset by higher costs on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings. The SVBB Acquisition impacted average balances and NII and NIM for only five days during the current quarter as the acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. We expect the impacts of the SVBB Acquisition to be more prominent beginning in the second quarter of 2023 as the impacts of interest-earning deposits at banks, loans, deposits, and borrowings related to the SVBB Acquisition will be for a full quarter.

◦Interest income earned on loans and leases for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $1.02 billion, an increase of $125 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher yields and higher average balances related to loan growth in the General and Commercial Banking segments, as well as the SVBB Acquisition.

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◦Interest income earned on investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $107 million, an increase of $15 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher reinvestment rates.

◦Interest income earned on interest-earning deposits at banks for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $87 million, an increase of $31 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, reflecting higher Fed Funds rates and a higher average balance of interest-earning deposits at banks, as we increased liquidity due to the market uncertainty in March, and the impact of the SVBB Acquisition.

◦Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $288 million, an increase of $112 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily reflecting higher deposit rates and higher average balances (mainly in higher-cost savings and time deposits as we maintain competitive rates offered to customers).

◦Interest expense on borrowings for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $73 million, an increase of $11 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the impact of the Purchase Money Note related to the SVBB Acquisition, partially offset by lower average FHLB borrowings. We repaid FHLB borrowings in January and February, but we increased FHLB borrowings in March to improve liquidity in light of market conditions that led to bank failures. As a result, the FHLB borrowings balance at March 31, 2023 was higher than our average balance for the current quarter.

•NIM for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 3.41%, an increase of 5 bps compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022. The higher yields on earning assets were partially offset by the increasing costs of our interest-bearing deposits and higher borrowing costs.

•Average interest-earning assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $100.90 billion. This is an increase of $6.54 billion from $94.36 billion for the three months ended December 31, 2022, reflecting increases in average loans and leases, interest-earning deposits at banks and investment securities of $4.61 billion, $1.39 billion and $540 million, respectively.

•Average interest-bearing liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $75.33 billion. This is an increase of $5.41 billion from $69.93 billion for the three months ended December 31, 2022, reflecting higher rates and average balances for deposits and borrowings. The average rate on interest-bearing liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 1.94%. This is an increase of 59 bps compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, reflecting the higher interest rate environment.

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Table 6

Average Balances and Rates

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023																		March 31, 2022																		Change in NII Due to:
			Average Balance						Income / Expense						Yield / Rate						Average Balance						Income / Expense						Yield / Rate						Volume(1)						Yield /Rate(1)						Total Change
Loans and leases (1)(2)			$	73,900					$	1,017					5.57		%				$	64,144					$	621					3.92		%				$	106					$	290					$	396
Total investment securities			19,416						107						2.21						19,492						83						1.71						—						24						24
Interest-earning deposits at banks			7,585						87						4.61						11,476						6						0.19						(2)						83						81
Total interest-earning assets (2)			$	100,901					$	1,211					4.85		%				$	95,112					$	710					3.02		%				$	104					$	397					$	501
Operating lease equipment, net			$	8,236																	$	7,924
Cash and due from banks			595																		536
Allowance for credit losses			(936)																		(914)
All other noninterest-earning assets			7,368																		7,736
Total assets			$	116,164																	$	110,394
Interest-bearing deposits:
Checking with interest			$	16,499					$	22					0.50		%				$	16,614					$	5					0.10		%				$	1					$	16					$	17
Money market			21,216						80						1.53						26,199						15						0.24						(3)						68						65
Savings			17,521						110						2.54						13,659						9						0.26						4						97						101
Time deposits			12,126						76						2.55						9,794						10						0.43						3						63						66
Total interest-bearing deposits			67,362						288						1.73						66,266						39						0.24						5						244						249
Borrowings:
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements			455						—						0.30						600						—						0.16						—						—						—
Short-term FHLB Borrowings			323						4						4.67						—						—						—						4						—						4
Short-term borrowings			778						4						2.23						600						—						0.16						4						—						4
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings			3,284						40						4.96						641						2						1.29						22						16						38
Senior unsecured borrowings			883						5						2.06						2,719						12						1.71						(9)						2						(7)
Subordinated debt			1,048						9						3.54						1,060						8						2.96						(1)						2						1
Other borrowings			1,978						15						2.95						85						—						1.85						15						—						15
Long-term borrowings			7,193						69						3.84						4,505						22						1.95						27						20						47
Total borrowings			7,971						73						3.68						5,105						22						1.74						31						20						51
Total interest-bearing liabilities			$	75,333					$	361					1.94		%				$	71,371					$	61					0.35		%				$	36					$	264					$	300
Noninterest-bearing deposits			$	26,482																	$	25,354
Credit balances of factoring clients			1,007																		1,160
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities			1,973																		2,086
Stockholders' equity			11,369																		10,423
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity			$	116,164																	$	110,394
Interest rate spread (2)															2.91		%																2.67		%
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets (2)									$	850					3.41		%										$	649					2.73		%

(1), (2) See footnotes to previous table.

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The following table details the average interest earning assets by category:

Table 7

Average Interest-earning Asset Mix

			% of Total Interest-earning Assets
			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Loans and leases			73		%				73		%				67		%
Investment securities			19		%				20		%				21		%
Interest-earning deposits at banks			8		%				7		%				12		%
Total interest earning assets			100		%				100		%				100		%

The following table shows our average funding mix:

Table 8

Average Funding Mix

			% of Total Interest-bearing Liabilities
			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Total interest-bearing deposits			89		%				89		%				93		%
Short-term borrowings			1		%				4		%				1		%
Long-term borrowings			10		%				7		%				6		%
			100		%				100		%				100		%

The above average mix tables include SVB average balances for only five days during the current quarter as the acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. We expect average balances next quarter to be more aligned with current period end balances. Refer to “Interest-earning Assets” and “Interest-bearing Liabilities” sections of this MD&A for discussion of period end balances.

    

PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES

As presented in the following table, the provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $783 million, compared to $79 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The $704 million increase is primarily due to the day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million related to the SVBB Acquisition, which includes the $462 million day 2 provision for loans and leases and the $254 million day 2 provision for unfunded commitments.

In addition to the day 2 provision, the increase in provision for credit losses on loans and leases was related to portfolio growth, mild credit quality deterioration, and higher specific reserves partially offset by improvement in the macroeconomic forecasts. The provision for credit losses activity also reflected a decline in the provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments and a $4 million provision for investment securities available for sale related to one corporate bond. The ACL is further discussed in the “Critical Accounting Estimates” and “Credit Risk Management - ACL” sections of this MD&A and in Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses.

Table 9

Provision for Credit Losses

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Day 2 provision for loans and leases			$	462					$	—					$	454
Provision (benefit) for credit losses - loans and leases			71						64						(53)
Total provision for credit losses- loans and leases			533						64						401
Day 2 provision for unfunded commitments			254						—						59
(Benefit) provision for unfunded commitments			(8)						15						4
Total provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments			246						15						63
Provision for credit losses - investment securities available for sale			4						—						—
Provision for credit losses			$	783					$	79					$	464

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NONINTEREST INCOME

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income is an essential component of our total revenue. The primary sources of noninterest income consist of rental income on operating lease equipment, fee income and other service charges, wealth management services, service charges generated from deposit accounts, cardholder and merchant services, factoring commissions, and mortgage lending and servicing.

The current quarter includes noninterest income related to SVB for five days as the SVBB Acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. Noninterest income from SVB was aligned into pre-existing categories and primarily included items such as fee income and other service charges, wealth management services, and service charges on deposit accounts, and other noninterest income.

Table 10

Noninterest Income

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Rental income on operating lease equipment			$	233					$	224					$	208
Other noninterest income:
Fee income and other service charges			50						46						36
Wealth management services			42						35						35
Service charges on deposit accounts			24						22						27
Factoring commissions			19						26						27
Cardholder services, net			21						26						25
Merchant services, net			10						8						10
Insurance commissions			13						13						12
Realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale, net			(14)						—						—
Fair value adjustment on marketable equity securities, net			(9)						2						3
Bank-owned life insurance			5						7						8
Gain on sale of leasing equipment, net			4						2						6
Gain on acquisition			9,824						—						431
Gain on extinguishment of debt			—						—						6
Other noninterest income			37						18						16
Total other noninterest income			10,026						205						642
Total noninterest income			$	10,259					$	429					$	850

Rental Income on Operating Lease Equipment

Rental income from equipment we lease for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $233 million, an increase of $9 million compared to three months ended December 31, 2022. Rental income is generated primarily in the Rail segment and, to a lesser extent, in the Commercial Banking segment. Revenue is generally dictated by the size of the portfolio, utilization of the railcars, re-pricing of equipment renewed upon lease maturities and pricing on new leases. Re-pricing refers to the rental rate in the renewed equipment contract compared to the prior contract. Refer to the Rail discussion in the “Results by Business Segment” section of this MD&A for further details.

Other Noninterest Income

Other noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $10.03 billion, compared to $205 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the $9.82 billion preliminary gain on acquisition. The remaining changes compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022 reflect increases and decreases among various noninterest income accounts. The more significant variances follow:

•Fee income and other service charges, consisting of items such as capital market-related fees, fees for lines and letters of credit, and servicing fees, increased by $4 million.

•Wealth management services increased by $7 million, reflecting higher assets under management led by our trust and brokerage channels. In brokerage, the income was driven by increases in structured notes and fixed products.

•Factoring commissions decreased $7 million, reflecting seasonally stronger fourth quarter factoring volume and slowing customer orders as they work down current inventory levels, as well as lower surcharge income.

•Cardholder services decreased $5 million, reflecting a decline in volume of transactions and higher reward expense.

•The realized loss on sale of investment securities available for sale was due to a sale of a single corporate bond of a distressed entity.

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•Fair value adjustments on marketable equity securities reflect changes in market prices of underlying portfolio investments.

•Other noninterest income consisted of items such as derivative gains and losses, gain on sales of other assets including OREO, fixed assets and loans, and non-marketable securities. Other noninterest income increased by $19 million, primarily due to net positive marks on derivatives.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

The current quarter includes noninterest expense related to SVB for five days as the SVBB Acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. Noninterest expense from SVB was aligned into pre-existing categories, with salaries and benefits impacted the most.

Table 11

Noninterest Expense

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Depreciation on operating lease equipment			$	89					$	88					$	81
Maintenance and other operating lease expenses			56						47						43
Operating expenses:
Salaries and benefits			420						354						356
Net occupancy expense			50						48						48
Equipment expense			58						55						52
Professional fees			12						11						12
Third-party processing fees			29						26						24
FDIC insurance expense			18						5						12
Marketing expense			15						21						8
Acquisition-related expenses			28						29						135
Intangible asset amortization			5						6						6
Other noninterest expense			75						70						33
Total operating expenses			710						625						686
Total noninterest expense			$	855					$	760					$	810

Depreciation on Operating Lease Equipment

Depreciation expense on operating lease equipment is primarily related to rail equipment and small and large ticket equipment we own and lease to others. Operating lease activity is in the Rail and Commercial Banking segments. The useful lives of rail equipment is generally longer in duration, 40-50 years, whereas small and large ticket equipment is generally 3-10 years. Refer to the Rail discussion in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” of this MD&A for further details.

Maintenance and Other Operating Lease Expenses

Rail provides railcars primarily pursuant to full-service lease contracts under which Rail as lessor is responsible for railcar maintenance and repair. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $56 million, compared to $47 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses relate to equipment ownership and leasing costs associated with the Rail portfolio and tend to be variable. The increase from the prior quarter reflects higher maintenance costs related to readying tank cars for service. Refer to the Rail discussion in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” of this MD&A for further details.

Operating Expenses

The primary components of operating expenses are salaries and related employee benefits, occupancy, and equipment expense.

Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $710 million compared to $625 million in the three months ended December 31, 2022.

Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $85 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, primarily comprised of the following:

•Salaries and benefits increased by $66 million, primarily due to added costs related to salaries as a result of employees from the SVBB Acquisition, plus higher benefit plan expense, merit increases in compensation associated with our annual review process, and the annual restart of payroll taxes.

•FDIC insurance increased $13 million due to a higher assessment rate charged to financial institutions, and a higher deposit balance.

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•Marketing costs decreased by $6 million, reflecting the timing of our advertising relating to marketing efforts for the Direct Bank.

•Acquisition-related expenses decreased $1 million due to lower CIT Merger costs. The current quarter includes costs associated with the SVBB Acquisition of approximately $8 million. We expect acquisition-related expenses attributable to the SVBB Acquisition to increase beginning in the second quarter of 2023.

•Other expenses consisted of other insurance and taxes (other than income tax), foreclosure, collection and other OREO-related expenses, consulting, telecommunications, and other miscellaneous expenses including travel, postage, supplies, and appraisal expense. Changes in these items were not material.

INCOME TAXES

Table 12

Income Tax Data

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Income before income taxes			$	9,471					$	392					$	225
Income tax (benefit) expense			$	(47)					$	135					$	(46)
Effective tax rate			(0.5)		%				34.6		%				(20.4)		%

The effective tax rate (“ETR”) was (0.5)% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to 34.6% for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in the ETR from 34.6% for the three months ended December 31, 2022 to (0.5)% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily driven by the effects of the preliminary gain on acquisition for the SVBB Acquisition.

The ETR each quarter is impacted by a number of factors, including the relative mix of domestic and international earnings, effects of changes in enacted tax laws, adjustments to valuation allowances, and discrete items. The ETR in future periods may vary from the actual 2023 ETR due to changes in these factors.

BancShares monitors and evaluates the potential impact of current events on the estimates used to establish income tax expense and income tax liabilities. On a periodic basis, we evaluate our income tax positions based on current tax law, positions taken by various tax auditors within the jurisdictions where BancShares is required to file income tax returns, as well as potential or pending audits or assessments by tax auditors.

See Note 19 — Income Taxes for additional information.

RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT

Refer to Note 21 — Business Segment Information for related disclosures on the segments and detail on segment products and services. During the first quarter of 2023, we updated our segment disclosures to include SVB. There was no impact to prior period disclosures.

Results in our business segments reflect our funds transfer policy and allocation of expenses. Unallocated balances and, when applicable, certain select items, are reflected in Corporate.

General Banking

The General Banking segment delivers products and services to consumers and businesses through our extensive network of branches and various digital channels. We offer a full suite of deposit products, loans, cash management, wealth, payments and various other fee-based services.

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Table 13

General Banking: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
Earnings Summary			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Net interest income			$	560					$	546					$	437
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			14						15						(15)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses			546						531						452
Noninterest income			116						111						123
Noninterest expense			395						360						409
Income before income taxes			267						282						166
Income tax expense			65						70						40
Net income			$	202					$	212					$	126
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases			$	43,353					$	42,921					$	38,528
Deposits			85,982						84,361						85,458

The decrease in net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022 was due to higher noninterest expenses, which offset higher NII and noninterest income. NII increased, mostly due to higher yields and growth in the loan portfolio, which offset higher deposit costs. Noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, reflecting higher wealth management fees. Noninterest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, mostly reflecting higher salary and benefit costs and other items discussed previously in the section entitled “Noninterest Expense” of this MD&A.

The increase in loans and leases at March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 reflected continued demand through our branch network. Growth was primarily concentrated in commercial and business loans. Our consumer mortgage loans also increased, reflecting lower prepayments and originating loans that were held on-balance sheet, which offset lower activity due to the high rate environment.

Deposits include deposits from the branch network, Direct Bank and CAB channels. The increase in deposits at March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 was primarily in our Direct Bank, in products such as time and savings accounts, partially offset by a decrease in money market accounts. Refer to consolidated discussions in the sections entitled “Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin” and “Balance Sheet Analysis—Deposits” of this MD&A for additional information.

Commercial Banking

The Commercial Banking segment provides a range of lending, leasing, capital markets, asset management, and other financial and advisory services primarily to small and middle market companies in a wide range of industries.

Table 14

Commercial Banking: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
Earnings Summary			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Net interest income			$	240					$	244					$	207
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			49						59						(34)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses			191						185						241
Noninterest income			143						141						112
Noninterest expense			211						188						191
Income before income taxes			123						138						162
Income tax expense			29						39						41
Net income			$	94					$	99					$	121
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases			$	28,684					$	27,782					$	26,922
Deposits			3,045						3,225						4,698
Operating lease equipment, net			719						723						721

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The decrease in net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022 was mostly due to higher noninterest expenses, which offset lower provision for credit losses and taxes. NII decreased, primarily due to higher deposit costs that offset growth in the loan portfolio. The decrease in the provision for credit losses reflects a lower provision for unfunded commitments. Noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, reflecting positive marks on derivatives, partially offset by lower factoring commissions. Noninterest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022, mostly reflecting higher salary and benefit costs and other items discussed previously in the section entitled “Noninterest Expense” of this MD&A. Noninterest expenses for this segment also includes depreciation on operating lease equipment, which totaled $43 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The increase in loans and leases at March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 reflected growth in a number of our industry verticals, such as real estate, maritime and healthcare, as well as commercial mortgages.

Silicon Valley Banking

The SVB segment products and services are provided to clients primarily in the healthcare and technology industries, as well as private equity and venture capital firms. Financial solutions are provided to commercial clients through credit, treasury management, foreign exchange, trade finance and other financial products and services.

Table 15

Silicon Valley Banking: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
Earnings Summary			March 31, 2023
Net interest income			$	65
Provision (benefit) for credit losses			—
Net interest income after provision for credit losses			65
Noninterest income			14
Noninterest expense			33
Income before income taxes			46
Income tax expense			11
Net income			$	35
Select Period End Balances
Loans and leases			$	66,171
Deposits			49,259

The current quarter includes results of operations related to SVB for only five days as the SVBB Acquisition was completed on March 27, 2023. Therefore, the results of operations for SVB in the current quarter (or extrapolations thereof) are not indicative of expected results of operations for subsequent periods.

The results exclude the preliminary gain on acquisition, day 2 provision for credit losses and acquisition-related expenses, all of which are included in the Corporate segment. NII reflects interest income on loans (including discount accretion), partially offset by deposit costs. There was no provision for credit losses due to the timing of SVBB Acquisition. Noninterest income was earned primarily from commercial banking products. Noninterest expenses were mostly compensation related costs.

Loans totaled $66.17 billion at March 31, 2023, which declined from the SVBB Acquisition Date balance of $68.50 billion. The decrease was primarily related to maturities and paydowns.

SVB deposits declined from $55.96 billion at the SVBB Acquisition Date to $49.26 billion at March 31, 2023, primarily due to uncertainty in the banking industry. While SVB deposits declined to $41.43 billion as of April 28, 2023, the pace of the decline slowed and deposit amounts leveled off to approximately $41 billion during the last two weeks of April. Refer to the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” discussion in the “Financial Performance Summary” section of this MD&A.

Rail

Our Rail segment offers customized leasing and financing solutions on a fleet of railcars and locomotives to railroads and shippers throughout North America. Railcar types include covered hopper cars used to ship grain and agricultural products, plastic pellets, sand, and cement; tank cars for energy products and chemicals; gondolas for coal, steel coil and mill service products; open hopper cars for coal and aggregates; boxcars for paper and auto parts, and center beams and flat cars for lumber. Revenues are primarily generated from rental income on operating leases.

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Table 16

Rail: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
Earnings Summary			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Rental income on operating leases			$	176					$	168					$	159
Depreciation on operating lease equipment			46						45						41
Maintenance and other operating lease expenses			56						47						43
Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment(1)			74						76						75
Interest expense, net			28						23						19
Noninterest income			1						(5)						3
Operating expenses			18						15						16
Income before income taxes			29						33						43
Income tax expense			7						9						11
Net income			$	22					$	24					$	32
Select Period End Balances
Operating lease equipment, net			$	7,612					$	7,433					$	7,251

(1) Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment is a non-GAAP measure. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for a reconciliation from the GAAP measure (segment net income) to the non-GAAP measure (Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment).

Net income and adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment are utilized to measure the profitability of our Rail segment. Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment reflects rental income on operating lease equipment less depreciation, maintenance and other operating lease expenses. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses relate to equipment ownership and leasing costs associated with the Rail portfolio and tend to be variable. Due to the nature of our portfolio, which is essentially all operating lease equipment, certain financial measures commonly used by banks, such as NII, are not as meaningful for this segment. NII is not used because it includes the impact of debt costs funding our operating lease assets but excludes the associated net rental income.

Net income and adjusted net revenue on operating leases for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $22 million and $74 million, respectively, both down slightly from the three months ended December 31, 2022. Adjusted net revenue on operating leases was down as higher rental income from the increased number of rail cars and higher re-lease rates was offset by higher maintenance costs, mostly due to readying tank cars for service. Railcar depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated service life of the asset. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses reflect costs for railcars put back on lease.

Our fleet is diverse and the average re-pricing of equipment upon lease maturities was 137.0% of the average prior or expiring lease rate during the quarter. Our railcar utilization, including commitments to lease, improved to 97.9% at March 31, 2023 from 97.7% at December 31, 2022.

Portfolio

Rail customers include all of the U.S. and Canadian Class I railroads (i.e., railroads with annual revenues of approximately $500 million and greater), other railroads, as well as manufacturers and commodity shippers. Our total operating lease fleet at March 31, 2023 consisted of approximately 119,700 railcars, up from approximately 119,200 at December 31, 2022. The following table reflects the proportion of railcars by type based on units and net investment:

Table 17

Operating lease Railcar Portfolio by Type (units and net investment)

			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
Railcar Type			Total Owned Fleet - % Total Units						Total Owned Fleet - % Total Net Investment						Total Owned Fleet - % Total Units						Total Owned Fleet - % Total Net Investment
Covered Hoppers			44		%				42		%				43		%				41		%
Tank Cars			29		%				39		%				29		%				40		%
Mill/Coil Gondolas			8		%				6		%				8		%				6		%
Coal			8		%				1		%				8		%				1		%
Boxcars			6		%				6		%				6		%				6		%
Other			5		%				6		%				6		%				6		%
Total			100		%				100		%				100		%				100		%

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Table 18

Rail Operating Lease Equipment by Obligor Industry

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
Manufacturing			$	3,073					40		%				$	3,016					41		%
Rail			1,958						26		%				1,981						27		%
Wholesale			1,137						15		%				1,101						15		%
Oil and gas extraction / services			593						8		%				552						7		%
Energy and utilities			242						3		%				242						3		%
Other			609						8		%				541						7		%
Total			$	7,612					100		%				$	7,433					100		%

Corporate

Certain items that are not allocated to operating segments are included in the Corporate segment. For descriptions of items not allocated, see Note 21 — Business Segment Information.

Table 19

Corporate: Financial Data and Metrics

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
Earnings Summary			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Net interest income			$	13					$	35					$	24
Provision for credit losses			720						5						513
Net interest (expense) income after provision for credit losses			(707)						30						(489)
Noninterest income			9,809						14						453
Noninterest expense			96						105						110
(Loss) income before income taxes			9,006						(61)						(146)
Income tax (benefit) expense			(159)						17						(138)
Net income (loss)			$	9,165					$	(78)					$	(8)

Results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were primarily impacted by a preliminary gain on acquisition of $9.82 billion and the day 2 provision for credit losses of $716 million related to the SVBB Acquisition. The income tax rate also reflects the impact of the preliminary gain on acquisition. Similar transactions were recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2022 for the CIT Merger.

In addition to the above noted items, the three months ended March 31, 2023 also reflect lower NII due to rising brokered deposit funding costs. Included in noninterest expense were $28 million and $29 million of acquisition-related expenses, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. For the three months ended December 31, 2022 income tax expense included $55 million related to the strategic decision to surrender $1.25 billion of BOLI policies.

BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS

Interest-earning assets include interest-earning deposits at banks, investment securities, assets held for sale, and loans and leases, all of which reflect varying interest rates based on the risk level and repricing characteristics of the underlying asset. Higher risk investments typically carry a higher interest rate, but expose us to higher levels of market and/or credit risk. We strive to maintain a high level of interest-earning assets relative to total assets, while keeping non-earning assets at a minimum.

Interest-earning Deposits at Banks

Interest-earning deposits at banks at March 31, 2023 totaled $38.52 billion. This was an increase from $5.03 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase primarily related to $33.93 billion acquired in the SVBB Acquisition, plus holding additional liquidity reflecting higher FHLB borrowings. Subsequent to the SVBB Acquisition Date, interest-earning deposits at banks decreased due to the decline in SVB deposits. The trend in deposits is further addressed in the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” section of this MD&A.

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Investment Securities

The primary objective of the investment portfolio is to generate incremental income by deploying excess funds into securities that have minimal liquidity risk and low to moderate interest rate risk and credit risk. Other objectives include acting as a stable source of liquidity, serving as a tool for asset and liability management and maintaining an interest rate risk profile compatible with BancShares’ objectives. Additionally, purchases of equities and corporate bonds in other financial institutions have been made under a long-term earnings optimization strategy. Changes in the total balance of our investment securities portfolio result from trends in balance sheet funding and market performance. Generally, when inflows arising from deposit and treasury services products exceed loan and lease demand, we invest excess funds into the securities portfolio or into interest-earning deposits at banks. Conversely, when loan demand exceeds growth in deposits and short-term borrowings, we allow interest-earning deposits at banks to decline and use proceeds from maturing securities and prepayments to fund loan growth. Refer to Note 3 — Investment Securities and the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” section of this MD&A for additional disclosures regarding investment securities.

The carrying value of investment securities at March 31, 2023 totaled $19.53 billion. This was up slightly from $19.37 billion at December 31, 2022, reflecting investment security purchases of $337 million, acquired investment securities of $122 million, maturities, paydowns and sales of $345 million, and other non-cash items, such as fair value changes and amortization. We acquired certain mortgage-backed securities as part of the SVBB Acquisition.

BancShares’ portfolio of investment securities available for sale consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities and corporate bonds. Investment securities available for sale are reported at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are included as a component of AOCI, net of deferred taxes. As of March 31, 2023, investment securities available for sale had a net pre-tax unrealized loss of $894 million, compared to a net pre-tax unrealized loss of $972 million as of December 31, 2022. The fair value of investment securities is impacted by interest rates, credit spreads, market volatility and liquidity conditions. The fair value of the investment securities portfolio generally decreases when interest rates increase or when credit spreads widen. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, as of March 31, 2023, no ACL was required. For corporate bonds, we analyzed the changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased and considered other factors, including changes in credit ratings, delinquencies, and other macroeconomic factors. As a result of this analysis, we determined that one corporate bond had a credit-related loss of $4 million as of March 31, 2023

BancShares’ portfolio of investment securities held to maturity consists of similar mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury Notes and government agency securities described above, as well as securities issued by the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks and FDIC guaranteed CDs with other financial institutions. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, the Supranational Entities and Multilateral Development Banks and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, BancShares’ management determined that no ACL was needed for investment securities held to maturity at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

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The following table presents the investment securities portfolio at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, segregated by major category:

Table 20

Investment Securities

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023																								December 31, 2022
			Composition(1)						Amortized cost						Fair value																								Composition(1)						Amortized cost						Fair value
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury			10.9		%				$	2,091					$	1,978																							10.6		%				$	2,035					$	1,898
Government agency			0.8		%				152						150																								0.9		%				164						162
Residential mortgage-backed securities			26.7		%				5,415						4,848																								26.8		%				5,424						4,795
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			8.7		%				1,755						1,585																								9.0		%				1,774						1,604
Corporate bonds			2.8		%				542						500																								3.0		%				570						536
Total investment securities available for sale			49.9		%				$	9,955					$	9,061																							50.3		%				$	9,967					$	8,995
Investment in marketable equity securities			0.5		%				$	75					$	85																							0.5		%				$	75					$	95
Investment securities held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury			2.4		%				$	475					$	433																							2.4		%				$	474					$	424
Government agency			7.7		%				1,550						1,387																								7.6		%				1,548						1,362
Residential mortgage-backed securities			21.3		%				4,511						3,858																								21.7		%				4,605						3,882
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			16.8		%				3,547						3,051																								16.1		%				3,355						2,871
Supranational securities			1.4		%				296						262																								1.4		%				295						254
Other			—		%				2						2																								—		%				2						2
Total investment securities held to maturity			49.6		%				$	10,381					$	8,993																							49.2		%				$	10,279					$	8,795
Total investment securities			100		%				$	20,411					$	18,139																							100		%				$	20,321					$	17,885
(1) Calculated as a percentage of the total fair value of investment securities.

The following table presents the weighted average yields for investment securities available for sale and held to maturity at March 31, 2023, segregated by major category with ranges of contractual maturities. The weighted average yield on the portfolio is calculated using security-level annualized yields.

Table 21

Weighted Average Yield on Investment Securities

			March 31, 2023
			Within One Year						One to Five Years						Five to 10 Years						After 10 Years						Total
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury			3.57		%				1.09		%				—		%				—		%				1.12		%
Government agency			4.36		%				4.56		%				4.51		%				4.93		%				4.53		%
Residential mortgage-backed securities			1.82		%				4.08		%				4.19		%				1.88		%				1.95		%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			2.46		%				3.59		%				5.74		%				2.81		%				2.95		%
Corporate bonds			5.00		%				6.29		%				5.39		%				4.67		%				5.46		%
Total investment securities available for sale			3.26		%				1.57		%				5.02		%				2.09		%				2.18		%
Investment securities held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury			—		%				1.37		%				1.57		%				—		%				1.38		%
Government agency			0.44		%				1.39		%				1.84		%				—		%				1.49		%
Residential mortgage-backed securities(1)			—		%				—		%				2.64		%				1.90		%				1.90		%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities(1)			—		%				2.43		%				2.04		%				2.84		%				2.84		%
Supranational Securities			—		%				1.35		%				1.68		%				—		%				1.56		%
Other			0.34		%				0.20		%				—		%				—		%				0.32		%
Total investment securities held to maturity			0.44		%				1.39		%				1.79		%				2.31		%				2.12		%

(1) Residential mortgage-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities, which are not due at a single maturity date, have been included in maturity groupings based on the contractual maturity at March 31, 2023. The expected life will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay the underlying loans.

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Assets Held for Sale

Certain residential mortgage loans and commercial loans are originated with the intent to be sold to investors or lenders, respectively, and are recorded in assets held for sale at fair value. In addition, BancShares may change its strategy for certain loans initially held for investment and decide to sell them in the secondary market. At that time, portfolio loans are transferred to loans held for sale at fair value.

Assets held for sale at March 31, 2023 were $94 million, an increase of $34 million compared to $60 million at December 31, 2022. The net increase was primarily related to loans held for sale in the SVB portfolio, partially offset by sales of commercial loans.

Table 22

Assets Held for Sale

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
Loans and leases:
Commercial			$	33											$	48
Consumer			9												4
SVB			48												—
Loans and leases			90												52
Operating lease equipment			4												8
Total assets held for sale			$	94											$	60

Loans and Leases

Loans and leases held for investment at March 31, 2023 were $138.29 billion, an increase of $67.51 billion from $70.78 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase reflects approximately $66.17 billion of SVB loans at March 31, 2023. In addition, as shown in the table below, commercial loans continued to grow during the current quarter in a number of industry verticals, such as real estate, maritime and healthcare, and growth in our branch network. The current quarter also included growth in both commercial mortgage loans and consumer mortgage loans.

Commercial loans at March 31, 2023 were $54.39 billion compared to $53.46 billion at December 31, 2022, representing 39% and 75% of total loans and leases, respectively. Consumer loans at March 31, 2023 were $17.73 billion, compared to $17.33 billion at December 31, 2022, representing 13% and 25% of total loans and leases, respectively. SVB loans at March 31, 2023 were $66.17 billion, representing 48% of total loans and leases.

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Table 23

Loans and Leases

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
			Balance						% to Total Loans												Balance						% to Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial construction			$	2,971					2		%										$	2,804					4		%
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			14,456						10		%										14,473						20		%
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			10,292						7		%										9,902						14		%
Commercial and industrial			24,508						18		%										24,105						34		%
Leases			2,163						2		%										2,171						3		%
Total commercial			$	54,390					39		%										$	53,455					75		%
Consumer:
Residential mortgage			13,727						10		%										13,309						19		%
Revolving mortgage			1,916						1		%										1,951						3		%
Consumer auto			1,452						1		%										1,414						2		%
Consumer other			632						1		%										652						1		%
Total consumer			$	17,727					13		%										$	17,326					25		%
Silicon Valley Banking:
Global fund banking			36,097						26		%										—						—		%
Investor dependent - early stage			1,994						1		%										—						—		%
Investor dependent - growth stage			4,418						3		%										—						—		%
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent			9,193						7		%										—						—		%
Private Bank			9,476						7		%										—						—		%
CRE			2,444						2		%										—						—		%
Other			2,549						2		%										—						—		%
Total Silicon Valley Banking			$	66,171					48		%										$	—					—		%
Total loans and leases			138,288						100		%										70,781						100		%
Less allowance for credit losses			(1,605)																		(922)
Net loans and leases			$	136,683																	$	69,859

The unamortized discount related to acquired loans was $2.67 billion and $118 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase reflects the discount on loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition.

OPERATING LEASE EQUIPMENT, NET

As detailed in the following table, our operating lease portfolio is mostly comprised of rail assets. Refer to the Rail segment discussion in the section entitled “Results by Business Segment” of this MD&A for further details on the rail portfolio.

Table 24

Operating Lease Equipment

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Railcars and locomotives			$	7,612					$	7,433
Other equipment			719						723
Total(1)			$	8,331					$	8,156

(1)Includes off-lease Rail equipment of $409 million at March 31, 2023 and $457 million at December 31, 2022.

INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES

Interest-bearing liabilities include interest-bearing deposits, securities sold under customer repurchase agreements, FHLB borrowings, senior and subordinated debt, and other borrowings. Interest-bearing liabilities at March 31, 2023 totaled $131.50 billion compared to $71.13 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase from December 31, 2022 was primarily due to deposits assumed in the SVBB Acquisition, the Purchase Money Note, as well as deposit growth in the General Banking Segment which includes the Direct Bank and community association banking, and a net increase in FHLB borrowings.

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Deposits

Refer to the “Funding, Liquidity and Capital Overview” section of this MD&A for discussion of deposit composition and recent deposit trends.

Total deposits at March 31, 2023 were $140.05 billion, an increase of $50.64 billion compared to December 31, 2022. The increase primarily reflects $49.26 billion of SVB deposits at March 31, 2023, plus solid deposit growth during the current quarter in our Direct Bank and community association banking.

Interest-bearing deposits totaled $85.40 billion and $64.49 billion at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Noninterest-bearing deposits totaled $54.65 billion and $24.92 billion at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Table 25

Deposits

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
Noninterest-bearing demand			$	54,649											$	24,922
Checking with interest			23,743												16,202
Money market			30,598												21,040
Savings			17,932												16,634
Time			13,128												10,610
Total deposits			$	140,050											$	89,408
Noninterest-bearing deposits to total deposits			39.0		%										27.9		%

We strive to maintain a strong liquidity position, and therefore a focus on deposit retention remains a key business objective. We believe traditional bank deposit products remain an attractive option for many customers. As economic conditions change, we recognize that our liquidity position could be adversely affected if bank deposits are withdrawn. Our ability to fund future loan growth is significantly dependent on our success in retaining existing deposits and generating new deposits at a reasonable cost.

Deposits (based on branch location) as of March 31, 2023, in North Carolina and South Carolina represented approximately 25.3% and 8.4%, respectively, of total deposits. The Direct Bank includes $18.80 billion or 13.4% of total deposits as of March 31, 2023. SVB deposits as of March 31, 2023 were $49.26 billion or 35.2% of total deposits and are primarily concentrated in online banking and California.

Where information is not readily available to determine the amount of insured deposits, the amount of uninsured deposits is estimated, consistent with the methodologies and assumptions utilized in providing information to our regulators. We estimate total uninsured deposits were $69.96 billion, which represents approximately 50% of total deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to $29.13 billion or 33% of total deposits at December 31, 2022. The increase in amount of uninsured deposits reflects the inclusion of SVB deposits.

The following table provides the expected maturity of time deposits in excess of $250,000, the FDIC insurance limit, as of March 31, 2023:

Table 26

Maturities of Time Deposits In Excess of $250,000

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
Time deposits maturing in:
Three months or less			$	260
Over three months through six months			385
Over six months through 12 months			1,877
More than 12 months			1,218
Total			$	3,740

Borrowings

Total borrowings at March 31, 2023 were $46.09 billion compared to $6.65 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase from December 31, 2022 primarily related to the Purchase Money Note of approximately $35.15 billion payable to the FDIC, as further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations, and net increases in FHLB borrowings during the current quarter.

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FHLB borrowings were $8.50 billion at March 31, 2023, including $500 million in short-term borrowings and $8.00 billion in long-term borrowings. FHLB borrowings increased from $4.25 billion at December 31, 2022, reflecting $7.00 billion of advances taken in March 2023 to enhance available liquidity, partially offset by $2.75 billion of repayments. Prior to the March advances, we were repaying FHLB borrowings due to deposit growth. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk” section below for more information on FHLB borrowings.

The following table presents borrowings, net of the respective unamortized purchase accounting adjustments and issuance costs:

Table 27

Borrowings

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
Securities sold under customer repurchase agreements			$	509											$	436
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings(1)
Floating rate notes due through September 2025			8,500												4,250
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
3.500% fixed rate note due March 2028(2)			35,151												—
Senior Unsecured Borrowings
3.929% fixed-to-floating rate notes due June 2024			502												505
2.969% fixed-to-floating rate notes due September 2025			320												320
6.000% fixed rate notes due April 2036			59												59
Subordinated debt
6.125% fixed rate notes due March 2028			466												469
4.125% fixed-to-fixed rate notes due November 2029			102												102
3.375% fixed-to-floating rate notes due March 2030			348												348
Macon Capital Trust I - floating rate debentures due March 2034			14												14
SCB Capital Trust I - floating rate debentures due April 2034			10												10
FCB/SC Capital Trust II - floating rate debentures due June 2034			18												18
FCB/NC Capital Trust III - floating rate debentures due June 2036			88												88
Total subordinated debt			1,046												1,049
Other borrowings			7												26
Total borrowings			$	46,094											$	6,645

(1) Includes $500 million and $1.75 billion in short-term borrowings, and $8.00 billion and $2.50 billion in long-term borrowings, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2) Purchase Money Note in connection with the SVBB Acquisition.

Refer to Note 11 — Borrowings for further information on the various components. Also see “Liquidity Risk” in this MD&A.

RISK MANAGEMENT

BancShares provided detail risk management information in our 2022 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to those disclosures. The following is a summary of those disclosures.

Risk is inherent in any business. BancShares has defined a moderate risk appetite, a balanced approach to risk taking, with a philosophy which does not preclude higher risk business activities commensurate with acceptable returns while meeting regulatory objectives. Through the comprehensive Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework and Statement, senior management has primary responsibility for day-to-day management of the risks we face with accountability of and support from all associates. Senior management applies various strategies to reduce the risks to which BancShares may be exposed, with effective challenge and oversight by management committees. Our Board strives to ensure that risk management is a part of our business culture and that our policies and procedures for identifying, assessing, monitoring, and managing risk are part of the decision-making process. The Board’s role in risk oversight is an integral part of our overall Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework. The Board administers its risk oversight function primarily through its Risk Committee.

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The Risk Committee structure is designed to allow for information flow, effective challenge and timely escalation of risk-related issues. The Risk Committee is directed to monitor and advise the full Board regarding risk exposures, including Credit, Market, Capital, Liquidity, Operational, Compliance, Asset, Strategic and Reputational risks; review, approve, and monitor adherence to the Risk Appetite Statement and supporting risk tolerance levels via a series of established metrics; and evaluate, monitor and oversee the adequacy and effectiveness of the Risk Management Framework and Risk Appetite Framework and Statement. The Risk Committee also reviews reports of examination by and communications from regulatory agencies, the results of internal and third party testing and qualitative and quantitative assessments related to risk management, and any other matters within the scope of the Risk Committee’s oversight responsibilities. The Risk Committee monitors management’s response to certain risk-related regulatory and audit issues. In addition, the Risk Committee may coordinate with the Audit Committee and the Compensation, Nominations and Governance Committee for the review of financial statements and related risks, compensation risk management and other areas of joint responsibility.

In combination with other risk management and monitoring practices, enterprise-wide stress testing activities are conducted within a defined framework. Stress tests are performed for various risks to ensure the financial institution can support continued operations during stressed periods.

BancShares monitors and stress tests its capital and liquidity consistent with the safety and soundness expectations of the federal regulators. Refer to the “Regulatory Considerations” section of Item 1. Business included in the 2022 Form 10-K for further discussion.

BancShares has been assessing the emerging impacts of the international tensions that could impact the economy and exacerbate headwinds of rising inflation, elevated market volatility, global supply chain disruptions, and recessionary pressures as well as operational risks such as those associated with potential cyberattacks for FCB and third parties upon whom it relies. Assessments have not identified material impacts to date, but those assessments will remain ongoing as the condition continues to exist. BancShares is also assessing the potential risk of an economic slowdown or recession that could create increased credit and market risk having downstream impacts on earnings, capital, and/or liquidity. Economic data has been mixed and markets continue to experience elevated levels of volatility in 2023. Key indicators will continue to be monitored and impacts assessed as part of our ongoing risk management framework. BancShares is in the process of integrating SVB into its existing risk management processes and procedures.

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CREDIT RISK

Credit risk is the risk of not collecting payments pursuant to the contractual terms of loans, leases and certain investment securities. Loans and leases we originate are underwritten in accordance with our credit policies and procedures and are subject to periodic ongoing reviews. Acquired loans, regardless of whether PCD or Non-PCD, are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date and are subject to periodic reviews to identify any further credit deterioration. Our independent credit review function conducts risk reviews and analyses of both originated and acquired loans to ensure compliance with credit policies and to monitor asset quality trends and borrower financial strength. These reviews include portfolio analysis by geographic location, industry, collateral type and product. We strive to identify potential problem loans as early as possible, to record charge-offs or write-downs as appropriate and to maintain an appropriate ACL that accounts for expected losses over the life of the loan and lease portfolios.

Our ACL estimate as of March 31, 2023 included extensive reviews of the changes in credit risk associated with the uncertainties around economic forecasts. These loss estimates additionally considered BancShares industry risk, and the actual net losses incurred during prior periods of economic stress, as well as recent credit trends, which have not seen significant deterioration as of March 31, 2023. Our ACL methodology was discussed in Note 1 — Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2022 Form 10-K.

Commercial Lending and Leasing

BancShares employs a dual ratings system where each commercial loan is assigned a probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) rating using scorecards developed to rate each type of transaction incorporating assessments of both quantitative and qualitative factors. When commercial loans and leases are graded during underwriting, or when updated periodically thereafter, a model is run to generate a preliminary risk rating. These models incorporate both internal and external historical default and loss data to develop loss rates for each risk rating. The preliminary risk rating assigned by the model can be adjusted as a result of borrower specific facts and circumstances, that in management’s judgment, warrant a modification of the modeled risk rating to arrive at the final approved risk ratings.

Consumer Lending

Consumer lending begins with an evaluation of a consumer borrower’s credit profile against published standards. Credit decisions are made after analyzing quantitative and qualitative factors, including borrower’s ability to repay the loan, collateral values, and considering the transaction from a judgmental perspective.

Consumer products use traditional and measurable standards to document and assess the creditworthiness of a loan applicant. Credit standards follow industry standard documentation requirements. Performance is largely evaluated based on an acceptable pay history along with a quarterly assessment which incorporates current market conditions. Loans may also be monitored during quarterly reviews of the borrower’s refreshed credit score. When warranted, an additional review of the loan-to-value of the underlying collateral may be conducted.

Silicon Valley Banking Loans

Due to the close proximity of the SVBB Acquisition Date to March 31, 2023, the acquired loans, all of which are included within the SVB segment, are graded according to a rating system that was used by Silicon Valley Bank prior to the SVBB Acquisition. The methodology for estimating the ACL is the sum of two main components: (i) modeled ACL assessed on a collective basis for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics that includes a quantitative adjustment to account for portfolio risk not captured in the models and may include a qualitative adjustment based on management’s assessment of the risks and (ii) ACL assessed for individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans.

For loans that share similar risk characteristics, the process derives an estimated ACL assumption from a non-discounted cash flow approach based on portfolio classes. This approach incorporates a calculation of three predictive metrics: PD, LGD and Exposure at Default (“EAD”), over the estimated life of the exposure. Similar to the FCB process for other segments, PD and LGD assumptions are developed based on quantitative models and inherent risk of credit loss, both of which involve significant judgment. Renewals and extensions within our control are not considered in the estimated contractual term of a loan. BancShares moved SVB from a three year Reasonable and Supportable (“R&S”) period utilized by Silicon Valley Bank to a life of loan R&S period to ensure consistency with the existing Bancshares assumptions. Silicon Valley Bank and FCB were using similar scenario weighting processes, but BancShares moved SVB to the FCB scenario weights for the ACL estimate as of March 31, 2023. A qualitative adjustment may be applied to account for risk not captured by the models or emerging risks that may not yet be captured.

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For loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, the ACL is measured based on the net realizable value, that is, the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the loan. When a loan is collateral-dependent and the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL at March 31, 2023 was $1.61 billion, compared to $922 million at December 31, 2022. The ACL as a percentage of total loans and leases at March 31, 2023 was 1.16%, compared to 1.30% at December 31, 2022.

The $683 million increase in the ACL is primarily due to the impact of the SVBB Acquisition, including the initial ACL for PCD loans and leases (the “Initial PCD ACL”) of $200 million and the day 2 provision for loans and leases of $462 million. The increase was also related to portfolio growth, mild credit quality deterioration, and higher specific reserves partially offset by improvement in the macroeconomic forecasts. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, the ACL on commercial loans increased $11 million and the ACL on consumer portfolios increased $10 million, with the remaining change due to the ACL on the acquired loans.

While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate adequacy of our ACL is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control which are inherently difficult to predict, the most significant being the macroeconomic scenario forecasts that determine the economic variables utilized in the ACL models. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the macroeconomic forecasts, BancShares utilizes baseline, upside, and downside macroeconomic scenarios and weights the scenarios based on review of variable forecasts for each scenario and comparison to expectations. At March 31, 2023, ACL estimates in these scenarios ranged from approximately $1.21 billion to approximately $1.99 billion when weighting the downside scenario 100%. BancShares management determined that an ACL of $1.61 billion was appropriate as of March 31, 2023.

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Table 28

Allowance for Credit Losses

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
			Commercial						Consumer						SVB						Total
Balance at December 31, 2022			$	789					$	133					$	—					$	922
Initial PCD ACL			—						—						200						200
Day 2 provision for loans and leases			—						—						462						462
Provision for credit losses - loans and leases			58						13						—						71
Total provision for credit losses - loans and leases			58						13						462						533
Charge-offs			(55)						(7)						—						(62)
Recoveries			8						4						—						12
Balance at March 31, 2023			$	800					$	143					$	662					$	1,605
Annualized net charge-off ratio																					0.27		%
Net charge-offs (recoveries)			$	46					$	4					$	—					$	50
Average loans																					$	74,862
Percent of loans in each category to total loans			39		%				13		%				48		%				100		%
			Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
			Commercial						Consumer						SVB						Total
Balance at September 30, 2022			$	766					$	116					$	—					$	882
Total provision for credit losses- loans and leases			48						16						—						64
Charge-offs			(34)						(5)						—						(39)
Recoveries			9						6						—						15
Balance at December 31, 2022			$	789					$	133					$	—					$	922
Annualized net charge-off ratio																					0.14		%
Net charge-offs (recoveries)			$	25					$	(1)					$	—					$	24
Average loans																					$	70,441
Percent of loans in each category to total loans			76		%				24		%				—		%				100		%
			Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
			Commercial						Consumer						SVB						Total
Balance at December 31, 2021			$	80					$	98					$	—					$	178
Initial PCD ACL			270						14						—						284
Initial Non-PCD Provision			432						22						—						454
Benefit for credit losses - loans and leases			(23)						(30)						—						(53)
Total provision for credit losses - loans and leases			409						(8)						—						401
Charge-offs			(28)						(5)						—						(33)
Recoveries			12						6						—						18
Balance at March 31, 2022			$	743					$	105					$	—					$	848
Annualized net charge-off ratio																					0.09		%
Net charge-offs			$	16					$	(1)					$	—					$	15
Average loans																					$	65,182
Percent of loans in each category to total loans			76		%				24		%				—		%				100		%

Net charge-offs during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $50 million, compared to $24 million during the three months ended December 31, 2022. On an annualized basis, the net charge-off ratio was 0.27% and 0.14% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase in net charge-offs compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022 reflects higher charge-offs in our equipment finance and real estate finance businesses.

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The following table provides trends in the ACL ratios:

Table 29

Allowance for Credit Losses Ratios

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
Allowance for credit losses			$	1,605					$	922
Total loans and leases			$	138,288					$	70,781
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases			1.16		%				1.30		%
Commercial loans and leases:
Allowance for credit losses - commercial			$	800					$	789
Commercial loans and leases			$	54,390					$	53,455
Commercial allowance for credit losses to commercial loans and leases			1.47		%				1.48		%
Consumer loans:
Allowance for credit losses - consumer			$	143					$	133
Consumer loans			$	17,727					$	17,326
Consumer allowance for credit losses to consumer loans			0.80		%				0.77		%
SVB loans:
Allowance for credit losses - SVB			$	662					$	—
SVB loans			$	66,171					$	—
SVB allowance for credit losses to SVB loans			1.00		%				—		%

The reserve for unfunded loan commitments was $352 million and $106 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase primarily reflects the $254 million day 2 provision for unfunded commitments related to the SVBB Acquisition. Refer to Note 22 — Commitments and Contingencies for information relating to off-balance sheet commitments and Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses for a roll forward of the ACL for unfunded commitments.

The following table presents the ACL by loan class at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Table 30

ACL by Loan Class

dollars in millions:			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
			Allowance for Credit Losses						Allowance for Credit Losses as a Percentage of Loans						Allowance for Credit Losses						Allowance for Credit Losses as a Percentage of Loans
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	36					1.22		%				$	40					1.43		%
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			56						0.39						61						0.42
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			182						1.77						181						1.83
Commercial and industrial			490						2.00						476						1.98
Leases			36						1.69						31						1.41
Total commercial			800						1.47						789						1.48
Consumer
Residential mortgage			81						0.59						74						0.55
Revolving mortgage			16						0.84						13						0.67
Consumer auto			5						0.35						5						0.37
Consumer other			41						6.42						41						6.32
Total consumer			143						0.80						133						0.77
SVB
Global fund banking			91						0.25						—						—
Investor dependent - early stage			130						6.53						—						—
Investor dependent - growth stage			175						3.97						—						—
Innovation and cash flow dependent			171						1.85						—						—
Private Bank			44						0.47						—						—
CRE			26						1.07						—						—
Other			25						0.98						—						—
Total SVB			662						1.00						—						—
Total Allowance for Credit Losses			$	1,605					1.16		%				$	922					1.30		%

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Credit Metrics

Non-performing Assets

Non-performing assets include non-accrual loans and leases and other real estate owned (“OREO”). Non-performing assets at March 31, 2023 totaled $875 million, compared to $674 million at December 31, 2022.

The following table presents total nonperforming assets:

Table 31

Non-Performing Assets

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
Non-accrual loans:
Commercial loans			$	510											$	529
Consumer loans			94												98
SVB loans			224												—
Total non-accrual loans			828												627
Other real estate owned			47												47
Total non-performing assets			$	875											$	674
Allowance for credit losses to total loans and leases:			1.16		%										1.30		%
Ratio of total non-performing assets to total loans, leases and other real estate owned			0.63		%										0.95		%
Ratio of non-accrual loans and leases to total loans and leases			0.60		%										0.89		%
Ratio of allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans and leases			193.76		%										146.88		%

Non-accrual loans and leases at March 31, 2023 were $828 million, an increase of $201 million since December 31, 2022. The increase is due to the SVBB Acquisition, resulting in addition of $224 million non-accrual loans and leases. The commercial non-accruals loans decreased during the first quarter as a result of lower non-accruals in the commercial construction and non-owner occupied commercial mortgage classes partially offset by an increase in the commercial and industrial class. Refer to Note 4 — Loans and Leases for tabular presentation of non-accrual loans by loan class. Non-accrual loans and leases as a percentage of total loans and leases were 0.60% and 0.89% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

OREO at March 31, 2023 was $47 million, no change since December 31, 2022. Non-performing assets as a percentage of total loans, leases and OREO at March 31, 2023 was 0.63% compared to 0.95% at December 31, 2022. The lower percentage was driven by the increased loan balance due to the SVBB Acquisition.

Past Due Accounts

The percentage of loans 30 days or more past due at March 31, 2023 was 0.88% of total loans, compared to 1.22% at December 31, 2022. Delinquency status of loans is presented in Note 4 — Loans and Leases.

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Concentration Risk

We strive to minimize the risks associated with large concentrations within specific geographic areas, collateral types or industries. Despite our focus on diversification, several characteristics of our loan portfolio subject us to risk, such as our concentrations of real estate secured loans, revolving mortgage loans and healthcare-related loans. Additionally, SVB loans are concentrated in loans with large balances and loans in certain industries and customer groups, including private equity and venture capital. The following discussions present concentration data along our portfolio classes, Commercial, Consumer, and SVB.

Commercial Loans Concentrations

Geographic Concentrations

The following table summarizes state concentrations greater than 5.0% of our loans. Data is based on obligor location unless secured by real estate, then data based on property location.

Table 32

Commercial Loans and Leases - Geography

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
State
California			$	9,279					17.1		%																$	9,226					17.3		%
North Carolina			8,795						16.2		%																8,699						16.3		%
Texas			3,586						6.6		%																3,624						6.8		%
Florida			3,398						6.2		%																3,273						6.1		%
South Carolina			3,076						5.7		%																3,142						5.9		%
All other states			24,796						45.6		%																24,243						45.4		%
Total U.S.			$	52,930					97.4		%																$	52,207					97.8		%
Total International			1,460						2.6		%																1,248						2.2		%
Total			$	54,390					100.0		%																$	53,455					100.0		%

Industry Concentrations

The following table represents loans by industry of obligor:

Table 33

Commercial Loans and Leases - Industry

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
Real Estate			$	12,179					22.4		%																$	11,684					21.9		%
Healthcare			8,264						15.2		%																8,146						15.2		%
Business Services			5,656						10.4		%																5,518						10.3		%
Transportation, Communication, Gas, Utilities			5,120						9.4		%																5,002						9.4		%
Manufacturing			4,400						8.1		%																4,387						8.2		%
Service Industries			4,118						7.6		%																4,213						7.9		%
Retail			3,639						6.7		%																3,462						6.5		%
Finance and Insurance			2,521						4.6		%																2,604						4.9		%
Wholesale			2,507						4.6		%																2,605						4.9		%
Other			5,986						11.0		%																5,834						10.8		%
Total			$	54,390					100.0		%																$	53,455					100.0		%

Consumer Loans Concentrations

Loan concentrations may exist when multiple borrowers could be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. The following table summarizes state concentrations greater than 5.0% based on property address:

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Table 34

Consumer Loans - Geography

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
			Net Investment						% of Total																		Net Investment						% of Total
State
North Carolina			$	5,830					32.9		%																$	5,702					32.9		%
California			4,001						22.6		%																4,014						23.2		%
South Carolina			3,079						17.3		%																3,001						17.3		%
Other states			4,817						27.2		%																4,609						26.6		%
Total			$	17,727					100.0		%																$	17,326					100.0		%

Silicon Valley Banking Loans

SVB loan concentrations may exist when there are borrowers engaged in similar activities or types of loans extended to a diverse group of borrowers that could cause those borrowers or portfolios to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions.

The table below details SVB loans that are secured by real estate, at amortized cost as of March 31, 2023.

Table 35

Silicon Valley Banking Loans Secured by Real Estate

dollars in millions						March 31, 2023
Private bank:
Loans for personal residence						$	7,355
Loans to eligible employees						519
Home equity lines of credit						130
Other						117
Total private bank loans secured by real estate						8,121
Commercial real estate ("CRE"):
Multifamily and residential investment						843
Retail						412
Office and medical						483
Manufacturing, industrial and warehouse						489
Hospitality						109
Other						108
Total CRE loans secured by real estate						2,444
Premium wine						913
Other						505
Total real estate secured loans						$	11,983

The SVB loan portfolio is focused on three primary markets: (i) Global Fund Banking, (ii) Technology and Life Science/Healthcare and (iii) Private Banking. The remainder of the portfolio is made up of CRE and Other loans.

Global Fund Banking

The Global Fund Banking loan portfolio includes loans to clients in the private equity/venture capital community. Global Fund Banking represented 55% and 26% of SVB loans and total loans at March 31, 2023, respectively. The vast majority of this portfolio consists of capital call lines of credit, the repayment of which is dependent on the payment of capital calls by the underlying limited partner investors in the funds managed by these firms. These facilities are generally governed by meaningful financial covenants oriented towards ensuring that the funds’ remaining callable capital is sufficient to repay the loan, and larger commitments (typically provided to larger private equity funds) are typically secured by an assignment of the general partner's right to call capital from the fund's limited partner investors.

Technology and Life Science/Healthcare

The Technology and Life Science/Healthcare loan portfolios include loans to clients at the various stages of their life cycles. The classes of financing receivables for our technology and life science/healthcare market segments are classified as Investor Dependent - Early Stage, Investor Dependent - Growth Stage, and Innovation C&I and Cash Flow Dependent for reporting purposes.

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Investor Dependent - Early Stage loans represented 3% and 1% of SVB loans and total loans at March 31, 2023, respectively. These include loans to pre-revenue, development-stage companies and companies that are in the early phases of commercialization, with revenues of up to $5 million. Repayment of these loans may be dependent upon receipt by borrowers of additional equity financing from venture capital firms or other investors, or in some cases, a successful sale to a third party or an initial public offering (“IPO”).

Investor Dependent - Growth Stage loans represented 7% and 3% of SVB loans and total loans at March 31, 2023, respectively. These include loans to growth-stage enterprises. Companies with revenues between $5 million and $15 million, or pre-revenue clinical-stage biotechnology companies, are considered to be mid stage, and companies with revenues in excess of $15 million are considered to be later stage.

Innovation C&I and Cash Flow Dependent loans represented 14% and 7% of SVB loans and total loans at March 31, 2023, respectively. This portfolio is comprised of two types of loans, Innovation C&I and Cash Flow Dependent. Innovation C&I include loans in innovation sectors such as technology and life science/healthcare industries. These loans are dependent on either the borrower’s cash flows or balance sheet for repayment. Cash Flow Dependent loans are typically used to assist a select group of private equity sponsors with the acquisition of businesses, and repayment is generally dependent upon the cash flows of the combined entities.

Private Banking

Private Banking clients consist of executive leaders and senior investment professionals in the innovation economy, as well as high net worth clients. Lending to Private Banking clients represented 14% and 7% of SVB loans and total loans at March 31, 2023, respectively. Many Private Banking products are secured by real estate. These products include mortgage loans, owner-occupied commercial mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and other secured lending products. The remaining balance of the Private Banking portfolio consists of personal capital call lines of credit, restricted and private stock loans and other secured and unsecured lending products.

CRE

The CRE class represented 4% and 2% of SVB loans and total loans at March 31, 2023, respectively. This class consists generally of acquisition financing loans for commercial properties such as office buildings, retail properties, apartment buildings and industrial/warehouse space. All CRE products are secured by real estate collateral.

Other

The Other class includes Premium Wine, Other C&I and Other portfolios which represented 4% and 2% of SVB loans and total loans at March 31, 2023. Premium wine loans are to wine producers, vineyards and wine industry or hospitality businesses across the Western United States. A large portion of premium wine loans are secured by real estate collateral. Other C&I loans include tax-exempt commercial loans to non-for-profit private schools, college, public charter schools and other not-for-profit organizations as well as commercial loans to clients that are not in technology and life sciences/healthcare industries. Our Other class of loans is primarily comprised of construction and land loans for financing new developments or financing improvements to existing buildings, as well as loans made as part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977.

The following table provides a summary of SVB loans by size and class. The breakout below is based on total client balances (individually or in the aggregate) as of March 31, 2023:

Table 36

Silicon Valley Banking Loans by Size and Class

dollars in millions						Less Than $5 Million						$5 to < $10 Million						$10 to < $20 Million						$20 to < $30 Million						> $30 Million						Total SVB Loans
Global fund banking						$	1,275					$	1,572					$	3,394					$	2,948					$	26,908					$	36,097
Investor dependent - early stage						1,141						548						214						—						91						1,994
Investor dependent - growth stage						746						949						1,326						534						863						4,418
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent						341						322						843						1,301						6,386						9,193
Private Bank						6,887						1,007						848						309						425						9,476
CRE						724						504						666						336						214						2,444
Other						538						491						749						518						253						2,549
Total						$	11,652					$	5,393					$	8,040					$	5,946					$	35,140					$	66,171

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SVB Loans - State Concentrations

The following table summarizes state concentrations greater than 5.0% within the SVB loans portfolio at March 31, 2023, based on borrower location:

Table 37

Silicon Valley Banking Loans - Geography

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
State
California			$	19,936					30.1		%
New York			10,094						15.3		%
Massachusetts			9,658						14.6		%
Texas			4,578						6.9		%
Connecticut			4,520						6.8		%
All other states			14,375						21.7		%
Total U.S.			63,161						95.4		%
Total International			3,010						4.6		%
Total			$	66,171					100.0		%

MARKET RISK

Interest rate risk management

BancShares is exposed to the risk that changes in market conditions may affect interest rates and negatively impact earnings. The risk arises from the nature of BancShares’ business activities, the composition of BancShares’ balance sheet, and changes in the level or shape of the yield curve. BancShares manages this inherent risk strategically based on prescribed guidelines and approved limits.

Interest rate risk can arise from many of the BancShares’ business activities, such as lending, leasing, investing, deposit taking, derivatives, and funding activities. We evaluate and monitor interest rate risk primarily through two metrics.

•Net Interest Income (“NII Sensitivity”) measures the net impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates on forecasted NII; and

•Economic Value of Equity Sensitivity (“EVE Sensitivity”) measures the net impact of these hypothetical changes on the value of equity by assessing the economic value of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments.

BancShares uses a holistic process to measure and monitor both short term and long term risks which includes, but is not limited to, gradual and immediate parallel rate shocks, changes in the shape of the yield curve, and changes in the relationship of various yield curves. NII Sensitivity generally focuses on shorter term earnings risk, while EVE Sensitivity assesses the longer-term risk of the existing balance sheet.

Our exposure to NII Sensitivity is guided by the Risk Appetite Framework and Statement and a range of risk metrics and BancShares may utilize tools across the balance sheet to adjust its interest rate risk exposures, including through business line actions and actions within the investment, funding and derivative portfolios.

The composition of our interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities generally results in a net asset-sensitive position for NII Sensitivity, whereby our assets will reprice faster than our liabilities, which is generally concentrated at the short end of the yield curve.

Our funding sources consist primarily of deposits and we also support our funding needs through wholesale funding sources (including unsecured and secured borrowings). The SVBB Acquisition significantly increased our balance sheet and changed our rate sensitivity. At the time of the SVBB Acquisition, we assumed $55.96 billion of deposits, entered into a $35.15 billion fixed-rate Purchase Money Note payable to the FDIC, acquired $68.50 billion of loans, most of which have variable rates, and $35.28 billion of cash and interest-bearing deposits at banks.

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The deposit rates we offer are influenced by market conditions and competitive factors. Market rates are the key drivers of deposit costs and we continue to optimize deposit costs by improving our deposit mix. Changes in interest rates, expected funding needs, as well as actions by competitors, can affect our deposit taking activities and deposit pricing. We believe our targeted non-maturity deposit customer retention is strong and we remain focused on optimizing our mix of deposits. We regularly assess the effect of deposit rate changes on our balances and seek to achieve optimal alignment between assets and liabilities.

For this analysis that includes the initial impacts from the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the SVBB Acquisition, we are running scenarios for both BancShares (without SVB) and SVB and then merging those results, as there are multiple systems involved. The following table below summarizes the results of 12-month NII Sensitivity simulations produced by our asset/liability management systems. These simulations assume static balance sheet replacement with like products and implied forward market rates, but also incorporates additional assumptions, such as, but not limited to prepayment estimates, pricing estimates and deposit behaviors. The below simulations assume an immediate 25, 100 and 200 bps parallel increase and 25 and 100 bps decrease from the market-based forward curve for March 31, 2023, and December 2022.

Table 38

Net Interest Income Sensitivity Simulation Analysis

						Estimated (Decrease) Increase in NII
Change in interest rate (bps)						March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
-100						(11.1)		%										(4.0)		%
-25						(2.8)		%										(0.9)		%
+25						2.8		%										0.8		%
+100						11.1		%										3.4		%
+200						22.0		%										6.7		%

NII Sensitivity metrics at March 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022, were primarily affected by the addition of the acquired loans and assumed deposits as part of the SVBB Acquisition, as well as the Purchase Money Note and the higher cash balance to manage liquidity risk from the acquired portfolios. BancShares continues to have an asset sensitive interest rate risk profile and the potential exposure to forecasted earnings is largely driven by the composition of the balance sheet (primarily due to floating rate commercial loans and cash), as well as estimates of modest future deposit betas. Approximately 65%-70% of our loans have floating contractual reference rates, indexed primarily to Prime, SOFR and LIBOR. Deposit betas up for the combined company, and are modeled to have a portfolio average of approximately 30%-35% over the forecast horizon. Deposit beta is the portion of a change in the fed funds rate that is passed on to the deposit rate. Impacts to NII Sensitivity may change due to actual results differing from modeled expectations.

As noted above, EVE Sensitivity supplements NII simulations as it estimates risk exposures beyond a twelve-month horizon. EVE Sensitivity measures the change in the economic value of equity driven by changes in assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet instruments in response to a change in interest rates. EVE Sensitivity is calculated by estimating the change in the net present value of assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items under various rate movements.

The following table presents the EVE profile as of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

Table 39

Economic Value of Equity Modeling Analysis

						Estimated (Decrease) Increase in EVE
Change in interest rate (bps)						March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
-100						(6.1)		%										(5.3)		%
-25						(1.4)		%										(1.2)		%
+100						5.3		%										4.1		%
+200						10.0		%										3.0		%

The economic value of equity metrics at March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 were primarily affected by the balance sheet changes noted earlier due to the SVBB Acquisition.

In addition to the above reported sensitivities, a wide variety of potential interest rate scenarios are simulated within our asset/liability management system. Scenarios that impact management volumes, specific risk events, or the sensitivity to key assumptions are also evaluated.

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We use results of our various interest rate risk analyses to formulate and implement asset and liability management strategies, in coordination with the Asset Liability Committee, to achieve the desired risk profile, while managing our objectives for market risk and other strategic objectives. Specifically, we may manage our interest rate risk position through certain pricing strategies and product design for loans and deposits, our investment portfolio, funding portfolio, or by using off balance sheet derivatives to mitigate earnings volatility.

The above sensitivities provide an estimate of our interest rate sensitivity; however, they do not account for potential changes in credit quality, size, mix, or changes in the competition for business in the industries we serve. They also do not account for other business developments and other actions. Accordingly, we can give no assurance that actual results would not differ materially from the estimated outcomes of our simulations. Further, the range of such simulations is not intended to represent our current view of the expected range of future interest rate movements.

The following table provides loan maturity distribution information:

Table 40

Loan Maturity Distribution

dollars in millions			At March 31, 2023, Maturing
			Within One Year						One to Five Years						Five to 15 Years						After 15 Years						Total
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	806					$	1,305					$	757					$	103					$	2,971
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			647						4,331						9,039						439						14,456
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			2,159						5,759						2,029						345						10,292
Commercial and industrial			6,767						13,921						3,612						208						24,508
Leases			758						1,364						41						—						2,163
Total commercial			11,137						26,680						15,478						1,095						54,390
Consumer
Residential mortgage			320						676						2,398						10,333						13,727
Revolving mortgage			73						143						56						1,644						1,916
Consumer auto			11						703						738						—						1,452
Consumer other			306						167						123						36						632
Total consumer			710						1,689						3,315						12,013						17,727
SVB
Global fund banking			33,636						2,330						131						—						36,097
Investor dependent - early stage			234						1,728						32						—						1,994
Investor dependent - growth stage			405						3,885						128						—						4,418
Innovation and cash flow dependent			1,608						7,217						368						—						9,193
Private Bank			283						524						905						7,764						9,476
CRE			286						1,293						817						48						2,444
Other			480						685						800						584						2,549
Total SVB			36,932						17,662						3,181						8,396						66,171
Total loans and leases			$	48,779					$	46,031					$	21,974					$	21,504					$	138,288

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The following table provides information regarding the sensitivity of loans and leases to changes in interest rates:

Table 41

Loan Interest Rate Sensitivity

dollars in millions			Loans Maturing One Year or After with
			Fixed Interest Rates						Variable Interest Rates
Commercial
Commercial construction			$	940					$	1,225
Owner occupied commercial mortgage			12,312						1,497
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage			3,251						4,882
Commercial and industrial			8,007						9,734
Leases			1,405						—
Total commercial			25,915						17,338
Consumer
Residential mortgage			7,302						6,105
Revolving mortgage			35						1,808
Consumer auto			1,441						—
Consumer other			298						28
Total consumer			9,076						7,941
SVB
Global fund banking			8						2,453
Investor dependent - early stage			22						1,738
Investor dependent - growth stage			9						4,004
Innovation and cash flow dependent			—						7,585
Private Bank			1,984						7,209
CRE			928						1,230
Other			1,370						699
Total SVB			4,321						24,918
Total loans and leases			$	39,312					$	50,197

Reference Rate Reform

The administrator of LIBOR has announced that publication of the most commonly used tenors of U.S. Dollar LIBOR will cease to be provided or cease to be representative after June 30, 2023. The U.S. federal banking agencies had also issued guidance strongly encouraging banking organizations to cease using the U.S. Dollar LIBOR as a reference rate in “new” contracts by December 31, 2021 at the latest. Accordingly, we ceased originating new products using LIBOR by the end of 2021.

In April 2018, the FRB of New York commenced publication of SOFR, which has been recommended as an alternative to U.S. Dollar LIBOR by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a group of market and official sector participants. On March 15, 2022, the U.S. Congress adopted, as part of the Consolidated Appropriation Act of 2022, the Adjustable Interest (LIBOR) Act, which provides certain statutory requirements and guidance for the selection and use of alternative reference rates in legacy financial contracts governed by U.S. law that do not provide for the use of a clearly defined or practicable alternative reference rate. On July 19, 2022, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System issued a notice of proposed rulemaking on a proposed regulation to implement the LIBOR Act, as required by its terms. The LIBOR Act requires implementing regulations be in place within 180 days of its enactment. The final rule was approved by the FRB on December 16, 2022 and became effective February 27, 2023. The final rule identifies replacement benchmark rates based on SOFR to replace overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month, and 12-month LIBOR contracts subject to the LIBOR Act. BancShares anticipates using Board-selected benchmark replacements to take advantage of the safe harbors, where applicable, that are afforded in the rule.

BancShares holds instruments such as loans, investments, derivative products, and other financial instruments that use LIBOR as a benchmark rate. However, BancShares’ LIBOR exposure is primarily to tenures other than one week and two-month USD LIBOR.

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LIBOR is a benchmark interest rate for most of our floating rate loans and our Series B Preferred Stock, as well as certain liabilities and off-balance sheet exposures. We continue to monitor industry and regulatory developments and have a well-established transition program in place to manage the implementation of alternative reference rates as the market transitions away from LIBOR. Coordination is being handled by a cross-functional project team governed by executive sponsors. Its mission is to work with our businesses to ensure a smooth transition for BancShares and its customers to an appropriate LIBOR alternative. Certain financial markets and products have already migrated to alternatives. The project team ensures that BancShares is ready to move quickly and efficiently as consensus around LIBOR alternatives emerge. BancShares has processes in place to complete its review of the population of legal contracts impacted by the LIBOR transition, and updates to our operational systems and processes are substantially in place.

BancShares is utilizing SOFR as our preferred replacement index for LIBOR. As loans mature and new originations occur a larger percentage of BancShares’ variable-rate loans are expected to reference SOFR in response to the discontinuation of LIBOR. However, we are positioned to accommodate other alternative reference rates (e.g., credit sensitive rates) in response to how the market evolves. Further, BancShares plans to move to Term SOFR plus the Alternative Reference Rate Committee recommended credit spread adjustment for its Series B Preferred Stock since the dividends are currently based on a floating rate tied to three-month LIBOR.

Some acquired assets, such as loans and derivatives as well as derivative liabilities, from the SVBB Acquisition have LIBOR settings. Processes and procedures are in place to have these LIBOR exposures reference alternative rates, such as Term SOFR and Daily SOFR, in advance of LIBOR’s unavailability.

For a further discussion of risks BancShares faces in connection with the replacement of LIBOR on its operations, see “Risk Factors—Market Risks—We may be adversely impacted by the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate.” in Item 1A. Risk Factors of our 2022 Form 10-K.

LIQUIDITY RISK

Our liquidity risk management and monitoring process is designed to ensure the availability of adequate cash and collateral resources and funding capacity to meet our obligations. Our overall liquidity management strategy is intended to ensure appropriate liquidity to meet expected and contingent funding needs under both normal and stressed environments. Consistent with this strategy, we maintain sufficient amounts of Available Cash and High Quality Liquid Securities (“HQLS”). Additional sources of liquidity include FHLB borrowing capacity, committed credit facilities, repurchase agreements, brokered CD issuances, unsecured debt issuances, and cash collections generated by portfolio asset sales to third parties.

We utilize a series of measurement tools to assess and monitor the level and adequacy of our liquidity position, liquidity conditions and trends. We measure and forecast liquidity and liquidity risks under different hypothetical scenarios and across different horizons. We use a liquidity stress testing framework to better understand the range of potential risks and their impacts to which BancShares is exposed. Stress test results inform our business strategy, risk appetite, levels of liquid assets, and contingency funding plans. Also included among our liquidity measurement tools are key risk indicators that assist in identifying potential liquidity risk and stress events.

BancShares maintains a framework to establish liquidity risk tolerances, monitoring, and breach escalation protocol to alert management of potential funding and liquidity risks and to initiate mitigating actions as appropriate. Further, BancShares maintains a contingent funding plan which details protocols and potential actions to be taken under liquidity stress conditions.

Liquidity includes Available Cash and HQLS. At March 31, 2023 we had $51.42 billion of total Liquid Assets (24.0% of total assets) and $79.49 billion of contingent liquidity sources available.

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Table 42

Liquidity

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023
Available Cash			$	37,670
High Quality Liquid Securities(1)			13,745
Liquid Assets			$	51,415
FHLB capacity(2)			$	4,712
FRB capacity			4,676
FDIC Credit Facility(3)			70,000
Line of credit			100
Total contingent sources			$	79,488
Total Liquid Assets and contingent sources			$	130,903

(1) Consist of readily-marketable, unpledged securities, as well as securities pledged but not drawn against at the FHLB and available for sale, and generally is comprised of Treasury and Agency securities held outright or via reverse repurchase agreements.

(2) See following table for additional details.

(2) Credit facility obtained in connection with SVBB Acquisition. See below for additional details and limits on use.

We fund our operations through deposits and borrowings. Our primary source of liquidity is derived from our various deposit channels, including our branch network and Direct Bank. Deposits totaled $140.05 billion and $89.41 billion at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase in deposits from December 31, 2022 primarily reflected additional deposits from the SVBB Acquisition, and organic growth. We use borrowings to diversify the funding of our business operations. Borrowings totaled $46.09 billion and $6.65 billion at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase in borrowings from December 31, 2022 primarily reflected the Purchase Money Note (see Note 2 — Business Combination), and net new borrowings of FHLB borrowings. In January and February, we had been repaying outstanding FHLB borrowings as our deposit base grew. In March, due to the Banking uncertainty associated with the regional bank failures we borrowed $7.00 billion. In addition to the Purchase Money Note and FHLB advances, borrowings also include senior unsecured notes, securities sold under customer repurchase agreements, and subordinated notes.

FHLB Capacity

A source of available funds is advances from the FHLB of Atlanta. We may pledge assets for secured borrowing transactions, which include borrowings from the FHLB and/or FRB, or for other purposes as required or permitted by law. The debt issued in conjunction with these transactions is collateralized by certain discrete receivables, securities, loans, leases and/or underlying equipment. Certain related cash balances are restricted.

Table 43

FHLB Balances

dollars in millions			March 31, 2023												December 31, 2022
			Total												Total
Total borrowing capacity			$	14,662											$	14,918
Less:
Advances			8,500												4,250
Letters of credit(1)			1,450												1,450
Available capacity			$	4,712											$	9,218
Pledged non-PCD loans (contractual balance)			$	23,743											$	23,491
Weighted Average Rate			5.21		%										3.28		%

(1) Letters of credit were established with the FHLB to collateralize public funds.

FRB Capacity

Under borrowing arrangements with the FRB of Richmond, FCB has access to an additional $4.68 billion on a secured basis. There were no outstanding borrowings with the FRB Discount Window at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

In March 2023, following the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, the FRB created a new Bank Term Funding Program as an additional source of liquidity against high-quality securities in order to make additional funding available to eligible depository institutions. This program offers loans of up to one year in length to eligible depository institutions pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities, and other qualifying assets as collateral, provided that such collateral was owned by the borrower as of March 12, 2023. These pledged assets will be valued at par under the Program. Eligible institutions can request advances under the Program at least through March 11, 2024. As of March 31, 2023, we did not have any securities pledged or amounts advanced related to this program.

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FDIC Credit Facility

FCB and the FDIC entered into binding terms and conditions for a five-year, up to $70 billion line of credit to FCB (the “Credit Facility”) provided by the FDIC. During the two-year period following the SVBB Acquisition, FCB may draw on the Credit Facility to support liquidity, including for deposit withdrawal or runoff and to fund the unfunded commercial lending commitments acquired pursuant to the SVBB Acquisition (the “Unfunded Commitments”). Interest on outstanding principal will accrue at a variable rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 25 basis points (but in no event less than 0.00%).

The Credit Facility is primarily secured by all loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition and related commitments that are subsequently drawn and outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table identifies significant contractual obligations and commitments as of March 31, 2023, representing required and potential cash outflows. See Note 22 — Commitments and Contingencies for additional information regarding commitments. Financing commitments, letters of credit and deferred purchase commitments are presented at contractual amounts and do not necessarily reflect future cash outflows, as many are expected to expire unused or partially used.

Table 44

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

dollars in millions			Payments Due by Period
			Less than 1 year						1-3 years						4-5 years						Thereafter						Total
Contractual obligations:
Time deposits(1)			$	9,199					$	3,718					$	86					$	125					$	13,128
Short-term borrowings			1,009						—						—						—						1,009
Long-term obligations(1)			476						8,259						35,708						642						45,085
Total contractual obligations			$	10,684					$	11,977					$	35,794					$	767					$	59,222
Commitments:
Financing commitments			$	48,696					$	14,112					$	5,656					$	6,043					$	74,507
Letters of credit			3,614						295						118						12						4,039
Deferred purchase agreements			1,707						—						—						—						1,707
Purchase and funding commitments			869						—						—						—						869
Affordable housing partnerships(1)			385						547						19						40						991
Total commitments			$	55,271					$	14,954					$	5,793					$	6,095					$	82,113

(1) Time deposits and long-term borrowings are presented net of purchase accounting adjustments of $27 million and $139 million, respectively. On-balance sheet commitments are included in other liabilities and presented net of a purchase accounting adjustment of $70 million.

CAPITAL

Capital requirements applicable to BancShares are discussed in “Regulatory Considerations” section in Item 1. Business — Regulation of our 2022 Form 10-K. The SVBB Acquisition increased BancShares’ total assets from $109.30 billion at December 31, 2022 to $214.66 billion at March 31, 2023. Therefore, as detailed in our 2022 Form 10-K, BancShares’ total consolidated assets remain between $100 billion and $250 billion, and BancShares is required to comply with certain enhanced prudential standards applicable to Category IV banking organizations, subject to the applicable transition periods.

BancShares maintains a comprehensive capital adequacy process. BancShares establishes internal capital risk limits and warning thresholds, which utilize Risk-Based and Leverage-Based Capital calculations, internal and external early warning indicators, its capital planning process, and stress testing to evaluate BancShares' capital adequacy for multiple types of risk in both normal and stressed environments. The capital management framework requires contingency plans be defined and may be employed at management’s discretion.

Common and Preferred Stock Dividends

During the first quarter of 2023, we paid a quarterly dividend of $0.75 on the Class A common stock and Class B common stock. On April 25, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend on the Class A common stock and Class B common stock of $0.75 per common share. The dividends are payable on June 15, 2023 to stockholders of record as of May 31, 2023.

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On April 25, 2023, our Board of Directors also declared dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock. The dividends are payable on June 15, 2023 to stockholders of record as of May 31, 2023. Dividend payment information on our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock is disclosed in Note 15 — Stockholders’ Equity.

Capital Composition and Ratios

The table below shows activities that caused the change in outstanding Class A Common Stock for the quarter:

Table 45

Changes in Shares of Class A Common Stock Outstanding

						Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Class A shares outstanding at beginning of period						13,501,017
Restricted stock units vested, net of shares held to cover taxes						13,791
Class A shares outstanding at end of period						13,514,808

We also had 1,005,185 Class B Common Stock outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

On April 25, 2023 Bancshares’ stockholders approved amendments to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of the Class A Common Stock from 16,000,000 shares to 32,000,000 shares and to increase the number of authorized shares of the Preferred Stock from 10,000,000 shares to 20,000,000.

We are committed to effectively managing our capital to protect our depositors, creditors and stockholders. We continually monitor the capital levels and ratios for BancShares and FCB to ensure they exceed the minimum requirements imposed by regulatory authorities and to ensure they are appropriate given growth projections, risk profile and potential changes in the regulatory or external environment. Failure to meet certain capital requirements may result in actions by regulatory agencies that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In accordance with GAAP, the unrealized gains and losses on certain assets and liabilities, net of deferred taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity. These amounts are excluded from regulatory in the calculation of our regulatory capital ratios under current regulatory guidelines.

Table 46

Analysis of Capital Adequacy

dollars in millions			Requirements to be Well-Capitalized						March 31, 2023																		December 31, 2022
									Amount						Ratio																		Amount						Ratio
BancShares
Risk-based capital ratios
Total risk-based capital			10.00		%				$	21,764					14.86		%																$	11,799					13.18		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital			8.00		%				19,225						13.13		%																9,902						11.06		%
Common equity Tier 1			6.50		%				18,344						12.53		%																9,021						10.08		%
Tier 1 leverage ratio			5.00		%				19,225						16.72		%																9,902						8.99		%
FCB
Risk-based capital ratios
Total risk-based capital			10.00		%				$	21,578					14.74		%																$	11,627					12.99		%
Tier 1 risk-based capital			8.00		%				19,495						13.32		%																10,186						11.38		%
Common equity Tier 1			6.50		%				19,495						13.32		%																10,186						11.38		%
Tier 1 leverage ratio			5.00		%				19,495						16.97		%																10,186						9.25		%

As of March 31, 2023, BancShares and FCB had risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers of 6.86% and 6.74%, respectively, which are in excess of the Basel III conservation buffer of 2.50%. At December 31, 2022, BancShares and FCB risk-based capital ratio conservation buffers were 5.06% and 4.99%, respectively. The capital ratio conservation buffers represent the excess of the regulatory capital ratios as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 over the Basel III minimum for the ratio that is the binding constraint. Additional Tier 1 capital for BancShares includes perpetual preferred stock. Additional Tier 2 capital for BancShares and FCB primarily consists of qualifying ACL and qualifying subordinated debt.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

As further described in our 2022 Form 10-K, the ACL and fair values of loans acquired in and the core deposit intangibles associated with a business combination are considered critical accounting estimates. The ACL as of March 31, 2023 is discussed in Note 5 — Allowance for Credit Losses and the Credit Risk discussion in the section entitled “Risk Management” above.

Fair values of loans acquired in and the core deposit intangibles associated with the SVBB Acquisition are considered critical accounting estimates. The determination of estimated fair values required management to make certain estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions at the time of the acquisition and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and may require adjustments. The fair values for these items are further discussed in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

The following accounting pronouncements were issued by the FASB but are not yet effective for BancShares.

Standard			Summary of Guidance			Effect on BancShares’ Financial Statements
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting Issued March 2020 ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope Issued January 2021 ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 Issued December 2022			The amendments in these updates apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform.                                                                                                                                                Allows entities to prospectively apply certain optional expedients for contract modifications and removes the requirements to remeasure contract modifications or de-designate hedging relationships. In addition, potential sources of ineffectiveness as a result of reference rate reform may be disregarded when performing certain effectiveness assessments. The main purpose of the practical expedients is to ease the administrative burden of accounting for contracts impacted by reference rate reform. ASU 2021-01 refines the scope of ASC 848 and clarifies which optional expedients may be applied to derivative instruments that do not reference LIBOR or a reference rate that is expected to be discontinued, but that are being modified in connection with the market-wide transition to new reference rates. ASU 2022-06 extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024.			BancShares continues to assess the impact of the optional expedients available through December 31, 2024 for eligible contract modifications and hedge relationships. The reference rate reform optional expedients have not yet been applied to any contracts and adoption of this guidance has not had, and is not expected to have, a material impact on the financial statements.
ASU 2023-02 – Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method Issued March 2023			The amendments in this update allow entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method (“PAM”), regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. PAM accounting had been available only for qualifying investments in qualified affordable housing projects. The guidance also requires disclosure of the nature of the investor’s tax equity investments and the effect of income tax credits and other income tax benefits from tax equity investments on the investor’s balance sheet and income statement.			Effective for BancShares as of January 1, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. BancShares is currently evaluating timing of adoption of this guidance and the impact of the guidance on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
ASU 2022-03 - Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions Issued June 2022			The amendments in this update clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also require specific disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions.			Effective for BancShares as of January 1, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. BancShares does not expect the adoption of the update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASUREMENTS

BancShares provides certain non-GAAP information in reporting its financial results to give investors additional data to evaluate its operations. A non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future financial performance or financial position that may either exclude or include amounts or is adjusted in some way to the effect of including or excluding amounts, as compared to the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP financial statements. BancShares believes that non-GAAP financial measures, when reviewed in conjunction with GAAP financial information, can provide transparency about, or an alternate means of assessing, its operating results and financial position to its investors, analysts and management. These non-GAAP measures should be considered in addition to, and not superior to or a substitute for, GAAP measures presented in BancShares’ consolidated financial statements and other publicly filed reports. In addition, our non-GAAP measures may be different from or inconsistent with non-GAAP financial measures used by other institutions.

Whenever we refer to a non-GAAP financial measure we will generally define and present the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, along with a reconciliation between the U.S. GAAP financial measure and the non-GAAP financial measure. We describe each of these measures below and explain why we believe the measure to be useful.

Adjusted Rental Income on Operating Lease Equipment for Rail Segment

Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment within the Rail segment is calculated as gross revenue earned on rail car leases less depreciation and maintenance. This metric allows us to monitor the performance and profitability of the rail leases after deducting direct expenses.

The table below presents a reconciliation of net income to adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment.

Table 41

Rail Segment

dollars in millions			Three Months Ended
			March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022						March 31, 2022
Net income (GAAP)			$	22					$	24					$	32
Plus: Provision for income taxes			7						9						11
Plus: Other noninterest expense			18						15						16
Less: Other noninterest income			1						(5)						3
Plus: Interest expense, net			28						23						19
Adjusted rental income on operating lease equipment (non-GAAP)			$	74					$	76					$	75

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Forward-Looking Statements

Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding the financial condition, results of operations, business plans, asset quality, and future performance and other strategic goals of BancShares. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “targets,” “designed,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “potential,” “continue,” “aims” or other similar words and expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on BancShares’ current expectations and assumptions regarding BancShares’ business, the economy, and other future conditions.

Because forward-looking statements relate to future results and occurrences, they are subject to inherent risks, uncertainties, changes in circumstances and other factors that are difficult to predict. Many possible events or factors could affect BancShares’ future financial results and performance and could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of BancShares to differ materially from any anticipated results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, among others, general competitive, economic, political, geopolitical events (including the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine) and market conditions, including changes in competitive pressures among financial institutions and the impacts related to or resulting from recent bank failures and other volatility, the financial success or changing conditions or strategies of BancShares’ vendors or customers, including changes in demand for deposits, loans and other financial services, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in the quality or composition of BancShares’ loan or investment portfolio, actions of government regulators, including the recent and projected interest rate hikes by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board (the “Federal Reserve”), changes to estimates of future costs and benefits of actions taken by BancShares, BancShares’ ability to maintain adequate sources of funding and liquidity, the potential impact of decisions by the Federal Reserve on BancShares’ capital plans, adverse developments with respect to U.S. or global economic conditions, including the significant turbulence in the capital or financial markets, the impact of the current inflationary environment, the impact of implementation and compliance with current or proposed laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations, including the risk that such laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations may change, the availability of capital and personnel, and the failure to realize the anticipated benefits of BancShares’ previously announced acquisition transactions, including the SVBB Acquisition and the previously completed transaction with CIT, which acquisition risks include (1) disruption from the transactions with customer, supplier or employee relationships, (2) the possibility that the amount of the costs, fees, expenses and charges related to the transactions may be greater than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected or unknown factors, events or liabilities, (3) reputational risk and the reaction of the parties’ customers to the transactions, (4) the risk that the cost savings and any revenue synergies from the transactions may not be realized or take longer than anticipated to be realized, (5) difficulties experienced in completing the integration of the businesses, (6) the ability to retain customers following the transactions and (7) adjustments to BancShares’ estimated purchase accounting impacts of the SVBB Acquisition.

Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, BancShares disclaims any obligation to update such factors or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements included herein to reflect future events or developments. Additional factors which could affect the forward-looking statements can be found in the 2022 Form 10-K and its other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk is the potential economic loss resulting from changes in market prices and interest rates. This risk can either result in diminished current fair values of financial instruments or reduced NII in future periods. As of March 31, 2023, BancShares’ market risk profile has changed since December 31, 2022, primarily due to the SVBB Acquisition. See Risk Management within Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for discussion of changes. Changes in fair value that result from movement in market rates cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. Therefore, the impact that future changes in market rates will have on the fair values of financial instruments is uncertain.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Under the supervision of and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), as of March 31, 2023. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that we are able to record, process, summarize and report in a timely manner the information required to be disclosed in the reports we file under the Exchange Act.

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

We review our internal controls over financial reporting on an ongoing basis and make changes intended to ensure the quality of our financial reporting. During the first quarter of 2023, as the result of the SVBB Acquisition, we commenced the evaluation of the acquired entities controls, and designed and implemented new controls as needed. The evaluation of the changes to processes, information technology systems and other components of internal control over financial reporting related to the SVBB Acquisition is ongoing. Otherwise, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, BancShares’ internal control over financial reporting.

Part II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Parent Company and various subsidiaries are named as defendants in various legal actions arising from our normal business activities in which damages in various amounts were claimed. Although the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to those matters cannot be determined, in the opinion of management, no legal actions currently exist that would be material to BancShares’ consolidated financial statements. Additional information relating to legal proceedings is set forth in Note 22 — Commitments and Contingencies, of BancShares’ Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Except for the new and updated risk factors related to the SVBB Acquisition set forth below, there have been no material changes in the risk factors during 2023 from those reported in our 2022 Form 10-K. For a discussion of the risks and uncertainties that management believes are material to an investment in us in addition to those listed below, refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors, of our 2022 Form 10-K, and Forward-Looking Statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to management or that management does not currently deem material could also have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, the results of our operations or our business. If such risks and uncertainties were to materialize or the likelihoods of the risks were to increase, we could be adversely affected, and the market price of our securities could significantly decline.

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Strategic Risks

Our recently announced FDIC-assisted acquisition of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank could present additional risks to our business.

We have historically acquired, and may in the future continue to acquire, the assets and liabilities of failed banks in FDIC-assisted transactions. The SVBB Acquisition, like other FDIC-assisted transactions, presents general risks inherent in all acquisitions, as well as risks specific to FDIC-assisted transactions. For example, because these acquisitions provide for limited due diligence and negotiation of terms, these transactions may pose risks not present in more traditional transactions. In addition, the SVBB Acquisition is subject to a customary final settlement with the FDIC, and as of the date of this Form 10-Q, we are still awaiting conclusion of this process with the FDIC. To mitigate certain of those risks, including credit risks of acquired loans, FDIC-assisted transactions typically provide for FDIC-assistance, including potential loss-sharing. Although loss sharing agreements reduce the credit risks of, and capital required for, FDIC-assisted transactions, these transactions often require additional resources and time to service acquired problem loans, costs related to integration of personnel and operating systems, and the establishment of processes and internal controls to service acquired assets in accordance with applicable FDIC standards. A failure to manage these risks could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition may not be covered by the commercial shared loss agreement if the FDIC determines that we have not adequately managed these loans.

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB entered into a commercial shared loss agreement with the FDIC pursuant to which the FDIC is obligated to reimburse FCB for (i) 0% of losses on the first $5 billion of covered loans and (ii) 50% of losses in excess of $5 billion on covered loans. In addition, FCB agreed to reimburse the FDIC for 50% of recoveries related to covered loans. The commercial shared loss agreement will remain in effect for five years, and the loss recovery provisions to the FDIC will remain in effect for eight years, each from March 27, 2023 (the “SVBB Acquisition Date”). Although the FDIC has agreed to reimburse FCB for a substantial portion of losses on covered loans, the FDIC has the right to refuse or delay payment for loan losses if we do not manage covered loans in accordance with the commercial shared loss agreement. In addition, reimbursable losses are based on the book value of the relevant loans as determined by the FDIC as of the effective date of the transaction. The amount that we realize on these loans could differ materially from the carrying value that will be reflected in our consolidated financial statements, based upon the timing and amount of collections on the covered loans in future periods. Any losses we experience on the assets acquired in the SVBB Acquisition that are not covered under the commercial shared loss agreement could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, in accordance with the commercial shared loss agreement, we may be required to make a “true-up” payment to the FDIC, approximately eight years following the SVBB Acquisition Date. The “true-up” payment is calculated using a defined formula set forth in the commercial shared loss agreement.

We may fail to realize all of the anticipated benefits and may incur unanticipated losses related to the SVBB Acquisition.

Achieving the anticipated benefits of the SVBB Acquisition will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate our collective operations in an efficient and effective manner. As with any acquisition involving a financial institution, there may be business disruptions that result in the loss of customers or cause customers to remove their accounts and move their business to competing financial institution. It is possible that the integration could result in higher than expected deposit attrition, loss of key employees, disruption of our business or otherwise adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers and employees or achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition.

Further, we did not acquire any assets from SVB Financial Group nor did we acquire all of its subsidiaries. As a result, we do not have access to all of the employees, contractual relationships, and third party vendors providing administrative and operational support for the legacy Silicon Valley Bank business. Our access to these resources is further limited by SVB Financial Group filing a voluntary petition under Chapter 11 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York on March 17, 2023. If we are unable to effectively and efficiently replace these functions previously provided or facilitated by SVB Financial Group and certain of its subsidiaries, we could face additional disruptions in our operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know-how and unanticipated additional recruitment and third party vendor costs.

Any inability to realize the full extent, or any, of the anticipated benefits of the SVBB Acquisition could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Our future results will suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations and strengthen our reputation among legacy SVB clients following the SVBB Acquisition.

Following the consummation of the SVBB Acquisition, the size and geographic and operational scope of our business has increased significantly. The SVBB Acquisition substantially increased our asset size from total consolidated assets of approximately $109.30 billion at December 31, 2022 to approximately $214.66 billion at March 31, 2023, increased the breadth and complexity of our business with the addition of new business lines in which we have not previously engaged and expanded our geographic scope to new geographic areas. Further, legacy SVB’s client were concentrated within the certain industries, including technology, life science and healthcare, private equity and venture capital and premium wine. Our future success depends, in part, upon the ability to manage this expanded business while strengthening our reputation among the venture capital and private equity communities, and other participants in the industries that legacy SVB served, which will pose substantial challenges for management, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new and expanded operations and associated increased costs and complexity. We may be unsuccessful in this regard or fail to realize the expected operating efficiencies, cost savings and other benefits currently anticipated from the SVBB Acquisition.

Credit Risks

Our concentration of loans and leases in certain industries increases the risk for losses and could impair our earnings if these industries experience economic difficulties.

Prior to the SVBB Acquisition, we had a substantial concentration of loans and leases in the medical and dental industries, as well as the rail business. A significant portion of the loans acquired in the SVBB Acquisition were concentrated in the technology, life science and healthcare sectors, as well as loans to former global private equity and venture capital clients of legacy SVB. Prior to the SVBB Acquisition, we did not have significant exposure to these industries. Although we believe our current loan portfolio is well-diversified, borrowers in certain industries may have a heightened vulnerability to negative economic conditions. For example, statutory or regulatory changes relevant to the medical and dental industries, or economic conditions in the market generally, could negatively impact these borrowers’ businesses and their ability to repay their loans with us. Additionally, smaller practices such as those in the dental industry generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities, and generally have a heightened vulnerability to negative economic conditions. Repayment of loans in the portfolios for early-stage and mid-stage privately held companies, including those acquired in the SVBB Acquisition, may depend upon receipt by those borrowers of additional financing from venture capitalists or others, or, in some cases, a successful sale to a third party, public offering or other form of liquidity event. In addition, decreases in the amount of equity capital available to early-stage and mid-stage companies, including through a decrease in merger and acquisition activity, could adversely impact the ability of borrowers to repay our loans in these industries. If such events occur, our levels of non-performing assets and charge offs may increase, and we may be required to increase our ACL through additional provisions on our income statement, which would reduce reported net income and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Due to our substantial concentration in our rail business, if there is a significant downturn in shipping by railcar, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, volatility in the price of, and demand for oil and gas may have negative effects on not only our loan exposures in the exploration and production section, but may also lead to a decreased demand for our railcars.

Market Risks

Recent bank failures have created significant market volatility, regulatory uncertainty, and decreased confidence in the U.S. banking system.

The recent failures of several high-profile banking institutions have caused significant market volatility, regulatory uncertainty, and decreased confidence in the U.S. banking system. These recent bank failures occurred during a period of rapidly rising interest rates which, among other things, has resulted in unrealized losses in longer duration securities and more competition for bank deposits, and may increase the risk of a potential economic recession in the United States. Given the current environment, we may experience more deposit volatility as customers react to adverse events or market speculation involving financial institutions.

In response to the bank failures, the United States government may adopt a variety of measures and new regulations designed to strengthen capital levels, liquidity standards, and risk management practices and otherwise restore confidence in financial institutions. Any reforms, if adopted, could have a significant impact on banks and BHCs, including us. We may also be subject to any special assessment that the FDIC adopts to recover the loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund, and such assessment, if significant, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Liquidity Risks

If our current level of balance sheet liquidity were to experience pressure, it could affect our ability to pay deposits and fund our operations.

Our deposit base represents our primary source of core funding and balance sheet liquidity. We typically have the ability to stimulate core deposit growth through reasonable and effective pricing strategies. However, in circumstances where our ability to generate needed liquidity is impaired, we need access to non-core funding such as borrowings from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve, Federal Funds purchased lines and brokered deposits. In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, we also entered into binding terms and conditions pursuant to which the FDIC is providing a five-year, up to $70 billion line of credit. During the two-year period following the SVBB Acquisition Date, we may draw on the FDIC Credit Facility to support liquidity, including for deposit withdrawal or runoff and to fund the unfunded commercial lending commitments acquired in connection with the SVBB Acquisition. While we maintain access to these non-core funding sources, including the FDIC Credit Facility, some sources are dependent on the availability of collateral as well as the counterparty’s willingness and ability to lend. Failure to access sources of liquidity may affect our ability to pay deposits and fund our operations.

Capital Adequacy Risks

Increases to our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and to meet our obligations.

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, as initial payment under the Purchase Agreement, FCB issued a five-year Purchase Money Note of approximately $35.0 billion payable to the FDIC. Our existing debt, together with any future incurrence of additional indebtedness and preferred stock, including under the FDIC Credit Facility, could have consequences that are materially adverse to our business, financial condition or results of operations. For example, it could: (i) limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes; (ii) restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or cause us to make non-strategic divestitures; (iii) restrict us from paying dividends to our stockholders; (iv) increase our vulnerability to general economic and industry conditions; or (v) require a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness and dividends on the preferred stock, thereby reducing our ability to use cash flows to fund our operations, capital expenditures and future business opportunities. Refer to the “Borrowings” sections of Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information regarding our borrowings.

Financial Reporting Risks

The SVBB Acquisition has been accounted for under the purchase method of accounting and is based upon a preliminary valuation that involves significant estimates that are subject to change.

As required by U.S. GAAP, the SVBB Acquisition was accounted for under the purchase method of accounting and is based upon a preliminary valuation that involves significant estimates that are subject to change. The opening balances of acquired assets and assumed liabilities in connection with the SVBB Acquisition have not been audited and have been recorded at estimated fair value based on information currently available to the Company. In developing these fair value estimates, management was required to make significant estimates involving, among other things, the assigned risk ratings to loans based on credit quality, appraisals and estimated collateral values, estimated expected cash flows and appropriate liquidity and coupon discounts. The loans purchased in connection with the SVBB Acquisition have credit profiles that differ from most banking companies. For example, many of the legacy SVB loans acquired were made to early-stage, privately held companies with modest or negative cash flows and/or no established record of profitable operations. In addition, a significant portion of the loans were comprised of larger loans equal to or greater than $20 million, and collateral for many of the legacy SVB loans in the technology, life science and healthcare industries include intellectual property and other intangible assets, which are difficult to value and not readily salable in the case of default. Furthermore, the receivables from the FDIC for the commercial shared loss agreement involve significant estimates that involve uncertainty. In addition, the core deposit intangibles was valued using the after-tax cost savings method under the income approach. This method estimates the fair value by discounting to present value the favorable funding spread attributable to the core deposit balances over their estimated average remaining life. The valuation considered a dynamic approach to interest rates and alternative cost of funds. The favorable funding spread is calculated as the difference in the alternative cost of funds and the net deposit cost. The estimates used in creating the preliminary fair value estimates of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed may change as additional information becomes available, which could lead to changes in the Company’s fair value estimates. As such, we may experience more adverse outcomes than originally estimated, and the ACL may need to be revised.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) There were no repurchases of our stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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Item 6. Exhibits

2.1						Purchase and Assumption Agreement All Deposits dated March 27, 2023, by and among the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, received of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A., the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K/A filed March 31, 2023)
3.1						Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.01 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 1, 2023)
4.1						Purchase Money Note issued on March 27, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K/A filed March 31, 2023)
10.1						Commercial Shared-Loss Agreement dated March 27, 2023, by and among the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K/A filed March 31, 2023)
10.2						First Citizens Cash-Settled Value Appreciation Instrument (filed herewith)
31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
32.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)
32.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)
*101.INS						Inline XBRL Instance Document (filed herewith)
*101.SCH						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema (filed herewith)
*101.CAL						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase (filed herewith)
*101.LAB						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase (filed herewith)
*101.PRE						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase (filed herewith)
*101.DEF						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase (filed herewith)
*104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document filed as Exhibit 101)
*						Interactive data files are furnished but not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. 

Date:

May 10, 2023

FIRST CITIZENS BANCSHARES, INC.

(Registrant)

By:

/s/ Craig L. Nix

Craig L. Nix

Chief Financial Officer

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