FIRST KEYSTONE CORP - Quarter Report: 2018 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

or

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File Number: 2-88927

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (570) 752-3671

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.         Yes x      No    ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes x       No    ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “small reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes ¨     No x

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date:

Common Stock, $2 Par Value, 5,752,365 shares as of November 7, 2018.

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

FIRST KEYSTONE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

FIRST KEYSTONE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

FIRST KEYSTONE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017

(Unaudited)

(a) Gross amounts are included in net securities gains on the Consolidated Statements of Income in non-interest income.

(b) Income tax amounts are included in income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

(a) Gross amounts are included in net securities gains on the Consolidated Statements of Income in non-interest income.

(b) Income tax amounts are included in income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

FIRST KEYSTONE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017

(Unaudited)

¹Represents the impact of adopting Accounting Standard Updates (“ASU”) 2018-02 and ASU 2016-01 effective January 1, 2018. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for more information.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

FIRST KEYSTONE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

FIRST KEYSTONE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1 ― BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of First Keystone Corporation (the “Corporation”) and its wholly owned subsidiary, First Keystone Community Bank (the “Bank”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2018. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in First Keystone Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

For comparative purposes, certain 2017 balances have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on net income.

The Corporation has evaluated events and transactions occurring subsequent to the consolidated balance sheet date of September 30, 2018 for items that should potentially be recognized or disclosed in these consolidated financial statements. The evaluation was conducted through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.

NOTE 2 ― RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES (“ASU”)

Recently adopted ASUs:

On January 1, 2018, the Corporation adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all subsequent amendments to the ASU (collectively “ASC 606”), which (i) creates a single framework for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers that fall within its scope and (ii) revises when it is appropriate to recognize a gain (loss) from the transfer of nonfinancial assets, such as OREO. The majority of the Corporation’s revenue comes from interest income, including loans and securities, which are outside the scope of ASC 606. The Corporation’s services that fall within the scope of ASC 606 are presented within other income on the consolidated statements of income and are recognized as revenue as the Corporation satisfies its obligation to the customer. Services within the scope of ASC 606 include deposit related fees and service charges, interchange fees and surcharges, and income from wealth management activities. ASC 606 did not result in a change to the accounting for any in-scope revenue streams; as such, no cumulative effect adjustment was recorded. New disclosures required by the ASU are included in Note 9, “Revenue Recognition”.

On January 1, 2018, the Corporation adopted ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Topic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which amended the guidance on the classification and measurement of financial instruments. Adoption of ASU 2016-01 resulted in: (1) separate classification of marketable equity securities previously included in investment securities available-for-sale on the consolidated balance sheets, (2) changes in the fair value of the equity securities being captured in the consolidated statements of income and (3) an increase in retained earnings and corresponding decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $634,000 at January 1, 2018 for the after-tax impact of the change in accounting for the unrealized gain on the equity securities. Adoption of the standard also resulted in the use of an exit price to determine the fair value of financial instruments not measured at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. For more information about fair value disclosures, refer to Note 8, “Fair Value Measurements”.

In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-15 – Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). ASU No. 2016-15 addresses eight cash flow issues with specific guidance on how certain cash receipts and cash payments should be presented on the statement of cash flows. ASU No. 2016-15 is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-15 had no material effect on the Corporation’s cash flows.

In November 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows-Restricted Cash (Topic 230). The amendments in this Update clarify the inclusion of restricted cash in the cash and cash equivalents beginning-of-period and end-of period reconciliation on the consolidated statement of cash flows. For public business entities that are SEC filers, such as the Corporation, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The implementation of this ASU in 2018 had no material effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

In March 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. The amendments apply to all entities that offer employees defined benefit pension plans, other postretirement benefit plans, or other types of benefits accounted for under Topic 715, Compensation — Retirement Benefits. The amendments require that an employer report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. The amendments also allow only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization when applicable (e.g., as a cost of internally manufactured inventory or a self-constructed asset). The ASU is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual periods. The adoption of this update had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”). This ASU provides financial statement preparers with an option to reclassify stranded tax effects within AOCI to retained earnings in each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (or portion thereof) are recorded. Effective for all organizations for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Organizations should apply the amendments either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is recognized. The Corporation elected to early adopt this standard update, effective January 1, 2018. Adoption resulted in a reclassification between retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive loss of $360,000 at January 1, 2018, which is included in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity.

Pending ASUs:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU No. 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on the balance sheet.  A lessee should recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term.  For public business entities, ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation is currently assessing the effect that ASU No. 2016-02 will have on its results of operations, financial position and cash flows as it applies to the Corporation’s three leased properties. In July 2018, The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements. The amendments in this Update will provide entities with an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt the new lease requirements by allowing entities to initially apply the requirements by recognizing a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The amendments in the Update provide lessors with a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component and, instead, to account for those components as a single component if the nonlease components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue guidance (Topic 606) and certain criteria are met. The effective date of the Update will be the same date for those entities that have not yet adopted the Update 2016-02 as their adoption thereof. The Corporation is currently assessing the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU No. 2016-13 requires financial assets measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected, through an allowance for credit losses that is deducted from the amortized cost basis. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. While the Corporation is currently evaluating the provisions of ASU 2016-13 to determine the potential impact of the new standard will have on the Corporation’s Consolidated Financial Statements, it has taken steps to prepare for the implementation when it becomes effective, such as: forming an internal committee, gathering pertinent data, consulting with outside professionals, and subscribed to a new software system.

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The ASU simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, under the amendments, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value with its carrying amount. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The update also eliminated the requirements for zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. The amendments are effective for public business entities for its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

In March 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables- Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The amendments should be applied on a modified retrospective basis, with a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Corporation is currently assessing the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) – Disclosure Framework – Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this Update removed required disclosures regarding as follows: 1. The amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, 2. The policy for timing of transfers between levels, 3. The valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements, and 4. The Update modified the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820: 1. The changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and 2. The range and weighted average significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, an entity may disclose other quantitative information (such as the median or arithmetic average) in lieu of the weighted average if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this Update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Corporation will be assessing the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

NOTE 3 — SECURITIES

The Corporation classifies its securities as either “Held-to-Maturity” or “Available-for-Sale” at the time of purchase. Securities are accounted for on a trade date basis. Debt securities are classified as Held-to-Maturity when the Corporation has the ability and positive intent to hold the securities to maturity. Securities classified as Held-to-Maturity are carried at cost adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount to maturity.

Debt securities not classified as Held-to-Maturity are included in the Available-for-Sale category and are carried at fair value. The amount of any unrealized gain or loss, net of the effect of deferred income taxes, is reported as accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (AOCI) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity. Management’s decision to sell Available-for-Sale securities is based on changes in economic conditions, controlling the sources and applications of funds, terms, availability of and yield of alternative investments, interest rate risk and the need for liquidity.

Beginning January 1, 2018, upon adoption of ASU 2016-01, equity securities with readily determinable fair values are stated at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in income. For periods prior to January 1, 2018, equity securities were classified as available-for-sale and stated at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a separate component of AOCI, net of tax. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost less impairment, if any.

The cost of debt securities classified as Held-to-Maturity or Available-for-Sale is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to expected maturity. Such amortization and accretion, as well as interest and dividends, are included in interest and dividend income from investment securities. Realized gains and losses are included in net securities gains and losses. The cost of securities sold, redeemed or matured is based on the specific identification method.

The amortized cost, related estimated fair value, and unrealized gains and losses for debt securities classified as “Available-For-Sale” were as follows at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Securities Available-for-Sale with an aggregate fair value of $173,729,000 at September 30, 2018 and $290,104,000 at December 31, 2017, were pledged to secure public funds, trust funds, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, debtor in possession funds and the Federal Discount Window aggregating $136,669,000 at September 30, 2018 and $224,659,000 at December 31, 2017.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities, by contractual maturity, are shown below at September 30, 2018. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

¹Mortgage-backed securities are allocated for maturity reporting at their original maturity date.

There were no aggregate securities with a single issuer (excluding the U.S. Government and U.S. Government Agencies and Corporations) which exceeded ten percent of consolidated stockholders’ equity at September 30, 2018. The quality rating of the obligations of state and political subdivisions are generally investment grade, as rated by Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s or Fitch. The typical exceptions are local issues which are not rated, but are secured by the full faith and credit obligations of the communities that issued these securities.

Proceeds from sales of investments in Available-for-Sale debt securities for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $19,236,000 and $25,718,000, respectively. Gross gains realized on these sales were $49,000 and $414,000, respectively. Gross losses realized on these sales were $62,000 and $0, respectively. There were no impairment losses realized on Available-for-Sale debt securities during the three months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.

Proceeds from sales of investments in Available-for-Sale debt securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $33,274,000 and $77,710,000, respectively. Gross gains realized on these sales were $99,000 and $949,000, respectively. Gross losses realized on these sales were $96,000 and $63,000, respectively. There were no impairment losses realized on Available-for-Sale debt securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Corporation had $1,684,000 and $1,632,000, respectively, in equity securities recorded at fair value. Prior to January 1, 2018, equity securities were stated at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a separate component of AOCI, net of tax. At December 31, 2017, net unrealized gains net of tax of $634,000 had been recognized in AOCI. On January 1, 2018, these unrealized gains and losses were reclassified out of AOCI and into retained earnings with subsequent changes in fair value being recognized in net income. The following is a summary of unrealized and realized gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

There were no proceeds from sales of investments in Held-to-Maturity debt securities during the first nine months of 2018 or 2017. Therefore, there were no gains or losses realized during these periods.

Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. Securities classified as Available-for-Sale or Held-to-Maturity are generally evaluated for OTTI under FASB ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities. In determining OTTI under the FASB ASC 320 model, management considers many factors, including (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and (4) whether the entity has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. The assessment of whether an other-than-temporary decline exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at a point in time.

When other-than-temporary impairment occurs on debt securities, the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss. If an entity intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If an entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period loss, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to the credit loss is determined based on the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, and the realized loss is recognized as impairment charges on securities on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to the other factors shall be recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment.

The Corporation and its investment advisors monitor the entire portfolio monthly with particular attention given to securities in a continuous loss position of at least ten percent for over twelve months. Based on the factors described above, management did not consider any securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

In accordance with disclosures required by FASB ASC 320-10-50, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities, the summary below shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Corporation’s debt securities. Totals are aggregated by investment category where individual securities have been in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months or 12 months or more as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

September 30, 2018

December 31, 2017

The Corporation invests in various forms of agency debt including mortgage-backed securities and callable debt. The mortgage-backed securities are issued by FHLMC (“Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation”), FNMA (“Federal National Mortgage Association”) or GNMA (“Government National Mortgage Association”). The municipal securities consist of general obligations and revenue bonds. The fair market value of the above securities is influenced by market interest rates, prepayment speeds on mortgage securities, bid-offer spreads in the market place and credit premiums for various types of agency debt. These factors change continuously and therefore the market value of these securities may be higher or lower than the Corporation’s carrying value at any measurement date. Management does not believe any of their 94 debt securities with a less than one year unrealized loss position, or any of their 84 debt securities with a one year or greater unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2018, represent an other-than-temporary impairment, as the unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of the specific securities.

NOTE 4 — LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

Loans

Net loans are stated at their outstanding recorded investment, net of deferred fees and costs, unearned income and the allowance for loan losses. Interest on loans is recognized as income over the term of each loan, generally, by the accrual method. Loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs have been deferred with the net amount amortized using the straight line method or the interest method over the contractual life of the related loans as an interest yield adjustment.

Residential mortgage loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market on an aggregate basis determined by independent pricing from appropriate federal or state agency investors. These loans are sold without recourse. Loans held for sale amounted to $710,000 and $834,000 at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The loans receivable portfolio is segmented into commercial, residential and consumer loans. Commercial loans consist of the following classes: Commercial and Industrial and Commercial Real Estate.

Commercial and Industrial Lending

The Corporation originates commercial and industrial loans primarily to businesses located in its primary market area and surrounding areas. These loans are used for various business purposes, which include short-term loans and lines of credit to finance machinery and equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. Generally, the maximum term for loans extended on machinery and equipment is based on the projected useful life of such machinery and equipment. Most business lines of credit are written on demand and are reviewed annually.

Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured with short-term assets; however, in many cases, additional collateral such as real estate is provided as additional security for the loan. Loan-to-value maximum thresholds have been established by the Corporation and are specific to the type of collateral. Collateral values may be determined using invoices, inventory reports, accounts receivable aging reports, business financial statements, collateral appraisals, etc. Commercial and industrial loans are typically secured by personal guarantees of the borrower.

In underwriting commercial and industrial loans, an analysis is performed to evaluate the borrower's character and capacity to repay the loan, the adequacy of the borrower's capital and collateral, as well as the conditions affecting the borrower. Evaluation of the borrower's past, present and future cash flows is also an important aspect of the Corporation's analysis of the borrower’s ability to repay.

Commercial and industrial loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans due primarily to the effect of general economic conditions. Commercial and industrial loans are typically made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from cash flows from the borrower’s primary business activities. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial and industrial loans is dependent on the success of the business itself, which in turn, is likely to be dependent upon the general economic environment.

Commercial Real Estate Lending

The Corporation engages in commercial real estate lending in its primary market area and surrounding areas. The Corporation’s commercial real estate portfolio is secured primarily by commercial retail space, commercial office buildings, residential housing and hotels. Generally, commercial real estate loans have terms that do not exceed twenty years, have loan-to-value ratios of up to eighty percent of the value of the collateral property, and are typically secured by personal guarantees of the borrowers.

In underwriting these loans, the Corporation performs a thorough analysis of the financial condition of the borrower, the borrower’s credit history, and the reliability and predictability of the cash flow generated by the property securing the loan. The value of the property is determined by either independent appraisers or internal evaluations by Bank officers.

Commercial real estate loans generally present a higher level of risk than residential real estate secured loans. Repayment of loans secured by commercial real estate is typically dependent upon the successful operation of the related real estate project and/or the effect of the general economic conditions on income producing properties.

Residential Real Estate Lending (Including Home Equity)

The Corporation’s residential real estate portfolio is comprised of one-to-four family residential mortgage loan originations, home equity term loans and home equity lines of credit. These loans are generated by the Corporation’s marketing efforts, its present customers, walk-in customers and referrals. These loans originate primarily within or with customers from the Corporation’s market area.

The Corporation’s one-to-four family residential mortgage originations are secured primarily by properties located in its primary market area and surrounding areas. The Corporation offers fixed-rate mortgage loans with terms up to a maximum of thirty years for both permanent structures and those under construction. Loans with terms of thirty years are normally held for sale and sold without recourse; most of the residential mortgages held in the Corporation’s residential real estate portfolio have maximum terms of twenty years. Generally, the majority of the Corporation’s residential mortgage loans originate with a loan-to-value of eighty percent or less, or those with primary mortgage insurance at ninety-five percent or less. Home equity term loans are secured by the borrower’s primary residence and typically have a maximum loan-to-value of eighty percent and a maximum term of fifteen years. In general, home equity lines of credit are secured by the borrower’s primary residence with a maximum loan-to-value of eighty percent and a maximum term of twenty years.

In underwriting one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, the Corporation evaluates the borrower’s ability to make monthly payments, the borrower’s repayment history and the value of the property securing the loan. The ability and willingness to repay is determined by the borrower’s employment history, current financial conditions and credit background. A majority of the properties securing residential real estate loans made by the Corporation are appraised by independent appraisers. The Corporation generally requires mortgage loan borrowers to obtain an attorney’s title opinion or title insurance and fire and property insurance, including flood insurance, if applicable.

Residential mortgage loans, home equity term loans and home equity lines of credit generally present a lower level of risk than consumer loans because they are secured by the borrower’s primary residence. Risk is increased when the Corporation is in a subordinate position, especially to another lender, for the loan collateral.

Consumer Lending

The Corporation offers a variety of secured and unsecured consumer loans, including vehicle loans, stock loans and loans secured by financial institution deposits. These loans originate primarily within or with customers from the market area.

Consumer loan terms vary according to the type and value of collateral and creditworthiness of the borrower. In underwriting personal loans, a thorough analysis is performed regarding the borrower’s willingness and financial ability to repay the loan as agreed. The ability to repay is determined by the borrower’s employment history, current financial condition and credit background.

Consumer loans may entail greater credit risk than residential real estate loans, particularly in the case of personal loans which are unsecured or are secured by rapidly depreciable assets, such as automobiles or recreational equipment. In such cases, repossessed collateral for a defaulted personal loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation. In addition, personal loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and therefore, are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans.

Delinquent Loans

Generally, a loan is considered to be past-due when scheduled loan payments are in arrears 10 days or more. Delinquent notices are generated automatically when a loan is 10 or 15 days past-due, depending on loan type. Collection efforts continue on past-due loans that have not been brought current, when it is believed that some chance exists for improvement in the status of the loan. Past-due loans are continually evaluated with the determination for charge-off being made when no reasonable chance remains that the status of the loan can be improved.

Commercial and Industrial and Commercial Real Estate loans are charged off in whole or in part when they become sufficiently delinquent based upon the terms of the underlying loan contract and when a collateral deficiency exists. Because all or part of the contractual cash flows are not expected to be collected, the loan is considered to be impaired, and the Bank estimates the impairment based on its analysis of the cash flows or collateral estimated at fair value less cost to sell.

Residential Real Estate and Consumer loans are charged off when they become sufficiently delinquent based upon the terms of the underlying loan contract and when the value of the underlying collateral is not sufficient to support the loan balance and a loss is expected. At that time, the amount of estimated collateral deficiency, if any, is charged off for loans secured by collateral, and all other loans are charged off in full. Loans with collateral are charged down to the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to sell.

Loans in which the borrower is in bankruptcy are considered on a case by case basis and are either charged off or reaffirmed by the borrower.

Generally, a loan is classified as non-accrual and the accrual of interest on such a loan is discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan may currently be performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is well secured (or supported by a strong guarantee) and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest credited to income in the current year is reversed and unpaid interest accrued in prior years is charged against interest income. Certain non-accrual loans may continue to perform; that is, payments are still being received. Generally, the payments are applied to principal. These loans remain under constant scrutiny, and if performance continues, interest income may be recorded on a cash basis based on management's judgment as to collectability of principal.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged against income. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level estimated by management to be adequate to absorb potential loan losses. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is based on the Corporation’s past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans that may be susceptible to significant change.

The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired. Select loans are not aggregated for collective impairment evaluation, as such; all loans are subject to individual impairment evaluation should the facts and circumstances pertinent to a particular loan suggest that such evaluation is necessary. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. If a loan is impaired, a portion of the allowance may be allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from collateral. Troubled debt restructurings are separately identified for impairment disclosures and are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a troubled debt restructuring is considered to be a collateral dependent loan, the loans may be reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. For troubled debt restructurings that subsequently default, the Corporation determines the amount of reserve in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses.

The general component covers all other loans not identified as impaired and is based on historical losses and qualitative factors. The historical loss component of the allowance is determined by losses recognized by portfolio segment over a time period that management has determined represents the current credit cycle. Qualitative factors impacting each portfolio segment may include: delinquency trends, loan volume trends, Bank policy changes, management processes and oversight, economic trends (including change in consumer and business disposable incomes, unemployment and under-employment levels, and other conditions), concentrations by industry or product, internal and external loan review processes, collateral value and market conditions, and external factors including regulatory issues and competition.

The unallocated component of the allowance is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio.

A reserve for unfunded lending commitments is provided for possible credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in its unfunded loan commitments and, if necessary, is recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the amount of the reserve for unfunded lending commitments was $138,000 and $116,000, respectively.

The Corporation is subject to periodic examination by its federal and state examiners, and may be required by such regulators to recognize additions to the allowance for loan losses based on their assessment of credit information available to them at the time of their examinations.

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. Under current accounting standards, the allowance for loan losses related to impaired loans is based on discounted cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate at inception or the fair value of the collateral for certain collateral dependent loans.

The restructuring of a loan is considered a “troubled debt restructuring” if both the following conditions are met: (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, and (ii) the Bank has granted a concession. The most common concessions granted include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt, such as (a) a reduction in the interest rate for the remaining life of the debt, (b) an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, (c) a temporary period of interest-only payments, and (d) a reduction in the contractual payment amount for either a short period or remaining term of the loan. A less common concession is the forgiveness of a portion of the principal.

The determination of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties takes into account not only the current financial condition of the borrower, but also the potential financial condition of the borrower were a concession not granted. Similarly, the determination of whether a concession has been granted is very subjective in nature. For example, simply extending the term of a loan at its original interest rate or even at a higher interest rate could be interpreted as a concession unless the borrower could readily obtain similar credit terms from a different lender.

Loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring are considered impaired and may or may not be placed on non-accrual status until the Bank determines the future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrates a period of performance according to the restructured terms of six months.

The Bank utilizes a risk grading matrix as a tool for managing credit risk in the loan portfolio and assigns an asset quality rating (risk grade) to all Commercial and Industrial, Commercial Real Estate, Residential Real Estate and Consumer borrowings. An asset quality rating is assigned using the guidance provided in the Bank’s loan policy. Primary responsibility for assigning the asset quality rating rests with the lender. The asset quality rating is validated periodically by both an internal and external loan review process.

The commercial loan grading system focuses on a borrower’s financial strength and performance, experience and depth of management, primary and secondary sources of repayment, the nature of the business and the outlook for the particular industry. Primary emphasis is placed on financial condition and trends. The grade also reflects current economic and industry conditions; as well as other variables such as liquidity, cash flow, revenue/earnings trends, management strengths or weaknesses, quality of financial information, and credit history.

The loan grading system for Residential Real Estate and Consumer loans focuses on the borrower’s credit score and credit history, debt-to-income ratio and income sources, collateral position and loan-to-value ratio, as well as other variables such as current economic conditions, and individual strengths and weaknesses.

Risk grade characteristics are as follows:

Risk Grade 1 – MINIMAL RISK through Risk Grade 6 – MANAGEMENT ATTENTION (Pass Grade Categories)

Risk is evaluated via examination of several attributes including but not limited to financial trends, strengths and weaknesses, likelihood of repayment when considering both cash flow and collateral, sources of repayment, leverage position, management expertise, and repayment history.

At the low-risk end of the rating scale, a risk grade of 1 – Minimal Risk is the grade reserved for loans with exceptional credit fundamentals and virtually no risk of default or loss. Loan grades then progress through escalating ratings of 2 through 6 based upon risk. Risk Grade 2 – Modest Risk are loans with sufficient cash flows; Risk Grade 3 – Average Risk are loans with key balance sheet ratios slightly above the borrower’s peers; Risk Grade 4 – Acceptable Risk are loans with key balance sheet ratios usually near the borrower’s peers, but one or more ratios may be higher; and Risk Grade 5 – Marginally Acceptable are loans with strained cash flow, increasing leverage and/or weakening markets. Risk Grade 6 – Management Attention are loans with weaknesses resulting from declining performance trends and the borrower’s cash flows may be temporarily strained. Loans in this category are performing according to terms, but present some type of potential concern.

Risk Grade 7 − SPECIAL MENTION (Non-Pass Category)

Generally, these loans are currently protected, but are “potentially weak.” They constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard.

Assets in this category are protected but have potential weakness which may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Bank’s credit position at some future date. No loss of principal or interest is envisioned; however, they constitute an undue credit risk that may be minor but is unwarranted in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific asset. Risk is increasing beyond that at which the loan originally would have been granted. Historically, cash flows are inconsistent; financial trends show some deterioration. Liquidity and leverage are above industry averages. Financial information could be incomplete or inadequate. A Special Mention asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention.

Risk Grade 8 − SUBSTANDARD (Non-Pass Category)

Generally, these assets are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have “well-defined” weaknesses that jeopardize the full liquidation of the debt.

These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the aggregate amount of substandard assets is not fully covered by the liquidation of the collateral used as security. Substandard loans have a high probability of payment default and require more intensive supervision by Bank management.

Risk Grade 9 − DOUBTFUL (Non-Pass Category)

Generally, loans graded doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard loan with the added factor that the weaknesses are pronounced to a point whereby the basis of current information, conditions, and values, collection or liquidation in full is deemed to be highly improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors that may work to strengthen the asset, its classification is deferred until, for example, a proposed merger, acquisition, liquidation procedure, capital injection, perfection of liens on additional collateral and/or refinancing plan is completed. Loans are graded doubtful if they contain weaknesses so serious that collection or liquidation in full is questionable.

The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by risk rating as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Commercial and Industrial and Commercial Real Estate include loans categorized as tax-free in the amounts of $33,534,000 and $2,203,000 at September 30, 2018 and $40,926,000 and $2,315,000 at December 31, 2017. Loans held for sale amounted to $710,000 at September 30, 2018 and $834,000 at December 31, 2017.

The activity in the allowance for loan losses, by loan class, is summarized below for the periods indicated.

Of the $983,000 in foreclosed assets held for resale at September 30, 2018, $88,000 was represented by residential real estate, $39,000 was represented by land, and $856,000 was represented by commercial real estate. Of the $1,071,000 in foreclosed assets held for resale at December 31, 2017, $15,000 was represented by residential real estate, $50,000 was represented by land, and $1,006,000 was represented by commercial real estate. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, all foreclosed assets were held as the result of obtaining physical possession. Consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate for which the Bank has entered into formal foreclosure proceedings but for which physical possession of the property has yet to be obtained amounted to $858,000 at September 30, 2018 and $485,000 at December 31, 2017. These balances were not included in foreclosed assets held for resale at September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

From time to time, the Bank may agree to modify the contractual terms of a borrower’s loan. In cases where the modifications represent a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, the modification is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”).

The outstanding recorded investment of TDRs as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $9,555,000 and $9,109,000, respectively. The increase in TDRs at September 30, 2018 as compared to December 31, 2017 is attributable to several modifications completed during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, combined with payments and pay-offs on existing TDRs and the Bank’s proactive monitoring of the loan portfolio. Modifications were completed to resume principal and interest payments on non-accrual loans due to a slight improvement in the outlook surrounding the respective borrower’s financial position although the borrower continues to experience financial difficulties. Additional modifications were completed to allow a temporary period of interest only payments or extend the maturity date of the loan due to deterioration in the respective borrowers’ financial positions. There were no unfunded commitments on TDRs at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, one loan with a post modification balance of $26,000 was modified as a TDR as compared to the same period in 2017, when no loans were modified as TDRs. The loan modifications for the three months ended September 30, 2018 consisted of one term modification.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, ten loans with a combined post modification balance of $1,180,000 were modified as TDRs as compared to the same period in 2017, when two loans with a combined post modification balance of $110,000 were classified as TDRs. The loan modifications for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisted of one rate modification, two term modifications, and seven payment modifications. The loan modifications for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 consisted of two payment modifications.

The following table presents the outstanding recorded investment of TDRs at the dates indicated:

At September 30, 2018, ten Commercial Real Estate loans classified as TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $561,000 were not in compliance with the terms of their restructure, compared to September 30, 2017 when eight Commercial Real Estate loans classified as TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $469,000 and one Commercial and Industrial loan classified as a TDR with a recorded investment of $12,000 were not in compliance with the terms of their restructure.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, three Commercial Real Estate loans with a combined outstanding recorded investment of $144,000 that were modified as TDRs during the preceding twelve months had experienced payment defaults, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 when no loans that were modified as TDRs during the preceding twelve months had experienced payment defaults. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, five Commercial Real Estate loans with a combined outstanding recorded investment of $190,000 that were modified as TDRs during the preceding twelve months had experienced payment defaults, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017 when no loans that were modified as TDRs during the preceding twelve months had experienced payment defaults.

The following table presents information regarding the loan modifications categorized as TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2017. No loans were modified as TDRs during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

The following table provides detail regarding the types of loan modifications made for loans categorized as TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2017 with the total number of each type of modification performed. No loans were modified as TDRs during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

The recorded investment, unpaid principal balance, and the related allowance of the Corporation’s impaired loans are summarized below for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.