FNB CORP/PA/ - Quarter Report: 2023 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023


☐			Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-31940

F.N.B. CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Pennsylvania						25-1255406
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

One North Shore Center,

12 Federal Street,

Pittsburgh,

15212

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 800-555-5455

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):


Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐

Non-accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐

		Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of Exchange on which Registered

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

FNB

New York Stock Exchange

Depositary Shares each representing 1/40th interest in a
share of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual
Preferred Stock, Series E

FNBPrE

New York Stock Exchange

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.


Class	Outstanding at	April 30, 2023
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value	361,066,313	Shares

F.N.B. CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

March 31, 2023

INDEX


		PAGE
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

	Glossary of Acronyms and Terms	4

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Consolidated Balance Sheets	5
	Consolidated Statements of Income	6
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	7
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	8
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	9
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	10

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	52

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	80

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	80

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	81

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	81

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	82

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	83

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	83

Item 5.	Other Information	83

Item 6.	Exhibits	84

Signatures		85

Glossary of Acronyms and Terms

Acronym

Description

Acronym

Description

ACL

Allowance for credit losses

FTE

Fully taxable equivalent

AFS

Available for sale

GAAP

U.S. generally accepted accounting principles

ALCO

Asset/Liability Committee

Howard

Howard Bancorp, Inc.

AOCI

Accumulated other comprehensive income

HTM

Held to maturity

ASC

Accounting Standards Codification

LGD

Loss given default

ASU

Accounting Standards Update

LIBOR

London Inter-bank Offered Rate

AULC

Allowance for unfunded loan commitments

LIHTC

Low income housing tax credit

BTFP

Bank Term Funding Program

MD&A

Management's Discussion and Analysis of

Financial Condition and Results of Operations

CECL

Current expected credit losses

MSRs

Mortgage servicing rights

CET1

Common equity tier 1

OCC

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

CFPB

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

OREO

Other real estate owned

DIF

Deposit Insurance Fund

PCD

Purchased credit deteriorated

DOJ

U.S. Department of Justice

R&S

Reasonable and Supportable

EVE

Economic value of equity

SBA

Small Business Administration

FASB

Financial Accounting Standards Board

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

SOFR

Secured Overnight Financing Rate

FHLB

Federal Home Loan Bank

TDR

Troubled debt restructuring

FICO

Fair Isaac Corporation

TPS

Trust preferred securities

FNB

F.N.B. Corporation

Union

UB Bancorp

FNBPA

First National Bank of Pennsylvania

U.S.

United States of America

FOMC

Federal Open Market Committee

UST

U.S. Department of the Treasury

FRB

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve

System

VIE

Variable interest entity

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

F.N.B. CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)


	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	445	$	443
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	1,278		1,231
Cash and Cash Equivalents	1,723		1,674
Debt securities available for sale (amortized cost of $3,503 and $3,622; allowance for credit losses of $0 and $0)	3,201		3,275
Debt securities held to maturity (fair value of $3,742 and $3,687; allowance for credit losses of $0 and $0)	4,073		4,087
Loans held for sale (includes $76 and $91 measured at fair value) (1)	100		124
Loans and leases, net of unearned income of $71 and $69 (includes $23 and $12 measured at fair value) (1)	30,673		30,255
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases	(403)		(402)
Net Loans and Leases	30,270		29,853
Premises and equipment, net	452		432
Goodwill	2,477		2,477
Core deposit and other intangible assets, net	84		89
Bank owned life insurance	655		653
Other assets	1,111		1,061
Total Assets	$	44,146	$	43,725
Liabilities
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing demand	$	11,297	$	11,916
Interest-bearing demand	14,091		15,100
Savings	4,053		4,142
Certificates and other time deposits	4,749		3,612
Total Deposits	34,190		34,770
Short-term borrowings	2,149		1,372
Long-term borrowings	1,298		1,093

Other liabilities	721		837
Total Liabilities	38,358		38,072
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock - $0.01 par value; liquidation preference of $1,000 per share
Authorized – 20,000,000 shares
Issued – 110,877 shares	107		107
Common stock - $0.01 par value
Authorized – 500,000,000 shares
Issued – 374,935,404 and 374,907,245 shares	4		4
Additional paid-in capital	4,693		4,696
Retained earnings	1,471		1,370
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(315)		(357)
Treasury stock – 14,575,547 and 14,437,135 shares at cost	(172)		(167)
Total Stockholders’ Equity	5,788		5,653
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	44,146	$	43,725

(1)Amount represents loans for which we have elected the fair value option. See Note 19.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

F.N.B. CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)

Unaudited


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2023		2022
Interest Income
Loans and leases, including fees		$	394	$	221
Securities:
Taxable		36		24
Tax-exempt		7		7

Other		7		2
Total Interest Income		444		254
Interest Expense
Deposits		84		8
Short-term borrowings		10		6
Long-term borrowings		13		6
Total Interest Expense		107		20
Net Interest Income		337		234
Provision for credit losses		14		18
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses		323		216
Non-Interest Income
Service charges		32		31
Trust services		11		10
Insurance commissions and fees		8		8
Securities commissions and fees		7		6
Capital markets income		7		7
Mortgage banking operations		5		7
Dividends on non-marketable equity securities		4		2
Bank owned life insurance		3		3


Other		2		4
Total Non-Interest Income		79		78
Non-Interest Expense
Salaries and employee benefits		120		112
Net occupancy		17		18
Equipment		22		18
Amortization of intangibles		5		3
Outside services		20		17
Marketing		4		3
FDIC insurance		7		5
Bank shares and franchise taxes		4		4
Merger-related		2		29

Other		19		18
Total Non-Interest Expense		220		227
Income Before Income Taxes		182		67
Income taxes		35		14
Net Income		147		53
Preferred stock dividends		2		2
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders		$	145	$	51
Earnings per Common Share
Basic		$	0.40	$	0.15
Diluted		0.40		0.15

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

F.N.B. CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Dollars in millions)

Unaudited


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2023		2022
Net income		$	147	$	53
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Securities available for sale:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax expense (benefit) of $10 and $(36)		35		(128)


Derivative instruments:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax expense (benefit) of $1 and $(4)		4		(15)
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of tax expense of $1 and $0		3		2
Pension and postretirement benefit obligations:
Unrealized gains arising during the period, net of tax expense of $0 and $0		—		1
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		42		(140)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)		$	189	$	(87)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

F.N.B. CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)

Unaudited


	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total





























Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	107	$	3	$	4,109	$	1,110	$	(62)	$	(117)	$	5,150
Comprehensive income (loss)							53		(140)				(87)
Dividends declared:
Preferred stock: $18.13/share							(2)						(2)
Common stock: $0.12/share							(43)						(43)
Issuance of common stock			—		1						(1)		—
Issuance of common stock - acquisitions			1		442								443
Repurchase of common stock											(30)		(30)

Restricted stock compensation					8								8


Balance at end of period	$	107	$	4	$	4,560	$	1,118	$	(202)	$	(148)	$	5,439
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	107	$	4	$	4,696	$	1,370	$	(357)	$	(167)	$	5,653
Comprehensive income							147		42				189
Dividends declared:
Preferred stock: $18.13/share							(2)						(2)
Common stock: $0.12/share							(44)						(44)
Issuance of common stock			—		(13)						7		(6)

Repurchase of common stock											(12)		(12)

Restricted stock compensation					10								10

Balance at end of period	$	107	$	4	$	4,693	$	1,471	$	(315)	$	(172)	$	5,788

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

F.N.B. CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollars in millions)

Unaudited


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Operating Activities
Net income	$	147	$	53
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and accretion	21		15
Provision for credit losses	14		18
Deferred tax expense (benefit)	2		5


Loans originated for sale	(215)		(354)
Loans sold	221		410
Net gain on sale of loans	3		(15)
Net change in:
Interest receivable	(4)		2
Interest payable	5		(2)
Bank owned life insurance, excluding purchases	(2)		(1)
Other, net	(173)		227
Net cash flows provided by operating activities	19		358
Investing Activities
Net change in loans and leases, excluding sales and transfers	(415)		(74)
Debt securities available for sale:
Purchases	—		(398)
Sales	—		287
Maturities/payments	116		244
Debt securities held to maturity:
Purchases	(75)		(243)

Maturities/payments	90		190


Increase in premises and equipment	(33)		(27)
Net cash received in business acquisition	—		75


Net cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities	(317)		54
Financing Activities
Net change in:
Demand (non-interest bearing and interest bearing) and savings accounts	(1,717)		478
Time deposits	1,136		(131)
Short-term borrowings	776		(125)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowings	512		3
Repayment of long-term borrowings	(306)		(206)
Repurchases of common stock	(12)		(30)
Cash dividends paid:
Preferred stock	(2)		(2)
Common stock	(44)		(43)
Other, net	4		8
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities	347		(48)
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents	49		364
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,674		3,493
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$	1,723	$	3,857

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

F.N.B. CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

March 31, 2023

The terms “FNB,” “the Corporation,” “we,” “us” and “our” throughout this Report mean F.N.B. Corporation and our consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicates that we refer only to the parent company, F.N.B. Corporation. When we refer to "FNBPA" in this Report, we mean our bank subsidiary, First National Bank of Pennsylvania, and its subsidiaries.

NATURE OF OPERATIONS

F.N.B. Corporation, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a diversified financial services company operating in seven states and the District of Columbia. Our market coverage spans several major metropolitan areas including: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; Washington, D.C.; Charlotte, Raleigh, Durham and the Piedmont Triad (Winston-Salem, Greensboro and High Point) in North Carolina; and Charleston, South Carolina. As of March 31, 2023, we had 349 branches throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington D.C. and Virginia.

We provide a full range of commercial banking, consumer banking and wealth management solutions through our subsidiary network which is led by our largest affiliate, FNBPA, founded in 1864. Commercial banking solutions include corporate banking, small business banking, investment real estate financing, government banking, business credit, capital markets and lease financing. Consumer banking provides a full line of consumer banking products and services, including deposit products, mortgage lending, consumer lending and a complete suite of mobile and online banking services. Wealth management services include asset management, private banking and insurance.

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

Our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) include subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. We own and operate FNBPA, First National Trust Company, First National Investment Services Company, LLC, F.N.B. Investment Advisors, Inc., First National Insurance Agency, LLC, Bank Capital Services, LLC, F.N.B. Capital Corporation, LLC and Waubank Securities, LLC, and include results for each of these entities in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Companies in which we hold a controlling financial interest, or are a VIE in which we have the power to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and have an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits which could potentially be significant to the VIE, are consolidated. For a voting interest entity, a controlling financial interest is generally where we hold more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares. VIEs in which we do not hold the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance or an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits which could potentially be significant to the VIE are not consolidated. Investments in companies that are not consolidated are accounted for using the equity method when we have the ability to exert significant influence or the cost method when we do not have the ability to exert significant influence. Investments in private investment partnerships that are accounted for under the equity method or the cost method are included in other assets and our proportional interest in the equity investments’ earnings are included in other non-interest income. Investment interests accounted for under the cost and equity methods are periodically evaluated for impairment.

The accompanying interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments that are necessary, in the opinion of management, to fairly reflect our financial position and results of operations in accordance with GAAP. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Events occurring subsequent to March 31, 2023 have been evaluated for potential recognition or disclosure in the Consolidated Financial Statements through the date of the filing of the Consolidated Financial Statements with the SEC.

Certain information and Note disclosures normally included in Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The interim operating results are not necessarily indicative of operating results we expect for the full year. These interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in our 202 2 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

Use of Estimates

Our accounting and reporting policies conform with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited). Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes include the ACL, fair value of financial instruments, goodwill and other intangible assets, income taxes and deferred tax assets and litigation reserves, which are listed in the critical accounting estimates. For a detailed description of our significant accounting policies and critical accounting estimates, see Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and the "Application of Critical Accounting Policies" section in the MD&A, both in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

NOTE 2. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

The following table summarizes accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that we recently adopted or will be adopting in the future.

TABLE 2.1

Standard

Description

Financial Statements Impact

Tax Equity Investments

ASU 2023-02, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method

This Update expands the use of the proportional amortization method of accounting, previously only allowable for LITHC investments, to equity investments in other tax credit structures that meet certain criteria.

The Update also removed the specialized guidance for LIHTC investments that are not accounted for using the proportional amortization method or equity method and require that those investments are accounted for using Topic 321 regarding equity investments.

This Update is to be applied using either a modified retrospective or a retrospective method and will be effective as of January 1, 2024. Early adoption of this Update is permitted.

We are in the process of reviewing our existing tax equity investment portfolios and assessing the potential impact to our consolidated financial statements.

Troubled Debt Restructuring and Charge-offs

ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures

This Update eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance on TDRs for creditors that have adopted ASC 326 and requires entities to apply loan refinancing and restructuring guidance to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The Update requires enhanced disclosures for certain loan modifications by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty if the modification includes principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, a term extension, or a combination of those modification types.

This Update also requires public business entities to present current-period gross write-offs by year of origination in their vintage disclosures.

This Update is to be applied using a prospective method. For the transition method related to TDRs, an entity has the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method.

We adopted this Update on January 1, 2023. Adoption of this Update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 3. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

Howard Bancorp, Inc.

On January 22, 2022, we completed our acquisition of Howard, a bank holding company headquartered in Baltimore City, Maryland. The acquisition enhanced our presence in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Additionally, cost savings, efficiencies and other benefits were realized from the combined operations. On the acquisition date, Howard had assets with a net book value of approximately $2.4 billion, including $1.8 billion in both loans and deposits. The acquisition was valued at approximately $443 million and resulted in the issuance of 34,074,495 shares of our common stock in exchange for 18,930,329 shares of Howard common stock. We also acquired restricted stock units and the fully vested outstanding stock options of Howard.

This merger was accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting. Fair values for all assets and liabilities are presented in Table 3.1. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities is a complex process involving significant judgment regarding estimates and assumptions used to calculate fair values. We have completed the review of valuations for the acquired assets and liabilities.

Goodwill related to the Howard acquisition was recorded in the Community Banking business segment and is not deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition was accounted for as a tax-free exchange for tax purposes. We incurred merger expenses relating to the Howard acquisition of $28.6 million for the first three months of 2022. We did not record any merger expenses relating to the Howard acquisition in 2023.

Purchased loans and leases that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. We consider various factors in connection with the identification of more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit, including but not limited to nonperforming status, delinquency, risk ratings, TDR classification, FICO scores and other qualitative factors that indicate deterioration in credit quality since origination. For PCD loans and leases, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the ACL on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as other loans and leases held-for-investment. As part of the Howard acquisition, we acquired PCD loans and leases of $186.9 million. We established an ACL at acquisition of $10.0 million with a corresponding gross-up to the amortized cost of the PCD loans and leases. The non-credit discount on the PCD loans and leases was $5.4 million and the Day 1 fair value was $171.5 million. The initial provision expense for non-PCD loans associated with the Howard acquisition was $19.1 million.

We integrated the systems and the operating activities of Howard into FNB in February 2022. Due to that integration, it is impracticable to disclose the revenue from the Howard assets acquired and income before income taxes subsequent to the acquisition.

UB Bancorp

On December 9, 2022, we completed our acquisition of Union, a bank holding company based in Greenville, North Carolina. This acquisition further increases our presence in North Carolina and adds low-cost granular deposits which continue to be value accretive in the current economic environment. On the acquisition date, Union had assets with a net book value of approximately $1.1 billion, including $0.7 billion in loans and $1.0 billion in deposits. The acquisition was valued at approximately $126 million and resulted in the issuance of 9,672,691 shares of our common stock in exchange for 6,008,123 shares of Union common stock.

This merger was accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting. Preliminary fair values for all assets and liabilities are presented in Table 3.1. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities is a complex process involving significant judgment regarding estimates and assumptions used to calculate fair values. Accordingly, the initial accounting for the merger is not complete.

We continue to analyze the valuations assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Due to the complexity in valuing the loans and the significant amount of data inputs required, the valuation of the loans is not yet final. We are also assessing the valuation on deferred taxes. The valuation on acquired premises, core deposit intangibles and debt have been completed.

Goodwill related to the Union acquisition was recorded in the Community Banking business segment and is not deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition was accounted for as a tax-free exchange for tax purposes. We incurred merger expenses relating to the Union acquisition of $2.1 million for the first three months of 2023. We recorded core deposit intangibles of $41 million which reflect the much higher cost of alternative funding given the higher interest rate environment at the time of acquisition.

Purchased loans and leases that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. We consider various factors in connection with the identification of more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit, including but not limited to nonperforming status, delinquency, risk ratings, FICO scores and other qualitative factors that indicate deterioration in credit quality since origination. For PCD loans and leases, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the ACL on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as other loans and leases held-for-investment. As part of the Union acquisition, we acquired PCD loans and leases of $36.9 million. We established an ACL at acquisition of $1.8 million with a corresponding gross-up to the amortized cost of the PCD loans and leases. The non-credit discount on the PCD loans and leases was $0.5 million and the Day 1 fair value was $34.7 million. The initial provision expense for non-PCD loans associated with the Union acquisition was $9.4 million.

We integrated the systems and the operating activities of Union in December 2022. Due to that integration, it is impracticable to disclose the revenue from the Union assets acquired and income before income taxes subsequent to the acquisition.

The following table summarizes the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of the acquisition dates in conjunction with the Howard and Union acquisitions discussed above.

TABLE 3.1


(in millions)	Howard		Union
Fair value of consideration paid	$	443	$	126
Fair value of identifiable assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	75		113
Securities	321		212
Loans	1,780		652
Core deposit and other intangible assets	19		41
Fixed and other assets	156		59
Total identifiable assets acquired	2,351		1,077
Fair value of liabilities assumed:
Deposits	1,831		956
Borrowings	247		30
Other liabilities	7		3
Total liabilities assumed	2,085		989
Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired	266		88
Goodwill recognized	$	177	$	38

NOTE 4. SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS debt securities are presented in the table below. There was no ACL in the AFS portfolio at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $8.9 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and assessed separately in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accordingly, we have excluded accrued interest receivable from both the fair value and the amortized cost basis of AFS debt securities.

TABLE 4.1


(in millions)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Debt Securities AFS:
March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury	$	278	$	—	$	(17)	$	261
U.S. government agencies	100		1		—		101
U.S. government-sponsored entities	279		—		(18)		261
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	1,299		—		(112)		1,187
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	1,070		—		(120)		950

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	424		—		(32)		392
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	32		—		(3)		29
Other debt securities	21		—		(1)		20
Total debt securities AFS	$	3,503	$	1	$	(303)	$	3,201


(in millions)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Debt Securities AFS:
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury	$	278	$	—	$	(21)	$	257
U.S. government agencies	107		1		—		108
U.S. government-sponsored entities	283		—		(21)		262
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	1,360		—		(128)		1,232
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	1,110		—		(138)		972

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	430		—		(35)		395
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	33		—		(4)		29
Other debt securities	21		—		(1)		20
Total debt securities AFS	$	3,622	$	1	$	(348)	$	3,275

The amortized cost and fair value of HTM debt securities are presented in the table below. The ACL for the HTM portfolio was $0.32 million and $0.23 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $13.6 million and $14.0 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and assessed separately in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accordingly, we have excluded accrued interest receivable from both the fair value and the amortized cost basis of HTM debt securities.

TABLE 4.2


(in millions)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Debt Securities HTM:
March 31, 2023

U.S. government agencies	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	1
U.S. government-sponsored entities	92		1		—		93
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	1,139		—		(110)		1,029
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	920		—		(107)		813

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	873		3		(44)		832
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	1,032		3		(76)		959
Other debt securities	16		—		(1)		15
Total debt securities HTM	$	4,073	$	7	$	(338)	$	3,742


(in millions)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Debt Securities HTM:
December 31, 2022

U.S. government agencies	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	1
U.S. government-sponsored entities	52		—		—		52
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	1,178		—		(125)		1,053
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	953		—		(120)		833

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	866		2		(50)		818
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	1,025		1		(107)		919
Other debt securities	12		—		(1)		11
Total debt securities HTM	$	4,087	$	3	$	(403)	$	3,687

There were no significant gross gains or gross losses realized on securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022. Unrealized losses on the AFS and HTM portfolios are due to the increase in market interest rates with 84.9% of these securities backed or sponsored by the U.S. government as of March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023, the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities, by contractual maturities, were as follows:

TABLE 4.3


	Available for Sale				Held to Maturity
(in millions)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	8	$	8	$	3	$	3
Due after one year but within five years	578		542		131		131
Due after five years but within ten years	85		83		225		216
Due after ten years	39		39		782		718
	710		672		1,141		1,068
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	1,299		1,187		1,139		1,029
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	1,070		950		920		813

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	424		392		873		832
Total debt securities	$	3,503	$	3,201	$	4,073	$	3,742

Actual maturities may differ from contractual terms because security issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties. Periodic principal payments are received on residential mortgage-backed securities based on the payment patterns of the underlying collateral.

Following is information relating to securities pledged:

TABLE 4.4


(dollars in millions)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Securities pledged (carrying value):
To secure public deposits, trust deposits and for other purposes as required by law	$	5,904		$	6,403
As collateral for short-term borrowings	282			348
Securities pledged as a percent of total securities	85.0		%	91.7		%

Following are summaries of the fair values of AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded, segregated by security type and length of time in a continuous loss position:

TABLE 4.5


	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
(dollars in millions)	#	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		#	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		#	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Debt Securities AFS
March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury	2	$	73	$	(2)	4	$	188	$	(15)	6	$	261	$	(17)
U.S. government agencies	6	37		—		9	10		—		15	47		—
U.S. government-sponsored entities	3	72		(2)		9	189		(16)		12	261		(18)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	15	152		(5)		100	1,032		(107)		115	1,184		(112)
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	5	60		(3)		66	890		(117)		71	950		(120)

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	8	164		(7)		13	228		(25)		21	392		(32)
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	1	1		—		13	28		(3)		14	29		(3)
Other debt securities	2	9		—		6	8		(1)		8	17		(1)
Total	42	$	568	$	(19)	220	$	2,573	$	(284)	262	$	3,141	$	(303)
	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
(dollars in millions)	#	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		#	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		#	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Debt Securities AFS
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury	3	$	120	$	(7)	3	$	137	$	(14)	6	$	257	$	(21)
U.S. government agencies	6	46		—		8	4		—		14	50		—
U.S. government-sponsored entities	9	150		(8)		4	112		(13)		13	262		(21)
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	104	773		(58)		13	455		(70)		117	1,228		(128)
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	49	455		(42)		23	517		(96)		72	972		(138)

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	16	302		(21)		5	94		(14)		21	396		(35)
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	4	7		(1)		10	22		(3)		14	29		(4)
Other debt securities	7	15		(1)		1	2		—		8	17		(1)
Total	198	$	1,868	$	(138)	67	$	1,343	$	(210)	265	$	3,211	$	(348)

We evaluated the AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023. Based on the credit ratings and implied government guarantee for these securities, we concluded the loss position is temporary and caused by the significant movement of interest rates since 2022 and does not reflect any expected credit losses. We do not intend to sell these

AFS debt securities and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of their amortized cost basis.

Credit Quality Indicators

We use credit ratings and the most recent financial information to help evaluate the credit quality of our credit-related AFS and HTM securities portfolios. Management reviews the credit profile of each issuer on an annual basis, and more frequently as needed. Based on the nature of the issuers and current conditions, we have determined that securities backed by the UST, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHLB, Ginnie Mae, and the SBA have zero expected credit loss.

Our municipal bond portfolio, with a carrying amount of $1.1 billion as of March 31, 2023 is highly rated with an average rating of AA and 100% of the portfolio having an A or better rating. All of the securities in the municipal portfolio are general obligation bonds. Geographically, municipal bonds support our primary footprint as 60% of the securities are from municipalities located in the primary states within which we conduct business. The average holding size of the securities in the municipal bond portfolio is $2.5 million. In addition to the strong stand-alone ratings, 60% of the municipal bonds have some formal credit enhancement (e.g., insurance) that strengthens the creditworthiness of the bond.

The ACL on the HTM municipal bond portfolio is calculated on each bond using:

•The bond’s underlying credit rating, time to maturity and exposure amount;

•Credit enhancements that improve the bond’s credit rating (e.g., insurance); and

•Moody’s U.S. Bond Defaults and Recoveries, 1970-2021 study.

By using these components, we derive the expected credit loss on the HTM general obligation municipal bond portfolio. We further refine the expected credit loss by factoring in economic forecast data using our Commercial and Industrial Non-Manufacturing loan portfolio forecast adjustment as derived through our assessment of the loan portfolio as a proxy for our municipal bond portfolio.

Our corporate bond portfolio, with a carrying amount of $36.1 million as of March 31, 2023 primarily consists of subordinated debentures of banks within our footprint. The average holding size of the securities in the corporate bond portfolio is $2.4 million.

The ACL on the HTM corporate bond portfolio is calculated using:

•The bond’s credit rating, time to maturity and exposure amount;

•Moody’s Annual Default Study, 03/13/2023; and

•Most recent financial statements.

By using these components, we derive the expected credit loss on the HTM corporate bond portfolio. We further refine the expected credit loss by factoring in economic forecast data using our bank-wide loan portfolio forecast adjustment as derived through our assessment of the Bank's loan portfolio as a proxy for our corporate bond portfolio.

For the year-to-date periods ending March 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no significant provision expense and no charge-offs or recoveries. The ACL on the HTM portfolio was $0.32 million, consisting of $0.07 million relating to the municipal bond portfolio and $0.25 million relating to other debt securities, as of March 31, 2023, and $0.07 million relating to the municipal bond portfolio and $0.16 million relating to other debt securities as of December 31, 2022. The AFS securities portfolios did not have an ACL at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022 and there were no securities that were past due or on non-accrual at either date.

NOTE 5. LOANS AND LEASES

Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases, which totaled $100.4 million at March 31, 2023 and $99.3 million at December 31, 2022, is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and assessed separately in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for both periods and not included in the following tables.

Loans and Leases by Portfolio Segment

Following is a summary of total loans and leases, net of unearned income:

TABLE 5.1



(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate	$	11,528	$	11,526
Commercial and industrial	7,246		7,131
Commercial leases	562		519
Other	176		114
Total commercial loans and leases	19,512		19,290
Direct installment	2,752		2,784
Residential mortgages	5,589		5,297
Indirect installment	1,525		1,553
Consumer lines of credit	1,295		1,331
Total consumer loans	11,161		10,965
Total loans and leases, net of unearned income	$	30,673	$	30,255

The remaining accretable discount included in the amortized cost of acquired loans was $54.5 million and $58.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which includes $10.1 million and $30.9 million established for Howard and Union, respectively, at the time of acquisition.

The loans and leases portfolio categories are comprised of the following types of loans, where in each case the LGD is dependent on the nature and value of the respective collateral:

•Commercial real estate includes both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied loans secured by commercial properties where operational cash flows on owner-occupied properties or rents received by our borrowers from their tenant(s) on both a property and global basis are the primary default risk drivers, including rents paid by stand-alone business customers for owner-occupied properties;

•Commercial and industrial includes loans to businesses that are not secured by real estate where the borrower's leverage and cash flows from operations are the primary default risk drivers;

•Commercial leases consist of leases for new or used equipment where the borrower's cash flow from operations is the primary default risk driver;

•Other is comprised primarily of credit cards and mezzanine loans where the borrower's cash flow from operations is the primary default risk driver;

•Direct installment is comprised of fixed-rate, closed-end consumer loans for personal, family or household use, such as home equity loans and automobile loans where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income;

•Residential mortgages consist of conventional and jumbo mortgage loans for 1-4 family properties where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income;

•Indirect installment is comprised of loans originated by approved third parties and underwritten by us, primarily automobile loans where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income; and

•Consumer lines of credit include home equity lines of credit and consumer lines of credit that are either unsecured or secured by collateral other than home equity where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income.

The loans and leases portfolio consists principally of loans to individuals and small- and medium-sized businesses within our primary market in seven states and the District of Columbia. Our primary market coverage spans several major metropolitan areas including: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; Washington, D.C.; Charlotte, Raleigh, Durham and the Piedmont Triad (Winston-Salem, Greensboro and High Point) in North Carolina; and Charleston, South Carolina.

The following table shows occupancy information relating to commercial real estate loans:

TABLE 5.2


(dollars in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate:
Percent owner-occupied	29.9	%	30.2	%
Percent non-owner-occupied	70.1		69.8

Credit Quality

We monitor the credit quality of our loan portfolio using several performance measures based on payment activity and borrower performance. We use an internal risk rating assigned to a commercial loan or lease at origination, summarized below.

TABLE 5.3


Rating Category			Definition
Pass			in general, the condition of the borrower and the performance of the loan is satisfactory or better

Special Mention			in general, the condition of the borrower has deteriorated, requiring an increased level of monitoring

Substandard			in general, the condition of the borrower has significantly deteriorated and the performance of the loan could further deteriorate if deficiencies are not corrected

Doubtful			in general, the condition of the borrower has significantly deteriorated and the collection in full of both principal and interest is highly questionable or improbable

The use of these internally assigned credit quality categories within the commercial loan and lease portfolio permits our use of transition matrices to establish a basis which is then impacted by quantitative inputs from our econometric model forecasts over the R&S period. Our internal credit risk grading system is based on past experiences with similarly graded loans and leases and conforms to regulatory categories. In general, loan and lease risk ratings within each category are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our policy for each class of loans and leases. Each quarter, we analyze the resulting ratings, as well as other external statistics and factors such as delinquency, to track the migration performance of the commercial loan and lease portfolio. Loans and leases within the Pass credit category or that migrate toward the Pass credit category generally have a lower risk of loss compared to loans and leases that migrate toward the Substandard or Doubtful credit categories. Accordingly, we apply higher risk factors to Substandard and Doubtful credit categories.

The following table summarize the designated loan rating category by loan class including term loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year and year-to-date gross charge-offs by originating year:

TABLE 5.4


March 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
(in millions)
COMMERCIAL
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	225	$	1,967	$	2,368	$	1,647	$	1,270	$	2,984	$	245	$	10,706
Special Mention	2		44		33		84		48		268		8		487
Substandard	—		6		7		20		60		221		21		335

Total commercial real estate	227		2,017		2,408		1,751		1,378		3,473		274		11,528
Commercial real estate current period gross charge-offs	—		—		0.1		—		—		6.4		—		6.5
Commercial and Industrial:
Risk Rating:
Pass	359		1,576		1,159		747		489		654		1,742		6,726
Special Mention	4		26		47		10		25		109		34		255
Substandard	7		12		41		8		20		79		98		265

Total commercial and industrial	370		1,614		1,247		765		534		842		1,874		7,246
Commercial and industrial current period gross charge-offs	—		0.2		0.1		0.3		0.6		4.6		—		5.8
Commercial Leases:
Risk Rating:
Pass	105		142		114		66		51		57		—		535
Special Mention	7		2		1		—		—		—		—		10
Substandard	—		2		4		8		2		1		—		17

Total commercial leases	112		146		119		74		53		58		—		562
Commercial leases current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Other Commercial:
Risk Rating:
Pass	57		—		—		—		—		11		108		176



Total other commercial	57		—		—		—		—		11		108		176
Other commercial current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		0.8		—		0.8
Total commercial loans and leases	766		3,777		3,774		2,590		1,965		4,384		2,256		19,512


March 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
(in millions)
CONSUMER
Direct Installment:
Current	63		781		863		437		157		439		—		2,740
Past due	—		1		1		—		—		10		—		12
Total direct installment	63		782		864		437		157		449		—		2,752
Direct installment current period gross charge-offs	—		—		0.1		—		—		0.2		—		0.3
Residential Mortgages:
Current	269		1,555		1,582		853		371		919		1		5,550
Past due	—		2		2		3		1		31		—		39
Total residential mortgages	269		1,557		1,584		856		372		950		1		5,589
Residential mortgages current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		0.4		—		0.4
Indirect Installment:
Current	117		746		329		149		75		95		—		1,511
Past due	—		4		6		2		1		1		—		14
Total indirect installment	117		750		335		151		76		96		—		1,525
Indirect installment current period gross charge-offs	—		1.0		1.2		0.2		—		0.2		—		2.6
Consumer Lines of Credit:
Current	12		72		17		2		3		128		1,046		1,280
Past due	—		—		—		—		—		13		2		15
Total consumer lines of credit	12		72		17		2		3		141		1,048		1,295
Consumer lines of credit current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		0.3		—		0.3
Total consumer loans	461		3,161		2,800		1,446		608		1,636		1,049		11,161
Total loans and leases	$	1,227	$	6,938	$	6,574	$	4,036	$	2,573	$	6,020	$	3,305	$	30,673
Total charge-offs	$	—	$	1.2	$	1.5	$	0.5	$	0.6	$	12.9	$	—	$	16.7

The following table summarize the designated loan rating category by loan class including term loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year:


December 31, 2022	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
(in millions)
COMMERCIAL
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	1,967	$	2,348	$	1,678	$	1,283	$	700	$	2,447	$	258	$	10,681
Special Mention	43		35		67		74		104		208		5		536
Substandard	3		7		20		47		45		167		20		309

Total commercial real estate	2,013		2,390		1,765		1,404		849		2,822		283		11,526

Commercial and Industrial:
Risk Rating:
Pass	1,635		1,194		760		533		289		453		1,856		6,720
Special Mention	15		43		16		27		48		48		54		251
Substandard	5		12		11		8		38		34		52		160

Total commercial and industrial	1,655		1,249		787		568		375		535		1,962		7,131

Commercial Leases:
Risk Rating:
Pass	187		121		69		59		36		27		—		499
Special Mention	—		1		—		1		—		—		—		2
Substandard	2		5		8		1		1		1		—		18

Total commercial leases	189		127		77		61		37		28		—		519

Other Commercial:
Risk Rating:
Pass	58		—		—		—		—		12		44		114



Total other commercial	58		—		—		—		—		12		44		114

Total commercial loans and leases	3,915		3,766		2,629		2,033		1,261		3,397		2,289		19,290

CONSUMER
Direct Installment:
Current	801		887		453		163		91		374		—		2,769
Past due	—		1		1		1		1		11		—		15
Total direct installment	801		888		454		164		92		385		—		2,784

Residential Mortgages:
Current	1,464		1,587		871		378		128		819		2		5,249
Past due	2		3		3		2		5		33		—		48
Total residential mortgages	1,466		1,590		874		380		133		852		2		5,297

Indirect Installment:
Current	800		357		166		88		80		40		—		1,531
Past due	5		11		3		1		1		1		—		22
Total indirect installment	805		368		169		89		81		41		—		1,553

Consumer Lines of Credit:
Current	74		17		1		3		4		126		1,086		1,311
Past due	—		1		1		—		—		15		3		20
Total consumer lines of credit	74		18		2		3		4		141		1,089		1,331

Total consumer loans	3,146		2,864		1,499		636		310		1,419		1,091		10,965
Total loans and leases	$	7,061	$	6,630	$	4,128	$	2,669	$	1,571	$	4,816	$	3,380	$	30,255

We use delinquency transition matrices within the consumer and other loan classes to establish the basis for the R&S forecast portion of the credit risk. Each month, management analyzes payment and volume activity, FICO scores and Debt-to-Income (DTI) scores and other external factors such as unemployment, to determine how consumer loans are performing.

Non-Performing and Past Due

The following tables provide an analysis of the aging of loans by class.

TABLE 5.5


(in millions)	30-89 Days Past Due		> 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing		Non- Accrual		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases		Non-accrual with No ACL
March 31, 2023
Commercial real estate	$	9	$	—	$	44	$	53	$	11,475	$	11,528	$	11
Commercial and industrial	7		—		41		48		7,198		7,246		12
Commercial leases	1		—		1		2		560		562		—
Other	—		—		—		—		176		176		—
Total commercial loans and leases	17		—		86		103		19,409		19,512		23
Direct installment	6		—		6		12		2,740		2,752		—
Residential mortgages	22		4		13		39		5,550		5,589		—
Indirect installment	11		1		2		14		1,511		1,525		—
Consumer lines of credit	7		2		6		15		1,280		1,295		—
Total consumer loans	46		7		27		80		11,081		11,161		—
Total loans and leases	$	63	$	7	$	113	$	183	$	30,490	$	30,673	$	23


(in millions)	30-89 Days Past Due		> 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing		Non- Accrual		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans and Leases		Non-accrual with No ACL
December 31, 2022
Commercial real estate	$	13	$	—	$	39	$	52	$	11,474	$	11,526	$	15
Commercial and industrial	9		1		44		54		7,077		7,131		11
Commercial leases	3		—		1		4		515		519		—
Other	1		—		—		1		113		114		—
Total commercial loans and leases	26		1		84		111		19,179		19,290		26
Direct installment	7		1		7		15		2,769		2,784		—
Residential mortgages	28		6		14		48		5,249		5,297		—
Indirect installment	20		1		1		22		1,531		1,553		—
Consumer lines of credit	10		3		7		20		1,311		1,331		—
Total consumer loans	65		11		29		105		10,860		10,965		—
Total loans and leases	$	91	$	12	$	113	$	216	$	30,039	$	30,255	$	26

Following is a summary of non-performing assets:

TABLE 5.6


(dollars in millions)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Non-accrual loans	$	113		$	113
Total non-performing loans and leases	113			113
Other real estate owned	6			6
Total non-performing assets	$	119		$	119
Asset quality ratios:
Non-performing loans and leases / total loans and leases	0.37		%	0.37		%
Non-performing assets + 90 days past due / total loans and leases + OREO	0.41			0.44

The carrying value of residential-secured consumer OREO held as a result of obtaining physical possession upon completion of a foreclosure or through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure amounted to $1.0 million at March 31, 2023 and $1.1 million at December 31, 2022. The recorded investment of residential-secured consumer OREO for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 totaled $14.4 million and $11.8 million, respectively.

Approximately $49.0 million of commercial loans are collateral dependent at March 31, 2023. Repayment is expected to be substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral on the loan. These loans are primarily secured by business assets or commercial real estate.

Loan Modifications

During the period, there are loans whose contractual terms have been modified in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. These modifications typically result from loss mitigation activities and could include a term extension, interest rate reduction, principal forgiveness and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. Accrued interest receivable on loan modifications totaled $0.02 million at March 31, 2023, and is excluded from the amortized cost of loan modifications in the tables below.

The following table shows the amortized cost basis at the end of the reporting period of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of financing receivable, type of concession granted and the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

TABLE 5.7


(dollars in millions)	Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable		Financial Effect
March 31, 2023
Term Extension

Commercial and industrial	$	2.4	0.03	%	The modified loans had an average increase in term of 9 months, extending the maturity date.


Direct installment	0.1		—		The repayment on the loans modified were extended, lowering the monthly repayment.
Residential mortgages	0.1		—		The repayment on the loans modified was extended, lowering the monthly repayment.

Consumer lines of credit	0.2		0.02		The repayment on the loans modified was extended, lowering the monthly repayment.
Total	$	2.8




















Term Extension and Rate Reduction




Direct installment	$	0.1	—	%	The term was extended, with a weighted average yield reduction of 134 bps.
Residential mortgages	0.3		0.01		The term was extended, with a weighted average yield reduction of 113 bps.


Total	$	0.4








































Other
Commercial real estate	$	0.6	0.01	%	Multiple modifications were made with no material financial effect.




Residential mortgages	0.1		—		Multiple modifications were made with no material financial effect.


Total	$	0.7
Total Outstanding Modified	$	3.9

Some loan modifications may not ultimately result in the full collection of principal and interest, as modified, and may result in potential incremental losses which are factored into the ACL. There were no additional funds committed to borrowers whose loans were modified during the first three months of 2023.

Commercial loans over $1.0 million whose terms have been modified are generally placed on non-accrual, individually analyzed and measured based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. Our ACL includes specific reserves for commercial loans modified. There was $1.6 million and no specific reserve for commercial loans modified at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and pooled reserves for individual loans of $1.1 million and $1.1 million for those same periods, respectively, based on loan segment LGD. Upon default, the amount of the recorded investment of the modified loan balance in excess of the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, is generally considered a confirmed loss and is charged-off against the ACL.

All other classes of loans whose terms have been modified are pooled and measured based on the loan segment LGD. Our ACL included pooled reserves for these classes of loans of $3.7 million for March 31, 2023 and $3.8 million for December 31, 2022. Upon default of an individual loan, our charge-off policy is followed for that class of loan.

Following is a summary of loans modified in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties, by class, for which there was a payment default, excluding loans that have been paid off and/or sold. Default occurs when a loan is 90 days or more past due or in non-accrual and is within 12 months of restructuring.

TABLE 5.8


Amortized cost basis of modified financing receivables that subsequently defaulted:
(in millions)	Term Extension		Term Extension and Rate Reduction		Other		Total Outstanding Modified
March 31, 2023
Commercial real estate	$	—	$	—	$	0.6	$	0.6
Commercial and industrial	1.6		—		—		1.6


Total commercial loans and leases	1.6		—		0.6		2.2

Residential mortgages	—		0.3		—		0.3

Consumer lines of credit	0.1		—		—		0.1
Total consumer loans	0.1		0.3		—		0.4
Total	$	1.7	$	0.3	$	0.6	$	2.6

We closely monitor the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months:

TABLE 5.9


Payment status - amortization cost basis:
(in millions)	Current		30-89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due
March 31, 2023
Commercial real estate	$	0.6	$	—	$	—
Commercial and industrial	2.4		—		—


Total commercial loans and leases	3.0		—		—
Direct installment	0.2		—
Residential mortgages	0.2		—		0.3

Consumer lines of credit	0.2		—		—
Total consumer loans	0.6		—		0.3
Total	$	3.6	$	—	$	0.3

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, below are the tables relating to the TDR disclosures as of March 31, 2022.

Following is a summary of TDR loans, by class, for loans that were modified during the periods indicated.

TABLE 5.10


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(dollars in millions)	Number of Contracts	Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial real estate	2	$	—	$	—


Total commercial loans	2	—		—
Direct installment	13	—		—
Residential mortgages	5	1		1

Consumer lines of credit	3	—		—
Total consumer loans	21	1		1
Total	23	$	1	$	1

Following is a summary of TDRs, by class, for which there was a payment default, excluding loans that have been paid off and/or sold. Default occurs when a loan is 90 days or more past due and is within 12 months of restructuring.

TABLE 5.11


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(dollars in millions)	Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment
Commercial real estate	3	$	—

Total commercial loans	3	—
Direct installment	1	—
Residential mortgages	1	—


Total consumer loans	2	—
Total	5	$	—

NOTE 6. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS AND LEASES

The ACL is maintained for credit losses expected in the existing loan and lease portfolio and is presented as a reserve against loans and leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Loan and lease losses are charged off against the ACL, with recoveries of amounts previously charged off credited to the ACL. Provisions for credit losses are charged to operations based on management’s periodic evaluation of the appropriate level of the ACL.

Following is a summary of changes in the ACL, by loan and lease class:

TABLE 6.1


(in millions)	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charge- Offs		Recoveries		Net (Charge- Offs) Recoveries		Provision for Credit Losses		Balance at End of Period















Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Commercial real estate	$	162.1	$	(6.5)	$	1.0	$	(5.5)	$	2.6	$	159.2
Commercial and industrial	102.1		(5.8)		0.9		(4.9)		4.5		101.7
Commercial leases	13.5		—		—		—		1.3		14.8
Other	4.0		(0.8)		0.3		(0.5)		0.5		4.0
Total commercial loans and leases	281.7		(13.1)		2.2		(10.9)		8.9		279.7
Direct installment	35.9		(0.3)		0.2		(0.1)		0.4		36.2
Residential mortgages	55.5		(0.4)		0.2		(0.2)		5.1		60.4
Indirect installment	17.3		(2.6)		0.6		(2.0)		1.3		16.6
Consumer lines of credit	11.3		(0.3)		0.3		—		(0.8)		10.5
Total consumer loans	120.0		(3.6)		1.3		(2.3)		6.0		123.7
Total allowance for credit losses on loans and leases	401.7		(16.7)		3.5		(13.2)		14.9		403.4
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments	21.4		—		—		—		(0.9)		20.5
Total allowance for credit losses on loans and leases and allowance for unfunded loan commitments	$	423.1	$	(16.7)	$	3.5	$	(13.2)	$	14.0	$	423.9


(in millions)	Balance at Beginning of Period		Charge- Offs		Recoveries		Net (Charge- Offs) Recoveries		Provision for Credit Losses		Allowance for PCD Loans and Leases at Acquisition		Balance at End of Period














Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Commercial real estate	$	156.5	$	(1.0)	$	1.4	$	0.4	$	4.4	$	4.4	$	165.7
Commercial and industrial	87.4		(3.2)		1.3		(1.9)		2.8		3.4		91.7
Commercial leases	14.7		(0.1)		—		(0.1)		(0.8)		—		13.8
Other	2.6		(0.7)		0.2		(0.5)		1.7		—		3.8
Total commercial loans and leases	261.2		(5.0)		2.9		(2.1)		8.1		7.8		275.0
Direct installment	26.4		—		0.2		0.2		4.1		0.5		31.2
Residential mortgages	33.1		(0.1)		0.2		0.1		5.2		1.3		39.7
Indirect installment	13.5		(1.0)		0.7		(0.3)		1.0		—		14.2
Consumer lines of credit	10.1		(0.2)		0.4		0.2		(0.2)		0.4		10.5
Total consumer loans	83.1		(1.3)		1.5		0.2		10.1		2.2		95.6
Total allowance for credit losses on loans and leases	344.3		(6.3)		4.4		(1.9)		18.2		10.0		370.6
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments	19.1		—		—		—		(0.3)		—		18.8
Total allowance for credit losses on loans and leases and allowance for unfunded loan commitments	$	363.4	$	(6.3)	$	4.4	$	(1.9)	$	17.9	$	10.0	$	389.4

Following is a summary of changes in the AULC by portfolio segment:

TABLE 6.2


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2023		2022
(in millions)
Balance at beginning of period		$	21.4	$	19.1
Provision for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit:
Commercial portfolio		(0.9)		(0.3)
Consumer portfolio		—		—






Balance at end of period		$	20.5	$	18.8

The model used to calculate the ACL is dependent on the portfolio composition and credit quality, as well as historical experience, current conditions and forecasts of economic conditions and interest rates. Specifically, the following considerations are incorporated into the ACL calculation:

•a third-party macroeconomic forecast scenario;

•a 24-month R&S forecast period for macroeconomic factors with a reversion to the historical mean on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period; and

•the historical through-the-cycle mean was calculated using an expanded period to include a prior recessionary period.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we utilized a third-party consensus macroeconomic forecast reflecting the current and projected macroeconomic environment. For our ACL calculation at March 31, 2023, the macroeconomic variables that we utilized included, but were not limited to: (i) the purchase only Housing Price Index, which declines 2.5% over our R&S forecast period, (ii) a Commercial Real Estate Price Index, which declines 4.6% over our R&S forecast period, (iii) S&P Volatility, which decreases 39.7% in 2023 and 10.5% in 2024 and (iv) bankruptcies, which increase steadily over the R&S forecast period but average below historical levels. Macroeconomic variables that we utilized for our ACL calculation as of December 31, 2022 included, but were not limited to: (i) the purchase only Housing Price Index, which declines 3.7% over our R&S forecast period, (ii) a Commercial Real Estate Price Index, which declines 0.9% over our R&S forecast period, (iii) S&P Volatility, which decreases 41.0% in 2023 and 8.1% in 2024 and (iv) bankruptcies, which increase steadily over the R&S forecast period but average below historical levels.

The ACL on loans and leases of $403.4 million at March 31, 2023 increased $1.7 million, or 0.4%, from December 31, 2022. Our ending ACL coverage ratio at March 31, 2023 was 1.32%, compared to 1.33% at December 31, 2022. Total provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $14.1 million compared to $18.0 million for the same period of 2022. Provision was primarily due to loan growth, CECL-related model impacts from forecasted macroeconomic conditions and charge-off activity. The first quarter of 2023 reflected net charge-offs of $13.2 million, or 0.18% annualized of average total loans, compared to $1.9 million, or 0.03% annualized, in the first quarter of 2022.

NOTE 7. LOAN SERVICING

Mortgage Loan Servicing

We retain the servicing rights on certain mortgage loans sold. The unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans serviced for others is listed below:

TABLE 7.1


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Mortgage loans sold with servicing retained	$	5,343	$	5,242

The following table summarizes activity relating to mortgage loans sold with servicing retained:

TABLE 7.2


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)		2023		2022
Mortgage loans sold with servicing retained		$	198	$	351
Pre-tax net gains (losses) resulting from above loan sales (1)		—		1
Mortgage servicing fees (1)		3		3

(1) Recorded in mortgage banking operations on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Following is a summary of activity relating to MSRs:

TABLE 7.3


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period		$	52.8	$	44.4

Additions		2.5		4.1
Payoffs and curtailments		(0.3)		(1.6)
Impairment (charge) / recovery		—		2.3
Amortization		(0.7)		(0.7)
Balance at end of period		$	54.3	$	48.5
Fair value, beginning of period		$	68.6	$	46.0
Fair value, end of period		67.8		58.2

We had no valuation allowance for MSRs as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

The fair value of MSRs is highly sensitive to changes in assumptions and is determined by estimating the present value of the asset’s future cash flows utilizing market-based prepayment rates, discount rates and other assumptions validated through comparison to trade information, industry surveys and the use of independent third-party valuations. Changes in prepayment speed assumptions have the most significant impact on the fair value of MSRs. Generally, as interest rates decline, mortgage loan prepayments accelerate due to increased refinance activity, which results in a decrease in the fair value of MSRs and as interest rates increase, mortgage loan prepayments decline, which results in an increase in the fair value of MSRs. Measurement of fair value is limited to the conditions existing and the assumptions utilized as of a particular point in time, and those assumptions may not be appropriate if they are applied at a different point in time.

Following is a summary of the sensitivity of the fair value of MSRs to changes in key assumptions:

TABLE 7.4


(dollars in millions)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Weighted average life (months)	95			96
Constant prepayment rate (annualized)	7.5		%	7.3		%
Discount rate	10.0		%	10.0		%
Effect on fair value due to change in interest rates:
+2.00%	$	10		$	9
+1.00%	5			4
+0.50%	3			2
+0.25%	1			1
-0.25%	(2)			(1)
-0.50%	(3)			(3)
-1.00%	(7)			(6)
-2.00%	(18)			(15)

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. Changes in fair value based on adverse changes in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the changes in assumptions to fair value may not be linear. Also, in this table, the effects of an adverse variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of MSRs is calculated without changing any other assumptions, while, in reality, changes in one factor may result in changing another, which may magnify or contract the effect of the change.

NOTE 8. LEASES

We have operating leases primarily for certain branches, office space, land and office equipment. We have finance leases for certain branches. Our operating leases expire at various dates through the year 2046 and generally include one or more options to renew. Our finance leases expire at various dates through the year 2051 and generally include one or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. As of March 31, 2023, we had operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities of $135.1 million and $145.2 million, respectively. We have finance lease right-of-use assets and finance lease liabilities of $25.5 million and $26.2 million, respectively.

Our operating lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As of March 31, 2023, we have certain operating lease agreements, primarily for administrative office space, that have not yet commenced. At commencement, it is expected that these leases will add approximately $76.4 million in right-of-use assets and $97.8 million in other liabilities. These operating leases are currently expected to commence throughout the remainder of 2023 with lease terms of up to 21 years. These operating leases include the lease, with a related party, of the future new FNB headquarters building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The related party operating lease is accounted for in a manner consistent with all other leases on the basis of the legally enforceable terms and conditions of the lease and the related party represents a VIE for which we are not the primary beneficiary.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

TABLE 8.1


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)		2023		2022
Operating lease cost		$	8	$	8

Variable lease cost		1		1

Finance lease cost		1		—
Total lease cost		$	10	$	9

Other information related to leases is as follows:

TABLE 8.2


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2023			2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	7		$	7
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	—		$	—
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	—		$	2
Finance leases	$	—		$	4
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	9.13			9.69
Finance leases	20.61			23.08
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	2.6		%	2.4		%
Finance leases	2.8		%	2.0		%

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

TABLE 8.3


(in millions)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Total Leases
March 31, 2023
2023	$	21	$	1	$	22
2024	26		1		27
2025	19		2		21
2026	16		2		18
2027	13		2		15
Later years	70		28		98
Total lease payments	165		36		201
Less: imputed interest	(20)		(10)		(30)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	145	$	26	$	171

As a lessor we offer commercial leasing services to customers in need of new or used equipment primarily within our market areas of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and West Virginia. Additional information relating to commercial leasing is provided in Note 5, “Loans and Leases” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 9. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

We evaluate our interest in certain entities to determine if these entities meet the definition of a VIE and whether we are the primary beneficiary and required to consolidate the entity based on the variable interest we held both at inception and when there is a change in circumstances that requires a reconsideration.

Unconsolidated VIEs

The following table provides a summary of the assets and liabilities included in our Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as the maximum exposure to losses, associated with our interests related to VIEs for which we hold an interest, but are not the primary beneficiary, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

TABLE 9.1


(in millions)	Total Assets		Total Liabilities		Maximum Exposure to Loss
March 31, 2023
Trust preferred securities (1)	$	1	$	72	$	—
Affordable housing tax credit partnerships	119		34		119
Other investments	36		8		36
Total	$	156	$	114	$	155
December 31, 2022
Trust preferred securities (1)	$	1	$	72	$	—
Affordable housing tax credit partnerships	123		37		123
Other investments	33		9		33
Total	$	157	$	118	$	156
(1) Represents our investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries.

Trust-Preferred Securities

We have certain wholly-owned trusts whose assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are not included within our Consolidated Financial Statements. These trusts have been formed for the sole purpose of issuing TPS, from which the proceeds are then invested in our junior subordinated debentures, which are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as subordinated notes. The TPS are the obligations of the trusts, and as such, are not consolidated within our Consolidated Financial Statements. For additional information relating to our TPS, see Note 10, “Borrowings” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Each issue of the junior subordinated debentures has an interest rate equal to the corresponding TPS distribution rate. We have the right to defer payment of interest on the debentures at any time, or from time-to-time for a period not exceeding five years provided that no extension period may extend beyond the stated maturity of the related debentures. During any such extension period, distributions to the TPS will also be deferred and our ability to pay dividends on our common stock will be restricted. Periodic cash payments and payments upon liquidation or redemption with respect to TPS are guaranteed by us to the extent of funds held by the trusts. The guarantee ranks subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of our indebtedness to the same extent as the junior subordinated debt. The guarantee does not place a limitation on the amount of additional indebtedness that may be incurred by us.

Affordable Housing Tax Credit Partnerships

We make equity investments as a limited partner in various partnerships that sponsor affordable housing projects utilizing the LIHTC pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. The purpose of these investments is to support initiatives

associated with the Community Reinvestment Act while earning a satisfactory return. The activities of these LIHTC partnerships include the development and operation of multi-family housing that is leased to qualifying residential tenants. These partnerships are generally located in communities where we have a banking presence and meet the definition of a VIE; however, we are not the primary beneficiary of the entities, as the general partner or managing member has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities and the obligation to absorb losses beyond our own equity investment. We record our investment in LIHTC partnerships as a component of other assets and use the proportional amortization method to account for our investments in LIHTC partnerships. Amortization related to our LIHTC investments is recorded on a net basis as a component of the provision for income taxes on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table presents the balances of our affordable housing tax credit investments and related unfunded commitments:

TABLE 9.2


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
LIHTC investments included in other assets	$	85	$	86
Unfunded LIHTC commitments	34		37

The following table summarizes the impact of these LIHTC investments on the provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Income:

TABLE 9.3


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)		2023		2022
Provision for income taxes:
Amortization of LIHTC investments under proportional method		$	4	$	4
Low-income housing tax credits		(4)		(4)
Other tax benefits related to tax credit investments		(1)		(1)
Total impact on provision for income taxes		$	(1)	$	(1)

Other Investments

Other investments we also consider to be unconsolidated VIE’s include investments in Small Business Investment Companies, Historic Tax Credit investments, New Market Tax Credit investments and other equity method investments.

NOTE 10. BORROWINGS

Following is a summary of short-term borrowings:

TABLE 10.1


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Securities sold under repurchase agreements	$	255	$	317
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	1,600		930
Federal funds purchased	175		—
Subordinated notes	119		125
Total short-term borrowings	$	2,149	$	1,372

Borrowings with original maturities of one year or less are classified as short-term. Securities sold under repurchase agreements are comprised of customer repurchase agreements, which are sweep accounts with next-day maturities utilized by larger commercial customers to earn interest on their funds. Securities are pledged to these customers in an amount at least equal to

the outstanding balance. Of the total short-term FHLB advances, 9.4% had overnight maturities as of March 31, 2023. We did not have any short-term FHLB advances with overnight maturities as of December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, $800.0 million, or 50.0%, of the short-term FHLB advances were swapped to fixed rates with various maturities through 2024. This compares to $930.0 million, or 100.0%, as of December 31, 2022.

Following is a summary of long-term borrowings:

TABLE 10.2


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	$	500	$	—
Senior notes	348		648
Subordinated notes	75		70
Junior subordinated debt	72		72
Other subordinated debt	303		303
Total long-term borrowings	$	1,298	$	1,093

During the third quarter of 2022, we completed a debt offering in which we issued $350 million aggregate principal amount of 5.150% fixed-rate senior notes due in 2025. The net proceeds of the debt offering after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs were $347.4 million. These proceeds were used for general corporate purposes, which included the repayment of $300 million in 2.200% Senior Notes that matured in February 2023, and may also include investments at the holding company level, capital to support the growth of FNBPA and refinancing of outstanding indebtedness.

During 2022, we assumed $25 million of other subordinated debt and $5 million of junior subordinated debt from the Howard acquisition and $31 million of other subordinated debt from the Union acquisition. Those additions are reflected in the balances above and in the tables below.

Our banking affiliate has available credit with the FHLB of $10.5 billion, of which $2.1 billion was utilized and included in short-term and long-term borrowings and $590.0 million was utilized for a letter of credit for pledging of public funds as of March 31, 2023. These advances are secured by loans collateralized by residential mortgages, home equity lines of credit, commercial real estate and FHLB stock and the short-term borrowings are scheduled to mature in various amounts periodically during 2023 while the long-term borrowings are scheduled to mature in 2025. Effective interest rates paid on the long-term FHLB advances held during 2023 ranged from 4.55% to 4.69% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. There were no long-term FHLB borrowings during the first three months of 2022, or as of December 31, 2022.

The following table provides information relating to our senior notes and other subordinated debt as of March 31, 2023. The subordinated notes are eligible for treatment as tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes.

TABLE 10.3


(dollars in millions)	Aggregate Principal Amount Issued		Net Proceeds (6)		Carrying Value		Stated Maturity Date	Interest Rate
Senior Notes:

5.150% Senior Notes due August 25, 2025	$	350	$	347	$	348	8/25/2025	5.150	%
Total senior notes	350		347		348
Other Subordinated Debt:
4.950% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2029 (1)	120		118		119		2/14/2029	4.950	%
4.875% Subordinated Notes due 2025	100		98		100		10/2/2025	4.875	%
7.625% Subordinated Notes due August 12, 2023 (5)	38		46		29		8/12/2023	7.625	%
6.000% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due December 6, 2028 (2) (5)	25		26		25		12/6/2028	6.000	%
5.000% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due May 29, 2030 (3) (5)	25		24		24		5/29/2030	5.000	%
6.000% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due May 15, 2028 (4) (5)	6		6		6		5/15/2028	6.000	%
Total other subordinated debt	314		318		303
Total	$	664	$	665	$	651

(1) Fixed-to-floating rate until February 14, 2024, at which time the floating rate will be three-month LIBOR plus 240 basis points, or an alternative rate that may replace LIBOR, as specified in the prospectus for this offering.

(2) Fixed-to-floating rate until December 6, 2023, at which time the floating rate will be three-month LIBOR plus 302 basis points, or an alternative rate that may replace LIBOR, as specified in the prospectus for this offering.

(3) Fixed-to-floating rate until May 29, 2025, at which time the floating rate will be three-month SOFR plus 464 basis points.

(4) Fixed-to-floating rate until May 15, 2023, at which time the floating rate will be three-month LIBOR plus 350 basis points, or an alternative rate that may replace LIBOR, as specified in the prospectus for this offering.

(5) Assumed from an acquisition and adjusted to fair value at the time of acquisition.

(6) After deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs. For the debt assumed from acquisitions, this is the fair value of the debt at the time of the acquisition.

The junior subordinated debt is comprised of the debt securities issued by FNB, or companies we acquired, in relation to our four unconsolidated subsidiary trusts (collectively, the Trusts), which are unconsolidated VIEs, and are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in long-term borrowings. Since third-party investors are the primary beneficiaries, the Trusts are not consolidated in our Financial Statements. We record the distributions on the junior subordinated debt issued to the Trusts as interest expense.

The following table provides information relating to the Trusts as of March 31, 2023:

TABLE 10.4


(dollars in millions)	Trust Preferred Securities		Common Securities		Junior Subordinated Debt		Stated Maturity Date	Interest Rate		Rate Reset Factor
F.N.B. Statutory Trust II	$	22	$	1	$	22	6/15/2036	6.52	%	LIBOR + 165 bps

Yadkin Valley Statutory Trust I	25		1		22		12/15/2037	6.19	%	LIBOR + 132 bps
FNB Financial Services Capital Trust I	25		1		23		9/30/2035	6.62	%	LIBOR + 146 bps
Patapsco Statutory Trust I	5		—		5		12/15/2035	6.35	%	LIBOR + 148 bps


Total	$	77	$	3	$	72

NOTE 11. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

We are exposed to certain risks arising from both our business operations and economic conditions. We principally manage our exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of our core business activities. We manage economic risks, including interest rate risk, primarily by managing the amount, source, and duration of our assets and liabilities, and through the use of derivative instruments. Derivative instruments are used to reduce the effects that changes in interest rates may have on net income and cash flows. We also use derivative instruments to facilitate transactions on behalf of our customers.

All derivatives are carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value and do not take into account the effects of master netting arrangements we have with other financial institutions. Credit risk is included in the determination of the estimated fair value of derivatives. Derivative assets are reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in other assets and derivative liabilities are reported in other liabilities. Changes in fair value are recognized in earnings except for certain changes related to derivative instruments designated as part of a cash flow hedging relationship, which are recognized in other comprehensive income.

The following table presents notional amounts and gross fair values of our derivative assets and derivative liabilities which are not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

TABLE 11.1


	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
	Notional		Fair Value				Notional		Fair Value
(in millions)	Amount		Asset		Liability		Amount		Asset		Liability
Gross Derivatives
Subject to master netting arrangements:
Interest rate contracts – designated	$	2,050	$	2	$	—	$	2,180	$	—	$	1
Interest rate swaps – not designated	5,401		65		15		5,333		89		6

Total subject to master netting arrangements	7,451		67		15		7,513		89		7
Not subject to master netting arrangements:
Interest rate swaps – not designated	5,401		15		303		5,333		6		390
Interest rate lock commitments – not designated	141		1		4		163		—		12
Forward delivery commitments – not designated	157		—		2		203		1		2
Credit risk contracts – not designated	609		—		—		506		—		—

Total not subject to master netting arrangements	6,308		16		309		6,205		7		404
Total	$	13,759	$	83	$	324	$	13,718	$	96	$	411

Certain derivative exchanges have enacted a rule change which in effect results in the legal characterization of variation margin payments for certain derivative contracts as settlement of the derivatives mark-to-market exposure and not collateral. Accordingly, we have changed our reporting of certain derivatives to record variation margin on trades cleared through these exchanges as settled. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument.

We adopted Reference Rate Reform (RRR) on October 1, 2020, and the guidance will be followed until the Update terminates on December 31, 2024. As of October 16, 2020, we changed our valuation methodology to reflect changes made by central clearinghouses that changed the discounting methodology and interest calculation of cash migration from overnight index swap (OIS) to SOFR for U.S. dollar cleared interest rate swaps to better reflect prices obtainable in the markets in which we transact. Certain of these valuation methodology changes were applied to eligible hedging relationships. Accordingly, we have updated our hedge documentation to reflect the election of certain expedients and exceptions related to our cash flow hedging programs. The change in valuation methodology was applied prospectively as a change in accounting estimate and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments under GAAP

Interest Rate Contracts. We entered into interest rate derivative agreements to modify the interest rate characteristics of certain commercial loans and certain of our FHLB advances from variable rate to fixed rate in order to reduce the impact of changes in future cash flows due to market interest rate changes. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges, hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows. The derivative’s gain or loss, including any ineffectiveness, is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction when the forecasted transaction affects earnings.

The following table shows amounts reclassified from AOCI:

TABLE 11.2


	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivatives				Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
	Three Months Ended March 31,					Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022			2023		2022
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts	$	5	$	(19)	Interest income (expense)	$	(4)	$	(2)
					Other income	—		—

The following table represents gains (losses) recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income on cash flow hedging relationships:

TABLE 11.3


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023				2022
(in millions)	Interest Income - Loans and Leases		Interest Expense - Short-Term Borrowings		Interest Income - Loans and Leases		Interest Expense - Short-Term Borrowings
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income (the effects of cash flow hedges are included in these line items)	$	394	$	10	$	221	$	6
The effects of cash flow hedging:
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into net income	(10)		6		2		(4)

As of March 31, 2023, the maximum length of time over which forecasted interest cash flows are hedged is 3.1 years. In the twelve months that follow March 31, 2023, we expect to reclassify from the amount currently reported in AOCI net derivative losses of $23.9 million ($18.5 million net of tax), in association with interest on the hedged loans and FHLB advances. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, and the addition of other hedges subsequent to March 31, 2023.

There were no components of derivative gains or losses excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness related to these cash flow hedges. Also, during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no gains or losses from cash flow hedge derivatives reclassified to earnings because it became probable that the original forecasted transactions would not occur.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under GAAP

A description of interest rate swaps, interest rate lock commitments, forward delivery commitments and credit risk contracts can be found in Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

Interest rate swap agreements with loan customers and with the offsetting counterparties are reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current period earnings as other income or other expense.

Risk participation agreements sold with notional amounts totaling $483.7 million as of March 31, 2023 have remaining terms ranging from one month to eighteen years. Under these agreements, our maximum exposure assuming a customer defaults on their obligation to perform under certain derivative swap contracts with third parties would be $0.2 million at March 31, 2023 and $0.1 million at December 31, 2022. The fair values of risk participation agreements purchased and sold were $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023 and $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively at December 31, 2022.

The following table presents the effect of certain derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income:

TABLE 11.4


		Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	Consolidated Statements of Income Location	2023		2022
Interest rate swaps	Non-interest income - other	$	—	$	—
Interest rate lock commitments	Mortgage banking operations	—		—
Forward delivery contracts	Mortgage banking operations	(1)		9
Credit risk contracts	Non-interest income - other	—		—

Counterparty Credit Risk

We are party to master netting arrangements with most of our swap derivative dealer counterparties. Collateral, usually marketable securities and/or cash, is exchanged between FNB and our counterparties, and is generally subject to thresholds and transfer minimums. For swap transactions that require central clearing, we post cash and securities to our clearing agency. Collateral positions are settled or valued daily, and adjustments to amounts received and pledged by us are made as appropriate to maintain proper collateralization for these transactions.

Certain master netting agreements contain provisions that, if violated, could cause the counterparties to request immediate settlement or demand full collateralization under the derivative instrument. If we had breached our agreements with our derivative counterparties we would be required to settle our obligations under the agreements at the termination value and would be required to pay nothing as of March 31, 2023 and an additional $0.1 million as of December 31, 2022, in excess of amounts previously posted as collateral with the respective counterparty.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the net amounts of derivative assets and derivative liabilities presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the net amounts that would result in the event of offset:

TABLE 11.5


			Amount Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in millions)	Net Amount Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets		Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral		Net Amount
March 31, 2023
Derivative Assets
Interest rate contracts:
Designated	$	2	$	—	$	2	$	—
Not designated	65		—		65		—

Total	$	67	$	—	$	67	$	—


Derivative Liabilities
Interest rate contracts:

Not designated	$	15	$	—	$	15	$	—
Total	$	15	$	—	$	15	$	—


December 31, 2022
Derivative Assets
Interest rate contracts:

Not designated	$	89	$	—	$	88	$	1

Total	$	89	$	—	$	88	$	1


Derivative Liabilities
Interest rate contracts:
Designated	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—
Not designated	6		—		6		—
Total	$	7	$	—	$	7	$	—

NOTE 12. COMMITMENTS, CREDIT RISK AND CONTINGENCIES

We have commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit that involve certain elements of credit risk in excess of the amount stated in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the customer is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans and leases to customers and is subject to normal credit policies. Since many of these commitments expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements.

Following is a summary of off-balance sheet credit risk information:

TABLE 12.1


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commitments to extend credit	$	13,009	$	13,250
Standby letters of credit	229		207

At March 31, 2023, funding of 73.7% of the commitments to extend credit was dependent on the financial condition of the customer. We have the ability to withdraw such commitments at our discretion. Commitments generally have fixed expiration

dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer, collateral may be deemed necessary. Collateral requirements vary and may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment and income-producing commercial properties.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by us that may require payment at a future date. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is actively monitored through review of the historical performance of our portfolios.

Our AULC for commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable, which is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $20.5 million at March 31, 2023 and $21.4 million at December 31, 2022. Additional information relating to the AULC is provided in Note 6, "Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition to the above commitments, subordinated notes issued by FNB Financial Services, LP, a wholly-owned finance subsidiary, are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by FNB. These subordinated notes are included in the summaries of short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings in Note 10, “Borrowings” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, we may assert claims in legal proceedings against another party or parties, and we are routinely named as defendants in, or made parties to, pending and potential legal actions. Also, as regulated entities, we are subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information-gathering requests, and may be subject to investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal). Such threatened claims, litigation, investigations, regulatory and administrative proceedings typically entail matters that are considered incidental to the normal conduct of business. Claims for significant monetary damages may be asserted in many of these types of legal actions, while claims for disgorgement, reimbursement, restitution, penalties and/or other remedial actions or sanctions may be sought in regulatory matters. In these instances, if we determine that we have meritorious defenses, we will engage in an aggressive defense. However, if management determines, in consultation with counsel, that settlement of a matter is in the best interest of FNB and our shareholders, we may do so. It is inherently difficult to predict the eventual outcomes of such matters given their complexity and the particular facts and circumstances at issue in each of these matters. However, on the basis of current knowledge and understanding, and advice of counsel, we do not believe that judgments, sanctions, settlement resolutions, regulatory actions, investigations, settlements or orders, if any, that have arisen or may arise from these matters (either individually or in the aggregate, after giving effect to applicable reserves and insurance coverage) will have a material adverse effect on our financial position or liquidity, although they could potentially have a material effect on net income in a given period.

In view of the inherent unpredictability of outcomes in litigation and governmental and regulatory matters, particularly where (i) the damages sought are indeterminate, (ii) the proceedings are in the early stages, or (iii) the matters involve novel legal theories or a large number of parties, as a matter of course, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding the timing or ultimate resolution of litigation and governmental and regulatory matters, including a possible eventual loss, fine, restitution, penalty, business or adverse reputational impact, if any, associated with each such matter. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for litigation and governmental and regulatory matters when those matters proceed to a stage where they present loss contingencies that are both probable and reasonably estimable. In such cases, there may be a possible exposure to loss in excess of any amounts accrued. We will continue to monitor such matters, including ongoing reviews, examinations, and investigations by banking regulatory agencies and other government authorities, for developments that could affect the amount of the accrual, and will adjust the accrual amount as appropriate. If the loss contingency in question is not both probable and reasonably estimable, we do not establish an accrual and the matter will continue to be monitored for any developments that would make the loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. We believe that our accruals for legal proceedings are appropriate and, in the aggregate, are not material to our consolidated financial position, although future accruals could have a material effect on net income in a given period.

NOTE 13. STOCK INCENTIVE PLANS

Restricted Stock

We issue restricted stock awards to key employees under our Incentive Compensation Plan (Plan). We issue time-based awards and performance-based awards under this Plan, both of which are based on a three-year vesting period. The grant date fair value of the time-based awards is equal to the price of our common stock on the grant date. The fair value of the performance-based awards is based on a Monte-Carlo simulation valuation of our common stock as of the grant date. The assumptions used for this valuation include stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. We granted 470,173 and 495,844 restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, including 282,106 and 297,508

performance-based restricted stock units during those same periods, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, we had available up to 8,680,887 shares of common stock to issue under this Plan, including 7,397,956 shares registered during the second quarter of 2022.

The unvested restricted stock unit awards are eligible to receive cash dividends or dividend equivalents which are ultimately used to purchase additional shares of stock and are subject to forfeiture if the requisite service period is not completed or the specified performance criteria are not met. These awards are subject to certain accelerated vesting provisions upon retirement, death, disability or in the event of a change of control as defined in the award agreements.

The following table summarizes the activity relating to restricted stock units during the periods indicated:

TABLE 13.1


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
	Units	Weighted Average Grant Price per Share		Units	Weighted Average Grant Price per Share
Unvested units outstanding at beginning of period	4,821,182	$	10.30	4,680,786	$	9.71
Granted	470,173	15.06		495,844	14.22
Acquired	—	—		60,300	9.41
Net adjustment due to performance	288,800	8.04		—	—
Vested	(1,198,383)	8.31		(216,373)	8.77
Forfeited/expired/canceled	(539,233)	7.80		(18,239)	9.34
Dividend reinvestment	37,587	12.48		46,696	12.85
Unvested units outstanding at end of period	3,880,126	11.69		5,049,014	10.22

The following table provides certain information related to restricted stock units:

TABLE 13.2


(in millions)	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Stock-based compensation expense	$	11	$	9
Tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense	2		2
Fair value of units vested	17		3

As of March 31, 2023, there was $7.9 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units, including $0.3 million that is subject to accelerated vesting under the Plan’s immediate vesting upon retirement.

The components of the restricted stock units as of March 31, 2023 are as follows:

TABLE 13.3


(dollars in millions)	Service- Based Units		Performance- Based Units		Total
Unvested restricted stock units	2,735,134		1,144,992		3,880,126
Unrecognized compensation expense	$	7	$	1	$	8
Intrinsic value	$	32	$	13	$	45
Weighted average remaining life (in years)	1.68		1.89		1.74

Stock Options

All outstanding stock options were assumed from acquisitions and are fully vested. Upon consummation of our acquisitions, all outstanding stock options issued by the acquired companies were converted into equivalent FNB stock options. We issue shares of treasury stock or authorized but unissued shares to satisfy stock options exercised.

As of March 31, 2023, we had 110,222 stock options outstanding and exercisable at a weighted average exercise price per share of $9.86, compared to 176,602 stock options outstanding and exercisable at a weighted average exercise price per share of $8.96 as of March 31, 2022.

The intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable stock options at March 31, 2023 was $0.2 million. The aggregate intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair value of underlying stock exceeds the option exercise price.

NOTE 14. INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Expense

Federal and state income tax expense and the statutory tax rate and the actual effective tax rate consist of the following:

TABLE 14.1


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)		2023			2022
Current income taxes:
Federal taxes		$	31		$	7
State taxes		2			2
Total current income taxes		33			9
Deferred income taxes:
Federal taxes		2			5

Total deferred income taxes		2			5
Total income taxes		$	35		$	14
Statutory federal tax rate		21.0		%	21.0		%
Effective tax rate		19.5			20.9

Income tax expense was higher in 2023 due to higher pre-tax earnings as we had merger-related expenses from the Howard and Union acquisitions in 2022. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by higher deduction levels from employee stock compensation vesting.

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid. Net deferred tax assets were $133.7 million and $147.7 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

NOTE 15. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table presents changes in AOCI, net of tax, by component:

TABLE 15.1


(in millions)	Unrealized Net Gains (Losses) on Debt Securities Available for Sale		Unrealized Net Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments		Unrecognized Pension and Postretirement Obligations		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	(269)	$	(44)	$	(44)	$	(357)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	35		4		—		39
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		3		—		3
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income	35		7		—		42
Balance at end of period	$	(234)	$	(37)	$	(44)	$	(315)

The amounts reclassified from AOCI related to debt securities AFS are included in net securities gains on the Consolidated Statements of Income, while the amounts reclassified from AOCI related to derivative instruments in cash flow hedge programs are generally included in interest income on loans and leases on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The tax (benefit) expense amounts reclassified from AOCI in connection with the debt securities AFS and derivative instruments reclassifications are included in income taxes on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

NOTE 16. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding net of unvested shares of restricted stock.

Diluted earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive effect of potential common shares issuable for stock options and restricted shares, as calculated using the treasury stock method. Adjustments to the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding are made only when such adjustments dilute earnings per common share.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share:

TABLE 16.1


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in millions, except per share data)		2023		2022
Net income		$	147	$	53
Less: Preferred stock dividends		2		2
Net income available to common stockholders		$	145	$	51
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		360,858,904		344,352,853
Net effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock		4,071,384		4,573,193
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding		364,930,288		348,926,046
Earnings per common share:
Basic		$	0.40	$	0.15
Diluted		$	0.40	$	0.15

There were no anti-dilutive shares for either the three months ended or three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

NOTE 17. CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Following is a summary of supplemental cash flow information:

TABLE 17.1


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022
Interest paid on deposits and other borrowings	$	101	$	21

Transfers of loans to other real estate owned	—		1


Loans transferred to portfolio from held for sale	15		—

We did not have any restricted cash as of March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Supplemental non-cash information relating to the Howard and Union acquisitions is included in Note 3, Mergers and Acquisitions.

NOTE 18. BUSINESS SEGMENTS

We operate in three reportable segments: Community Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance.

•The Community Banking segment provides commercial and consumer banking services. Commercial banking solutions include corporate banking, small business banking, investment real estate financing, business credit, capital markets and lease financing. Consumer banking products and services include deposit products, mortgage lending, consumer lending and a complete suite of mobile and online banking services.

•The Wealth Management segment provides a broad range of personal and corporate fiduciary services including the administration of decedent and trust estates. In addition, it offers various alternative products, including securities brokerage (under a third-party arrangement) and investment advisory services, mutual funds and annuities.

•The Insurance segment includes a full-service insurance brokerage service offering all lines of commercial and personal insurance through major carriers. The Insurance segment also includes a reinsurer.

The following tables provide financial information for these segments of FNB. The information provided under the caption “Parent and Other” represents operations not considered to be reportable segments and/or general operating expenses of FNB, and includes the parent company, other non-bank subsidiaries and eliminations and adjustments to reconcile to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

TABLE 18.1


(in millions)	Community Banking		Wealth Management		Insurance		Parent and Other		Consolidated
At or for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Interest income	$	442	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	444
Interest expense	98		—		—		9		107
Net interest income	344		—		—		(7)		337
Provision for credit losses	14		—		—		—		14
Non-interest income	55		18		7		(1)		79
Non-interest expense (1)	195		13		4		3		215
Amortization of intangibles	5		—		—		—		5
Income tax expense (benefit)	38		1		—		(4)		35
Net income (loss)	147		4		3		(7)		147
Total assets	43,998		38		31		79		44,146
Total intangibles	2,526		9		26		—		2,561
At or for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Interest income	$	253	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	254
Interest expense	17		—		—		3		20
Net interest income	236		—		—		(2)		234
Provision for credit losses	17		—		—		1		18
Non-interest income	56		16		7		(1)		78
Non-interest expense (1)	207		11		5		1		224
Amortization of intangibles	3		—		—		—		3
Income tax expense (benefit)	14		1		—		(1)		14
Net income (loss)	51		4		2		(4)		53
Total assets	41,896		38		33		55		42,022
Total intangibles	2,457		9		27		—		2,493

(1) Excludes amortization of intangibles, which is presented separately.

NOTE 19. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Refer to Note 26 "Fair Value Measurements" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023 for a description of additional valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis.

The following table presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

TABLE 19.1


(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2023
Assets Measured at Fair Value
Debt securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury	$	261	$	—	$	—	$	261
U.S. government agencies	—		101		—		101
U.S. government-sponsored entities	—		261		—		261
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	—		1,187		—		1,187
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	—		950		—		950

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		392		—		392
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	—		29		—		29
Other debt securities	—		20		—		20
Total debt securities available for sale	261		2,940		—		3,201
Loans held for sale	—		76		—		76





Derivative financial instruments
Trading	—		80		—		80
Not for trading	—		2		1		3
Total derivative financial instruments	—		82		1		83
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	261	$	3,098	$	1	$	3,360
Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
Derivative financial instruments
Trading	$	—	$	317	$	—	$	317
Not for trading	—		3		4		7
Total derivative financial instruments	—		320		4		324
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	—	$	320	$	4	$	324


(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
December 31, 2022
Assets Measured at Fair Value
Debt securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury	$	257	$	—	$	—	$	257
U.S. government agencies	—		108		—		108
U.S. government-sponsored entities	—		262		—		262
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	—		1,232		—		1,232
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	—		972		—		972

Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		395		—		395
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions (municipals)	—		29		—		29
Other debt securities	—		20		—		20
Total debt securities available for sale	257		3,018		—		3,275
Loans held for sale	—		91		—		91





Derivative financial instruments
Trading	—		95		—		95
Not for trading	—		1		—		1
Total derivative financial instruments	—		96		—		96
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	257	$	3,205	$	—	$	3,462
Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
Derivative financial instruments
Trading	$	—	$	396	$	—	$	396
Not for trading	—		3		12		15
Total derivative financial instruments	—		399		12		411
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	—	$	399	$	12	$	411

The following table presents additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:

TABLE 19.2


(in millions)	Other Debt Securities		Interest Rate Lock Commitments		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	—	$	—	$	—




Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:

Issuances	—		1		1




Balance at end of period	$	—	$	1	$	1
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	—	$	9	$	9




Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
Purchases	2		—		2


Settlements	(1)		(9)		(10)
Transfers from Level 3	(1)		—		(1)

Balance at end of period	$	—	$	—	$	—

We review fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in/out of Level 3 at fair value at the beginning of the period in which the changes occur. There were no transfers of assets or liabilities between the hierarchy levels during the first three months of 2023 or 2022.

From time to time, we measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Valuation methodologies used to measure these fair value adjustments were described in Note 26, "Fair Value Measurements" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis still held at the Balance Sheet date, the following table provides the hierarchy level and the fair value of the related assets or portfolios:

TABLE 19.3


(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
March 31, 2023
Collateral dependent loans	$	—	$	—	$	30	$	30

Other assets - SBA servicing asset	—		—		2		2
Other real estate owned	—		—		1		1
December 31, 2022
Collateral dependent loans	$	—	$	—	$	34	$	34

Other assets - SBA servicing asset	—		—		2		2
Other real estate owned	—		—		3		3

The fair value amounts for collateral dependent loans and OREO in the table above were estimated at a date during the three months or twelve months ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Consequently, the fair value information presented is not necessarily as of the period’s end. Collateral dependent loans measured or re-measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2023 had a carrying amount of $29.9 million, which includes an allocated ACL of $8.8 million. The ACL includes a credit to the provision applicable to the current period fair value measurements of $6.9 million, which was included in provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

SBA servicing assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis had a carrying value of $1.9 million. During 2023, the valuation allowance decreased $0.3 million to $1.3 million as of March 31, 2023, down from $1.6 million at December 31, 2022, which is reflected in the year-to-date provision expense.

OREO measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during 2023 had a carrying amount of $0.6 million, which included a valuation allowance of $0.3 million, as of March 31, 2023. The valuation allowance includes a loss of $0.4 million, which was included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Refer to Note 26, "Fair Value Measurements" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023 for a description of methods and assumptions that were used to estimate the fair value of each financial instrument.

The fair values of our financial instruments are as follows:

TABLE 19.4


					Fair Value Measurements
(in millions)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
March 31, 2023
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,723	$	1,723	$	1,723	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	3,201		3,201		261		2,940		—
Debt securities held to maturity	4,073		3,742		—		3,742		—
Net loans and leases, including loans held for sale	30,370		29,620		—		76		29,544
Loan servicing rights	56		70		—		—		70

Derivative assets	83		83		—		82		1
Accrued interest receivable	130		130		130		—		—
Financial Liabilities
Deposits	34,190		34,105		29,441		4,664		—
Short-term borrowings	2,149		2,148		2,148		—		—
Long-term borrowings	1,298		1,260		—		—		1,260
Derivative liabilities	324		324		—		320		4
Accrued interest payable	37		37		37		—		—
December 31, 2022
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,674	$	1,674	$	1,674	$	—	$	—
Debt securities available for sale	3,275		3,275		257		3,018		—
Debt securities held to maturity	4,087		3,687		—		3,687		—
Net loans and leases, including loans held for sale	29,977		29,008		—		91		28,917
Loan servicing rights	55		71		—		—		71

Derivative assets	96		96		—		96		—
Accrued interest receivable	126		126		126		—		—
Financial Liabilities
Deposits	34,770		34,673		31,158		3,515		—
Short-term borrowings	1,372		1,369		1,369		—		—
Long-term borrowings	1,093		1,061		—		—		1,061
Derivative liabilities	411		411		—		399		12
Accrued interest payable	31		31		31		—		—

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

MD&A represents an overview of and highlights material changes to our financial condition and consolidated results of operations at and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto contained herein and our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023. Our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results expected for the full year.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This Report may contain statements regarding our outlook for earnings, revenues, expenses, tax rates, capital and liquidity levels and ratios, asset quality levels, financial position and other matters regarding or affecting our current or future business and operations. These statements can be considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve various assumptions, risks and uncertainties which can change over time. Actual results or future events may be different from those anticipated in our forward-looking statements and may not align with historical performance and events. As forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, caution should be exercised against placing undue reliance upon such statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as "believe," "plan," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "outlook," "estimate," "forecast," "will," "should," "project," "goal," and other similar words and expressions. We do not assume any duty to update forward-looking statements, except as required by federal securities laws.

Our forward-looking statements are subject to the following principal risks and uncertainties:

•Our business, financial results and balance sheet values are affected by business, economic and political circumstances, including, but not limited to: (i) developments with respect to the U.S. and global financial markets; (ii) supervision, regulation, enforcement and other actions by several governmental agencies, including the FRB, FDIC, Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC), DOJ, CFPB, UST, OCC and Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), state attorney generals and other governmental agencies whose actions may affect, among other things, our consumer and mortgage lending and deposit practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, annual FDIC insurance premium assessment and growth, money supply, market interest rates or otherwise affect business activities of the financial services industry; (iii) a slowing of the U.S. economy in general and regional and local economies within our market area; (iv) inflation concerns; (v) the impacts of tariffs or other trade policies of the U.S. or its global trading partners; and (vi) the sociopolitical environment in the U.S.

•Business and operating results are affected by our ability to identify and effectively manage risks inherent in our businesses, including, where appropriate, through effective use of systems and controls, third-party insurance, derivatives, and capital management techniques, and to meet evolving regulatory capital and liquidity standards.

•Competition can have an impact on customer acquisition, growth and retention, and on credit spreads, deposit gathering and product pricing, which can affect market share, loans, deposits and revenues. Our ability to anticipate, react quickly and continue to respond to technological changes and potential additional novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) challenges can also impact our ability to respond to customer needs and meet competitive demands.

•Business and operating results can also be affected by widespread natural and other disasters, pandemics and post-pandemic return to normalcy, global events, including the Ukraine-Russia conflict, shortages of labor, supply chain disruptions and shipping delays, terrorist activities, system failures, security breaches, significant political events, cyber-attacks or international hostilities through impacts on the economy and financial markets generally, or on us or our counterparties specifically.

•Legal, regulatory and accounting developments could have an impact on our ability to operate and grow our businesses, financial condition, results of operations, competitive position, and reputation. Reputational impacts could affect matters such as business generation and retention, liquidity, funding, and the ability to attract and retain talent. These developments could include:

◦Policies and priorities of the current U.S. presidential administration, including legislative and regulatory reforms, more aggressive approaches to supervisory or enforcement priorities with consumer and anti-discrimination lending laws by the federal banking agencies and DOJ, changes affecting oversight of the financial services industry, regulatory obligations or restrictions, consumer protection, taxes, employee benefits, compensation practices, pension, bankruptcy and other industry aspects, and changes in accounting policies and principles.

◦Changes to regulations or accounting standards governing bank capital requirements, loan loss reserves and liquidity standards.

◦Changes in monetary and fiscal policies, including interest rate policies and strategies of the FOMC.

◦Unfavorable resolution of legal proceedings or other claims and regulatory and other governmental investigations or inquiries. These matters may result in monetary judgments or settlements, enforcement actions or other remedies, including fines, penalties, restitution or alterations in our business practices, and in additional expenses and collateral costs, and may cause reputational harm to FNB.

◦Results of the regulatory examination and supervision process, including our failure to satisfy requirements imposed by the federal bank regulatory agencies or other governmental agencies.

◦Business and operating results are affected by our ability to effectively identify and manage risks inherent in our businesses, including, where appropriate, through effective use of policies, processes, systems and controls, third-party insurance, derivatives, and capital and liquidity management techniques.

◦The impact on our financial condition, results of operations, financial disclosures and future business strategies related to the impact on the ACL due to changes in forecasted macroeconomic conditions as a result of applying the “current expected credit loss” accounting standard, or CECL.

◦A failure or disruption in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, including as a result of cyber-attacks or campaigns.

•The COVID-19 pandemic and the federal, state, and local regulatory and governmental actions implemented in response to COVID-19 have resulted in increased volatility of the financial markets and national and local economic conditions, supply chain challenges, rising inflationary pressures, increased levels of unemployment and business failures, and the potential to have a material impact on, among other things, our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or on our management, employees, customers and critical vendors and suppliers. In view of the many unknowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, our forward-looking statements continue to be subject to various conditions that may be substantially different in the future than what we are currently experiencing or expecting, including, but not limited to, challenging headwinds for the U.S. economy and labor market and the possible change in commercial and consumer customer fundamentals, expectations and sentiments. As a result of the COVID-19 impact, including uncertainty regarding the potential impact of continuing variant mutations of the virus, U.S. government responsive measures to manage it or provide financial relief, the uncertainty regarding its duration and the success of vaccination efforts, it is possible the pandemic may have a material adverse impact on our business, operations and financial performance.

The risks identified here are not exclusive or the types of risks we may confront and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied as a result of these risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risk factors and other uncertainties described under Item 1A. Risk Factors and the Risk Management sections of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, our subsequent 2023 Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q (including the risk factors and risk management discussions) and our other 2023 filings with the SEC, which are available on our corporate website at https://www.fnb-online.com/about-us/investor-information/reports-and-filings or the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. More specifically, our forward-looking statements may be subject to the evolving risks and uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its macro-economic impact and the resulting governmental, business and societal responses to it. We have included our web address as an inactive textual reference only. Information on our website is not part of our SEC filings.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A description of our critical accounting policies is included in the MD&A section of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023 under the heading “Application of Critical Accounting Policies”. There have been no significant changes in critical accounting policies or the assumptions and judgments utilized in applying these policies since December 31, 2022.

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES AND KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

To supplement our Consolidated Financial Statements presented in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as operating net income available to common stockholders, operating earnings per diluted common share, return on average tangible common equity, operating return on average tangible common equity, return on average tangible assets, tangible book value per common share, the ratio of tangible equity to tangible assets, the ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets, efficiency ratio and net interest margin (FTE) to provide information useful to investors in understanding our

operating performance and trends, and to facilitate comparisons with the performance of our peers. Management uses these measures internally to assess and better understand our underlying business performance and trends related to core business activities. The non-GAAP financial measures and key performance indicators we use may differ from the non-GAAP financial measures and key performance indicators other financial institutions use to assess their performance and trends.

These non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed as supplemental in nature, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, our reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP. When non-GAAP financial measures are disclosed, the SEC's Regulation G requires: (i) the presentation of the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP and (ii) a reconciliation of the differences between the non-GAAP financial measure presented and the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Reconciliations of non-GAAP operating measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are included later in this report under the heading “Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Key Performance Indicators to GAAP”.

Management believes items such as merger expenses, initial provision for non-PCD loans acquired and branch consolidation costs are not organic to run our operations and facilities. These items are considered significant items impacting earnings as they are deemed to be outside of ordinary banking activities. The merger expenses and branch consolidation costs principally represent expenses to satisfy contractual obligations of the acquired entity or closed branch without any useful ongoing benefit to us. These costs are specific to each individual transaction and may vary significantly based on the size and complexity of the transaction.

To facilitate peer comparisons of net interest margin and efficiency ratio, we use net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis in calculating net interest margin by increasing the interest income earned on tax-exempt assets (loans and investments) to make it fully equivalent to interest income earned on taxable investments (this adjustment is not permitted under GAAP). Taxable-equivalent amounts for the 2023 and 2022 periods were calculated using a federal statutory income tax rate of 21%.

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

Net income available to common stockholders for the first quarter of 2023 was $144.5 million or $0.40 per diluted common share, compared to net income available to common stockholders for the first quarter of 2022 of $51.0 million or $0.15 per diluted common share. On an operating basis, earnings per diluted common share (non-GAAP) was $0.40 for the first quarter of 2023, excluding $2.1 million (pre-tax) in merger-related significant items, while the first quarter of 2022 was $0.26, excluding $47.8 million (pre-tax) in merger-related significant items and $4.2 million (pre-tax) in branch consolidation costs.

During the first quarter, we reported record total revenue of $416.0 million, a $103.6 million, or 33% increase from the prior-year quarter, with strong momentum on several key performance metrics including return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) of 20%, return on average assets of 1.4%, and an efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) of 50.6%. Our strong financial performance was due to the consistent execution of our conservative business model and focus on customer primacy which led to stable deposit balances, solid capital with a CET1 ratio of 10% and ample liquidity to cover our uninsured and non-collateralized deposits by 170%.

Income Statement Highlights (First quarter of 2023 compared to first quarter of 2022, except as noted)

•Record total revenue of $416.0 million increased $103.6 million, or 33.2%.

•Net interest income increased $102.6 million, or 43.8%, to $336.7 million primarily due to the benefit of growth in earning assets, the impact from the higher interest rate environment, strong deposit growth and prudent management of deposit pricing and betas.

•On a linked-quarter basis net interest income of $336.7 million increased $1.8 million, or 0.5%, from the prior quarter total of $334.9 million, primarily due to growth in average earning assets and net benefits from the higher interest rate environment.

•Net interest margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) increased 95 basis points primarily due to higher yields on loans, investment securities and interest-bearing deposits with banks reflecting the higher interest rate environment, partially offset by increased cost of funds.

•On a linked-quarter basis, the net interest margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) increased 3 basis points to 3.56% as the earning asset yield (non-GAAP) increased 39 basis points and the cost of funds increased 38 basis points.

•The annualized net charge-offs to total average loans ratio was 0.18%, compared to 0.03%. While slightly elevated from recent quarters, net charge-offs remain at historically low levels and largely utilized previously established specific reserves.

•The effective tax rate was 19.5%, compared to 20.9%, driven by higher deduction levels from employee stock compensation vesting.

•The efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) was 50.6%, fueled by higher revenue, compared to 60.7% for the year-ago quarter.

Balance Sheet Highlights (period-end balances, March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, unless otherwise indicated)

•Total average deposits increased $274.2 million, or 0.8%, from the fourth quarter 2022 levels, reflecting organic growth in new and existing customer relationships and inflows from the Union acquisition.

•Period-end deposits remained stable with a slight decrease of $579.7 million, or 1.7%, primarily due to normal seasonal declines in public funds and other corporate deposit balances. From March 8, 2023 to quarter end, total deposit balances decreased slightly by $226 million, or 0.7%, largely due to normal wholesale and retail customer activity. This time frame represents the beginning period of the disruption in the banking industry due to the recent bank failures. We ended the quarter with approximately 76% of deposits insured by the FDIC or collateralized.

•Total average deposits grew $1.2 billion, or 3.7%, from the same prior-year period, led by increases in average time deposits of $1.2 billion, or 42.1%, average non-interest-bearing deposits of $154.6 million, or 1.4%, and average savings deposits of $148.5 million, or 3.8%, more than offsetting the decline in average interest-bearing demand deposits of $323.5 million, or 2.2%. Average deposit growth reflected organic growth in new and existing customer relationships and inflows from the Union acquisition which closed in December 2022 and the Howard acquisition that closed in January 2022.

•Period-end total loans and leases, increased $3.8 billion, or 14.3%, as compared to March 31, 2022, which includes the Union acquired loans. Commercial loans and leases increased $1.9 billion, or 11.0%, and consumer loans increased $1.9 billion, or 20.6%. Our strong organic loan growth was driven by the continued success of our strategy to grow high-quality loans across our diverse geographic footprint.

•On a linked-quarter basis, period-end loans and leases increased $418.3 million, or 1.4%, including an increase of $222.0 million in commercial loans and leases and $196.4 million in consumer loans. Average loans and leases increased $1.0 billion, or 3.6%, linked-quarter, with growth of $795.4 million in commercial loans and leases and $254.3 million in consumer loans.

•The ratio of loans to deposits was 89.7%, compared to 87.0%, as loan growth outpaced deposits. Additionally, the deposit funding mix reflected non-interest-bearing deposits of 33% of total deposits, compared to 34%, reflecting customers' preferences migrating towards savings and time deposits given higher available rates on those products.

•Total assets were $44.1 billion, compared to $43.7 billion, an increase of $421.0 million, or 1.0%, primarily due to organic growth in loans.

•The ratio of the ACL to total loans and leases was stable at 1.32%, compared to 1.33%. The ACL on loans and leases totaled $403 million, compared to $402 million.

•The ratio of non-performing loans and OREO to total loans and OREO decreased 2 basis points to 0.38%. Total delinquency decreased 11 basis points to 0.60%, compared to 0.71%, and continues to remain at a historically low level.

•Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP) of $8.66, increased $0.39, or 4.7%. AOCI reduced the tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP) by $0.87 as of March 31, 2023, primarily due to the impact of higher interest rates on the fair value of AFS securities, a $0.12 improvement compared to a $0.99 reduction as of December 31, 2022.

•The CET1 regulatory capital ratio was 10.0%, up slightly from 9.8% at December 31, 2022, benefiting from the strong retained earnings growth in the quarter.

•During the first quarter of 2023, we repurchased 850,000 shares of common stock at a weighted average share price of $13.78.

TABLE 1


	Three Months Ended March 31,
Quarterly Results Summary	2023			2022
Reported results
Net income available to common stockholders (millions)	$	144.5		$	51.0
Net income per diluted common share	0.40			0.15
Book value per common share (period-end)	15.76			15.19

Operating results (non-GAAP)
Operating net income available to common stockholders (millions)	$	146.1		$	92.0
Operating net income per diluted common share	0.40			0.26

Average diluted common shares outstanding (thousands)	364,930			348,926
Significant items impacting earnings(1) (millions)
Pre-tax merger-related expenses	$	(2.1)		$	(28.6)
After-tax impact of merger-related expenses	(1.6)			(22.6)









Pre-tax provision expense related to acquisition	—			(19.1)
After-tax impact of provision expense related to acquisition	—			(15.1)
Pre-tax branch consolidation costs	—			(4.2)
After-tax impact of branch consolidation costs	—			(3.3)


Total significant items pre-tax	$	(2.1)		$	(51.9)
Total significant items after-tax	$	(1.6)		$	(41.0)
Capital measures
Common equity tier 1	10.0		%	10.0		%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (period-end) (non-GAAP)	7.50			7.18
Tangible book value per common share (period-end) (non-GAAP)	$	8.66		$	8.09


































(1) Favorable (unfavorable) impact on earnings

Industry Developments

BANKING INDUSTRY DISRUPTION

During the second week of March 2023, Silicon Valley Bank failed and was taken over by federal regulators. The size of the bank, being over $200 billion in assets, made it the second largest U.S. bank to fail. Subsequently that week, Signature Bank with assets over $100 billion, was also closed by federal regulators. On May 1, 2023, it was announced that First Republic Bank was another bank closed by federal regulators. While these failures were idiosyncratic in nature, these events called into question the stability of the entire banking sector and also sparked customer fears of potential loss of deposit balances exceeding the FDIC's $250,000 insurance limit.

While the high-profile bank failures had a diminishing effect on public confidence of the banking system, the federal government took mitigating action. To strengthen public confidence, the federal government announced that that all depositors of both banks would be protected with any losses to the DIF recovered by a special assessment on banks. In addition to those actions, the FRB made available additional funding to eligible depository institutions to help assure banks the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors. This action will bolster the capacity of the banking system to safeguard deposits and ensure the ongoing provision of money and credit to the economy.

The additional funding was made available through the creation of a new BTFP, offering loans of up to one year in length to banks, savings associations, credit unions and other eligible depository institutions pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities and other qualifying assets as collateral. These assets will be valued at par. The BTFP will be an additional source of liquidity against high-quality securities, eliminating an institution's need to quickly sell those securities in

times of stress. As of March 31, 2023, we have not participated in this program. Additionally, our total deposit balances have remained stable as a result of our granular deposit base with our average customer deposit account balance at approximately $30,000 (below the peer median) and our median consumer deposit account balance at approximately $5,000 as of quarter-end. FDIC-insured or collateralized deposits represented approximately 76% of our total deposits at March 31, 2023, which was higher than our peer median (based on peer data as of December 31, 2022) and we had ample liquidity to fund up to 170% of our uninsured and non-collateralized deposits.

LIBOR and SOFR

The United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), who is the regulator of LIBOR, announced on March 5, 2021 that they will no longer require any panel bank to continue to submit LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As it pertains to U.S. Dollar LIBOR, the FCA announced that certain LIBOR tenors will continue to be published through June 30, 2023. Bank regulators, in a joint statement urged banks to stop using LIBOR altogether on new transactions by the end of 2021 to avoid the possible creation of safety and soundness risk. The FRB of New York has created a working group called the Alternative Reference Rate Committee (ARRC) to assist U.S. institutions in transitioning away from LIBOR as a benchmark interest rate. The ARRC has recommended the use of SOFR as a replacement index for LIBOR.

On March 15, 2022, the Adjustable Interest Rate Act (the LIBOR Act) was signed into law. As required by the LIBOR Act, the FRB's final rule, effective February 27, 2023, identifies FRB-based benchmark replacements for LIBOR contracts that will not mature prior to the LIBOR replacement date and do not contain clear and practical benchmark replacements. The final rule identifies different SOFR-based FRB-selected benchmark replacements for different categories of LIBOR contracts. In addition, the final rule identifies certain benchmark replacement conforming changes related to the implementation, administration and calculation of the FRB-selected benchmark replacement. The final rule expressly indicates that a determining person may select the FRB-selected benchmark which will become the benchmark replacement. Finally, the FRB's final rule preempts any state or local law or standard relating to the selection or use of a benchmark replacement or conforming changes.

We have LIBOR exposure in various agreements, including variable rate loans, derivatives and debt we issued and acquired. We created an internal transition team that is managing our transition away from LIBOR. This transition team is a cross-functional team composed of representatives from the commercial, retail and mortgage banking lines of business, as well as representatives from loan operations, information technology, legal, finance and other support functions. The transition team determined that the primary index to be utilized for loans will be SOFR-based.

Beginning in September 2020, adjustable rate mortgage loans have been originated with SOFR as the underlying index. We started originating commercial loans utilizing SOFR and other indices in the fourth quarter of 2021 and, effective January 1, 2022, ceased origination of LIBOR-based loans. For all existing LIBOR-based loans, remediation efforts are scheduled to be completed by June 30, 2023.

Our transition team continues to work within the guidelines established by the FCA, FRB and the ARRC to provide for a smooth transition away from LIBOR.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022

Net income available to common stockholders for the first three months of 2023 was $144.5 million or $0.40 per diluted common share, compared to $51.0 million or $0.15 per diluted common share for the first three months of 2022. On an operating basis (non-GAAP), net income available to common stockholders for the first three months of 2023 was $146.1 million, or $0.40, compared to $92.0 million or $0.26 per diluted common share for the first three months of 2022. Net interest income totaled $336.7 million, an increase of $102.6 million, or 43.8%, compared to $234.1 million, as total average earning assets increased $2.1 billion, or 5.6%, including a $4.2 billion increase in average loans and leases from organic origination activity and acquired Union loans, as well as a $313.3 million increase in average investment securities. The net interest margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) increased 95 basis points to 3.56%, as the yield on earning assets (non-GAAP) increased 185 basis points to 4.68%, primarily due to higher yields on loans, investment securities and interest-bearing deposits with banks reflecting the higher interest rate environment. The total cost of funds increased 96 basis points to 1.18% with a 136 basis point increase in interest-bearing deposit costs to 1.50%. Between March 31, 2022, and March 31, 2023, the FOMC raised the target Federal Funds interest rate by 450 basis points. The provision for credit losses for the first three months of 2023 totaled $14.1 million, compared to $18.0 million. The year-ago quarter included $19.1 million of initial provision for non-PCD loans associated with the Howard acquisition. Non-interest income totaled $79.4 million, an increase of $1.1 million, or 1.4%, reflecting increased

contributions from wealth management and dividends on non-marketable equity securities, partially offset by reduced contributions from mortgage banking due to the sharp increase in interest rates in 2022. Non-interest expense totaled $219.9 million, decreasing $7.5 million, or 3.3%. On an operating basis (non-GAAP), non-interest expense totaled $217.9 million, an increase of $23.2 million, or 11.9%, compared to the first quarter of 2022. Salaries and benefits increased $8.1 million, or 7.2%, due to annual merit increases, reduced salary deferrals given lower loan origination volumes and the addition of the acquired Howard and Union expense bases.

Financial highlights are summarized below:

TABLE 2


	Three Months Ended March 31,				$		%
(in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		Change		Change
Net interest income	$	336,654	$	234,076	$	102,578	43.8	%
Provision for credit losses	14,061		17,959		(3,898)		(21.7)
Non-interest income	79,389		78,322		1,067		1.4
Non-interest expense	219,917		227,426		(7,509)		(3.3)
Income taxes	35,560		14,015		21,545		153.7
Net income	146,505		52,998		93,507		176.4
Less: Preferred stock dividends	2,010		2,010		—		—
Net income available to common stockholders	$	144,495	$	50,988	$	93,507	183.4	%
Earnings per common share – Basic	$	0.40	$	0.15	$	0.25	166.7	%
Earnings per common share – Diluted	0.40		0.15		0.25		166.7
Cash dividends per common share	0.12		0.12		—		—

The following table presents selected financial ratios and other relevant data used to analyze our performance:

TABLE 3


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Return on average equity	10.37		%	3.94		%
Return on average tangible common equity (2)	19.68			7.49
Return on average assets	1.37			0.52
Return on average tangible assets (2)	1.49			0.58
Book value per common share (1)	$	15.76		$	15.19
Tangible book value per common share (1) (2)	8.66			8.09
Equity to assets (1)	13.11		%	12.94		%
Average equity to average assets	13.20			13.25
Common equity to assets (1)	12.87			12.69
Tangible equity to tangible assets (1) (2)	7.76			7.45
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (1) (2)	7.50			7.18
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio (1)	10.0			10.0
Dividend payout ratio	30.30			83.74

(1) Period-end

(2) Non-GAAP

The following table provides information regarding the average balances and yields earned on interest-earning assets (non-GAAP) and the average balances and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities:

TABLE 4


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023						2022
(dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Yield/ Rate
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	$	817,910	$	6,653	3.30	%	$	3,105,599	$	1,507	0.20	%

Taxable investment securities (1)	6,214,311		35,476		2.28		5,930,948		23,785		1.60
Tax-exempt investment securities (1)(2)	1,055,189		9,159		3.47		1,025,284		8,732		3.41
Loans held for sale	116,164		1,594		5.51		259,362		2,392		3.70
Loans and leases (2) (3)	30,410,376		393,895		5.24		26,238,804		219,762		3.39
Total interest-earning assets (2)	38,613,950		446,777		4.68		36,559,997		256,178		2.83
Cash and due from banks	442,712						410,716
Allowance for credit losses	(405,705)						(360,392)
Premises and equipment	442,441						378,090
Other assets	4,328,511						4,132,660
Total assets	$	43,421,909					$	41,121,071
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing demand	$	14,596,006	52,278		1.45		$	14,919,488	3,416		0.09
Savings	4,023,568		7,853		0.79		3,875,020		143		0.01
Certificates and other time	4,182,700		23,961		2.32		2,944,377		4,126		0.57
Total interest-bearing deposits	22,802,274		84,092		1.50		21,738,885		7,685		0.14
Short-term borrowings	1,561,343		9,744		2.53		1,509,971		5,802		1.56
Long-term borrowings	1,082,040		13,013		4.88		709,817		6,017		3.44
Total interest-bearing liabilities	25,445,657		106,849		1.70		23,958,673		19,504		0.33
Non-interest-bearing demand	11,410,506						11,255,917
Total deposits and borrowings	36,856,163				1.18		35,214,590				0.22
Other liabilities	834,106						457,587
Total liabilities	37,690,269						35,672,177
Stockholders’ equity	5,731,640						5,448,894
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	43,421,909					$	41,121,071
Net interest-earning assets	$	13,168,293					$	12,601,324
Net interest income (FTE) (2)			339,928						236,674
Tax-equivalent adjustment			(3,274)						(2,598)
Net interest income			$	336,654					$	234,076
Net interest spread					2.98	%					2.50	%
Net interest margin (2)					3.56	%					2.61	%

(1)The average balances and yields earned on securities are based on historical cost.

(2)The interest income amounts are reflected on an FTE basis (non-GAAP), which adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 21%. The yield on earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on an FTE basis. We believe this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts.

(3)Average loans and leases consist of average total loans, including non-accrual loans, less average unearned income.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) totaled $339.9 million, increasing $103.3 million, or 43.6%, as the higher interest rate environment benefited earning asset yields given the asset sensitive positioning of the balance sheet, which was partially offset by the higher cost of interest-bearing deposits given customers' preferences migrating toward time deposits and the current competitive interest rate environment. Average earning assets grew $2.1 billion, or 5.6%, primarily driven by organic loan origination activity and acquired Union and Howard loans and an increase in average investment securities. The net interest margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) increased 95 basis points to 3.56%, primarily reflecting higher yields on loans, investment securities and interest-bearing deposits with banks reflecting the higher interest rate environment.

The following table provides certain information regarding changes in net interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) attributable to changes in the average volumes and yields earned on interest-earning assets and the average volume and rates paid for interest-bearing liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022:

TABLE 5


(in thousands)	Volume		Rate		Net
Interest Income (1)
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	$	(1,099)	$	6,245	$	5,146

Securities (2)	1,637		10,481		12,118
Loans held for sale	(1,262)		464		(798)
Loans and leases (2)	36,996		137,137		174,133
Total interest income (2)	36,272		154,327		190,599
Interest Expense (1)
Deposits:
Interest-bearing demand	(32)		48,894		48,862
Savings	17		7,693		7,710
Certificates and other time	2,491		17,344		19,835
Short-term borrowings	1,028		2,914		3,942
Long-term borrowings	3,918		3,078		6,996
Total interest expense	7,422		79,923		87,345
Net change (2)	$	28,850	$	74,404	$	103,254

(1)The amount of change not solely due to rate or volume changes was allocated between the change due to rate and the change due to volume based on the net size of the rate and volume changes.

(2)Interest income amounts are reflected on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) which adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and investments using the federal statutory tax rate of 21%. We believe this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income and provides relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable amounts.

Interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) of $446.8 million for the first three months of 2023, increased $190.6 million, or 74.4%, from the same period of 2022, resulting from the interest rate increases by the FOMC and a $2.1 billion increase in earning assets. The increase in earning assets was primarily driven by a $4.2 billion, or 15.9%, increase in average loans and an increase in average investment securities of $313.3 million, partially offset by a decrease of $2.3 billion, or 73.7%, in average cash balances. Growth in total average commercial loans included $1.1 billion, or 17.9%, in commercial and industrial loans and $960.9 million, or 9.1%, in commercial real estate driven by a combination of organic loan origination activity led by the Pittsburgh, Cleveland and North Carolina markets, as well as adding the Union loans to portfolio balances. Average consumer loans increased $2.1 billion, or 22.8%, with an increase in residential mortgage loans of $1.4 billion, or 35.0%, reflecting adjustable-rate mortgages held in portfolio on the balance sheet and the continued success of the Physicians First mortgage program, which is a digital program that provides a bundled suite of specialized products to meet the personal and professional needs of physicians, dentists, veterinarians and other healthcare professionals. Additionally, indirect installment loans increased $325.7 million, or 26.8%, and direct home equity installment loans increased $283.3 million, or 11.4%, driven by strong organic loan origination activity throughout 2022. Additionally, the net increase in the securities interest income was a result of replacing maturing securities with higher yielding securities, as the average securities yield increased 59 basis points. For the first three months of 2023, the yield on average earning assets (non-GAAP) increased 185 basis points to 4.68%,

compared to the first three months of 2022, primarily due to higher yields on loans, investment securities and interest-bearing deposits with banks reflecting the higher interest rate environment.

Interest expense of $106.8 million for the first three months of 2023 increased $87.3 million, or 447.8%, from the same period of 2022, primarily due to the higher interest rate environment and an increase in average interest-bearing deposits. The growth in average deposits reflected solid organic growth in new and existing customer relationships and inflows from the Union and Howard acquisition. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $1.1 billion, or 4.9%, which reflects the benefit of solid organic growth in customer relationships and the addition of the Union and Howard acquisition. Average time deposits increased $1.2 billion, or 42.1%, as customer preferences shifted towards certificates of deposits as interest rates increased. Average long-term borrowings increased $372.2 million, or 52.4%, primarily due to an increase of $228.5 million in senior debt resulting from the issuance of $350 million in 5.150% fixed-rate senior notes during August 2022, partially offset by the maturity of $300 million in 2.20% fixed-rate senior notes in February 2023. Additionally, long-term FHLB borrowings increased $101.1 million. The rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 137 basis points to 1.70% for the first three months of 2023, compared to the first three months of 2022, as the cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 136 basis points from 0.14% to 1.50%. These increases were primarily a result of the interest rate actions taken by the FOMC, combined with the issuance of senior debt in August 2022.

Provision for Credit Losses

The following table presents information regarding the provision for credit loss expense and net charge-offs:

TABLE 6


	Three Months Ended March 31,						$		%
(dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			Change		Change
Provision for credit losses on loans and leases	$	14,891		$	18,236		$	(3,345)	(18.3)	%
Provision for unfunded loan commitments	(925)			(340)			(585)		172.1
Total provision for credit losses on loans and leases	13,966			17,896			(3,930)		(22.0)
Provision for securities	95			63			32		50.8
Total provision for credit losses	$	14,061		$	17,959		$	(3,898)	(21.7)	%
Net loan charge-offs	13,197			1,888			11,309		599.0
Net loan charge-offs (annualized) / total average loans and leases	0.18		%	0.03		%

The provision for credit losses was $14.1 million, compared to $18.0 million in the first quarter of 2022. The provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2022 included $19.1 million of initial provision for non-PCD loans associated with the Howard acquisition. The provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2023 was primarily due to loan growth, CECL-related model impacts from forecasted macroeconomic conditions, and charge-off activity. The first quarter of 2023 reflected net charge-offs of $13.2 million, or 0.18% annualized of total average loans, compared to $1.9 million, or 0.03% annualized, in the first quarter of 2022. While slightly elevated from the year-ago quarter, net charge-offs remain at historically low levels. The ACL was $403.4 million, an increase of $32.8 million, with the ratio of the ACL to total loans and leases decreasing 7 basis points to 1.32%, reflecting the strong loan growth, partially offset by the increase in the ACL.

Non-Interest Income

The breakdown of non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented in the following table:

TABLE 7


	Three Months Ended March 31,				$		%
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Change
Service charges	$	32,640	$	31,515	$	1,125	3.6	%
Trust services	10,611		10,349		262		2.5
Insurance commissions and fees	7,787		7,605		182		2.4
Securities commissions and fees	7,382		5,691		1,691		29.7
Capital markets income	6,793		7,127		(334)		(4.7)
Mortgage banking operations	4,855		6,667		(1,812)		(27.2)
Dividends on non-marketable equity securities	4,108		2,150		1,958		91.1
Bank owned life insurance	2,825		2,642		183		6.9
Net securities gains (losses)	(17)		—		(17)		—

Other	2,405		4,576		(2,171)		(47.4)
Total non-interest income	$	79,389	$	78,322	$	1,067	1.4	%

Total non-interest income increased $1.1 million, or 1.4%. The variances in significant individual non-interest income items are explained in the following paragraphs.

Service charges of $32.6 million increased $1.1 million, or 3.6%, driven by treasury management services and interchange fees, offsetting the expected decline in overdraft and non-sufficient fund service charges from the previously announced overdraft practice changes that we implemented in the first quarter of 2023.

Securities commissions and fees of $7.4 million increased $1.7 million, or 29.7%, due to record securities commissions and fees driven by higher transaction activity and annuity sales.

Mortgage banking operations income of $4.9 million decreased $1.8 million, or 27.2%, as secondary market revenue and mortgage held-for-sale pipelines declined from 2022 levels given the sharp increase in mortgage rates and growth in adjustable-rate mortgage originations which we held in portfolio on the balance sheet. During the first three months of 2023, we sold $206.7 million of residential mortgage loans, a 45.7% decrease compared to $380.7 million for the same period of 2022.

Dividends on non-marketable equity securities of $4.1 million increased $2.0 million, or 91.1%, reflecting increases in both FRB and FHLB dividends given the higher interest-rate environment.

Other non-interest income was $2.4 million and $4.6 million for the first three months of 2023 and 2022, respectively, as SBA premium income declined $1.1 million from elevated 2022 levels as the higher interest rate environment reduced market premiums and correspondingly lowered sold loan volumes. Additionally, Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) funds income was $0.9 million lower.

Non-Interest Expense

The breakdown of non-interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented in the following table:

TABLE 8


	Three Months Ended March 31,				$		%
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Change
Salaries and employee benefits	$	120,247	$	112,189	$	8,058	7.2	%
Net occupancy	17,370		18,189		(819)		(4.5)
Equipment	22,072		18,005		4,067		22.6
Amortization of intangibles	5,119		3,227		1,892		58.6
Outside services	19,398		17,033		2,365		13.9
Marketing	3,701		3,256		445		13.7
FDIC insurance	7,119		4,574		2,545		55.6
Bank shares and franchise taxes	4,172		4,027		145		3.6
Merger-related	2,052		28,629		(26,577)		(92.8)
Other	18,667		18,297		370		2.0
Total non-interest expense	$	219,917	$	227,426	$	(7,509)	(3.3)	%

Total non-interest expense of $219.9 million for the first three months of 2023 decreased $7.5 million, a 3.3% decrease from the same period of 2022. On an operating basis, non-interest expense (non-GAAP) increased $23.2 million, or 11.9%, when excluding significant items of $2.1 million in merger-related costs in the first three months of 2023, compared to $28.6 million in merger-related costs and $4.2 million in branch consolidation costs in the first three months of 2022. The variances in the individual non-interest expense items are further explained in the following paragraphs.

Salaries and employee benefits of $120.2 million increased $8.1 million, or 7.2%, due to annual merit increases, reduced salary deferrals given lower loan origination volumes and the addition of the acquired Howard and Union expense bases. Included in salaries and employee benefits in the first quarter of 2023 and 2022 were $6.7 million and $6.2 million, respectively, related to normal seasonal long-term compensation expense.

Net occupancy and equipment expense of $39.4 million increased $3.2 million, or 9.0%, primarily from the acquired Howard and Union expense bases, as well as technology-related investments.

Amortization of intangibles of $5.1 million increased $1.9 million, or 58.6%, primarily related to the Union core deposit intangible.

Outside services increased $2.4 million, or 13.9%, with higher volume-related technology and third-party costs, as well as the acquired Howard and Union expense bases.

FDIC insurance of $7.1 million increased $2.5 million, or 55.6%, primarily due to the previously announced FDIC assessment rate increase which was effective in the first quarter of 2023.

We recorded $2.1 million in merger-related costs related to the Union acquisition completed in December 2022, compared to $28.6 million in the first three months of 2022 related to the Howard acquisition completed in January 2022.

The following table presents non-interest expense excluding significant items impacting earnings:

TABLE 9


	Three Months Ended March 31,				$		%
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Change
Total non-interest expense, as reported	$	219,917	$	227,426	$	(7,509)	(3.3)	%
Significant items:

Branch consolidations	—		(4,178)		4,178

Merger-related	(2,052)		(28,629)		26,577
Total non-interest expense, excluding significant items (1)	$	217,865	$	194,619	$	23,246	11.9	%

(1) Non-GAAP

Income Taxes

The following table presents information regarding income tax expense and certain tax rates:

TABLE 10


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Income tax expense	$	35,560		$	14,015
Effective tax rate	19.5		%	20.9		%
Statutory federal tax rate	21.0			21.0

Income tax expense was higher in 2023 due to higher pre-tax earnings, as we had merger-related expense from the Howard acquisition in 2022. However, the effective tax rate was lower in 2023 as a result of higher deduction levels from employee stock compensation vesting.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

The following table presents our condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

TABLE 11


(dollars in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		$ Change		% Change
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,723	$	1,674	$	49	2.9	%
Securities	7,274		7,362		(88)		(1.2)
Loans held for sale	100		124		(24)		(19.4)
Loans and leases, net	30,270		29,853		417		1.4
Goodwill and other intangibles	2,561		2,566		(5)		(0.2)
Other assets	2,218		2,146		72		3.4
Total Assets	$	44,146	$	43,725	$	421	1.0	%
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Deposits	$	34,190	$	34,770	$	(580)	(1.7)	%
Borrowings	3,447		2,465		982		39.8
Other liabilities	721		837		(116)		(13.9)
Total Liabilities	38,358		38,072		286		0.8
Stockholders’ Equity	5,788		5,653		135		2.4
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	44,146	$	43,725	$	421	1.0	%

Lending Activity

The loan and lease portfolio consists principally of loans and leases to individuals and small- and medium-sized businesses within our primary markets in seven states and the District of Columbia. Our market coverage spans several major metropolitan areas including: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; Washington, D.C.; Charlotte, Raleigh, Durham and the Piedmont Triad (Winston-Salem, Greensboro and High Point) in North Carolina; and Charleston, South Carolina.

Following is a summary of loans and leases:

TABLE 12


	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		$ Change		% Change
(in millions)
Commercial real estate	$	11,528	$	11,526	$	2	—	%
Commercial and industrial	7,246		7,131		115		1.6
Commercial leases	562		519		43		8.3
Other	176		114		62		54.4
Total commercial loans and leases	19,512		19,290		222		1.2
Direct installment	2,752		2,784		(32)		(1.1)
Residential mortgages	5,589		5,297		292		5.5
Indirect installment	1,525		1,553		(28)		(1.8)
Consumer lines of credit	1,295		1,331		(36)		(2.7)
Total consumer loans	11,161		10,965		196		1.8
Total loans and leases	$	30,673	$	30,255	$	418	1.4	%

The commercial and industrial growth was led by activity in the Pittsburgh, Cleveland and North Carolina markets while the growth in residential mortgages reflected growth in adjustable-rate mortgages held in portfolio on the balance sheet and the continued success of our Physicians First mortgage program. Our commercial real estate portfolio was comprised of $8 billion of non-owner occupied loans of which 22% represented office space. Office space was primarily made up of smaller offices located outside of metropolitan business districts.

Non-Performing Assets

Following is a summary of non-performing assets:

TABLE 13


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		$ Change		% Change
Commercial real estate	$	44	$	39	$	5	12.8	%
Commercial and industrial	41		44		(3)		(6.8)
Commercial leases	1		1		—		—

Total commercial loans and leases	86		84		2		2.4
Direct installment	6		7		(1)		(14.3)
Residential mortgages	13		14		(1)		(7.1)
Indirect installment	2		1		1		100.0
Consumer lines of credit	6		7		(1)		(14.3)
Total consumer loans	27		29		(2)		(6.9)
Total non-performing loans and leases	113		113		—		—
Other real estate owned	6		6		—		—
Non-performing assets	$	119	$	119	$	—	—	%

Non-performing assets decreased $0.8 million, from $119.5 million at December 31, 2022 to $118.7 million at March 31, 2023. This reflects a decrease of $0.1 million in non-performing loans and leases and a decrease of $0.7 million in OREO.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases

•a third-party macroeconomic forecast scenario;

•a 24-month R&S forecast period for macroeconomic factors with a reversion to the historical mean on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period; and

•the historical through-the-cycle default mean calculated using an expanded period to include a prior recessionary period.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we utilized a third-party consensus macroeconomic forecast reflecting the current and projected macroeconomic environment. For our ACL calculation at March 31, 2023, the macroeconomic variables that we utilized included, but were not limited to: (i) the purchase only Housing Price Index, which declines 2.5% over our R&S forecast period, (ii) a Commercial Real Estate Price Index, which declines 4.6% over our R&S forecast period, (iii) S&P Volatility, which decreases 39.7% in 2023 and 10.5% in 2024 and (iv) bankruptcies, which increase steadily over the R&S forecast period but average below historic levels. Macroeconomic variables that we utilized for our ACL calculation as of December 31, 2022 included, but were not limited to: (i) the purchase only Housing Price Index, which declines 3.7% over our R&S forecast period, (ii) a Commercial Real Estate Price Index, which declines 0.9% over our R&S forecast period, (iii) S&P Volatility, which decreases 41.0% in 2023 and 8.1% in 2024 and (iv) bankruptcies, which increase steadily over the R&S forecast period but average below historical levels.

Following is a summary of certain data related to the ACL and loans and leases:

TABLE 14


	Net Loan Charge-Offs				Net Loan Charge-Offs to Average Loans
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
(dollars in millions)
Commercial real estate	$	5.5	$	(0.4)	0.07	%	—	%
Commercial and industrial	4.9		1.9		0.07		0.03
Commercial leases	—		0.1		—		—
Other commercial	0.5		0.5		0.01		—
Direct installment	0.1		(0.2)		—		—
Residential mortgages	0.2		(0.1)		—		—
Indirect installment	2.0		0.3		0.03		—
Consumer lines of credit	—		(0.2)		—		—
Total net loan charge-offs on loans and leases, net loan charge-offs (annualized)/average loans	$	13.2	$	1.9	0.18	%	0.03	%
Allowance for credit losses/total loans and leases					1.32	%	1.38	%
Allowance for credit losses/non-performing loans					356.09	%	364.99	%

The ACL on loans and leases of $403.4 million at March 31, 2023 increased $1.7 million, or 0.4%, from December 31, 2022. Our ending ACL coverage ratio at March 31, 2023 was stable at 1.32%, compared to 1.33% at December 31, 2022. Total provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $14.1 million, compared to $18.0 million for the same period in 2022 with the year-ago quarter reflecting $19.1 million of initial provision for non-PCD loans associated with the Howard acquisition. Net charge-offs were $13.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $1.9 million for the first three months of 2022. While slightly elevated from the year-ago quarter, net charge-offs remain at historically low levels. The ACL as a percentage of non-performing loans for the total portfolio was flat at 356% as of March 31, 2023 compared to 354% as of December 31, 2022.

Deposits

Our primary source of funds is deposits. Our diversified and granular deposit base are provided by business, consumer and municipal customers who we serve within our footprint.

Following is a summary of deposits:

TABLE 15


(in millions)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		$ Change		% Change
Non-interest-bearing demand	$	11,297	$	11,916	$	(619)	(5.2)	%
Interest-bearing demand	14,091		15,100		(1,009)		(6.7)
Savings	4,053		4,142		(89)		(2.1)
Certificates and other time deposits	4,749		3,612		1,137		31.5
Total deposits	$	34,190	$	34,770	$	(580)	(1.7)	%

Total deposits decreased $579.7 million, or 1.7%, from December 31, 2022, primarily due to normal seasonal declines in public funds deposit balances. Even with the banking industry disruption in early March, our deposit balances remained stable as total deposit balances decreased slightly by $226 million, or 0.7%, from March 8, 2023 to quarter end, largely due to normal business and consumer activity of our customers. We ended the quarter with approximately 76% of all deposits insured by the FDIC or collateralized. Additionally, customer preferences shifted to certificates of deposits as interest rates increased.

Capital Resources and Regulatory Matters

The access to, and cost of, funding for new business initiatives, the ability to engage in expanded business activities, the ability to pay dividends and the level and nature of regulatory oversight depend, in part, on our capital position.

The assessment of capital adequacy depends on a number of factors such as expected organic growth in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, asset quality, liquidity, earnings performance and sustainability, changing competitive conditions, regulatory changes or actions, and economic forces. We seek to maintain a strong capital base to support our growth and expansion activities, to provide stability to current operations and to promote public confidence.

We have an effective shelf registration statement filed with the SEC. Pursuant to this registration statement, we may, from time to time, issue and sell in one or more offerings any combination of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, warrants, stock purchase contracts or units. On August 25, 2022, we completed an offering of $350 million of 5.150% fixed-rate senior notes due in 2025 under this registration statement. The net proceeds of the debt offering after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses were $347.4 million. We used the net proceeds from the sale of the notes for general corporate purposes, including repayment of the $300 million in 2.200% senior notes that matured in February 2023, investments at the holding company level, capital to support the growth of FNBPA and refinancing of outstanding indebtedness.

On April 18, 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors approved an additional $150 million for the repurchase of our common stock through our existing share repurchase program bringing the total authorization to $300 million. Since inception, we repurchased 11.8 million shares at a weighted average share price of $11.50 for $136.1 million under this repurchase program, with $163.9 million remaining for repurchase. The repurchases will be made from time to time on the open market at prevailing market prices or in privately negotiated transactions. The purchases will be funded from available working capital. There is no guarantee as to the exact number of shares that will be repurchased and we may discontinue purchases at any time. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases beginning January 1, 2023.

Capital management is a continuous process, with capital plans and stress testing for FNB and FNBPA updated at least annually. These capital plans include assessing the adequacy of expected capital levels assuming various scenarios by projecting capital needs for a forecast period of 2-3 years beyond the current year. From time to time, we issue shares initially acquired by us as treasury stock under our various benefit plans. We may issue additional preferred or common stock to maintain our well-capitalized status.

FNB and FNBPA are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies (see discussion under “Enhanced Regulatory Capital Standards”). Quantitative measures established by regulators to ensure capital adequacy require FNB and FNBPA to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total, tier 1 and CET1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of leverage ratio (as defined). Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could lead to initiation of certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions, by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements, dividends and future business and corporate strategies. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, FNB and FNBPA must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. FNB’s and FNBPA’s capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

At March 31, 2023, the capital levels of both FNB and FNBPA exceeded all regulatory capital requirements and their regulatory capital ratios were above the minimum levels required to be considered “well-capitalized” for regulatory purposes.

In December 2018, the FRB and other U.S. banking agencies approved a rule to address the impact of CECL on regulatory capital by allowing bank holding companies (BHCs) and banks, including FNB, the option to phase in the day-one impact of CECL over a three-year period. In March 2020, the FRB and other U.S. banking agencies issued a final rule that became effective on March 31, 2020, and provides BHCs and banks with an alternative option to temporarily delay the impact of CECL, relative to the incurred loss methodology for the ACL, on regulatory capital. We have elected this alternative option instead of the one described in the December 2018 rule. As a result, under the final rule, we delayed recognizing the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital until after a two-year deferral period, which for us extended through December 31, 2021. Beginning on January 1, 2022, we were required to phase in 25% of the previously deferred capital impact of CECL, with an additional 25% to be phased in at the beginning of each subsequent year until fully phased in by the first quarter of 2025. Under the final rule, the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital that we will defer and later phase in is calculated as the entire day-one impact at adoption plus 25% of the subsequent change in the ACL during the two-year deferral period. As of

March 31, 2023, the total deferred impact on CET1 capital related to our adoption of CECL was approximately $34.4 million, or 10 basis points, which will continue to be reduced by approximately $17.2 million annually.

In this unprecedented economic and uncertain environment, we frequently run stress tests for a variety of economic situations, including severely adverse scenarios that have economic conditions like the current conditions. Under these scenarios, the results of these stress tests indicate that our regulatory capital ratios would remain above the regulatory requirements and we would be able to maintain appropriate liquidity levels, demonstrating our expected ability to continue to support our constituencies under stressful financial conditions.

Following are the capital amounts and related ratios for FNB and FNBPA:

TABLE 16


	Actual				Well-Capitalized Requirements (1)				Minimum Capital Requirements plus Capital Conservation Buffer
(dollars in millions)	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
As of March 31, 2023
F.N.B. Corporation
Total capital	$	4,286	12.35	%	$	3,470	10.00	%	$	3,644	10.50	%
Tier 1 capital	3,591		10.35		2,082		6.00		2,950		8.50
Common equity tier 1	3,484		10.04		n/a		n/a		2,429		7.00
Leverage	3,591		8.70		n/a		n/a		1,650		4.00
Risk-weighted assets	34,703
FNBPA
Total capital	4,411		12.74	%	3,462		10.00	%	3,635		10.50	%
Tier 1 capital	3,701		10.69		2,769		8.00		2,943		8.50
Common equity tier 1	3,621		10.46		2,250		6.50		2,423		7.00
Leverage	3,701		8.99		2,059		5.00		1,647		4.00
Risk-weighted assets	34,619
As of December 31, 2022
F.N.B. Corporation
Total capital	$	4,183	12.06	%	$	3,467	10.00	%	$	3,640	10.50	%
Tier 1 capital	3,511		10.13		2,080		6.00		2,947		8.50
Common equity tier 1	3,405		9.82		n/a		n/a		2,427		7.00
Leverage	3,511		8.64		n/a		n/a		1,626		4.00
Risk-weighted assets	34,671
FNBPA
Total capital	4,327		12.51	%	3,459		10.00	%	3,632		10.50	%
Tier 1 capital	3,640		10.52		2,767		8.00		2,940		8.50
Common equity tier 1	3,560		10.29		2,248		6.50		2,421		7.00
Leverage	3,640		8.97		2,029		5.00		1,623		4.00
Risk-weighted assets	34,589

(1) Reflects the well-capitalized standard under Regulation Y for F.N.B. Corporation and the prompt corrective action framework for FNBPA.

In accordance with Basel III Capital Rules, the minimum capital requirements plus capital conservation buffer, which are presented for each period above, represent the minimum requirements needed to avoid limitations on distributions of dividends and certain discretionary bonus payments.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act)

The Dodd-Frank Act broadly affects the financial services industry by establishing a framework for systemic risk oversight, creating a resolution authority for institutions determined to be systemically important, mandating higher capital and liquidity requirements, requiring banks to pay increased fees to regulatory agencies and containing numerous other provisions aimed at strengthening the sound operation of the financial services sector that significantly change the system of regulatory oversight as described in more detail under Part I, Item 1, “Business - Government Supervision and Regulation” included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

LIQUIDITY

Our primary liquidity management goal is to satisfy the cash flow requirements of customers and the operating cash needs of FNB with cost-effective funding. Our Board of Directors has established an Asset/Liability Management Policy to guide management in achieving and maintaining earnings performance consistent with long-term goals, while maintaining acceptable levels of interest rate risk, a “well-capitalized” Balance Sheet and adequate levels of liquidity. Our Board of Directors has also established Liquidity and Contingency Funding Policies to guide management in addressing the ability to identify, measure, monitor and control both normal and stressed liquidity conditions. These policies designate our ALCO as the body responsible for meeting these objectives. The ALCO, which is comprised of members of executive management, reviews liquidity on a continuous basis and approves significant changes in strategies that affect Balance Sheet or cash flow positions. Liquidity is centrally managed daily by our Treasury Department. Liquidity sources from assets include payments from loans and investments, as well as the ability to securitize, pledge or sell loans, investment securities and other assets. Liquidity sources from liabilities are generated primarily through the banking offices of FNBPA in the form of deposits and customer repurchase agreements. FNB also has access to reliable and cost-effective wholesale sources of liquidity. Short- and long-term funds are available for use to help fund normal business operations, and unused credit availability can be utilized to serve as contingency funding if faced with a liquidity crisis.

The principal sources of the parent company’s liquidity are its strong existing cash resources plus dividends and interest it receives from its subsidiaries. These dividends may be impacted by the parent’s or its subsidiaries’ capital needs, statutory laws and regulations, corporate policies, contractual restrictions, profitability and other factors. In addition, through one of our subsidiaries, we regularly issue subordinated notes, which are guaranteed by FNB. The cash position at March 31, 2023 was $360.3 million, down $294.0 million from year-end, primarily due to the repayment of $300 million in Senior Notes due in February 2023. During the third quarter of 2022, we completed a Senior Debt offering of which $347.7 million net proceeds were used to retire debt in February of 2023 (for additional information, see Note 10, "Borrowings" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Report). Management has utilized various strategies to ensure sufficient cash on hand is available to meet the parent's funding needs.

Two metrics that are used to gauge the adequacy of the parent company’s cash position are the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Months of Cash on Hand (MCH). The LCR is defined as the sum of cash on hand plus projected cash inflows over the next 12 months divided by projected cash outflows over the next 12 months. The MCH is defined as the number of months of corporate expenses and dividends that can be covered by the cash on hand.

The LCR and MCH ratios are presented in the following table:

TABLE 17

March 31,
2023

December 31,
2022

Internal
Limit

Liquidity coverage ratio

2.5 times

1.7 times

> 1 time

Months of cash on hand

15.4 months

13.6 months

> 12 months

Management has concluded that our cash levels remain appropriate given the current market environment.

Over time, our liquidity position has been positively impacted by our ability to generate growth in relationship-based accounts. Organic growth in low-cost transaction deposits was complemented by management’s continued strategy of deposit gathering efforts focused on attracting new customer relationships and deepening relationships with existing customers, in part through internal lead generation efforts leveraging data analytics capabilities. Total deposits decreased $579.7 million, or 1.7%, from December 31, 2022, primarily due to normal seasonal declines in public funds and other corporate deposit balances. From March 8, 2023 to quarter-end, total deposit balances decreased slightly by $226 million, or 0.7%, largely due to normal wholesale and retail customer activity. We ended the quarter with approximately 76% of deposits insured by the FDIC or

collateralized, an improvement from approximately 74% at December 31, 2022. Non-interest-bearing demand deposit accounts decreased $618.9 million, or 5.2%. Interest-bearing demand deposits decreased $1.0 billion, or 6.7% and savings account balances decreased $89.3 million, or 2.2%, while time deposits increased $1.1 billion, or 31.5%, as customers' preferences are shifting back to certificates of deposits (CDs) as interest rates have increased substantially. In an abundance of caution related to the banking industry disruption, between March 8th and March 31st, we executed approximately $1.3 billion in wholesale borrowings including advances from the FHLB and overnight borrowings in the Fed Funds market, which added cash on the balance sheet, supported loan growth and covered the deposit decline. Additionally, our cash balances held at the FRB increased $147.7 million from December 31, 2022 to $1.3 billion at March 31, 2023.

We continue to have ample unused borrowing capacity that could cover 1.7 times of the uninsured deposit and non-collateralized deposit balances as of March 31, 2023. A portion of this capacity includes the FRB's Discount Window and their newly created BTFP. We had no borrowings under either facility during the quarter. Additional sources of unused wholesale credit availability for FNBPA include the ability to borrow from the FHLB, correspondent bank lines, and access to other channels. In addition to credit availability, FNBPA also possesses salable unpledged government and agency securities that could be utilized to meet funding needs. We currently have excess cash to meet our pledging requirements. At March 31, 2023, we have $2.3 billion of cash and salable unpledged government and agency securities to total assets, or 5.2%. This compares to a policy minimum of 3.0%.

The following table presents certain information relating to FNBPA’s credit availability and salable unpledged securities:

TABLE 18


(dollars in millions)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Unused wholesale credit availability	$	16,070		$	15,669
Unused wholesale credit availability as a % of FNBPA assets	36.5		%	35.9		%
Salable unpledged government and agency securities	$	1,010		$	592
Salable unpledged government and agency securities as a % of FNBPA assets	2.3		%	1.4		%
Cash and salable unpledged government and agency securities as a % of FNBPA assets	5.2		%	3.9		%

Another metric for measuring liquidity risk is the liquidity gap analysis. The following liquidity gap analysis as of March 31, 2023 compares the difference between our cash flows from existing earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities over future time intervals. Management monitors the size of the liquidity gaps so that sources and uses of funds are reasonably matched in the normal course of business and in relation to implied forward rate expectations. A reasonably matched position lays a better foundation for dealing with additional funding needs during a potential liquidity crisis. A positive gap position means that more assets are expected to mature over the next 12 months than liabilities. The twelve-month cumulative gap to total assets ratio was 1.6% as of March 31, 2023, compared to 3.8% as of December 31, 2022. The change in the twelve-month cumulative gap to total assets was primarily related to the active management of deposit pricing across the deposit product maturity tenors which reduced our asset sensitivity. Management calculates this ratio at least quarterly and it is reviewed regularly by ALCO.

TABLE 19


(dollars in millions)	Within 1 Month			2-3 Months			4-6 Months			7-12 Months			Total 1 Year
Assets
Loans	$	727		$	1,515		$	1,785		$	3,376		$	7,403
Investments	1,387			165			248			475			2,275
	2,114			1,680			2,033			3,851			9,678
Liabilities
Non-maturity deposits	297			595			893			1,787			3,572
Time deposits	477			963			764			1,626			3,830
Borrowings	983			114			148			338			1,583
	1,757			1,672			1,805			3,751			8,985
Period Gap (Assets - Liabilities)	$	357		$	8		$	228		$	100		$	693
Cumulative Gap	$	357		$	365		$	593		$	693
Cumulative Gap to Total Assets	0.8		%	0.8		%	1.3		%	1.6		%

In addition, the ALCO regularly monitors various liquidity ratios, stress scenarios of our liquidity position and assumptions considering market disruptions, lending demand, deposit behavior, and funding availability. The stress scenarios forecast that adequate funding will be available even under severe conditions. Management believes we have sufficient liquidity available to meet our normal operating and contingency funding cash needs.

MARKET RISK

Market risk refers to potential losses arising predominately from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices. We are primarily exposed to interest rate risk inherent in our lending and deposit-taking activities as a financial intermediary. To succeed in this capacity, we offer an extensive variety of financial products to meet the diverse needs of our customers. These products sometimes contribute to interest rate risk for us when product groups do not complement one another. For example, depositors may want short-term deposits, while borrowers may desire long-term loans.

Changes in market interest rates may result in changes in the fair value of our financial instruments, cash flows and net interest income. Subject to its ongoing oversight, the Board of Directors has given ALCO the responsibility for market risk management, which involves devising policy guidelines, risk measures and limits, and managing the amount of interest rate risk and its effect on net interest income and capital. We use derivative financial instruments for interest rate risk management purposes and not for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest rate risk is comprised of repricing risk, basis risk, yield curve risk and options risk. Repricing risk arises from differences in the cash flow or repricing between asset and liability portfolios. Basis risk arises when asset and liability portfolios are related to different market rate indices, which do not always change by the same amount. Yield curve risk arises when asset and liability portfolios are related to different maturities on a given yield curve; when the yield curve changes shape, the risk position is altered. Options risk arises from “embedded options” within asset and liability products as certain borrowers have the option to prepay their loans, which may be with or without penalty, when rates change, while certain depositors can redeem their certificates of deposit early, which may be with or without penalty, when rates change.

We use an asset/liability model to measure our interest rate risk. Interest rate risk measures we utilize include earnings simulation, EVE and gap analysis. Gap analysis and EVE are static measures that do not incorporate assumptions regarding future business. Gap analysis, while a helpful diagnostic tool, displays cash flows for only a single rate environment. EVE’s long-term horizon helps identify changes in optionality and longer-term positions. However, EVE’s liquidation perspective does not translate into the earnings-based measures that are the focus of managing and valuing a going concern. Net interest income simulations explicitly measure the exposure to earnings from changes in market rates of interest. In these simulations, our current financial position is combined with assumptions regarding future business to calculate net interest income under various hypothetical rate scenarios. The ALCO regularly reviews earnings simulations over multiple years under various interest rate scenarios. Reviewing these various measures provides us with a comprehensive view of our interest rate risk profile, which provides the basis for balance sheet management strategies.

The following repricing gap analysis as of March 31, 2023 compares the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities subject to repricing over a period of time. Management utilizes the repricing gap analysis as a diagnostic tool in managing net interest income and EVE risk measures.

TABLE 20


(dollars in millions)	Within 1 Month			2-3 Months			4-6 Months			7-12 Months			Total 1 Year
Assets
Loans	$	12,146		$	923		$	1,008		$	1,985		$	16,062
Investments	1,395			175			329			465			2,364
	13,541			1,098			1,337			2,450			18,426
Liabilities
Non-maturity deposits	10,164			—			—			—			10,164
Time deposits	599			962			762			1,621			3,944
Borrowings	1,617			180			32			8			1,837
	12,380			1,142			794			1,629			15,945
Off-balance sheet	(850)			300			(50)			(300)			(900)
Period Gap (assets – liabilities + off-balance sheet)	$	311		$	256		$	493		$	521		$	1,581
Cumulative Gap	$	311		$	567		$	1,060		$	1,581
Cumulative Gap to Assets	0.8		%	1.4		%	2.7		%	4.0		%

The twelve-month cumulative repricing gap to total assets was 4.0% and 8.4% as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The positive cumulative gap positions indicate that we have a greater amount of repricing earning assets than repricing interest-bearing liabilities over the subsequent twelve months. The change in the cumulative repricing gap at March 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022, is primarily related to customers moving into higher yielding deposit products and shorter-term time deposits.

The allocation of non-maturity deposits and customer repurchase agreements to the one-month maturity category above is based on the estimated sensitivity of each product to changes in market rates. For example, if a product’s rate is estimated to increase by 50% as much as the market rates, then 50% of the account balance was placed in this category.

Using a static Balance Sheet structure and utilizing net interest income simulations, the following net interest income metrics were calculated using rate shocks which move market rates in an immediate and parallel fashion. The variance percentages represent the change between the net interest income and EVE calculated under the particular rate scenario compared to the net interest income and EVE that was calculated assuming market rates as of March 31, 2023. The measures do not reflect management's potential actions.

The following table presents an analysis of the potential sensitivity of our net interest income and EVE to changes in interest rates using rate shocks:

TABLE 21


	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		ALCO Limits
Net interest income change (12 months):
+ 300 basis points	4.1	%	5.5	%	n/a
+ 200 basis points	2.8		3.3		(5.0)	%
+ 100 basis points	1.4		1.1		(5.0)
- 100 basis points	2.9		1.2		(5.0)
- 200 basis points	3.6		0.9		(5.0)
Economic value of equity:
+ 300 basis points	1.7		(6.8)		(25.0)
+ 200 basis points	2.6		(4.0)		(15.0)
+ 100 basis points	1.7		(1.4)		(10.0)
- 100 basis points	(3.5)		(2.0)		(10.0)
- 200 basis points	(8.3)		(5.8)		(15.0)

We also model rate scenarios which move all rates gradually over twelve months (Rate Ramps) and model scenarios that gradually change the shape of the yield curve. The comparative percentages are based on the projected base net interest income at the respective measurement dates. Assuming a static Balance Sheet, a +100 basis point Rate Ramp increases net interest income (12 months) by 1.0% at March 31, 2023 and 0.5% at December 31, 2022. For a +200 basis point Rate Ramp, net interest income (12 months) increases by 1.9% at March 31, 2023 and 2.0% at December 31, 2022. The corresponding metrics for a minus 100 basis point Rate Ramp are 1.6% and 0.6% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These results use historical long-term deposit rate beta assumptions for both rising and falling rate scenarios. Recent market events and the relatively fast rise in short-term Treasury rates suggest the possibility of lower deposit rate betas in falling rate scenarios in an effort to retain deposit balances in the flat balance simulation. Sensitivity analysis using lower betas in the minus 100 basis point Rate Shock decreases net interest income (12 months) by (0.9%) at March 31, 2023. The corresponding metric for a minus 100 basis point Rate Ramp is (0.4%) at March 31, 2023. These changes are a direct result of our managing our interest rate exposure to benefit from higher rates during 2022. Management has reduced our exposure to higher interest rates as prospects for additional FOMC interest rate hikes has moderated and we will continue to manage to a more neutral position.

Forty-eight percent of our net loans and leases are indexed to short-term LIBOR, SOFR, Prime and other indices that reprice within the next three months. Our cash position related to increased deposits has also been a significant factor in our asset sensitivity metrics. The deployment of cash into loans and investments, as well as a higher base net interest income due to the increase in the loan indices, are the primary factors of the change in the percentage sensitivity since December. The FOMC increased the Federal Funds rate by 425 basis points in 2022 and by 50 basis points in the first quarter of 2023. Our balance sheet is positioned to benefit, in the near term, from further FOMC increases of the Federal Funds rate.

There are multiple factors that influence our interest rate risk position and impact net interest income. These include external factors such as the shape of the yield curve and expectations regarding future interest rates, as well as internal factors regarding product offerings, product mix and pricing of loans and deposits.

Management continues to be proactive in managing our interest rate risk (IRR) position. In particular, we have made use of interest rate swaps to commercial borrowers (commercial swaps) to manage our IRR position as the commercial swaps effectively increase our level of adjustable-rate loans. Total variable and adjustable-rate loans were 60.4% of total net loans and leases as of March 31, 2023 and 60.2% as of December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the commercial swaps totaled $5.4 billion of notional principal, with $213 million in original notional swap principal originated during the first three months of 2023. Furthermore, we regularly sell long-term fixed-rate residential mortgages in the secondary market and have been successful in the origination of consumer and commercial loans with short-term repricing characteristics. Further, during 2023, management has adjusted our IRR position by opportunistically deploying excess cash balances into higher yielding loans and actively managed customer preferences for higher yielding deposit products and, in particular, shorter term time deposits. We also have outstanding derivatives to manage the IRR position. For additional information regarding interest rate swaps, see Note 11, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Report.

We recognize that all asset/liability models have some inherent shortcomings. Asset/liability models require certain assumptions to be made, such as prepayment rates on interest-earning assets and repricing impact on non-maturity deposits, which may differ from actual experience. These business assumptions are based upon our experience, business plans, economic and market trends and available industry data. While management believes that its methodology for developing such assumptions is reasonable, there can be no assurance that modeled results will be achieved. Furthermore, the metrics are based upon the Balance Sheet structure as of the valuation date and do not reflect the planned growth or management actions that could be taken.

RISK MANAGEMENT

As a financial institution, we take on a certain amount of risk in every business decision, transaction and activity. Our Board of Directors and senior management have identified seven major categories of risk: credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, reputational risk, operational risk, legal and compliance risk and strategic risk. In its oversight role of our risk management function, the Board of Directors focuses on the strategies, analyses and conclusions of management relating to identifying, understanding and managing risks to optimize total shareholder value, while balancing prudent business and safety and soundness considerations.

The Board of Directors adopted a risk appetite statement that defines acceptable risk levels and limits under which we seek to operate in order to optimize returns. As such, the board monitors a series of KRIs, or Key Risk Indicators, for various business lines, operational units, and risk categories, providing insight into how our performance aligns with our stated risk appetite. These results are reviewed periodically by the Board of Directors and senior management to ensure adherence to our risk appetite statement, and where appropriate, adjustments are made to applicable business strategies and tactics where risks are approaching stated tolerances or for emerging risks.

We support our risk management process through a governance structure involving our Board of Directors and senior management. The joint Risk Committee of our Board of Directors and the FNBPA Board of Directors helps ensure that business decisions are executed within appropriate risk tolerances. The Risk Committee has oversight responsibilities with respect to the following:

•identification, measurement, assessment and monitoring of enterprise-wide risk;

•development of appropriate and meaningful risk metrics to use in connection with the oversight of our businesses and strategies;

•review and assessment of our policies and practices to manage our credit, market, liquidity, legal, regulatory and operating risk (including technology, operational, compliance and fiduciary risks); and

•identification and implementation of risk management best practices.

The Risk Committee serves as the primary point of contact between our Board of Directors and the Risk Management Council, which is the senior management level committee responsible for risk management. Risk appetite is an integral element of our business and capital planning processes through our Board Risk Committee and Risk Management Council. We use our risk appetite processes to promote appropriate alignment of risk, capital and performance tactics, while also considering risk capacity and appetite constraints from both financial and non-financial risks. Our top-down risk appetite process serves as a limit for undue risk-taking for bottom-up planning from our various business functions. Our Board Risk Committee, in collaboration with our Risk Management Council, approves our risk appetite on an annual basis, or more frequently, as needed to reflect changes in the risk, regulatory, economic and strategic plan environments, with the goal of ensuring that our risk appetite remains consistent with our strategic plans and business operations, regulatory environment and our shareholders' expectations. Reports relating to our risk appetite and strategic plans, and our ongoing monitoring thereof, are regularly presented to our various management level risk oversight and planning committees and periodically reported up through our Board Risk Committee.

As noted above, we have a Risk Management Council comprised of senior management. The purpose of this committee is to provide regular oversight of specific areas of risk with respect to the level of risk and risk management structure. Management has also established an Operational Risk Committee that is responsible for identifying, evaluating and monitoring operational risks across FNB, evaluating and approving appropriate remediation efforts to address identified operational risks and providing periodic reports concerning operational risks to the Risk Management Council. The Risk Management Council reports on a regular basis to the Risk Committee of our Board of Directors regarding our enterprise-wide risk profile and other significant risk management issues. Our Chief Risk Officer is responsible for the design and implementation of our enterprise-wide risk

management strategy and framework through the multiple second line of defense areas, including the following departments, which all report to the Chief Risk Officer to ensure the coordinated and consistent implementation of risk management initiatives and strategies on a day-to-day basis:

•Enterprise-Wide Risk Management Department - conducts risk and control assessments across all our business and operational areas to ensure the appropriate risk identification, risk management and reporting of risks enterprise wide.

•Fraud Risk Department - monitors for internal and external fraud risk across all our business and operational units.

•Loan Review Department - conducts independent testing of our loan risk ratings to ensure their accuracy, which is instrumental to calculating our ACL.

•Model Risk Management Department - oversees validation and testing of all models used in managing risk across our company.

•Third-Party Risk Management Department - ensures effective risk management and oversight of third-party relationships throughout the vendor life cycle.

•Anti-Money Laundering and Bank Secrecy Act Department - monitors for compliance with money laundering risk and associated regulatory compliance requirements.

•Appraisal Review Department - facilitates independent ordering and review of real estate appraisals obtained for determining the value of real estate pledged as collateral for loans to customers.

•Compliance Department - develops policies and procedures and monitors compliance with applicable laws and regulations which govern our business operations.

•Information and Cyber Security Department - maintains a risk assessment of our information and cybersecurity risks and ensures appropriate controls are in place to manage and control such risks, using the National Institute of Standards and Technology framework for improving critical infrastructure by measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of information and cybersecurity controls. This department also oversees our disaster recovery planning and testing efforts to allow us to be capable and ready for business resumption in the event of a disaster.

We have in place various business and emergency continuity plans to respond to different crises and circumstances which include rapid deployment of our Crisis Management Team, Incident Management Team and Business Continuity Coordinators to activate our plans for various types of emergency circumstances. Further, our audit function performs an independent assessment of our internal controls environment and plays an integral role in testing the operation of the internal controls systems and reporting findings to management and our Audit Committee. Each of the Risk, Audit, Credit Risk and CRA Committees of our Board of Directors regularly report on risk-related matters to the full Board of Directors. In addition, both the Risk Committee of our Board of Directors and our Risk Management Council regularly assess our enterprise-wide risk profile and provide guidance on actions needed to address key and emerging risk issues.

The Board of Directors believes that our enterprise-wide risk management process is effective and enables the Board of Directors to:

•assess the quality of the information they receive;

•understand the businesses, investments and financial, accounting, legal, regulatory and strategic considerations and the risks that FNB faces;

•oversee and assess how senior management evaluates risk; and

•assess appropriately the quality of our enterprise-wide risk management processes.

RECONCILIATIONS OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES AND KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS TO GAAP

Reconciliations of non-GAAP operating measures and key performance indicators discussed in this Report to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are included in the following tables.

TABLE 22

Operating net income available to common stockholders


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)		2023		2022
Net income available to common stockholders		$	144,495	$	50,988
Merger-related expense		2,052		28,629
Tax benefit of merger-related expense		(431)		(6,012)











Provision expense related to acquisition		—		19,127
Tax benefit of provision expense related to acquisition		—		(4,017)
Branch consolidation costs		—		4,178
Tax benefit of branch consolidation costs		—		(877)


Operating net income available to common stockholders (non-GAAP)		$	146,116	$	92,016

The table above shows how operating net income available to common stockholders (non-GAAP) is derived from amounts reported in our financial statements. We believe certain charges, such as merger expenses, initial provision for non-PCD loans acquired and branch consolidation costs are not organic costs to run our operations and facilities. The merger expenses and branch consolidation costs principally represent expenses to satisfy contractual obligations of the acquired entity or closed branches without any useful ongoing benefit to us. These costs are specific to each individual transaction, and may vary significantly based on the size and complexity of the transaction.

TABLE 23

Operating earnings per diluted common share


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2023		2022
Net income per diluted common share		$	0.40	$	0.15
Merger-related expense		0.01		0.08
Tax benefit of merger-related expense		—		(0.02)











Provision expense related to acquisition		—		0.05
Tax benefit of provision expense related to acquisition		—		(0.01)
Branch consolidation costs		—		0.01
Tax benefit of branch consolidation costs		—		—


Operating earnings per diluted common share (non-GAAP)		$	0.40	$	0.26

TABLE 24

Return on average tangible common equity


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2023			2022
Net income available to common stockholders (annualized)		$	586,007		$	206,787
Amortization of intangibles, net of tax (annualized)		16,402			10,339
Tangible net income available to common stockholders (annualized) (non-GAAP)		$	602,409		$	217,126
Average total stockholders’ equity		$	5,731,640		$	5,448,894
Less: Average preferred stockholders' equity		(106,882)			(106,882)
Less: Average intangible assets (1)		(2,563,569)			(2,444,395)
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)		$	3,061,189		$	2,897,617
Return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)		19.68		%	7.49		%