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FRANKLIN RESOURCES INC - Quarter Report: 2020 March (Form 10-Q)


UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(MARK ONE)
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
or
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission File Number: 001-09318
FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
13-2670991
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, CA 94403
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(650) 312-2000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.10 per share
BEN
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒  Yes    ☐  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 
Large Accelerated Filer
☒
 
Accelerated Filer
☐
 
Non-accelerated Filer
☐
 
Smaller Reporting Company
☐
 
 
 
 
Emerging Growth Company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act).    ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐  Yes    ☒  No
Number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding at April 23, 2020: 495,306,284.



INDEX TO FORM 10-Q


2

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Unaudited
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)
 
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Operating Revenues
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment management fees
 
$
908.2

 
$
992.4

 
$
1,887.9

 
$
1,964.2

Sales and distribution fees
 
341.7

 
358.5

 
693.2

 
713.3

Shareholder servicing fees
 
54.8

 
57.1

 
104.8

 
112.2

Other
 
33.6

 
25.8

 
65.1

 
55.6

Total operating revenues
 
1,338.3

 
1,433.8

 
2,751.0

 
2,845.3

Operating Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sales, distribution and marketing
 
423.9

 
449.4

 
867.8

 
893.9

Compensation and benefits
 
365.7

 
409.6

 
755.1

 
764.6

Information systems and technology
 
61.8

 
62.1

 
124.3

 
123.0

Occupancy
 
34.4

 
31.4

 
68.9

 
62.6

General, administrative and other
 
96.4

 
101.8

 
186.1

 
210.2

Total operating expenses
 
982.2

 
1,054.3

 
2,002.2

 
2,054.3

Operating Income
 
356.1

 
379.5

 
748.8

 
791.0

Other Income (Expenses)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment and other income (losses), net
 
(249.0
)
 
118.7

 
(189.4
)
 
59.6

Interest expense
 
(4.2
)
 
(5.7
)
 
(10.9
)
 
(12.1
)
Other income (expenses), net
 
(253.2
)
 
113.0

 
(200.3
)
 
47.5

Income before taxes
 
102.9

 
492.5

 
548.5

 
838.5

Taxes on income
 
44.1

 
110.9

 
141.6

 
196.9

Net income
 
58.8


381.6

 
406.9

 
641.6

Less: net income (loss) attributable to
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
(28.5
)
 
21.5

 
(19.5
)
 
6.1

Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests
 
8.2

 
(7.4
)
 
(3.2
)
 
(7.9
)
Net Income Attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc.
 
$
79.1

 
$
367.5

 
$
429.6

 
$
643.4

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per Share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
$
0.16

 
$
0.72

 
$
0.86

 
$
1.26

Diluted
 
0.16

 
0.72

 
0.86

 
1.25



See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Unaudited
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Net Income
 
$
58.8

 
$
381.6

 
$
406.9

 
$
641.6

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Currency translation adjustments, net of tax
 
(102.5
)
 
7.9

 
(44.5
)
 
(6.7
)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on defined benefit plans, net of tax
 
0.7

 
(0.7
)
 
(0.2
)
 
(1.1
)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax
 
1.9

 
(0.1
)
 
0.2

 
(0.1
)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(99.9
)
 
7.1

 
(44.5
)
 
(7.9
)
Total comprehensive income (loss)
 
(41.1
)
 
388.7

 
362.4

 
633.7

Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
(28.5
)
 
21.5

 
(19.5
)
 
6.1

Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests
 
8.2

 
(7.4
)
 
(3.2
)
 
(7.9
)
Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc.
 
$
(20.8
)
 
$
374.6

 
$
385.1

 
$
635.5


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Unaudited
(in millions, except share and per share data)
 
March 31,
2020
 
September 30,
2019
Assets
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
5,801.4

 
$
5,803.4

Receivables
 
630.8

 
740.0

Investments (including $892.7 and $589.7 at fair value at March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2019)
 
1,818.0

 
1,555.8

Assets of consolidated investment products
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
234.4

 
154.2

Receivables
 
44.4

 
99.0

Investments, at fair value
 
1,935.9

 
2,303.9

Property and equipment, net
 
709.3

 
683.7

Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
 
3,018.6

 
2,994.5

Operating lease right-of-use assets
 
265.9

 
—

Other
 
207.5

 
197.7

Total Assets
 
$
14,666.2

 
$
14,532.2

 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Compensation and benefits
 
$
339.1

 
$
502.4

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
213.3

 
222.9

Dividends
 
142.1

 
137.4

Commissions
 
227.3

 
254.0

Income taxes
 
695.1

 
824.7

Debt
 
697.2

 
696.9

Liabilities of consolidated investment products
 
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
102.2

 
81.5

Debt
 
613.8


50.8

Deferred taxes
 
126.2

 
120.1

Operating lease liabilities
 
308.9

 
—

Other
 
238.4

 
270.6

Total liabilities
 
3,703.6

 
3,161.3

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)
 

 

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
 
209.1

 
746.7

Stockholders’ Equity
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock, $1.00 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued
 
—

 
—

Common stock, $0.10 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 495,284,908 and 499,303,269 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2019
 
49.5

 
49.9

Retained earnings
 
10,330.0

 
10,288.2

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 
(476.1
)
 
(431.6
)
Total Franklin Resources, Inc. stockholders’ equity
 
9,903.4

 
9,906.5

Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests
 
850.1

 
717.7

Total stockholders’ equity
 
10,753.5

 
10,624.2

Total Liabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Stockholders’ Equity
 
$
14,666.2

 
$
14,532.2


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Unaudited
 
 
Franklin Resources, Inc.
 
Non-
redeemable
Non-
controlling
Interests
 
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Common Stock
 
Capital
in Excess
of Par
Value
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accum-
ulated
Other
Compre-
hensive
Loss
 
Stockholders’
Equity
(in millions)
for the six months ended
March 31, 2020
Shares
 
Amount
Balance at October 1, 2019
 
499.3

 
$
49.9

 
$
—

 
$
10,288.2

 
$
(431.6
)
 
$
9,906.5

 
$
717.7

 
$
10,624.2

Net income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
350.5

 
 
 
350.5

 
(11.4
)
 
339.1

Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
55.4

 
55.4

 
 
 
55.4

Dividends declared on common stock ($0.27 per share)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(135.3
)
 
 
 
(135.3
)
 
 
 
(135.3
)
Repurchase of common stock
 
(4.6
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(27.8
)
 
(95.4
)
 
 
 
(123.6
)
 
 
 
(123.6
)
Issuance of common stock
 
2.9

 
0.3

 
28.7

 
 
 
 
 
29.0

 
 
 
29.0

Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 
 
(0.9
)
 
 
 
 
 
(0.9
)
 
 
 
(0.9
)
Net subscriptions and other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28.2

 
28.2

Deconsolidation of investment product
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(0.7
)
 
(0.7
)
Acquisition
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19.0

 
19.0

Balance at December 31, 2019
 
497.6

 
$
49.8

 
$
—

 
$
10,408.0

 
$
(376.2
)
 
$
10,081.6

 
$
752.8

 
$
10,834.4

Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
79.1

 
 
 
79.1

 
8.2

 
87.3

Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(99.9
)
 
(99.9
)
 
 
 
(99.9
)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.27 per share)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(134.6
)
 
 
 
(134.6
)
 
 
 
(134.6
)
Repurchase of common stock
 
(2.9
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(41.7
)
 
(22.5
)
 
 
 
(64.6
)
 
 
 
(64.6
)
Issuance of common stock
 
0.6

 
0.1

 
15.9

 
 
 
 
 
16.0

 
 
 
16.0

Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 
 
25.8

 
 
 
 
 
25.8

 
 
 
25.8

Net subscriptions and other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
89.7

 
89.7

Deconsolidation of investment product
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(0.6
)
 
(0.6
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
 
495.3


$
49.5


$
—


$
10,330.0


$
(476.1
)

$
9,903.4


$
850.1


$
10,753.5


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

 
 
Franklin Resources, Inc.
 
Non-
redeemable
Non-
controlling
Interests
 
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Common Stock
 
Capital
in Excess
of Par
Value
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accum-
ulated
Other
Compre-
hensive
Loss
 
Stockholders’
Equity
(in millions)
for the six months ended
March 31, 2019
Shares
 
Amount
Balance at October 1, 2018
 
519.1

 
$
51.9

 
$
—

 
$
10,217.9

 
$
(370.6
)
 
$
9,899.2

 
$
308.7

 
$
10,207.9

Adoption of new accounting guidance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22.9

 
(8.0
)
 
14.9

 
 
 
14.9

Net income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
275.9

 
 
 
275.9

 
(0.5
)
 
275.4

Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(15.0
)
 
(15.0
)
 
 
 
(15.0
)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.26 per share)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(133.8
)
 
 
 
(133.8
)
 
 
 
(133.8
)
Repurchase of common stock
 
(10.7
)
 
(1.1
)
 
(30.8
)
 
(295.0
)
 
 
 
(326.9
)
 
 
 
(326.9
)
Issuance of common stock
 
3.1

 
0.3

 
33.6

 
 
 
 
 
33.9

 
 
 
33.9

Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 
 
(2.8
)
 
 
 
 
 
(2.8
)
 
 
 
(2.8
)
Net subscriptions and other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23.1

 
23.1

Balance at December 31, 2018
 
511.5

 
$
51.1

 
$
—

 
$
10,087.9

 
$
(393.6
)
 
$
9,745.4

 
$
331.3

 
$
10,076.7

Net income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
367.5

 
 
 
367.5

 
(7.4
)
 
360.1

Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.1

 
7.1

 
 
 
7.1

Dividends declared on common stock ($0.26 per share)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(132.6
)
 
 
 
(132.6
)
 
 
 
(132.6
)
Repurchase of common stock
 
(4.6
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(41.0
)
 
(103.3
)
 
 
 
(144.7
)
 
 
 
(144.7
)
Issuance of common stock
 
0.8

 
0.1

 
13.3

 
 
 
 
 
13.4

 
 
 
13.4

Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 
 
27.7

 
 
 
 
 
27.7

 
 
 
27.7

Net subscriptions and other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
51.0

 
51.0

Consolidation of investment product
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24.3

 
24.3

Acquisition
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
216.1

 
216.1

Balance at March 31, 2019
 
507.7


$
50.8


$
—


$
10,219.5


$
(386.5
)

$
9,883.8


$
615.3


$
10,499.1


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Unaudited
 
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
Net Income
 
$
406.9

 
$
641.6

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
 
Amortization of deferred sales commissions
 
41.5

 
39.8

Depreciation and other amortization
 
50.2

 
41.8

Stock-based compensation
 
57.8

 
59.4

Losses (income) from investments in equity method investees
 
120.3

 
(9.6
)
Gain on swap agreement
 
(29.1
)
 
—

Net losses on investments of consolidated investment products
 
67.7

 
17.2

Net purchase of investments by consolidated investment products
 
(359.9
)
 
(240.3
)
Deferred income taxes
 
8.6

 
7.5

Other
 
24.3

 
17.0

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
 
Decrease (increase) in receivables and other assets
 
66.3

 
(3.7
)
Decrease (increase) in receivables of consolidated investment products
 
(62.2
)
 
0.1

Decrease in investments, net
 
50.4

 
128.4

Decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets
 
10.4

 
—

Decrease in accrued compensation and benefits
 
(161.1
)
 
(72.2
)
Decrease in commissions payable
 
(26.7
)
 
(30.5
)
Decrease in income taxes payable
 
(127.0
)
 
(118.9
)
Decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
 
(12.9
)
 
(23.0
)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses of consolidated investment products
 
23.7

 
(10.4
)
Decrease in operating lease liabilities
 
(8.2
)
 
—

Net cash provided by operating activities
 
141.0

 
444.2

Purchase of investments
 
(243.3
)
 
(105.4
)
Liquidation of investments
 
193.0

 
134.3

Purchase of investments by consolidated collateralized loan obligations
 
(80.5
)
 
—

Liquidation of investments by consolidated collateralized loan obligations
 
16.9

 
—

Additions of property and equipment, net
 
(73.5
)
 
(72.2
)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 
(19.8
)
 
(684.2
)
Net consolidation (deconsolidation) of investment products
 
213.3

 
(6.7
)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 
6.1

 
(734.2
)
Issuance of common stock
 
12.1

 
12.8

Dividends paid on common stock
 
(265.2
)
 
(255.4
)
Repurchase of common stock
 
(187.4
)
 
(469.4
)
Proceeds from loan
 
0.2

 
1.7

Payments on loan
 
(0.2
)
 
—

Proceeds from debt of consolidated investment products
 
69.9

 
—

Payments on contingent consideration liability
 
—

 
(20.4
)
Noncontrolling interests
 
306.5

 
67.9

Net cash used in financing activities
 
(64.1
)
 
(662.8
)

[Table continued on next page]

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Unaudited

[Table continued from previous page]
 
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 
$
(4.8
)
 
$
(11.8
)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 
78.2

 
(964.6
)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
 
5,957.6

 
6,910.6

Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Period
 
$
6,035.8

 
$
5,946.0

 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
 
 
 
 
Cash paid for income taxes
 
$
258.2

 
$
303.3

Cash paid for interest
 
10.6

 
10.4

Cash paid for interest by consolidated investment products
 
1.1

 
1.1




See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

9

FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2020
(Unaudited)
Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The unaudited interim financial statements of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“Franklin”) and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) included herein have been prepared by the Company in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Under these rules and regulations, some information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America have been shortened or omitted. Management believes that all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and the results of operations for the periods shown have been made. All adjustments are normal and recurring. These financial statements should be read together with the Company’s audited financial statements included in its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 (“fiscal year 2019”). Certain comparative amounts for the prior fiscal year period have been reclassified to conform to the financial statement presentation as of and for the period ended March 31, 2020.
Use of Estimates
The Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which require the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Global concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic have adversely affected, and we expect will continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition and results of operations including the estimates and assumptions made by management. Significant estimates and assumptions made relate to, among other things, valuations for certain investments which are carried at fair value including those of consolidated investment products, the review of goodwill and intangible assets for impairment, and the calculation of income taxes. Actual results could differ from the estimates, and such differences may be material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Other Significant Accounting Policies
At March 31, 2020, there were no material changes in the other significant accounting policies as reported in the Company’s Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019.
Note 2 – New Accounting Guidance
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
On October 1, 2019, the Company adopted new guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) for leases. The new guidance requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities arising from substantially all leases. The guidance also requires an evaluation at the inception of a contract to determine whether the contract is or contains a lease. The Company adopted the new guidance using the modified retrospective approach and recognized right-of-use assets of $274.5 million and lease liabilities of $315.2 million, substantially all of which relate to real estate leases. The right-of-use assets recognized as of October 1, 2019 were net of $40.7 million of deferred rent previously included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. See Note 9 – Leases for additional disclosures.
Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted
There were no other significant updates to the new accounting guidance that the Company has not yet adopted as disclosed in its Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019.

10

Note 3 – Earnings per Share
The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows: 
(in millions, except per share data)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Net income attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc.
 
$
79.1

 
$
367.5

 
$
429.6

 
$
643.4

Less: allocation of earnings to participating nonvested stock and stock unit awards
 
1.8

 
3.8

 
5.7

 
6.0

Net Income Available to Common Stockholders
 
$
77.3

 
$
363.7

 
$
423.9

 
$
637.4

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average shares outstanding – basic
 
491.5

 
504.7

 
493.1

 
507.6

Dilutive effect of nonparticipating nonvested stock unit awards
 
0.3

 
0.4

 
0.5

 
0.4

Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding – Diluted
 
491.8

 
505.1

 
493.6

 
508.0

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per Share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
$
0.16

 
$
0.72

 
$
0.86

 
$
1.26

Diluted
 
0.16

 
0.72

 
0.86

 
1.25


Nonparticipating nonvested stock unit awards excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been antidilutive were 0.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, and 0.2 million and 0.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019.
Note 4 – Revenues
Operating revenues by geographic area were as follows:
 
 
Earned From Contracts With Customers
 
Not Earned
From
Contracts
With
Customers1
 
Total
(in millions)
United States
 
Luxembourg
 
Americas
Excluding
United
States
 
Asia-Pacific
 
Europe,
Middle East
and Africa,
Excluding
Luxembourg
for the three months ended
March 31, 2020
Investment management fees
 
$
528.9

 
$
236.1

 
$
68.2

 
$
53.4

 
$
21.6

 
$
—

 
$
908.2

Sales and distribution fees
 
232.3

 
94.8

 
13.3

 
1.0

 
0.3

 
—

 
341.7

Shareholder servicing fees
 
45.8

 
6.6

 
0.1

 
2.3

 
—

 
—

 
54.8

Other
 
6.0

 
0.3

 
—

 
0.2

 
—

 
27.1

 
33.6

Total
 
$
813.0

 
$
337.8


$
81.6


$
56.9


$
21.9

 
$
27.1

 
$
1,338.3

 
 
Earned From Contracts With Customers
 
Not Earned
From
Contracts
With
Customers1
 
Total
(in millions)
United States
 
Luxembourg
 
Americas
Excluding
United
States
 
Asia-Pacific
 
Europe,
Middle East
and Africa,
Excluding
Luxembourg
for the six months ended
March 31, 2020
Investment management fees
 
$
1,102.0

 
$
488.6

 
$
143.2

 
$
110.1

 
$
44.0

 
$
—

 
$
1,887.9

Sales and distribution fees
 
469.7

 
193.6

 
27.7

 
1.5

 
0.7

 
—

 
693.2

Shareholder servicing fees
 
86.1

 
13.5

 
0.2

 
5.0

 
—

 
—

 
104.8

Other
 
12.1

 
0.6

 
—

 
0.3

 
1.5

 
50.6

 
65.1

Total
 
$
1,669.9

 
$
696.3

 
$
171.1

 
$
116.9

 
$
46.2

 
$
50.6

 
$
2,751.0


11

 
 
Earned From Contracts With Customers
 
Not Earned
From
Contracts
With
Customers1
 
Total
(in millions)
United States
 
Luxembourg
 
Americas
Excluding
United
States
 
Asia-Pacific
 
Europe,
Middle East
and Africa,
Excluding
Luxembourg
for the three months ended
March 31, 2019
Investment management fees
 
$
565.6

 
$
263.4

 
$
82.9

 
$
56.9

 
$
23.6

 
$
—

 
$
992.4

Sales and distribution fees
 
228.6

 
113.5

 
15.8

 
0.2

 
0.4

 
—

 
358.5

Shareholder servicing fees
 
47.1

 
7.4

 
0.1

 
2.5

 
—

 
—

 
57.1

Other
 
4.2

 
0.3

 
—

 
0.2

 
0.1

 
21.0

 
25.8

Total
 
$
845.5

 
$
384.6

 
$
98.8

 
$
59.8

 
$
24.1

 
$
21.0

 
$
1,433.8

 
 
Earned From Contracts With Customers
 
Not Earned
From
Contracts
With
Customers1
 
Total
(in millions)
United States
 
Luxembourg
 
Americas
Excluding
United
States
 
Asia-Pacific
 
Europe,
Middle East
and Africa,
Excluding
Luxembourg
for the six months ended
March 31, 2019
Investment management fees
 
$
1,098.7

 
$
531.1

 
$
168.5

 
$
118.3

 
$
47.6

 
$
—

 
$
1,964.2

Sales and distribution fees
 
461.6

 
217.8

 
32.4

 
0.7

 
0.8

 
—

 
713.3

Shareholder servicing fees
 
92.0

 
15.1

 
0.1

 
5.0

 
—

 
—

 
112.2

Other
 
7.2

 
0.6

 
—

 
0.3

 
0.4

 
47.1

 
55.6

Total
 
$
1,659.5

 
$
764.6

 
$
201.0

 
$
124.3

 
$
48.8

 
$
47.1

 
$
2,845.3

__________________ 
1 
Consists of revenues of consolidated investment products.
Operating revenues are attributed to geographic areas based on the locations of the subsidiaries that provide the services, which may differ from the regions in which the related investment products are sold.
Note 5 – Investments
The disclosures below include details of the Company’s investments, excluding those of consolidated investment products. See Note 7 – Consolidated Investment Products for information related to the investments held by these entities.
Investments consisted of the following:
(in millions)
 
March 31,
2020
 
September 30,
2019
Equity securities, at fair value
 
 
 
 
Sponsored funds
 
$
801.5

 
$
466.4

Other equity securities
 
39.4

 
63.6

Total equity securities, at fair value
 
840.9

 
530.0

Debt securities
 
 
 
 
Trading
 
40.0

 
44.2

Available-for-sale
 
1.4

 
4.0

Total debt securities
 
41.4

 
48.2

Investments in equity method investees
 
862.0

 
933.4

Other investments
 
73.7

 
44.2

Total
 
$
1,818.0

 
$
1,555.8



12

In December 2019, the Company entered into a swap agreement with a notional value of $60.0 million to hedge against changes in the value of an investment in a sponsored fund. The swap is measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized in earnings. The Company recognized gains of $31.4 million and $29.1 million on the swap during the three and six months ended March 31, 2020.
The Company recognized other-than-temporary impairment of $1.8 million and $2.1 million in earnings during the three and six months ended March 31, 2020.
Note 6 – Fair Value Measurements
The disclosures below include details of the Company’s fair value measurements, excluding those of consolidated investment products. See Note 7 – Consolidated Investment Products for information related to fair value measurements of the assets and liabilities of these entities.
The assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows: 
(in millions)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
NAV as a
Practical
Expedient
 
Total
as of March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities, at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sponsored funds
 
$
743.5

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
58.0

 
$
801.5

Other equity securities
 
15.4

 
3.7

 
0.9

 
19.4

 
39.4

Debt securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Trading
 
—

 
23.6

 
16.4

 
—

 
40.0

Available-for-sale
 
—

 
1.4

 
—

 
—

 
1.4

Life settlement contracts
 
—

 
—

 
10.4

 
—

 
10.4

Total Assets Measured at Fair Value
 
$
758.9

 
$
28.7

 
$
27.7


$
77.4

 
$
892.7

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liability
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contingent consideration liabilities
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
7.6

 
$
—

 
$
7.6

(in millions)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
NAV as a
Practical
Expedient
 
Total
as of September 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities, at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sponsored funds
 
$
397.0

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
69.4

 
$
466.4

Other equity securities
 
22.6

 
3.2

 
0.8

 
37.0

 
63.6

Debt securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading
 
—

 
24.4

 
19.8

 
—

 
44.2

Available-for-sale
 
—

 
4.0

 
—

 
—

 
4.0

Life settlement contracts
 
—

 
—

 
11.5

 
—

 
11.5

Total Assets Measured at Fair Value
 
$
419.6

 
$
31.6

 
$
32.1

 
$
106.4

 
$
589.7


Level 1 assets consist primarily of sponsored funds and other equity securities for which the fair values are based on published NAV or quoted market prices. Level 2 assets consist of debt and equity securities for which the fair values are determined using independent third-party broker or dealer price quotes. Level 3 assets consist of debt and equity securities and life settlement contracts for which the fair values are based on discounted cash flows using significant unobservable inputs.

13

Investments for which fair value was estimated using reported NAV as a practical expedient primarily consist of nonredeemable private debt, equity, infrastructure and real estate funds. These investments are expected to be returned through distributions over the life of the funds as a result of liquidations of the funds’ underlying assets. Investments with known liquidation periods were $36.1 million with an expected weighted-average life of 0.9 years at March 31, 2020, and $46.9 million with a weighted-average life of 1.3 years at September 30, 2019. The liquidation period for an investment in a private debt fund of $39.9 million and $48.6 million at March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2019 is unknown. The Company’s unfunded commitments to the funds totaled $4.3 million and $4.7 million at March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2019.
The fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities was primarily determined using a Monte Carlo pricing model based on estimated future revenue assumptions.
Changes in the Level 3 assets and liability were as follows: 
 
 
2020
 
2019
(in millions)
 
Investments
 
Contingent
Consideration
Liabilities
 
Investments
 
Contingent
Consideration
Liability
for the three months ended March 31,
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
40.2

 
$
—

 
$
29.0

 
$
(40.0
)
Acquisitions
 
—

 
(7.6
)
 
—

 
—

Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in investment and other income (losses), net
 
(0.4
)
 
—

 
0.8

 
—

Included in general, administrative and other expense
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(0.7
)
Purchases
 
—

 
—

 
5.0

 
—

Sales
 
(2.0
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Settlements
 
(0.1
)
 
—

 
(0.9
)
 
40.7

Consolidation of investment product
 
(10.0
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Balance at End of Period
 
$
27.7

 
$
(7.6
)
 
$
33.9

 
$
—

Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to assets and liability held at end of period
 
$
(1.1
)
 
$
—

 
$
0.3

 
$
—

 
 
2020
 
2019
(in millions)
 
Investments
 
Contingent
Consideration
Liabilities
 
Investments
 
Contingent
Consideration
Liability
for the six months ended March 31,
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
32.1

 
$
—

 
$
32.6

 
$
(38.7
)
Acquisitions
 
—

 
(7.6
)
 
—

 
—

Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in investment and other income (losses), net
 
(0.7
)
 
—

 
3.6

 
—

Included in general, administrative and other expense
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2.0
)
Purchases
 
12.6

 
—

 
5.0

 
—

Sales
 
(3.5
)
 
—

 
(4.3
)
 
—

Settlements
 
(2.8
)
 
—

 
(0.9
)
 
40.7

Consolidation of investment product
 
(10.0
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Transfers out of Level 3
 
—

 
—

 
(2.1
)
 
—

Balance at End of Period
 
$
27.7

 
$
(7.6
)
 
$
33.9

 
$
—

Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to assets and liability held at end of period
 
$
(1.9
)
 
$
—

 
$
3.0

 
$
—


There were no transfers into Level 3 during the six months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

14

Valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the Level 3 fair value measurements were as follows:
(in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
as of March 31, 2020
 
Fair Value
 
Valuation Technique
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
 
Range (Weighted Average1)
Debt securities, trading
 
$
16.4

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
2.5%–17.8% (7.3%)
Risk premium
 
2.0%–6.1% (3.8%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Life settlement contracts
 
10.4

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Life expectancy
 
18–103 months (53)
Discount rate
 
11.7%–20.0% (15.3%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contingent consideration liabilities
 
7.6

 
Monte Carlo pricing model
 
Revenue discount rate
 
6.0%

(in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
as of September 30, 2019
 
Fair Value
 
Valuation Technique
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
 
Range (Weighted Average1)
Debt securities, trading
 
$
19.8

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
2.7%–13.3% (6.7%)
Risk premium
 
2.0%–6.1% (4.2%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Life settlement contracts
 
11.5

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Life expectancy
 
19–107 months (57)
Discount rate
 
8.0%–20.0% (13.2%)

__________________ 
1 
Based on the relative fair value of the instruments.
If the relevant significant inputs used in the market pricing valuation were independently higher (lower) as of March 31, 2020, the resulting fair value of the assets would be higher (lower). If the relevant significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow valuations were independently higher (lower) as of March 31, 2020, the resulting fair value of the assets and liabilities would be lower (higher).
Financial instruments that were not measured at fair value were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Fair Value
Level
 
March 31, 2020
 
September 30, 2019
 
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
1
 
$
5,801.4

 
$
5,801.4

 
$
5,803.4

 
$
5,803.4

Other investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Time deposits
 
2
 
16.6

 
16.6

 
15.4

 
15.4

Equity securities
 
3
 
46.7

 
49.3

 
17.3

 
19.2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial Liability
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt
 
2
 
$
697.2

 
$
711.5

 
$
696.9

 
$
718.7



15

Note 7 – Consolidated Investment Products
Consolidated investment products (“CIPs”) consist of mutual and other investment funds, limited partnerships and similar structures and collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), all of which are sponsored by the Company, and include both voting interest entities and variable interest entities. CLOs are asset-backed financing entities collateralized by a pool of corporate loans. The Company had 56 CIPs, including two CLOs, as of March 31, 2020 and 60 CIPs, none of which were CLOs, as of September 30, 2019.
The balances related to CIPs included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets were as follows:
(in millions)
 
March 31,
2020
 
September 30,
2019
Assets
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
234.4

 
$
154.2

Receivables
 
44.4

 
99.0

Investments, at fair value
 
1,935.9

 
2,303.9

Total Assets
 
$
2,214.7

 
$
2,557.1

 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
$
102.2

 
$
81.5

Debt
 
613.8

 
50.8

Other liabilities
 
2.0

 
—

Total liabilities
 
718.0

 
132.3

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
 
209.1

 
746.7

Stockholders’ Equity
 
 
 
 
Franklin Resources, Inc.’s interests
 
625.1

 
1,129.6

Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests
 
662.5

 
548.5

Total stockholders’ equity
 
1,287.6

 
1,678.1

Total Liabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Stockholders’ Equity
 
$
2,214.7

 
$
2,557.1


The CIPs did not have a significant impact on net income attributable to the Company during the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
The Company has no right to the CIPs’ assets, other than its direct equity investments in them and investment management and other fees earned from them. The debt holders of the CIPs have no recourse to the Company’s assets beyond the level of its direct investment, therefore the Company bears no other risks associated with the CIPs’ liabilities.
Investment products are typically consolidated when the Company makes an initial investment in a newly-launched investment entity. They are typically deconsolidated when the Company no longer has a controlling financial interest due to redemptions of its investment or increases in third-party investments. The Company’s investments in these products subsequent to deconsolidation are accounted for as either equity method investments or equity securities measured at fair value depending on the structure of the product and the Company’s role and level of ownership. The Company consolidates CLOs in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of a CLO if the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the CLO’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or right to receive benefits from, the CLO that could potentially be significant to the CLO.

16

Fair Value Measurements
Assets of CIPs measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows: 
(in millions)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
NAV as a
Practical
Expedient
 
Total
as of March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents of CLOs
 
$
45.0

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
45.0

Receivables of CLOs
 
—

 
3.1

 
—

 
—

 
3.1

Investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities
 
$
118.2

 
$
32.0

 
$
351.6

 
$
235.8

 
$
737.6

Debt securities
 
25.0

 
251.6

 
80.9

 
—

 
357.5

Loans
 
—

 
541.8

 
11.0

 
—

 
552.8

Real estate
 
—

 
—

 
288.0

 
—

 
288.0

Total Assets Measured at Fair Value
 
$
188.2

 
$
828.5

 
$
731.5

 
$
235.8

 
$
1,984.0

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities
 
$
2.0

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2.0

(in millions)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
NAV as a
Practical
Expedient
 
Total
as of September 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities
 
$
195.1

 
$
223.9

 
$
296.4

 
$
204.1

 
$
919.5

Debt securities
 
0.1

 
1,083.6

 
131.4

 
—

 
1,215.1

Loans
 
—

 
—

 
16.6

 
—

 
16.6

Real estate
 
—

 
—

 
152.7

 
—

 
152.7

Total Assets Measured at Fair Value
 
$
195.2

 
$
1,307.5

 
$
597.1

 
$
204.1

 
$
2,303.9


Level 1 assets consist of cash and cash equivalents of CLOs which primarily consist of investments in a money market fund for which the fair value is based on its published NAV, and equity and debt securities for which the fair values are based on quoted market prices. Level 2 assets consist of receivables of CLOs which consist primarily of investment trades pending settlement, debt and equity securities, and loans, the fair values for which are determined using independent third-party broker or dealer price quotes. Level 3 assets consist of equity and debt securities of entities in emerging markets, other equity and debt instruments, real estate and loans for which the fair values are determined using significant unobservable inputs in either a market-based or income-based approach.
Investments for which fair value was estimated using reported NAV as a practical expedient consist of nonredeemable real estate and private equity funds. These investments are expected to be returned through distributions over the life of the funds as a result of liquidations of the funds’ underlying assets over a weighted-average period of 4.4 years at both March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2019. The CIPs’ unfunded commitments to these funds totaled $36.7 million and $168.7 million, of which the Company was contractually obligated to fund $4.5 million and $20.6 million based on its ownership percentage in the CIPs, at March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2019.

17

Changes in Level 3 assets were as follows: 
(in millions)
 
Equity
Securities
 
Debt
Securities
 
Real Estate
 
Loans
 
Total 
Level 3
Assets
for the three months ended March 31, 2020
Balance at January 1, 2020
 
$
329.4

 
$
83.4

 
$
219.9

 
$
14.0

 
$
646.7

Realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in investment and other income (losses), net
 
(11.0
)
 
(6.3
)
 
1.8

 
(1.3
)
 
(16.8
)
Purchases
 
36.4

 
3.6

 
77.3

 
—

 
117.3

Sales and settlements
 
(2.1
)
 
(0.7
)
 
—

 
(1.7
)
 
(4.5
)
Transfers into Level 3
 
—

 
2.2

 
—

 
—

 
2.2

Transfers out of Level 3
 
—

 
(1.0
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1.0
)
Foreign exchange revaluation
 
(1.1
)
 
(0.3
)
 
(11.0
)
 
—

 
(12.4
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
 
$
351.6

 
$
80.9

 
$
288.0

 
$
11.0

 
$
731.5

Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to assets held at March 31, 2020
 
$
(11.0
)
 
$
(6.3
)
 
$
1.8

 
$
(1.7
)
 
$
(17.2
)
(in millions)
 
Equity
Securities
 
Debt
Securities
 
Real Estate
 
Loans
 
Total 
Level 3
Assets
for the six months ended March 31, 2020
Balance at October 1, 2019
 
$
296.4

 
$
131.4

 
$
152.7

 
$
16.6

 
$
597.1

Realized and unrealized losses included in investment and other income (losses), net
 
(10.0
)
 
(14.3
)
 
(0.9
)
 
(1.4
)
 
(26.6
)
Purchases
 
68.4

 
4.3

 
141.6

 
—

 
214.3

Sales and settlements
 
(3.3
)
 
(1.1
)
 
—

 
(4.2
)
 
(8.6
)
Deconsolidation
 
—

 
(40.7
)
 
—

 
—

 
(40.7
)
Transfers into Level 3
 
—

 
2.2

 
—

 
—

 
2.2

Transfers out of Level 3
 
—

 
(1.0
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1.0
)
Foreign exchange revaluation
 
0.1

 
0.1

 
(5.4
)
 
—

 
(5.2
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
 
$
351.6

 
$
80.9

 
$
288.0

 
$
11.0

 
$
731.5

Change in unrealized losses included in net income relating to assets held at March 31, 2020
 
$
(10.0
)
 
$
(14.3
)
 
$
(0.9
)
 
$
(1.4
)
 
$
(26.6
)
(in millions)
 
Equity
Securities
 
Debt
Securities
 
Real Estate
 
Loans
 
Total 
Level 3
Assets
for the three months ended March 31, 2019
Balance at January 1, 2019
 
$
193.6

 
$
100.9

 
$
—

 
$
39.2

 
$
333.7

Acquisition
 
45.2

 
39.7

 
—

 
—

 
84.9

Realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in investment and other income (losses), net
 
(4.5
)
 
(3.8
)
 
3.4

 
(0.5
)
 
(5.4
)
Purchases
 
25.7

 
9.4

 
25.6

 
—

 
60.7

Sales
 
(0.3
)
 
(14.2
)
 
—

 
(0.3
)
 
(14.8
)
Foreign exchange revaluation
 
(2.1
)
 
(0.3
)
 
0.1

 
—

 
(2.3
)
Balance at March 31, 2019
 
$
257.6

 
$
131.7

 
$
29.1

 
$
38.4

 
$
456.8

Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to assets held at March 31, 2019
 
$
(4.8
)
 
$
(3.2
)
 
$
3.4

 
$
(0.2
)
 
$
(4.8
)


18

(in millions)
 
Equity
Securities
 
Debt
Securities
 
Real Estate
 
Loans
 
Total 
Level 3
Assets
for the six months ended March 31, 2019
Balance at October 1, 2018
 
$
199.7

 
$
118.0

 
$
—

 
$
32.3

 
$
350.0

Acquisition
 
45.2

 
39.7

 
—

 
—

 
84.9

Realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in investment and other income (losses), net
 
6.9

 
(11.0
)
 
3.4

 
(1.5
)
 
(2.2
)
Purchases
 
35.4

 
9.4

 
25.6

 
8.2

 
78.6

Sales and settlements
 
(1.4
)
 
(20.2
)
 
—

 
(0.6
)
 
(22.2
)
Transfers into Level 3
 
0.1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
0.1

Transfers out of Level 3
 
(25.4
)
 
(3.6
)
 
—

 
—

 
(29.0
)
Foreign exchange revaluation
 
(2.9
)
 
(0.6
)
 
0.1

 
—

 
(3.4
)
Balance at March 31, 2019
 
$
257.6

 
$
131.7

 
$
29.1

 
$
38.4

 
$
456.8

Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income relating to assets held at March 31, 2019
 
$
7.0

 
$
(3.9
)
 
$
3.4

 
$
(0.9
)
 
$
5.6


There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements were as follows:
(in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
as of March 31, 2020
 
Fair Value
 
Valuation Technique
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
 
Range (Weighted Average1)
Equity securities
 
$
150.7

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
7.9%–20.0% (12.3%)
Discount for lack of marketability
 
17.0%
115.1

 
Market pricing
 
Private sale pricing
 
$0.24–$87.73 ($40.70) per share
85.8

 
Market comparable companies
 
Enterprise value/
EBITDA multiple
 
6.8–19.1 (11.5)
Discount for lack of marketability
 
20.0%–25.2% (21.9%)
Risk premium
 
14.3%
Enterprise value/
Revenue multiple
 
7.5
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
 
64.7

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
3.6%–20.0% (15.6%)
Discount for lack of marketability
 
17.0%
16.2

 
Market comparable companies
 
Enterprise value/
Revenues multiple
 
0.7
Enterprise value/
EBITDA multiple
 
4.0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate
 
182.5

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
4.5%–5.9% (5.1%)
105.5

Yield capitalization
 
Equivalent yield
 
4.2%–6.1% (5.2%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans
 
11.0

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Loss-adjusted discount rate
 
3.0%–23.9% (12.2%)


19

(in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
as of September 30, 2019
 
Fair Value
 
Valuation Technique
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
 
Range (Weighted Average1)
Equity securities
 
$
97.2

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
4.8%–16.3% (10.3%)
Discount for lack of marketability
 
17.0%
22.3

Market pricing
 
Private sale pricing
 
$0.25–$20.13 ($2.06) per share
176.9

Market comparable companies
 
Enterprise value/
EBITDA multiple
 
4.5–11.8 (8.1)
Discount for lack of marketability
 
15.0%–30.0% (23.1%)
Risk premium
 
18.9%
Enterprise value/
Revenue multiple
 
3.7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
 
115.5

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
4.8%–17.4% (9.7%)
Discount for lack of marketability
17.0%–24.7% (22.9%)
15.9

Market comparable companies
Price-to-earnings ratio
10.0
Enterprise value/
EBITDA multiple
21.9
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate
 
84.7

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
6.4%–7.4% (7.1%)
68.0

Yield capitalization
 
Equivalent yield
 
4.3%–6.1% (5.4%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans
 
16.6

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Loss-adjusted discount rate
 
3.0%–23.9% (12.0%)

__________________ 
1 
Based on the relative fair value of the instruments.
If the relevant significant inputs used in the market-based valuations, other than the discount for lack of marketability and risk premium, were independently higher (lower) as of March 31, 2020, the resulting fair value of the assets would be higher (lower). If the relevant significant inputs used in the discounted cash flow or yield capitalization valuations, as well as the discount for lack of marketability and risk premium in the market-based valuations, were independently higher (lower) as of March 31, 2020, the resulting fair value of the assets would be lower (higher).
Financial instruments of CIPs that were not measured at fair value were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Fair Value
Level
 
March 31, 2020
 
September 30, 2019
 
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Asset
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
1
 
$
189.4

 
$
189.4

 
$
154.2

 
$
154.2

Financial Liability
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt of CLOs
 
2
 
$
495.1

 
$
491.8

 
$
—

 
$
—

Other debt
 
3
 
118.7

 
118.7

 
50.8

 
51.0


The financial information for the majority of CIPs, including CLOs, is included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a lag of between one to three months. In accordance with our policy and amid concerns of the market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company performed a review of substantially all CIPs that are consolidated on a lag to assess the impact of market declines during the lag period for disclosure purposes. Based on this review, the fair value of investments in these CIPs had declined by approximately 9% during the lag period through March 31, 2020, with the decline in fair value of investments of CLOs substantially offset by a decline in the carrying value of the debt of CLOs. Approximately 90% of the decline in fair value of investments in these CIPs is offset by the decline in carrying value of the debt of CLOs or attributable to noncontrolling interests, with the remaining approximately 10% representing the Company’s proportionate share in these losses based on its equity interests in the CIPs.

20

Debt
Debt of CIPs consisted of the following:
 
 
March 31, 2020
 
September 30, 2019
(in millions)
 
Amount
 
Weighted-
Average
Effective
Interest Rate
 
Amount
 
Weighted-
Average
Effective
Interest Rate
Debt of CLOs
 
$
495.1

 
3.81%
 
$
—

 
N/A
Other debt
 
118.7

 
3.46%
 
50.8

 
5.09%
Total
 
$
613.8

 
 
 
$
50.8

 
 

The debt of CLOs is measured based on the fair value of the assets of the CLOs less the fair value of the Company’s own economic interests in the CLOs.
The debt of CLOs had floating interest rates ranging from 3.01% to 8.81% at March 31, 2020. The other debt had fixed and floating interest rates ranging from 1.00% to 7.44% at March 31, 2020, and from 2.08% to 7.94% at September 30, 2019.
The contractual maturities for debt of CIPs at March 31, 2020 were as follows: 
(in millions)
 
 
for the fiscal years ending September 30,
Amount
2020 (remainder of year)
 
$
24.3

2021
 
7.6

2022
 
—

2023
 
—

2024
 
32.5

Thereafter
 
549.4

Total
 
$
613.8


Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Changes in redeemable noncontrolling interests of CIPs were as follows:
(in millions)
 
 
 
 
for the six months ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
746.7

 
$
1,043.6

Net (loss) income
 
(19.5
)
 
6.1

Net subscriptions (distributions) and other
 
188.6

 
(6.2
)
Net deconsolidations
 
(706.7
)
 
(224.2
)
Balance at End of Period
 
$
209.1

 
$
819.3


Collateralized Loan Obligations
The Company recognized $0.2 million of net losses during the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 related to its own economic interests in the CLOs.
The unpaid principal balance and fair value of the investments of CLOs as of March 31, 2020 were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Amount
Unpaid principal balance
 
$
538.5

Difference between unpaid principal balance and fair value
 
3.3

Fair Value
 
$
541.8



21

Investments 90 days or more past due were immaterial at March 31, 2020.
The unpaid principal balance of the debt of CLOs was $483.8 million at March 31, 2020.
Note 8 – Nonconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary consist of sponsored funds and other investment products in which the Company has an equity ownership interest. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from these VIEs consists of equity investments and investment management and other fee receivables as follows: 
(in millions)
 
March 31,
2020
 
September 30,
2019
Investments
 
$
496.0

 
$
458.1

Receivables
 
141.6

 
149.5

Total
 
$
637.6

 
$
607.6


While the Company has no legal or contractual obligation to do so, it routinely makes cash investments in the course of launching sponsored funds. As it has done in the past, the Company also may voluntarily elect to provide its sponsored funds with additional direct or indirect financial support based on its business objectives. The Company did not provide financial or other support to its sponsored funds during the six months ended March 31, 2020 or fiscal year 2019.
Note 9 – Leases
Lessee Arrangements
Substantially all of the Company’s leases are operating leases relating to real estate. The leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of 8.9 years as of March 31, 2020, and generally include one or more options to renew.
At the inception of a contract, the Company determines whether it is or contains a lease, which includes consideration of whether there are identified assets in the contract and if the Company has control over such assets. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are recognized for all arrangements that qualify as a lease, except for those with original lease terms of 12 months or less.
ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future lease payments using an incremental borrowing rate estimated on a collateralized basis with similar terms for the specific interest rate environment. Leases with fixed payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments based on usage, changes in an index or market rate are expensed as incurred. The lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain they will be exercised.
Lease and nonlease payment components are accounted for separately. The Company elected to use hindsight in determining the lease term and evaluating impairment of ROU assets upon adoption of new lease accounting guidance on October 1, 2019. ROU assets are tested for impairment when there is an indication that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.
Lease expense was as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2020
 
Six Months Ended
March 31, 2020
(in millions)
 
Operating lease cost1
 
$
14.3

 
$
28.1

Finance lease cost
 
—

 
0.3

Variable lease cost2
 
0.2

 
0.5

Total lease expense
 
$
14.5

 
$
28.9

__________________ 
1 
Substantially all is included in occupancy expense.
2 
Consists of operating lease payments.


22

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
(in millions)
 
Amount
for the six months ended March 31, 2020
Operating cash flows from operating leases included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities
 
$
19.1

ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities
 
12.2



The weighted-average discount rate for the operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2020 was 2.8%. The maturities of the liabilities were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Amount
for the fiscal years ending September 30,
 
2020 (remainder of year)
 
$
24.8

2021
 
45.9

2022
 
43.5

2023
 
41.2

2024
 
38.1

Thereafter
 
155.2

Total lease payments
 
348.7

Less: interest
 
(39.8
)
Operating lease liabilities
 
$
308.9

As of September 30, 2019, future minimum lease payments under long-term non-cancelable operating leases were as follows:
(in millions)
 
 
for the fiscal years ending September 30,
 
Amount
2020
 
$
49.5

2021
 
45.3

2022
 
40.9

2023
 
39.1

2024
 
36.7

Thereafter
 
149.1

Total Minimum Lease Payments
 
$
360.6


Lessor Arrangements
The Company leases excess owned space in its San Mateo, California corporate headquarters and various other office buildings primarily in the U.S. to third parties. The leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of 7.5 years as of March 31, 2020, and generally include one or more options to renew.

The maturities of lease payments due to the Company as of March 31, 2020 were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Amount
for the fiscal years ending September 30,
 
2020 (remainder of year)
 
$
15.8

2021
 
30.3

2022
 
26.8

2023
 
26.8

2024
 
27.7

Thereafter
 
95.0

Total
 
$
222.4



23

Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies
Proposed Acquisition of Legg Mason, Inc.
On February 17, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire Legg Mason, Inc. (“Legg Mason”). Under the merger agreement, the Company will acquire each outstanding share of Legg Mason common stock for $50 per share in an all-cash transaction, with an estimated aggregate purchase consideration and additional related obligations and fees of approximately $4.7 billion, and assume approximately $2 billion of Legg Mason’s outstanding debt. The merger is subject to approval by the stockholders of Legg Mason and other customary closing conditions, and is expected to close in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 (third quarter of the calendar year).
Legal Proceedings
The Company is from time to time involved in litigation relating to claims arising in the normal course of business. Management is of the opinion that the ultimate resolution of such claims will not materially affect the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity. In management’s opinion, an adequate accrual has been made as of March 31, 2020 to provide for any probable losses that may arise from such matters for which the Company could reasonably estimate an amount.
Other Commitments and Contingencies
At March 31, 2020, there were no material changes in the other commitments and contingencies as reported in the Company’s Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019.
Note 11 – Stock-Based Compensation
Stock and stock unit award activity was as follows:
(shares in thousands)
 
Time-Based
Shares
 
Performance-
Based Shares
 
Total
Shares
 
Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
for the six months ended March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
Nonvested balance at October 1, 2019
 
3,778

 
1,854

 
5,632

 
$
34.06

Granted
 
4,517

 
118

 
4,635

 
27.88

Vested
 
(542
)
 
(374
)
 
(916
)
 
34.35

Forfeited/canceled
 
(220
)
 
(534
)
 
(754
)
 
33.96

Nonvested Balance at March 31, 2020
 
7,533

 
1,064

 
8,597

 
$
30.71


Total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock and stock unit awards was $184.8 million at March 31, 2020. This expense is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.1 years.

24

Note 12 – Other Income (Expenses)
Other income (expenses) consisted of the following: 
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Investment and Other Income (Losses), Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividend income
 
$
20.0

 
$
24.2

 
$
38.6

 
$
49.8

Interest income
 
3.7

 
8.5

 
9.1

 
17.5

Losses on investments, net
 
(79.4
)
 
(0.6
)
 
(71.6
)
 
(16.4
)
Income (losses) from investments in equity method investees
 
(159.4
)
 
47.2

 
(120.3
)
 
9.6

Gain on swap agreement
 
31.4

 
—

 
29.1

 
—

Gains (losses) on investments of CIPs, net
 
(68.0
)
 
31.8

 
(76.3
)
 
(17.2
)
Rental income
 
7.8

 
5.0

 
15.3

 
9.9

Foreign currency exchange (losses) gains, net
 
(2.4
)
 
2.5

 
(10.9
)
 
7.2

Other, net
 
(2.7
)
 
0.1

 
(2.4
)
 
(0.8
)
Total
 
(249.0
)
 
118.7

 
(189.4
)
 
59.6

Interest Expense
 
(4.2
)
 
(5.7
)
 
(10.9
)
 
(12.1
)
Other Income (Expenses), Net
 
$
(253.2
)
 
$
113.0

 
$
(200.3
)
 
$
47.5


Substantially all dividend income was generated by investments in nonconsolidated sponsored funds. Interest income was primarily generated by cash equivalents and time deposits. Losses on investments, net consists primarily of realized and unrealized net losses on equity securities measured at fair value.
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities were $1.0 million for the six months ended March 31, 2020. There were no sales of available-for-sale securities in the three months ended March 31, 2020 or in fiscal year 2019.
Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities measured at fair value and trading debt securities that were held by the Company at March 31, 2020 and 2019 were $(75.5) million and $(69.4) million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, and $1.5 million and $(10.6) million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019.

25

Note 13 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows:
(in millions)
 
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Losses on
Defined Benefit
Plans
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on
Investments
 
Total
for the three months ended March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2020
 
$
(367.4
)
 
$
(7.1
)
 
$
(1.7
)
 
$
(376.2
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax
 
(103.0
)
 
0.7

 
1.9

 
(100.4
)
Reclassifications to net investment and other income (losses), net of tax
 
0.5

 
—

 
—

 
0.5

Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(102.5
)
 
0.7

 
1.9

 
(99.9
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
 
$
(469.9
)
 
$
(6.4
)
 
$
0.2

 
$
(476.1
)
(in millions)
 
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Losses on
Defined Benefit
Plans
 
Unrealized
Gains on
Investments
 
Total
for the six months ended March 31, 2020
 
 
 
 
Balance at October 1, 2019
 
$
(425.4
)
 
$
(6.2
)
 
$
—

 
$
(431.6
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax
 
(44.9
)
 
(0.2
)
 
—

 
(45.1
)
Reclassifications to net investment and other income (losses), net of tax
 
0.4

 
—

 
0.2

 
0.6

Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(44.5
)
 
(0.2
)
 
0.2

 
(44.5
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
 
$
(469.9
)

$
(6.4
)

$
0.2


$
(476.1
)
(in millions)
 
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Losses on
Defined Benefit
Plans
 
Unrealized
Losses on
Investments
 
Total
for the three months ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2019
 
$
(387.5
)
 
$
(4.6
)
 
$
(1.5
)
 
$
(393.6
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax
 
7.6

 
(0.7
)
 
(0.1
)
 
6.8

Reclassifications to net investment and other income (losses), net of tax
 
0.3

 
—

 
—

 
0.3

Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 
7.9

 
(0.7
)
 
(0.1
)
 
7.1

Balance at March 31, 2019
 
$
(379.6
)
 
$
(5.3
)
 
$
(1.6
)
 
$
(386.5
)
(in millions)
 
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Losses on
Defined Benefit
Plans
 
Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on
Investments
 
Total
for the six months ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
Balance at October 1, 2018
 
$
(372.9
)
 
$
(4.2
)
 
$
6.5

 
$
(370.6
)
Adoption of new accounting guidance
 
—

 
—

 
(8.0
)
 
(8.0
)
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax
 
(6.8
)
 
(1.1
)
 
(0.1
)
 
(8.0
)
Reclassifications to net investment and other income (losses), net of tax
 
0.1

 
—

 
—

 
0.1

Total other comprehensive loss
 
(6.7
)
 
(1.1
)
 
(0.1
)
 
(7.9
)
Balance at March 31, 2019
 
$
(379.6
)

$
(5.3
)

$
(1.6
)

$
(386.5
)


26

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
In this section, we discuss and analyze the results of operations and financial condition of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“Franklin”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). In addition to historical information, we also make statements relating to the future, called “forward-looking” statements, which are provided under the “safe harbor” protection of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are generally written in the future tense and/or are preceded by words such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “estimate” or other similar words. Moreover, statements that speculate about future events are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and outcomes to differ materially from any future results or outcomes expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. You should carefully review the “Risk Factors” section set forth below, which describes these risks, uncertainties and other important factors in more detail.
While forward-looking statements are our best prediction at the time that they are made, you should not rely on them and are cautioned against doing so. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. If a circumstance occurs after the date of this Form 10-Q that causes any of our forward-looking statements to be inaccurate, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, we do not have an obligation, and we undertake no obligation, to announce publicly the change to our expectations, or to make any revision to our forward-looking statements, unless required by law.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 (“fiscal year 2019”) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
OVERVIEW
We are a global investment management organization and derive our operating revenues and net income from providing investment management and related services in jurisdictions worldwide for investors in our investment products, which include our sponsored funds, as well as institutional and high-net-worth separate accounts. In addition to investment management, our services include fund administration, sales and distribution, and shareholder servicing. We may perform services directly or through third parties. We offer our services and products under our various distinct brand names, including, but not limited to, Franklin®, Templeton®, Balanced Equity Management®, Benefit Street Partners®, Darby®, Edinburgh Partners™, Fiduciary Trust™, Franklin Bissett®, Franklin Mutual Series®, K2® and LibertyShares®. We offer a broad product mix of equity, multi-asset/balanced, fixed income and cash management investment objectives and solutions that meet a wide variety of specific investment goals and needs for individual and institutional investors. We also provide sub-advisory services to certain investment products sponsored by other companies that may be sold to investors under the brand names of those other companies or on a co-branded basis.
The level of our revenues depends largely on the level and relative mix of assets under management (“AUM”). As noted in the “Risk Factors” section set forth below, the amount and mix of our AUM are subject to significant fluctuations and can negatively impact our revenues and income. The level of our revenues also depends on mutual fund sales, the number of shareholder transactions and accounts, and the fees charged for our services, which are based on contracts with our funds and our clients. These arrangements could change in the future.
As further noted in the “Risk Factors” section, the outbreak and spread of contagious diseases such as the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), a highly transmissible and pathogenic disease, has adversely affected, and we expect will continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition and results of operations. Global and national health concerns, and uncertainty regarding the impact of COVID-19, could lead to further and/or increased volatility in global capital and credit markets, adversely affect our key executives and other personnel, clients, investors, providers, suppliers, lessees, and other third parties, and negatively impact our AUM, revenues, income, business and operations. As of the time of this filing, as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, it is not possible to predict the extent to which the coronavirus will adversely impact our business, liquidity, capital resources, financial results and operations, which impacts will depend on numerous developing factors that are highly uncertain and rapidly changing.

27

During our second fiscal quarter, the global equity markets turned sharply negative as global concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic caused steep declines in equities and lower government bond yields. Several countries have implemented shutdown measures which, along with disruptions in the global economy and falling oil prices, have furthered ongoing concerns about recession despite significant accommodative economic efforts by governments and central banks. The S&P 500 Index and MSCI World Index decreased 19.6% and 20.9% for the quarter, which more than offset gains in our first fiscal quarter and resulted in decreases of 12.3% and 14.1% for the fiscal year to date. The global bond markets turned negative as the Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index decreased 0.3% during the quarter but remained slightly positive at 0.2% for the fiscal year to date.
Our total AUM at March 31, 2020 was $580.3 billion, 16% lower than at September 30, 2019 and 19% lower than at March 31, 2019. Simple monthly average AUM (“average AUM”) for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 decreased 5% and 3% from the same periods in the prior fiscal year.
Uncertainties regarding the global economy remain for the foreseeable future. As we continue to confront the challenges of the current economic and regulatory environments, we remain focused on the investment performance of our products and on providing high quality service to our clients. We continuously perform reviews of our business model. While we remain focused on expense management, we will also seek to attract, retain and develop personnel and invest strategically in systems and technology that will provide a secure and stable environment. We will continue to seek to protect and further our brand recognition while developing and maintaining broker-dealer and client relationships. The success of these and other strategies may be influenced by the factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” section set forth below.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
(in millions, except per share data)
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
Operating revenues
 
$
1,338.3

 
$
1,433.8

 
(7
%)
 
$
2,751.0

 
$
2,845.3

 
(3
%)
Operating income
 
356.1

 
379.5

 
(6
%)
 
748.8

 
791.0

 
(5
%)
Net income attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc.
 
79.1

 
367.5

 
(78
%)
 
429.6

 
643.4

 
(33
%)
Diluted earnings per share
 
$
0.16

 
$
0.72

 
(78
%)
 
$
0.86

 
$
1.25

 
(31
%)
Operating margin1
 
26.6
%
 
26.5
%
 
 
 
27.2
%
 
27.8
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As adjusted (non-GAAP):2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adjusted operating income
 
$
385.9

 
$
406.6

 
(5
%)
 
$
791.4

 
$
816.7

 
(3
%)
Adjusted operating margin
 
43.2
%
 
41.9
%
 
 
 
42.9
%
 
42.5
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adjusted net income
 
$
332.8

 
$
330.6

 
1
%
 
$
671.1

 
$
691.4

 
(3
%)
Adjusted diluted earnings per share
 
$
0.66

 
$
0.65

 
2
%
 
$
1.34

 
$
1.35

 
(1
%)
__________________ 
1 
Defined as operating income divided by total operating revenues.
2 
“Adjusted operating income,” “adjusted operating margin,” “adjusted net income” and “adjusted diluted earnings per share” are based on methodologies other than generally accepted accounting principles. See “Supplemental Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for definitions and reconciliations of these measures.
Operating income decreased $23.4 million and $42.2 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, as 7% and 3% decreases in operating revenues were partially offset by 7% and 3% decreases in operating expenses. Net income attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc. decreased $288.4 million and $213.8 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to the impact of steep declines in market valuations amid global concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic in the three months ended March 31, 2020, which resulted in net investment and other losses of $249.0 million and $189.4 million, as compared to net gains of $118.7 million and $59.6 million in the prior year, less the portion attributable to noncontrolling interests, as well as the decreases in operating income.
Diluted earnings per share decreased for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, consistent with the decreases in net income and the impact of a 3% decrease in diluted average common shares outstanding in both periods, primarily resulting from repurchases of shares of our common stock during the twelve-month period ended March 31, 2020.

28

ASSETS UNDER MANAGEMENT
AUM by investment objective was as follows:
(in billions)
 
March 31,
2020
 
March 31,
2019
 
Percent
Change
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
$
114.7

 
$
174.4

 
(34
%)
United States
 
92.7

 
109.5

 
(15
%)
Total equity
 
207.4

 
283.9

 
(27
%)
Multi-Asset/Balanced
 
118.2

 
134.7

 
(12
%)
Fixed Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tax-free
 
64.9

 
63.4

 
2
%
Taxable
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
113.3

 
152.5

 
(26
%)
United States
 
65.8

 
68.9

 
(4
%)
Total fixed income
 
244.0

 
284.8

 
(14
%)
Cash Management
 
10.7

 
8.9

 
20
%
Total
 
$
580.3

 
$
712.3

 
(19
%)
AUM at March 31, 2020 decreased 19% from March 31, 2019 as an $81.7 billion decrease from net market change, distributions and other, and $55.9 billion of net outflows were slightly offset by $5.6 billion from an acquisition.
Average AUM and the mix of average AUM by investment objective are shown below.
(in billions)
 
Average AUM
 
Percent
Change
 
Mix of Average AUM
for the three months ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
$
144.1

 
$
173.6

 
(17
%)
 
22
%
 
25
%
United States
 
108.9

 
105.1

 
4
%
 
17
%
 
16
%
Total equity
 
253.0

 
278.7

 
(9
%)
 
39
%
 
41
%
Multi-Asset/Balanced
 
129.1

 
131.1

 
(2
%)
 
20
%
 
19
%
Fixed Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tax-free
 
67.2

 
62.6

 
7
%
 
10
%
 
9
%
Taxable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
128.6

 
151.1

 
(15
%)
 
20
%
 
22
%
United States
 
67.4

 
55.5

 
21
%
 
10
%
 
8
%
Total fixed income
 
263.2

 
269.2

 
(2
%)
 
40
%
 
39
%
Cash Management
 
10.5

 
9.6

 
9
%
 
1
%
 
1
%
Total
 
$
655.8

 
$
688.6

 
(5
%)
 
100
%
 
100
%

29

(in billions)
 
Average AUM
 
Percent
Change
 
Mix of Average AUM
for the six months ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
$
150.6

 
$
178.0

 
(15
%)
 
22
%
 
26
%
United States
 
110.7

 
107.0

 
3
%
 
17
%
 
16
%
Total equity
 
261.3

 
285.0

 
(8
%)
 
39
%
 
42
%
Multi-Asset/Balanced
 
131.5

 
132.6

 
(1
%)
 
20
%
 
19
%
Fixed Income
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
Tax-free
 
66.9

 
62.7

 
7
%
 
10
%
 
9
%
Taxable
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
134.4

 
150.8

 
(11
%)
 
20
%
 
22
%
United States
 
67.2

 
50.5

 
33
%
 
10
%
 
7
%
Total fixed income
 
268.5

 
264.0

 
2
%
 
40
%
 
38
%
Cash Management
 
10.1

 
9.5

 
6
%
 
1
%
 
1
%
Total
 
$
671.4

 
$
691.1

 
(3
%)
 
100
%
 
100
%
Components of the change in AUM are shown below. Net market change, distributions and other includes appreciation (depreciation), distributions to investors that represent return on investments and return of capital, foreign exchange revaluation and net cash management.
(in billions)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
Beginning AUM
 
$
698.3

 
$
649.9

 
7
%
 
$
692.6

 
$
717.1

 
(3
%)
Long-term sales
 
27.7

 
27.0

 
3
%
 
50.4

 
48.7

 
3
%
Long-term redemptions
 
(54.3
)
 
(36.2
)
 
50
%
 
(100.0
)
 
(78.6
)
 
27
%
Long-term net exchanges
 
(1.5
)
 
—

 
NM

 
(1.6
)
 
(0.5
)
 
220
%
Long-term reinvested distributions
 
2.7

 
2.9

 
(7
%)
 
13.5

 
16.8

 
(20
%)
Net flows
 
(25.4
)
 
(6.3
)
 
303
%
 
(37.7
)
 
(13.6
)
 
177
%
Acquisitions
 
5.6

 
26.4

 
(79
%)
 
5.6

 
26.4

 
(79
%)
Net market change, distributions and other
 
(98.2
)
 
42.3

 
NM

 
(80.2
)
 
(17.6
)
 
356
%
Ending AUM
 
$
580.3

 
$
712.3

 
(19
%)
 
$
580.3

 
$
712.3

 
(19
%)
Components of the change in AUM by investment objective were as follows:
(in billions)
 
Equity
 
Multi-Asset/
Balanced
 
Fixed Income
 
Cash
Management
 
Total
for the three months ended
March 31, 2020
 
Global/
International
 
United
States
 
 
Tax-Free
 
Taxable
Global/
International
 
Taxable
United
States
 
 
AUM at January 1, 2020
 
$
163.5

 
$
117.0

 
$
136.5

 
$
66.7

 
$
136.7

 
$
67.5

 
$
10.4

 
$
698.3

Long-term sales
 
4.6

 
6.4

 
5.1

 
2.5

 
6.7

 
2.4

 
—

 
27.7

Long-term redemptions
 
(12.6
)
 
(7.7
)
 
(8.3
)
 
(3.2
)
 
(18.9
)
 
(3.6
)
 
—

 
(54.3
)
Long-term net exchanges
 
(0.3
)
 
(0.1
)
 
(0.5
)
 
(0.3
)
 
(0.7
)
 
0.4

 
—

 
(1.5
)
Long-term reinvested distributions
 
0.1

 
0.1

 
1.1

 
0.4

 
0.8

 
0.2

 
—

 
2.7

Net flows
 
(8.2
)
 
(1.3
)
 
(2.6
)
 
(0.6
)
 
(12.1
)
 
(0.6
)
 
—

 
(25.4
)
Acquisition
 
—

 
—

 
5.6

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5.6

Net market change, distributions and other
 
(40.6
)
 
(23.0
)
 
(21.3
)
 
(1.2
)
 
(11.3
)
 
(1.1
)
 
0.3

 
(98.2
)
AUM at March 31, 2020
 
$
114.7

 
$
92.7

 
$
118.2

 
$
64.9

 
$
113.3

 
$
65.8

 
$
10.7

 
$
580.3


30

(in billions)
 
Equity
 
Multi-Asset/
Balanced
 
Fixed Income
 
Cash
Management
 
Total
for the three months ended
March 31, 2019
 
Global/
International
 
United
States
 
 
Tax-Free
 
Taxable
Global/
International
 
Taxable
United
States
 
 
AUM at January 1, 2019
 
$
166.0

 
$
97.1

 
$
124.8

 
$
62.0

 
$
147.7

 
$
42.2

 
$
10.1

 
$
649.9

Long-term sales
 
5.1

 
4.1

 
3.1

 
1.8

 
11.1

 
1.8

 
—

 
27.0

Long-term redemptions
 
(12.0
)
 
(5.8
)
 
(4.4
)
 
(2.2
)
 
(8.6
)
 
(3.2
)
 
—

 
(36.2
)
Long-term net exchanges
 
(0.2
)
 
(0.1
)
 
0.1

 
0.2

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Long-term reinvested distributions
 
0.1

 
—

 
1.1

 
0.4

 
1.1

 
0.2

 
—

 
2.9

Net flows
 
(7.0
)
 
(1.8
)
 
(0.1
)
 
0.2

 
3.6

 
(1.2
)
 
—

 
(6.3
)
Acquisition
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
26.4

 
—

 
26.4

Net market change, distributions and other
 
15.4

 
14.2

 
10.0

 
1.2

 
1.2

 
1.5

 
(1.2
)
 
42.3

AUM at March 31, 2019
 
$
174.4

 
$
109.5

 
$
134.7

 
$
63.4

 
$
152.5

 
$
68.9

 
$
8.9

 
$
712.3

AUM decreased $118.0 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2020 due to $98.2 billion of net market change, distributions and other and $25.4 billion of net outflows, slightly offset by $5.6 billion from an acquisition. Net market change, distributions and other primarily consists of $89.3 billion of market depreciation, a $5.6 billion decrease from foreign exchange revaluation and $3.6 billion of long-term distributions. The market depreciation occurred in all long-term investment objectives, most significantly in the equity and multi-asset/balanced investment objectives, and reflected sharp declines in global equity markets as evidenced by decreases of 19.6% and 20.9% in the S&P 500 Index and MSCI World Index. The net outflows included outflows of $10.0 billion from six global/international fixed income funds, $1.6 billion from a multi-asset/balanced fund and $0.9 billion from an institutional product, partially offset by inflows of $1.2 billion in a private open-end product and $0.8 billion in a U.S. equity fund. Long-term sales increased 3% to $27.7 billion, as compared to the prior-year period, as higher sales in U.S. and multi-asset/balanced investment objectives were substantially offset by lower sales in global/international objectives, and long-term redemptions increased 50% to $54.3 billion due to higher redemptions in all investment objectives, most significantly in global/international fixed income and multi-asset/balanced products. The foreign exchange revaluation resulted from AUM in products that are not U.S. dollar denominated, which represented 13% of total AUM as of March 31, 2020, and was primarily due to strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, Indian Rupee and Pound Sterling.
AUM increased $62.4 billion or 10% during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 due to $42.3 billion of net market change, distributions and other, and $26.4 billion from an acquisition, partially offset by $6.3 billion of net outflows. Net market change, distributions and other primarily consists of $47.0 billion of market appreciation, partially offset by $3.9 billion of long-term distributions. The market appreciation occurred in all long-term investment objectives, most significantly in equity and multi-asset/balanced products, and reflected positive returns in global equity markets as evidenced by increases of 13.7% and 12.7% in the S&P 500 Index and MSCI World Index. The net outflows included outflows of $2.2 billion from three institutional separate accounts due to the clients’ mandatory redemption policies following portfolio manager departures, $1.2 billion from two sub-advised institutional products and $0.9 billion from a global/international equity fund, and inflows of $2.2 billion in two global/international fixed income funds.
(in billions)
 
Equity
 
Multi-Asset/
Balanced
 
Fixed Income
 
Cash
Management
 
Total
for the six months ended
March 31, 2020
 
Global/
International
 
United
States
 
 
Tax-Free
 
Taxable
Global/
International
 
Taxable
United
States
 
 
AUM at October 1, 2019
 
$
158.4

 
$
112.1

 
$
134.3

 
$
66.3

 
$
144.6

 
$
67.4

 
$
9.5

 
$
692.6

Long-term sales
 
8.4

 
10.8

 
8.6

 
4.5

 
13.3

 
4.8

 
—

 
50.4

Long-term redemptions
 
(23.3
)
 
(15.3
)
 
(14.5
)
 
(5.1
)
 
(35.1
)
 
(6.7
)
 
—

 
(100.0
)
Long-term net exchanges
 
(0.5
)
 
—

 
(0.4
)
 
(0.2
)
 
(1.4
)
 
0.9

 
—

 
(1.6
)
Long-term reinvested distributions
 
2.5

 
4.9

 
3.0

 
0.8

 
1.8

 
0.5

 
—

 
13.5

Net flows
 
(12.9
)
 
0.4

 
(3.3
)
 
—

 
(21.4
)
 
(0.5
)
 
—

 
(37.7
)
Acquisition
 
—

 
—

 
5.6

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5.6

Net market change, distributions and other
 
(30.8
)
 
(19.8
)
 
(18.4
)
 
(1.4
)
 
(9.9
)
 
(1.1
)
 
1.2

 
(80.2
)
AUM at March 31, 2020
 
$
114.7


$
92.7


$
118.2


$
64.9


$
113.3


$
65.8


$
10.7

 
$
580.3


31

(in billions)
 
Equity
 
Multi-Asset/
Balanced
 
Fixed Income
 
Cash
Management
 
Total
for the six months ended
March 31, 2019
 
Global/
International
 
United
States
 
 
Tax-Free
 
Taxable
Global/
International
 
Taxable
United
States
 
 
AUM at October 1, 2018
 
$
194.4

 
$
115.2

 
$
138.9

 
$
63.9

 
$
150.6

 
$
44.8

 
$
9.3

 
$
717.1

Long-term sales
 
9.4

 
8.1

 
5.9

 
3.4

 
18.5

 
3.4

 
—

 
48.7

Long-term redemptions
 
(21.7
)
 
(12.1
)
 
(11.2
)
 
(6.1
)
 
(20.7
)
 
(6.8
)
 
—

 
(78.6
)
Long-term net exchanges
 
(0.6
)
 
—

 
(0.1
)
 
—

 
0.2

 
—

 
—

 
(0.5
)
Long-term reinvested distributions
 
4.5

 
5.0

 
3.0

 
0.9

 
2.9

 
0.5

 
—

 
16.8

Net flows
 
(8.4
)
 
1.0

 
(2.4
)
 
(1.8
)
 
0.9

 
(2.9
)
 
—

 
(13.6
)
Acquisition
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
26.4

 
—

 
26.4

Net market change, distributions and other
 
(11.6
)
 
(6.7
)
 
(1.8
)
 
1.3

 
1.0

 
0.6

 
(0.4
)
 
(17.6
)
AUM at March 31, 2019
 
$
174.4

 
$
109.5

 
$
134.7

 
$
63.4

 
$
152.5

 
$
68.9

 
$
8.9

 
$
712.3

AUM decreased $112.3 billion during the six months ended March 31, 2020 due to $80.2 billion of net market change, distributions and other and $37.7 billion of net outflows, slightly offset by $5.6 billion from an acquisition. Net market change, distributions and other primarily consists of $61.9 billion of market depreciation, $16.1 billion of long-term distributions and a $3.4 billion decrease from foreign exchange revaluation. The market depreciation occurred in all long-term investment objectives except U.S. taxable fixed income, primarily in the equity and multi-asset/balanced investment objectives, and reflected negative returns in global equity markets as evidenced by decreases of 12.3% and 14.1% in the S&P 500 Index and MSCI World Index. The foreign exchange revaluation resulted from AUM in products that are not U.S. dollar denominated and was primarily due to strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar, Indian Rupee and Australian dollar. The net outflows included outflows of $16.9 billion from six global/international fixed income funds, $1.8 billion from two institutional products, $1.7 billion from a U.S. equity fund and $1.7 billion from a multi-asset/balanced fund, which were partially offset by inflows of $1.2 billion in a private open-end product and $1.2 billion in a U.S. equity fund. Long-term sales increased 3% to $50.4 billion, as compared to the prior-year period, as higher sales in U.S. and multi-asset/balanced investment objectives were substantially offset by lower sales in global/international objectives, and long-term redemptions increased 27% to $100.0 billion due to higher redemptions of global/international fixed income, equity and multi-asset/balanced products.
AUM decreased $4.8 billion or 1% during the six months ended March 31, 2019 due to $17.6 billion from net market change, distributions and other, and $13.6 billion of net outflows, substantially offset by $26.4 billion from an acquisition. Net market change, distributions and other primarily consists of $19.7 billion of long-term distributions, partially offset by $3.5 billion of market appreciation. The market appreciation occurred in all fixed income and the multi-asset/balanced investment objectives, partially offset by depreciation in the equity objectives, and reflected positive returns in global fixed income markets as evidenced by a 3.4% increase in the Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index and declines in global equity markets as evidenced by decreases of 1.7% and 2.4% in the S&P 500 Index and MSCI World Index. The net outflows included $2.1 billion from three institutional separate accounts due to the clients’ mandatory redemption policies following portfolio manager departures, $1.4 billion from a multi-asset/balanced fund, $1.3 billion from a global/international equity fund and $1.2 billion from two sub-advised institutional products, and inflows of $2.4 billion in two global/international fixed income funds.

32

Average AUM by sales region was as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
(in billions)
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
United States
 
$
454.8

 
$
464.8

 
(2
%)
 
$
464.4

 
$
465.7

 
0
%
International
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Europe, Middle East and Africa
 
83.6

 
91.4

 
(9
%)
 
85.7

 
92.8

 
(8
%)
Asia-Pacific
 
83.4

 
90.1

 
(7
%)
 
85.9

 
89.7

 
(4
%)
Canada
 
21.5

 
27.6

 
(22
%)
 
22.5

 
28.0

 
(20
%)
Latin America1
 
12.5

 
14.7

 
(15
%)
 
12.9

 
14.9

 
(13
%)
Total international
 
201.0

 
223.8

 
(10
%)
 
207.0

 
225.4

 
(8
%)
Total
 
$
655.8

 
$
688.6

 
(5
%)
 
$
671.4

 
$
691.1

 
(3
%)
__________________ 
1 
Includes North America-based advisers serving non-resident clients.
The percentage of average AUM in the United States sales region was 69% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 and 67% for the same periods in the prior fiscal year.
The region in which investment products are sold may differ from the geographic area in which we provide investment management and related services to the products.
Investment Performance Overview
A key driver of our overall success is the long-term investment performance of our investment products. A standard measure of the performance of these products is the percentage of AUM exceeding benchmarks and peer group medians. Our global/international fixed income products generated notable long-term results with 74% of AUM exceeding the peer group median comparison for the ten-year period, however, lower performance of these products during the six months ended March 31, 2020 resulted in significant decreases from September 30, 2019 to the benchmark and peer group comparisons for the three-year period and to the benchmark comparison for the ten-year period. The performance of our multi-asset/balanced products reflects the performance of a fund that represents 69% of this category. Lower relative investment performance by this fund during the six months ended March 31, 2020 resulted in significant decreases from September 30, 2019 to the peer group median comparison for the one-year and ten-year periods. The performance of our tax-free and U.S. taxable fixed income, as well as of our global/international equity products, has mostly lagged the benchmarks and peer group medians during the periods presented. Improved performance of our U.S. tax-free fixed income products during the three months ended March 31, 2020 resulted in significant increases from September 30, 2019 to the benchmark and peer group median comparisons for the one-year period.

33

The performance of our products against benchmarks and peer group medians is presented in the table below.
 
 
Benchmark Comparison1, 2
 
Peer Group Comparison1, 3
 
 
% of AUM Exceeding Benchmark
 
% of AUM in Top Two Peer Group Quartiles
as of March 31, 2020
 
1-Year
 
3-Year
 
5-Year
 
10-Year
 
1-Year
 
3-Year
 
5-Year
 
10-Year
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
23
%
 
19
%
 
19
%
 
20
%
 
52
%
 
25
%
 
24
%
 
26
%
United States
 
34
%
 
35
%
 
34
%
 
28
%
 
55
%
 
70
%
 
70
%
 
49
%
Total equity
 
28
%
 
27
%
 
26
%
 
24
%
 
54
%
 
47
%
 
46
%
 
37
%
Multi-Asset/Balanced
 
3
%
 
10
%
 
10
%
 
4
%
 
12
%
 
16
%
 
16
%
 
16
%
Fixed Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tax-free
 
84
%
 
44
%
 
43
%
 
44
%
 
89
%
 
43
%
 
45
%
 
57
%
Taxable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
10
%
 
10
%
 
12
%
 
47
%
 
10
%
 
11
%
 
47
%
 
74
%
United States
 
17
%
 
8
%
 
2
%
 
3
%
 
30
%
 
13
%
 
3
%
 
4
%
Total fixed income
 
34
%
 
20
%
 
20
%
 
38
%
 
39
%
 
21
%
 
39
%
 
55
%
__________________ 
1 
AUM measured in the 1-year benchmark and peer group rankings represents 82% and 84% of our total AUM as of March 31, 2020.
2 
The benchmark comparisons are based on each fund’s return as compared to a market index that has been selected to be generally consistent with the investment objectives of the fund.
3 
The peer group rankings are sourced from Lipper, a Thomson Reuters Company, Morningstar or eVestment and various international third-party providers in each fund’s market and were based on an absolute ranking of returns. © 2019 Morningstar, Inc. All rights reserved. The information herein: (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information.
For products with multiple share classes, rankings for all share classes with applicable history in their respective time periods are included. Rankings for most institutional separate accounts are as of the prior quarter-end due to timing of availability of information. Private equity and debt funds, certain privately-offered emerging market and real estate funds, cash management funds and certain hedge and other funds are not included. Certain other funds and products were also excluded because of limited benchmark or peer group data. Had this data been available, the results may have been different. These results assume the reinvestment of dividends, are based on data available as of April 14, 2020, and are subject to revision. While we remain focused on achieving strong long-term performance, our future benchmark and peer group rankings may vary from our past performance.
OPERATING REVENUES
The table below presents the percentage change in each operating revenue category.
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
Investment management fees
 
$
908.2

 
$
992.4

 
(8
%)
 
$
1,887.9

 
$
1,964.2

 
(4
%)
Sales and distribution fees
 
341.7

 
358.5

 
(5
%)
 
693.2

 
713.3

 
(3
%)
Shareholder servicing fees
 
54.8

 
57.1

 
(4
%)
 
104.8

 
112.2

 
(7
%)
Other
 
33.6

 
25.8

 
30
%
 
65.1

 
55.6

 
17
%
Total Operating Revenues
 
$
1,338.3

 
$
1,433.8

 
(7
%)
 
$
2,751.0

 
$
2,845.3

 
(3
%)

34

Investment Management Fees
Investment management fees are generally calculated under contractual arrangements with our investment products and the products for which we provide sub-advisory services as a percentage of AUM. Annual fee rates vary by investment objective and type of services provided. Fee rates for products sold outside of the U.S. are generally higher than for U.S. products.
Investment management fees decreased $84.2 million and $76.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to 5% and 3% decreases in average AUM and lower effective investment management fee rates. The decreases in average AUM occurred primarily in the global/international investment objectives, partially offset by increases in the U.S. taxable and tax-free fixed income investment objectives. The decreases occurred across all sales regions, most significantly in international sales regions.
Our effective investment management fee rate excluding performance fees (annualized investment management fees excluding performance fees divided by average AUM) decreased to 55.3 and 55.5 basis points for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, from 57.5 and 56.4 basis points for the same periods in the prior fiscal year. The rate decreases were primarily due to lower weighting of AUM in the global/international investment objectives, which generally have higher fee rates, partially offset by higher rates and mix of AUM in the U.S. taxable fixed income investment objective.
Performance-based investment management fees were $7.1 million and $24.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, and $16.2 million and $20.3 million for the same periods in the prior fiscal year, with the decrease for the three-month period primarily due to lower performance fees earned from separate accounts while the increase for the six-month period was primarily due to performance fees earned from a private debt fund, partially offset by lower fees from separate accounts.
Our product offerings and global operations are diverse. As such, the impact of future changes in AUM on investment management fees will be affected by the relative mix of investment objective, geographic region, distribution channel and investment vehicle of the assets.
Sales and Distribution Fees
Sales and distribution fees primarily consist of upfront sales commissions and ongoing distribution fees. Sales commissions are earned from the sale of certain classes of sponsored funds at the time of purchase (“commissionable sales”) and may be reduced or eliminated depending on the amount invested and the type of investor. Therefore, sales fees will change with the overall level of gross sales, the size of individual transactions, and the relative mix of sales between different share classes and types of investors.
Our sponsored mutual funds generally pay us distribution fees in return for sales, marketing and distribution efforts on their behalf. The majority of U.S.-registered mutual funds, with the exception of certain money market funds, have adopted distribution plans under Rule 12b-1 (the “Rule 12b-1 Plans”) promulgated under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The Rule 12b-1 Plans permit the funds to pay us for marketing, marketing support, advertising, printing and sales promotion services relating to the distribution of their shares, subject to the Rule 12b-1 Plans’ limitations on amounts based on daily average AUM. Similar arrangements exist for the distribution of non-U.S. funds.
We pay substantially all of our sales and distribution fees to the financial advisers and other intermediaries who sell our funds on our behalf. See the description of sales, distribution and marketing expenses below.
Sales and distribution fees by revenue driver are presented below.
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
Asset-based fees
 
$
271.6

 
$
291.6

 
(7
%)
 
$
559.4

 
$
594.0

 
(6
%)
Sales-based fees
 
65.1

 
64.0

 
2
%
 
124.9

 
113.6

 
10
%
Contingent sales charges
 
5.0

 
2.9

 
72
%
 
8.9

 
5.7

 
56
%
Sales and Distribution Fees
 
$
341.7

 
$
358.5

 
(5
%)
 
$
693.2

 
$
713.3

 
(3
%)
Asset-based distribution fees decreased $20.0 million and $34.6 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to decreases of $14.1 million and $17.1 million from 4% and 2% decreases in the related average AUM, and $3.8 million and $12.5 million from a lower mix of U.S. Class C assets which have higher fee rates than other share classes.

35

Sales-based fees increased $1.1 million and $11.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to increases of $11.5 million and $26.1 million from 24% and 28% increases in U.S. product commissionable sales, partially offset by decreases of $10.0 million and $12.2 million from 70% and 64% decreases in non-U.S. product commissionable sales. The increase for the six-month period was also partially offset by a $2.0 million decrease mainly from a higher mix of U.S. product fixed income sales. U.S. products typically generate higher sales fees than non-U.S. products, and fixed income products typically generate lower sales fees than equity products. Commissionable sales represented 7% and 8% of total sales for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, and 9% and 8% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019.
Contingent sales charges are earned from investor redemptions within a contracted period of time. Substantially all of these charges are levied on certain shares sold without a front-end sales charge, and they vary with the mix of redemptions of these shares. Contingent sales charges increased $2.1 million and $3.2 million primarily due to higher redemptions of non-U.S. products.
Shareholder Servicing Fees
Substantially all shareholder servicing fees are earned from our sponsored funds for providing transfer agency services, which include providing shareholder statements, transaction processing, customer service and tax reporting. These fees are primarily determined based on a percentage of AUM and either the number of transactions in shareholder accounts or the number of shareholder accounts, while fees from certain funds are based only on AUM. Shareholder servicing fees also include fund reimbursements of expenses incurred while providing transfer agency services.
Shareholder servicing fees decreased $2.3 million and $7.4 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to lower levels of transactions and related AUM.
Other
Other revenue increased $7.8 million and $9.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to higher levels of miscellaneous fee and consolidated investment products (“CIPs”) revenues.
OPERATING EXPENSES
The table below presents the percentage change in each operating expense category.
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
Sales, distribution and marketing
 
$
423.9

 
$
449.4

 
(6
%)
 
$
867.8

 
$
893.9

 
(3
%)
Compensation and benefits
 
365.7

 
409.6

 
(11
%)
 
755.1

 
764.6

 
(1
%)
Information systems and technology
 
61.8

 
62.1

 
0
%
 
124.3

 
123.0

 
1
%
Occupancy
 
34.4

 
31.4

 
10
%
 
68.9

 
62.6

 
10
%
General, administrative and other
 
96.4

 
101.8

 
(5
%)
 
186.1

 
210.2

 
(11
%)
Total Operating Expenses
 
$
982.2

 
$
1,054.3

 
(7
%)
 
$
2,002.2

 
$
2,054.3

 
(3
%)
Sales, Distribution and Marketing
Sales, distribution and marketing expenses primarily relate to services provided by financial advisers, broker-dealers and other third parties to our sponsored funds, including marketing support services. Substantially all sales expenses are incurred from the same commissionable sales transactions that generate sales fee revenues and are determined as a percentage of sales. Substantially all distribution expenses are incurred from assets that generate distribution fees and are determined as a percentage of AUM. Marketing support expenses are based on AUM, sales or a combination thereof. Also included is the amortization of deferred sales commissions related to upfront commissions on shares sold without a front-end sales charge. The deferred sales commissions are amortized over the periods in which commissions are generally recovered from related revenues.

36

Sales, distribution and marketing expenses by cost driver are presented below.
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
Asset-based expenses
 
$
334.2

 
$
364.1

 
(8
%)
 
$
695.0

 
$
734.4

 
(5
%)
Sales-based expenses
 
68.5

 
67.2

 
2
%
 
131.3

 
119.7

 
10
%
Amortization of deferred sales commissions
 
21.2

 
18.1

 
17
%
 
41.5

 
39.8

 
4
%
Sales, Distribution and Marketing
 
$
423.9

 
$
449.4

 
(6
%)
 
$
867.8

 
$
893.9

 
(3
%)
Asset-based expenses decreased $29.9 million and $39.4 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to decreases of $25.1 million and $33.5 million from 6% and 4% decreases in the related average AUM and $5.3 million and $10.9 million from a lower mix of U.S. Class C assets which have higher expense rates than other share classes. The decrease for the six-month period was partially offset by a $2.1 million increase in placement fees. Distribution expenses are generally not directly correlated with distribution fee revenues due to certain international fee structures that do not provide full recovery of distribution costs.
Sales-based expenses increased $1.3 million and $11.6 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to increases of $11.8 million and $26.6 million from 24% and 28% increases in U.S. product commissionable sales, partially offset by decreases of $10.5 million and $13.2 million from 70% and 64% decreases in non-U.S. product commissionable sales. U.S. products typically generate higher sales commissions than non-U.S. products.
Amortization of deferred sales commissions increased $3.1 million and $1.7 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, as higher expenses resulting from increased sales of U.S. shares were partially offset by lower expenses related to non-U.S. shares sold without a front-end sales charge.
Compensation and Benefits
Compensation and benefit expenses decreased $43.9 million and $9.5 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, as variable compensation decreased $42.5 million and $30.2 million while salaries, wages and benefits decreased $1.4 million for the three-month period and increased $20.7 million for the six-month period.
Variable compensation decreased primarily due to decreases of $34.1 million and $38.3 million in bonus expense due to lower expectations of our annual performance, and $11.5 million and $12.8 million related to unvested mutual fund awards. The decrease for the six-month period was partially offset by a $21.6 million increase for acquired firms’ performance bonus plans.
Salaries, wages and benefits decreased for the three-month period and increased for the six-month period primarily due to the net impacts of increases of $10.4 million and $27.0 million from acquisition-related retention compensation, and $4.5 million and $10.2 million for annual salary increases that were effective December 1, 2019 and 2018, offset by decreases of $11.9 million and $18.4 million from lower average staffing levels and $6.4 million and $1.0 million in termination benefits.
We expect to incur additional acquisition-related retention expenses of approximately $40 million during the remainder of the current fiscal year, and annual amounts beginning at approximately $70 million in the fiscal year ending September 30, 2021 and gradually decreasing by approximately $10 million per year in the following three fiscal years. We also expect to incur additional termination benefit expenses of approximately $4 million during the remainder of the fiscal year primarily related to moving certain positions to lower cost jurisdictions and outsourcing our fund administration services.
Variable compensation as a percentage of compensation and benefits was 23% and 28% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 and 31% for the same periods in the prior fiscal year. At March 31, 2020, our global workforce had decreased to approximately 9,600 employees from approximately 10,000 at March 31, 2019.
We continue to place a high emphasis on our pay for performance philosophy. As such, any changes in the underlying performance of our investment products or changes in the composition of our incentive compensation offerings could have an impact on compensation and benefit expenses going forward. However, in order to attract and retain talented individuals, our level of compensation and benefit expenses may increase more quickly or decrease more slowly than our revenue.

37

Information Systems and Technology
Information systems and technology expenses decreased $0.3 million and increased $1.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020. The increase for the six-month period was primarily due to higher software costs, partially offset by lower technology consulting and external data service costs.
Details of capitalized information systems and technology costs are shown below.
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Net carrying value at beginning of period
 
$
108.1

 
$
103.9

 
$
112.0

 
$
106.2

Additions, net of disposals
 
9.6

 
14.0

 
17.2

 
23.5

Amortization
 
(12.6
)
 
(11.9
)
 
(24.1
)
 
(23.7
)
Net Carrying Value at End of Period
 
$
105.1

 
$
106.0

 
$
105.1

 
$
106.0

Occupancy
We conduct our worldwide operations using a combination of leased and owned facilities. Occupancy expenses include rent and other facilities-related costs including depreciation and utilities.
Occupancy expenses increased $3.0 million and $6.3 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to higher depreciation and other expenses related to our new buildings in San Mateo, California and Poznan, Poland which we occupied beginning in the second half of fiscal year 2019.
General, Administrative and Other
General, administrative and other operating expenses primarily consist of fund-related service fees payable to external parties, professional fees, travel and entertainment, advertising and promotion, and other miscellaneous expenses.
General, administrative and other operating expenses decreased $5.4 million and $24.1 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to lower non-employee directors’ compensation and travel and entertainment expenses, partially offset by higher CIPs expenses and impairment of intangible assets, with the decrease for the six-month period also due to a prior-year litigation settlement and lower advertising and promotion expenses and professional fees, partially offset by higher amortization of intangible assets. Non-employee directors’ compensation decreased $5.5 million and $4.4 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to the impacts of decreases in our stock price on the deferred portion, and travel and entertainment expenses decreased $3.7 million and $5.7 million primarily due to lower activity levels. These decreases were partially offset by $2.8 million of indefinite-lived intangible asset impairments related to previous acquisitions, and increases of $2.2 million and $5.9 million in CIPs expenses. The decrease for the six-month period also included a prior-year $13.9 million litigation settlement and a $3.7 million decrease in advertising and promotion expenses, as well as a $4.0 million decrease in professional fees and $4.6 million increase in intangible asset amortization, both primarily related to the prior-year acquisition of Benefit Street Partners L.L.C. (“BSP”).
We are committed to investing in advertising and promotion in response to changing business conditions, and to advance our products where we see continued or potential new growth opportunities. As a result of potential changes in our strategic marketing campaigns, the level of advertising and promotion expenses may increase more rapidly, or decrease more slowly, than our revenues.
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES)
Other income (expenses) consisted of the following:
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
 
Percent
Change
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
Investment and other income (losses), net
 
$
(249.0
)
 
$
118.7

 
NM

 
$
(189.4
)
 
$
59.6

 
NM

Interest expense
 
(4.2
)
 
(5.7
)
 
(26
%)
 
(10.9
)
 
(12.1
)
 
(10
%)
Other Income (Expenses), Net
 
$
(253.2
)
 
$
113.0

 
NM

 
$
(200.3
)
 
$
47.5

 
NM


38

Investment and other income (losses), net consists primarily of dividend and interest income, income (losses) from equity method investees, gains (losses) on investments held by the Company and investments of CIPs, rental income and foreign currency exchange gains (losses).
Other income (expenses), net decreased $366.2 million and $247.8 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to the impact of steep declines in market valuations on investment income amid global concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic. Equity method investees generated losses of $159.4 million and $120.3 million for the three and six-month periods, as compared to income of $47.2 million and $9.6 million in the prior-year periods, primarily due to investments held by a global equity fund. Net losses on investments of CIPs increased $99.8 million and $59.1 million for the three and six-month periods primarily from holdings of a U.S. fixed income fund and various multi-asset/balanced and global/international funds. Net losses on investments held by the Company increased $78.8 million and $55.2 million or the three and six-month periods primarily from various nonconsolidated funds and other equity and debt securities. These losses were partially offset by gains of $31.4 million and $29.1 million on a swap contract to hedge against changes in the value of an investment in a sponsored fund. Weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro resulted in $2.4 million and $10.9 million of foreign exchange losses on cash and cash equivalents denominated in U.S. dollars held in Europe, as compared to net gains of $2.5 million and $7.2 million in the prior-year periods.
Significant portions of the net gains (losses) of CIPs are offset in noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of income.
Our investments in sponsored funds include initial cash investments made in the course of launching mutual fund and other investment product offerings, as well as investments for other business reasons. The market conditions that impact our AUM similarly affect the investment income earned or losses incurred on our investments in sponsored funds.
Our cash, cash equivalents and investments portfolio by investment objective and accounting classification at March 31, 2020, excluding third-party assets of CIPs, was as follows:
 
 
Accounting Classification1
 
Total Direct
Portfolio
(in millions)
 
Cash and
Cash
Equivalents
and Other2
 
Equity
Securities,
at
Fair Value
 
Equity
Method
Investments
 
Direct
Investments
in CIPs
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
$
5,801.4

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
5,801.4

Investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
9.8

 
81.4

 
536.4

 
128.0

 
755.6

United States
 
36.9

 
7.4

 
43.4

 
69.5

 
157.2

Total equity
 
46.7

 
88.8

 
579.8

 
197.5

 
912.8

Multi-Asset/Balanced
 
—

 
13.2

 
24.1

 
109.4

 
146.7

Fixed Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tax-free
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10.7

 
10.7

Taxable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global/international
 
41.7

 
189.1

 
117.4

 
214.9

 
563.1

United States
 
26.7

 
549.8

 
140.7

 
89.4

 
806.6

Total fixed income
 
68.4

 
738.9

 
258.1

 
315.0

 
1,380.4

Total investments
 
115.1

 
840.9

 
862.0

 
621.9

 
2,439.9

Total Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments
$
5,916.5

 
$
840.9

 
$
862.0

 
$
621.9

 
$
8,241.3

 
______________ 
1 
See Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of our Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019 for information on investment accounting classifications.
2 
Other consists of $41.4 million of debt securities and $10.4 million of investments in life settlement contracts, both of which are measured at fair value, and $63.3 million of investments carried at adjusted cost.

39

TAXES ON INCOME
Our effective income tax rate was 42.9% and 25.8% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to 22.5% and 23.5% for the same periods in the prior fiscal year. The rate increases were primarily due to increases in U.S. taxes on foreign earnings, less benefits from earnings in lower tax jurisdictions, and net losses attributable to noncontrolling interests. The rate increase for the six-month period was also partially offset by the benefit from a statutory rate reduction enacted in India in December 2019, which also resulted in a tax benefit from the revaluation of net deferred tax liabilities. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, which includes several corporate tax provisions and was signed into law on March 27, 2020, did not have a material impact on our income taxes.
Our effective income tax rate reflects the relative contributions of earnings in the jurisdictions in which we operate, which have varying tax rates. Changes in our pre-tax income mix, tax rates or tax legislation in such jurisdictions may affect our effective income tax rate and net income.
SUPPLEMENTAL NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
As supplemental information, we are providing performance measures for “adjusted operating income,” “adjusted operating margin,” “adjusted net income” and “adjusted diluted earnings per share,” each of which are based on methodologies other than generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP measures”). Management believes these non-GAAP measures are useful indicators of our financial performance and may be helpful to investors in evaluating our relative performance against industry peers as these measures exclude the impact of CIPs and mitigate the margin variability related to sales and distribution revenues and expenses across multiple distribution channels globally. These non-GAAP measures also exclude acquisition-related expenses, certain items which management considers to be nonrecurring, unrealized investment gains and losses included in investment and other income (losses), net, and the related income tax effect of these adjustments, as applicable.
“Adjusted operating income,” “adjusted operating margin,” “adjusted net income” and “adjusted diluted earnings per share” are defined below, along with reconciliations of operating income, operating margin, net income attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc. and diluted earnings per share on a U.S. GAAP basis to these non-GAAP measures. Non-GAAP measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as substitutes for, any financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP, and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. Additional reconciling items may be added in the future to these non-GAAP measures if deemed appropriate.
Adjusted Operating Income
We define adjusted operating income as operating income adjusted to exclude the following:
•Revenues and expenses of CIPs, but include revenues eliminated upon consolidation of investment products.
•Acquisition-related retention compensation.
•Other acquisition-related expenses including professional fees and fair value adjustments related to contingent consideration liabilities and retention awards.
•Amortization and impairment of intangible assets.
•Special termination benefits related to voluntary separation and workforce reduction initiatives of 4.5% of our global workforce in fiscal year 2019.
Adjusted Operating Margin
We calculate adjusted operating margin as adjusted operating income divided by adjusted operating revenues. We define adjusted operating revenues as operating revenues adjusted to exclude the following:
•Sales and distribution fees and a portion of investment management fees allocated to cover sales, distribution and marketing expenses paid to the financial advisers and other intermediaries who sell our funds on our behalf.
•Revenues of CIPs, but include revenues eliminated upon consolidation of investment products.

40

Adjusted Net Income
We define adjusted net income as net income attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc. adjusted to exclude the following:
•Activities of CIPs, including revenues, expenses, investment and other income (losses), net, and income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of amounts eliminated upon consolidation of investment products.
•Acquisition-related retention compensation.
•Other acquisition-related expenses including professional fees and fair value adjustments related to contingent consideration liabilities and retention awards.
•Amortization and impairment of intangible assets.
•Special termination benefits related to voluntary separation and workforce reduction initiatives of 4.5% of our global workforce in fiscal year 2019.
•Unrealized investment gains and losses included in investment and other income (losses), net.
•Net income tax benefit of the above adjustments based on the respective blended rates applicable to the adjustments.
Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share
We define adjusted diluted earnings per share as diluted earnings per share adjusted to exclude the per-share impacts of the adjustments applied to net income in calculating adjusted net income.
In calculating adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share, we adjust for activities of CIPs because the impact of CIPs are not considered reflective of the underlying results of our operations. We adjust for acquisition-related retention compensation, other acquisition-related expenses, and amortization and impairment of intangible assets to facilitate comparability of our operating results with the results of other asset management firms. We adjust for special termination benefits related to certain voluntary separation and workforce reduction initiatives because these items are deemed nonrecurring. In calculating adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share, we adjust for unrealized investment gains and losses included in investment and other income (losses), net because these items primarily relate to seed and strategic investments which have been and are generally expected to be held long term.


41

The calculations of adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share are as follows:
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Operating income
 
$
356.1

 
$
379.5

 
$
748.8

 
$
791.0

Add (subtract):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating income of consolidated investment products1
 
(10.0
)
 
(6.1
)
 
(23.1
)
 
(21.6
)
Acquisition-related retention
 
27.2

 
16.9

 
48.5

 
21.5

Other acquisition-related expenses
 
5.4

 
0.6

 
5.2

 
9.4

Amortization of intangible assets
 
4.4

 
3.9

 
9.2

 
4.6

Impairment of intangible assets
 
2.8

 
—

 
2.8

 
—

Special termination benefits
 
—

 
11.8

 
—

 
11.8

Adjusted operating income
 
$
385.9

 
$
406.6

 
$
791.4

 
$
816.7

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total operating revenues
 
$
1,338.3

 
$
1,433.8

 
$
2,751.0

 
$
2,845.3

Add (subtract):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sales and distribution fees
 
(341.7
)
 
(358.5
)
 
(693.2
)
 
(713.3
)
Allocation of investment management fees for sales, distribution and marketing expenses
 
(82.2
)
 
(90.9
)
 
(174.6
)
 
(180.6
)
Net revenues of consolidated investment products1
 
(20.9
)
 
(14.8
)
 
(37.7
)
 
(30.3
)
Adjusted operating revenues
 
$
893.5

 
$
969.6

 
$
1,845.5

 
$
1,921.1

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating margin
 
26.6
%
 
26.5
%
 
27.2
%
 
27.8
%
Adjusted operating margin
 
43.2
%
 
41.9
%
 
42.9
%
 
42.5
%

42

(in millions, except per share data)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Net income attributable to Franklin Resources, Inc.
 
$
79.1

 
$
367.5

 
$
429.6

 
$
643.4

Add (subtract):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net (income) loss of consolidated investment products1
 
(16.4
)
 
4.4

 
(11.8
)
 
1.2

Acquisition-related retention
 
27.2

 
16.9

 
48.5

 
21.5

Other acquisition-related expenses
 
5.4

 
0.6

 
5.2

 
9.4

Amortization of intangible assets
 
4.4

 
3.9

 
9.2

 
4.6

Impairment of intangible assets
 
2.8

 
—

 
2.8

 
—

Special termination benefits
 
—

 
11.8

 
—

 
11.8

Unrealized investment (gains) losses included in investment and other (income) losses, net
 
257.6

 
(66.9
)
 
221.2

 
15.0

Net income tax benefit of adjustments
 
(27.3
)
 
(7.6
)
 
(33.6
)
 
(15.5
)
Adjusted net income
 
$
332.8

 
$
330.6

 
$
671.1

 
$
691.4

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share
 
$
0.16

 
$
0.72

 
$
0.86

 
$
1.25

Adjusted diluted earnings per share
 
0.66

 
0.65

 
1.34

 
1.35

__________________ 
1 
The impact of consolidated investment products is summarized as follows:
(in millions)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
Revenues of consolidated investment products
 
$
27.1

 
$
21.0

 
$
50.6

 
$
47.1

Revenues eliminated upon consolidation of investment products
 
(6.2
)
 
(6.2
)
 
(12.9
)
 
(16.8
)
Net revenues of consolidated investment products
 
20.9

 
14.8

 
37.7

 
30.3

Expenses of consolidated investment products
 
10.9

 
8.7

 
14.6

 
8.7

Operating income of consolidated investment products
 
10.0

 
6.1

 
23.1

 
21.6

Investment and other income (losses), net of consolidated investment products
 
(16.9
)
 
3.0

 
(36.9
)
 
(21.7
)
Less: income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests of consolidated investment products
 
(23.3
)
 
13.5

 
(25.6
)
 
1.1

Net income (loss) of consolidated investment products
 
$
16.4

 
$
(4.4
)
 
$
11.8

 
$
(1.2
)

43

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash flows were as follows: 
 
 
Six Months Ended
March 31,
(in millions)
 
2020
 
2019
Operating cash flows
 
$
141.0

 
$
444.2

Investing cash flows
 
6.1

 
(734.2
)
Financing cash flows
 
(64.1
)
 
(662.8
)
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased during the six months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to a decrease in net income, higher net purchases of investments by CIPs, payments of accrued compensation and lower net sales of our investments, partially offset by higher losses from investments in equity method investees. Net cash provided by investing activities, as compared to net cash used in the prior year, primarily resulted from lower cash paid for acquisitions and net consolidation of CIPs as compared to net deconsolidation in the prior year, partially offset by net purchases of our investments as compared to net liquidations in the prior year. Net cash used in financing activities decreased primarily due to lower repurchases of common stock, higher net subscriptions in CIPs by noncontrolling interests, and proceeds from debt of CIPs.
The assets and liabilities of CIPs attributable to third-party investors do not impact our liquidity and capital resources. We have no right to the CIPs’ assets, other than our direct equity investment in them and investment management and other fees earned from them. The debt holders of the CIPs have no recourse to our assets beyond the level of our direct investment, therefore we bear no other risks associated with the CIPs’ liabilities. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of CIPs, other than our direct investments in them, are excluded from the amounts and discussion below.
Our liquid assets and debt consisted of the following: 
(in millions)
 
March 31,
2020
 
September 30,
2019
Assets
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
5,801.4

 
$
5,803.4

Receivables
 
630.8

 
740.0

Investments
 
1,713.0

 
2,029.4

Total Liquid Assets
 
$
8,145.2

 
$
8,572.8

 
 
 
 
 
Liability
 
 
 
 
Debt
 
$
697.2

 
$
696.9

Liquidity
Liquid assets consist of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and certain investments. Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2020 primarily consist of money market funds and deposits with financial institutions. Liquid investments consist of investments in sponsored and other funds, direct investments in redeemable CIPs, other equity and debt securities, and time deposits with maturities greater than three months.
We utilize a significant portion of our liquid assets to satisfy operational and regulatory requirements and fund capital contributions to sponsored and other products. Certain of our subsidiaries are required by our internal policy or regulation to maintain minimum levels of cash and/or capital, and may be restricted in their ability to transfer cash to their parent companies. Liquid assets used to satisfy these purposes were $3,300.0 million and $3,429.0 million at March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2019, including $257.2 million and $263.3 million that were restricted by regulatory requirements. Should we require more capital than is available for use, we could elect to reduce the level of discretionary activities, such as share repurchases or investments in sponsored and other products, or we could raise capital through debt or equity issuance. These alternatives could result in increased interest expense, decreased dividend or interest income, or other dilution to our earnings.

44

Capital Resources
We believe that we can meet our present and reasonably foreseeable operating cash needs and future commitments through existing liquid assets, continuing cash flows from operations, the ability to issue debt or equity securities and borrowing capacity under our uncommitted commercial paper private placement program.
In prior fiscal years, we issued senior unsecured unsubordinated notes for general corporate purposes, to redeem outstanding notes and to finance an acquisition. At March 31, 2020, $699.4 million of the notes were outstanding with an aggregate face value of $700.0 million. The notes were issued at fixed interest rates and consist of $300.0 million at 2.80% per annum which mature in 2022 and $400.0 million at 2.85% per annum which mature in 2025.
Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually. The notes contain an optional redemption feature that allows us to redeem each series of notes prior to maturity in whole or in part at any time, at a make-whole redemption price. The indentures governing the notes contain limitations on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to pledge voting stock or profit participating equity interests in our subsidiaries to secure other debt without similarly securing the notes equally and ratably. The indentures also include requirements that must be met if we consolidate or merge with, or sell all of our assets to, another entity. We were in compliance with all debt covenants at March 31, 2020.
At March 31, 2020, we had $500.0 million of short-term commercial paper available for issuance under an uncommitted private placement program which has been inactive since 2012 and is unrated.
Our ability to access the capital markets in a timely manner depends on a number of factors, including our credit rating, the condition of the global economy, investors’ willingness to purchase our securities, interest rates, credit spreads and the valuation levels of equity markets. If we are unable to access capital markets in a timely manner, our business could be adversely impacted.
Uses of Capital
We expect that our main uses of cash will be to invest in and grow our business (including the pending acquisition of Legg Mason, Inc.), pay stockholder dividends, invest in our products, pay income taxes and operating expenses of the business, enhance technology infrastructure and business processes, repurchase shares of our common stock, fund property and equipment purchases, and repay and service debt. While we expect to continue to repurchase shares to offset dilution from share-based compensation, and expect to continue to repurchase shares opportunistically from time to time, we will likely spend more of our post-dividend free cash flow investing in our business, including seed capital and acquiring resources to help grow our investment teams, affiliates and operations.
We declare dividends on a quarterly basis. We declared regular dividends of $0.54 per share ($0.27 per share per quarter) during the six months ended March 31, 2020 and $0.52 per share ($0.26 per share per quarter) during the six months ended March 31, 2019. We currently expect to continue paying comparable regular dividends on a quarterly basis to holders of our common stock depending upon earnings and other relevant factors.
We maintain a stock repurchase program to manage our equity capital with the objective of maximizing shareholder value. Our stock repurchase program is effected through open-market purchases and private transactions in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and is not subject to an expiration date. The size and timing of these purchases will depend on business conditions, price, market and other factors. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased 2.9 million and 7.5 million shares of our common stock at a cost of $64.6 million and $188.2 million. At March 31, 2020, 39.7 million shares remained available for repurchase under the authorization of 80.0 million shares approved by our Board of Directors in April 2018. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2019, we repurchased 4.6 million and 15.3 million shares of our common stock at a cost of $144.7 million and $471.6 million.
We redeemed $11.1 million, net of investments, from our sponsored products during the six months ended March 31, 2020, and invested $30.2 million, net of redemptions, in the prior-year period.
On February 17, 2020, we entered into an agreement to acquire Legg Mason, Inc. (“Legg Mason”). Under the merger agreement, we will acquire each outstanding share of Legg Mason common stock for $50 per share in an all-cash transaction, with an estimated aggregate purchase consideration and additional related obligations and fees of approximately $4.7 billion, and assume approximately $2 billion of Legg Mason’s outstanding debt. The merger is subject to approval by the stockholders of Legg Mason and other customary closing conditions, and is expected to close in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 (third quarter of the calendar year).
On February 1, 2019, we acquired all of the outstanding ownership interests in BSP for a purchase consideration of $720.1 million in cash.

45

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we purchased an office building in Edinburgh, Scotland with a total cost of approximately $40 million. During fiscal year 2019, we completed construction of two new buildings at our corporate headquarters campus in San Mateo, California with a total cost of approximately $130 million and purchased an office building in Poznan, Poland with a total cost of approximately $86 million. The buildings are used in our business operations, and portions of the Edinburgh building and California campus are leased to third parties.
The funds that we manage have their own resources available for purposes of providing liquidity to meet shareholder redemptions, including securities that can be sold or provided to investors as in-kind redemptions, and lines of credit. Current increased liquidity risks and redemptions in these funds have required, and may continue to require, increased cash in the form of loans or other lines of credit to help settle redemptions and for other related purposes. While we have no legal or contractual obligation to do so, we have in certain instances voluntarily elected to provide the funds with direct or indirect financial support based on our business objectives. We did not provide financial or other support to our sponsored funds during the six months ended March 31, 2020 or during fiscal year 2019.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS
On February 17, 2020, we entered into an agreement to acquire Legg Mason. Under the merger agreement, we will acquire each outstanding share of Legg Mason common stock for $50 per share in an all-cash transaction, with an estimated aggregate purchase consideration and additional related obligations and fees of approximately $4.7 billion, and assume approximately $2 billion of Legg Mason’s outstanding debt. The merger is subject to approval by the stockholders of Legg Mason and other customary closing conditions, and is expected to close in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 (third quarter of the calendar year).
At March 31, 2020, there were no material changes in our contractual obligations, commitments and federal transition tax liability as reported in our Form 10‑K for fiscal year 2019.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which require the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. These estimates, judgments and assumptions are affected by our application of accounting policies. Further, global concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected, and we expect will continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition and results of operations including the estimates and assumptions made by management. Actual results could differ from the estimates. The following are updates to our critical accounting policies disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Form 10-K for fiscal year 2019.
Consolidation
We consolidate our subsidiaries and investment products in which we have a controlling financial interest. We have a controlling financial interest when we own a majority of the voting interest in a voting interest entity (“VOE”) or are the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). Our VIEs are primarily investment products and our variable interests consist of our equity ownership interests in and investment management fees earned from these products. As of March 31, 2020, we were the primary beneficiary of 32 investment product VIEs.
Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for by recognizing the acquired assets, including separately identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities at their acquisition-date estimated fair values. Any excess of the purchase consideration over the acquisition-date fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recognized as goodwill. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually and when an event occurs or circumstances change that more likely than not reduce the fair value of the related reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset below its carrying value. Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment quarterly.
Amid concerns of the market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and declines in AUM, we performed impairment tests for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets as of March 31, 2020. We performed a quantitative test for goodwill and the majority of indefinite-lived intangible assets, and recognized $2.3 million of impairment of Edinburgh Partners management contract indefinite-lived intangible assets acquired in fiscal year 2018 due to loss of mandates and investment redemptions, and $0.5 million of impairment of Canadian management contract indefinite-lived intangible assets acquired in fiscal year 2001 due to revised AUM growth rates for the associated fund products. The estimated fair values of the reporting unit and the majority of the other indefinite-lived intangible assets exceeded their carrying values by more than 45%. We estimated the discounted future cash flows

46

for goodwill using compounded annual AUM growth rate assumptions ranging from (3.0%) to 4.0%, and for indefinite lived intangible assets from (20.0%) to 13.0%, which were developed taking into account ongoing market volatility, and a discount rate of 9.4% which is based on our weighted average cost of capital. A hypothetical 400 basis point decline in the long-term AUM growth rates or a 400 basis point increase in the discount rate would not reduce the estimated fair values of the reporting unit or other indefinite-lived intangible assets below their carrying values.
While we believe that the assumptions used to estimate fair value in our impairment tests are reasonable and appropriate, future changes in the assumptions could result in recognition of impairment.
Fair Value Measurements
A substantial amount of our investments is recorded at fair value or amounts that approximate fair value on a recurring basis. We use a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable.
As of March 31, 2020, Level 3 assets represented 26% of total assets measured at fair value, substantially all of which related to CIPs’ investments in equity and debt securities, and real estate. There were insignificant transfers into or out of Level 3 during the six months ended March 31, 2020.
Revenues
We earn revenue primarily from providing investment management and related services to our customers. In addition to investment management, services include fund administration, sales and distribution, and shareholder servicing. Revenues are recognized when our obligations related to the services are satisfied and it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue amount would not occur in future periods. The obligations are satisfied over time as the services are rendered, except for the sales and distribution obligations for the sale of shares of sponsored funds, which are satisfied on trade date. Multiple services included in customer contracts are accounted for separately when the obligations are determined to be distinct.
Investment management fees, other than performance-based fees, and distribution fees are determined based on a percentage of AUM, primarily on a monthly basis using daily average AUM. Performance-based investment management fees are generated when investment product performance exceeds targets established in customer contracts.
AUM is generally based on the fair value of the underlying securities held by investment products and is calculated using fair value methods derived primarily from unadjusted quoted market prices, unadjusted independent third-party broker or dealer price quotes in active markets, or market prices or price quotes adjusted for observable price movements after the close of the primary market. The fair values of securities for which market prices are not readily available are valued internally using various methodologies which incorporate significant unobservable inputs as appropriate for each security type. As of March 31, 2020, our total AUM by fair value hierarchy level was 39% Level 1, 54% Level 2 and 7% Level 3.
NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE
See Note 2 – New Accounting Guidance in the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this Form 10‑Q.
RISK FACTORS
For any capitalized terms used but not defined herein, see “Item 1 – Business – Regulation” included in Part I of our Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019.
IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL RISKS
Our proposed acquisition of Legg Mason, Inc. remains subject to transaction-related and other risks. As previously announced, on February 17, 2020, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) to acquire Legg Mason, Inc. (“Legg Mason”), pursuant to which, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions of the Merger Agreement, Legg Mason will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin. Under the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the merger, each outstanding share of Legg Mason common stock will be converted into the right to receive from us $50 in cash, without interest. In connection with the merger, we will assume approximately $2 billion of Legg Mason’s outstanding debt. The merger is subject to the approval of the Merger Agreement by the stockholders of Legg Mason. The merger is also subject to other customary closing conditions. If any of the conditions to the merger is not satisfied, it could delay or prevent the acquisition from occurring, which could negatively impact our share price and future business and financial results.

47

Important transaction-related and other risk factors include: (i) the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement; (ii) the transaction closing conditions may not be satisfied in a timely manner or at all, including due to the failure to obtain Legg Mason stockholder approval and/or required regulatory or client approvals; (iii) the announcement and pendency of the merger may disrupt the Company’s and Legg Mason’s business operations (including threatened or actual loss of personnel, clients or suppliers); (iv) the Company or Legg Mason could experience financial or other setbacks if the transaction encounters unanticipated problems; (v) anticipated benefits of the transaction, including the realization of revenue, accretion, financial benefits or returns and expense and other synergies, may not be fully realized or may take longer to realize than expected; (vi) we may be unable successfully to integrate Legg Mason’s businesses with those of the Company or to integrate the businesses within the anticipated timeframe; (vii) the outcome of legal proceedings that have been instituted, or that may be instituted, against the Company, Legg Mason or others following the announcement of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated therein could affect our ability to close the transaction or cause delays in closing and could subject us to legal and financial exposure; and (viii) the COVID-19 pandemic and related risks (as discussed further below) may result in unanticipated regulatory, planning and/or operational delays that may adversely impact the expected timing of closing and the anticipated timeline and achievement of our integration goals.
We have operated and, until completion of the merger, will continue to operate, independently of Legg Mason, and there can be no assurances that Legg Mason’s businesses can be integrated successfully. We anticipate that the overall integration of Legg Mason will be a time-consuming and expensive process that, without adequate planning and effective and timely implementation, could significantly disrupt our business. Our failure to meet the challenges involved in successfully integrating the operations of Legg Mason or to otherwise realize any of the anticipated benefits of the merger could adversely impair our business and operations as noted above.
Our business and operations are subject to adverse effects from the outbreak and spread of contagious diseases such as COVID-19, and we expect such adverse effects to continue. The outbreak and spread of contagious diseases such as the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), a highly transmissible and pathogenic disease, has adversely affected, and we expect will continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition and results of operations. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted and will likely continue to result in a widespread national and global public health crisis. Such infectious illness outbreaks or other adverse public health developments in countries where we operate, as well as local, state and/or national government restrictive measures implemented to control such outbreaks, could adversely affect the economies of many nations or the entire global economy, the financial condition of individual issuers or companies and capital markets, in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen, and such impacts could be significant and long term. Such extraordinary events and their aftermaths can cause investor fear and panic, which can further adversely affect the operations and performance of companies, sectors, nations, regions and financial markets in general and in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen. The COVID-19 pandemic has already adversely affected and will likely continue to adversely affect global economies and markets, and has resulted in a global economic downturn and disruptions in commerce that will continue to evolve, including with respect to financial and other economic activities, services, travel and supply chains. Global and national health concerns, and uncertainty regarding the impact of COVID-19, could lead to further and/or increased volatility in global capital and credit markets, adversely affect our key executives and other personnel, clients, investors, providers, suppliers, lessees, and other third parties, and negatively impact our AUM, revenues, income, business and operations.
As a global investment management organization, our business, like many others across our industry, has been and will likely continue to be negatively impacted by the current COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing economic downturn in global financial markets. The global spread of COVID-19, and the various governmental actions and economic effects related to the pandemic, have had, and are expected to continue to have, negative impacts on our business and operations, including decreased asset values, reduced demand for our products and services, concerns for and restrictions on our personnel (including health concerns, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and restrictions on travel), and increased cyber security risks. Past economic downturns have caused, and the current economic downturn is causing and is expected to continue to cause, significant volatility in our stock price, decreases and fluctuations in our AUM, revenues and income, increased liquidity risks and redemptions in our funds and other products (which could result in difficulties obtaining cash to settle redemptions), poor investment performance of our products and corporate investments, increased focus on expense management, capital resources and related planning,and could cause reputational harm, legal claims, and other factors that may arise or develop. Current increased liquidity risks and redemptions in our funds and other products have required, and may continue to require, increased cash in the form of loans or other lines of credit for them to draw on to help settle redemptions and for other related purposes. We have in some cases voluntarily determined to, and could in the future, extend such loans. In addition, such increased liquidity risks and redemptions have caused, and could continue to cause, fund closures, and could subject us to legal risks and potential financial exposure.

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Our business operations are complex and conducted in numerous countries around the globe, and in order to remain competitive, we must continue to perform our asset management and related business responsibilities for our clients and investors properly and effectively throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, which, among other matters, is dependent on the health and safety of our personnel and their ability to work remotely successfully. While we have implemented our business continuity plans globally to manage our business during this pandemic, including broad work-from-home capabilities for our personnel where feasible, there is no assurance that our efforts and planning will be sufficient to protect the health and safety of our personnel and/or maintain the success of our business. Further, we depend on a number of third-party providers to support our operations, and any failure of our providers to fulfill their obligations could adversely impact our business. Moreover, we now have an increased dependency on remote equipment and connectivity infrastructure to access critical business systems that may be subject to failure, disruption or unavailability that could negatively impact our business operations. Additionally, multiple regions in which we operate have shelter-in-place movement restrictions on our personnel and third-party vendors and service providers that may impact our ability to satisfy or respond timely to potential technology issues or needs impacting our business and operations. Further, we, like many others during this time, have been subject to an increase in phishing and other social engineering attempts by malicious actors related to COVID-19 to manipulate individuals into divulging confidential or personal information. If our cyber security diligence and efforts to offset the increased risks associated with greater reliance on mobile, collaborative and remote technologies during this health crisis are not effective or successful, we may be at increased risk for cyber security or data privacy incidents.
Any inability more broadly to recover successfully following the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to the economic, investment or operational impacts to our company or industry could further negatively impact our business and operations. As of the time of this filing, as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, it is not possible to predict the extent to which the coronavirus will adversely impact our business, liquidity, capital resources, financial results and operations, which impacts will depend on numerous developing factors that are highly uncertain and rapidly changing. The impacts and risks described herein relating to COVID-19 augment the discussion of overlapping risks in our risk factors below, which may be heightened by COVID-19.
MARKET AND VOLATILITY RISKS
Volatility and disruption of the capital and credit markets, and adverse changes in the global economy, may significantly affect our results of operations and may put pressure on our financial results. The capital and credit markets have and may, from time to time, experience volatility and disruption worldwide. Declines in global financial market conditions have in the past resulted in significant decreases in our AUM, revenues and income, and future declines may further negatively impact our financial results. Such declines have had, and may in the future have, an adverse impact on our results of operations. We may need to modify our business, strategies or operations and we may be subject to additional constraints or costs in order to compete in a changing global economy and business environment.
The amount and mix of our AUM are subject to significant fluctuations. Fluctuations in the amount and mix of our AUM may be attributable in part to market conditions outside of our control that have had, and in the future could have, a negative impact on our revenues and income. We derive substantially all of our operating revenues and net income from providing investment management and related services to investors in jurisdictions worldwide through our investment products, which include our sponsored funds, as well as institutional and high-net-worth separate accounts, and sub-advised products. In addition to investment management, our services include fund administration, sales and distribution, and shareholder servicing. We may perform services directly or through third parties. The level of our revenues depends largely on the level and relative mix of AUM. Our investment management fee revenues are primarily based on a percentage of the value of AUM and vary with the nature and strategies of our products. Any decrease in the value or amount of our AUM because of market volatility or other factors, such as a decline in the price of stocks, in particular market segments or in the securities market generally, negatively impacts our revenues and income.
We are subject to significant risk of asset volatility from changes in the global financial, equity, debt and commodity markets. Individual financial, equity, debt and commodity markets may be adversely affected by financial, economic, political, electoral, diplomatic or other instabilities that are particular to the country or region in which a market is located, including without limitation local acts of terrorism, economic crises, political protests, insurrection or other business, social or political crises. Global economic conditions, exacerbated by war, terrorism, natural disasters or financial crises, changes in the equity, debt or commodity marketplaces, changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates, inflation rates, the yield curve, defaults by trading counterparties, bond defaults, revaluation and bond market liquidity risks, geopolitical risks, the imposition of economic sanctions and other factors that are difficult to predict, affect the mix, market values and levels of our AUM. For example, changes in financial market prices, currency exchange rates and/or interest rates have in the past caused, and could in the future cause, the value of our AUM to decline, which would result in lower investment management fee revenues. Changing market conditions could also cause an impairment to the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets.

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Our funds may be subject to liquidity risks or an unanticipated large number of redemptions. Due to market volatility or other events or conditions described above, our funds may need to sell securities or instruments that they hold, possibly at a loss, or draw on any available lines of credit, to obtain cash to maintain sufficient liquidity or settle these redemptions, or settle in-kind with securities held in the applicable fund. While we have no legal or contractual obligation to do so, we have in the past provided, and may in the future at our discretion provide, financial support to our funds to enable them to maintain sufficient liquidity in any such event. Changes in investor preferences regarding our more popular products have in the past caused, and could in the future cause, sizable redemptions and lower the value of our AUM, which would result in lower revenue and operating results. Any decrease in the level of our AUM resulting from market declines, credit or interest rate volatility or uncertainty, increased redemptions or other factors could negatively impact our revenues and income.
A shift in our asset mix toward lower fee products may negatively impact our revenues. Changing market conditions and investor preferences may cause a shift in our asset mix toward certain lower fee products, such as fixed income products, and away from equity and multi-asset/balanced products. This may cause a related decline in our revenues and income, as we generally derive higher fee revenues and income from our equity and certain multi-asset/balanced products than from our fixed income products. Increases in interest rates, in particular if rapid, as well as any uncertainty in the future direction of interest rates, may have a negative impact on our fixed income products. Although the shorter duration of the bond investments in many of these products may help mitigate the interest rate risk, rising interest rates or interest rate uncertainty typically decrease the total return on many bond investments due to lower market valuations of existing bonds. Further, changing market conditions and investor preferences also may cause a shift in our asset mix toward lower fee exchange-traded funds. Moreover, we generally derive higher investment management and distribution fees from our international products than from our U.S. products, and higher sales fees from our U.S. products than from our international products. Changing market conditions may cause a shift in our asset mix between international and U.S. assets, potentially resulting in a decline in our revenues and income depending upon the nature of our AUM and the level of management fees we earn on that AUM.
We may not effectively manage risks associated with the replacement of benchmark indices. The withdrawal and replacement of widely used benchmark indices such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with alternative benchmark rates may introduce a number of risks for our business, our clients and the financial services industry more widely. These include financial risks arising from potential changes in the valuation of financial instruments linked to benchmark indices, pricing and operational risks, and legal implementation and revised documentation risks. The FCA in the U.K., which regulates LIBOR, has announced that it will no longer compel panel banks to submit rates for LIBOR after 2021. Accordingly, the withdrawal and replacement of LIBOR may pose financial risks and uncertainties to our business. We also may face operational challenges adopting successor benchmarks.
INVESTMENT AND PERFORMANCE RISKS
Poor investment performance of our products could reduce the level of our AUM or affect our sales, and negatively impact our revenues and income. Our investment performance, along with achieving and maintaining superior distribution and client service, is critical to the success of our business. Strong investment performance often stimulates sales of our products. Poor investment performance as compared to third-party benchmarks or competitive products has in the past led, and could in the future lead, to a decrease in sales of our products and stimulate redemptions from existing products, generally lowering the overall level of AUM and reducing the management fees we earn. There is no assurance that past or present investment performance in our products will be indicative of future performance. If we fail, or appear to fail, to address successfully and promptly the underlying causes of any poor investment performance, we may be unsuccessful in repairing any existing harm to our performance and our future business prospects would likely be negatively affected.
Harm to our reputation may negatively impact our revenues and income. Our reputation is critical to the success of our business. We believe that our brand names have been, and continue to be, well received both in our industry and with our clients, reflecting the fact that our brands, like our business, are based in part on trust and confidence. If our reputation is harmed, existing clients may reduce amounts held in, or withdraw entirely from, our products, or our clients and products may terminate their management agreements with us, which could reduce the amount of our AUM and cause us to suffer a corresponding loss in our revenues and income. In addition, reputational harm may prevent us from attracting new clients or developing new business.
GLOBAL OPERATIONAL RISKS
Our business operations are complex and a failure to perform operational tasks properly or the misrepresentation of our services and products resulting, without limitation, in the termination of investment management agreements representing a significant portion of our AUM, could have an adverse effect on our revenues and income. Through our subsidiaries, we provide investment management and related services to investors globally. In order to be competitive and comply with our agreements, we must properly perform our fund and portfolio administration and related responsibilities, including portfolio recordkeeping and accounting, security pricing, corporate actions, investment restrictions compliance, daily net asset value computations, account

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reconciliations, and required distributions to fund shareholders. Many of our operations are complex and dependent on our ability to process and monitor a large number of transactions effectively, which may occur across numerous markets and currencies at high volumes and frequencies. Although we expend considerable resources on internal controls, supervision, technology and training in an effort to ensure that such transactions do not violate applicable guidelines, rules and regulations or adversely affect our clients, counterparties or us, our operations are ultimately dependent on our personnel, as well as others involved in our business, such as third-party vendors, providers and other intermediaries, and subject to potential human errors. Our personnel and others involved in our business may, from time to time, make mistakes that are not always immediately detected, which may disrupt our operations, cause losses, lead to regulatory fines or sanctions, litigation, or otherwise damage our reputation. In addition, any misrepresentation of our services and products in advertising materials, public relations information, social media or other external communications could also adversely affect our reputation and business prospects. Our investment management fees, which represent the majority of our revenues, are dependent on fees earned under investment management agreements that we have with our products and clients. Our revenues could be adversely affected if such agreements representing a significant portion of our AUM are terminated. Further, certain of our subsidiaries may act as general partner for various investment partnerships, which may subject them to liability for the partnerships’ liabilities. If we fail to perform and monitor our operations properly, our business could suffer and our revenues and income could be adversely affected.
We face risks, and corresponding potential costs and expenses, associated with conducting operations and growing our business in numerous countries. We sell our products, such as our funds and strategies, and offer our investment management and related services, in many different regulatory jurisdictions around the world, and intend to continue to expand our operations internationally. As we do so, we will continue to face challenges to the adequacy of our resources, procedures and controls to operate our business consistently and effectively. In order to remain competitive, we must be proactive and prepared to implement necessary resources when growth opportunities present themselves, whether as a result of a business acquisition or rapidly increasing business activities in particular markets or regions. Local regulatory environments may vary widely in terms of scope, adequacy and sophistication. Similarly, local distributors, and their policies and practices as well as financial viability, may vary widely and they may be inconsistent or less developed or mature than other more internationally focused distributors. Notwithstanding potential long-term cost savings, growth of our international operations may involve near-term increases in expenses, as well as additional capital costs, such as information systems and technology costs, and costs related to compliance with particular regulatory or other local requirements or needs. Local requirements or needs may also place additional demands on sales and compliance personnel and resources, such as meeting local language requirements, while also integrating personnel into an organization with a single operating language. Finding, hiring and retaining additional, well-qualified personnel and crafting and adopting policies, procedures and controls to address local or regional requirements remain challenges as we expand our operations internationally.
Moreover, regulators in non-U.S. jurisdictions could also change their policies or laws in a manner that might restrict or otherwise impede our ability to distribute or authorize products or maintain their authorizations in their respective markets. Any of these local requirements, activities or needs could increase the costs and expenses we incur in a specific jurisdiction without any corresponding increase in revenues and income from operating in the jurisdiction. Certain laws and regulations both inside and outside the U.S. have extraterritorial application. This may lead to duplicative or conflicting legal or regulatory burdens and additional costs and risks. For example, with respect to Brexit, although the U.K. has now formally left the EU as of January 31, 2020, it is still unclear what final terms may be agreed to among the parties through the December 31, 2020 implementation period, and the ultimate impact on us.
In addition, from time to time, we enter into joint ventures or take minority stakes in companies in which we typically do not have control. These investments may involve risks, including the risk that the controlling stakeholder or joint venture partner may have business interests, strategies or goals that are inconsistent with ours. The business decisions or other actions or omissions of the controlling stakeholder, joint venture partner or the entity itself may result in liability to us or harm to our reputation, or adversely affect the value of our investment in the entity.
Our increasing focus on international markets as a source of investments and sales of our products subjects us to increased exchange rate and market-specific political, economic or other risks that may adversely impact our revenues and income generated overseas. While we maintain a significant portion of our operations in the U.S., we also provide services and earn revenues in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia-Pacific, Canada, The Bahamas and Latin America. As a result, we are subject to foreign currency exchange risk through our non-U.S. operations. Fluctuations in the exchange rates to the U.S. dollar have affected, and may in the future affect, our financial results from one period to the next. While we have taken steps to reduce our exposure to foreign exchange risk, for example, by denominating a significant amount of our transactions in U.S. dollars, our situation may change in the future. Appreciation of the U.S. dollar could in the future moderate revenues from managing our products internationally, or could affect relative investment performance of certain of our products invested in non-U.S. securities. In addition, we have risk associated with the foreign exchange revaluation of U.S. dollar balances held by certain non-U.S. subsidiaries for which the local currency is the functional currency. Separately, management fees that we earn tend to be higher in connection with non-U.S. AUM than with U.S. AUM. Consequently, downturns in international markets have in the past had,

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and could in the future have, a significant effect on our revenues and income. Moreover, our emerging market portfolios and revenues derived from managing these portfolios are subject to significant risks of loss from financial, economic, political and diplomatic developments, currency fluctuations, social instability, changes in governmental policies, expropriation, nationalization, asset confiscation and changes in legislation related to non-U.S. ownership. International trading markets, particularly in some emerging market countries, are often smaller, less liquid, less regulated and significantly more volatile than those in the U.S. As our business continues to grow in non-U.S. markets, any ongoing and future business, economic, political or social unrest affecting these markets, in addition to any direct consequences such unrest may have on our personnel and facilities located in the affected area, may also have a more lasting impact on the long-term investment climate in these and other areas and, as a result, our AUM and the corresponding revenues and income that we generate from them may be negatively affected.
We may review and pursue strategic transactions that could pose risks to our business. As part of our business strategy, we regularly consider, and have discussions with respect to, potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions, dispositions, consolidations, joint ventures or similar transactions, some of which may be deemed material. There can be no assurance that we will find suitable candidates for strategic transactions at acceptable prices, have sufficient capital resources to accomplish our strategy, or be successful in entering into agreements for desired transactions. In addition, such transactions typically involve a number of risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges. Acquisitions and related transactions pose the risk that any business we acquire may lose customers or personnel or could underperform relative to expectations. We could also experience financial or other setbacks if transactions encounter unanticipated problems, including problems related to execution or integration. Strategic transactions typically are announced publicly even though they may remain subject to numerous closing conditions, contingencies and approvals, and there is no assurance that any announced transaction will actually be consummated. Future transactions may also further increase our leverage or, if we issue equity securities to pay for acquisitions, dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders.
COMPETITION AND DISTRIBUTION RISKS
Strong competition from numerous and sometimes larger companies with competing offerings and products could limit or reduce sales of our products, potentially resulting in a decline in our market share, revenues and income. We compete with numerous investment management companies, securities brokerage and investment banking firms, insurance companies, banks and other financial institutions. Our products also compete with products offered by these competitors, as well as with real estate investment trusts, hedge funds and other products. The periodic establishment of new investment management companies and other competitors increases the competition that we face. At the same time, consolidation in the financial services industry has created stronger competitors with greater financial resources and broader distribution channels than our own. Competition is based on various factors, including, among others, business reputation, investment performance, product mix and offerings, service quality and innovation, distribution relationships, and fees charged. Further, although we may offer certain types of exchange-traded funds, to the extent that there is a trend among existing or potential clients in favor of lower fee index and other exchange-traded funds, it may favor our competitors who may offer such products that are more established or on a larger scale than we do. Additionally, competing securities broker-dealers and banks, upon which we rely to distribute and sell certain of our funds and other products, may also sell their own proprietary funds and products, which could limit the distribution of our products. To the extent that existing or potential clients, including securities broker-dealers, decide to invest in or distribute the products of our competitors, the sales of our products as well as our market share, revenues and income could decline. Our ability to attract and retain AUM is also dependent on the relative investment performance of our products, offering a mix of products and strategies that meets investor demands, and our ability to maintain our investment management fees and pricing structure at competitive levels.
Increasing competition and other changes in the third-party distribution and sales channels on which we depend could reduce our income and hinder our growth. We derive nearly all of our fund sales through third-party broker-dealers, banks, investment advisers and other financial intermediaries. Because we rely on third-party distribution and sales channels to sell our products, we do not control the ultimate investment recommendations given by them to clients. Increasing competition for these distribution and sales channels, and regulatory changes and initiatives, have caused our distribution costs to rise and could cause further cost increases in the future, or could otherwise negatively impact the distribution of our products. Higher distribution costs lower our income, and consolidations in the broker-dealer or banking industries could also adversely impact our income. A failure to maintain our third-party distribution and sales channels, or a failure to maintain strong business relationships with our distributors and other intermediaries, may impair our distribution and sales operations. Any inability to access and successfully sell our products to clients through such third-party channels could have a negative effect on our level of AUM and adversely impact our business.
Moreover, there is no assurance that we will continue to have access to the third-party financial intermediaries that currently distribute our products, or that we will continue to have the opportunity to offer all or some of our existing products through them. If several of the major financial advisers that distribute our products were to cease operations or limit or otherwise end the distribution of our products, it could have a significant adverse impact on our income.

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Further, the standards of conduct and disclosure and reporting requirements, with respect to fees, products, services and possible conflicts of interest, applicable to broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries in the U.S., remain subject to change and enhancement pursuant to business and regulatory developments and requirements, including with respect to investor suitability obligations, enhanced investor protections for retail customers, and increased compliance requirements.
In addition, the U.K., the Netherlands and the EU, through MiFID II, have adopted regimes that ban, or may limit, the payment of commissions and other inducements to intermediaries in relation to certain sales to retail customers in those jurisdictions, and similar regimes are under consideration in several other jurisdictions. Depending on their exact terms, such regimes may result in existing flows of business moving to less profitable channels or even to competitors providing substitutable products outside the regime. Arrangements with non-independent advisers will also be affected as narrower rules related to the requirement that commissions reflect an enhancement of the service to customers come into effect, along with a prescriptive list of permissible non-monetary benefits. The interpretation of the inducements rules has also resulted in major changes to how fund managers, including us, finance investment research with many firms, by opting to pay for third-party investment research for client accounts covered by MiFID II.
THIRD-PARTY RISKS
Any failure of our third-party providers to fulfill their obligations, or our failure to maintain good relationships with our providers, could adversely impact our business. We currently, and may in the future, depend on a number of third-party providers to support various operational, administrative, market data, distribution, and other business needs of our company. In addition, we may, from time to time, transfer vendor contracts and services from one provider to another. If our third-party providers fail to deliver required services on a timely basis, or if we experience other negative service quality or relationship issues with our providers, we may be exposed to significant costs and/or operational difficulties, and our ability to conduct and grow our business may be impaired. In addition, we are in the process of outsourcing certain of our fund administration services for our funds to a third-party provider. Such administrative and functional changes are costly and complex, and may expose us to heightened operational risks. Any failure to mitigate such risks could result in reputational harm to us, as well as financial losses to us and our clients. The failure of any key provider or vendor to fulfill its obligations to us could result in outcomes inconsistent with our or our clients’ objectives and requirements, result in legal liability and regulatory issues for us, and otherwise adversely impact us.
We may be adversely affected if any of our third-party providers is subject to a successful cyber or security attack. Due to our interconnectivity with third-party vendors, advisors, central agents, exchanges, clearing organizations and other financial institutions, we may be adversely affected if any of them is subject to a successful cyber attack or other information security event, including those arising due to the use of mobile technology or a third-party cloud environment. Most of the software applications that we use in our business are licensed from, and supported, upgraded and maintained by, third-party vendors. Our third-party applications include enterprise cloud storage and cloud computing application services provided and maintained by third-party vendors. Any breach, suspension or termination of certain of these licenses or the related support, upgrades and maintenance could cause temporary system delays or interruption that could adversely impact our business. Our third-party applications may include confidential and proprietary data provided by vendors and by us.
TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY RISKS
Our ability to manage and grow our business successfully can be impeded by systems and other technological limitations. Our continued success in effectively managing and growing our business depends on our ability to integrate our varied accounting, financial, information, and operational systems on a global basis. Moreover, adapting or developing the existing technology systems we use to meet our internal needs, as well as client needs, industry demands and new regulatory requirements, is also critical for our business. The introduction of new technologies presents new challenges to us. We have an ongoing need to upgrade and improve our technology continually, including our data processing, financial, accounting, shareholder servicing and trading systems. Further, we also must be proactive and prepared to implement new technology when growth opportunities present themselves, whether as a result of a business acquisition or rapidly increasing business activities in particular markets or regions. These needs could present operational issues or require significant capital spending, and may require us to reevaluate the current value and/or expected useful lives of the technology we use, which could negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, technology is subject to rapid advancements and changes and our competitors may, from time to time, implement newer technologies or more advanced platforms for their services and products, including digital advisers and other advanced electronic systems, which could adversely affect our business if we are unable to remain competitive.

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Any significant limitation, failure or security breach of our information and cyber security infrastructure, software applications, technology or other systems that are critical to our operations could disrupt our business and harm our operations and reputation. We are highly dependent upon the use of various proprietary and third-party information and security technology, software applications and other technology systems to operate our business. We are also dependent on the continuity and effectiveness of our information and cyber security infrastructure, management oversight and reporting framework, policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our computer and telecommunications systems and the data that reside on or are transmitted through them and contracted third-party systems. We use technology on a daily basis in our business to, among other things, support our business continuity and operations, process and transmit confidential communications, store and maintain data, obtain securities pricing information, process client transactions, and provide reports and other customer services to our clients. Any disruptions, inaccuracies, delays, theft, systems failures, data security or privacy breaches, or cyber or other security breaches in these and other processes could subject us to significant client dissatisfaction and losses, and damage our reputation. We have been, and expect to continue to be, the subject of these types of breaches and/or attacks. Although we take protective measures, including measures to secure and protect information through system security technology and our internal security procedures, there can be no assurance that any of these measures will prove effective. The technology systems we use remain vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, potential human errors and other events and circumstances that have a security impact, such as an external or internal hacker attack by one or more cyber criminals (including through the use of phishing attacks, malware, ransomware and other methods and activities maliciously designed to obtain and exploit confidential information and to cause damage) or our personnel or vendors inadvertently or recklessly causing us to release confidential information, which could materially harm our operations and reputation.
Potential system disruptions, failures or breaches of the technology we use or the security infrastructure we rely upon, and the costs necessary to address them, could result in: (i) significant material financial loss or costs, (ii) the unauthorized disclosure or modification of sensitive or confidential client and business information, (iii) loss of valuable information, (iv) breach of client and vendor contracts, (v) liability for stolen assets, information or identity, (vi) remediation costs to repair damage caused by the failure or breach, (vii) additional security and organizational costs to mitigate against future incidents, (viii) reputational harm, (ix) loss of confidence in our business and products, (x) liability for failure to review and disclose applicable incidents or provide relevant updated disclosure properly and timely, (xi) regulatory investigations or actions, and/or (xii) legal claims, litigation, and liability costs. Moreover, loss or unauthorized disclosure or transfer of confidential and proprietary data or confidential customer identification information could further harm our reputation and subject us to liability under laws that protect confidential data and personal information, resulting in increased costs or a decline in our revenues or common stock price. Further, although we take precautions to password protect and encrypt our laptops and sensitive information on our other mobile electronic devices, if such devices are stolen, misplaced or left unattended, they may become vulnerable to hacking or other unauthorized use, creating a possible security risk, which may require us to incur additional administrative costs and/or take remedial actions. In addition, the failure to manage and operate properly the data centers we use could have an adverse impact on our business. Although we have in place certain disaster recovery plans, we may experience system delays and interruptions as a result of natural disasters, power failures, acts of war, and third-party failures.
Our inability to recover successfully, should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, could cause material financial loss, regulatory actions, legal liability, and/or reputational harm. Should we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as an earthquake, hurricane, tsunami, terrorist attack, public health crisis, pandemic or other natural or man-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the safety and availability of our personnel, our office facilities and infrastructure, and the proper functioning of our technology, computer, telecommunication and other systems and operations that are critical to our business. While our operational size, the diversity of locations from which we operate, and our various back-up systems provide us with an advantage, should we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity event, we could still experience operational challenges, in particular depending upon how such a local or regional event may affect our personnel across our operations or with regard to particular aspects of our operations, such as key executives or personnel in our technology groups. Moreover, as we grow our operations in new geographic regions, the potential for particular types of natural or man-made disasters, political, economic or infrastructure instabilities, information, technology or security limitations or breaches, or other country- or region-specific business continuity risks increases. Past disaster recovery efforts have demonstrated that even seemingly localized events may require broader disaster recovery efforts throughout our operations and, consequently, we regularly assess and take steps to improve upon our existing business continuity plans. However, a disaster on a significant scale or affecting certain of our key operating areas within or across regions, or our inability to recover successfully following a disaster or other business continuity problem, could adversely impact our business and operations.

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HUMAN CAPITAL RISKS
We depend on key personnel and our financial performance could be negatively affected by the loss of their services. The success of our business will continue to depend upon our key personnel, including our portfolio and fund managers, investment analysts, investment advisers, sales and management personnel and other professionals as well as our executive officers and business unit heads. Competition for qualified, motivated, and highly-skilled executives, professionals and other key personnel in the investment management industry remains significant. Our success depends to a substantial degree upon our ability to find, attract, retain and motivate qualified individuals, including through competitive compensation packages, and upon the continued contributions of these people. Global and/or local laws and regulations could impose restrictions on compensation paid by financial institutions, which could restrict our ability to compete effectively for qualified professionals. As our business develops, we may need to increase the number of individuals that we employ. Moreover, in order to retain certain key personnel, we may be required to increase compensation to such individuals and increase our key management succession planning, resulting in additional expense without a corresponding increase in potential revenues. There is no assurance that we will be successful in finding, attracting and retaining qualified individuals, and the departure of key investment personnel, in particular, if not replaced, could cause us to lose clients, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects. In addition, due to the global nature of our business, our key personnel may, from time to time, have reasons to travel to regions susceptible to higher risk of civil unrest, organized crime or terrorism, and we may be unable to ensure the safety of our personnel traveling to such regions.
EXPENSE AND CASH MANAGEMENT RISKS
Our future results are dependent upon maintaining an appropriate expense level. The level of our expenses is subject to fluctuation and may increase for the following or other reasons: (i) changes in the level and scope of our operating expenses in response to market conditions or regulations, (ii) variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, merit increases and severance costs, (iii) changes in our personnel count and mix, and competitive factors, (iv) changes in expenses and capital costs, including costs incurred to maintain and enhance our administrative and operating services infrastructure or to cover uninsured losses, and (v) increases in insurance expenses, including through the assumption of higher deductibles and/or co-insurance liability.
Our ability to meet cash needs depends upon certain factors, including the market value of our assets, our operating cash flows and our perceived creditworthiness. If we are unable to obtain cash, financing or access to the capital markets in a timely manner, we may be forced to incur unanticipated costs or revise our business plans, and our business could be adversely impacted. Further, our access to the capital markets depends significantly on our credit ratings. A reduction in our long- or short-term credit ratings could increase our borrowing costs and limit our access to the capital markets. Volatility in the global financing markets may also impact our ability to access the capital markets should we seek to do so, and may have an adverse effect on investors’ willingness to purchase our securities, interest rates, credit spreads and/or the valuation levels of equity markets.
We are dependent on the earnings of our subsidiaries. Substantially all of our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. As a result, our cash flow and our ability to fund operations are dependent upon the earnings of our subsidiaries and the distribution of earnings, loans or other payments by our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation to fund our payment obligations, whether by dividends, distributions, loans or other payments. Any payments to us by our subsidiaries could be subject to statutory or contractual restrictions and are contingent upon our subsidiaries’ earnings and business considerations. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to regulatory restrictions that may limit their ability to transfer assets to their parent companies. Our financial condition could be adversely affected if certain of our subsidiaries are unable to distribute assets to us.
LEGAL AND REGULATORY RISKS
We are subject to extensive, complex, overlapping and frequently changing rules, regulations, policies, and legal interpretations. There is uncertainty associated with the regulatory and compliance environments in which we operate. Our business is subject to extensive and complex, overlapping and/or conflicting, and frequently changing and increasing rules, regulations, policies and legal interpretations, around the world. Political and electoral changes, developments and conflicts have in the past introduced, and may in the future introduce, additional uncertainty. Our regulatory and compliance obligations impose significant operational and cost burdens on us and cover a broad range of requirements related to financial reporting and other disclosure matters, securities and other financial instruments, investment and advisory matters, accounting, tax, compensation, ethics, data protection, privacy, sanctions programs, and escheatment requirements. We may be adversely affected by a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and changes in the countries in which we operate. For a more extensive discussion of the laws, regulations and regulators to which we are subject, see “Item 1 – Business – Regulation” included in Part I of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019.

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We may be adversely affected as a result of new or revised legislation or regulations or by changes in the interpretation of existing laws and regulations. The laws and regulations applicable to our business generally involve restrictions and requirements in connection with a variety of technical, specialized, and expanding matters and concerns. Over the years, the U.S. federal corporate governance and securities laws have been augmented substantially and made significantly more complex by various legislation. As we continue to address our legal and regulatory requirements or focus on meeting new or expanded requirements, we may need to expend a substantial amount of additional time, costs and resources. Regulatory reforms may add further complexity to our business and operations and could require us to alter our investment management services and related activities, which could be costly, impede our growth and adversely impact our AUM, revenues and income. Regulatory reforms also may impact our clients, which could cause them to change their investment strategies or allocations in a manner adverse to our business. Certain key regulatory reforms in the U.S. that impact or relate to our business, and may cause us to incur additional obligations, include:
•
Dodd-Frank. In July 2010, Dodd-Frank was adopted in the U.S. Dodd-Frank is expansive in scope and has required the adoption of extensive regulations and the issuance of numerous regulatory decisions, while certain proposed rules remain subject to final adoption.
•
Systemically Important Financial Institutions. Dodd-Frank authorized the establishment of the FSOC, the mandate of which is to identify and respond to threats to U.S. financial stability. Similarly, the U.S. and other members of the G-20 group of nations have empowered the FSB to identify and respond, in a coordinated manner, to threats to global financial stability. To the extent that we or any of our funds are designated as SIFIs by the FSOC or as global SIFIs by the FSB, such designations add additional supervision and/or regulation, which could include requirements related to risk-based capital, leverage, liquidity, credit exposure, stress testing, resolution plans, early remediation, and certain risk management requirements, that could impact our business.
•
Derivatives and Other Financial Products. Dodd-Frank, as well as other legislation and regulations, impose restrictions and limitations on us related to our financial services and products, resulting in increased scrutiny and oversight. Under such regulations governing derivative transactions, certain categories of swaps are subject to the exchange of margin, while others are required to be submitted for clearing by a regulated clearing organization. In both cases, swaps must be reported on a swap execution facility. The EU and other countries have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, similar requirements. There is some risk that full mutual recognition may not be achieved between the various regulators, which may cause us to incur duplicate regulation and transaction costs. The SEC has also proposed a rule that would impose restrictions on the use of derivatives by registered funds. In addition, SEC rules have changed the structure and operation for certain types of money market funds, and certain U.S.-registered funds are required to adopt liquidity management programs.
•
Privacy and Data Protection. There also has been increased regulation with respect to the protection of customer privacy and data, and the need to secure sensitive customer, personnel and others’ information. As the regulatory focus on privacy continues to intensify and laws and regulations concerning the management of personal data expand, risks related to privacy and data collection within our business will increase. In addition to the EU’s GDPR data protection rules, we may also be or become subject to or affected by additional country, federal and state laws, regulations and guidance impacting consumer privacy, such as the recently enacted CCPA effective January 2020, which provides for enhanced consumer protections for California residents, enforcement authority by the California Attorney General for CCPA violations, and the potential for private litigation, including statutory damages, for data security breaches. Noncompliance with our legal obligations relating to privacy and data protection could result in penalties, legal proceedings by governmental entities or affected individuals, and significant legal and financial exposure.
•
Rule 12b-1 Plans. In 2010, the SEC proposed changes to Rule 12b-1 promulgated under the Investment Company Act that, if adopted, could limit our ability to recover expenses relating to the distribution of our U.S.-registered funds, which could decrease our revenues.
•
SEC Regulation Best Interest. In June 2019, the SEC adopted a package of new rules, amendments and interpretations, including Regulation Best Interest and a new form of relationship summary, designed to enhance investor protections for all retail customers, that will, subject to a transition period until June 30, 2020, among other things: (i) require broker-dealers to act in the best interest of their retail customers when recommending securities and account types, (ii) raise the broker-dealer standard of conduct beyond existing suitability obligations, and (iii) require a new relationship summary disclosure document to inform retail clients of the nature of the broker-dealers’ relationships with investment professionals and registered investment advisers, including a description of services offered, the legal standards of conduct that apply to each, the fees a client might pay, and conflicts of interest that may exist.

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•
Other Compliance Requirements. Compliance with the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, the U.S. Patriot Act of 2001, and anti-money laundering and economic sanctions, both domestically and internationally, has taken on heightened importance as a result of efforts to, among other things, combat terrorist financing and actions that undermine the stability, sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries. In addition, global regulatory, federal and/or state anti-takeover or business combination laws may impose various disclosure and procedural requirements on a person seeking to acquire control of us, which may discourage potential merger and acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control, including through transactions that some stockholders may consider desirable.
The impacts of these and other regulatory reforms on us, now and in the future, could be significant. We expect that the regulatory requirements and developments applicable to us will cause us to continue to incur additional compliance and administrative burdens and costs. Any inability to meet applicable requirements within the required timeframes may subject us to sanctions or other restrictions by governments and/or regulators that could adversely impact our broader business objectives.
Global regulatory and legislative actions and reforms have made the regulatory environment in which we operate more costly and future actions and reforms could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. As in the U.S., regulatory and legislative actions outside the U.S. have been augmented substantially and made more complex, by measures such as the EU’s Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive and MiFID II. Further, ongoing changes in the EU’s regulatory framework applicable to our business, including changes related to Brexit and any other changes in the composition of the EU’s member states, may add further complexity to our global risks and operations. Moreover, the adoption of new laws, regulations or standards and changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws, regulations or standards have directly affected, and will continue to affect, our business. With new laws and changes in interpretation of existing requirements, the associated time we must dedicate to and related costs we must incur in meeting the regulatory complexities of our business have increased. We may be required to invest significant additional management time and resources to address new regulations being adopted pursuant to MiFID II and other laws. For example, MiFID II requires the “unbundling” of research and execution charges for trading. The industry’s response to the unbundling rules is still evolving and could lead to increased research costs. Outlays associated with meeting regulatory complexities have also increased as we expand our business into new jurisdictions.
The EU’s GDPR strengthened and unified data protection rules for individuals within the EU. GDPR also addresses export of personal data outside the EU. The primary objectives of GDPR are to give citizens control of their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying data protection regulation within the EU. Compliance with the stringent data protection rules under GDPR requires an extensive review of all of our global data processing systems. The failure to comply properly with GDPR rules on a timely basis and to maintain ongoing compliance with such rules may subject us to enforcement proceedings and significant fines and costs. For example, a failure to comply with GDPR could result in fines up to 20 million Euros or 4% of our annual global revenues, whichever is higher.
Compliance activities to address these and other new legal requirements have required, and will continue to require, us to expend additional time and resources, and, consequently, we are incurring increased costs of doing business, which potentially negatively impacts our profitability and future financial results. Finally, any further regulatory and legislative actions and reforms affecting the investment management industry, including compliance initiatives, may negatively impact revenues by increasing our costs of accessing or operating in financial markets or by making certain investment offerings less favorable to our clients.
Failure to comply with the laws, rules or regulations in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could result in substantial harm to our reputation and results of operations. As with all investment management companies, our activities are highly regulated in almost all countries in which we conduct business. Failure to comply with the applicable laws, rules, regulations, codes, directives, notices or guidelines in any of our jurisdictions could result in civil liability, criminal liability and/or sanctions against us, including fines, censures, injunctive relief, the suspension or expulsion from a particular jurisdiction or market, or the revocation of licenses or charters, any of which could adversely affect our reputation and operations. Moreover, any potential accounting or reporting error, whether financial or otherwise, if material, could damage our reputation and adversely affect our business. While management has focused attention and resources on our compliance policies, procedures and practices, the regulatory environments of the jurisdictions where we conduct our business, or where our products are organized or sold, are complex, uncertain and subject to change. Local regulatory environments may vary widely and place additional demands on our sales, investment, legal and compliance personnel. In recent years, the regulatory environments in which we operate have seen significant increased and evolving regulations, which have imposed and may continue to impose additional compliance and operational requirements and costs on us in the applicable jurisdictions. Regulators could also change their policies or laws in a manner that might restrict or otherwise impede our ability to offer our services and products in their respective markets, or we may be unable to keep up with, or adapt to, the ever changing, complex regulatory requirements in such jurisdictions or markets, which could further negatively impact our business.

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Changes in tax laws or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. We are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes, and are subject to ongoing tax audits, in various jurisdictions in which we operate. Tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken and assess additional taxes. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these audits in order to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision. However, there can be no assurance that we will accurately predict the outcomes of these audits, and the actual outcomes could have a material impact on our net income or financial condition. Changes in tax laws or tax rulings may at times materially impact our effective tax rate.
The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act includes various changes to the tax law, including a permanent reduction in the corporate income tax rate and one-time transition tax on certain non-U.S. earnings. Further, pursuant to ongoing efforts to encourage global tax compliance, the OECD has adopted CRS, aimed at ensuring that persons with financial assets located outside of their tax residence country pay required taxes. In many cases, intergovernmental agreements between the participating countries will govern implementation of the new CRS rules. CRS is being implemented over a multi-year period and we will continue to monitor the implementing regulations and corresponding intergovernmental agreements to determine our requirements. CRS may subject us to additional reporting, compliance and administrative costs, and burdens in jurisdictions where we operate as a qualifying financial institution.
The OECD has also undertaken a new project focused on “Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digitalization of the Economy.” This project may impact all multinational businesses by allocating a greater share of taxing rights to countries where consumers are located regardless of the current physical presence of a business, and by implementing a global minimum tax. There is significant uncertainty regarding such proposal and any unfavorable resolution could have an adverse effect on our effective tax rate.
Our contractual obligations may subject us to indemnification costs and liability to third parties. In the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries enter into contracts with third parties, including, without limitation, clients, vendors, and other service providers, that contain a variety of representations and warranties and that provide for indemnifications by us in certain circumstances. Pursuant to such contractual arrangements, we may be subject to indemnification costs and liability to third parties if, for example, we breach any material obligations under the agreements or agreed standards of care, or in the event such third parties have certain legal claims asserted against them. The terms of these indemnities vary from contract to contract, and future indemnification claims against us could negatively impact our financial condition.
Regulatory and governmental examinations and/or investigations, litigation and the legal risks associated with our business, could adversely impact our AUM, increase costs and negatively impact our profitability and/or our future financial results. We operate in a highly-regulated industry and routinely receive and respond to regulatory and governmental requests for documents or other information, subpoenas, examinations and investigations in connection with our business activities. Further, regulatory or governmental examinations or investigations that have been inactive could become active. In addition, from time to time, we are named as a party in litigation. We may be obligated, and under our certificate of incorporation, by-laws and standard form of director indemnification agreement we are obligated under certain conditions, or we may choose, to indemnify directors, officers or personnel against liabilities and expenses they may incur in connection with such matters to the extent permitted under applicable law. Even if claims made against us are without merit, litigation typically is an expensive process. Risks associated with legal liability often are difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude can remain unknown for significant periods of time. Eventual financial exposures from and expenses incurred relating to any examinations, investigations, litigation, and/or settlements could adversely impact our AUM, increase costs and/or negatively impact our profitability and financial results. Allegations, findings or judgments of wrongdoing by regulatory or governmental authorities or in litigation against us, or settlements with respect thereto, could affect our regulatory licenses, reputation, increase our costs of doing business and/or negatively impact our revenues, any of which could have a material negative impact on our financial results.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
During the six months ended March 31, 2020, there were no material changes from the market risk disclosures in our Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
The Company’s management evaluated, with the participation of the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) as of March 31, 2020. Based on their evaluation, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2020 were designed and are functioning effectively to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports filed under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2020, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
For a description of our legal proceedings, please see the description set forth in the “Legal Proceedings” section in Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this Form 10-Q, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Our Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 filed with the SEC includes a discussion of the risk factors identified by us, which are also included under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 2 of Part I of this Form 10-Q. Other than the risk factors set forth under the heading “Important Additional Risks” in the Risk Factors in Item 2 of Part I of this Form 10-Q, which are incorporated herein by reference, there were no material changes from the Risk Factors as previously disclosed in our Form 10‑K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The following table provides information with respect to the shares of our common stock that we repurchased during the three months ended March 31, 2020.
Month
 
Total Number of
Shares Purchased
 
Average Price
Paid per
Share
 
Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs
 
Maximum Number of
Shares that May Yet Be
Purchased Under the Plans
or Programs
January 2020
 
1,251,649

 
$
25.30

 
1,251,649

 
41,333,376

February 2020
 
459,224

 
23.33

 
459,224

 
40,874,152

March 2020
 
1,147,744

 
19.36

 
1,147,744

 
39,726,408

Total
 
2,858,617

 
 
 
2,858,617

 
 
Under our stock repurchase program, which is not subject to an expiration date, we can repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time in the open market and in private transactions in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, including without limitation applicable federal securities laws. In order to pay taxes due in connection with the vesting of employee and executive officer stock and stock unit awards, we may repurchase shares under our program using a net stock issuance method. In April 2018, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 80.0 million additional shares of our common stock under the stock repurchase program.
Item 6. Exhibits.
The exhibits listed on the Exhibit Index to this Form 10-Q are incorporated herein by reference.


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EXHIBIT INDEX
 
Exhibit No.
 
Description
 
 
 
2.1

 
 
 
 
3.1

 
 
 
 
3.2

 
 
 
 
3.3

 
 
 
 
3.4

 
 
 
 
3.5

 
 
 
 
3.6

 
 
 
 
10.1

 
 
 
 
10.2

 
 
 
 
10.3

 
 
 
 
10.4

 
 
 
 
31.1

 
 
 
 
31.2

 
 
 
 
32.1

 
 
 
 
32.2

 
 
 
 
101

 
The following materials from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL), include: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) related notes (filed herewith)
 
 
 
104

 
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
__________________ 
*
Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K.
**
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.


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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
 
FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date:
April 30, 2020
 
By:
/s/ Matthew Nicholls
 
 
 
 
Matthew Nicholls
 
 
 
 
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date:
April 30, 2020
 
By:
/s/ Gwen L. Shaneyfelt
 
 
 
 
Gwen L. Shaneyfelt
 
 
 
 
Chief Accounting Officer

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