Frontier Communications Parent, Inc. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K



☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

or



☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to ___________



Commission file number 001-11001





FRONTIER COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Registrant's telephone number, including area code:  (203) 614-5600



Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  NONE



Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  __     No _X_       



Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.  Yes      No  X



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.         Yes  X     No __



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).           Yes  X     No __



Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large Accelerated Filer  ☒          Accelerated Filer  ☐          Non-Accelerated Filer  ☐

Smaller Reporting Company ☐          Emerging Growth Company  ☐



If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐ 



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes     No X 



The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2018 was $559,443,000 based on the closing price of $5.36 per share on June 29, 2018. The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of February 26, 2019 was 105,303,000.



DOCUMENT INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Proxy Statement for Frontier’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS



 

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PART I



Item 1.   Business



Frontier Communications Corporation (Frontier) is a provider of communications services in the United States, with approximately 4.5 million customers, 3.7 million broadband subscribers and 21,200 employees, operating in 29 states. On April 1, 2016, we completed our acquisition of Verizon’s wireline properties in California, Texas, and Florida (the CTF Acquisition or the CTF Operations).



Frontier’s Service Territories



How We Serve Our Customers



We conduct business with both consumer and commercial customers.



Consumer. We provide broadband, video, voice and other services and products to our consumer customers. We deliver these services generally over a combination of fiber and copper-based networks.



Commercial (small, and medium business, and larger enterprise customers (SME) as well as wholesale customers).



Commercial. We provide a broad range of services to our SME customers, including broadband service, Ethernet service, traditional circuit-based services (TDM services), SD-WAN, managed Wi-Fi, managed cloud IT solutions, voice and Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS services) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). We also offer advanced hardware and network solutions and services.









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Services and Products



We offer a broad portfolio of communications services for consumer and commercial customers. These services are offered on either a standalone basis or in a bundled package, depending on each customer’s needs.



Data and Internet services. We offer a comprehensive range of broadband and networking services. The principal consumer service we provide is broadband internet service. Commercial services include a complete portfolio of Ethernet services, dedicated internet, software defined wide area network (SDWAN), managed Wi-Fi, time division multiplexing (TDM) data transport services and optical transport services. These services are all supported by 24/7 technical support and an advanced network operations center. We also offer wireless broadband services (using unlicensed spectrum) in select markets utilizing networks that we own or operate.



Video services. We offer video services under FiOS® brand in portions of California, Texas, Florida, Indiana, Oregon and Washington, and the VantageTM brand in portions of Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, Minnesota, Illinois, New York, and Ohio. We also offer satellite TV video service to our customers under an agency relationship with DISH® in all of our markets.



Voice services. We provide voice services, including data-based VoIP and UCaaS, long-distance and voice messaging services, to consumer and commercial customers in all of our markets. These services are billed monthly in advance. Long-distance service to and from points outside our operating properties are provided by interconnection with the facilities of interexchange carriers. Our long-distance services are billed in advance for unlimited use service, and billed in arrears for services on a per minute-of-use basis.



We also offer packages of communications services. These packages permit customers to bundle their products and services, including voice service, video and Internet services, and other product offerings.

Access services. We offer a range of access services. Our switched access services allow other carriers to use our facilities to originate and terminate their local and long-distance voice traffic. These services are generally offered on a month-to-month basis and the service is billed primarily on a minutes-of-use basis. Switched access charges are based on access rates filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for interstate services and with the respective state regulatory agency for intrastate services. See “Regulatory Environment” below.

Advanced Hardware and Network Solutions. We offer our SME customers various hardware and network solutions utilizing cloud functionality and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). We offer third-party communications equipment tailored to their specific business needs by partnering with Mitel, Cisco, Ingram Micro, Airbus, Avaya, Hewlett Packard, Adtran and other equipment manufacturers. CPE is typically sold in conjunction with voice, data and Internet services, and may also be sold on a standalone basis. 



Transformation Program



In 2018, Frontier launched a multi-year strategic transformation program with the aim of re-positioning the company to be better able to react to current and future business and operational challenges and to create long-term sustainable value. We believe there are substantial opportunities to improve revenues, operations, customer care and technical support by simplifying our business processes that have become more complex as the Company has grown and evolved over time.



We have aligned Frontier’s resources around the Transformation Program and have established dedicated cross functional teams for specific targeted business areas. As we develop, test, and deploy solutions in these areas, we are utilizing an agile approach, which entails focusing on discrete processes within the related subject areas and working iteratively over very short time frames to develop, test and deploy solutions. We believe this approach will lead to not only greater success, but also increase the rate at which success is realized as compared to traditional approaches.



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Network Architecture and Technology



Our local exchange carrier networks consist of host central office and remote sites, primarily equipped with digital and Internet Protocol switches. The outside plant consists of transport and distribution delivery networks connecting our host central office with remote central offices and ultimately with our customers. We own fiber optic and copper cable, which have been deployed in our networks and are the primary transport technologies between our host and remote central offices and interconnection points with other incumbent carriers.



We have expanded and enhanced our fiber optic and copper transport systems to support increasing demand for high bandwidth transport services. We routinely enhance our network and upgrade with the latest Internet Protocol Transport and routing equipment, Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADM) transport systems,  Very High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) broadband equipment, and VoIP switches. These systems support advanced services such as Ethernet, Dedicated Internet, VoIP, and SDWAN. The network is designed with redundancy and auto-failover capability on our major circuits.



We connect to households and business locations in our service territory using a combination of fiber optic, copper and wireless technologies. In some cases we provide direct fiber into a residence or a business premises. In other cases a location is served with a hybrid combination of fiber and copper. Residences in our service territory are served by fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and by fiber-to-the-node (FTTN), meaning fiber carries the traffic to an intermediate location where the signals are converted to copper wire for the final delivery to the household. We provide data, video, and voice services to customers over both of these architectures. Additionally, fixed wireless broadband (FWB) will play an important part of our future broadband strategy and is deployed for some business Ethernet services. FWB is delivered by the use of an antenna on a Frontier base location and another antenna at the customer location.



Rapid and significant changes in technology are occurring in the communications industry. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and adapt to technological changes. We believe that our next generation network architecture strategy will enable us to respond to these ongoing technological changes efficiently. In addition, we anticipate reducing costs through the sharing of best practices across operations, centralization or standardization of functions and processes, and deployment of technologies and systems that provide for greater efficiencies and profitability. We will continue to make strategic enhancements to our network, with a focus on higher return investments.



Competition



Competition within the communications industry is intense. Technological advances as well as regulatory and legislative changes have enabled a wide range of historically non-traditional communications service providers to compete with traditional providers, including Frontier.  More market participants are now competing to meet the telecommunications needs of the same customer base, thus increasing competitive pressures. Many of these service providers are not subject to the same regulations as traditional communications providers and have lower cost structures than we do. The industry has also experienced substantial consolidation in recent years. Many of our competitors are larger, have stronger brand recognition, and have more service offerings and greater financial resources than we currently do. All of these factors create downward pressure on the demand for and pricing of our services. In addition to traditional communication providers we have competition with the following:









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Competition for consumer customers is based on price, bandwidth, quality and speed of service, including pricing and promotions as well as bundling of service offerings. Competition comes from other telecommunications providers, cable operators, Competitive Local Exchange Companies and other enterprises.  Many consumer customers prefer the convenience and discounts available when voice, data, Internet and or video services are bundled by a single provider. Because of this, we offer satellite TV video service through DISH in areas where we don’t otherwise have our own video capabilities. We believe this bundling capability positively impacts new customer acquisition and retention of existing customers. As of December 31, 2018, 48% of our consumer customers subscribed to at least two service offerings with 16% subscribed to three or more service offerings.



Competition for commercial customers is also based on price, bandwidth, quality and speed of service, including pricing and promotions and bundled offerings. Competition comes from other telecommunications providers, cable operators, Competitive Local Exchange Companies and other enterprises.  As compared to our consumer customers, commercial customers often require more sophisticated and more data-centered solutions (e.g., IP PBX, E911 networks, Ethernet and SIP trunking).



Broadband is a core growth component for attracting and retaining consumer customers as well as our smaller commercial customers, whether bundled with video and/or voice services or on a standalone basis. We are committed to growing our customer base through providing higher broadband speeds and capacity that will enable us to reach new markets, target new customers and grow the business while maximizing our full geographic footprint.



In addition to the focus on our broadband capabilities, we must continue to evolve our other product offerings to stay current with the changing needs of the market, provide strong customer service and support, invest in our network to enable adequate capacity and capabilities and package our offerings at attractive prices.



Regulatory Environment 



Some of our operations are subject to regulation by the FCC and various state regulatory agencies, often called public service or utility commissions. We expect federal and state lawmakers, the FCC and the state regulatory agencies to continue to revise the statutes and regulations governing communications services.

Regulation of our business

We are subject to federal, state and local regulation and we have various regulatory authorizations for our regulated service offerings. At the federal level, the FCC generally exercises jurisdiction over information services, interstate or international telecommunications services and over facilities to the extent they are used to provide, originate or terminate interstate or international services. State regulatory commissions generally exercise jurisdiction over intrastate telecommunications services and the facilities used to provide, originate or terminate those services. Most of our local exchange companies operate as incumbent carriers in the states in which they operate and are certified in those states to provide local telecommunications services. Certain federal and state agencies, including attorneys general, monitor and exercise oversight related to consumer protection issues, including marketing, sales, provision of services, and service charges. In addition, local governments often regulate the public rights-of-way necessary to install and operate networks and may require service providers to obtain licenses or franchises regulating their use of public rights-of-way. Municipalities and other local government agencies also may regulate other limited aspects of our business, by requiring us to obtain cable franchises and construction permits and to abide by applicable building codes.

Some state regulatory agencies have substantial oversight over incumbent telephone companies, and their interconnection with competitive providers and provision of non-discriminatory network access to certain network elements to them. Under the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996, state regulatory commissions have jurisdiction to set certain rates, arbitrate, and review interconnection disputes and agreements between incumbent telephone companies and competitive local exchange carriers, in accordance with rules set by the FCC. The FCC and some state regulatory commissions also impose fees on providers of telecommunications services to support state universal service programs. Many of the states in which we operate require prior approvals or notifications for certain acquisitions and transfers of assets, customers, or ownership of regulated entities.



Additionally, in some states we are subject to operating restrictions and minimum service quality standards. Failure to meet such restrictions may result in penalties. We also are required to report certain financial information. At the federal level and in a number of the states in which we operate, we are subject to price cap or incentive regulation plans under which prices for regulated services are capped. Some of these plans have limited terms and, as they expire, we may need to renegotiate with various states. These negotiations could impact rates, service quality and/or infrastructure requirements, which could also impact our earnings and capital expenditures. In other states in which

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we operate, we are subject to rate of return regulation that limits levels of earnings and returns on investments. Approximately 19% of our total access lines as of December 31, 2018 are in state jurisdictions under the rate of return regulatory model. We continue to advocate for no or reduced regulation with the regulatory agencies in those states. In some of the states we operate in we have already been successful in reducing or eliminating price regulation on end-user services.



Federal Regulatory Environment



Frontier, along with all telecommunications providers, is subject to FCC rules governing privacy of specified customer information. Among other things, these rules obligate carriers to implement procedures to: protect specified customer information from inappropriate disclosure; obtain customer permission to use specified information in marketing; authenticate customers before disclosing account information; and annually certify compliance with the FCC’s rules. Although most of these regulations are generally consistent with our business plans, they may restrict our flexibility in operating our business.



Some regulations are, or could in the future be, the subject of judicial proceedings, legislative hearings and administrative proposals or challenges that could change the manner in which the entire industry operates or the way we provide our services. Neither the outcome of any of these developments, nor their potential impact on us, can be predicted at this time. Regulation can change rapidly in the communications industry, and such changes may have an adverse effect on us.



The current status of material regulatory initiatives is as follows:



Federal High-Cost Subsidies: The FCC has adopted rules changing the eligibility requirements for federal subsidies offered to wireline carriers providing service to high-cost, low-density markets, as well as the amounts of such subsidies, as follows:



Connect America Fund (CAF): On November 18, 2011, the FCC adopted the Universal Service Fund (USF)/Intercarrier Compensation (ICC) Report and Order (the 2011 Order), which changed how federal subsidies are calculated and disbursed, and began the transition of the high-cost component of the Federal USF, which supported voice services in high-cost areas, to the CAF, which supports broadband deployment in high-cost areas.



On April 29, 2015, the FCC released offers of support to price cap carriers under the CAF Phase II program. The intent of these offers is to provide long-term support for carriers for establishing and providing broadband service with at least 10 Mbps downstream/1 Mbps upstream speeds in high cost areas unserved by a competitor. Frontier accepted the CAF Phase II offer in 28 states, including certain CTF properties, which provides for $332 million in annual support through 2020, and a commitment to make broadband available to approximately 774,000 households. CAF Phase II support is a successor to the approximately $156 million in annual USF frozen high cost support that Frontier had been receiving prior to the CTF acquisition, and the $42 million in annual transitional USF frozen high cost support that Verizon had been receiving in California and Texas. In addition to the annual support levels, these amounts also include frozen support phasedown amounts in states where the annual CAF II funding is less than the prior annual frozen high cost support funding. The frozen support phasedown support was $17 million and $9 million in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Phasedown funding provided to Frontier is complete as of December 31, 2018.



Intercarrier Compensation: In the 2011 Order, the FCC also reformed Intercarrier Compensation, which is the payment framework that governs how carriers compensate each other for the exchange of interstate switched traffic, and began a multi-year transition to the new rates. The 2011 Order provided for the gradual elimination of effectively all terminating traffic charges by July 2017. The 2011 Order did not resolve all questions on originating access rates and the FCC continues to consider the possibility of a transition of originating access rates, although the impact on Frontier, if any, is unknown at this time. Our total revenue for Intercarrier Compensation was $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.



Special Access: On April 20, 2017, the FCC issued an Order (the 2017 Order) that significantly altered how commercial data services are regulated. Specifically, the 2017 Order adopted a test to determine, on a county-by-county basis, whether price cap ILECs, like Frontier’s DS1 and DS3 services, will continue to be regulated. The test resulted in deregulation in a substantial number of our markets and is allowing Frontier to offer its DS1 and DS3 services in a manner that better responds to the competitive marketplace and allows for commercial negotiation. The areas that remain regulated may be subject to price fluctuations depending upon the price cap formula that year. Multiple parties appealed the 2017 Order, and the 8th Circuit issued a decision that upheld the majority of the 2017 Order. The part of the decision that was vacated and remanded to the FCC is currently stayed allowing the FCC to

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resolve. Frontier cannot predict the outcome of that appeal or the impact of future changes on our results of operations.



Intrastate Services: Some state regulatory commissions regulate some of the rates ILECs charge for intrastate services, including originating switched access rates for intrastate access services paid by providers of intrastate long-distance services. Some states also have their own open proceedings to address reform to originating intrastate access charges and other intercarrier compensation and state universal service funds. Although the FCC has pre-empted state jurisdiction on most access charges, some states could consider moving forward with their proceedings. We cannot predict when or how these matters will be decided or the effect on our subsidy or switched access revenues. Our total revenue for Intrastate switched access services was $40 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, spread across all the states we serve.



Current and Potential Internet Regulatory Obligations and Privacy: In December 2017 the FCC voted to overturn the FCC’s 2015 decision in which it had asserted jurisdiction over broadband service, declared broadband a “Title II” telecommunications service, and imposed rules to “preserve a Free and Open Internet” (i.e., net neutrality). Specifically, the FCC voted to eliminate explicit bans on blocking, throttling and paid prioritization in favor of requiring Internet service providers (ISPs) to be fully transparent about their practices. Both the FCC and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) will now have a role in ensuring that the ISPs are managing their network in the manner in which they publicly state they are. The December 2017 decision took effect in June 2018 and has been appealed to the D.C. Circuit.  Oral argument occurred on February 1, 2019 and the timing of the Court's decision is uncertain.  It is unclear whether pending or future appeals will have any impact on the regulatory structure.



At the same time, several states, including California, have sought to exercise jurisdiction over broadband services and privacy. The U.S. Department of Justice has filed a lawsuit against California, stating that it attempts to govern interstate commerce, which is a federal matter outside the state’s jurisdiction. Four industry associations representing ISPs (USTelecom, CTIA, NCTA, and ACA) have also filed suit against California. Frontier cannot predict the outcome of this litigation or the extent to which regulatory changes associated with the California law could affect our financial results.



The December 2017 decision also puts ISPs on an equal footing with other online web companies with respect to privacy rules, with the FTC being the lead agency on privacy enforcement. However, like with net neutrality, certain states, including California, have sought to regulate ISP privacy practices. Meanwhile, Congress is also contemplating comprehensive privacy regulation.  Frontier cannot predict what future ISP privacy rules will be, but we intend to meet those obligations.



Video programming



Federal, state and local governments extensively regulate the video services industry. Our FiOS and Vantage video services are subject to, among other things: subscriber privacy regulations; requirements that we carry a local broadcast station or obtain consent to carry a local or distant broadcast station; rules for franchise renewals and transfers; the manner in which program packages are marketed to subscribers; and program access requirements.



We provide video programming in some of our markets in California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas and Washington pursuant to franchises, permits and similar authorizations issued by state and local franchising authorities. Most franchises are subject to termination proceedings in the event of a material breach. In addition, most franchises require payment of a franchise fee as a requirement to the granting of authority.



Many franchises establish comprehensive facilities and service requirements, as well as specific customer service standards and monetary penalties for non-compliance. In many cases, franchises are terminable if the franchisee fails to comply with material provisions set forth in the franchise agreement governing system operations. We believe that we are in compliance and meeting all material standards and requirements. Franchises are generally granted for fixed terms of at least ten years and must be periodically renewed. Local franchising authorities may resist granting a renewal if either past performance or the prospective operating proposal is considered inadequate.



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Environmental regulation



The local exchange carrier subsidiaries we operate are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, disposal of, and exposure to hazardous materials, the release of pollutants into the environment and the remediation of contamination. As an owner and former owner of property, we are subject to environmental laws that could impose liability for the entire cost of cleanup at contaminated sites, including sites formerly owned by us, regardless of fault or the lawfulness of the activity that resulted in contamination. We believe that our operations are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations.



Segment Information



We currently operate in one reportable segment.



Financial Information about Foreign and Domestic Operations and Export Sales



We have no foreign operations.



General



The dollar amount of our order backlog is not a significant consideration in our business and is not a meaningful metric for us. We have no material contracts or subcontracts that may be subject to renegotiation of profits or termination at the election of the federal government.



Intellectual Property



We believe that we have the trademarks, trade names and intellectual property licenses that are necessary for the operation of our business.



We own or have the rights to use various trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this report. Solely for convenience, we refer to trademarks, service marks and trade names in this report without the ™, SM and ® symbols. Such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent permitted by law, our rights to our trademarks, service marks and trade names. Other trademarks, trade names or service marks appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners.



Employees



As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 21,200 employees, as compared to approximately 22,700 employees as of December 31, 2017. During 2018, reduction in workforce activities resulted in the severance of approximately 220 employees. Approximately 15,000 of our total employees are represented by unions as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 100 employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expired in 2017 or 2018 but have been extended and are still effective for 2019. Of the union-represented employees as of December 31, 2018, approximately 4,500 of the unionized workforce are covered by collective agreements that expire in 2019 and approximately 4,800 of the unionized workforce are covered by collective bargaining agreements that expire in 2020. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.



Available Information



We make available, free of charge on our website, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as practicable after we electronically file these documents with, or furnish them to, the SEC. These documents may be accessed through our website at www.frontier.com under “Investor Relations.” The information posted or linked on our website is not part of, or incorporated by reference into, this report. We also make our Annual Report available in printed form upon request at no charge.



We also make available on our website, as noted above, or in printed form upon request, free of charge, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Specific Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Provisions for Certain Officers, and the charters for the Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance committees of the Board of Directors. Stockholders may request printed copies of these materials by writing to: 401 Merritt 7, Norwalk, Connecticut 06851 Attention: Corporate Secretary.



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Forward-Looking Statements



This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements," related to future events. Forward-looking statements address our expected future business and financial performance and financial condition, and contain words such as "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "seek," "see," "may," “will,” "would," or "target." Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain. Uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different than those expressed in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:







































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Any of the foregoing events, or other events, could cause our results to vary from management’s forward-looking statements included in this report. You should consider these important factors, as well as the risks set forth under Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” in evaluating any statement in this report or otherwise made by us or on our behalf. We have no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements and do not undertake to do so.



Investors should also be aware that while we do, at various times, communicate with securities analysts, it is against our policy to disclose to them selectively any material non-public information or other confidential information. Accordingly, investors should not assume that we agree with any statement or report issued by an analyst, irrespective of the content of the statement or report. To the extent that reports issued by securities analysts contain any projections, forecasts or opinions, such reports are not our responsibility.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors



Before you make an investment decision with respect to any of our securities, you should carefully consider all the information we have included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent filings with the SEC. In particular, you should carefully consider the risk factors described below and the risks and uncertainties related to “Forward-Looking Statements,” any of which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and the actual outcome of matters as to which forward-looking statements are made in this annual report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing Frontier. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial or that are not specific to us, such as general economic conditions, may also adversely affect our business and operations. The following risk factors should be read in conjunction with the balance of this annual report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this report.



Risks Related to Our Business 



We have experienced declining revenues and may experience further declines in our revenues going forward.



We have experienced declining revenues as a result of declining voice services revenues, lower switched and nonswitched access revenues and declining video and data services revenues. Such declines have been driven primarily by customer losses, changing technology and consumer behavior (such as wireless displacement of wireline use, e-mail use, instant messaging and increasing use of VoIP), increased competition, regulatory constraints and financial decisions by governmental authorities. There can be no assurances that we will be able to stabilize or increase our revenues in the future. Future declines in our revenues could materially and adversely impact our ability to execute on our business strategy, comply with our financial covenants, repay our debts as they become due, negotiate with third parties or attract and retain employees.



If our transformation program and other initiatives are unsuccessful, we may be unable to stabilize or grow our revenues and cash flows.



We must produce adequate revenues and operating cash flows that, when combined with cash on hand and funds available under our revolving credit facility and other financings, will be sufficient to service our debt, fund our capital expenditures, pay our taxes, and fund our pension and other employee benefit obligations. We continue to experience revenue declines as compared to prior years. While we have identified potential areas of opportunity and implemented strategic initiatives, including opportunities to enhance revenue and realize productivity improvement, we cannot assure you that these efforts will be successful.



We have established a transformation program with the objective of improving revenues, profitability, and cash flows by enhancing our operations and customer service and support processes. This program is a multi-year, comprehensive, strategic program that requires significant resources and may divert attention from ongoing operations and other strategic initiatives. We cannot assure you that the transformation program will achieve the anticipated results, or that we will not incur higher than anticipated costs when implementing the program.  If the transformation program does not achieve the results we anticipate, it may have a material adverse effect on our financial position and our results of operations.



We face intense competition.



The communications industry is extremely competitive. Through mergers and various service expansion strategies, service providers are striving to provide integrated solutions both within and across geographic markets. Our competitors include competitive local exchange carriers, Internet service providers, wireless companies, OTT, VoIP providers and cable companies, some of which may be subject to less regulation than we are. These entities may provide services competitive with the services that we offer or intend to introduce. For example, our competitors may seek to introduce networks in our markets that are competitive with or superior to our copper-based networks in those markets. We also believe that wireless and cable providers have increased their penetration of various services in our markets. We expect that competition will remain robust. Our revenue and cash flow will be adversely impacted if we cannot reverse our customer losses or continue to provide high-quality services.





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We cannot predict which of the many possible future technologies, products or services will be important in order to maintain our competitive position or what expenditures will be required to develop and provide these technologies, products or services. Our ability to compete successfully will depend on the effectiveness of capital expenditure investments in our properties, our marketing efforts, our ability to anticipate and respond to various competitive factors affecting the industry, including a changing regulatory environment that may affect our business and that of our competitors differently, new services that may be introduced, changes in consumer preferences, or habits, demographic trends, economic conditions and pricing strategies by competitors. Increasing competition may reduce our revenues and increase our marketing and other costs as well as require us to increase our capital expenditures and thereby decrease our cash flows.



We may be unable to meet the technological needs or expectations of our customers, and may lose customers as a result.



The telecommunications industry is subject to significant changes in technology, and replacing or upgrading our infrastructure to keep pace with such technological changes could result in significant capital expenditures. If we do not replace or upgrade technology and equipment and manage broadband speeds and capacity as necessary, we may be unable to compete effectively because we will not be able to meet the needs or expectations of our customers.



In addition, enhancements to product offerings may influence our customers to consider other service providers, such as cable operators or wireless providers. We may be unable to attract new or retain existing customers from cable companies due to their deployment of enhanced broadband and VoIP technology. In addition, new capacity services for wireless broadband technologies may permit our competitors to offer broadband data services to our customers throughout most or all of our service areas. Any resulting inability to attract new or retain existing customers could adversely impact our business and results of operations in a material manner.



Some of our competitors have superior resources, which may place us at a disadvantage.



Some of our competitors have market presence, engineering, technical, marketing and financial capabilities which are substantially greater than ours. In addition, some of these competitors are able to raise capital at a lower cost than we are able to. Consequently, some of these competitors may be able to develop and expand their communications and network infrastructures more quickly, adapt more swiftly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, including leading edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and various types of data science, as well as take advantage of acquisition and other opportunities more readily and devote greater resources to the marketing and sale of their products and services than we will be able to. Additionally, the greater brand name recognition of some competitors may require us to price our services at lower levels in order to retain or obtain customers. Finally, the cost advantages and greater financial resources of some of these competitors may give them the ability to reduce their prices for an extended period of time if they so choose. Our business and results of operations may be materially adversely impacted if we are not able to effectively compete.



Weak economic conditions may decrease demand for our services or necessitate increased discounts.



We could be adversely impacted by weak economic conditions or their effects. Downturns in the economy and competition in our markets have in the past, and could in the future, cause some of our customers to reduce or eliminate their purchases of our basic and enhanced voice services, broadband and video services and make it difficult for us to obtain new customers or retain existing customers. In addition, if economic conditions are depressed or further deteriorate, our customers may delay or discontinue payment for our services or seek more competitive pricing from other service providers, or we may be required to offer increased discounts in order to retain our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.



We rely on network and information systems and other technology, and a disruption or failure of such networks, systems or technology as a result of computer viruses, cyber-attacks, misappropriation of data or other malfeasance, as well as outages, accidental releases of information or similar events, may disrupt our business and materially impact our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.



Our information technology networks and infrastructure may be subject to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to computer viruses, cyber-attacks or breaches, employee or third-party error or malfeasance, power outages, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, natural disasters or other catastrophic events.



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Further, our network and information systems are subject to various risks related to third parties and other parties we may not fully control. We use encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to provide secure transmission of confidential information, including our business data and customer information. Similarly, we rely on employees in our network operations centers, data centers, call centers and retail stores to follow our procedures when handling sensitive information. While we select our third-party business partners and employees carefully, we do not always control their actions, which could expose us to cyber-security risks. In addition, our customers using our network to access the Internet may become victim to malicious and abusive Internet activities, such as unsolicited mass advertising (or spam), peer-to-peer file sharing, distribution of viruses, worms and other destructive or disruptive software; these activities could adversely affect our network, result in excessive call volume at our call centers and damage our or our customers’ equipment and data.



While we maintain security measures, disaster recovery plans and business continuity plans for our business and are continuously working to upgrade our existing technology systems and provide employee training around the cyber risks we face, these risks are constantly evolving and are challenging to mitigate. Like many companies, we are the subject of increasingly frequent cyber-attacks. Any unauthorized access, computer viruses, accidental or intentional release of confidential information or other disruptions could result in misappropriation of our or our customers’ sensitive information; financial loss; reputational harm; increased costs, such as those relating to remediation or future protection; customer dissatisfaction, which could lead to a decline in customers and revenue; and legal claims or proceedings, fines and other liabilities. There can be no assurance that the impact of such incidents would not be material to our results of operations, financial condition or cash.



Our business is sensitive to the creditworthiness of our wholesale customers.



We have substantial business relationships with other communications carriers for which we provide service. While bankruptcies or insolvency of these carriers have not had a material adverse effect on our business in recent years, future bankruptcies or insolvencies in the industry could result in the loss of significant customers, as well as cause more price competition and an increased allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. Such bankruptcies and insolvencies may be more likely in the future if economic conditions stagnate. As a result, our revenues and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.



A significant portion of our workforce is represented by labor unions.



As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 21,200 employees. Approximately 15,000 of our total employees were represented by unions and were subject to collective bargaining agreements. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 100 employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expired in 2017 or 2018, but have been extended and are still effective for 2019. Of the union-represented employees as of December 31, 2018, approximately 4,500, or 30%, of the unionized workforce are covered by collective agreements that expire in 2019 and approximately 4,800, or 32%, of the unionized workforce are covered by collective bargaining agreements that expire in 2020.



We cannot predict the outcome of negotiations of the collective bargaining agreements covering our employees. If we are unable to reach new agreements or renew existing agreements, employees subject to collective bargaining agreements may engage in strikes, work slowdowns or other labor actions, which could materially disrupt our ability to provide services. New labor agreements or the renewal of existing agreements may impose significant new costs on us, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in the future.



If we are unable to hire or retain key personnel, we may be unable to operate our business successfully.



Our success will depend in part upon the continued services of our management team. We cannot guarantee that our key personnel will not leave or compete with us. The loss, incapacity or unavailability for any reason of key members of our management team could have a material impact on our business. In addition, our financial results and our ability to compete may suffer if we are unable to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future.



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We may be unable to realize the anticipated benefits of recent acquisitions.



In recent years, we have completed multiple acquisitions. We cannot assure you that we will be able to realize the full benefit of any anticipated growth opportunities or scale benefits from such acquisitions or that these benefits will be realized within the expected time frames.



We have a significant amount of goodwill and other intangible assets on our balance sheet. We recorded goodwill impairments in 2017 and 2018 and if our goodwill or other intangible assets become further impaired, we may be required to record additional non-cash charges to earnings and reduce our stockholders’ equity.



Under generally accepted accounting principles, intangible assets are reviewed for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Frontier monitors relevant circumstances, including general economic conditions, enterprise value EBITDA multiples for other providers of communications services, our overall financial performance, and the market prices for our stock, and the potential impact that changes in such circumstances might have on the valuation of Frontier’s goodwill or other intangible assets. On a quarterly basis we evaluate goodwill to assess possible triggering events which would be indicative of possible impairment. As a result of the continued decline in the share price of our common stock we had triggering events in the final three quarters of 2018 and each of the four quarters of 2017. Our quantitative assessments in the third and fourth quarters of 2018 and the second and fourth quarters of 2017 indicated that the carrying value of the enterprise exceeded its fair value and, therefore, an impairment existed. We recorded goodwill impairments totaling $641 million for 2018 and $2,748 million for 2017. If our goodwill or other intangible assets are determined to be further impaired in the future, we may be required to record a non-cash charge to earnings during the period in which the impairment is determined, which would reduce our stockholders’ equity.



We may complete a future significant strategic transaction that may not achieve intended results. To the extent we consummate such a transaction, we may experience operational challenges in integrating or segregating assets and such transaction could increase the number of our outstanding shares or amount of outstanding debt.



We continuously evaluate and may in the future enter into additional strategic transactions. Any such transaction could happen at any time, could be material to our business and could take any number of forms, including, for example, an acquisition, merger, sale of certain of our assets, refinancing, or other recapitalization or material strategic transaction. Evaluating potential transactions and integrating completed ones may divert the attention of our management from ordinary operating matters.



The success of potential acquisitions or mergers will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated growth opportunities and cost synergies through the successful integration of the businesses we acquire with our existing business. Even if we are successful in integrating acquired businesses, we cannot assure you that these integrations will result in the realization of the full benefit of any anticipated growth opportunities or cost synergies or that these benefits will be realized within the expected time frames. In addition, acquired businesses may have unanticipated liabilities or contingencies.



In the past, we have disposed of assets for a variety of reasons, and we may, from time to time, consider disposing of other assets or asset groups in the future. We may not be able to dispose of any such assets on terms that are attractive to us, or at all, which could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operation. In addition, to the extent we consummate an agreement for the sale and disposition of an asset or asset group, we may experience operational difficulties segregating them from our retained assets and operations, which could impact the execution or timing for such dispositions and could result in disruptions to our operations and/or claims for damages, among other things.



If we complete an acquisition, merger, sale of certain assets, refinancing, recapitalization or material strategic transaction, we may require additional financing that could result in an increase in the number of our outstanding shares of stock or the aggregate amount and/or cost of our debt, which may result in an adverse impact to our ratings. The number of shares of our stock or the aggregate principal amount of our debt that we may issue may be significant. Moreover, the terms of any debt financing may be expensive or adversely impact our results of operations.



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Negotiations with the providers of content for our video systems may not be successful, potentially resulting in our inability to carry certain programming channels on our FiOS and Vantage video systems, which could result in the loss of subscribers. Alternatively, because of the power of some content providers, we may be forced to pay an increasing amount for some content, resulting in higher expenses and lower profitability.



We must negotiate with the content owners of the programming that we carry on our multichannel video systems (marketed as FiOS video and Vantage video). These content owners are the exclusive provider of the channels they offer. If we are unable to reach a mutually-agreed contract with a content owner, including pricing and carriage provisions, our existing agreements to carry this content may not be renewed, resulting in the blackout of these channels. The loss of content could result in our loss of customers who place a high value on the particular content that is lost. In addition, many content providers own multiple channels. As a result, we typically have to negotiate the pricing for multiple channels rather than one, and carry and pay for content that customers do not value, in order to have access to other content that customers do value. Some of our competitors have materially larger scale than we do, and may, as a result, be better positioned than we are in such negotiations. As a result of these factors, the expense of content acquisition may continue to increase, and this could result in higher expenses and lower profitability.



We are subject to a significant amount of litigation, which could require us to pay significant damages or settlements.



We are party to various legal proceedings, including, from time to time, individual actions, class and putative class actions, and governmental investigations, covering a wide range of matters and types of claims including, but not limited to, general contract disputes, billing disputes, rights of access, taxes and surcharges, consumer protection, advertising, sales and the provision of services, trademark and patent infringement, employment, regulatory, tort, claims of competitors and disputes with carriers. Litigation is subject to uncertainty and the outcome if individual matters is not predictable. We may incur significant expenses in defending these lawsuits. In addition, we may be required to pay significant awards or enter into settlements with governmental or other entities which impose significant financial and business remediation measures.



We and other providers of VoIP service have been the target of recent intellectual property

infringement litigation, which could have a material and adverse impact on our business.



We and other providers of VoIP service have been, and may in the future be, the target of intellectual property infringement litigation with respect to patents related to the provision of VoIP service. In April 2018, Sprint filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware alleging that Frontier infringes 15 patents purportedly relating to VoIP services. Some of these actions have recently been resolved in a manner adverse to other VoIP providers, including significant settlement amounts and a substantial jury award. While we believe these claims are without merit and intend to defend against such lawsuits vigorously, we cannot at this time predict the outcome of these lawsuits or reasonably estimate a range of possible loss. If any of these matters are resolved in plaintiff's favor, including if we choose to settle any such matters, our business and financial position could be materially and adversely impacted.



We rely on a limited number of key suppliers and vendors. 



We depend on a number of suppliers and vendors for equipment and services relating to our network infrastructure, including network elements such as digital and internet protocol switching and routing equipment, optical and copper transmission equipment, broadband connectivity equipment, various forms of customer premise equipment, optical fiber, wireless equipment, as well as the software that is used throughout our network to manage traffic, network elements, and other functions critical to our operations.  If any of our major suppliers were to experience disruption, supply-chain interruptions, financial difficulties, or other unforeseen problems delivering, maintaining, or servicing these network components on a timely basis, our operations could suffer significantly.  In addition, due to changes in the communications industry, the suppliers of many of these products and services have been consolidating.  In the event it were to become necessary to seek alternative suppliers and vendors, we may be unable to obtain satisfactory replacement supplies, services, or utilities on economically-attractive terms, on a timely basis, or at all, which could increase costs or cause disruptions in our services.

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Risks Related to Liquidity, Financial Resources and Capitalization



We currently have a significant amount of indebtedness, including secured indebtedness, and are contractually permitted to incur substantial additional indebtedness and grant substantial additional liens in the future. Such debt and debt service obligations may adversely affect us.



We have a significant amount of indebtedness, which amounted to $17.4 billion outstanding at December 31, 2018, of which $5.4 billion was secured. We also have access to a $850 million secured Revolving Credit Facility, of which $275 million was drawn as of December 31, 2018.



We may also be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future.  Although the terms of the indentures governing our second lien secured notes (the second lien notes) and senior unsecured notes (the senior notes and, together with the second lien notes, the notes) and the terms of our credit facilities restrict our and our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness and liens, such restrictions are subject to several exceptions and qualifications, and the indebtedness and/or liens incurred in compliance with such restrictions may be substantial. In addition, these terms do not prevent us or our restricted subsidiaries from incurring various types of obligations that do not constitute “indebtedness” under these terms. To the extent other new debt is added to our and our subsidiaries’ current debt levels, the substantial leverage risks described below would increase.



The potential significant negative consequences on our financial condition and results of operations that could result from our substantial debt include:

















In addition, our senior notes and debentures and our second lien notes are rated below “investment grade” by independent rating agencies. This has resulted in higher borrowing costs for us. These rating agencies may lower our debt ratings further, if in the rating agencies’ judgment such an action is appropriate. A further lowering of a rating would likely increase our future borrowing costs and reduce our access to capital. Our negotiations with vendors, customers and business partners can be negatively impacted if they deem us a credit risk as a result of our credit rating.



The indentures and agreements governing our debt, including our senior notes and debentures, our second lien notes and our credit facilities, contain covenants that impose restrictions on us and certain of our subsidiaries that may affect our ability to operate our business, and make payments on our debt.



The indentures and agreements governing our existing indebtedness contain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to:



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In addition, our credit facilities require us to comply with specified covenants, including financial ratios. Any future indebtedness may also require us to comply with similar or other covenants.



These restrictions on our ability to operate our business could seriously harm our business by, among other things, limiting our ability to take advantage of financings, mergers, acquisitions and other corporate opportunities.



Various risks, uncertainties and events beyond our control could affect our ability to comply with these covenants. Failure to comply with any of the covenants in our existing or future financing agreements could result in a default under those agreements and under other agreements containing cross-default provisions. A default would permit lenders to accelerate the maturity of the debt under these agreements and to foreclose upon any collateral securing the debt. Under these circumstances, we might not have sufficient funds or other resources to satisfy all of our obligations. This could have serious consequences to our financial condition and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.



Frontier is primarily a holding company and, as a result, we rely on the receipt of funds from our subsidiaries in order to meet our cash needs and service our indebtedness, including our senior notes and debentures and our second lien notes.



Frontier is primarily a holding company and our principal assets consist of the shares of capital stock or other equity instruments of our subsidiaries. As a holding company, we depend on dividends, distributions and other payments from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations, including those arising under our senior notes and debentures and our second lien notes, and meet our cash needs. We cannot assure you that the operating results of our subsidiaries at any given time will be sufficient to make dividends, distributions or other payments to us in order to allow us to make payments on our indebtedness. In addition, the payment of these dividends, distributions and other payments, as well as other transfers of assets, between our subsidiaries and from our subsidiaries to us may be subject to legal, regulatory or contractual restrictions. Some state regulators have imposed, and others may consider imposing on regulated companies, including us, cash management practices that could limit the ability of such regulated companies to transfer cash between subsidiaries or to the parent company. While none of the existing state regulations materially affects our cash management, any changes to the existing regulations or imposition of new regulations or restrictions may materially adversely affect our ability to transfer cash within our consolidated companies.



Our senior notes and debentures are structurally subordinated to liabilities of our subsidiaries.



Our subsidiaries have not guaranteed our senior notes and debentures. As a result, holders of such securities will not have any claim as a creditor against our subsidiaries. Accordingly, all obligations of our subsidiaries (including any liens granted by our subsidiaries on any of their assets to secure any of our obligations) will have to be satisfied before any of the assets of such subsidiaries would be available for distribution, upon a liquidation or otherwise. In addition, our subsidiaries may be able to incur additional debt (including secured debt),

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subject to the contractual limitations in our debt instruments applicable to such subsidiaries. Holders of our senior notes and debentures would be structurally subordinated to any such future debt as well.



Our senior notes and debentures are unsecured and subordinated to our secured indebtedness.



Our senior notes and debentures are unsecured and therefore are subordinated to our existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. At December 31, 2018, our secured indebtedness consisted of second lien notes, obligations under the JPM Credit Agreement, the CoBank Credit Agreement, the Revolving Credit Agreement, Term Loan B and the Continuing Agreement for Standby Letters of Credit between Frontier and Deutsche Bank AG New York Branch and Bank of Tokyo – Mitsubishi UFJ, LTD, each of which is secured by the security package under the JPM Credit Agreement which includes pledges of the equity interests in certain Frontier subsidiaries and guarantees by certain Frontier subsidiaries.  In the event of a bankruptcy or similar proceeding, the assets that serve as collateral for our secured indebtedness will be available to satisfy the obligations under the secured indebtedness before any payments are made on the senior notes and debentures from the proceeds of such assets. The indentures governing our senior notes and debentures permit us, subject to specified limitations, to incur a substantial amount of additional secured debt.



Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase.



At December 31, 2018, approximately 21% of our total debt is subject to variable rates of interest. Borrowings under our credit facilities are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates were to increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, would correspondingly decrease. In the future, we may enter into interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments in order to reduce interest rate volatility. However, we might not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to all of our variable rate indebtedness, and any swaps we enter into might not fully mitigate our interest rate risk.



We may be unable to refinance our indebtedness.



We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity. We may not be able to obtain sufficient funds to enable us to repay or refinance our debt obligations, including our credit facilities, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Failure to repay or refinance our debt obligations on a timely basis could result in a default under the agreements governing any such debt and under other agreements containing cross-default provisions. A default would permit lenders to accelerate the maturity of the debt under these agreements and to foreclose upon any collateral securing the debt. Under these circumstances, we might not have sufficient funds or other resources to satisfy all of our obligations, which could have serious consequences to our financial condition and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.



We may not have sufficient funds to repurchase our second lien notes or senior notes upon a change of control triggering event.



The terms of our secured notes and senior notes require us to make an offer to repurchase the notes upon the occurrence of a Change of Control and Ratings Decline (as defined in the indentures governing the notes) at a purchase price equal to 101% of the respective principal amounts of the notes plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of the purchase. It is possible that we will not have sufficient funds at the time of such a change of control triggering event to make the required repurchase of the applicable series of notes and will be required to obtain third party financing to do so. We may not be able to obtain this financing on commercially reasonable terms, or on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In addition, the occurrence of certain change of control events may constitute an event of default under the terms of our credit facilities. Such an event of default would entitle the lenders under our credit facilities to, among other things, cause all outstanding debt thereunder to become due and payable.



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We expect to make contributions to our pension plan in future years, the amount of which will be impacted by volatility in asset values related to Frontier’s pension plan and/or changes in pension plan assumptions.



Frontier made contributions of $150 million in 2018 and $75 million, net of the Differential payment received (see note 18), to its pension plan in 2017, and we expect to continue to make contributions in future years. Volatility in our asset values, liability calculations, or returns may impact the costs of maintaining our pension plan and our future funding requirements. Any future material contribution could have a negative impact on our liquidity by reducing cash flows.

 

Significant changes in discount rates, rates of return on pension assets, mortality tables and other factors could adversely affect our earnings and equity and increase our pension funding requirements.



Pension costs and obligations are determined using actual results as well as actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumptions are the discount rate, the long-term expected return on assets and mortality tables. Other assumptions include salary increases, lump sum payments, and retirement age. Some of these assumptions, such as the discount rate and return on pension assets, are reflective of economic conditions and largely out of our control. Changes in the pension assumptions could adversely affect our earnings, equity and funding requirements.



We may not be able to fully utilize our net operating loss and other tax carry forwards.



As of December 31, 2018, we had federal net operating loss (“NOLs”) carryforwards of approximately $2.4 billion that we may use to offset against taxable income. However, our ability to utilize these NOLs may be limited in the future. 



A corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is typically subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-ownership change NOLs to offset future taxable income.  In general, under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, an ownership change occurs if the aggregate stock ownership of certain stockholders (generally 5% stockholders, applying certain look-through and aggregation rules) increases by more than 50 percentage points over such stockholders’ lowest percentage ownership during the testing period (generally three years). Purchases or sales of our common stock in amounts greater than specified levels, which are generally beyond our control, could create a limitation on our ability to utilize our NOLs for tax purposes in the future. Limitations imposed on our ability to utilize NOLs could cause U.S. federal and state income taxes to be paid earlier than would be paid if such limitations were not in effect.



Furthermore, we may not be able to generate sufficient taxable income to utilize our NOLs before they expire. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the TCJA) (i) the amount of NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 that we are permitted to deduct in any taxable year is limited to 80% of our taxable income in such year, and (ii) NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 cannot be carried back to prior taxable years. Moreover, NOLs incurred in one state may not be available to offset income earned in a different state and there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited for state tax purposes, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.  If any of these events occur, we may not derive some or all of the expected benefits from our NOLs.



Risks Related to Regulation and Oversight



Changes in federal or state regulations may reduce the switched access charge revenues we receive.



A portion of Frontier’s total revenues ($125 million, or 1%, in 2018 and $165 million, or 2%, in 2017) are derived from switched access charges paid by other carriers for services we provide in originating intrastate and interstate long-distance traffic. Frontier expects a portion of our revenues will continue to be derived from switched access charges paid by these carriers for these services. The rates Frontier can charge for switched access are regulated by the FCC and state regulatory agencies.



In 2011, the FCC adopted the 2011 Order regarding Intercarrier Compensation, which is the payment framework that governs how carriers compensate each other for the exchange of voice traffic between carriers. However, the 2011 Order did not resolve all questions on Intercarrier Compensation.  The FCC continues to consider the possibility of transitioning originating access rates in the future. We cannot predict when or how the FCC would

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implement any changes originating access rates, and future reductions in these revenues may directly affect our profitability and cash flows.



In April 2017, the FCC issued an order that resulted in substantial deregulation in a number of our markets for special access services where the market is determined to be competitive and the transport market nationwide.  Some aspects of the 2017 Order were appealed by stakeholders. The 8th Circuit issued a decision that upheld the majority of the 2017 Order. The part of the decision that was vacated and remanded to the FCC is currently stayed allowing the FCC an opportunity to resolve it. We cannot predict the outcome of that appeal or the impact of future changes on our results or operations.



Certain states also have their own open proceedings to address reform to originating intrastate access charges, other intercarrier compensation, and state universal service funds. Although the FCC has pre-empted state jurisdiction on most access charges, many states could consider moving forward with their proceedings. We cannot predict when or how these matters will be decided or the effect on our subsidy or switched access revenues. However, future reductions in our subsidy or switched access revenues may directly affect our profitability and cash flows as those regulatory revenues do not have an equal level of associated variable expenses.



A portion of Frontier’s revenues are derived from federal and state subsidies. To the extent the federal or any state government reduces such subsidies, our operating income could be materially and adversely impacted.



A portion of Frontier’s total revenues ($378 million, or 4%, in 2018 and $395 million, or 4%, in 2017) are derived from federal and state subsidies for rural and high-cost support, that consists of CAF II support, Federal High Cost support, and various state subsidies. The FCC’s 2011 Order changed how federal subsidies are calculated and disbursed. These changes transitioned the USF (Universal Service Fund), which supported voice services in high-cost areas, to the CAF (Connect America Fund), which supports broadband deployment in high-cost areas. Federal subsidies represented approximately 93% of subsidy revenue in 2018 and 92% in 2017, with the remainder being state subsidies. 



Frontier is required to contribute to the USF and the FCC allows Frontier to recover these contributions through a USF surcharge on customers’ bills. This surcharge accounted for $213 million of revenue in 2018 and $216 million in 2017. 



Future reductions in these subsidies, or in our ability to recover USF contributions, could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.



Frontier and our industry will likely remain highly regulated, and we could incur substantial compliance costs that could constrain our ability to compete in our target markets.



As an incumbent local exchange carrier, some of the services we offer are subject to significant regulation from federal, state and local authorities. This regulation could impact our ability to change our rates, especially on our basic voice services and our access rates, and could impose substantial compliance costs on us. In some jurisdictions, regulation may restrict our ability to expand our service offerings. In addition, changes to the regulations that govern our business may have an adverse effect on our business by reducing the allowable fees that we may charge, imposing additional compliance costs, reducing the amount of subsidies or otherwise changing the nature of our operations and the competition in our industry. At this time, it is unknown how these regulations or changes to these regulations will affect Frontier’s operations or ability to compete in the future.



FCC rulemakings and state regulatory proceedings, including those relating to intercarrier compensation, universal service and broadband services, could have a substantial adverse impact on our operations. 



Our Internet access offerings could become subject to additional laws and regulations as they are adopted or applied to the Internet. As the significance of the Internet expands, federal, state and local governments may pass laws and adopt rules and regulations, including those directed at privacy, or apply existing laws and regulations to the Internet (including Internet access services), and related matters are under consideration in both federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies. Although the FCC has pre-empted state jurisdiction on network neutrality and privacy, many states, including California, have considered or are moving forward with legislation on these or other Internet-related issues. Multiple states have taken executive or legislative action directed at reinstating aspects of the

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FCC’s 2015 Order.  We cannot predict whether the outcome of expected or pending challenges to the FCC’s order or subsequent state actions will prove beneficial or detrimental to our competitive position.



We are subject to the oversight of certain federal and state agencies that have in the past, and may in the future, investigate or pursue enforcement actions against us relating to consumer protection matters.



Certain federal and state agencies, including state attorneys general, monitor and exercise oversight related to consumer protection matters, including those affecting the communications industry. Such agencies have in the past, and may in the future, choose to launch an inquiry or investigation of our business practices in response to customer complaints or other publicized customer service issues or disruptions. Such inquiries or investigations could result in reputational harm, enforcement actions, litigation, fines, settlements and/or operational and financial conditions being placed on the company, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business.



Tax legislation may adversely affect our business and financial condition.



Tax laws are dynamic and continually change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the TCJA. The TCJA makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code and, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest, allows for the expensing of capital expenditures, and imposes limitations on the use of net operating losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The reduction of the U.S. corporate tax rate results in a decreased valuation of our deferred tax asset and liabilities. The overall impact of the new federal tax law is uncertain and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the newly enacted federal tax law. The determination of the benefit from (provision for) income taxes requires complex estimations, significant judgments and significant knowledge and experience concerning the applicable tax laws. The current assessment on the impact to deferred tax assets (liabilities) for applying the requirements of the TCJA is based on the currently available information and guidance. If in the future any element of the tax reform changes the related accounting guidance for income tax, it could affect our income tax position and we may need to adjust the benefit from (provision for) income taxes accordingly.

 



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Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments



None.



Item 2.     Properties



We own property, which consists primarily of land and buildings, office and warehouse facilities, central office equipment, software, outside plant and related equipment. Outside communications plant includes aerial and underground cable, conduit, poles and wires. Central office equipment includes digital switches and peripheral equipment. As such, our properties do not provide a basis for description by character or location of principal units. All of our property is considered to be in good working condition and suitable for its intended purpose.



Our gross investment in property, by category, as of December 31, 2018, was as follows:





Item 3.   Legal Proceedings



See Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV of this report.



We are party to various legal proceedings (including individual actions, class and putative class actions, and governmental investigations) arising in the normal course of our business covering a wide range of matters and types of claims including, but not limited to, general contract disputes, billing disputes, rights of access, taxes and surcharges, consumer protection, advertising, sales and the provision of services, trademark and patent infringement, employment, regulatory, tort, claims of competitors and disputes with other carriers. Litigation is subject to uncertainty and the outcome of individual matters is not predictable. However, we believe that the ultimate resolution of all such matters, after considering insurance coverage or other indemnities to which we are entitled, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.



Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures



Not applicable.

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PART II



Item 5.  Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities



Our common stock is currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “FTR”. Cash dividends paid to common shareholders were $0 and $266 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. We suspended payment of quarterly cash dividends on our common stock during the first quarter of 2018.



As of February 26, 2019, the approximate number of security holders of record of our common stock was 225,076. This information was obtained from our transfer agent, Computershare Inc.



Holders of our 11.125% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock) were entitled to receive cumulative dividends at an annual rate of 11.125% of the initial liquidation preference of $100 per share, or $11.125 per year per share, prior to the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock to common stock on June 29, 2018. Series A Preferred Stock dividends of $107 million and $214 million were paid in 2018 and 2017, respectively.





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STOCKHOLDER RETURN PERFORMANCE GRAPH



The following performance graph compares the cumulative total return of our common stock to the S&P 500 Stock Index and to the S&P Telecommunication Services Index for the five-year period commencing December 31, 2013.





The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2013 in each of our common stock, the S&P 500 Stock Index and the S&P Telecommunication Services Index and that all dividends were reinvested.









The foregoing performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.





RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES, USE OF PROCEEDS FROM REGISTERED SECURITIES



There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the fourth quarter of 2018.

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ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES













(1)Includes restricted shares withheld (under the terms of grants under employee stock compensation plans) to offset minimum tax withholding obligations that occur upon the vesting of restricted shares. Frontier’s stock compensation plans provide that the value of shares withheld shall be the average of the high and low price of our common stock on the date the relevant transaction occurs.

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Item 6.  Selected Financial Data



The following tables present selected historical consolidated financial information of Frontier for the periods indicated. The selected historical consolidated financial information of Frontier as of and for each of the five fiscal years in the period ended December 31, 2018 has been derived from Frontier’s historical consolidated financial statements. The selected historical consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018 is derived from the audited historical consolidated financial statements of Frontier included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected historical consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 is derived from the audited historical consolidated financial statements of Frontier not included in this Annual Report.

















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Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

            Introduction



Overview



Frontier Communications Corporation (Frontier) is a provider of communications services in the United States, with approximately 4.5 million customers, 3.7 million broadband subscribers and 21,200 employees, operating in 29 states. We offer a broad portfolio of communications services for consumer and commercial customers. These services which include data and internet services, video services, voice services, access services, and advanced hardware and network solutions, are offered on either a standalone basis or in a bundled package, depending on each customer’s needs.



On June 29, 2018, pursuant to the provisions of Frontier’s Certificate of Designation governing our Series A Preferred Stock, all outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock converted at a rate of 1.3333 common shares per share of preferred stock into an aggregate of 26 million shares of the Company’s common stock. Frontier issued cash in lieu of fractional shares of common stock. These payments were recorded as a reduction to Additional paid-in capital. In addition, on July 2, 2018, the Company paid the final dividend of $54 million to holders of the Series A Preferred Stock. The Series A Preferred stock was issued in June 2015 when we completed a registered offering of 19.25 million preferred shares at an offering price of $100 per share.

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Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” as modified (ASC 606) using the modified retrospective method. Under this approach, prior period results were not restated to reflect the impact of ASC 606, resulting in limited comparability between 2017 and 2018 operating results. The table below reflects the results for the year ended December 31, 2018 under the historical method of accounting as well as under ASC 606. The significant adjustments have been broken out and a brief explanation for each provided. See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.







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Discounts and Incentives

When customers purchase more than one service, the amount allocable to each service under ASC 606 is determined based upon the relative stand-alone selling price of each service received. While this change results in different allocations to each of the services, it does not change total customer revenue. Customer incentives (i.e., goods and or services offered for free) are considered separate performance obligations under ASC 606 and a portion of consideration received from the customer over the contract will be allocated to them. Other customer revenue is recognized when the incentives are granted to the customer and our performance obligation is satisfied. The costs for these incentives will continue to be recognized as marketing expense and included in Network access expenses.



Upfront Fees

Under ASC 606, upfront non-refundable customer fees that provide the customer with a material right to renew must be deferred and amortized into revenue over the typical contract term. For our carrier customers, these were previously recognized as revenue when billed.



Switched Access and USF Fees

Under ASC 606, switched access revenue, which has been historically reflected in Other regulatory revenue, is considered revenue from a customer; therefore, will be reflected in commercial customer revenue on a prospective basis. Universal Service Fund Fees assessed to our customers were previously reflected in regulatory revenue. Under ASC 606, these amounts are being included in contract value and allocated to the services which have been delivered based on relative stand-alone selling price of each service.



The sections below include tables that present customer counts, average monthly consumer revenue per customer (ARPC) and consumer customer churn. We define churn as the number of consumer customer deactivations during the month divided by the number of consumer customers at the beginning of the month and utilize the average of each monthly churn in the period.



Management believes that consumer customer counts and average monthly revenue per customer are important factors in evaluating our consumer customer trends. Among the key services we provide to consumer customers are voice service, data service and video service. We continue to explore the potential to provide additional services to our customer base, with the objective of meeting all of our customers’ communications needs.

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(a)  Results of Operations



The following tables provide a summary of comparative analysis, by category. Because of limited comparability for historical periods, we have reflected the current period under both an ASC 606 basis as well as the historical ASC 605 basis.



2018 Compared to 2017











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Customer Trends and Revenue Performance



We provide service and product options in our consumer and commercial offerings in each of our markets. As of December 31, 2018, 62% of our consumer broadband customers were subscribed to at least one other service offering. 



We had approximately 4.1 million and 4.4 million total consumer customers as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our average monthly consumer customer churn was 1.97% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2.17% for 2017. The consolidated average monthly consumer revenue per customer (consumer ARPC) increased by $3.02 or 4% to $83.98 during 2018 compared to the prior year. The overall increase in consumer ARPC is primarily a result of residential and broadband initiatives that were implemented during the fourth quarter of 2017 and the fourth quarter of 2018.



We had approximately 411,000 and 453,000 total commercial customers as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We lost approximately 42,000 commercial customers during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to a decrease of 49,000 customers for the prior year. Frontier expects the declines in voice services revenue and wireless backhaul revenues from commercial customers to continue in 2019. Our Ethernet product revenues from our SME (small business, medium business and larger enterprise customers) and carrier customers grew 8% compared to the prior year period.



We had approximately 3.7 million and 3.9 million broadband subscribers as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we lost approximately 203,000 net broadband subscribers compared to a decrease of 333,000 for the prior year.



We offer video services to certain of our customers under the FiOS® brand in portions of California, Texas, Florida, Indiana, Oregon, and Washington, and under the Vantage brand in portions of Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, Minnesota, Illinois, New York, and Ohio. We also offer satellite TV video service to our customers under an agency relationship with DISH® in all of our markets. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we lost approximately 153,000 net video subscribers across all markets. At December 31, 2018, we had 838,000 linear video subscribers that are served with FiOS or Vantage video service. In addition to our linear video subscribers, we have approximately 205,000 DISH satellite video customers.

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REVENUE







(1)  Includes revenue from Frontier Secure Strategic Partnerships business, which was sold in May of 2017, of $40 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.



We generate revenues primarily through either a monthly recurring fee or a fee based on usage, and revenue recognition is not dependent upon significant judgments by management, with the exception of a determination of the provision for uncollectible amounts.



The decrease of $532 million in consolidated total revenue was primarily due to decreased Voice services and Video services revenues driven by a decline in customers.



Consolidated customer revenue decreased due to decreases in consumer customer revenue and commercial customer revenues of $212 million and $261 million, respectively. The decrease in consumer customer revenue was primarily due to decreases in voice, and video services revenue. We have experienced declines in the number of traditional voice customers and switched access minutes of use as a result of competition and the availability of substitutes, a trend we expect to continue. The decrease in consolidated commercial customer revenue was primarily driven by decreases in our voice services revenue and nonswitched revenue including wireless backhaul revenue and decreased revenues related to our Frontier Secure Strategic Partnerships business which was sold in May 2017.



As part of ASC 606, switched access revenue was reclassified from Subsidy and other regulatory revenue to Other revenue on a prospective basis in 2018. Based on the accounting standard in place before adoption of ASC 606, switched access and subsidy and other regulatory revenue represented 8% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018. Switched access revenue was $125 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, or 1% of our revenues, which decreased from $165 million, or 2% of our revenues, in the prior year period. The decrease was driven by reduced rates which were mandated by the 2011 Order with a related decline in operating expenses. Subsidy revenue, including CAF Phase II subsidies, was $592 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, or 7% of our revenues, which decreased from $611 million, or 7% of our revenues, in the prior year period.



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We categorize our products, services, and other revenues into the following five categories:



Data and Internet services 

Data and internet services include broadband services for consumer and commercial customers. We also provide data transmission services to high volume commercial customers and other carriers with dedicated high capacity circuits (“nonswitched access”) including services to wireless providers (“wireless backhaul”).



Consolidated data and internet services revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $87 million as compared with 2017. Consolidated data services revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $19 million, or 1%, as compared with 2017. Excluding the $40 million decrease caused by lost revenues attributable to the Frontier Secure Strategic Partnerships business, which was sold in May 2017, Data services revenue increased due to higher Consumer customer revenues and data equipment sales. This increase was slightly offset by lower Commercial customer revenues. Consolidated nonswitched access revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased $68 million, or 4%, as compared with 2017.



Voice services

Voice services include traditional local and long-distance wireline services, data-based Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services, as well as voice messaging services offered to our consumer and commercial customers. Voice services also include the long-distance voice origination and termination services that we provide to our commercial customers and other carriers.



The decrease of $295 million in voice services revenue was primarily due to the continued loss of voice customers and decreases in long-distance revenue among those customers that do not have a bundled long-distance plan.



Video services

Video services include revenues generated from services provided directly to consumer customers through the FiOS video and Vantage video brands, and through DISH satellite TV services.



The decrease of $120 million in video services revenue was primarily due to reduced revenue resulting from a decrease in the total number of video subscribers and customer package migration.



Other

Other customer revenue includes switched access revenue and sales of Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) to our business customers and directory services. Switched access revenue includes revenues derived from allowing other carriers to use our network to originate and/or terminate their local and long-distance voice traffic (“switched access”). These services are primarily billed on a minutes-of-use basis applying tariffed rates filed with the FCC or state agencies.



As noted above, as part of our adoption of ASC 606, switched access was reclassified from switched access and subsidy revenue to other customer revenue on our consolidated statement of operations. Prior period results have not been adjusted to reflect this change.



The increase of $29 million in other revenue was primarily due to a decrease in uncollectible revenue and an increase in service installations, which was partially offset by a decrease in directory services.



Subsidy and other regulatory

Subsidy and other regulatory revenue includes revenues generated from cost subsidies from state and federal authorities, including the Connect America Fund Phase II.



As noted above, as part of our adoption of ASC 606, full year 2018 revenue of $125 million for switched access services was reclassified from switched access and subsidy revenue to other customer revenue on our consolidated statement of operations. Prior period results have not been adjusted to reflect this change. Switched access revenue decreased as a result of reduced rates mandated by the Universal Service Fund/Intercarrier Compensation Report and Order with a related decline in operating expenses. We expect that switched access revenue will continue to decline in 2019.



The decrease of $19 million in Subsidy and other regulatory revenue was primarily due to lower subsidy revenues attributable to the CAF II Program frozen support phasedown scheduled funding reductions.



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2018 OPERATING EXPENSES COMPARED TO 2017



Effective January 1, 2018, Frontier adopted ASU 2017-07, “Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” The standard requires certain benefit costs to be reclassified from operating expenses to non-operating expenses. This change in policy was applied using a retrospective approach and, accordingly, we have reclassified $2 million of net operating expenses, consisting of $1 million of Network related expenses and $1 million of Selling, general, and administrative expense, as non-operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. Additional pension settlement costs of $83 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, were reclassified from operating expense to non-operating expense. The following tables have been updated to reflect these reclassifications.





NETWORK ACCESS EXPENSE











Network access expenses include access charges and other third-party costs directly attributable to connecting customer locations to our network, and video content costs. Such access charges and other third-party costs exclude network related expenses, depreciation and amortization, and employee related expenses.



The decrease in network access expenses was primarily due to lower video content costs as a result of the decline in video customers, combined with lower CPE costs and lower network costs.

 

NETWORK RELATED EXPENSES











Network related expenses include expenses associated with the delivery of services to customers and the operation and maintenance of our network, such as facility rent, utilities, maintenance and other costs, as well as salaries, wages and related benefits associated with personnel who are responsible for the delivery of services, and the operation and maintenance of our network.



The decrease in network related expenses was primarily due to reduced compensation and certain benefits costs, including pension and OPEB expense (as discussed below).



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SELLING, GENERAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES











Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A expenses) include the salaries, wages and related benefits and costs of corporate and sales personnel, travel, insurance, non-network related rent, advertising and other administrative expenses.



The decrease in SG&A expenses was primarily driven by decreased employee headcount, compensation costs, certain benefits costs, including pension and OPEB expense (see table below), reduced facilities costs, and lower outside services costs.



Pension and OPEB costs

Frontier allocates pension/OPEB expense, which includes only service costs, to network related expenses and SG&A expenses. Total consolidated pension and OPEB expense, excluding pension settlement costs and special termination benefits, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:













DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION









Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased as compared to 2017. The decrease in depreciation expense was due to lower net asset bases as compared to 2017. The decrease in amortization expense was primarily driven by the accelerated method of amortization related to customer bases acquired in 2010, 2014, and 2016.



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GOODWILL IMPAIRMENT



As a result of the continued decline in the share price of our common stock in each of the final three quarters in 2018, we tested goodwill for impairment. Our third and fourth quarter quantitative assessments indicated that the carrying value of the enterprise exceeded its fair value and, therefore, an impairment existed. We recorded goodwill impairments totaling $641 million in 2018. The driver for the impairment in the third quarter was a reduction in our profitability and utilized EBITDA estimate, which when applied to our market multiple resulted in a lower enterprise valuation.  During the fourth quarter, the impairment was largely driven by a lower enterprise valuation resulting from a reduction in utilized market multiple from 5.5x to 5.3x reflecting the lower outlook for our industry as a whole.



ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION COSTS





Acquisition costs include financial advisory, accounting, regulatory, legal and other related costs. Integration costs include expenses that are incremental and directly related to the acquisition, which were incurred to integrate the network and information technology platforms. Integration costs also include costs to achieve synergies and operational efficiencies directly associated with the acquisition.





RESTRUCTURING COSTS AND OTHER CHARGES















Restructuring costs and other charges consist of expenses related to changes in the composition of our business, including workforce reductions, the sale of business lines or divisions, and corresponding changes to our retirement plans. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, we incurred $12 million and $82 million in costs directly related to these activities.



In addition, costs related to the Transformation Program, a multi-year strategic plan with the objective of transforming the Company and reinvigorating growth, are included in Restructuring and other charges. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we incurred $23 million in costs directly associated with the Transformation Program.



The $47 million decrease in restructuring costs and other charges was primarily driven by a reduction in the number of severed employees in 2018 as compared to 2017.



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OTHER NON-OPERATING INCOME AND EXPENSE











Investment and other income, net

The increase in Investment and other income, net was driven by an increase in non-operating pension and OPEB benefits of $10 million in 2018 compared to costs of $2 million in 2017.



Pension settlement costs

Frontier recognized non-cash settlement charges of $41 million and $83 million during 2018 and 2017, respectively. The non-cash charge accelerated the recognition of a portion of the previously unrecognized actuarial losses in the Pension Plan.



Gain (Loss) on early extinguishment of debt and debt exchanges

In 2018, Frontier recorded gains on the early extinguishment of debt and debt exchanges primarily due to discounts received on the retirement of certain notes. In 2017, Frontier recorded losses on the early extinguishment of debt and debt exchanges primarily due to premiums paid to retire certain notes and the unamortized original issuance costs.



Interest expense

Interest expense remained relatively flat as compared to 2017. Our composite average borrowing rate as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were 8.59% and 8.44%, respectively.



Income tax benefit

The decrease of $1,321 million in income tax benefit was driven by the tax impact of goodwill impairments during the year, and a decreased pre-tax loss. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 8.8% as compared with 43.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in our net deferred tax liabilities in 2018 was largely driven by the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017. We paid $4 million in federal and state taxes in 2018 as compared to net cash refunds of $51 million in 2017.



Basic and Diluted Net loss attributable to Frontier common shareholders

Net loss attributable to Frontier common shareholders for 2018 was a net loss of $750 million, or $8.37 per share, as compared to a net loss of $2,018 million, or $25.99 per share, in 2017. For 2018, the decrease in net loss was primarily driven by decreased operating expenses and pension settlement costs, partially offset by decreased gain (loss) on extinguishments of debt and debt exchanges and the goodwill impairment charge.









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2017 Compared to 2016



On April 1, 2016, we completed our acquisition of Verizon’s wireline properties in California, Texas, and Florida (the CTF Acquisition, of the CTF Operations). Frontier’s scope of operations and balance sheet changed materially as a result of the completion of the CTF Acquisition. Historical financial and operating data presented for Frontier includes the results of the CTF Operations that were acquired in the CTF Acquisition from the date of acquisition on April 1, 2016. As a result, our financial results for 2017 include CTF Operations for the full year of 2017, while financial results for 2016 only included CTF Operations for the final nine months of 2016.





The sections below include tables that present customer counts, average monthly consumer revenue per customer (ARPC) and consumer customer churn. We define churn as the number of consumer customer deactivations during the month divided by the number of consumer customers at the beginning of the month and utilize the average of each monthly churn in the period.

















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Customer Trends and Revenue Performance



We provide service and product options in our consumer and commercial offerings in each of our markets. As of December 31, 2017, 67% of our consumer broadband customers were subscribed to at least one other service offering.



We had approximately 4.4 million and 4.9 million total consumer customers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our average monthly consumer customer churn was 2.17% for the year ended December 31, 2017 (1.91% for Frontier Legacy and 2.56% for CTF Operations) compared to 1.98% (1.76% for Frontier Legacy and 2.46% for CTF Operations) for 2016. The consolidated average monthly consumer revenue per customer (consumer ARPC) increased by $3.49 or 5% to $80.96 during 2017 compared to the prior year. The overall increase in consumer ARPC is a result of the increased revenue provided by a full year of CTF operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in video services.



We had approximately 453,000 and 502,000 total commercial customers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We lost approximately 49,000 commercial customers during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to an increase of 213,000 customers for the prior year. Our Ethernet product revenues from our SME (small business, medium business and larger enterprise customers) and carrier customers grew 11% for the Frontier Legacy operations during 2017, compared to the prior year period. The prior year increase in customers was driven by 250,000 new customers acquired from Verizon in the CTF Acquisition.



We had approximately 3.9 million and 4.3 million broadband subscribers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we lost approximately 333,000 net broadband subscribers compared to an increase of 1,809,000 for the prior year. The prior year increase in subscribers was driven by 2,052,000 new subscribers acquired from Verizon in the CTF Acquisition.



We offer video services to certain of our customers under the FiOS® brand in portions of California, Texas, Florida, Indiana, Oregon, and Washington, and under the Vantage brand in portions of Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, Minnesota, Illinois, New York, and Ohio. We also offer satellite TV video service to our customers under an agency relationship with DISH® in all of our markets. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we lost approximately 223,000 net video subscribers across all markets. At December 31, 2017, we had 961,000 linear video subscribers that are served with FiOS or Vantage video service. In addition to our linear video subscribers, we have approximately 235,000 DISH satellite video customers.



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REVENUE







(1)  Includes revenue from Frontier Secure Strategic Partnerships business, which was sold in May of 2017, of $40 million and $84 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.



We generate revenues primarily through either a monthly recurring fee or a fee based on usage, and revenue recognition is not dependent upon significant judgments by management, with the exception of a determination of the provision for uncollectible amounts.



The increase of $232 million in consolidated total revenue was primarily due to the additional revenue provided by a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. This increase was partially offset by decreased voice and data and internet services revenues driven by a decline in customers.



Consolidated customer revenue increased $93 million due to consumer customer revenue and $160 million due to commercial customer revenues. The increase in consumer customer revenue was primarily due to additional revenue provided by a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. This increase was partially offset by decreases in voice, data and internet, and video services revenue. We have experienced declines in the number of traditional voice customers and switched access minutes of use as a result of competition and the availability of substitutes. The increase in consolidated commercial customer revenue was primarily driven by additional revenue provided by a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. This increase was partially offset by decreases in our voice services revenue and nonswitched revenue including wireless backhaul revenue and decreased revenues related to our Frontier Secure Strategic Partnerships business which was sold in May 2017.



Consolidated switched access and subsidy revenue represented 9% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017. Switched access revenue was $165 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, or 2% of our revenues, which decreased from $170 million, or 2% of our revenues, in the prior year period. The decrease was driven by reduced rates which were mandated by the 2011 Order with a related decline in operating expenses. Subsidy revenue, including CAF Phase II subsidies, was $611 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, or 7% of our revenues, which decreased from $626 million, or 7% of our revenues, in the prior year period.



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We categorize our products, services, and other revenues into the following five categories:



Data and Internet services 

Data and internet services include broadband services for consumer and commercial customers. We also provide data transmission services to high volume commercial customers and other carriers with dedicated high capacity circuits (“nonswitched access”) including services to wireless providers (“wireless backhaul”).



Consolidated data and Internet services revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $169 million as compared with 2016. Consolidated data services revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $81 million, or 4%, to $2,240 million due to the additional revenue provided by a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. This increase was partially offset by a reduction in revenue as a result of the sale of the Frontier Secure Strategic Partnerships business in May 2017 and a decrease in the total number of broadband subscribers. Consolidated nonswitched access revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $88 million, or 6%, to $1,622 million as compared with 2016 due to additional revenue provided by a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. This increase was partially offset by lower monthly recurring revenue for wireless backhaul and other carrier services.



Voice services

Voice services include traditional local and long-distance wireline services, data-based Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services, as well as voice messaging services offered to our consumer and commercial customers. Voice services also include the long-distance voice origination and termination services that we provide to our commercial customers and other carriers.



The decrease of $22 million in voice services revenue was primarily due to the continued loss of voice customers and decreases in long-distance revenue among those customers that do not have a bundled long-distance plan, which was partially offset by additional revenues resulting from a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016.



Video services

Video services include revenues generated from services provided directly to consumer customers through the FiOS video and Vantage video brands, and through DISH satellite TV services.



The increase of $60 million in video services revenue was primarily due to additional revenue provided by a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. The increase was partially offset by reduced revenue resulting from a decrease in the total number of video subscribers.



Other

Other customer revenue includes sales of customer premise equipment to our commercial customers and directory services, less our provision for bad debts.



The increase of $46 million in other revenue was primarily due to a decrease in uncollectibles, which was partially offset by a decrease in maintenance contracts.



Switched Access and Subsidy

Switched access and subsidy revenues include revenues derived from allowing other carriers to use our network to originate and/or terminate their local and long-distance voice traffic (“switched access”). These services are primarily billed on a minutes-of-use basis applying tariffed rates filed with the FCC or state agencies. We also receive cost subsidies from state and federal authorities, including the Connect America Fund.



The decrease of $21 million in switched access and subsidy revenue was primarily due to decreases in subsidies from the state high cost, offset by additional revenue provided by a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to 2016.

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2017 OPERATING EXPENSES COMPARED TO 2016



Effective January 1, 2018, Frontier adopted ASU 2017-07, “Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” The standard requires certain benefit costs to be reclassified from operating expenses to non-operating expenses. This change in policy was applied using a retrospective approach and, accordingly, we have reclassified $2 million of net operating expenses, consisting of $1 million of Network related expenses and $1 million of Selling, general, and administrative expense and $23 million, consisting of $11 million of Network related expenses and $12 million of Selling, general, and administrative expense, as non-operating expense for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additional pension settlement costs of $83 million were reclassified from operating expense to non-operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. The following tables have been updated to reflect these reclassifications.





NETWORK ACCESS EXPENSE









Network access expenses include access charges and other third-party costs directly attributable to connecting customer locations to our network, and video content costs. Such access charges and other third-party costs exclude network related expenses, depreciation and amortization, and employee related expenses.



The increase in network access expenses was primarily due to additional expenses resulting from a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016. These increases were partially offset by lower video content costs.

 

NETWORK RELATED EXPENSES





Network related expenses include expenses associated with the delivery of services to customers and the operation and maintenance of our network, such as facility rent, utilities, maintenance and other costs, as well as salaries, wages and related benefits associated with personnel who are responsible for the delivery of services, and the operation and maintenance of our network.



The increase in network related expenses was primarily due to additional expenses resulting from a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016 and an increase in outside services (primarily related to storm-related costs) which was partially offset by reduced compensation costs related to lower employee headcount and certain benefits, including pension and OPEB expense (as discussed below). There was also a reduction in rent expense as a result of more of the vehicle fleet being financed under capital leases than operating leases.



SELLING, GENERAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES





Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A expenses) include the salaries, wages and related benefits and the related costs of corporate and sales personnel, travel, insurance, non-network related rent, advertising and other administrative expenses.



The decrease in SG&A expenses was primarily driven by decreased employee headcount, compensation costs, certain benefits, including pension and OPEB expense (as discussed below), reduced marketing costs, lower outside

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services costs and facilities. There were approximately $52 million of additional SG&A expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the Frontier Secure Strategic Partnerships business, which was sold in May 2017. The decrease was partially offset by additional expenses resulting from a full year of CTF Operations in 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016.



Pension and OPEB costs

Frontier allocates pension/OPEB expense, which includes only service costs, to network related expenses and SG&A expenses. Total consolidated pension and OPEB expense, excluding pension settlement costs and special termination benefits, for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:













DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION



The fair value estimates related to the allocation of the purchase price of the CTF Operations to Other intangibles were revised and finalized during the first quarter of 2017 from the previous estimates as of December 31, 2016. The allocation that was reported as of December 31, 2016 for Other intangibles increased $100 million, from $2,162 million to $2,262 million. These measurement period adjustments resulted in higher amortization expense during 2017 ($20 million of which is attributable to 2016).





Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased as compared to 2016. The increase of $97 million in depreciation expense was due to additional depreciation of assets used for a full year of CTF Operations during 2017 compared to only nine months in 2016, which was partially offset by lower net asset bases as compared to 2016. The increase of $56 million in amortization expense was due to a full year of amortization of the CTF customer base during 2017 compared to amortization expense of only nine months in 2016.



GOODWILL IMPAIRMENT



As a result of the continued decline in the share price of our common stock in each of the four quarters in 2017, we tested goodwill for impairment. Our second and fourth quarter quantitative assessments indicated that the carrying value of the enterprise exceeded its fair value and, therefore, an impairment existed. We recorded goodwill impairments totaling $2,748 million for 2017. The driver for the impairment in the second quarter was a reduction in our profitability and utilized EBITDA estimate, which when applied to our market multiple resulted in a lower enterprise valuation.  During the fourth quarter, the impairment was largely driven by a lower enterprise valuation resulting from a reduction in utilized market multiple from 5.8x to 5.5x reflecting the lower outlook for our industry as a whole. The revaluation of our net deferred tax liabilities which resulted from the enactment of Tax Cut and Job Act, caused further goodwill impairment.



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ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION COSTS













Acquisition costs include financial advisory, accounting, regulatory, legal and other related costs. Integration costs include expenses that are incremental and directly related to the acquisition, which were incurred to integrate the network and information technology platforms. Integration costs also include costs to achieve synergies and operational efficiencies directly associated with the acquisition.



We invested $34 million and $142 million in capital expenditures related to the CTF Acquisition during 2017 and 2016, respectively.





RESTRUCTURING COSTS AND OTHER CHARGES















Restructuring costs and other charges consist of expenses related to changes in the composition of our business, including workforce reductions, the sale of business lines or divisions, and corresponding changes to our retirement plans.



The $9 million decrease in restructuring costs and other charges was primarily driven by a reduction in special termination benefits related to the pension plan, partially offset by increased severance expense related to workforce reductions.

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OTHER NON-OPERATING INCOME AND EXPENSE









Investment and other income, net

The decrease in investment and other income, net was due to less restricted cash on hand earning interest during 2017 as compared to the prior year, and the impact of a nonrecurring gain on the expiration/settlement of customer advances in 2016.



Pension settlement costs

The Pension Plan contains provisions that provide certain employees with the option of receiving a lump sum payment upon retirement. Frontier’s accounting policy is to record these payments as a settlement only if, in the aggregate, they exceed the sum of the annual service and interest costs for the Pension Plan’s net periodic pension benefit cost. During the year ended December 31, 2017, lump sum pension settlement payments to terminated or retired individuals amounted to $486 million, which exceeded the settlement threshold of $224 million, and as a result, Frontier recognized non-cash settlement charges totaling $83 million during 2017. The non-cash charge accelerated the recognition of a portion of the previously deferred unrecognized actuarial losses, which are included in Other comprehensive income, in the Pension Plan.



Losses on early extinguishment of debt and debt exchanges

The increase in loss on extinguishment of debt and debt exchanges was primarily driven by premiums to retire certain notes and the unamortized original issuance costs, which was slightly offset by discounts received on the retirement of certain notes.



Interest expense

Interest expense was relatively flat as compared to 2016. Our composite average borrowing rate as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 was 8.44% and 8.55%, respectively.



Income tax benefit

The increase of $1,133 million in income tax benefit was driven by a decrease in the federal tax rate on our deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets, partially offset by the tax impact of goodwill impairments during the year, along with an increased pre-tax loss. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 43.4% as compared with 40.2% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in our net deferred tax liabilities was largely driven by the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017. We received $51 million in federal and state tax refunds in 2017 as compared to net cash refunds of $120 million in 2016.



Net loss attributable to Frontier common shareholders

Net loss attributable to Frontier common shareholders for 2017 was a net loss of $2,018 million, or $25.99 per share, as compared to a net loss of $587 million, or $7.61 per share, in 2016.



Diluted net loss attributable to Frontier common shareholders

Diluted net loss attributable to Frontier common shareholders for 2017 was a net loss of $2,018 million, or $25.99 per share, as compared to a net loss of $587 million, or $7.61 per share, in 2016.





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(b)  Liquidity and Capital Resources



Analysis of Cash Flows

As of December 31, 2018, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents aggregating $354 million. Our primary source of funds during 2018 was cash on hand, cash generated from operations, cash received from issuance of our second lien notes, incremental borrowings under the Term Loan B, and borrowings on our Revolver (as defined below). In 2018, we used these funds principally for our cash investing and financing activities, primarily capital expenditures, dividends on our preferred stock, and servicing our debt.



On April 1, 2016, we used the restricted cash obtained from net proceeds of the September 2015 senior notes offering and June 2015 equity offerings, along with additional borrowings and cash on hand, to finance the CTF Acquisition.



At December 31, 2018, we had a working capital deficit of $1,231 million, as compared to a working capital deficit of $1,185 million at December 31, 2017. The increase in the working capital deficit is primarily due to an increase in our borrowings under the Revolver, offset by the addition of contract acquisition costs and other short-term contract assets as part of the adoption of ASC 606, in addition to decreases in accounts payable and accounts receivable.



Cash Flows provided from Operating Activities



Net cash provided from operating activities remained relatively stable, decreasing $38 million, or 2%, to $1,812 million in 2018 as compared to 2017.



We paid $4 million in net cash taxes in 2018 as compared to net cash tax refunds of $51 million and $120 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively.



In connection with the CTF and Connecticut Acquisitions, Frontier recognized acquisition and integration costs of $25 million during 2017 compared to $436 million during 2016. Interest expense of $755 million was incurred during 2016 related to the September 2015 debt offering and the JPM Credit Agreement (as defined below). Additionally, Frontier incurred $10 million of interest expense related to the Verizon Bridge Facility in 2016.



Cash Flows used by Investing Activities



Capital Expenditures

In 2018, 2017 and 2016, our capital expenditures were, respectively, $1,192 million, $1,188 million and $1,401 million (including $34 million and $142 million of integration-related capital expenditures in 2017 and 2016, respectively, associated with the CTF Acquisition and the Connecticut Acquisition).



CTF Acquisition

On April 1, 2016, Frontier acquired the wireline operations of Verizon in California, Texas and Florida for a purchase price of $10.54 billion in cash and assumed debt (the CTF Acquisition), pursuant to the February 5, 2015 Securities Purchase Agreement, as amended. In addition, Frontier and Verizon settled the working capital and net debt adjustments with $15 million paid to Frontier in October 2016.



Cash Flows used by and provided from Financing Activities



Proceeds from Debt Borrowings

During 2018, 2017, and 2016, proceeds from long-term debt borrowings were $1,840 million, $1,500 million and $1,940 million, respectively, consisting of senior secured debt. In addition, we had net borrowings of $275 million on our Revolver (as defined below) during 2018. Refer to note 8 for details of the specific transactions.



Debt Reduction

During 2018, 2017 and 2016, we retired an aggregate principal amount of $2,578 million, $1,815 million and $453 million, respectively, consisting of the retirement of $2,198 million, $1,655 million and $23 million, respectively, of senior unsecured debt and $380 million, $159 million, and $430 million, respectively, of secured debt.



Subject to limitations contained in our indentures and credit facilities, we may from time to time make repurchases of our debt in the open market, through tender offers, by exercising rights to call or in privately negotiated transactions. We may also refinance or restructure existing debt or exchange existing debt for newly issued debt obligations or equity securities. The amount of debt that may be repurchased or otherwise retired, if any, would be decided upon at

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the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on market conditions, trading levels of the Company's debt from time to time, the Company's cash position and other considerations.



Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (Series A)

On June 29, 2018, all outstanding shares of Frontier’s 11.125% Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) converted at a rate of 1.3333 common shares per share of preferred stock into an aggregate of approximately 25,529,000 shares (net of fractional shares) of the Company’s common stock, pursuant to the terms of the Certificate of Designation governing the Series A Preferred Stock. Frontier issued cash in lieu of fractional shares of common stock in the conversion. These payments were recorded as a reduction to Additional paid-in capital. The final dividend was paid on July 2, 2018.



We initially issued 19,250,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock in a registered offering in June 2015. Aggregate net proceeds of the offering were $1,866 million after deducting commissions and expenses. We used the net proceeds from this offering to fund a portion of the acquisition price of the CTF Acquisition and for related fees and expenses.



Capital Resources

We are highly leveraged, and a substantial portion of our liquidity needs will arise from debt service on our outstanding indebtedness and from funding the costs of operations, working capital and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of cash are cash flows from operations, cash on hand and proceeds from debt borrowings, including issuances of long-term debt and $850 million of borrowing capacity under our Revolver (as reduced by any Standby Letters of Credit outstanding under the JPM Credit Agreement). As of our date of filing, we believe our operating cash flows, existing cash balances, existing revolving credit facility and access to the capital markets, as necessary, will be adequate to finance our working capital requirements, fund capital expenditures, make required debt interest and principal payments, pay taxes and support our short-term and long-term operating strategies for the next twelve months as of the date of filing. A number of factors, including but not limited to, losses of customers, pricing pressure from increased competition, lower subsidy and switched access revenues, and the impact of economic conditions may negatively affect our cash generated from operations. As of December 31, 2018, we had $539 million and $437 million of long-term debt maturing in 2019 and 2020, respectively, excluding interest obligations.



Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facilities



JP Morgan Credit Facilities



On February 27, 2017, Frontier entered into a first amended and restated credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, pursuant to which Frontier combined its revolving credit agreement, dated as of June 2, 2014, and its term loan credit agreement, dated as of August 12, 2015. Under the JPM Credit Agreement (as amended to date, the JPM Credit Agreement), Frontier has a $1,625 million senior secured Term Loan A facility (the Term Loan A) maturing on March 31, 2021, an $850 million secured revolving credit facility maturing on February 27, 2022 (the Revolver), and a $1,740 million senior secured Term Loan B facility (the Term Loan B) maturing on June 15, 2024. The maturities of the Term Loan A, the Revolver, and the Term Loan B, in each case if still outstanding, will be accelerated in the following circumstances: (i) if, 91 days before the maturity date of any series of senior notes maturing in 2020, 2023 and 2024, more than $500 million in principal amount remains outstanding on such series; or (ii) if, 91 days before the maturity date of the first series of senior notes maturing in 2021 or 2022, more than $500 million in principal amount remains outstanding, in the aggregate, on the two series of senior notes maturing in such year. As of December 31, 2018, less than $500 million in principal amount remains outstanding on the senior notes due 2020 and on the two series of senior notes maturing in 2021.



The determination of interest rates for each of the facilities under the JPM Credit Agreement is based on margins over the Base Rate (as defined in the JPM Credit Agreement) or over LIBOR, at the election of Frontier. Interest rate margins on the Term Loan A and Revolver (ranging from 0.75% to 1.75% for Base Rate borrowings and 1.75% to 2.75% for LIBOR borrowings) are subject to adjustment based on Frontier’s Leverage Ratio (as defined in the JPM Credit Agreement). The interest rate on the Term Loan A and the Revolver as of December 31, 2018 was LIBOR plus 2.75%. Interest rate margins on the Term Loan B (2.75% for Base Rate borrowings and 3.75% for LIBOR borrowings) are not subject to adjustment. The security package under the JPM Credit Agreement includes pledges of the equity interests in certain Frontier subsidiaries and guarantees by certain Frontier subsidiaries.



On January 25, 2018, Frontier amended the JPM Credit Agreement to, among other things, expand the security package to include the interests of certain subsidiaries previously not pledged and replace the leverage ratio maintenance test with a first lien leverage ratio maintenance test. On July 3, 2018, Frontier further amended the JPM

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Credit Agreement to, among other things, replace certain operating subsidiary equity pledges with pledges of the equity interest of certain direct subsidiaries of Frontier.



CoBank Credit Facility



Frontier has a $315 million senior term loan facility drawn in October 2016 (as amended to date, the 2016 CoBank Credit Agreement) with CoBank, ACB, as administrative agent, lead arranger and a lender, and the other lenders. Frontier had a separate $350 million senior term loan facility drawn in 2014 (the 2014 CoBank Credit Agreement) with CoBank which was repaid in full on July 3, 2018 (See Note 8), We refer to the 2014 CoBank Credit Agreement and the 2016 CoBank Credit Agreement collectively as the CoBank Credit Agreements.



The 2016 CoBank Credit Agreement matures on October 12, 2021. Borrowings under the 2016 CoBank Credit Agreement bears interest based on margins over the Base Rate (as defined in the 2016 CoBank Credit Agreement) or over LIBOR, at the election of Frontier. Interest rate margins under the facility will range from 0.875% to 3.875% for Base Rate borrowings and 1.875% to 4.875% for LIBOR borrowings, subject to adjustment based on our Total Leverage Ratio, as defined in the 2016 CoBank Credit Agreement. The interest rate on the facility as of December 31, 2018 was LIBOR plus 4.875%.



On January 25, 2018 Frontier amended the CoBank Credit Agreements to, among other things, expand the security package to include the interests of certain subsidiaries previously not pledged and replace the leverage ratio maintenance test with a first lien leverage ratio maintenance test. On July 3, 2018, Frontier further amended the CoBank Credit Agreements to, among other things, replace certain operating subsidiary equity pledges with pledges of the equity interests of certain direct subsidiaries of Frontier.



Letters of Credit Facility



Frontier has a Continuing Agreement for Standby Letters of Credit with Deutsche Bank AG New York Branch and Bank of Tokyo – Mitsubishi UFJ, LTD. (the LC Agreements). Frontier can also issue letters of credit under the Revolver up to a maximum of $134 million. As of December 31, 2018, $74 million and $71 million of undrawn Standby Letters of Credit had been issued under the LC Agreements and Revolver respectively. Letters of credit under the LC Agreements are secured by a security package identical to those contained in the JPM Credit Amendment.



Covenants



The terms and conditions contained in our indentures, the JPM Credit Agreement and the CoBank Credit Agreement, include the timely payment of principal and interest when due, the maintenance of our corporate existence, keeping proper books and records in accordance with GAAP, restrictions on the incurrence of liens on our assets securing indebtedness and our subsidiaries’ assets, restrictions on the incurrence of indebtedness by our subsidiaries and restrictions on asset sales and transfers, mergers and other changes in corporate control subject to important qualifications and exceptions.



Under the credit agreements Frontiers is subject to a first lien net leverage ratio maintenance test which provides for a maximum first lien net leverage ratio of 1.50 to 1.00 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, stepping down to 1.35 to 1.00 for the fiscal quarters ending June 30, 2020 and thereafter. The covenants provide for junior lien capacity on any indebtedness permitted under the credit agreements, while limiting the incurrence of first lien debt. Additionally, the credit agreements prohibit us from using proceeds from our revolving credit facility to fund dividend payments if the undrawn amount under the Revolver is less than $250 million, and we may not pay dividends on our common stock in excess of $2.40 per share in any fiscal year.



Indentures governing our second lien notes, senior notes and debentures limit our ability to create liens on our assets securing indebtedness and our subsidiaries’ assets or merge or consolidate with other companies, our subsidiaries’ ability to borrow funds and to engage in change of control transactions, subject to important exceptions and qualifications. Our second lien notes are guaranteed by each of our subsidiaries that guarantees credit agreements.  In addition, the second lien notes are secured on a second-priority basis by all the assets that secure our obligations under the credit agreements on a first-priority basis.



As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all of the covenants under our indentures and the credit agreements.



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Preferred Dividends

Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock were entitled to receive cumulative dividends at an annual rate of 11.125% of the initial liquidation preference of $100 per share, or $11.125 per year per share. Series A Preferred Stock dividends of $107 million were paid during 2018. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock automatically converted into 1.3333 shares of our common stock on June 29, 2018.



Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not maintain any off-balance sheet arrangements, transactions, obligations or other relationships with unconsolidated entities that would be expected to have a material current or future effect upon our financial statements.



Future Contractual Obligations and Commitments

A summary of our future contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:





During 2018, we decreased our outstanding performance letters of credit from $192 million to $145 million at December 31, 2018.



On April 29, 2015, the FCC released its right of first refusal offer of support to price cap carriers under the CAF Phase II program, which is intended to provide long-term support for broadband in high-cost unserved or underserved areas. In June 2015, Frontier accepted the CAF Phase II offer, which provides for $332 million in annual support, including $49 million in annual support related to the properties acquired in the CTF Acquisition, through 2020 to make available 10 Mbps downstream/1 Mbps upstream broadband service to approximately 774,000 households across certain of the 29 states where we now operate.



To the extent we do not enable the required number of households with 10 Mbps downstream/1 Mbps upstream broadband service by the end of the CAF Phase II term, we will be required to return a portion of the funds previously received.



Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates



The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions. There are inherent uncertainties with respect to such estimates and assumptions; accordingly, it is possible that actual results could differ from those estimates and changes to estimates could occur in the near term. The estimates which require the most significant judgment are listed below.



These critical accounting estimates have been reviewed with our independent registered public accounting firm and with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. For a discussion of these and other accounting policies, see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.



Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts based on our estimate of our ability to collect accounts receivable.  Our estimates are based on assumptions and other considerations, including payment history, customer financial performance, carrier billing disputes and aging analysis. Our estimation process includes general and specific reserves and varies by customer category. In 2018 and 2017, we had no “critical estimates” related to bankruptcies

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of communications companies or any other significant customers. See Notes 1 and 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.



Indefinite-lived Intangibles

Our indefinite-lived intangibles consist primarily of goodwill, which were generated as a result of business combinations. We test for impairment of these assets annually as of December 31 or more frequently, whenever events occur, or facts and circumstances change that make it more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit has been reduced below its carrying amount. Events that might indicate impairment include, but are not limited to, strategic decisions made in response to economic and competitive conditions, the impact of the economic environment on our customer base, material negative changes in relationships with significant customers, and/or a significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period.



We early adopted ASU 2017-04 “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”) during the second quarter of 2017. In accordance with ASU 2017-04, our annual goodwill impairment test (and interim test if determined to be necessary) will consist of comparing the fair value of our reporting unit to its carrying value. To the extent that the carrying value exceeds fair value, an impairment will be recognized.



For the purpose of our goodwill impairment test, we first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount. If it is less, an additional quantitative evaluation must be performed. Our quantitative assessment consists of using a market multiples approach to determine fair value. Marketplace company comparisons and analyst reports within the wireline telecommunications industry have historically supported a range of fair values of multiples between 4.4x and 6.5x annualized EBITDA (defined as operating income, net of acquisition and integration costs, pension/OPEB expense, pension settlement costs, stock-based compensation expense, goodwill impairment, storm-related costs, work stoppage costs, and restructuring costs and other charges, as well as depreciation and amortization).



During 2018, our common stock declined and traded at historically low prices. As a result, we tested goodwill for impairment in each of the final three quarters of 2018. Our third and fourth quarter quantitative assessments indicated that the carrying value of the enterprise exceeded its fair value and, therefore, an impairment existed. We recorded goodwill impairments totaling $641 million for 2018. The driver for the impairment in the third quarter was a reduction in our profitability and utilized EBITDA estimate, which when applied to our market multiple resulted in a lower enterprise valuation.  During the fourth quarter, the impairment was largely driven by a lower enterprise valuation resulting from a reduction in utilized market multiple from 5.5x to 5.3x reflecting the lower outlook for our industry as a whole. The first and second quarter quantitative assessments did not result in goodwill impairment charges. In estimating the enterprise fair value, we used 5.5x as the multiple for the first three quarters of 2018 and 5.3x for the fourth quarter test.



The market multiples approach that we use incorporates significant estimates and assumptions related to the forecasted results for the remainder of the year, including revenues, expenses, and the achievement of other cost synergies. Our assessment includes many qualitative factors that require significant judgment. Alternative interpretations of these factors could have resulted in different conclusions regarding the need for, or size of, an impairment. Continued declines in our profitability or cash flows or in sustained low trading prices of our common stock may result in further impairment.



The enterprise fair value is sensitive to the amount of EBITDA generated by Frontier and the EBITDA multiple used in the calculation. Significant changes in the assumptions or estimates used in our impairment analyses, such as a reduction in profitability and/or cash flows, could result in a non-cash goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charge and materially affect our operating results. The market multiples approach is sensitive to changes in the estimated annual EBITDA, with each $100 million change equating to approximately $530 million of estimated enterprise value. Similarly, a ten-basis point change in the multiple used would affect the estimated enterprise value by approximately $350 million. Sustained low trading prices for our common stock could also affect the reconciliation of our market capitalization and indicate further impairment.



We also considered whether the carrying values of finite-lived intangible assets and property plant and equipment may not be recoverable or whether the carrying value of certain finite-lived intangible assets were impaired, noting no impairment was present as of December 31, 2018.



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Depreciation

The calculation of depreciation expense is based upon the estimated useful lives of the underlying property, plant and equipment and identifiable finite-lived intangible assets. Depreciation expense is principally based on the composite group method for substantially all of our property, plant and equipment assets. The estimates for remaining lives of the various asset categories are determined annually, based on an independent study. Among other considerations, these studies include models that consider actual usage, replacement history and assumptions about technology evolution for each category of asset. The latest study was completed in the fourth quarter of 2018 and did not result in any significant changes in remaining lives for any of our asset categories. A one year decrease in the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment would result in an increase of approximately $159 million to depreciation expense.



See Notes 6 and 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.



Asset Impairments

We review long-lived assets to be held and used, including customer lists and long-lived assets to be disposed of for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. When triggering events are identified, recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. Recoverability of assets held for sale is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to their estimated fair market value. If any assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value. Also, we periodically reassess the useful lives of our tangible and intangible assets to determine whether any changes are required.



Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

We sponsor a defined benefit pension plan covering a significant number of our current and former employees as well as other postretirement benefit plans that provide medical, dental, life insurance and other benefits for covered retired employees and their beneficiaries and covered dependents. As of December 31, 2018, the unfunded benefit obligation for these plans recorded on our consolidated balance sheet was $1,789 million. During 2018, we contributed $114 million to these plans in cash along with real estate properties contribution with an aggregate fair value of $37 million and recorded $111 million of operating expense before capitalization and $30 million of net non-operating expense, including $41 million of pension settlement costs. Pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent upon various actuarial assumptions, the most significant of which are the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets.



Our discount rate assumption is determined annually with assistance from our actuaries based on the pattern of expected future benefit payments and the prevailing rates available on long-term, high quality corporate bonds with durations approximate to that of our benefit obligation. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, we utilized an estimation technique that is based upon a settlement model (Bond:Link) that permits us to closely match cash flows to the expected payments to participants. This rate can change from year-to-year based on market conditions that affect corporate bond yields.



We are utilizing a discount rate of 4.30% as of December 31, 2018 for our qualified pension plan, compared to rates of 3.70% and 4.10% in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The discount rate for postretirement plans as of December 31, 2018 was a range of 4.30% to 4.40% compared to a range of 3.70% to 3.80% in 2017 and 4.10% to 4.30% in 2016.



In the following table, we show the estimated sensitivity of our pension and other postretirement benefit plan liabilities to a 25 basis point change in the discount rate as of December 31, 2018:



In developing the expected long-term rate of return assumption, we considered published surveys of expected market returns, 10 and 20 year actual returns of various major indices, and our own historical 5 year, 10 year and 20 year

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investment returns. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on an asset allocation assumption of 40% in long-duration fixed income securities, and 60% in equity securities and other investments. We review our asset allocation at least annually and make changes when considered appropriate. Our asset return assumption is made at the beginning of our fiscal year. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, our expected long-term rate of return on plan assets was 7.50%. Our actual return on plan assets in 2018 was (5.59)%. For 2019, we will assume a rate of return of 7.50%. Our pension plan assets are valued at fair value as of the measurement date.



For additional information regarding our pension and other postretirement benefits see Note 18 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.



Income Taxes

We file a consolidated federal income tax return. We utilize the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recorded for the tax effect of temporary differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in governing law or review by taxing authorities.



We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If we determine that we are not able to realize a portion of our net deferred tax assets in the future, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would increase the provision for income taxes.



Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV of this report for additional information related to recent accounting pronouncements.



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Item 7A.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk



We are exposed to market risk in the normal course of our business operations due to ongoing investing and funding activities, including those associated with our pension plan assets. Market risk refers to the potential change in fair value of a financial instrument as a result of fluctuations in interest rates and equity prices. We do not hold or issue derivative instruments, derivative commodity instruments or other financial instruments for trading purposes. As a result, we do not undertake any specific actions to cover our exposure to market risks, and we are not party to any market risk management agreements other than in the normal course of business. Our primary market risk exposures from interest rate risk and equity price risk are as follows:



Interest Rate Exposure



Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to the interest-bearing portion of our pension investment portfolio and the related actuarial liability for pension obligations, as well as our floating rate indebtedness. As of December 31, 2018, 79% of our total debt had fixed interest rates. We had no interest rate swap agreements in effect at December 31, 2018. We believe that our currently outstanding obligation exposure to interest rate changes is minimal.



Our objectives in managing our interest rate risk are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower our overall borrowing costs. To achieve these objectives, 21% of our outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2018 have floating interest rates. The annual impact of 100 basis points change in the LIBOR would result in approximately $34 million of additional interest expense. An adverse change in interest rates would increase the amount that we pay on our variable rate obligations and could result in fluctuations in the fair value of our fixed rate obligations. Based upon our overall interest rate exposure, a near-term change in interest rates would not materially affect our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.



At December 31, 2018, the fair value of our long-term debt was estimated to be approximately $11.9 billion, based on quoted market prices, our overall weighted average borrowing rate was 8.59% and our overall weighted average maturity was approximately seven years. As of December 31, 2018, there has been no significant change in the weighted average maturity applicable to our obligations since December 31, 2017.



Equity Price Exposure



Our exposure to market risks for changes in equity security prices as of December 31, 2018 is primarily limited to our pension plan assets. We have no other security investments of any significant amount.



Our Pension Plan assets decreased from $2,674 million at December 31, 2017 to $2,348 million at December 31, 2018, a decrease of $326 million, or 12%. This decrease was a result of benefit payments of $317 million and negative investment returns of $159 million, including investment management and administrative fees. The decrease was partially offset by contributions to the Plan of $150 million.



Item 8.   Financial Statements and Supplementary Data



The following documents are filed as part of this Report:



1. Financial Statements - See Index on page F-1.



2. Supplementary Data - Quarterly Financial Data is included in the Financial Statements (see 1. above).



3. Schedule of Pledged Subsidiary Financial Data.



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Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure



None.



Item 9A.Controls and Procedures



(i)Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, regarding the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a–15(e) and 15d–15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based upon this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded, as of the end of the period covered by this report, December 31, 2018, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.



(ii)  Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

      (a) Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting

Our management report on internal control over financial reporting appears on page F-2.

      (b) Report of registered public accounting firm

The report of KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, on internal control over financial reporting appears on page F-4.

      (c) Changes in internal control over financial reporting

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the new revenue guidance under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The adoption of this guidance requires the implementation of new accounting policies and processes, including enhancements to our information systems, which changed the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting for revenue recognition and related disclosures. Other than the above noted change, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in an evaluation thereof that occurred during 2018 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.



Item 9B.Other Information

The Compensation Committee, pursuant to authority delegated by the Board, has modified our executive compensation program for 2019 in several respects to enhance executive retention, while maintaining a strong link between pay and financial and operating performance.  Among other things, the Compensation Committee approved the following changes relating to compensation of the Company’s named executive officers:



Cash Retention Award

The 2019 Restricted Stock Awards have been converted into cash payments, payable in the first quarter of the year, subject to a recapture provision that requires a ratable repayment over three-years in the event of voluntary departure or involuntary termination for cause. 





Mr. Sheldon Bruha, our Interim Chief Financial Officer, has received a $170,000 cash-based award that vests one-third per year, subject to continued employment and other requirements.



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Performance Retention Award

The 2019 Performance Share Awards have been converted into a quarterly based cash incentive program (Performance Retention Award).  The payout will be based on the achievement of the same goals and performance payout scale as the 2019 quarterly bonus program, with any payouts subject to a ratable three-year recapture provision. The recapture provision applies to any payments made under this award in the event of voluntary departure or involuntary termination for cause. 





Quarterly Bonus Plan Awards



The 2019 short-term bonus will be earned and paid fully on a quarterly schedule with quarterly goals based on specific metrics.  Quarterly bonus payments will be subject to a recapture provision in the event of voluntary termination or involuntary termination for cause before the final fourth quarter bonus being paid. 









Amendments to Mr. McCarthy’s Agreements



In connection with these changes, the Company and Mr. McCarthy will enter into amendments to Mr. McCarthy’s Offer of Employment Letter, dated February 25, 2015, and Change In Control Letter Agreement, dated April 27, 2012, pursuant to which he will be eligible for severance benefits in the event of a non-change in control involuntary termination without cause at the same level, and will be subject to the same change in control arrangements, as other members of the senior leadership team.

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PART III



Item 10.      Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance



Certain of the information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2018.



Executive Officers of the Registrant



Our Executive Officers as of February 28, 2019 were:





There is no family relationship between the directors or executive officers. The term of office of each of the foregoing officers of Frontier is annual and will continue until a successor (if any) has been elected and qualified.



KENNETH W. ARNDT has been with Frontier since 2003 and was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Operations Officer in 2018. Previously he was EVP of Commercial Sales Operations. Mr. Arndt also had oversight of Frontier’s operations in Connecticut, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Before joining Frontier, Mr. Arndt served as Vice President of Marketing for Lucent Technologies and Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Commonwealth Telephone Company in Pennsylvania.



ELISA BANNON-JONES has been with Frontier since 2016 and was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in 2018. Previously she was the Senior Vice President, Talent and Culture. Prior to joining Frontier, Ms. Bannon-Jones served in human resources, sales and operations leadership roles at The Budget Group, T-Mobile, U.S. Cellular, and Brightstar Corp.



SHELDON BRUHA was appointed Interim Chief Financial Officer in September 2018. He joined Frontier in February 2018 as Senior Vice President and Treasurer, responsible for Treasury, Investor Relations, Mergers & Acquisitions, and Risk & Insurance. Prior to joining Frontier, Mr. Bruha’s career in global finance included positions at CDI Corp. and senior financial positions heading corporate finance, treasury, tax, and investor relations for Cable & Wireless Communications in Miami and London. He started his financial career at Lehman Brothers, the global investment bank, and held senior investment banking positions in its New York and London offices, focusing on the telecommunications industry.



DONALD DANIELS joined Frontier in July 2014 and was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer in 2018. Mr. Daniels was previously the Senior Vice President and Controller for Frontier. From October 2002 to July 2014 he held various positions with JetBlue Airways Corporation, including Corporate Controller, Chief Accounting Officer, Vice President and Controller, Assistant Controller, and Director of Financial Reporting. Prior to that Mr. Daniels held various positions of increasing responsibility at Delta Air Lines and Deloitte and Touche, LLP. Mr. Daniels is a veteran of the United States Army and a certified public accountant.



STEVE GABLE has been with Frontier since November 2012 and has been Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer since April 2015. Previously he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer. Prior to Frontier, Mr. Gable was Executive Vice President/CTO of Tribune Company while also serving as President of Tribune Digital. Before Tribune, Mr. Gable served as Vice President of Technology for Clear Channel Radio.



JOHN LASS has been with Frontier since 1994 and was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Transformation Officer in 2018.  Previously, he led Frontier’s Field Operations team. Before this, Mr. Lass was President of Frontier’s Central Region, comprising Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and Nebraska. Mr. Lass’ tenure with Frontier includes a variety of operating roles as well as leadership of integration activities related to significant mergers and

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acquisitions. He served as Vice President of Revenue Assurance and as Regional Operations Vice President, Vice President and General Manager of Citizens Utilities Vermont Electric Division and held operations positions in New York and the Midwest with Frontier, GTE and Contel.



John Maduri has been with Frontier since 2017 and was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Customer Officer in 2018. Previously he was the Executive Vice President, Consumer Sales, Marketing & Product. He has more than 30 years of experience in the telecommunications industry. From January 2014 to December 2016, Mr. Maduri was President of Cable & Wireless Communications’ Commercial Business Unit, responsible for the strategy and growth of the B2B segment in the Caribbean and Latin America. From 2005 to 2013, Mr. Maduri was CEO of Xplornet Communications Inc. Prior to that, Mr. Maduri served as President,  TELUS Business Solutions, a telecommunications company, from 2000 to 2004. Prior to joining Telus, Mr. Maduri held positions of increasing responsibility with Rogers Communications, including Executive Vice President, Finance and Planning, and Chief Financial Officer. He began his career as a Senior Auditor at the Toronto office of Price Waterhouse.

 

DANIEL J. McCARTHY has been with Frontier since December 1990 and is the President and Chief Executive Officer. Prior to becoming President and Chief Executive Officer in April 2015, Mr. McCarthy held other positions of responsibility at Frontier, including President and Chief Operating Officer, from April 2012 to April 2015, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, from January 2006 to April 2012, and Senior Vice President, Field Operations, from December 2004 to December 2005. Mr. McCarthy serves as a Trustee of Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut, and of Foundations in Education for the Diocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Western Connecticut Health Network, the Board of Directors of the Business Council of Fairfield County, and a member of the Business Roundtable. He is also a director of Constellation Brands, Inc.



MARK D. NIELSEN has been with Frontier since 2014 and is Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer. Prior to joining Frontier, he was Associate General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer for Praxair Inc. and Vice President and Assistant General Counsel of Raytheon Company. Before that, Mr. Nielsen served as Chief Legal Counsel, and then Chief of Staff, to Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney from 2004 to 2007.



Item 11.     Executive Compensation



The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2018.



Item 12.     Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters



The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2018.



Item 13.      Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence



The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2018.



Item 14.      Principal Accountant Fees and Services



The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2018.



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PART IV



Item 15.  Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

List of Documents Filed as a Part of This Report:



(1)    Index to Consolidated Financial Statements:



Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm



Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017



Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016



Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016



Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016



Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016



Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements



Pledged Subsidiaries Financial Data



All other schedules have been omitted because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto, or is not applicable or not required.



(2)Index to Exhibits:





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SIGNATURES



Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.







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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on the 28th day of February 2019.