FUELCELL ENERGY INC - Quarter Report: 2018 April (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended April 30, 2018

OR

For the transition period from             to

Commission file number: 1-14204

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (203) 825-6000

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes   ☒    No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes   ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Number of shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of June 1, 2018:  85,964,710

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

FORM 10-Q

Table of Contents

2

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share, per share and related party revenue amounts)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except share, per share and related party revenue amounts)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 1.  Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

FuelCell Energy, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (the “Company”, “FuelCell Energy”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) is a leading integrated fuel cell company with a growing global presence.  We design, manufacture, install, operate and service ultra-clean, efficient and reliable stationary fuel cell power plants.  Our SureSource power plants generate electricity and usable high quality heat for commercial, industrial, government and utility customers.  We have commercialized our stationary carbonate fuel cells and are also pursuing the complementary development of planar solid oxide fuel cells and other fuel cell technologies.  Our operations are funded primarily through sales of equity instruments to strategic investors or in public markets, corporate and project level debt financing and local or state government loans or grants.  In order to produce positive cash flow from operations, we need to be successful at increasing annual order volume and production and in our cost reduction efforts.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial information.  Accordingly, they do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements.  In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to fairly present our financial position and results of operations as of and for the six months ended April 30, 2018 have been included.  All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted.  The balance sheet as of October 31, 2017 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but it does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended October 31, 2017, which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K previously filed with the SEC.  The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full fiscal year.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, excess and obsolete inventories, product warranty costs, accruals for service agreements, allowance for uncollectible receivables, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets, income taxes, and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary.  Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods may differ from those estimates.

Related Parties

POSCO Energy Co., Ltd. (“POSCO Energy”) is a related party and owned approximately 3.0% of the outstanding common shares of the Company as of April 30, 2018.  Revenues from POSCO Energy for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 represent approximately 4.0% and 7.0%, respectively, of consolidated revenues and revenues from POSCO Energy for the six months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 represent approximately 3.0% and 8.0%, respectively, of consolidated revenues.

NRG Energy, Inc. (“NRG”) is a related party and owned approximately 2.0% of the outstanding common shares of the Company as of April 30, 2018.  NRG Yield, Inc. (“NRG Yield”) is a dividend growth-oriented company formed by NRG that owns, operates and acquires a diversified portfolio of contracted renewable and conventional generation and thermal infrastructure assets in the United States.  Revenues from NRG and NRG Yield for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 represent approximately 52.0% and 0.3%, respectively, of consolidated revenues and revenues for the six months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 represent approximately 18.1% and 0.4%, respectively, of consolidated revenues.

7

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 2.  Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Effective

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” This ASU provides for five principles which should be followed to determine the appropriate amount and timing of revenue recognition for the transfer of goods and services to customers. The principles in this ASU should be applied to all contracts with customers regardless of industry. The amendments in this ASU were initially effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, with two transition methods of adoption allowed. Early adoption for reporting periods prior to December 15, 2016 is not permitted. In March 2015, the FASB voted to defer the effective date by one year to fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 (which, for the Company, will be the first quarter of fiscal year 2019), but allow adoption as of the original effective date.  The Company has numerous different revenue sources including the sale and installation of fuel cell power plants, site engineering and construction services, sale of modules and spare parts, extended warranty service agreements, sale of electricity under power purchase agreements, license fees and royalty income from manufacturing and technology transfer agreements and customer-sponsored Advanced Technologies projects.  This requires application of various revenue recognition methods under current accounting guidance.  Although we anticipate that upon adoption of this new ASU the timing of revenue recognition for certain of our revenue sources might change, we are still evaluating the financial statement impacts of the guidance in this ASU and determining which transition method we will utilize. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).”  This ASU provides narrow-scope improvements and practical expedients regarding collectability, presentation of sales tax collected from customers, non-cash consideration, contract modifications at transition, completed contracts at transition and other technical corrections.  We have initiated a review of the contracts for our significant revenue streams to understand the impact of the adoption of this ASU.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” which, for operating leases, requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet. The standard also requires a lessee to recognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. This ASU is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years (which, for the Company, will be the first quarter of fiscal year 2020). Early adoption is permitted. The Company has both operating and capital leases (refer to Note 17. “Commitments and Contingencies”) as well as sale-leasebacks accounted for under the finance method and may have other arrangements that contain embedded leases as characterized in this ASU.  We expect that adoption of this ASU will result in the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities not currently recorded in our consolidated financial statements under existing accounting guidance. However, we are still evaluating all of the Company’s contractual arrangements and the impact that adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 3.  Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 consisted of the following:

8

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

We bill customers for power plant and power plant component sales based on certain contractual milestones being reached.  We bill service agreements based on the contract price and billing terms of the contracts. Generally, our Advanced Technologies contracts are billed based on actual recoverable costs incurred, typically in the month subsequent to incurring costs.  Some Advanced Technologies contracts are billed based on contractual milestones or costs incurred.  Unbilled recoverable costs relate to revenue recognized on customer contracts that have not been billed.  Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.1 million as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017.  Uncollectible accounts receivable are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts when all collection efforts have failed and it is deemed unlikely that the amount will be recovered.

Accounts receivable from commercial customers (including unbilled recoverable costs) included amounts due from POSCO Energy of $12.2 million and $6.2 million as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, respectively, and amounts due from NRG and NRG Yield of $0.02 million and $0.1 million as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, respectively. 

Note 4.  Inventories

Inventories as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 consisted of the following:

Raw materials consist mainly of various nickel powders and steels, various other components used in producing cell stacks and purchased components for balance of plant.  Work-in-process inventory is comprised of material, labor, and overhead costs incurred to build balance of plant components, fuel cell stacks and modules, which are subcomponents of a power plant.

Note 5.  Project Assets

Project assets as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 were $79.6 million and $73.0 million, respectively.  Project assets as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 included five completed, commissioned installations generating power with respect to which we have a power purchase agreement (“PPA”) with the end-user of power and site host with an aggregate value of $31.1 million and $32.1 million as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, respectively.  Certain of these assets are the subject of sale-leaseback arrangements with PNC Energy Capital, LLC (“PNC”), which are recorded under the financing method of accounting for a sale-leaseback.  Under the financing method, the Company does not recognize the proceeds received from the lessor as a sale of such assets.  

The Project assets balance as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 also includes assets with an aggregate value of $48.5 million and $40.9 million, respectively, which are being developed and constructed by the Company and have not been placed in service.

On April 5, 2018, the Company sold a project asset to NRG Yield which resulted in the recognition of product revenue of $10.8 million.  The total reduction in project assets relating to the sale to NRG Yield was $9.8 million which was recorded as product cost of revenues.  The Company also had a $0.5 million impairment of a project asset during the six months ended April 30, 2018 due to the termination of the project.  The impairment was recorded as generation cost of revenues.

Project construction costs incurred for the long-term project assets are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.  The proceeds received from the sale and subsequent leaseback of project assets are classified as “Cash flows from financing activities” within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and are classified as a financing obligation within “Current portion of long-term debt” and “Long-term debt and other liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (refer to Note 14 for more information).

9

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 6.  Other Current Assets

Other current assets as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 consisted of the following:

Note 7.  Other Assets

Other assets as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 consisted of the following:

Note 8.  Accounts Payable

Accounts payable as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 was $42.8 million and $42.6 million, respectively.  Included in the balance were amounts due to POSCO Energy of $32.7 million as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 for the purchase of inventory.

10

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 9.  Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 consisted of the following:

Note 10.  Stockholders’ Equity

Changes in stockholders’ equity

Changes in stockholders’ equity were as follows for the six months ended April 30, 2018:

11

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Authorized Common Stock

On December 14, 2017, the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock was increased from 125,000,000 to 225,000,000, by a vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock.

NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5635(d)

On December 14, 2017, in accordance with NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5635(d), the Company’s common stockholders approved the issuance of shares of the Company’s common stock exceeding 19.9% of the number of shares outstanding on September 5, 2017, upon the conversion and/or redemption of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock issued in an underwritten offering in September 2017.

Public Offerings and Outstanding Warrants

On May 3, 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of (i) 12,000,000 shares of its common stock, (ii) Series C warrants to purchase 12,000,000 shares of its common stock and (iii) Series D warrants to purchase 12,000,000 shares of its common stock.  The Series C warrants have an exercise price of $1.60 per share and a term of five years.  A total of 11,536 shares of common stock were issued during the first six months of fiscal year 2018 upon exercise of Series C warrants and the Company received total proceeds of $0.02 million in connection with such exercises.  The Series D warrants have an exercise price of $1.28 per share and a term of one year.  A total of 2,584,174 shares of common stock were issued during the first six months of fiscal year 2018 upon the exercise of Series D warrants and the Company received total proceeds of $3.3 million in connection with such exercises.  As of April 30, 2018, all Series D warrants have been exercised.

On July 12, 2016, the Company closed on a registered public offering of securities to a single institutional investor pursuant to a placement agent agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC.  In conjunction with the offering, the Company issued 7,680,000 Series A Warrants, all of which remained outstanding as of April 30, 2018, at an exercise price of $5.83 per share.

The following table summarizes outstanding warrant activity during the six months ended April 30, 2018:

Note 11.  Redeemable Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 250,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, issuable in one or more series.  Of these authorized shares, the Company had, as of April 30, 2018, issued and outstanding shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock in the amounts described below.

Series C Preferred Stock

The Company issued an aggregate of 33,500 shares of its Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock” and such shares, the “Series C Preferred Shares”), $0.01 par value and $1,000 stated value per share, during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017.  As of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, there were 14,548 and 33,300 shares of Series C Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, respectively, with a carrying value of $12.1 million and $27.7 million, respectively.

12

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

During the six months ended April 30, 2018, holders of our Series C Preferred Stock converted 18,752 shares of the Series C Preferred Stock into common shares through installment conversions resulting in a reduction of $15.6 million to the carrying value being recorded to equity.  Installment conversions in which the conversion price is below the fixed conversion price of $1.84 per share result in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and are treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares.  Installment conversions during the three and six months ended April 30, 2018 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as redemptions resulted in deemed dividends of $4.2 million and $7.7 million, respectively.  The deemed dividend represents the difference between the fair value of the common shares issued to settle the installment amounts and the carrying value of the Series C Preferred Shares.

Based on review of pertinent accounting literature including Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470 – Debt, ASC 480 - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815 - Derivative and Hedging, the Series C Preferred Shares are classified outside of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were recorded at fair value on the issuance date (proceeds from the issuance, net of direct issuance cost).  An assessment of the probability of the exercise of the potential redemption features in the Certificate of Designations (as defined below) for the Series C Preferred Stock is performed at each reporting date to determine whether any changes in classification are required.  As of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, the Company determined that none of the contingent redemption features were probable.  As Series C Preferred Shares are converted to common shares, a proportional reduction in the carrying value will be recorded to equity.  

A summary of certain terms of the Series C Preferred Stock are described as follows:

Conversion Rights. The Series C Preferred Shares are convertible into shares of common stock subject to the beneficial ownership limitations provided in the Certificate of Designations for Series C Preferred Stock (the “Certificate of Designations”), at a conversion price equal to $1.84 per share of common stock (“Conversion Price”), subject to adjustment as provided in the Certificate of Designations, at any time at the option of the holder.  In the event of a triggering event, as defined in the Certificate of Designations, the Series C Preferred Shares are convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price of the lower of $1.84 per share and 85% of the lowest volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the common stock of the five trading days immediately prior to delivery of the applicable conversion notice.  The holders will be prohibited from converting Series C Preferred Shares into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would own more than 8.99% of the total number of shares of common stock then issued and outstanding. Each holder has the right to increase its maximum percentage up to 9.99% upon 60 days’ notice to the Company.

Installment Payments. On November 1, 2017 and on the sixteenth day and first day of each calendar month thereafter until March 1, 2019, subject to extension in certain circumstances (the “Maturity Date”), inclusive, the Company will redeem the stated value of Series C Preferred Shares in thirty-three equal installments of $1.0 million (each bimonthly amount, an “Installment Amount” and the date of each such payment, an “Installment Date”). The holders will have the ability to defer installment payments, but not beyond the Maturity Date. In addition, during each period commencing on the 11th trading day prior to an Installment Date and prior to the immediately subsequent Installment Date, the holders may elect to accelerate the conversion of Series C Preferred Shares at the then applicable installment conversion price, provided that the holders may not elect to effect any such acceleration during such installment period if either (a) in the aggregate, all the accelerations in such installment period exceed the sum of three other Installment Amounts, or (b) the number of Series C Preferred Shares subject to prior accelerations exceeds in the aggregate twelve Installment Amounts.

Subject to certain conditions as provided in the Certificate of Designations, the Company may elect to pay the Installment Amounts in cash or shares of common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock.

Installment Amounts paid in shares will be that number of shares of common stock equal to (a) the applicable Installment Amount, to be paid in common stock divided by (b) the least of (i) the then existing conversion price, (ii) 87.5% of the VWAP of the common stock on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Installment Date, and (iii) 87.5% of the arithmetic average of the two lowest VWAPs of the common stock during the ten consecutive trading day period ending and including the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Installment Date as applicable, provided that the Company meets standard equity conditions. The Company shall make such election no later than the eleventh trading day immediately prior to the applicable Installment Date.

If the Company elects or is required to pay an Installment Amount in whole or in part in cash, the amount paid will be equal to 108% of the applicable Installment Amount.

13

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Dividends. Each holder of the Series C Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive dividends (a) if no triggering event, as defined in the Certificate of Designations, has occurred and is continuing when and as declared by the Board of Directors, in its sole and absolute discretion or (b) if a triggering event has occurred and until such triggering event has been cured, a dividend of 15% per annum based on the holder’s outstanding number of Series C Preferred Shares multiplied by the stated value.  There were no triggering events or dividends declared in fiscal year 2017 or during the six months ended April 30, 2018.

Redemption. In the event of a triggering event, as defined in the Certificate of Designations, the holders of the Series C Preferred Shares can force redemption at a price equal to the greater of (a) the conversion amount to be redeemed multiplied by 125% and (b) the product of (i) the conversion rate with respect to the conversion amount in effect at such time as such holder delivers a triggering event redemption notice multiplied by (ii) the greatest closing sale price of the common stock on any trading day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such triggering event and ending on the date the Company makes the entire payment required.

Liquidation. In the event of the Company’s liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, prior to distribution to holders of securities ranking junior to the Series C Preferred Shares, holders of Series C Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive the amount of cash, securities or other property equal to the greater of (a) the stated value thereof on the date of such payment plus accrued dividends, if any and (b) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such Series C Preferred Shares into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment.

Ranking and Voting Rights. Shares of Series C Preferred Stock rank with respect to dividend rights and rights upon the Company’s liquidation, winding up or dissolution:

The holders of the Series C Preferred Shares have no voting rights, except as required by law. Any amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws or the Certificate of Designations that adversely affects the powers, preferences and rights of the Series C Preferred Shares requires the approval of the holders of a majority of the Series C Preferred Shares then outstanding.

Redeemable Series B Preferred Stock

We have 105,875 shares of our 5% Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (Liquidation Preference $1,000.00 per share) (“Series B Preferred Stock”) authorized for issuance. As of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, there were 64,020 shares of Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with a carrying value of $59.9 million.  Dividends of $1.6 million were paid in cash for each of the six month periods ended April 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Class A Cumulative Redeemable Exchangeable Preferred Shares

FCE FuelCell Energy Ltd. (“FCE Ltd”), a subsidiary of the Company, has 1,000,000 Class A Cumulative Redeemable Exchangeable Preferred Shares (the “Series 1 Preferred Shares”) outstanding, which are held by Enbridge, Inc. (“Enbridge”), which is a related party.  The Company made its scheduled payments of Cdn. $0.5 million during each of the six month periods ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 under the terms of the Company’s agreement with Enbridge.  The Company also recorded interest expense, which reflects the amortization of the fair value discount of approximately Cdn. $1.4 million and Cdn. $1.3 million for the six months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  As of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, the carrying value of the Series 1 Preferred Shares was Cdn. $20.1 million (U.S. $15.7 million) and Cdn. $19.4 million (U.S. $15.1 million), respectively, and is classified as a preferred stock obligation of a subsidiary on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

14

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 12.  Loss Per Share

The calculation of basic and diluted loss per share was as follows:

Note 13.  Restricted Cash

As of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, there was $38.2 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents pledged as collateral for letters of credit for certain banking requirements and contractual commitments. The restricted cash balance for both periods presented includes $15.0 million which has been placed in a Grantor’s Trust account to secure certain obligations under a 15-year service agreement and has been classified as long-term.  The restricted cash balance as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 also includes $17.2 million and $17.0 million, respectively, to support obligations related to PNC sale-leaseback transactions.  As of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, outstanding letters of credit totaled $2.3 million and $2.9 million, respectively.  These expire on various dates through April 2019.

15

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 14.  Debt and Financing Obligation

Debt as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017 consisted of the following:

The Company has a loan agreement with the Connecticut Development Authority that was used to finance equipment purchases associated with our prior manufacturing capacity expansion. The interest rate is 5.0 percent per annum and the loan is collateralized by the assets procured under this loan as well as $4.0 million of additional machinery and equipment. The original repayment terms required monthly interest and principal payments through May 2018.  However, the repayment terms for the loan agreement with the Connecticut Development Authority were modified in April 2018, such that the remaining balance and interest will be paid on a monthly basis through December 2018.

The Company has a long-term loan agreement with the Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority, now known as the Connecticut Green Bank, totaling $5.9 million in support of the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park project. The loan agreement carries an interest rate of 5.0 percent per annum.  Interest only payments commenced in January 2014 and principal payments will commence on the eighth anniversary of the project’s provisional acceptance date, which is December 20, 2021, payable in forty-eight equal monthly installments.  Outstanding amounts are secured by future cash flows from the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park service agreement.

In 2015, the Company entered into the first of a series of agreements with PNC, whereby the Company’s project finance subsidiaries entered into sale-leaseback agreements for commissioned projects where we had entered into a PPA with the site host/end-user of produced power.  Under the financing method of accounting for a sale-leaseback, the Company does not recognize as income any of the sale proceeds received from the lessor that contractually constitute payment to acquire the assets subject to these arrangements. Instead, the sale proceeds received are accounted for as financing obligations.  The outstanding financing obligation balance as of April 30, 2018 was $46.1 million and the decrease from $46.9 million on October 31, 2017 includes lease payments offset by the recognition of interest expense. The sale-leaseback transactions include a fair value purchase option at the end of the lease term.

In November 2015, the Company closed on a definitive Assistance Agreement with the State of Connecticut and received a disbursement of $10.0 million for the first phase of an expansion project to expand the existing 65,000 square foot manufacturing facility in Torrington, Connecticut by approximately 102,000 square feet for a total size of 167,000 square feet. In conjunction with this financing, the Company entered into a $10.0 million Promissory Note and related security agreement securing the loan with equipment liens and a mortgage on its Danbury, Connecticut location.  Pursuant to the terms of the loan, principal payments were deferred for the first four years and will begin in November 2019. Monthly interest payments at a fixed rate of 2.0 percent per annum began in December 2015.  The financing is payable over 15 years and is predicated on certain terms and conditions, including the forgiveness of up to half of the loan principal if certain job retention and job creation targets are reached.  On April 17, 2017, the Company entered into an amendment to the Assistance Agreement extending certain job creation target dates until October 28, 2019.

In April 2016, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Hercules Agreement”) with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”) subject to certain terms and conditions of which the Company drew down $20.0 million during fiscal year 2016.  The loan was a 30 month secured facility.  The term loan interest rate was 9.75 percent per annum as of October 31, 2017 and increased to 10.0 percent per annum as of January 31, 2018 as a result of the increase in the prime rate.  In addition to interest, which is paid on a monthly basis, principal payments commenced on November 1, 2017 in equal monthly installments.  The loan balance and all accrued

16

FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

and unpaid interest was due and payable by October 1, 2018.  Under the terms of the Hercules Agreement, there was an end of term charge of $1.7 million due on October 31, 2018, which was being accreted over the 30 month term using the effective interest rate method.

On March 28, 2018, the Company and Hercules entered into an amendment to the Hercules Agreement (such amendment, the “Amendment”) which allowed the Company to draw a term loan advance of $13.1 million.  The aggregate amount outstanding, which includes the amount outstanding under the original Hercules Agreement of $11.9 million and the term loan advance under the Amendment, is $25.0 million.  The term loan maturity date is October 1, 2020, subject to extension upon the Company’s achievement of certain performance milestones.  Payments for the aggregate amount outstanding are interest-only for the initial 12-month period, followed by equal monthly installments of principal and interest until the term loan maturity date.  The term loan interest rate is 10.15% per annum.  The end of term charge of $1.7 million remains due on October 31, 2018, however, under the terms of the Amendment, it has been considered earned and has been fully accrued.  An additional end of term charge of $0.9 million will be due on October 1, 2020, subject to extension upon the Company’s achievement of certain performance milestones.  The end of term charge is being accreted over a 30-month term.  

As collateral for obligations under the Hercules Agreement, as amended, the Company granted Hercules a security interest in FuelCell Energy, Inc.’s existing and thereafter-acquired assets except for intellectual property and certain other excluded assets. The collateral does not include assets held by FuelCell Energy Finance, LLC (“FuelCell Finance”) or any project subsidiary thereof. The Company may continue to collateralize and finance its project subsidiaries through other lenders and partners.  Under the Hercules Agreement, as amended, there is a minimum cash covenant which requires the Company to maintain an unrestricted cash balance in accounts subject to an account control agreement in favor of Hercules of at least the greater of (x) (a) 75% of the outstanding loan balance plus (b) the amount of accounts payable (as defined under GAAP) not paid within 90 days of the invoice date and (y) $10.0 million.  The Hercules Agreement, as amended, contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default that entitle Hercules to cause our indebtedness under the agreement to become immediately due and payable.

In November 2016, we assumed debt with Webster Bank in the amount of $2.3 million as a part of an asset acquisition transaction.  The term loan interest rate is 5.0 percent per annum and payments, which commenced in January 2017, are due on a quarterly basis.  The balance outstanding as of April 30, 2018 was $1.4 million.

The Company leases computer equipment under master lease agreements. Lease payment terms are generally thirty-six months from the date of acceptance for leased equipment.

Deferred finance costs relate primarily to sale-leaseback transactions entered into with PNC which are being amortized over the ten-year term and direct deferred finance costs relating to the Hercules Agreement, as amended, which is being amortized over the 30 month life of the loan.

In July 2014, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, FuelCell Finance, entered into a Loan Agreement with NRG (the “NRG Agreement”).  Pursuant to the NRG Agreement, NRG has extended a $40.0 million revolving construction and term financing facility for the purpose of accelerating project development by the Company and its subsidiaries.  We may draw on the facility to finance the construction of projects through the commercial operating date of the power plants so financed.  The interest rate is 8.5 percent per annum for construction-period financing and 8.0 percent per annum thereafter.  Fees that were paid by FuelCell Finance to NRG for making the loan facility available and related legal fees incurred were capitalized and are being amortized straight-line over the life of the related loan agreement, which is five years. The term of the loans are up to five years but may be repaid early should the projects be sold or refinanced at the option of the Company.  There were no drawdowns or outstanding balances on the NRG Agreement as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017.

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FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 15.  Benefit Plans

2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Incentive Plan”) was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which was held on April 5, 2018.  The 2018 Incentive Plan provides that a total of 4.0 million shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued thereunder.  The 2018 Incentive Plan authorizes grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance shares, performance units and incentive awards to key employees, directors, consultants and advisors.  Previous equity awards which remain outstanding under the 2006 and 2010 Equity Incentive Plans as of April 30, 2018 consisted of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, RSAs and RSUs.

Restricted Stock Awards and Units

A total of 2.2 million shares were granted as RSUs under the 2018 Incentive Plan during the six months ended April 30, 2018.  These RSUs were awarded to the Company’s executive officers and key employees.  RSU expense is based on the fair value of the award at the date of grant and is amortized over the vesting period which is either over three or four years.  There were 4.3 million RSUs and RSAs outstanding as of April 30, 2018 under the 2018 Incentive Plan and the Company’s previous incentive plans.

Stock Awards

During the six months ended April 30, 2018, the Company awarded 158,708 shares of fully vested, unrestricted common stock to the independent members of our board of directors as a component of board of director compensation, which will result in recognition of $0.3 million of expense (recognized ratably over the next 12 months).

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) was approved by the Company’s stockholders at the 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.  The adoption of the ESPP allows the Company to provide eligible employees of the Company and of certain designated subsidiaries with the opportunity to voluntarily participate in the ESPP, enabling such participants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount to market price at the time of such purchase.  The maximum number of the Company’s shares of common stock that may be issued under the ESPP is 500,000 shares.

Note 16.  Income Taxes

The Company recorded an income tax benefit totaling $3.0 million for the six months ended April 30, 2018 compared to income tax expense of $0.05 million for the six months ended April 30, 2017.  The income tax benefit for the six months ended April 30, 2018 related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) that was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Act reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 34% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 which resulted in a deferred tax benefit of $1.0 million related to a reduction of the Company’s deferred tax liability for in process research and development (“IPR&D”).  The Act also established an unlimited carryforward period for the net operating loss (“NOL”) the Company anticipates generating in fiscal year 2018.  This provision of the Act resulted in a reduction of the valuation allowance attributable to deferred tax assets at the enactment date by $2.0 million based on the indefinite life of the resulting NOL as well as the deferred tax liability for IPR&D.

Note 17.  Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Agreements

As of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, the Company had equipment financing and capital lease obligations of $0.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively.  Payment terms are generally thirty-six months from the date of acceptance for leased equipment.

The Company also leases certain computer and office equipment and manufacturing facilities in Torrington and Danbury, Connecticut under operating leases expiring on various dates through 2030.

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FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(Tabular amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Non-cancelable minimum payments applicable to operating and capital leases as of April 30, 2018 were as follows:

Service Agreements

Under the provisions of our service agreements, we provide services to maintain, monitor, and repair customer power plants to meet minimum operating levels. Under the terms of our service agreements, the particular power plant must meet a minimum operating output during defined periods of the term. If minimum output falls below the contract requirement, we may be subject to performance penalties and/or may be required to repair or replace the customer’s fuel cell module(s). An estimate is not recorded for a potential performance guarantee liability until a performance issue has occurred at a particular power plant. At that point, the actual power plant’s output is compared against the minimum output guarantee and an accrual is recorded. The review of power plant performance is updated for each reporting period to incorporate the most recent performance of the power plant and minimum output guarantee payments made to customers, if any. The Company has provided for an accrual for performance guarantees, based on actual fleet performance, which totaled $0.7 million and $2.2 million as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, respectively, and is recorded in “Accrued liabilities.”

Our loss accrual on service agreements totaled $1.0 million and $1.1 million as of April 30, 2018 and October 31, 2017, respectively, and is recorded in “Accrued liabilities.” Our accrual estimates are performed on a contract by contract basis and include cost assumptions based on what we anticipate the service requirements will be to fulfill obligations under each contract.

Power Purchase Agreements

Under the terms of our PPAs, customers agree to purchase power from our fuel cell power plants at negotiated rates. Electricity rates are generally a function of the customers’ current and future electricity pricing available from the grid. As owner or lessee of the power plants, we are responsible for all operating costs necessary to maintain, monitor and repair the power plants. Under certain agreements, we are also responsible for procuring fuel, generally natural gas or biogas, to run the power plants.  

Other

As of April 30, 2018, the Company had unconditional purchase commitments aggregating $48.1 million, for materials, supplies and services in the normal course of business.

Under certain sales and financing agreements, the Company is contractually committed to provide compensation for any losses that our customers and finance partners may suffer in certain limited circumstances resulting from reductions in realization of the U.S. Investment Tax Credit. Such obligations would arise as a result of reductions to the value of the underlying fuel cell projects as assessed by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”). The Company does not believe that any payments under these contracts are probable based on the facts known at the reporting date. The maximum potential future payments that the Company could have to make with respect to these obligations would depend on the difference between the fair values of the fuel cell projects sold or financed and the values the IRS would determine as the fair value for the systems for purposes of claiming the Investment Tax Credit. The value of the Investment Tax Credit in the Company’s agreements is based on guidelines provided by the regulations from the IRS. The Company and its customers use fair values determined with the assistance of independent third-party appraisals.

We are involved in legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising out of the ordinary conduct of our business. Although we cannot assure the outcome, management presently believes that the result of such legal proceedings, either individually, or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements, and no material amounts have been accrued in our consolidated financial statements with respect to these matters.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (including exhibits and any information incorporated by reference herein) contains both historical and forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The statements contained in this report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, intentions and strategies for the future.  When used in this report, the words “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “predicts,” “should,” “will”, “could”, “would”, “may”, “forecast”, and similar expressions and variations of such words are intended to identify forward-looking statements.  Such statements relate to, among other things, the following: (i) the development and commercialization by FuelCell Energy, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“FuelCell Energy”, “Company”, “we”, “us”, and “our”) of fuel cell technology and products and the market for such products; (ii) expected operating results such as revenue growth and earnings; (iii) our belief that we have sufficient liquidity to fund our business operations for the next 12 months; (iv) future funding under Advanced Technologies contracts; (v) future financing for projects including publicly issued bonds, equity and debt investments by investors and commercial bank financing; (vi) the expected cost competitiveness of our technology; and (vii) our ability to achieve our sales plans and cost reduction targets.

The forward-looking statements contained in this report are subject to risks and uncertainties, known and unknown, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those forward-looking statements, including the risks contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017 in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and the following:  general risks associated with product development and manufacturing; general economic conditions; changes in the utility regulatory environment; changes in the utility industry and the markets for distributed generation, distributed hydrogen, and carbon capture configured fuel cell power plants for coal and gas-fired central generation; potential volatility of energy prices; availability of government subsidies and economic incentives for alternative energy technologies; rapid technological change; competition; market acceptance of our products; changes in accounting policies or practices adopted voluntarily or as required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States; factors affecting our liquidity position and financial condition; government appropriations; the ability of the government to terminate its development contracts at any time; the ability of the government to exercise “march-in” rights with respect to certain of our patents; our changing relationship with POSCO Energy, which may affect our ability to develop the market in Asia and deploy SureSource power plants; our ability to implement our strategy; our ability to reduce our levelized cost of energy and cost reduction strategy generally; our ability to protect our intellectual property; the risk that commercialization of our products will not occur when anticipated; our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations; our ability to service our long-term debt; our ability to increase the output and longevity of our power plants; and our ability to expand our customer base and maintain relationships with our largest customers and strategic business allies.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet any of our development or commercialization schedules; any of our new products or technology, once developed, will be commercially successful; our existing SureSource power plants will remain commercially successful; the government will appropriate the funds anticipated by us under our government contracts; the government will not exercise its right to terminate any or all of our government contracts; or we will be able to achieve any other result anticipated in any other forward-looking statement contained herein.

Investors are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our ability to control, and that actual results may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors discussed herein.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is provided as a supplement to the accompanying financial statements and footnotes to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition and results of operations. The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, contract loss accruals, excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventories, product warranty accruals, loss accruals on service agreements, share-based compensation expense, allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and in-process research and development intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets (including project assets) and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods may differ from those estimates. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with information included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017 filed with the SEC. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Company”, “FuelCell Energy”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to FuelCell Energy, Inc. and its subsidiaries.  All tabular dollar amounts are in thousands.  

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OVERVIEW

FuelCell Energy delivers efficient, affordable and clean solutions for the supply, recovery and storage of energy.  We design, manufacture, undertake project development of, install, operate and maintain megawatt-scale fuel cell systems, serving utilities and industrial and large municipal power users with solutions that include both utility-scale and on-site power generation, carbon capture, local hydrogen production for transportation and industrial users, and long duration energy storage.  Our plants are operating in more than 50 locations on three continents and have generated more than 7.5 million megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity.

We provide comprehensive turn-key power generation solutions to our customers, including installation of the power plants as well as operating and maintaining the plants under multi-year service agreements. We target large-scale power users with our megawatt-class installations.  As a reference, one megawatt is adequate to continually power approximately 1,000 average sized U.S. homes.  Our customer base includes utility companies, municipalities, universities, government entities and businesses in a variety of industrial and commercial enterprises. Our leading geographic markets are South Korea and the United States, and we are pursuing expanding opportunities in other countries in Asia and Europe.

Our value proposition is to enable economic value with clean and affordable fuel cell power plants that supply power where consumed. Our solutions are easy-to-site in populated areas as they are clean, operate quietly and without vibrations, and have only modest space requirements.  Fuel cells use an electrochemical process to convert a fuel source into electricity and heat in a highly efficient process that emits virtually no pollutants as the fuel is not burned, generating power that is almost wholly absent of criteria pollutants such as nitrogen oxides that cause smog, sulfur oxides that contribute to acid rain, and particulate matter that can aggravate asthma.  Locating power generation near the point of use reduces reliance on the transmission grid, leading to enhanced energy security and power reliability.  Utilities can minimize or even avoid the cost of transmission or other infrastructure by adopting distributed generation, which saves their customers the cost of installing and maintaining transmission and also avoids the losses associated with transmitting electricity over great distances.  Our power plants provide electricity priced competitively to grid-delivered electricity in certain high cost regions and our strategy is to continue to reduce costs, which we believe will lead to wider adoption.

Our products can also be configured for recovery and storage applications.  We are developing Advanced Technologies which leverage our commercial platform and expertise. Our SureSource power plants utilize carbonate fuel cell technology, which is a very versatile type of fuel cell technology.  Utilizing our core SureSource plants, we have developed and are commercializing both a tri-generation distributed hydrogen configuration that generates electricity, heat and hydrogen for industrial or transportation uses, and a carbon capture application for coal or gas-fired power plants.  We also are developing and working to commercialize solid oxide fuel cells for adjacent sub-megawatt applications to the markets for our megawatt-class SureSource power plants as well as energy storage applications.  These applications are complementary to our core products, leverage our existing customer base, project development, sales and service expertise, and are large markets.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management evaluates the results of operations and cash flows using a variety of key performance indicators, including revenues compared to prior periods and internal forecasts, costs of our products and results of our cost reduction initiatives, and operating cash use. These are discussed throughout the “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” sections. Results of Operations are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).

Comparison of Three Months Ended April 30, 2018 and 2017

Revenues and Costs of revenues

Our revenues and cost of revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

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Total revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2018 of $20.8 million reflects an increase of $0.4 million from $20.4 million for the same period in the prior year.  Total cost of revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2018 increased by $1.4 million to $21.4 million from $20.0 million during the same period in the prior year. A discussion of the changes in product revenues, service and license revenues, generation revenues and Advanced Technologies contract revenues follows.

Product revenues

Our product revenues, cost of product revenues and gross loss margin for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

Product revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2018 included $11.2 million of power plant revenue and $1.0 million of revenue related to engineering and construction services. This is compared to product revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2017, which included $0.3 million of power plant revenue and $0.4 million of revenue related to engineering and construction services.  The increase in product revenues is due to the sale of the 2.8 megawatt (“MW”) fuel cell power plant project located at the Waste Water Treatment Facility in Tulare, California to NRG Yield, Inc. (“NRG Yield”). The power plant, under the new ownership of NRG Yield, will deliver clean power and heat to the City of Tulare under a multi-year power purchase agreement (“PPA”). We will operate and maintain the power plant under a twenty-year service agreement. The sale of this power plant and its assets to NRG Yield for a purchase price of $11.2 million resulted in product revenue recognition out of our generation project assets portfolio totaling $10.8 million in the three months ended April 30, 2018. The remaining $0.4 million will be recognized upon completion of future deliverables.

Cost of product revenues increased $10.7 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 to $13.9 million, compared to $3.2 million in the same period in the prior year.  Overall gross loss from product revenues was $1.7 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 compared to gross loss of $2.5 million in the comparable prior year period. Gross loss decreased from the same period in the prior year due to margins realized from the sale of the 2.8 MW power plant project to NRG Yield. Both periods were impacted by the under-absorption of fixed overhead costs due to low production volumes.  Manufacturing variances, primarily related to low production volumes, totaled approximately $3.2 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 compared to approximately $2.5 million for the three months ended April 30, 2017. For the three months ended April 30, 2018, the Company operated at an annualized production rate of approximately 25 MW. This is compared to the annual production rate of 35 MW in the same period in the prior year.  Given the current level of backlog and awards, the Company is evaluating a plan to increase production in the second half of 2018.

Service and license revenues

Service and license revenues and related costs for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

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Revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2018 from service agreements and license fee and royalty agreements decreased $9.4 million to $3.2 million from $12.6 million for the three months ended April 30, 2017.  Service agreement revenue decreased from the three months ended April 30, 2017 primarily due to a lower number of module replacements during the three months ended April 30, 2018 compared to the prior year. Quarterly revenue recognition for service agreements is variable. For service agreements where we expect to have a module exchange at some point during the term (generally service agreements in excess of five years), the costs of performance are not expected to be incurred on a straight-line basis, and therefore, a portion of the initial contract value related to the module exchange(s) is deferred and is recognized upon such module replacement event(s). Revenue from license, royalty and material management fees increased slightly to $0.6 million for the three month period ended April 30, 2018 from $0.5 million for the prior year period.

Cost of service and license revenues decreased $9.6 million to $2.5 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 from $12.1 million for the three months ended April 30, 2017.  Cost of service agreements includes maintenance and operating costs, module exchanges, and performance guarantees.  The decrease over the prior year period relates to lower expenses associated with module replacements and lower operating costs in the three months ended April 30, 2018.

Overall gross profit from service and license revenues was $0.7 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018. The overall gross margin percentage of 21.1 percent for the three months ended April 30, 2018 compared to 3.4 percent in the prior year period.  Service margins were positively impacted by lower maintenance costs during the three months ended April 30, 2018.

Service revenue from module exchanges is recognized at the time of the module exchange activity whereas the remaining portion of service revenue from service agreements is recognized ratably over the life of the service contract.  As a result, quarterly revenue and gross profit related to module exchanges can fluctuate from quarter to quarter.  Additional power plant installations would lead to growth in service revenue.

Generation revenues

Generation revenues and related costs for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

Revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2018 from generation totaled $1.7 million, compared to $1.6 million for the three months ended April 30, 2017.  Generation revenues for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 reflects revenue from electricity generated from the Company’s PPAs.  Cost of generation revenues totaled $2.0 million in the three months ended April 30, 2018, compared to $1.3 million for the comparable prior year period.  The decrease in gross profit from generation revenues was primarily a result of the $0.5 million impairment of a 1.4 MW project in development that was terminated in the period and lower revenue while maintenance was being performed at certain installations in the second quarter of 2018 compared to the same period in the prior year. Cost of generation revenues included depreciation of approximately $1.1 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and April 30, 2017. The Company had 11.2 MW of operating power plants in its portfolio for both periods presented.

Advanced Technologies contract revenues

Advanced Technologies contract revenues and related costs for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

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Advanced Technologies contract revenue for the three months ended April 30, 2018 was $3.7 million, which reflects a decrease of $1.8 million when compared to $5.5 million of revenue for the three months ended April 30, 2017.  Advanced Technologies contract revenue was lower for the three months ended April 30, 2018 primarily due to the timing of project activity under existing contracts.  Cost of Advanced Technologies contract revenues decreased $0.4 million to $2.9 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018, compared to $3.3 million for the same period in the prior year.  Advanced Technologies contracts for the three months ended April 30, 2018 generated a gross profit of $0.7 million compared to a gross profit of $2.1 million for the three months ended April 30, 2017.  The decrease in Advanced Technologies contract gross margin is related to the timing and mix of contracts being performed during the three months ended April 30, 2018, particularly a lower proportion related to private industry contracts.

Administrative and selling expenses

Administrative and selling expenses were $7.1 million and $6.5 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase from the prior year period relates to higher legal and professional related expenditures due to business activities in the three months ended April 30, 2018.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $5.0 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 compared to $5.4 million during the three months ended April 30, 2017.  The decrease from the prior year period is primarily due to lower expenses following the introduction of the 3.7 MW SureSource 4000 ^TM.  

Restructuring expense

Restructuring expense of $0.01 million was recorded for the three months ended April 30, 2017, relating to personnel separation costs from the business restructuring that was undertaken to reduce costs and align production levels with production needs.  There were no restructuring activities in the second quarter of fiscal year 2018.

Loss from operations

Loss from operations for the three months ended April 30, 2018 was $12.7 million compared to $11.5 million for the three months ended April 30, 2017.  The increase in the loss from operations was primarily a result of the gross loss realized for the three months ended April 30, 2018, and higher overall operating expenses during the three months ended April 30, 2018 as described above.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the three months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 was $2.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively.  Interest expense for both periods presented includes interest on the loan and security agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), interest expense related to sale-leaseback transactions recorded under the financing method and interest for the amortization of the redeemable preferred stock of subsidiary fair value discount.

Other income, net

Other income, net, was income of $1.6 million for the three months ended April 30, 2018 compared to income of $0.5 million for the same period in 2017.  The income (expense) for both periods presented includes foreign exchange losses related to the remeasurement of the Canadian Dollar denominated preferred stock obligation of our U.S. Dollar functional currency Canadian subsidiary. For the three months ended April 30, 2018, a foreign exchange gain was realized on the unbilled receivable balance denominated in South Korean Won for the HYD (defined below) contract.

Benefit for income taxes, net

We have not paid federal or state income taxes in several years due to our history of net operating losses, although we have paid foreign income and withholding taxes in South Korea.  For the three months ended April 30, 2017, our benefit for income taxes was $0.04 million.  There was minimal income taxes recorded for the three months ended April 30, 2018.  We manufacture products that are gross margin profitable on a per unit basis; however, we cannot estimate when production volumes will be sufficient to generate taxable domestic income.  Accordingly, no additional tax benefit has been recognized for net operating losses (“NOLs”) or other deferred tax assets as significant uncertainty exists surrounding the recoverability of these deferred tax assets.

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Preferred stock deemed dividends

Installment conversions in which the conversion price is below the fixed conversion price of $1.84 per share result in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and are treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares.  Installment conversions during the three months ended April 30, 2018 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as redemptions resulted in deemed dividends of $4.2 million.  There were no deemed dividends recorded for the three month period ended April 30, 2017.  The deemed dividend represents the difference between the fair value of the common shares issued to settle the installment amounts and the carrying value of the Series C Preferred Shares.

Preferred stock dividends

Dividends recorded on the Series B Preferred Stock were $0.8 million for the three month periods ended April 30, 2018 and 2017.

Net loss attributable to common stockholders and loss per common share

Net loss attributable to common stockholders represents the net loss for the period less the preferred stock deemed dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock and the preferred stock dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock.  For the three month periods ended April 30, 2018 and 2017, net loss attributable to common stockholders was $18.2 million and $14.0 million, respectively, and loss per common share was $0.23 and $0.33, respectively.

Comparison of Six Months Ended April 30, 2018 and 2017

Revenues and Costs of revenues

Our revenues and cost of revenues for the six months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

Total revenues for the six months ended April 30, 2018 of $59.4 million reflects an increase of $22.0 million from $37.4 million for the same period in the prior year.  Total cost of revenues for the six months ended April 30, 2018 increased by $20.2 million to $55.4 million from $35.2 million during the same period in the prior year. A discussion of the changes in product revenues, service and license revenues, generation revenues and Advanced Technologies contract revenues follows.

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Product revenues

Our product revenues, cost of product revenues and gross profit (loss) for the six months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

Product revenues for the six months ended April 30, 2018 included $39.9 million of power plant revenue and $1.8 million of revenue related to engineering and construction services. This is compared to product revenues for the six months ended April 30, 2017, which included $1.3 million of power plant revenue and $1.2 million of revenue related to engineering and construction services.

The increase in product revenues during the period was due to the 20 MW order from Hanyang Industrial Development Co., Ltd (“HYD”), pursuant to which we provided equipment to HYD for a fuel cell project with Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd. (“KOSPO”). Shipments began in our fourth fiscal quarter of 2017 and were completed in our first fiscal quarter of 2018. The Company is in the process of commissioning the plant, which is expected to be completed in the third fiscal quarter of 2018.  The Company also completed the sale of the City of Tulare SureSource 3000 power plant to NRG Yield during the second quarter of fiscal year 2018.  

Cost of product revenues increased $32.8 million for the six months ended April 30, 2018 to $40.1 million, compared to $7.3 million in the same period in the prior year.  Overall gross profit from product revenues was $1.6 million for the six months ended April 30, 2018 compared to gross loss of $4.7 million in the prior year comparable period.  Gross profit increased from a gross loss in the same period in the prior year due to the favorable margins realized for the HYD contract and favorable margins on the sale of the City of Tulare SureSource 3000 power plant.  Both periods were impacted by the under-absorption of fixed overhead costs due to low production volumes.  For the six months ended April 30, 2018, the Company operated at an annualized production rate of approximately 25 MW. This is compared to the annual production rate of 35 MW in the same period in the prior year.

Service and license revenues

Service and license revenues and related costs for the six months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

Revenues for the six months ended April 30, 2018 from service agreements and license fee and royalty agreements decreased $12.2 million to $7.3 million from $19.5 million for the six months ended April 30, 2017.  Service agreement revenue decreased from the six months ended April 30, 2017 primarily due to a lower number of module replacements in the six months ended April 30, 2018. Revenue from license, royalty and material management fees decreased to $1.1 million for the six month period ended April 30, 2018 from $1.6 million for the prior year period due to lower royalties recognized.  The Company’s license and royalty agreements with POSCO Energy included a minimum royalty which expired in December 2016.

Cost of service and license revenues decreased $12.5 million to $5.9 million for the six months ended April 30, 2018 from $18.4 million for the three months ended April 30, 2017.  Cost of service agreements includes maintenance and operating costs, module exchanges, and performance guarantees.  The decrease over the prior year period relates to lower expenses associated with module replacements and lower operating costs in the six months ended April 30, 2018.

Overall gross profit from service and license revenues was $1.4 million for the six months ended April 30, 2018. The overall gross margin percentage of 18.8 percent for the six months ended April 30, 2018 compared to 5.6 percent in the prior year period.  Service margins were positively impacted by lower maintenance costs during the six months ended April 30, 2018.

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Generation revenues

Generation revenues and related costs for the six months ended April 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: