GIGA TRONICS INC - Annual Report: 2013 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

______________________

FORM 10-K

Commission File No. 0-12719

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (925) 328-4650

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [ ] No [ X ]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.

Yes [ ] No [ X ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:

Yes [ X ] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes [ X ] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.

[ X ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).

Yes [ ] No [ X ]

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was sold or the average bid and asked prices as of September 29, 2012 was $7,389,242.

There were a total of 5,059,747 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of June 28, 2013.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the following documents have been incorporated by reference into the parts indicated:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1

The forward-looking statements included in this report including, without limitation, statements containing the words “believes”, “anticipates”, “estimates”, “expects”, “intends” and words of similar import, which reflect management’s best judgment based on factors currently known, involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including but not limited to those discussed under “Certain Factors Which May Adversely Affect Future Operations Or An Investment In Giga-tronics” in Item 1 below and in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis”.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

Giga-tronics Incorporated (Giga-tronics, or the Company) includes the operations of the Giga-tronics Division and Microsource Inc. (Microsource), a wholly owned subsidiary. Giga-tronics Division designs, manufactures and markets a broad line of test and measurement equipment used in the development, test and maintenance of wireless communications products and systems, flight navigational equipment, electronic defense systems and automatic testing systems. These products are used primarily in the design, production, repair and maintenance of commercial telecommunications, radar, and electronic warfare equipment.

Giga-tronics was incorporated on March 5, 1980. Its principal executive offices are located at 4650 Norris Canyon Road, San Ramon, California, and its telephone number at that location is (925) 328-4650.

Microsource develops and manufactures a broad line of YIG (Yttrium, Iron, Garnet) tuned oscillators, filters and microwave synthesizers, which are used by its customers in operational applications and in manufacturing a wide variety of microwave instruments and devices. Microsource, originally located in Santa Rosa, California, was acquired by Giga-tronics on May 18, 1998. In February, 2012, the Company announced the intention to relocate Microsource to the Company’s San Ramon facility. The relocation was complete as of May 31, 2013.

Giga-tronics intends to broaden its product lines and expand its market primarily through internal development of new products and, to a lesser extent, through acquisition of other business entities.

Industry Segments

The Company manufactures products used in test, measurement and control. The Company has two reporting segments: Giga-tronics Division and Microsource.

Products and Markets

Giga-tronics

The Giga-tronics Division produces signal sources, generators and sweepers, and power measurement instruments for use in the microwave and radio frequency (RF) range (10 kilohertz (kHz) to 50 gigahertz (GHz)). Within each product line are a number of different models and options allowing customers to select frequency range and specialized capabilities, features and functions. The end-user markets for these products can be divided into three broad segments: commercial telecommunications, radar and electronic warfare. These instruments are used in the design, production, repair and maintenance and calibration of other manufacturers’ products, from discrete components to complex systems.

The Giga-tronics Division also produces switch modules, synthesizers, and interface adapters that operate with a bandwidth from direct current (DC) to optical frequencies. These switch modules may be incorporated within its customers’ automated test equipment. The end-user markets for these products are primarily related to defense, aeronautics, communications, satellite and electronic warfare, commercial aviation and semiconductors.

Microsource

The Microsource segment develops and manufactures a broad line of YIG tuned oscillators, filters, filter components, and microwave synthesizers, which are used by its customers in operational applications and in manufacturing a wide variety of microwave instruments or devices. The end-user markets for these products are primarily related to defense and commercial aerospace.  

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials and Components

Substantially all of the components required by Giga-tronics to make its assemblies are available from more than one source. The Company occasionally uses sole source arrangements to obtain leading-edge technology or favorable pricing or supply terms, but not in any material volume. In the Company’s opinion, the loss of any sole source arrangement it has would not be material to its operations. Some suppliers are also competitors of Giga-tronics. In the event a competitor-supplier chooses not sell its products to Giga-tronics, production delays could occur as the Company seeks new suppliers; or, the Company re-designs components to its products.

Although extended delays in receipt of components from its suppliers could result in longer product delivery schedules for the Company, the Company believes that its protection against this possibility stems from its practice of dealing with well-established suppliers and maintaining good relationships with such suppliers.

Patents and Licenses

The Company’s competitive position is largely dependent upon its ability to provide performance specifications for its instruments and systems that (a) are easy to use and effectively and reliably meet customers’ needs and (b) selectively surpass competitors’ specifications in competing products. Patents may occasionally provide some short-term protection of proprietary designs. However, because of the rapid progress of technological development in the Company’s industry, such protection is most often, although not always, short-lived. Therefore, although the Company occasionally pursues patent coverage, it places major emphasis on the development of new products with superior performance specifications and the upgrading of existing products toward this same end.

The Company’s products are based on its own designs, which are derived from its own engineering abilities. If the Company’s new product engineering efforts fall behind, its competitive position weakens. Conversely, effective product development greatly enhances its competitive status.

The Company presently holds 31 patents. Some of these are critical to the Company’s ongoing business, and the Company intends to actively maintain them. Capitalized costs relating to these patents were both incurred and fully amortized prior to March 27, 2011. Accordingly, these patents have no recorded value included in the Company’s fiscal years ending March 30, 2013 (“fiscal 2013”) and March 31, 2012 (“fiscal 2012”) consolidated financial statements.

The Company is not dependent on trademarks, licenses or franchises. It does utilize certain software licenses in certain functional aspects for some of its products. Such licenses are readily available, non-exclusive and are obtained at either no cost or for a relatively small fee.

Seasonal Nature of Business

The business of the Company is not seasonal.

Working Capital Practices

The Company generally strives to maintain adequate levels of inventory and generally sells to customers on 30-day payment terms in the U.S. and generally allows more time for overseas payments. Typically, the Company receives payment terms of 30 days from its suppliers. The Company believes that these practices are consistent with typical industry practices.

Importance of Limited Number of Customers

The Company is a supplier of microwave and RF test instruments to various United States (U.S.) government defense agencies, as well as to their prime contractors. Management anticipates sales to U.S. government agencies and their prime contractors will remain significant in fiscal 2014. U.S. and international defense-related agencies accounted for 58% and 57% of net sales in fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively. Commercial business accounted for the remaining 42% and 43% of net sales in fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively.

At the Giga-tronics Division, U.S. defense agencies and their prime contractors accounted for 40% and 46% of net sales in fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively. Microsource reported 91% and 88% of net sales from U.S. defense agencies and their prime contractors during fiscal year 2013 and 2012, respectively.

During fiscal 2013, one customer accounted for 30% of the Company’s consolidated revenues and was included in the Microsource segment. A second customer accounted for 12% of the Company’s consolidated revenues during fiscal 2013 and was included in the Giga-tronics Division. 

During fiscal 2012, one customer accounted for 17% of the Company’s consolidated revenues and was included in the Microsource segment. A second customer accounted for 12% of the Company’s consolidated revenues during fiscal 2012 and was included in the Giga-tronics Division.

In management’s opinion, the Company could experience a material adverse effect on its financial stability if there was a significant loss of either its commercial or defense customers.

The Company’s products are largely capital investments for its customers, and the Company’s belief is that its customers have economic cycles in which capital investment budgets for the kinds of products that the Company produces expand and contract. The Company, therefore, expects that a major customer in one year will often not be a major customer in the following year. Accordingly, the Company’s net sales and earnings will decline if the Company is unable to find new customers or increase its business with other existing customers to replace declining net sales from the previous year’s major customers. A substantial decline in net sales from U.S. government defense agencies and their prime contractors would also have a material adverse effect on the Company’s net sales and results of operations unless replaced by net sales from the commercial sector.

Backlog of Orders

On March 30, 2013, the Company’s backlog of unfilled orders was approximately $7,344,000 compared to approximately $3,839,000 at March 31, 2012. As of March 30, 2013, there were approximately $638,000 of orders scheduled for shipment beyond one year. As of March 31, 2012, there were no unfilled orders scheduled for shipment beyond one year. Orders for the Company’s products include program orders from both the U.S. government and defense contractors with extended delivery dates. Accordingly, the backlog of orders may vary substantially from year to year and the backlog entering any single quarter may not be indicative of sales for any period.

Backlog includes only those customer orders for which a delivery schedule has been agreed upon between the Company and the customer and, in the case of U.S. government orders, for which funding has been appropriated.

Competition

Giga-tronics serves the broad market for electronic instrumentation with applications ranging from the design, test, calibration and maintenance of other electronic devices to providing sophisticated components for complex electronic systems to sub-systems capable of sorting and identifying high frequency communication signals. These applications cut across the commercial, industrial and military segments of the broad market. The Company has a variety of competitors. Several of its competitors are much larger than the Company and have greater resources and substantially broader product lines. Others are of comparable size with more limited product lines.

Competition from numerous existing companies is intense and potential new entrants are expected to increase. The Company’s instrument, switch, oscillator and synthesizer products compete with Agilent, Anritsu, EADS, Aeroflex and Rohde & Schwarz. Many of these companies have substantially greater research and development, manufacturing, marketing, financial, technological, personnel and managerial resources than Giga-tronics. There can be no assurance that any products developed by these competitors will not gain greater market acceptance than any developed by Giga-tronics.

To compete effectively in this circumstance, the Company (a) places strong emphasis on maintaining a high degree of technical competence as it relates to the development of new products and the upgrading of existing products and (b) is highly selective in establishing technological objectives. The Company does not attempt to compete ‘across the board’, but selectively based upon its particular strengths and the competitors’ perceived limitations.

Specification requirements of customers in this market vary widely. The Company is able to compete by offering products that meet a customer’s particular specification requirements; by being able to offer certain product specifications at lower cost resulting from the Company’s past production of products with similar specifications; and by being able to offer certain product specifications at a higher quality level. All of these advantages are attributable to the Company’s continuing investment in research and development and in a highly trained engineering staff.

The customer’s decision is most often based on the best match of its particular requirements and the supplier’s operating specifications. In most cases, attracting and retaining customers does not require the Company to offer the best overall product with respect to each of the customer’s requirements, but rather the best product relative to the specifications that are most important to the customer. 

When the opportunity involves custom solutions, price is not the only consideration. Satisfying the customer’s specific requirements becomes more important and the Company believes it has more flexibility in making modifications and enhancements than its larger and more structured competitors.

Sales and Marketing

Giga-tronics and Microsource market their products through various independent distributors and representatives to commercial and government customers for its instrument product but sell primarily direct on its switch and component products, although not necessarily through the same distributors and representatives.

Product Development

Products of the type manufactured by Giga-tronics historically have had relatively long product life cycles. However, the electronics industry is subject to rapid technological changes at the component level. The future success of the Company is dependent on its ability to steadily incorporate advancements in component technologies into its new products. In fiscal 2013, product development expenses totaled approximately $4,282,000 including non-recurring engineering (NRE) costs. In fiscal 2012, product development expenses were $2,893,000 including NRE costs.

Activities included the development of new products and the improvement of existing products. It is management’s intention to maintain product development at levels required to sustain its competitive position. The Company’s product development activities are funded internally or through outside equity investment and are expensed as incurred.

Giga-tronics expects to continue to make significant investments in research and development. There can be no assurance that future technologies, processes or product developments will not render Giga-tronics’ current product offerings obsolete or that Giga-tronics will be able to develop and introduce new products or enhancements to existing products that satisfy customer needs in a timely manner or achieve market acceptance. The failure to do so could adversely affect Giga-tronics’ business.

Manufacturing

The assembly and testing of Giga-tronics Division microwave synthesizers, RF and power measurement products and its switching and connecting devices are done at its San Ramon facility. The assembly and testing of Microsource’s line of YIG tuned oscillators, filters and microwave synthesizers were done at its Santa Rosa facility, however as discussed more fully in ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSS AND ANALYSIS OR PLAN OF OPERATION, the Company completed the process of moving the Microsource operation to its San Ramon facility on May 31, 2013, after the reporting period ended.

Environment

To the best of its knowledge, the Company is in compliance with all Federal, state and local laws and regulations involving the protection of the environment.

Employees

As of March 30, 2013, Giga-tronics employed 90 individuals on a full-time basis compared to 89 as of March 30, 2012. Management believes that the future success of the Company depends on its ability to attract and retain skilled personnel. None of the Company’s employees are represented by a labor union, and the Company considers its employee relations to be good.

Information about Foreign Operations

The Company sells to its international customers through a network of foreign technical sales representative organizations. All transactions between the Company and its international customers are in U.S. dollars.

See Item 8, footnote 5 of the consolidated financial statements for further breakdown of international sales for the last two years. 

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS 

Business climate is volatile

The recent financial crisis/recession and continued economic uncertainty represent a continued risk for the Company and has resulted in delays of orders and/or cancellations. Giga-tronics has a significant number of defense-related orders. If the defense market demand decreases, actual shipments could be less than projected shipments with a resulting decline in sales. The Company’s commercial product backlog has a number of risks and uncertainties such as the cancellation or deferral of orders, dispute over performance and the Company’s ability to collect amounts due under these orders. If any of these events occur, actual shipments could be less than projected shipments and revenues could decline.

On March 1, 2013 the Federal government process known as “Sequestration” went into effect requiring automatic, indiscriminate across-the-board budget cuts to government programs. Sequestration will likely impact the way in which the government chooses to spend its money, but the effect Sequestration may have on Giga-tronics is uncertain.

Giga-tronics’ sales are substantially dependent on the wireless industry

Giga-tronics sells directly or indirectly to customers and equipment manufacturers in the wireless industry. This industry continues to experience dramatic and rapid change. As such, the business that Giga-tronics records could decrease or existing recorded backlog could be deferred resulting in lower than projected shipments which may have a material adverse effect on operating results.

Giga-tronics’ markets involve rapidly changing technology and standards

The market for electronics equipment is characterized by rapidly changing technology and evolving industry standards. Giga-tronics believes that its future success will depend in part upon its ability to develop and commercialize its existing products, develop new products and applications, and in part to develop, manufacture and successfully introduce new products and product lines with improved capabilities and to continue to enhance existing products. There can be no assurance that Giga-tronics will successfully complete the development of current or future products, or that such products will achieve market acceptance. The inability to develop new products in a timely manner could have a material adverse impact on operating performance and liquidity.

Future liquidity is uncertain

Giga-tronics’ common stock price is volatile

The market price of the Company’s common stock could be subject to significant fluctuations in response to variations in quarterly operating results, reduction in revenues or lower earnings or increased losses and reduced levels of liquidity when compared to previous quarterly periods, and other factors such as announcements of technological innovations or new products by Giga-tronics or by competitors, government regulations or developments in patent or other proprietary rights. In addition, the NASDAQ Capital Market and other stock markets have experienced significant price fluctuations in recent years. Some of these fluctuations often have been unrelated to the reported operating performance of the specific companies whose stocks are traded. Broad market fluctuations, as well as general foreign and domestic economic conditions, may adversely affect the market price of the common stock.

Giga-tronics stock at any time has historically traded on low volume on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Sales of a significant volume of stock could result in a decline of Giga-tronics’ share price. 

Performance problems in Giga-tronics’ products or problems arising from the use of its products together with other vendors’ products may harm its business and reputation

Products as complex as those Giga-tronics produces may contain unknown and undetected defects or performance problems. For example, it is possible that a product might not comply with stipulated specifications under all circumstances. In addition, Giga-tronics’ customers generally use its products together with their own products and products from other vendors. As a result, when problems occur in a combined environment, it may be difficult to identify the source of the problem. A defect or performance problem could result in lost revenues, increased warranty costs, diversion of engineering and management time and effort, impaired customer relationships and injury to Giga-tronics’ reputation generally. To date, performance problems in Giga-tronics’ products or in other products used together with Giga-tronics’ products have not had a material adverse effect on its business. However, management cannot be certain that a material adverse impact will not occur in the future.

Giga-tronics’ competition has greater resources

The Company’s instrument, switch, oscillator and synthesizer products compete with Agilent, Anritsu, EADS, Aeroflex and Rohde & Schwarz. Many of these companies have substantially greater research and development, manufacturing, marketing, financial, and technological personnel and managerial resources than Giga-tronics. These resources also make these competitors better able to withstand difficult market conditions than the Company. There can be no assurance that any products developed by the competitors will not gain greater market acceptance than any developed by Giga-tronics.

Giga-tronics acquisitions may not be effectively integrated and their integration may be costly

As part of its business strategy, Giga-tronics may broaden its product lines and expand its markets, in part through the acquisition of other business entities. Giga-tronics is subject to various risks in connection with any future acquisitions. Such risks include, among other things, the difficulty of assimilating the operations and personnel of the acquired companies, the potential disruption of the Company’s business, the inability of management to maximize the financial and strategic position of the Company by the successful incorporation of acquired technology and rights into its product offerings, the maintenance of uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies, and the potential loss of key employees of acquired companies. No assurance can be given that any acquisition by Giga-tronics will or will not occur, that if an acquisition does occur, that it will not materially harm the Company or that any such acquisition will be successful in enhancing the Company’s business. The Company currently contemplates that future acquisitions may involve the issuance of additional shares of common stock. Any such issuance may result in dilution to all Giga-tronics’ shareholders, and sales of such shares in significant volume by the shareholders of acquired companies may depress the price of its common stock.

The Company has not made any acquisitions in the past several years.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

As of March 30, 2013, Giga-tronics’ principal executive office and the marketing, sales and engineering offices and manufacturing facilities for its microwave and RF signal generator and power measurement products are located in approximately 47,300 square feet in San Ramon, California, which the Company occupies under a lease agreement expiring December 31, 2016.

Microsource’s manufacturing facilities for its YIG tuned oscillators, filters and microwave synthesizers were located in an approximately 33,400 square foot facility in Santa Rosa, California, which it occupied under a lease expiring May 31, 2013.   During the 2013 fiscal year, Microsource operations were in the process of relocating to the Company’s principal office in San Ramon, California. After the reporting period, on May 31, 2013, the relocation was complete, and the lease expired.

The Company believes that its facilities are adequate for its business activities.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As of March 30, 2013, the Company has no material pending legal proceedings. From time to time, Giga-tronics is involved in various disputes and litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER REPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Common Stock Market Prices

Giga-tronics’ common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market (formerly the NASDAQ Small Cap Market) using the symbol “GIGA’. The number of record holders of the Company’s common stock as of March 30, 2013 was approximately 1,700. The table below shows the high and low closing bid quotations for the common stock during the indicated fiscal periods. These quotations reflect inter-dealer prices without retain mark-ups, mark-downs, or commission and may not reflect actual transactions.

Giga-tronics has not paid cash dividends in the past and has no current plans to do so in the future, believing the best use of its available capital is in the enhancement of its product position.

In fiscal year 2013 Giga-tronics issued 3,424.65 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock at no par value to Alara Capital AVI II, LLC (“Alara”) for $146 per share. Other than the shares issued to Alara, Giga-tronics has not issued any unregistered securities or repurchased any of its securities during the past fiscal year.

In fiscal year 2012 Giga-tronics issued 9,997 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock at no par value to Alara for $220 per share. Other than the shares issued to Alara, Giga-tronics has not issued any unregistered securities or repurchased any of its securities during fiscal 2012.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information on options and other equity rights outstanding and available at March 30, 2013.

Issuer Repurchases

The Company did not repurchase any of its equity securities during the fiscal year ended March 30, 2013. 

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Pursuant to Item 301(c) of Regulation S-K., the Company, as a smaller reporting company, is not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OR PLAN OF OPERATION

Overview

Giga-tronics produces instruments, subsystems and sophisticated microwave components that have broad applications in both defense electronics and wireless telecommunications. In fiscal years 2013 and 2012 Giga-tronics business consisted of two operating and reporting segments: Giga-tronics Division and Microsource. Both the Giga-tronics Division and Microsource sell into the commercial and government / defense markets.

In fiscal 2013 the Giga-tronics Division saw decreases in new orders and sales from the defense sector, due to less demand associated with two older product lines. One product line, a synthesizer used in the maintenance of defense communications equipment (“SG VXI”), is no longer manufactured. A second product, a family of switch modules associated the SCPM product line, was sold to Teradyne in April 2013 (see Note 15, Subsequent Events).

In fiscal 2013 Microsource saw increases in new orders and sales from the defense sector associated with radar filter components used for existing military aircraft being retrofitted and new military aircraft being manufactured.

In fiscal 2013 the commercial market orders for the Giga-tronics Division were relatively even when compared to fiscal 2012. Commercial sales for Microsource increased during fiscal 2013 when compared to fiscal 2012.

Fiscal 2013 saw a continuation of losses for the Company. As part of the effort to improve the Company’s future operating performance, the Company reduced costs and expenses, except in engineering. In engineering the Company increased expenses to develop a new product platform that is currently scheduled to be released in the second half of fiscal 2014.

The Company business is highly dependent on government spending in the defense electronics sector and on the wireless telecommunications market. The Company continues to monitor costs, including personnel, facilities and other expenses, to more appropriately align costs with revenues.

Results of Operations

New orders by segment are as follows for the fiscal years ended:

New orders received in fiscal 2013 increased 33% to $17,692,000 from the $13,306,000 received in fiscal 2012. The increase is primarily due to a $6,596,000 increase in Microsource defense orders associated with radar filter components used for existing military aircraft being retrofitted and new military aircraft being manufactured. This was partially offset by a $2,185,000 decrease in Giga-tronics Division defense orders, primarily from a decrease of switch modules associated with the older SCPM product line that was sold to Teradyne in April 2013 (see Note 15, Subsequent Events).

New orders received in fiscal 2012 decreased 18% to $13,306,000 from the $16,182,000 received in fiscal 2011. The decrease is primarily due to a $5,736,000 reduction in Giga-tonics Division commercial orders driven by a decrease in test equipment orders from a major consumer electronics and smart phone manufacturer. This was partially offset by a $2,438,000 increase in Giga-tonics Division military orders, primarily due to orders for switch modules of the older SCPM product line, and additional orders from an end of life buy of the SG VXI.

The following table shows order backlog and related information at fiscal year-end:

The increase in backlog at year-end 2013 of 91% was primarily due to orders received from Microsource defense orders associated with radar filter components.

The increase in backlog at year-end 2012 of 5% was primarily due to orders received for both Giga-tronics Division switch module and from Microsource defense radar filter component orders.

The allocation of net sales was as follows for the fiscal years shown:

The allocation of net sales by segment was as follows for the fiscal years shown:

Net sales in fiscal 2013 were $14,187,000, an 8% increase from $13,116,000 of net sales in fiscal 2012. Microsource sales increased 84% or $2,189,000 primarily due to increased defense sales caused by the fulfillment of radar filter component orders. Sales at Giga-tronics Division decreased 11% or $1,118,000 primarily due to lower defense sales caused by the SG VXI product end of life.

Fiscal 2012 net sales were $13,116,000, a 38% decrease from the $21,029,000 of net sales in 2011. The decrease in sales was primarily due to lower commercial shipments. Sales at Giga-tronics Division decreased 25%, or $3,443,000, primarily due to the decrease in orders from a major consumer electronics and smart phone manufacturer. Microsource sales decreased by $4,470,000 primarily due to a gap in 2012 between the initial deliveries of beta radar filter components to a customer, which mainly occurred in fiscal 2011, and the delivery of production units to the same customer that began to increase in fiscal 2013.

The allocation of cost of sales by segment was as follows for the fiscal years shown:

In fiscal 2013, cost of sales decreased 13% to $8,710,000 from $9,986,000 in fiscal 2012. The decrease is primarily due to a $1,549,000 excess and obsolete inventory reserve charge in fiscal 2012, which is discussed below, which was partially offset by increased costs associated with the fiscal 2013 increase in sales.

In fiscal 2012, cost of sales decreased 17% to $9,986,000 from $12,100,000 in fiscal 2011, driven primarily by lower sales volume at both Giga-tronics Division and Microsource, which was partially offset by increases in cost of sales at both Giga-tronics Division and Microsource from $1,549,000 in excess and obsolete inventory reserves including reserves established on end of life products.

Operating expenses were as follows for the fiscal years shown:

Operating expenses increased $698,000 in fiscal 2013 over 2012 due to an increase of $1,389,000 in engineering expenses that include $829,000 in product development costs associated with constructing prototype and beta test units of our new product platform, and restructuring costs of $387,000 (see below). This was partially offset by a $1,078,000 reduction in selling, general and administrative expenses, primarily related to personnel reductions of $386,000, lower sales commission expense of $275,000 due to increased non commissionable Microsource sales, and $138,000 less in marketing programs. The Company plans to aggressively invest in its new product platform but anticipates a future reduction in operating costs once the planned move of the Microsource operation from Santa Rosa to San Ramon is completed in fiscal 2014. The Company recorded $310,000 of share based compensation expense in fiscal 2013.

Operating expenses increased $892,000 in fiscal 2012 over 2011 due to an increase of $734,000 in product development expenses excluding NRE costs and an increase of $158,000 in selling, general and administrative expense. The increase in product development expenses is due to a more aggressive investment in instrument products. In fiscal year 2012 Giga-tronics strengthened marketing activities with a new Vice President of Marketing along with increased travel and spending on advertising. The increase in selling, general and administrative expense is a result of higher marketing expense of $255,000, higher commission expense of $96,000 offset by lower administrative expense of $193,000. The Company recorded $289,000 of share based compensation expense in fiscal 2012.

The major types of cost associated with this move and estimates of their respective total costs are as follows:

Of the total estimated expense, $418,000 was expensed during fiscal 2013. A prorated portion of the retention agreements (73%) and a portion of the preparation of the San Ramon facility (35%) have been accrued for as of March 30, 2013. During fiscal 2012, $31,000 was expensed related to the retention agreements. The balance of the restructuring costs will be expensed through the third quarter of fiscal year 2014. The Company vacated its Santa Rosa facility in May of 2013.

Net interest expense in fiscal 2013 was $16,000, an increase of $14,000 over fiscal 2012 and was due to borrowings under the Company’s line of credit.

Net interest expense in fiscal 2012 was $2,000 and net interest income in fiscal 2011 was $4,000.

Giga-tronics recorded a pretax loss of $4,204,000 for fiscal year 2013 versus pretax loss of $5,850,000 for fiscal year 2012. The lower pre-tax loss in fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 was primarily due to increased sales and lower selling, general & administrative expenses which was partially offset by increased engineering expenses related to new product development and increased expenses related to the restructuring. Giga-tronics recorded a pre-tax loss of $5,850,000 for fiscal year 2012 versus pre-tax income of $847,000 for fiscal year 2011. The loss before income taxes in fiscal 2012 was primarily due to a decrease in sales volume and an increase in operating expenses primarily associated with an increase in R&D efforts in fiscal 2012.

Inventories consist of the following:

Net inventories decreased by $140,000 at March 30, 2013 compared to March 31, 2012 and was primarily due to lower levels of long lead items and lower safety stock.

Financial Condition and Liquidity

As of March 30, 2013, Giga-tronics had $1,882,000 in cash and cash-equivalents, compared to $2,365,000 as of March 31, 2012.

Working capital at the end of fiscal year 2013 was $3,267,000 as compared to $6,568,000 at the end of fiscal year 2012.  The current ratio (current assets divided by current liabilities) at March 30, 2013 was 1.61 as compared to 4.14 at March 31, 2012. The decrease in working capital and current ratio was primarily attributable to the operating loss in fiscal 2013. 

Cash used in operating activities amounted to $1,568,000 in fiscal 2013 and $806,000 in fiscal 2012. Cash used in fiscal year 2013 operating activities was primarily attributed to the net loss of $4,206,000 for the year which was partially offset by a $2,271,000 increase in deferred revenue associated with the Company progress billing a customer for contracted milestones completed, but before final delivery of the finished product. Cash used in operating activities in fiscal year 2012 of $806,000 was primarily attributed to the net loss of $5,852,000 for the year, which was partially offset by a $4,510,000 decrease of accounts receivable associated with collections.

Additions to property and equipment were $349,000 in fiscal 2013, of which $170,000 were related to capital lease obligations, compared to $214,000 in fiscal 2012, of which $31,000 were related to capital lease obligations. The increase in property and equipment in fiscal 2013 was attributable to new engineering projects. The increase in property and equipment in fiscal 2012 was due to an upgrade of manufacturing equipment required for certain new products.

Cash provided by financing activities in fiscal year 2013 $1,264,000 was primarily due to $857,000 in proceeds from the Company’s line of credit with Silicon Valley Bank and $457,000 in net proceeds from the issuance of Series C convertible preferred stock. Cash provided by financing activities in fiscal 2012 was primarily due to $1,997,000 in net proceeds from the issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock shares and from the sale of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options.

The Company has incurred net losses of $4,206,000 in fiscal 2013, and $5,852,000 in fiscal 2012. These net losses have contributed to an accumulated deficit of $14,278,000 at March 30, 2013, and elevate a cause for concern regarding the Company’s future. To address this concern Management has taken numerous actions to provide additional working capital over the next twelve months, and reduce the costs and expenses going forward. On March 18, 2013 the Company entered into an Asset Purchase agreement with Teradyne Inc. (“Teradyne”), whereby Teradyne agreed to purchase the Giga-tronics Division product line known as SCPM for $1,000,000. The $1,000,000 for SCPM is payable over the first nine months of fiscal 2014 (see Note 15, Subsequent Events). To ensure the Company has the ability to continue borrowing over the next two fiscal years, on June 11, 2013 the Company extended its line of credit from October 12, 2012 to April 15, 2015, and increased the maximum advances associated with the Company’s accounts receivable from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 (see Note 12, Line of Credit). Using the terms pursuant to the new line of credit, management estimates $152,000 of additional borrowing capacity would have been available as of March 30, 2013. To provide additional working capital for operations, on June 27, 2013 the Company entered into Securities Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) with Alara Capital AVI II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Investor”). Under the terms of the SPA, the Company will sell to the Investor 5,111.86 shares of a new Series D Convertible Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase up to 511,186 additional shares of common stock at the price of $1.43 per share for approximately $858,000 in proceeds at the closing of the transaction, which is anticipated to be in July 2013 (see Note 15, Subsequent Events).

To assist with the upfront purchases of inventory required for future product deliveries, the Company has entered into advance payment arrangements with a large customer, whereby the customer reimburses the Company for raw material purchases prior to the shipment of the finished products. In fiscal 2013 these advance payments totaled approximately $2,300,000. In fiscal 2014 the Company has currently contracted approximately $1,300,000, and will seek similar terms with future agreements with the Customer, and other customers. On May 31, 2013 the Company completed the consolidation of its Santa Rosa, California facility into its headquarters in San Ramon, California. The Company expects to save approximately $500,000 annually in facility costs, plus the Company expects other operational efficiencies associated with having the majority of the company at one location. Management also plans to further increase operational efficiencies by continuing to work down product inventories that are on hand at March 30, 2013, and paid for. In addition, Management will continue to review all aspects of the business in an effort to reduce costs and expenses, while continuing to invest in new product development for future revenue streams. Management believes that through these efforts the Company will have the working capital required to continue its operations through fiscal 2014.   

There are also no assurances that we will not be required to seek additional working capital through debt or equity offerings. If such additional working capital is required, there are no assurances that such financing will be available on favorable terms to the Company, if at all, though we have been successful in the past in obtaining the levels of capital needed to continue operations and believe that we would be able to do so if necessary through fiscal 2014.

Contractual Obligations

The Company leases various facilities under operating leases that expire through December 2016. Total future minimum lease payments under these leases amount to approximately $2,550,000.

The Company leases equipment under capital leases that expire through August 2015. The future minimum lease payments under these leases amount to approximately $170,000.

Critical Accounting Policies

The Company’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and the results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements included in this report and the data used to prepare them. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and management is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions in the course of such preparation. The Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included with the consolidated financial statements describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, the Company re-evaluates its judgments, estimates and assumptions, including those related to revenue recognition, product warranties, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation of inventories, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, product development costs and share based compensation. The Company bases its judgment and estimates on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions, and its beliefs of what could occur in the future considering available information. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management of Giga-tronics has identified the following as the Company’s critical accounting policies:

Revenue Recognition

Revenues are recognized when there is evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. This generally occurs when products are shipped and the risk of loss has passed. Revenue related to products shipped subject to customers’ evaluation is recognized upon final acceptance. Revenue recognized under the milestone method is recognized once milestones are met. Determining whether a milestone is substantive is a matter of judgment and that assessment is performed only at the inception of the arrangement. The consideration earned from the achievement of a milestone must meet all of the following for the milestone to be considered substantive:

a. It is commensurate with either of the following:

1. The Company’s performance to achieve the milestone

2. The enhancement of the value of the delivered item or items as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the Company's performance to achieve the milestone.

b. It relates solely to past performance.

c. It is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms (including other potential milestone consideration) within the arrangement.

Milestones for revenue recognition are agreed upon with the customer prior to the start of the contract and some milestones will be tied to product shipping while others will be tied to design review.

On certain contracts with one of the Company’s significant customers the Company receives payments in advance of manufacturing. Advanced payments are recorded as deferred revenue until the revenue recognition criteria described above has been met.

Product Warranties

The Company’s warranty policy generally provides one to three years of coverage depending on the product. The Company records a liability for estimated warranty obligations at the date products are sold. The estimated cost of warranty coverage is based on the Company’s actual historical experience with its current products or similar products. For new products, the required reserve is based on historical experience of similar products until sufficient historical data has been collected on the new product. Adjustments are made as new information becomes available.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable values. The Company has estimated an allowance for uncollectible accounts based on analysis of specifically identified problem accounts, outstanding receivables, consideration of the age of those receivables, the Company’s historical collection experience, and adjustments for other factors management believes are necessary based on perceived credit risk.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.  The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.  Future tax benefits are subject to a valuation allowance when management is unable to conclude that its deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized.  The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.  Management considers both positive and negative evidence and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

The Company considers all tax positions recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the likelihood of realization.  When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the positions taken or the amounts of the positions that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority.  The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above, if any, would be reflected as unrecognized tax benefits, as applicable, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination.  The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations.

Share Based Compensation

The Company has a stock incentive plan that provides for the issuance of stock options and restricted stock to employees and directors. The Company calculates share based compensation expense using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and records the fair value of awards expected to vest over the requisite service period. In so doing, the Company makes certain key assumptions in making estimates used in the model. The Company believes the estimates used, which are presented in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, are appropriate and reasonable.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

The Company has no other off-balance-sheet arrangements (including standby letters of credit, guaranties, contingent interests in transferred assets, contingent obligations indexed to its own stock or any obligation arising out of a variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides credit or other support to the Company), that have or are likely to have a material effect on its financial conditions, changes in financial conditions, revenue, expense, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable. 

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Index To Financial Statements And Schedules

See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1       Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company   The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Giga-tronics Incorporated (“Giga-tronics”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Microsource Incorporated (“Microsource”), collectively the “Company”. The Company’s corporate office and manufacturing facilities are located in Northern California. Giga-tronics and its subsidiary company design, manufacture and market a broad line of test and measurement equipment used in the development, test, and maintenance of wireless communications products and systems, flight navigational equipment, electronic defense systems, and automatic testing systems. The Company also manufactures and markets a line of test, measurement, and handling equipment used in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices. The Company’s products are sold worldwide to customers in the test and measurement and semiconductor industries. The Company currently has no foreign-based operations or material amounts of identifiable assets in foreign countries. Its gross margins on foreign and domestic sales are similar, and all non-U.S. sales are made in U.S. dollars.

Principles of Consolidation   The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Giga-tronics and its wholly- owned subsidiary. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Presentation   The Company has incurred net losses of $4,206,000 in fiscal 2013, and $5,852,000 in fiscal 2012. These net losses have contributed to an accumulated deficit of $14,278,000 at March 30, 2013, and elevate a cause for concern regarding the Company’s future. To address this concern Management has taken numerous actions to provide additional working capital over the next twelve months, and reduce the costs and expenses going forward. On March 18, 2013 the Company entered into an Asset Purchase agreement with Teradyne Inc. (“Teradyne”), whereby Teradyne agreed to purchase the Giga-tronics Division product line known as SCPM for $1,000,000. The $1,000,000 for SCPM is payable over the first nine months of fiscal 2014 (see Note 15, Subsequent Events). To ensure the Company has the ability to continue borrowing over the next two fiscal years, on June 11, 2013 the Company extended its line of credit from October 12, 2012 to April 15, 2015, and increased the maximum advances associated with the Company’s accounts receivable from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 (see Note 12, Line of Credit). To provide additional working capital for operations, on June 27, 2013 the Company entered into Securities Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) with Alara Capital AVI II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Investor”). Under the terms of the SPA, the Company agreed to sell to the Investor 5,111.86 shares of a new Series D Convertible Voting Perpetual Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase up to 511,186 additional shares of common stock at the price of $1.43 per share for approximately $858,000 in proceeds at the closing of the transaction, which is anticipated to be in July 2013. (see Note 15, Subsequent Events).

To assist with the upfront purchases of inventory required for future product deliveries, the Company has entered into advance payment arrangements with a large customer, whereby the customer reimburses the Company for raw material purchases prior to the shipment of the finished products. In fiscal 2013 these advance payments totaled approximately $2,300,000. In fiscal 2014 the Company has currently contracted approximately $1,300,000, and will seek similar terms with future agreements with the Customer, and other customers. On May 31, 2013 the Company completed the consolidation of its Santa Rosa, California facility into its headquarters in San Ramon, California. The Company expects to save approximately $500,000 annually in facility costs, plus the Company expects other operational efficiencies associated with having the majority of the company at one location. Management also plans to further increase operational efficiencies by continuing to work down product inventories that are on hand at March 30, 2013, and paid for. In addition, Management will continue to review all aspects of the business in an effort to reduce costs and expenses, while continuing to invest in new product development for future revenue streams. Management believes that through these efforts the Company will have the working capital required to continue its operations through fiscal 2014. 

Use of Estimates   The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, share-based compensation and income taxes are particularly subject to change.

Fiscal Year   The Company’s financial reporting year consists of either a 52 week or 53 week period ending on the last Saturday of the month of March. Fiscal year 2013, ended on March 30, 2013 resulting in a 52 week year, while fiscal year 2012, ended on March 31, 2012 resulting in a 53 week year. All references to years in the consolidated financial statements relate to fiscal years rather than calendar years.

Reclassifications   Certain reclassifications, none of which affected the prior year’s net income or shareholders’ equity, have been made to prior year balances in order to conform to the current year presentation. 

Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue   The Company records revenue when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. This occurs when products are shipped or the customer accepts title transfer. If the arrangement involves acceptance terms, the Company defers revenue until product acceptance is received. On certain large development contracts, revenue is recognized upon achievement of substantive milestones. Determining whether a milestone is substantive is a matter of judgment and that assessment is performed only at the inception of the arrangement. The consideration earned from the achievement of a milestone must meet all of the following for the milestone to be considered substantive:

a. It is commensurate with either of the following:

1. The Company’s performance to achieve the milestone

2. The enhancement of the value of the delivered item or items as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the Company's performance to achieve the milestone.

b. It relates solely to past performance.

c. It is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms (including other potential milestone consideration) within the arrangement.

Milestones for revenue recognition are agreed upon with the customer prior to the start of the contract and some milestones will be tied to product shipping while others will be tied to design review.

On certain contracts with one of the Company’s significant customers the Company receives payments in advance of manufacturing. Advanced payments are recorded as deferred revenue until the revenue recognition criteria described above has been met.

Accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable value. The Company has estimated an allowance for uncollectable accounts based on analysis of specifically identified accounts, outstanding receivables, consideration of the age of those receivables, the Company’s historical collection experience, and adjustments for other factors management believes are necessary based on perceived credit risk. The activity in the reserve account is as follows:

Accrued Warranty   The Company’s warranty policy generally provides one to three years of coverage depending on the product. The Company records a liability for estimated warranty obligations at the date products are sold. The estimated cost of warranty coverage is based on the Company’s actual historical experience with its current products or similar products. For new products, the required reserve is based on historical experience of similar products until such time as sufficient historical data has been collected on the new product. Adjustments are made as new information becomes available.

Inventories   Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market using full absorption and standard costing. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Standard costing and overhead allocation rates are reviewed by management periodically, but not less than annually. Overhead rates are recorded to inventory based on capacity management expects for the period the inventory will be held. Reserves are recorded within cost of sales for impaired or obsolete inventory when the cost of inventory exceeds its estimated fair value. Management evaluates the need for inventory reserves based on its estimate of the amount realizable through projected sales including an evaluation of whether a product is reaching the end of its life cycle. When inventory is discarded it is written off against the inventory reserve, as inventory generally has already been fully reserved for at the time it is discarded.

Research and Development   Research and development expenditures, which include the cost of materials consumed in research and development activities, salaries, wages and other costs of personnel engaged in research and development, costs of services performed by others for research and development on the Company’s behalf and indirect costs are expensed as operating expenses when incurred. 

Property and Equipment   Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from three to ten years for machinery and equipment and office fixtures. Leasehold improvements and assets acquired under capital leases are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the respective assets or the lease term. 

The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the sum of its expected future cash flows on an undiscounted basis, the asset’s carrying amount would be written down to fair value. Additionally, the Company reports long-lived assets to be disposed of at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. As of March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012, management believes there has been no impairment of the Company’s long-lived assets.

Deferred Rent   Rent expense is recognized in an amount equal to the guaranteed base rent plus contractual future minimum rental increases amortized on the straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, including free rent periods.

Income Taxes   Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.  The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.  Future tax benefits are subject to a valuation allowance when management is unable to conclude that its deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized.  The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.  Management considers both positive and negative evidence and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

The Company considers all tax positions recognized in its financial statements for the likelihood of realization.  When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the positions taken or the amounts of the positions that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority.  The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above, if any, would be reflected as unrecognized tax benefits, as applicable, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination.  The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations.

Product Development Costs   The Company incurs pre-production costs on certain long-term supply arrangements. The costs, which represent non-recurring engineering and tooling costs, are capitalized as other assets and amortized over their useful life when reimbursable by the customer. All other product development costs are charged to operations as incurred. There were no capitalized pre-production costs included in other assets as of March 30, 2013 or March 31, 2012.

Software Development Costs   Development costs included in the research and development of new products and enhancements to existing products are expensed as incurred, until technological feasibility in the form of a working model has been established. To date, completion of software development has been concurrent with the establishment of technological feasibility, and accordingly, no costs have been capitalized.

Share-based Compensation   The Company has established the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, which provides for the granting of options for up to 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock. The Company records share-based compensation expense for the fair value of all stock options and restricted stock that are ultimately expected to vest as the requisite service is rendered.

The cash flows resulting from the tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for those options (excess tax benefits) are classified as cash flows from financing in the statements of cash flows. These excess tax benefits were not significant for the Company for the fiscal years ended March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012.

In calculating compensation related to stock option grants, the fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. The computation of expected volatility used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model is based on the historical volatility of Giga-tronics’ share price. The expected term is estimated based on a review of historical employee exercise behavior with respect to option grants.

The fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the fair value of the underlying shares at the date of the grant. Management makes estimates regarding pre-vesting forfeitures that will impact timing of compensation expense recognized for stock option and restricted stock awards. 

Earnings or Loss Per Common Share   Basic earnings or loss per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share incorporate the incremental shares issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options and warrants using the treasury stock method. Anti-dilutive options are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

Comprehensive Income or Loss   There are no items of comprehensive income or loss other than net income or loss.

Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk - Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company’s cash equivalents consist of overnight deposits with federally insured financial institutions. Concentration of credit risk in trade accounts receivable results primarily from sales to major customers. The Company individually evaluates the creditworthiness of its customers and generally does not require collateral or other security. At March 30, 2013, three customers combined accounted for 59% of consolidated gross accounts receivable primarily due to the timing of the receivables. At March 31, 2012, three customers combined accounted for 36% of consolidated gross accounts receivable primarily due to the timing of the receivables.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments   The Company’s financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and line of credit. The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability. The Company uses fair value measurements based on quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity can access as of the measurement date (Level 1), significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data (Level 2), or significant unobservable inputs reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability (Level 3), depending on the nature of the item being valued.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and line of credit approximate their fair values at each balance sheet date due to the short-term maturity of these financial instruments.

2       Cash and Cash-Equivalents

Cash and cash-equivalents of $1,882,000 and $2,365,000 at March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012, respectively, consisted of demand deposits with a financial institution that is a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). At March 30, 2013, $1,382,000 of the Company’s demand deposits exceeded FDIC insurance limits.

3       Inventories

Inventories, net of reserves, consisted of the following:

4       Selling and Advertising Expenses

Selling expenses consist primarily of commissions paid to various sales representatives and marketing agencies. Commission expense totaled $386,000 and $661,000 for fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively. Advertising costs, which are expensed as incurred, totaled $23,000 and $146,000 for fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively.

5       Significant Customers and Industry Segment Information

The Company has two reportable segments: Giga-tronics Division and Microsource. Giga-tronics Division produces a broad line of test and measurement equipment used in the development, test and maintenance of wireless communications products and systems, flight navigational equipment, electronic defense systems and automatic testing systems and designs, manufactures, and markets a line of switching devices that link together many specific purpose instruments that comprise automatic test systems. Microsource develops and manufactures a broad line of Yttrium, Iron and Garnet (YIG) tuned oscillators, filters and microwave synthesizers, which are used in a wide variety of microwave instruments or devices.

The Company's reportable operating segments are strategic business units that offer different products and services. They are managed separately because each business utilizes different technology and requires different accounting systems. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is considered to be the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). The CEO reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied by disaggregated information about revenues and pre-tax income by operating segment. The tables below present information for the fiscal years ended in 2013 and 2012.

The Company’s Giga-tronics Division and Microsource segments sell to agencies of the U.S. government and U.S. defense-related customers. In fiscal 2013 and 2012, U.S. government and U.S. defense-related customers accounted for 58% and 57% of sales, respectively. During fiscal 2013, one customer accounted for 30% of the Company’s consolidated revenues at March 30, 2013 and was included in the Microsource segment. A second customer accounted for 12% of the Company’s consolidated revenues at March 30, 2013 and was included in the Giga-tronics Division. During fiscal 2012, one customer accounted for 17% of the Company’s consolidated revenues at March 31, 2012 and was included in the Microsource segment. A second customer accounted for 12% of the Company’s consolidated revenues at March 31, 2012 and was included in the Giga-tronics Division.

Export sales accounted for 21% and 20% of the Company’s sales in fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively. Export sales by geographical area for these fiscal years are shown below:

6       Loss per Common Share

Net loss and common shares used in per share computations for the fiscal years ended March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012 are as follows:

The number of stock options and warrants not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share (EPS) for the fiscal years ended March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012 is a result of the Company’s net loss and, therefore, the options are anti-dilutive. The number of restricted stock awards not included in the computation of diluted EPS for the fiscal years ended March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012 reflect contingently issuable shares for which the performance conditions necessary for the awards to vest had not been met as of March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012. The number of convertible preferred shares not included in the computation of diluted EPS for the fiscal years ended March 30, 2013 and March 31, 2012 reflects convertible preferred stock where the assumed proceeds from conversion were greater than the average market price of the common shares and are, therefore, anti-dilutive.

7       Income Taxes

Following are the components of the provision for income taxes:

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets are as follows: