Global Indemnity Group, LLC - Quarter Report: 2023 March (Form 10-Q)

10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from to

001-34809

Commission File Number

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

85-2619578

(State or other jurisdiction

of incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

112 S. French Street, Suite 105

Wilmington, DE 19801

(Address of principal executive office including zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (302) 691-6276

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrant was required to submit such files.). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:


Large accelerated filer	☐;	Accelerated filer	☒;

Non-accelerated filer	☐;	Smaller reporting company	☐;

Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Shares	GBLI	New York Stock Exchange

As of May 1, 2023, the registrant had outstanding 9,672,697 Class A Common Shares and 3,793,612 Class B Common Shares.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


			Page
	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.		Financial Statements:	3

		Consolidated Balance Sheets As of March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	3

		Consolidated Statements of Operations Quarters Ended March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and March 31, 2022 (Unaudited)	4

		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Quarters Ended March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and March 31, 2022 (Unaudited)	5

		Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Quarters Ended March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and March 31, 2022 (Unaudited)	6

		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Quarters Ended March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and March 31, 2022 (Unaudited)	7

		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	8

Item 2.		Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30

Item 3.		Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	47

Item 4.		Controls and Procedures	47

	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.		Legal Proceedings	48

Item 1A.		Risk Factors	48

Item 2.		Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	48

Item 3.		Defaults Upon Senior Securities	48

Item 4.		Mine Safety Disclosures	48

Item 5.		Other Information	48

Item 6.		Exhibits	49

Signature			50

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share amounts)


	(Unaudited) March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Fixed maturities:
Available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $1,300,148 and $1,301,723 net of allowance for expected credit losses of $0 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022)	$	1,257,357		$	1,248,198
Equity securities, at fair value		17,342			17,520
Other invested assets		37,669			38,176
Total investments		1,312,368			1,303,894

Cash and cash equivalents		35,737			38,846
Premium receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $3,379 at March 31, 2023 and $3,322 at December 31, 2022		154,624			168,743
Reinsurance receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $8,992 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022		86,772			85,721
Funds held by ceding insurers		17,339			19,191
Deferred federal income taxes		44,489			47,099
Deferred acquisition costs		58,354			64,894
Intangible assets		14,721			14,810
Goodwill		4,820			4,820
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		14,224			17,421
Lease right of use assets		11,265			11,739
Other assets		22,565			23,597
Total assets	$	1,777,278		$	1,800,775

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	857,520		$	832,404
Unearned premiums		241,945			269,353
Ceded balances payable		5,997			17,241
Payable for securities purchased		1,008			66
Contingent commissions		3,772			8,816
Lease liabilities		15,042			15,701
Other liabilities		23,756			30,965
Total liabilities	$	1,149,040		$	1,174,546

Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)		—			—

Shareholders’ equity:
Series A cumulative fixed rate preferred shares, $1,000 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: 4,000 and 4,000 shares, respectively, liquidation preference: $1,000 per share and $1,000 per share, respectively		4,000			4,000
Common shares: no par value; 900,000,000 common shares authorized; class A common shares issued: 10,928,380 and 10,876,041 respectively; class A common shares outstanding: 9,872,697 and 10,073,660, respectively; class B common shares issued and outstanding: 3,793,612 and 3,793,612, respectively		—			—
Additional paid-in capital		452,385			451,305
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(34,615	)		(43,058	)
Retained earnings		232,506			233,468
Class A common shares in treasury, at cost: 1,055,683 and 802,381 shares, respectively		(26,038	)		(19,486	)
Total shareholders’ equity		628,238			626,229
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,777,278		$	1,800,775

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except shares and per share data)


	(Unaudited) Quarters Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Revenues:
Gross written premiums	$	122,985		$	190,983
Ceded written premiums		(7,124	)		(31,501	)
Net written premiums		115,861			159,482
Change in net unearned premiums		24,211			(10,659	)
Net earned premiums		140,072			148,823
Net investment income		12,008			6,592
Net realized investment losses		(1,520	)		(25,385	)
Other income		354			426
Total revenues		150,914			130,456

Losses and Expenses:
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		88,001			84,695
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		53,478			56,692
Corporate and other operating expenses		6,368			4,660
Interest expense		—			2,595
Income (loss) before income taxes		3,067			(18,186	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		573			(3,413	)
Net income (loss)	$	2,494		$	(14,773	)
Less: preferred stock distributions		110			110
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders	$	2,384		$	(14,883	)

Per share data:
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders (1)
Basic	$	0.17		$	(1.03	)
Diluted	$	0.17		$	(1.03	)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding
Basic		13,670,732			14,514,950
Diluted		13,929,146			14,514,950
Cash distributions declared per common share	$	0.25		$	0.25

(1)

For the quarter ended March 31, 2022, “weighted average shares outstanding – basic” was used to calculate “diluted earnings per share” due to a net loss for this period.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands)


	(Unaudited) Quarters Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Net income (loss)	$	2,494		$	(14,773	)

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized holding gains (losses)		8,157			(42,372	)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income (loss)		487			23,085
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)		(201	)		111
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		8,443			(19,176	)

Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	$	10,937		$	(33,949	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share amounts)


	(Unaudited) Quarters Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Number of Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares
Number at beginning and end of period		4,000			4,000
Number of class A common shares issued:
Number at beginning of period		10,876,041			10,574,589
Common shares issued under share incentive plans, net of forfeitures		25,913			15,156
Common shares issued to directors		26,426			24,810
Number at end of period		10,928,380			10,614,555
Number of class B common shares issued:
Number at beginning and end of period		3,793,612			3,947,206
Par value of Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares
Balance at beginning and end of period	$	4,000		$	4,000
Additional paid-in capital:
Balance at beginning of period	$	451,305		$	447,406
Share compensation plans		1,080			860
Balance at end of period	$	452,385		$	448,266
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of deferred income tax:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(43,058	)	$	6,404
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses)		8,644			(19,287	)
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)		(201	)		111
Other comprehensive income (loss)		8,443			(19,176	)
Balance at end of period	$	(34,615	)	$	(12,772	)
Retained earnings:
Balance at beginning of period	$	233,468		$	249,301
Net income (loss)		2,494			(14,773	)
Preferred share distributions		(110	)		(110	)
Distributions to shareholders ($0.25 per share per quarter in 2023 and 2022)		(3,346	)		(3,647	)
Balance at end of period	$	232,506		$	230,771
Number of treasury shares:
Number at beginning of period		802,381			17,496
Class A common shares purchased		253,302			4,781
Number at end of period		1,055,683			22,277
Treasury shares, at cost:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(19,486	)	$	(490	)
Class A common shares purchased, at cost		(6,552	)		(120	)
Balance at end of period	$	(26,038	)	$	(610	)
Total shareholders’ equity	$	628,238		$	669,655

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)


	(Unaudited) Quarters Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	2,494		$	(14,773	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities:
Amortization and depreciation		1,687			1,605
Amortization of debt issuance costs		—			35
Restricted stock and stock option expense		1,080			860
Deferred federal income taxes		573			(3,413	)
Amortization of bond premium and discount, net		(547	)		1,461
Net realized investment losses		1,520			25,385
Loss from equity method investments, net of distributions		82			483
Changes in:
Premium receivables, net		14,119			(5,834	)
Reinsurance receivables, net		(1,051	)		186
Funds held by ceding insurers		1,598			1,455
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		25,116			10,428
Unearned premiums		(27,408	)		9,784
Ceded balances payable		(11,244	)		(22,093	)
Other assets and liabilities		(7,386	)		(8,559	)
Contingent commissions		(5,044	)		(2,945	)
Deferred acquisition costs		6,540			(5,002	)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		3,197			875
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities		5,326			(10,062	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturities		44,381			140,150
Proceeds from sale of equity securities		—			86,173
Proceeds from maturity of fixed maturities		17,515			16,312
Proceeds from maturity of preferred stock		270			—
Proceeds from other invested assets		425			4,679
Amounts received in connection with derivatives		—			2,567
Purchases of fixed maturities		(60,426	)		(145,955	)
Purchases of equity securities		(19	)		(10,362	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		2,146			93,564
Cash flows from financing activities:
Distributions paid to common shareholders		(3,919	)		(3,654	)
Distributions paid to preferred shareholders		(110	)		(110	)
Purchases of class A common shares		(6,552	)		(120	)
Net cash used for financing activities		(10,581	)		(3,884	)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(3,109	)		79,618
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		38,846			78,278
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	35,737		$	157,896

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Global Indemnity Group, LLC (“Global Indemnity”, "GBLI", or “the Company”), a Delaware limited liability company formed on June 23, 2020, replaced Global Indemnity Limited, incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability, as the ultimate parent company of the Global Indemnity group of companies as a result of a redomestication transaction completed on August 28, 2020. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GBLI. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s predecessors have been publicly traded since 2003. See Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the redomestication.

The interim consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but have been prepared in conformity with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which differs in certain respects from those principles followed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, of a normal recurring nature and are necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim periods. Results of operations for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results of a full year. The accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Global Indemnity Group, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain amounts not reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 have been reported to conform to the presentation adopted in the 2nd quarter of 2022. Specifically, the Company reported ceded written premiums and change in net unearned premiums in the current year presentation. This change had no effect on total revenues, total expenses, or net loss reported for the prior year.

Restructuring

The Company is restructuring its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company exited its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company ceased writing new business and existing renewals were placed in run-off for these four divisions. The restructuring plan, which was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2022, was completed in the first quarter of 2023.

In connection with the restructuring plan, the Company incurred restructuring costs of $3.4 million during the fourth quarter of 2022 and $2.2 million during the first quarter of 2023 for total restructuring costs of $5.6 million.

The following table summarizes charges incurred by expense type and the remaining liability as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023:



(Dollars in thousands)	Consolidated Statements of Operations Line	Employee Termination			Lease Right of Use Asset Impairment			Total
Charges incurred in 2022	Corporate and other operating expenses	$	2,635		$	—		$	2,635
Charges incurred in 2022	Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (1)		—			812			812
Non-cash asset charges			—			(812	)		(812	)
Liability at December 31, 2022			2,635			—			2,635
Charges incurred in 2023	Corporate and other operating expenses		2,171		—				2,171
Cash payments in 2023			(2,678	)		—			(2,678	)
Liability at March 31, 2023		$	2,128		$	—		$	2,128

(1) These charges were recorded within the Company's Exited Line segment.

Any information technology initiatives related to business lines within Exited Lines have been discontinued.

Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities securities were as follows as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
As of March 31, 2023
Fixed maturities:
U.S. treasuries	$	337,865	$	—	$	102	$	(5,661	)	$	332,306
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		33,386		—		—		(1,513	)		31,873
Mortgage-backed securities		66,799		—		421		(4,738	)		62,482
Asset-backed securities		214,005		—		695		(6,995	)		207,705
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		104,788		—		22		(5,723	)		99,087
Corporate bonds		353,329		—		68		(12,237	)		341,160
Foreign corporate bonds		189,976		—		5		(7,237	)		182,744
Total fixed maturities	$	1,300,148	$	—	$	1,313	$	(44,104	)	$	1,257,357


(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
As of December 31, 2022
Fixed maturities:
U.S. treasuries	$	352,533	$	—	$	—	$	(8,430	)	$	344,103
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		33,471		—		—		(1,876	)		31,595
Mortgage-backed securities		67,560		—		165		(5,609	)		62,116
Asset-backed securities		198,161		—		390		(9,151	)		189,400
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		104,777		—		20		(6,133	)		98,664
Corporate bonds		353,622		—		16		(14,858	)		338,780
Foreign corporate bonds		191,599		—		—		(8,059	)		183,540
Total fixed maturities	$	1,301,723	$	—	$	591	$	(54,116	)	$	1,248,198

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s investments in equity securities consist of the following:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Common stock	$	1,230	$	1,271
Preferred stock		16,112		16,249
Total	$	17,342	$	17,520

Excluding U.S. treasuries and limited partnerships, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer in excess of 2.4% of shareholders' equity at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at March 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.


(Dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	323,345	$	318,732
Due in one year through five years		556,218		538,542
Due in five years through ten years		22,295		19,921
Due after fifteen years		12,698		10,888
Mortgage-backed securities		66,799		62,482
Asset-backed securities		214,005		207,705
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		104,788		99,087
Total	$	1,300,148	$	1,257,357

The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s fixed income securities with gross unrealized losses that are not deemed to have credit losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of March 31, 2023. The fair value amounts reported in the table are estimates that are prepared using the process described in Note 5.


	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Fixed maturities:
U.S. treasuries	$	298,152	$	(4,692	)	$	12,768	$	(969	)	$	310,920	$	(5,661	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		16,216		(285	)		15,657		(1,228	)		31,873		(1,513	)
Mortgage-backed securities		25,678		(1,788	)		25,407		(2,950	)		51,085		(4,738	)
Asset-backed securities		57,761		(1,230	)		94,079		(5,765	)		151,840		(6,995	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		19,425		(811	)		76,881		(4,912	)		96,306		(5,723	)
Corporate bonds		201,660		(3,963	)		124,030		(8,274	)		325,690		(12,237	)
Foreign corporate bonds		112,509		(1,719	)		66,293		(5,518	)		178,802		(7,237	)
Total fixed maturities	$	731,401	$	(14,488	)	$	415,115	$	(29,616	)	$	1,146,516	$	(44,104	)

December 31, 2022. The fair value amounts reported in the table are estimates that are prepared using the process described in Note 5.


	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Fixed maturities:
U.S. treasuries	$	335,781	$	(7,518	)	$	8,322	$	(912	)	$	344,103	$	(8,430	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		27,772		(1,378	)		3,778		(498	)		31,550		(1,876	)
Mortgage-backed securities		51,517		(4,228	)		7,860		(1,381	)		59,377		(5,609	)
Asset-backed securities		97,857		(3,610	)		62,689		(5,541	)		160,546		(9,151	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		67,926		(4,072	)		27,907		(2,061	)		95,833		(6,133	)
Corporate bonds		261,123		(8,480	)		71,192		(6,378	)		332,315		(14,858	)
Foreign corporate bonds		150,308		(5,469	)		31,232		(2,590	)		181,540		(8,059	)
Total fixed maturities	$	992,284	$	(34,755	)	$	212,980	$	(19,361	)	$	1,205,264	$	(54,116	)

The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each available for sale debt security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss or other factors. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded. Subsequent changes in the allowances are recorded in the period of change as either credit loss expense or reversal of credit loss expense. Any impairments related to factors other than credit losses and the intent to sell are recorded through other comprehensive income, net of taxes.

For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a credit loss exists include, among others, whether:

(1)

the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis;

(2)

the issuer is in financial distress;

(3)

the investment is secured;

(4)

a significant credit rating action occurred;

(5)

scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed;

(6)

changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry;

(7)

the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity;

(8)

the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized; and

(9)

changes in US Treasury rates and/or credit spreads since original purchase to identify whether the unrealized loss is simply due to interest rate movement.

According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, any allowance for expected credit losses is written off and the amortized cost basis is written down to the fair value of the fixed maturity security with any incremental impairment reported in earnings. That new amortized cost basis shall not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value.

The Company elected the practical expedient to exclude accrued interest from both the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the available for sale debt securities for the purposes of identifying and measuring an impairment and to not measure an allowance for expected credit losses for accrued interest receivables. Accrued interest receivable is written off through net realized investment gains (losses) at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payment. The Company made an accounting policy election to present the accrued interest receivable balance with other assets on the

Company’s consolidated statements of financial position. Accrued interest receivable related to fixed maturities was $7.0 million and $8.4 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any:

U.S. treasuries – As of March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to U.S. treasuries were $5.661 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, macroeconomic and market analysis is conducted in evaluating these securities. Consideration is given to the interest rate environment, duration and yield curve management of the portfolio, sector allocation and security selection. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on U.S. treasuries during the period.

Obligations of states and political subdivisions – As of March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to obligations of states and political subdivisions were $1.513 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, elements that may influence the performance of the municipal bond market are considered in evaluating these securities such as investor expectations, supply and demand patterns, and current versus historical yield and spread relationships. The analysis relies on the output of fixed income credit analysts, as well as dedicated municipal bond analysts who perform extensive in-house fundamental analysis on each issuer, regardless of their rating by the major agencies. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on obligations of states and political subdivisions during the period.

Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) – As of March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to mortgage-backed securities were $4.738 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, mortgage-backed securities are modeled to project principal losses under downside, base, and upside scenarios for the economy and home prices. The primary assumption that drives the security and loan level modeling is the Home Price Index (“HPI”) projection. These forecasts incorporate not just national macro-economic trends, but also regional impacts to arrive at the most granular and accurate projections. These assumptions are incorporated into the model as a basis to generate delinquency probabilities, default curves, loss severity curves, and voluntary prepayment curves at the loan level within each deal. The model utilizes HPI-adjusted current loan to value, payment history, loan terms, loan modification history, and borrower characteristics as inputs to generate expected cash flows and principal loss for each bond under various scenarios. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on mortgage-backed securities during the period.

Asset backed securities (“ABS”) - As of March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to asset backed securities were $6.995 million. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s asset backed portfolio is 34.1. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before an asset backed security will incur its first dollar of principal losses. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, every ABS transaction is analyzed on a stand-alone basis. This analysis involves a thorough review of the collateral, prepayment, and structural risk in each transaction. Additionally, the analysis includes an in-depth credit analysis of the originator and servicer of the collateral. The analysis projects an expected loss for a deal given a set of assumptions specific to the asset type. These assumptions are used to calculate at what level of losses the deal will incur its first dollar of principal loss. The major assumptions used to calculate this ratio are loss severities, recovery lags, and no advances on principal and interest. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on asset backed securities during the period.

Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) - As of March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to the CMBS portfolio were $5.723 million. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s CMBS portfolio is 46.5. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before a commercial mortgage-backed security will incur its first dollar of principal loss. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, a loan level analysis is utilized where every underlying CMBS loan is re-underwritten based on a set of assumptions reflecting expectations for the future path of the economy. Each loan is analyzed over time using a series of tests to determine if a credit event will occur during the life of the loan. Inherent in this process are several economic scenarios and their corresponding rent/vacancy and capital market states. The five primary credit events that frame the analysis include loan modifications, term default, balloon default, extension, and ability to pay off at balloon. The resulting output is the expected loss adjusted cash flows for each bond under the base case and distressed scenarios. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on commercial mortgage-backed securities during the period.

Corporate bonds - As of March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to corporate bonds were $12.237 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, analysis for this asset class includes maintaining detailed financial models that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on corporate bonds during the period.

Foreign bonds – As of March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to foreign bonds were $7.237 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, detailed financial models are maintained that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on foreign bonds during the period.

The Company has evaluated its investment portfolio and has determined that an allowance for expected credit losses on its investments is not required.

The Company recorded the following impairments on its investment portfolio for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and are related to securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company had an intent to sell the securities:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022 (1)
Fixed maturities:
Impairment related to intent to sell		—		(25,525	)
Total	$	—	$	(25,525	)

(1)

In response to a rising interest rate environment, the Company took action early in April 2022 to shorten the duration of its fixed maturities portfolio. In connection with these actions, the Company identified fixed maturities securities with a weighted average life of five years or greater as having an intent to sell resulting in other-than-temporary impairment losses. The majority of which were sold in the 2nd quarter of 2022. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities were reinvested into fixed income investments with maturities of two years. As a result of these actions, book yield increased from 2.2% at December 31, 2021 to 3.6% at March 31, 2023.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax

Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Net unrealized gains (losses) from:
Fixed maturities	$	(42,791	)	$	(53,525	)
Foreign currency fluctuations		(381	)		(127	)
Deferred taxes		8,557			10,594
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	$	(34,615	)	$	(43,058	)

The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by components, for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


Quarter Ended March 31, 2023 (Dollars in thousands)	Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities			Foreign Currency Items			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Beginning balance, net of tax	$	(42,958	)	$	(100	)	$	(43,058	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax		10,128			(254	)		9,874
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, before tax		606			—			606
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax		10,734			(254	)		10,480
Income tax benefit		(2,090	)		53			(2,037	)
Ending balance, net of tax	$	(34,314	)	$	(301	)	$	(34,615	)


Quarter Ended March 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands)	Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities			Foreign Currency Items			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Beginning balance, net of tax	$	6,519		$	(115	)	$	6,404
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax		(52,749	)		141			(52,608	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, before tax		28,764			—			28,764
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax		(23,985	)		141			(23,844	)
Income tax benefit		4,697			(29	)		4,668
Ending balance, net of tax	$	(12,769	)	$	(3	)	$	(12,772	)

The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:


		Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in thousands)		Quarters Ended March 31,
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components	Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations	2023			2022
Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities	Other net realized investment (gains) losses	$	606		$	28,764
	Income tax expense (benefit)		(119	)		(5,679	)
	Total reclassifications, net of tax	$	487		$	23,085

Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains	$	5		$	206
Gross realized losses		(611	)		(28,970	)
Net realized gains (losses)		(606	)		(28,764	)
Equity securities:
Gross realized gains		627			1,806
Gross realized losses		(1,541	)		(3,151	)
Net realized gains (losses)		(914	)		(1,345	)
Derivatives:
Gross realized gains		—			6,088
Gross realized losses		—			(1,364	)
Net realized gains (losses) (1)		—			4,724
Total net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(1,520	)	$	(25,385	)

(1)

Includes periodic net interest settlements related to the derivatives of $1.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

The following table shows the calculation of the portion of realized gains and losses related to equity securities held as of March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities	$	(914	)	$	(1,345	)
Less: net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period		18			11,114
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities	$	(932	)	$	(12,459	)

The proceeds from sales and redemptions of available for sale and equity securities resulting in net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Fixed maturities	$	44,381	$	140,150
Equity securities		—		86,173

Net Investment Income

The sources of net investment income for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Fixed maturities	$	11,460		$	6,404
Equity securities		190			334
Cash and cash equivalents		263			32
Other invested assets		467			426
Total investment income		12,380			7,196
Investment expense		(372	)		(604	)
Net investment income	$	12,008		$	6,592

The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Net investment income	$	12,008		$	6,592
Net realized investment gains (losses)		(1,520	)		(25,385	)
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses)		10,480			(23,844	)
Net realized and unrealized investment returns		8,960			(49,229	)
Total investment return	$	20,968		$	(42,637	)
Total investment return % (1)		1.6	%		(2.8	%)
Average investment portfolio (2)	$	1,344,886		$	1,498,272

(1)

Not annualized.

(2)

Average of total cash and invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold, as of the beginning and end of the period.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not own any fixed maturity securities that were non-income producing for the preceding twelve months.

Insurance Enhanced Asset-Backed and Credit Securities

As of March 31, 2023, the Company held insurance enhanced municipal bonds with a market value of approximately $6.8 million which represented 0.5% of the Company’s total cash and invested assets, net of payable/ receivable for securities purchased and sold. The financial guarantors of the Company’s $6.8 million municipal bonds include Assured Guaranty Corporation ($5.3 million) and Ambac Financial Group ($1.5 million).

The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at March 31, 2023.

Bonds Held on Deposit

Certain cash and cash equivalents and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral, or were held in trust. The fair values were as follows as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


	Estimated Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
On deposit with governmental authorities	$	19,476	$	19,290
Held in trust pursuant to third party requirements		164,429		161,901
Total (1)	$	183,905	$	181,191

(1)

Includes cash and cash equivalents of $4.1 million and $3.7 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with the remainder related to bonds available for sale.

Variable Interest Entities

A Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) refers to an investment in which an investor holds a controlling interest that is not based on the majority of voting rights. Under the VIE model, the party that has the power to exercise significant management influence and maintain a controlling financial interest in the entity’s economics is said to be the primary beneficiary, and is required to consolidate the entity within their results. Other entities that participate in a VIE, for which their financial interests fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the investment entity’s net assets but do not have significant management influence and the ability to direct the VIE’s significant economic activities are said to have a variable interest in the VIE but do not consolidate the VIE in their financial results.

The Company has variable interests in two VIE’s for which it is not the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as their ownership interest exceeds 3% of their respective investments.

The carrying value of one of the Company’s VIE’s, which invests in distressed securities and assets, was $4.6 million and $4.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $18.8 million and $19.0 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The carrying value and maximum exposure to loss of a second VIE that invests in Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) qualifying assets was $9.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company’s investment in VIEs is included in other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in carrying value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

Derivative Instruments

Derivatives were used by the Company to reduce risks from changes in interest rates and limit exposure to severe equity market changes. The Company used interest rate swaps with terms to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company has also used exchange-traded futures contracts, which give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements at a future date, to allow the Company to react faster to market conditions. When using derivatives, the Company posts collateral and settles variation margin in cash on a daily basis equal to the amount of the derivatives’ change in value.

The Company accounts for the interest rate swaps and futures as non-hedge instruments and recognizes the fair value of the interest rate swaps in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recognized as net realized investment gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company is ultimately responsible for the valuation of the interest rate swaps. To aid in determining the estimated fair value of the interest rate swaps, the Company relies on the forward interest rate curve and information obtained from a third party financial institution.

The following table summarizes the net gains included in the consolidated statements of operations for changes in the fair value of the derivatives and the periodic net interest settlements under the derivatives for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


		Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	Consolidated Statements of Operations Line	2023		2022
Interest rate swap agreements	Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	—	$	4,724
Total		$	—	$	4,724

The Company terminated its outstanding interest rate swaps in the fourth quarter of 2022 and was not utilizing interest rate swap agreements as of December 31, 2022. There are no outstanding amounts related to the interest rate swap agreements on the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Fair Value Measurements

The accounting standards related to fair value measurements define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, outline a fair value hierarchy based on inputs used to measure fair value, and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. These standards do not change existing guidance as to whether or not an instrument is carried at fair value. The Company has determined that its fair value measurements are in accordance with the requirements of these accounting standards.

The Company’s invested assets are carried at their fair value and are categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy:

•

Level 1 – inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

•

Level 2 – inputs utilize other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for similar assets, either directly or indirectly.

•

Level 3 – inputs are unobservable for the asset, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset.

The following table presents information about the Company’s invested assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value.


	Fair Value Measurements
As of March 31, 2023 (Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Fixed maturities:
U.S. treasuries	$	332,306	$	—	$	—	$	332,306
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		—		31,873		—		31,873
Mortgage-backed securities		—		61,518		964		62,482
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		—		99,087		—		99,087
Asset-backed securities		—		207,386		319		207,705
Corporate bonds		—		339,338		1,822		341,160
Foreign corporate bonds		—		182,744		—		182,744
Total fixed maturities		332,306		921,946		3,105		1,257,357
Equity securities		—		16,112		1,230		17,342
Total assets measured at fair value	$	332,306	$	938,058	$	4,335	$	1,274,699


	Fair Value Measurements
As of December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Fixed maturities:
U.S. treasuries	$	344,103	$	—	$	—	$	344,103
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		—		31,595		—		31,595
Mortgage-backed securities		—		61,156		960		62,116
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		—		98,664		—		98,664
Asset-backed securities		—		189,073		327		189,400
Corporate bonds		—		336,767		2,013		338,780
Foreign corporate bonds		—		183,540		—		183,540
Total fixed maturities		344,103		900,795		3,300		1,248,198
Equity securities		—		16,249		1,271		17,520
Total assets measured at fair value	$	344,103	$	917,044	$	4,571	$	1,265,718

The securities classified as Level 1 in the above tables consist of U.S. treasuries actively traded on an exchange.

The securities classified as Level 2 in the above tables consist primarily of fixed maturities, and equity securities. Based on the typical trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices for fixed maturities, security prices are derived through recent reported trades for identical or similar securities making adjustments through the reporting date based upon available market observable information. If there are no recent reported trades, matrix or model processes are used to develop a security price where future cash flow expectations are developed based upon collateral performance and discounted at an estimated market rate. Included in the pricing of asset-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and mortgage-backed securities are estimates of the rate of future prepayments of principal over the remaining life of the securities. Such estimates are derived based on the characteristics of the underlying structure and prepayment speeds previously experienced at the interest rate levels projected for the underlying collateral.

The investments classified as Level 3 in the above table consist of fixed maturities and equity securities with unobservable inputs.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Beginning balance	$	4,571		$	2,769
Total gains (realized / unrealized):
Included in accumulated other comprehensive income		10			(8	)
Included in earnings attributable to realized gains / losses		(59	)		(68	)
Transfers into level 3		—			250
Transfers out of level 3		—			—
Amortization of bond premium and discount, net		2			—
Purchases		74			1,424
Sales		(263	)		(79	)
Ending balance		4,335			4,288
Gains (losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains (losses) related to assets still held at end of reporting period	$	(59	)	$	(5	)

Fair Value of Alternative Investments

Other invested assets consist of limited partnerships whose carrying value approximates fair value. The following table provides the fair value and future funding commitments related to these investments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.


	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Future Funding Commitment		Fair Value		Future Funding Commitment
European Non-Performing Loan Fund, LP (1)	$	4,572	$	14,214	$	4,832	$	14,214
Mortgage Debt Fund, LP (2)		9,798		—		9,771		—
Global Debt Fund, LP (3)		23,299		—		23,573		—
Total	$	37,669	$	14,214	$	38,176	$	14,214

(1)

This limited partnership invests in distressed securities and assets through senior and subordinated, secured and unsecured debt and equity, in both public and private large-cap and middle-market companies. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets.

(2)

This limited partnership invests in REIT qualifying assets such as mortgage loans, investor property loans, and commercial mortgage loans. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets.

(3)

This limited partnership invests in performing, stressed or distressed securities and loans across the global fixed income markets. The Company does have the contractual option to withdraw all or a portion of its limited partnership interest by providing notice to the fund.

Limited Liability Companies and Limited Partnerships with ownership interest exceeding 3%

The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in limited liability companies and limited partnerships where its ownership interest exceeds 3%. The equity method of accounting for an investment in limited liability companies and limited partnerships requires that its cost basis be updated to account for the income or loss earned on the investment. In the Fair Value of Alternative Investments table above, all of the investments are booked on a one quarter lag due to non-availability of data at the time the financial statements are prepared. The investment income (loss) associated with the limited liability companies and limited partnerships whose ownership interest exceeds 3% is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations in the amounts of $0.1 million and $(0.1) million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Pricing

The Company’s pricing vendors provide prices for all investment categories except for investments in limited liability companies and limited partnerships. Two primary vendors are utilized to provide prices for equity and fixed maturity securities.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company’s pricing vendors for investment securities carried at fair value:

•

Equity security prices are received from primary and secondary exchanges.

•

Corporate and agency bonds are evaluated by utilizing a spread to a benchmark curve. Bonds with similar characteristics are grouped into specific sectors. Inputs for both asset classes consist of trade prices, broker quotes, the new issue market, and prices on comparable securities.

•

Data from commercial vendors is aggregated with market information, then converted into an option adjusted spread (“OAS”) matrix and prepayment model used for collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMO”). CMOs are categorized with mortgage-backed securities in the tables listed above. For asset-backed securities, spread data is derived from trade prices, dealer quotations, and research reports. For both asset classes, evaluations utilize standard inputs plus new issue data, and collateral performance. The evaluated pricing models incorporate cash flows, broker quotes, market trades, historical prepayment speeds, and dealer projected speeds.

•

For obligations of state and political subdivisions, an attribute-based modeling system is used. The pricing model incorporates trades, market clearing yields, market color, and fundamental credit research.

•

U.S. treasuries are evaluated by obtaining feeds from a number of live data sources including primary and secondary dealers as well as inter-dealer brokers.

•

For mortgage-backed securities, various external analytical products are utilized and purchased from commercial vendors.

The Company performs certain procedures to validate whether the pricing information received from the pricing vendors is reasonable, to ensure that the fair value determination is consistent with accounting guidance, and to ensure that its assets are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s procedures include, but are not limited to:

•

Reviewing periodic reports provided by the Investment Manager that provides information regarding rating changes and securities placed on watch. This procedure allows the Company to understand why a particular security’s market value may have changed or may potentially change.

•

Understanding and periodically evaluating the various pricing methods and procedures used by the Company’s pricing vendors to ensure that investments are properly classified within the fair value hierarchy.

•

On a quarterly basis, the Company corroborates investment security prices received from its pricing vendors by obtaining pricing from a second pricing vendor for a sample of securities.

During the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has not adjusted quotes or prices obtained from the pricing vendors.

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses - Premium Receivables and Reinsurance Receivables

For premium receivables, the allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, direct placement with collection agencies, solvency of insured or agent, terminated agents, and other relevant factors.

The following table is an analysis of the allowance for expected credit losses related to the Company's premium receivables for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Beginning balance	$	3,322		$	2,996
Current period provision for expected credit losses		348			83
Write-offs		(291	)		(142	)
Ending balance	$	3,379		$	2,937

For reinsurance receivables, the allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, disputes, applicable coverage defenses, insolvent reinsurers, financial strength of solvent reinsurers based on AM Best Ratings and other relevant factors.

The following table is an analysis of the allowance for expected credit losses related to the Company's reinsurance receivables for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	8,992	$	8,992
Current period provision for expected credit losses		—		—
Write-offs		—		—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off		—		—
Ending balance	$	8,992	$	8,992

Income Taxes

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and meets the qualifying income exception to maintain partnership status. As a publicly traded partnership, Global Indemnity Group, LLC is generally not subject to federal income tax and most state income taxes. However, income earned by the subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Group, LLC is subject to corporate tax in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions.

As of March 31, 2023, the statutory income tax rates of the countries where the Company conducts business are 21% in the United States, 0% in Bermuda, and 25% on non-trading income, 33% on capital gains and 12.5% on trading income in the Republic of Ireland. The statutory income tax rate of each country is applied against the expected annual taxable income of the Company in each country to estimate the annual income tax expense.

The Company’s income (loss) before income taxes is derived from its U.S. subsidiaries for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table summarizes the components of income tax expense (benefit):


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
U.S. Federal	$	573	$	(3,413	)
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)		573		(3,413	)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	573	$	(3,413	)

The weighted average expected tax provision has been calculated using income (loss) before income taxes in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction’s applicable statutory tax rate.

The following table summarizes the differences between the tax provision for financial statement purposes and the expected tax provision at the weighted average tax rate:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
	2023						2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount			% of Pre- Tax Income			Amount			% of Pre- Tax Income
Expected tax provision at weighted average tax rate	$	644			21.0	%	$	(3,819	)		21.0	%
Adjustments:
Dividend exclusion		(17	)		(0.5	)		(22	)		0.1
Change in tax status		—			—			—			—
Parent income treated as partnership for tax		(196	)		(6.4	)		243			(1.3	)
Other		142			4.6			185			(1.0	)
Effective income tax expense (benefit)	$	573			18.7	%	$	(3,413	)		18.8	%

The effective income tax expense rate for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 was 18.7% compared to an effective income tax benefit rate of 18.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

The Company has a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of $109.7 million as of March 31, 2023, which begins to expire in 2036 based on when the original NOL was generated. The Company’s NOL carryforward as of December 31, 2022 was $116.4 million.

The Company did not have any Section 163(j) ("163(j)") carryforward as March 31, 2023 or 2022. The 163(j) carryforward relates to the limitation on the deduction for business interest expense paid or accrued.

Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	832,404	$	759,904
Less: Ceded reinsurance receivables		73,021		94,443
Net balance at beginning of period		759,383		665,461
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year		88,001		87,758
Prior years		—		(3,063	)
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses		88,001		84,695
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year		9,617		13,315
Prior years		53,912		59,703
Total paid losses and loss adjustment expenses		63,529		73,018
Net balance at end of period		783,855		677,138
Plus: Ceded reinsurance receivables		73,665		93,194
Balance at end of period	$	857,520	$	770,332

When analyzing loss reserves and prior year development, the Company considers many factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, loss trends, case reserve settlements that may have resulted in significant development, and any other additional or pertinent factors that may impact reserve estimates.

During the first quarter of 2023, the Company's adjustments to prior accident year loss reserves netted to zero. This consisted of a $1.5 million increase related to Commercial Specialty and a $1.5 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $1.5 million increase in prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•

Property: A $0.2 million increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2018 through 2020 and 2022 accident years, mostly offset by a decrease in the 2021 accident year reflecting lower than expected claims severity in that year.

•

General Liability: A $1.3 million increase primarily in accident years prior to 2005 and the 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020, and 2022 accident years mainly reflects higher than expected claims severity, partially offset by decreases in the 2011 and 2018 accident years.

The $1.5 million decrease in prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines consisted of the following:

•

Property: A $1.0 million decrease in total, mainly in one reinsurance treaty in the 2017 and 2020 accident years based on the reported information from the cedant and decreases in the 2016 and 2018 accident years in property brokerage, partially offset by increases in the 2021 and 2022 accident years in property brokerage, specialty property and farm, ranch & stable lines of business.

•

General Liability: A $0.5 million decrease in total primarily in the 2014 through 2017, 2019 and 2020 accident years, partially offset by increases in the 2018, 2021, and 2022 accident years. These prior year reserve loss adjustments were mainly in the specialty property and farm, ranch & stable lines of business.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company decreased its prior accident year loss reserves by $3.1 million, which consisted of a $1.9 million increase related to Commercial Specialty and a $4.9 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $1.9 million increase of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•

Property: A $1.9 million increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2015, 2018, and 2020 accident years, partially offset by a decrease in the 2019 and 2021 accident years.

The $4.9 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•

Property: A $2.1 million decrease primarily in the 2015, 2018 and 2021 accident years, partially offset by increases in the 2017 and 2020 accident years.

•

General Liability: A $0.6 million decrease primarily in the 2017, 2019, and 2021 accident years partially offset by an increase in the 2018 accident year.

•

Reinsurance: A $2.2 million decrease was primarily from one treaty and in the 2017 through 2021 accident years based on the reported information from the cedant.

Shareholders’ Equity

Repurchases of the Company's class A common shares

On October 21, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced it commenced a stock repurchase program beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022. On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it had authorized an increase in the aggregate stock purchase program from $32 million, which was authorized on October 21, 2022, to $60 million. The authorization to repurchase will expire on December 31, 2027. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased, if any, will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities.

The following table provides information with respect to the class A common shares that were surrendered or repurchased during the quarter ended March 31, 2023:


Period (1)	Total Number of Shares Purchased			Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
January 1-31, 2023		3,302	(3)	$	23.31		—		—
January 1-31, 2023		250,000	(4)	$	25.90		250,000		31,604,066
Total		253,302		$	25.82		—		—

(1)

Based on settlement date.

(2)

Based on the $60 million share repurchase authorization.

(3)

Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock and/or restricted stock units.

(4)

Purchased as part of the repurchase program announced in October 2022.

The following table provides information with respect to the class A common shares that were surrendered or repurchased during the quarter ended March 31, 2022:


Period (1)	Total Number of Shares Purchased			Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
January 1-31, 2022		4,781	(2)	$	25.13		—		—
Total		4,781		$	25.13	—		—

(1)

Based on settlement date.

(2)

Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock and/or restricted stock units.

There were no class B common shares that were surrendered or repurchased during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Each class A common share has one vote and each class B common share has ten votes.

As of March 31, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares were held by approximately 145 shareholders of record. There were two holders of record of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class B common shares, all of whom are affiliated investment funds of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, as of March 31, 2023. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shares were held by 1 holder of record, an affiliate of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, as of March 31, 2023.

Please see Note 16 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Company’s repurchase program.

Distributions

Distribution payments of $0.25 per common share were declared during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as follows:


Approval Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Total Distributions Declared (Dollars in thousands)
March 2, 2023	March 24, 2023	March 31, 2023	$	3,410
Various (1)	Various	Various		(64	)
Total			$	3,346

(1)

Represents distributions declared on unvested shares, net of forfeitures.

Distribution payments of $0.25 per common share were declared during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 as follows:


Approval Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Total Distributions Declared (Dollars in thousands)
March 3, 2022	March 21, 2022	March 31, 2022	$	3,597
Various (1)	Various	Various		50
Total			$	3,647

(1)

Represents distributions declared on unvested shares, net of forfeitures.

In addition, distributions paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC's preferred shareholder were $0.1 million in each of the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Accrued distributions on unvested shares, which were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, were $0.5 million and $1.1 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued preferred distributions were less than $0.1 million as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Please see Note 16 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Company’s distribution program.

10.

Related Party Transactions

Fox Paine Entities

Pursuant to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Limited Liability Company Agreement (“LLCA”), Fox Paine Capital Fund II International, L.P. (the “Fox Paine Fund”), together with Fox Mercury Investments, L.P. and certain of its affiliates (the “FM Entities”), and Fox Paine & Company LLC (collectively, the “Fox Paine Entities”) currently constitute a Class B Majority Shareholder (as defined in the LLCA) and, as such, have the right to appoint a number of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s directors equal in aggregate to the pro rata percentage of the voting power in Global Indemnity Group, LLC beneficially held by the Fox Paine Entities, rounded up to the nearest whole number of directors. The Fox Paine Entities beneficially own shares representing approximately 83.6% of the voting power of Global Indemnity Group, LLC as of March 31, 2023. The Fox Paine Entities control the appointment or election of all of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Directors due to the LLCA and their controlling share ownership. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Chairman is the chief executive and founder of Fox Paine & Company, LLC.

Management fee expense of $0.8 million and $0.7 million were incurred during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Prepaid management fees, which were included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, were $1.3 million and $2.1 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

In addition, Fox Paine & Company, LLC may also propose and negotiate transaction fees with the Company subject to the provisions of the Company’s related party transaction and conflict matter policies, including approval of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Conflicts Committee of the Board of Directors, for those services from time to time. Each of the Company’s transactions with Fox Paine & Company, LLC are reviewed and approved by Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Conflicts Committee, which is composed of independent directors, and the Board of Directors (other than Saul A. Fox, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC and Chief Executive of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, who is not a member of the Conflicts Committee and recused himself from the Board of Directors’ deliberations related to fees paid to Fox Paine & Company, LLC or its affiliates).

11.

Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company maintains insurance and reinsurance coverage for such risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal

proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business.

Commitments

In 2014, the Company entered into a $50 million commitment to purchase an alternative investment vehicle which is comprised of European non-performing loans. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has funded $35.8 million of this commitment leaving $14.2 million as unfunded. Since the investment period has concluded, the Company expects minimal capital calls will be made prospectively.

Other Commitments

The Company is party to a Management Agreement, as amended, with Fox Paine & Company, LLC, whereby in connection with certain management services provided to it by Fox Paine & Company, LLC, the Company agreed to pay an annual management fee to Fox Paine & Company, LLC. See Note 10 above for additional information pertaining to this management agreement.

12.

Share-Based Compensation Plans

Options

No stock options were awarded during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 or 2022. No unvested stock options were forfeited during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

Restricted Shares / Restricted Stock Units

There were no restricted class A common shares or restricted stock units granted to key employees during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no restricted class A common shares or restricted stock units forfeited during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. There were 395,777 restricted class A common shares and 318,958 restricted stock units that were forfeited during the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

There were 25,913 restricted stock units that vested during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and 26,080 restricted stock units that vested during the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Upon vesting, the restricted stock units converted to restricted class A common shares.

During the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 26,426 and 24,810 class A common shares, respectively, at a weighted average grant date value of $25.46 and $25.64 per share, respectively, to non-employee directors of the Company under the Plan. The Company previously granted 157,139 shares to a non-employee director with deferred vesting. These shares vested during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. All other shares granted to non-employee directors of the Company are fully vested but are subject to certain restrictions.

13.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share have been computed using the weighted average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during the period.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	2,494	$	(14,773	)
Less: preferred stock distributions		110		110
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders	$	2,384	$	(14,883	)

Denominator:
Weighted average shares for basic earnings per share		13,670,732		14,514,950
Non-vested restricted stock units		103,407		—
Options		155,007		—
Weighted average shares for diluted earnings per share (1)		13,929,146		14,514,950

Earnings per share - Basic	$	0.17	$	(1.03	)
Earnings per share - Diluted	$	0.17	$	(1.03	)

(1)

For the quarter ended March 31, 2022, “weighted average shares outstanding – basic” was used to calculate “diluted earnings per share” due to a net loss in this period.

If the Company had not incurred a loss in the quarter ended March 31, 2022, 14,701,350 weighted average shares would have been used to compute the diluted loss per share calculation. In addition to the basic shares, weighted average shares for the diluted calculation for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 would have included 91,435 shares of non-vested restricted stock units and 94,965 share equivalents for options.

The weighted average shares outstanding used to determine dilutive earnings per share does not include 346,667 shares and 393,333 shares for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were deemed to be anti-dilutive.

14.

Segment Information

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company decided to restructure its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company exited Commercial Specialty's four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company ceased writing new business and existing renewals were placed in run-off for these four divisions. On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company. During the 2nd quarter of 2022, the Company decided that Farm, Ranch & Stable would not be a core business and a decision was made to not allocate additional resources to this segment. Based on the decisions to exit these lines of business, the Company changed the way it manages and analyzes its operating results. The chief operating decision makers decided they will be reviewing the specific results of these exited lines within the Company's Exited Lines segment. In addition, a decision was made in the fourth quarter of 2022 to reclassify several smaller reinsurance treaties from Reinsurance Operations to Commercial Specialty. Management believes these segment changes allow users of the Company’s financial statements to better understand the Company's performance, better assess prospects for future net cash flows, and make more informed judgments about the Company as a whole. Accordingly, the segment results for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 have been revised to reflect these changes.

The Company manages its business through two ongoing business segments. Commercial Specialty offers specialty property and casualty products designed for GBLI's Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech product offerings. Reinsurance Operations provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and

reinsurance companies. The Company also has an Exited Lines segment that contains lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff.

The following are tabulations of business segment information for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Corporate information is included to reconcile segment data to the consolidated financial statements.


Quarter Ended March 31, 2023 (Dollars in thousands)	Commercial Specialty			Reinsurance Operations			(1)	Exited Lines		Total
Revenues:
Gross written premiums	$	95,508		$	23,416			$	4,061	$	122,985
Net written premiums	$	91,234		$	23,416			$	1,211	$	115,861
Net earned premiums	$	93,182		$	34,847			$	12,043	$	140,072
Other income (loss)		267			(9	)			77		335
Total revenues		93,449			34,838				12,120		140,407
Losses and Expenses:
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		60,119			21,263				6,619		88,001
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		35,526			12,816				5,136		53,478
Income (loss) from segments	$	(2,196	)	$	759			$	365	$	(1,072	)
Unallocated Items:
Net investment income											12,008
Net realized investment losses											(1,520	)
Other income											19
Corporate and other operating expenses											(6,368	)
Income before income taxes											3,067
Income tax expense											(573	)
Net income										$	2,494

Segment assets	$	985,557		$	368,751			$	249,302	$	1,603,610
Corporate assets											173,668
Total assets										$	1,777,278

(1)

External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.


Quarter Ended March 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands)	Commercial Specialty		Reinsurance Operations			(1)	Exited Lines		Total
Revenues:
Gross written premiums	$	102,848	$	40,996			$	47,139	$	190,983
Net written premiums	$	98,163	$	40,996			$	20,323	$	159,482
Net earned premiums	$	91,197	$	34,298			$	23,328	$	148,823
Other income (loss)		259		(20	)			200		439
Total revenues		91,456		34,278				23,528		149,262
Losses and Expenses:
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		53,659		21,059				9,977		84,695
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		33,526		11,961				11,205		56,692
Income from segments	$	4,271	$	1,258			$	2,346	$	7,875
Unallocated Items:
Net investment income										6,592
Net realized investment losses										(25,385	)
Other loss										(13	)
Corporate and other operating expenses										(4,660	)
Interest expense										(2,595	)
Loss before income taxes										(18,186	)
Income tax benefit										3,413
Net loss										(14,773	)

Segment assets	$	964,718	$	267,466			$	396,227	$	1,628,411
Corporate assets										331,085
Total assets									$	1,959,496

(1)

External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

15.

New Accounting Pronouncements

The Company did not adopt any new accounting pronouncements during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

16.

Subsequent Events

Share Repurchases

From April 1, 2023 through May 1, 2023, an additional 200,000 shares with an average cost of $28.00 per share were repurchased as part of the share repurchase program. Including these purchases, a total of 1,357,082 shares with average purchase price of $25.05 per share were repurchased under the share repurchase program that was initially authorized on October 21, 2022.

Item 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of the Company included elsewhere in this report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to the Company’s plans and strategy, constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the end of this Item 2 for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein. For more information regarding the Company’s business and operations, please see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Recent Developments

Stock Repurchase

Distributions

The Board of Directors approved a distribution payment of $0.25 per common share to all shareholders of record on the close of business on March 24, 2023. Distributions paid to common shareholders were $3.9 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. In addition, distributions of $0.1 million were paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shareholder during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

Overview

The Company operates and manages its business through three business segments: Commercial Specialty, Reinsurance Operations, and Exited Lines.

The Company’s Commercial Specialty products are distributed through approximately 365 wholesale general agent and wholesale broker offices. The Company’s wholesale general agents have limited quoting and binding authority. Commercial Specialty offers specialty property and casualty products designed for GBLI's Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech product offerings. These product lines are offered primarily in the excess and surplus lines marketplace.

The Company’s Reinsurance Operations provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. It uses its capital capacity to write niche and casualty-focused treaties and business which meet the Company’s risk tolerance and return thresholds. To support future growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively.

The Company’s Exited Lines segment represents lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff. Exited Lines includes specialty personal lines and property and casualty products such as manufactured home, dwelling, motorcycle, watercraft, certain homeowners business, property brokerage, property and catastrophe reinsurance treaties, several smaller casualty lines, and the farm, ranch and equine business. These insurance products were distributed through wholesale general agents, wholesale brokers, and retail agents.

The Company derives its revenues primarily from premiums paid on insurance policies that it writes and from income generated by its investment portfolio, net of fees paid for investment management services. The amount of insurance premiums that the Company receives is a function of the amount and type of policies it writes, as well as prevailing market prices.

The Company’s expenses include losses and loss adjustment expenses, acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses, corporate and other operating expenses, interest, investment expenses, and income taxes. Losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimated by management and reflect the Company’s best estimate of ultimate losses and costs arising during the reporting period and revisions of prior period estimates. The Company records its best estimate of losses and loss adjustment expenses considering both internal and external actuarial analyses of the estimated losses the Company expects to incur on the insurance policies it writes. The ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses will depend on the actual costs to resolve claims. Acquisition costs consist principally of commissions and premium taxes that are typically a percentage of the premiums on the insurance policies the Company writes, net of ceding commissions earned from reinsurers. Other underwriting expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses and general operating expenses related to underwriting activities. Corporate and other operating expenses are comprised primarily of outside legal fees, other professional and accounting fees, directors’ fees, management fees & advisory fees, and salaries and benefits for company personnel whose services relate to the support of corporate activities. Interest expense is primarily comprised of amounts due on outstanding debt.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which require it to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

The most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates and include those used in determining the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, recoverability of reinsurance receivables, investments, fair value measurements, goodwill and intangible assets, deferred acquisition costs, and taxation. For a detailed discussion on each of these policies, please see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no significant changes to any of these policies or underlying methodologies during the current year.

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes the Company’s results for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Quarters Ended March 31,						%
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			Change
Gross written premiums	$	122,985		$	190,983			(35.6	%)

Net written premiums	$	115,861		$	159,482			(27.4	%)

Net earned premiums	$	140,072		$	148,823			(5.9	%)
Other income		335			439			(23.7	%)
Total revenues		140,407			149,262			(5.9	%)

Losses and expenses:
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		88,001			84,695			3.9	%
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		53,478			56,692			(5.7	%)
Underwriting income (loss)		(1,072	)		7,875			(113.6	%)

Net investment income		12,008			6,592			82.2	%
Net realized investment losses		(1,520	)		(25,385	)		(94.0	%)
Other income (loss)		19			(13	)	NM
Corporate and other operating expenses		(6,368	)		(4,660	)		36.7	%
Interest expense		—			(2,595	)		(100.0	%)
Income (loss) before income taxes		3,067			(18,186	)		(116.9	%)

Income tax expense (benefit)		573			(3,413	)		(116.8	%)
Net income (loss)	$	2,494		$	(14,773	)		(116.9	%)

Underwriting Ratios:
Loss ratio (1):		62.8	%		56.9	%
Expense ratio (2)		38.2	%		38.1	%
Combined ratio (3)		101.0	%		95.0	%

NM – not meaningful

(1)

The loss ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is generally viewed in the insurance industry as an indicator of underwriting profitability and is calculated by dividing net losses and loss adjustment expenses by net earned premiums.

(2)

The expense ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is calculated by dividing the sum of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses by net earned premiums.

(3)

The combined ratio is a GAAP financial measure and is the sum of the Company’s loss and expense ratios.

Premiums

The following table summarizes the change in premium volume by business segment:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		% Change
Gross written premiums (1)
Commercial Specialty	$	95,508	$	102,848		(7.1	%)
Reinsurance Operations (3)		23,416		40,996		(42.9	%)
Continuing Lines		118,924		143,844		(17.3	%)
Exited Lines		4,061		47,139		(91.4	%)
Total gross written premiums	$	122,985	$	190,983		(35.6	%)

Ceded written premiums
Commercial Specialty	$	4,274	$	4,685		(8.8	%)
Reinsurance Operations (3)		—		—		—
Continuing Lines		4,274		4,685		(8.8	%)
Exited Lines		2,850		26,816		(89.4	%)
Total ceded written premiums	$	7,124	$	31,501		(77.4	%)

Net written premiums (2)
Commercial Specialty	$	91,234	$	98,163		(7.1	%)
Reinsurance Operations (3)		23,416		40,996		(42.9	%)
Continuing Lines		114,650		139,159		(17.6	%)
Exited Lines		1,211		20,323		(94.0	%)
Total net written premiums	$	115,861	$	159,482		(27.4	%)

Net earned premiums
Commercial Specialty	$	93,182	$	91,197		2.2	%
Reinsurance Operations (3)		34,847		34,298		1.6	%
Continuing Lines		128,029		125,495		2.0	%
Exited Lines		12,043		23,328		(48.4	%)
Total net earned premiums	$	140,072	$	148,823		(5.9	%)

(1)

Gross written premiums represent the amount received or to be received for insurance policies written without reduction for reinsurance costs, ceded premiums, or other deductions.

(2)

Net written premiums equal gross written premiums less ceded written premiums.

(3)

External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

Gross written premiums decreased by 35.6% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to same period in 2022. The decrease in gross written premiums is being driven by a reduction in premiums in both Continuing Lines as well as Exited Lines. The reduction in Continuing Lines is primarily due to the non-renewal of a casualty treaty within Reinsurance Operations, the non-renewal of a restaurant book of business within Commercial Specialty, and actions taken within Commercial Specialty to improve underwriting results by not renewing underperforming business. These decreases were partially offset by increased pricing within Commercial Specialty.

To support future growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively.

Underwriting Ratios


	Quarters Ended March 31,						Point
	2023			2022			Change
Loss ratio
Commercial Specialty		64.5	%		58.9	%		5.6
Reinsurance Operations		61.0	%		61.4	%		(0.4	)
Continuing Lines		63.6	%		59.5	%		4.1
Exited Lines		55.0	%		42.8	%		12.2
Total loss ratio		62.8	%		56.9	%		5.9
Expense ratio
Commercial Specialty		38.1	%		36.8	%		1.3
Reinsurance Operations		36.8	%		34.9	%		1.9
Continuing Lines		37.8	%		36.2	%		1.6
Exited Lines		42.6	%		48.0	%		(5.4	)
Total expense ratio		38.2	%		38.1	%		0.1
Combined ratio
Commercial Specialty		102.6	%		95.7	%		6.9
Reinsurance Operations		97.8	%		96.3	%		1.5
Continuing Lines		101.4	%		95.7	%		5.7
Exited Lines		97.6	%		90.8	%		6.8
Total combined ratio		101.0	%		95.0	%		6.0

Net Retention

The ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums is referred to as the Company’s net premium retention. The Company’s net premium retention is summarized by segments as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,						Point
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			Change
Commercial Specialty		95.5	%		95.4	%		0.1
Reinsurance Operations		100.0	%		100.0	%		—
Continuing Lines		96.4	%		96.7	%		(0.3	)
Exited Lines		29.8	%		43.1	%		(13.3	)
Total		94.2	%		83.5	%		10.7

The net premium retention for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 increased by 10.7 points as compared to the same period in 2022. While the Company still has ceding arrangements in place related to the sale of renewal rights, the Company's overall net retention is not significantly impacted in 2023 as Exited Lines' gross written premiums comprise a much smaller percentage of the Company's consolidated gross written premiums. See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on the sale of renewal rights related to the Company’s manufactured and dwelling homes business and the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business.

Net earned premiums within the Commercial Specialty segment increased by 2.2% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net earned premiums was primarily due to the growth in premiums written in the prior year as a result of organic growth from existing agents and pricing increases. Property net earned premiums were $37.7 million and $34.3 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $55.5 million and $56.9 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net earned premiums within the Reinsurance Operations segment increased by 1.6% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to organic growth of existing casualty treaties experienced in prior years. There were no property net earned premiums for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. Property net earned premiums were less than $0.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Casualty net earned premiums were $34.8 million and $34.3 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net earned premiums within the Exited Lines segment decreased by 48.4% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to the sale of renewal rights related to the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business on August 8, 2022. The decrease in net earned premiums is also due to exiting lines of business unrelated to the Company’s continuing businesses. Property net earned premiums were $8.7 million and $18.8 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $3.4 million and $4.5 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Reserves

Management’s best estimate at March 31, 2023 was recorded as the loss reserve. Management’s best estimate is as of a particular point in time and is based upon known facts, the Company’s actuarial analyses, current law, and the Company’s judgment. This resulted in carried gross and net reserves of $857.5 million and $783.9 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2023. A breakout of the Company’s gross and net reserves, as of March 31, 2023, is as follows:


	Gross Reserves
(Dollars in thousands)	Case		IBNR (1)		Total
Commercial Specialty	$	168,430	$	335,871	$	504,301
Reinsurance Operations		9,419		192,036		201,455
Continuing Lines		177,849		527,907		705,756
Exited Lines		70,441		81,323		151,764
Total	$	248,290	$	609,230	$	857,520


	Net Reserves (2)
(Dollars in thousands)	Case		IBNR (1)		Total
Commercial Specialty	$	150,240	$	305,591	$	455,831
Reinsurance Operations		9,419		192,036		201,455
Continuing Lines		159,659		497,627		657,286
Exited Lines		53,237		73,332		126,569
Total	$	212,896	$	570,959	$	783,855

(1)

Losses incurred but not reported, including the expected future emergence of case reserves.

(2)

Does not include reinsurance receivables on paid losses.

Each reserve category has an implicit frequency and severity for each accident year as a result of the various assumptions made. If the actual levels of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s best estimate. For most of its reserve categories, the Company believes that frequency can be predicted with greater accuracy than severity. Therefore, the Company believes management’s best estimate is more likely influenced by changes in severity than frequency. The following table, which the Company believes reflects a reasonable range of variability around its best estimate based on historical loss experience and management’s judgment, reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity on the Company’s current accident year net loss estimate of $88.0 million for claims occurring during the quarter ended March 31, 2023:


		Severity Change
(Dollars in thousands)		-10%			-5%			0%			5%			10%
Frequency Change	-5%		(12,760	)		(8,580	)		(4,400	)		(220	)		3,960
	-3%		(11,176	)		(6,908	)		(2,640	)		1,628			5,896
	-2%		(10,384	)		(6,072	)		(1,760	)		2,552			6,864
	-1%		(9,592	)		(5,236	)		(880	)		3,476			7,832
	0%		(8,800	)		(4,400	)		—			4,400			8,800
	1%		(8,008	)		(3,564	)		880			5,324			9,768
	2%		(7,216	)		(2,728	)		1,760			6,248			10,736
	3%		(6,424	)		(1,892	)		2,640			7,172			11,704
	5%		(4,840	)		(220	)		4,400			9,020			13,640

The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $783.9 million as of March 31, 2023 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency and severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above.

Underwriting Results

Commercial Specialty

The components of income (loss) from the Company’s Commercial Specialty segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,					%
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022		Change
Gross written premiums	$	95,508		$	102,848		(7.1	%)

Net written premiums	$	91,234		$	98,163		(7.1	%)

Net earned premiums	$	93,182		$	91,197		2.2	%
Other income		267			259		3.1	%
Total revenues		93,449			91,456		2.2	%

Losses and expenses:
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		60,119			53,659		12.0	%
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		35,526			33,526		6.0	%
Underwriting income (loss)	$	(2,196	)	$	4,271		(151.4	%)


	Quarters Ended March 31,						Point
	2023			2022			Change
Underwriting Ratios:
Loss ratio:
Current accident year		62.9	%		56.8	%		6.1
Prior accident year		1.6	%		2.1	%		(0.5	)
Calendar year loss ratio		64.5	%		58.9	%		5.6
Expense ratio		38.1	%		36.8	%		1.3
Combined ratio		102.6	%		95.7	%		6.9

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures and ratios

The table below reconciles the non-GAAP measures or ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures or ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Commercial Specialty may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures or ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.


	Quarters Ended March 31,
	2023						2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Losses			Loss Ratio			Losses			Loss Ratio
Property
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	22,576			59.9	%	$	17,334			50.5	%
Effect of prior accident year		(1,259	)		(3.4	%)		1,823			5.3	%
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio (2)	$	21,317			56.5	%	$	19,157			55.8	%

Catastrophe losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	3,328			8.8	%	$	2,152			6.3	%
Effect of prior accident year		1,422			3.8	%		74			0.2	%
Catastrophe losses and ratio (2)	$	4,750			12.6	%	$	2,226			6.5	%

Total property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	25,904			68.7	%	$	19,486			56.8	%
Effect of prior accident year		163			0.4	%		1,897			5.5	%
Total property losses and ratio (2)	$	26,067			69.1	%	$	21,383			62.3	%

Casualty
Total casualty losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	32,737			59.0	%	$	32,287			56.8	%
Effect of prior accident year		1,315			2.4	%		(11	)		(0.0	%)
Total casualty losses and ratio (2)	$	34,052			61.4	%	$	32,276			56.8	%

Total
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	58,641			62.9	%	$	51,773			56.8	%
Effect of prior accident year		1,478			1.6	%		1,886			2.1	%
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio (2)	$	60,119			64.5	%	$	53,659			58.9	%

(1)

Non-GAAP measure / ratio

(2)

Most directly comparable GAAP measure / ratio

Premiums

See “Results of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

Other Income

Other income was $0.3 million for each of the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income.

Loss Ratio

The current accident year losses and loss ratio is summarized as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,				%
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change
Property losses
Non-catastrophe	$	22,576	$	17,334		30.2	%
Catastrophe		3,328		2,152		54.7	%
Property losses		25,904		19,486		32.9	%
Casualty losses		32,737		32,287		1.4	%
Total accident year losses	$	58,641	$	51,773		13.3	%


	Quarters Ended March 31,						Point
	2023			2022			Change
Current accident year loss ratio:
Property
Non-catastrophe		59.9	%		50.5	%		9.4
Catastrophe		8.8	%		6.3	%		2.5
Property loss ratio		68.7	%		56.8	%		11.9
Casualty loss ratio		59.0	%		56.8	%		2.2
Total accident year loss ratio		62.9	%		56.8	%		6.1

The current accident year non-catastrophe property loss ratio increased by 9.4 points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 reflecting higher claims severity mainly due to fire losses in the first accident quarter compared to last year.

The current accident year catastrophe loss ratio increased by 2.5 points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 recognizing higher claims frequency in the first accident quarter compared to last year.

The current accident year casualty loss ratio increased by 2.2 points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 reflecting higher claims severity in the first accident quarter compared to last year.

The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 includes an increase of $1.5 million, or 1.6 percentage points related to reserve development on prior accident years. The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 includes an increase of $1.9 million, or 2.1 percentage points related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratios

The expense ratio for the Company’s Commercial Specialty segment increased by 1.3 points from 36.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 to 38.1% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 . The increase in the expense ratio is primarily due to an increase in compensation cost and advertising expense.

Reinsurance Operations

The components of income from the Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,						%
(Dollars in thousands)	2023 (1)			2022 (1)			Change
Gross written premiums	$	23,416		$	40,996			(42.9	%)

Net written premiums	$	23,416		$	40,996			(42.9	%)

Net earned premiums	$	34,847		$	34,298			1.6	%
Other loss		(9	)		(20	)		(55.0	%)
Total revenues		34,838			34,278			1.6	%

Losses and expenses:
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		21,263			21,059			1.0	%
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		12,816			11,961			7.1	%
Underwriting income	$	759		$	1,258			(39.7	%)


	Quarters Ended March 31,						Point
	2023			2022			Change
Underwriting Ratios:
Loss ratio:
Current accident year (2)		61.0	%		61.5	%		(0.5	)
Prior accident year		—	%		(0.1	%)		0.1
Calendar year loss ratio (3)		61.0	%		61.4	%		(0.4	)
Expense ratio		36.8	%		34.9	%		1.9
Combined ratio		97.8	%		96.3	%		1.5

(1)

External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates

(2)

Non-GAAP ratio

(3)

Most directly comparable GAAP ratio

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial ratios

The table above reconciles the non-GAAP ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Reinsurance Operations may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.

Premiums

See “Results of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

Other Loss

The Company recognized a loss of less than $0.1 million during each of the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Other loss is primarily comprised of foreign exchange gains and losses.

Loss Ratio

The current accident year loss ratio improved by 0.5 points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 reflecting a mix of business change as more earned premium is from a treaty with a lower expected loss ratio compared to last year.

The calendar year loss ratios for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 did not include any reserve development on prior accident years. The calendar year loss ratios for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 includes a decrease of less than $0.1 million or 0.1 percentage point related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratios

The expense ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment increased 1.9 points from 34.9% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 to 36.8% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. This increase in the expense ratio was primarily due to an increase in commission expense.

Exited Lines

The components of income from the Company’s Exited Lines segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,				%
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change
Gross written premiums	$	4,061	$	47,139		(91.4	%)

Net written premiums	$	1,211	$	20,323		(94.0	%)

Net earned premiums	$	12,043	$	23,328		(48.4	%)
Other income		77		200		(61.5	%)
Total revenues		12,120		23,528		(48.5	%)

Losses and expenses:
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		6,619		9,977		(33.7	%)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		5,136		11,205		(54.2	%)
Underwriting income	$	365	$	2,346		(84.4	%)


	Quarters Ended March 31,						Point
	2023			2022			Change
Underwriting Ratios:
Loss ratio:
Current accident year		67.2	%		63.9	%		3.3
Prior accident year		(12.2	%)		(21.1	%)		8.9
Calendar year loss ratio		55.0	%		42.8	%		12.2
Expense ratio		42.6	%		48.0	%		(5.4	)
Combined ratio		97.6	%		90.8	%		6.8

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures and ratios

The table below reconciles the non-GAAP measures or ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures or ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Exited Lines may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures or ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.


	Quarters Ended March 31,
	2023						2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Losses			Loss Ratio			Losses			Loss Ratio
Property
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	3,652			42.0	%	$	10,261			54.6	%
Effect of prior accident year		(1,165	)		(13.4	%)		(3,867	)		(20.6	%)
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio (2)	$	2,487			28.6	%	$	6,394			34.0	%

Catastrophe losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	2,142			24.7	%	$	2,152			11.4	%
Effect of prior accident year		149			1.7	%		(471	)		(2.5	%)
Catastrophe losses and ratio (2)	$	2,291			26.4	%	$	1,681			8.9	%

Total property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	5,794			66.7	%	$	12,413			66.0	%
Effect of prior accident year		(1,016	)		(11.7	%)		(4,338	)		(23.1	%)
Total property losses and ratio (2)	$	4,778			55.0	%	$	8,075			42.9	%

Casualty
Total casualty losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	2,303			68.7	%	$	2,493			55.1	%
Effect of prior accident year		(462	)		(13.8	%)		(591	)		(13.1	%)
Total casualty losses and ratio (2)	$	1,841			54.9	%	$	1,902			42.0	%

Total
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1)	$	8,097			67.2	%	$	14,906			63.9	%
Effect of prior accident year		(1,478	)		(12.2	%)		(4,929	)		(21.1	%)
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio (2)	$	6,619			55.0	%	$	9,977			42.8	%

(1)

Non-GAAP measure / ratio

(2)

Most directly comparable GAAP measure / ratio

Premiums

See “Results of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

Other Income

The Company recognized income of $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income net of bank fees.

Loss Ratio

The current accident year losses and loss ratio is summarized as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,				%
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change
Property losses
Non-catastrophe	$	3,652	$	10,261		(64.4	%)
Catastrophe		2,142		2,152		(0.5	%)
Property losses		5,794		12,413		(53.3	%)
Casualty losses		2,303		2,493		(7.6	%)
Total accident year losses	$	8,097	$	14,906		(45.7	%)


	Quarters Ended March 31,						Point
	2023			2022			Change
Current accident year loss ratio:
Property
Non-catastrophe		42.0	%		54.6	%		(12.6	)
Catastrophe		24.7	%		11.4	%		13.3
Property loss ratio		66.7	%		66.0	%		0.7
Casualty loss ratio		68.7	%		55.1	%		13.6
Total accident year loss ratio		67.2	%		63.9	%		3.3

The current accident year non-catastrophe property loss ratio improved by 12.6 points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 reflecting lower claims severity in the first accident quarter compared to last year.

The current accident year catastrophe loss ratio increased by 13.3 points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily recognizing higher claims frequency in the first accident quarter compared to last year.

The current accident year casualty loss ratio increased by 13.6 points during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily reflecting higher claims frequency in farm, ranch & stable lines for the first accident quarter compared to last year and growth in the brokerage divisions which had a higher expected loss ratio.

The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 includes a decrease of $1.5 million, or 12.2 percentage points related to reserve development on prior accident years. The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 includes a decrease of $4.9 million, or 21.1 percentage points related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratio

The expense ratio for the Company’s Exited Lines decreased by 5.4 points from 48.0% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 to 42.6% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 due to restructuring actions which reduced expenses.

Unallocated Corporate Items

The Company’s fixed income portfolio, excluding cash, continues to maintain high quality with an A average rating and a duration of 1.5 years.

Net Investment Income


	Quarters Ended March 31,						%
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			Change
Gross investment income (1)	$	12,380		$	7,196			72.0	%
Investment expenses		(372	)		(604	)		(38.4	%)
Net investment income	$	12,008		$	6,592			82.2	%

(1)

Excludes realized gains and losses

Gross investment income increased by 72.0% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in yield within the fixed maturities portfolio due to the rise in rates.

Investment expenses decreased by 38.4% for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 due to decreased investment management expenses.

At March 31, 2023, the Company held agency mortgage-backed securities with a market value of $3.2 million. Excluding the agency mortgage-backed securities, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was 1.5 years as of March 31, 2023, compared with 3.2 years as of March 31, 2022. Including cash and short-term investments, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio, excluding agency mortgage-backed securities was 1.5 years and 2.8 years as of March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. Changes in interest rates can cause principal payments on certain investments to extend or shorten which can impact duration. The Company’s embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 3.6% as of March 31, 2023, compared to 2.6% as of March 31, 2022. The embedded book yield on the $31.9 million of taxable municipal bonds in the Company’s portfolio was 3.1% at March 31, 2023, compared to an embedded book yield of 3.2% on the Company’s taxable municipal bonds of $47.0 million at March 31, 2022.

Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Equity securities	$	(914	)	$	(1,345	)
Fixed maturities		(606	)		(3,239	)
Derivatives		—			4,724
Other-than-temporary impairment losses (1)		—			(25,525	)
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	(1,520	)	$	(25,385	)

(1) In response to a rising interest rate environment, the Company took action early in April 2022 to shorten the duration of its fixed maturities portfolio. In connection with these actions, the Company identified fixed maturities securities with a weighted average life of five years or greater as having an intent to sell resulting in other-than-temporary impairment losses. The majority of which were sold in the 2nd quarter of 2022. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities were reinvested into fixed income investments with maturities of two years. As a result of these actions, book yield increased from 2.2% at December 31, 2021 to 3.6% at March 31, 2023.

See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for an analysis of total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Corporate and Other Operating Expenses

Corporate and other operating expenses consist of outside legal fees, other professional fees, directors’ fees, management fees & advisory fees, salaries and benefits for holding company personnel, development costs for new products, impairment losses, and taxes incurred which are not directly related to operations. Corporate and other operating expenses were $6.4 million and $4.7 million during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in corporate and other operating expenses is primarily due to restructuring costs incurred in the first quarter of 2023.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $2.6 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2022. There was no interest expense during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. The reduction in interest expense was due to the redemption of the 7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047 on April 15, 2022.

Income Tax Expense / Benefit

Income tax expense was $0.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 compared with income tax benefit of $3.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. The increase in income tax expense is primarily due to higher taxable income in the Company's U.S. Subsidiaries in 2023.

See Note 7 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for a comparison of income tax between periods.

Net Income (Loss)

The factors described above resulted in a net income of $2.5 million and a net loss of $14.8 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Funds

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a holding company. Its principal asset is its ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including those of its insurance companies: United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company, and Penn-Patriot Insurance Company.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s short term and long term liquidity needs include but are not limited to the payment of corporate expenses, debt service payments, distributions to shareholders, and share repurchases. The Company also has commitments in the form of operating leases, commitments to fund limited liability investments, and unpaid losses and loss expense obligations. In order to meet its short term and long term needs, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s principal sources of cash includes investment income, dividends from subsidiaries, other permitted disbursements from its direct and indirect subsidiaries, reimbursement for equity awards granted to employees and intercompany borrowings. The principal sources of funds at these direct and indirect subsidiaries include underwriting operations, investment income, proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments, capital contributions, intercompany borrowings, and dividends from subsidiaries. Funds are used principally by these operating subsidiaries to pay claims and operating expenses, to make debt payments, to purchase investments, and to make distribution payments. In addition, the Company periodically reviews opportunities related to business acquisitions, and as a result, liquidity may be needed in the future.

GBLI Holdings, LLC is a holding company which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Penn-Patriot Insurance Company. GBLI Holdings, LLC’s principal asset is its ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries which include United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, and Penn-Star Insurance Company. GBLI Holdings, LLC is dependent on dividends from its subsidiaries as well as reimbursements from its subsidiaries for utilization of net operating losses and other tax attributes in order to meet its corporate expense obligations and intercompany financing obligations.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company also had future funding commitments of $14.2 million related to investments that are currently in their harvest period and it is unlikely that a capital call will be made.

The future liquidity of both Global Indemnity Group, LLC and GBLI Holdings, LLC is dependent on the ability of its subsidiaries to generate income to pay dividends. Global Indemnity Group, LLC and GBLI Holdings, LLC’s insurance companies are restricted by statute as to the amount of dividends that they may pay without the prior approval of regulatory authorities. The dividend limitations imposed by state laws are based on the statutory financial results of each insurance company that are determined by using statutory accounting practices that differ in various respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. See “Regulation - Statutory Accounting

Principles” in Item 1 of Part I of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Key differences relate to, among other items, deferred acquisition costs, limitations on deferred income taxes, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes. See Note 22 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on dividend limitations related to the Insurance Companies. There were no dividend declared or paid during the quarter ended March 31, 2023.

Cash Flows

Sources of operating funds consist primarily of net written premiums and investment income. Funds are used primarily to pay claims and operating expenses and to purchase investments. As a result of the distribution policy, funds are also used to pay distributions to shareholders of the Company.

The Company’s reconciliation of net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used for) operations is generally influenced by the following:

•

the fact that the Company collects premiums, net of commissions, in advance of losses paid;

•

the timing of the Company’s settlements with its reinsurers; and

•

the timing of the Company’s loss payments.

Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities was $5.3 million and ($10.1) million for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in operating cash flows of approximately $15.4 million from the prior year was primarily a net result of the following items:


	Quarters Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			Change
Net premiums collected	$	120,397		$	132,367		$	(11,970	)
Net losses paid		(63,936	)		(74,081	)		10,145
Underwriting and corporate expenses		(64,116	)		(74,087	)		9,971
Net investment income		12,981			8,299			4,682
Interest paid		—			(2,560	)		2,560
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	$	5,326		$	(10,062	)	$	15,388

See the consolidated statements of cash flows in the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for details concerning the Company’s investing and financing activities.

Liquidity

Stock Repurchase

From April, 1, 2023 through May 1, 2023, an additional 200,000 shares were repurchased as part of the share repurchase program. On October 21, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that up to $32 million of share repurchases were authorized. On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it authorized an increase in the aggregate stock purchases from $32 million to $60 million. From the time of the initial announcement, a total of 1,357,082 shares were repurchased for approximately $34.0 million at an average purchase price of $25.05 per share. 138,151 shares that were acquired were reissued at an average price per share of $24.17. As a result of these transactions, book value per share increased by $1.69 per share.

Restructuring

The Company is restructuring its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. The restructuring plan, which was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2022, was completed in the first quarter of 2023. The Company incurred restructuring charges of $3.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $2.2 million in the first quarter of 2023 for a total of $5.6 million. Post completion of the restructuring, the Company anticipates recurring annual expense savings of $16.0 million.

Distributions

Other than the items discussed in the preceding paragraphs, there have been no material changes to the Company’s liquidity during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. Please see Item 7 of Part II in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding the Company’s liquidity.

Capital Resources

There have been no material changes to the Company’s capital resources during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. Please see Item 7 of Part II in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding the Company’s capital resources.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has no off balance sheet arrangements.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Some of the statements under “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Security Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. These statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "believe," "expect," "may," "will," "should," "project," "plan," "seek," "intend," or "anticipate" or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, and include discussions of strategy, financial projections and estimates and their underlying assumptions, statements regarding plans, objectives, expectations or consequences of identified transactions or natural disasters, and statements about the future performance, operations, products and services of the companies.

The Company’s business and operations are and will be subject to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors. Consequently, actual results and experience may materially differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and experience to differ from those projected. The Company’s forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they were made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, global equities rose approximately 8.0% with U.S equities modestly underperforming, gaining approximately 7.5%. U.S fixed income gained approximately 3.0% with the average spread moving wider during the quarter. In March, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell provided hawkish testimony in his semi-annual assessment of the economy to Congress. This was quickly followed by a shock to financial stability and confidence as we witnessed three bank failures that required swift and coordinated actions from monetary authorities. These measures played a critical role in calming fears. Just two weeks later, the Fed increased rates while making the clear delineation that it has the tools to manage financial stability while at the same time battling inflation. This has all combined to leave market participants parsing each piece of economic data for indications of the next moves by the FOMC, resulting in continued large swings in interest rates.

The Company’s investment grade fixed income portfolio continues to maintain high quality with an A average rating and a duration of 1.5 years. Portfolio purchases were focused within US Treasury, asset backed, and investment grade credit securities. These purchases were funded primarily through cash inflows, sales of US Treasury securities, as well as maturities and paydowns. During the first quarter, the portfolio’s allocation to asset backed securities increased, while the portfolio’s exposure to US Treasury securities decreased.

Other than the changes described in the preceding paragraph, there have been no other material changes to the Company’s market risk since December 31, 2022. Please see Item 7A of Part II in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding the Company’s market risk.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, and subject to the foregoing, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2023, the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting.

PART II-OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company maintains insurance and reinsurance coverage for risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers’ have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The Company’s results of operations and financial condition are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A of Part I in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023. The risk factors identified therein have not materially changed.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company’s Share Incentive Plan allows employees to surrender the Company’s class A common shares as payment for the tax liability incurred upon the vesting of restricted stock. There were 3,302 shares surrendered by the Company’s employees during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. All class A common shares surrendered by the Company’s employees are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost until formally retired.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC repurchased 250,000 shares from third parties under its repurchase program during the quarter ended March 31, 2023. All class A common shares repurchased from third parties under its repurchase program are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost until formally retired.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits



31.1+		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 (a) / 15d-14 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2+		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 (a) / 15d-14 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1+		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2+		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

+ Filed or furnished herewith, as applicable.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC
	Registrant


Dated: May 10, 2023	By:	/s/ Thomas M. McGeehan
		Thomas M. McGeehan
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Authorized Signatory and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)