Globalstar, Inc. - Annual Report: 2012 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012

OR

For the Transition Period from to 

Commission File Number 001-33117

GLOBALSTAR, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

300 Holiday Square Blvd.

Covington, Louisiana 70433

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (985) 335-1500

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Voting Common Stock, $.0001 par value

5.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨No x 

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨No x 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes o No x 

The aggregate market value of the Registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2012, the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $36.6 million. 

As of March 1, 2013, 354,551,816 shares of voting common stock and 135,000,000 shares of nonvoting common stock were outstanding. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to common stock in this Report mean Registrant's voting common stock. 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant's Proxy Statement for the 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Report.

FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements 

Certain statements contained in or incorporated by reference into this Report, other than purely historical information, including, but not limited to, estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words "believe," "project," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "intend," "strategy," "plan," "may," "should," "will," "would," "will be," "will continue," "will likely result," and similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties which may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements, such as the statements regarding our ability to develop and expand our business, our anticipated capital spending (including for any future satellite procurements and launches), our ability to manage costs, our ability to exploit and respond to technological innovation, the effects of laws and regulations (including tax laws and regulations) and legal and regulatory changes, the opportunities for strategic business combinations and the effects of consolidation in our industry on us and our competitors, our anticipated future revenues, our anticipated financial resources, our expectations about the future operational performance of our satellites (including their projected operational lives), the expected strength of and growth prospects for our existing customers and the markets that we serve, commercial acceptance of new products, problems relating to the ground-based facilities operated by us or by independent gateway operators, worldwide economic, geopolitical and business conditions and risks associated with doing business on a global basis and other statements contained in this Report regarding matters that are not historical facts, involve predictions. Risks and uncertainties that could cause or contribute to such differences include, without limitation, those in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Report. We do not intend, and undertake no obligation, to update any of our forward-looking statements after the date of this Report to reflect actual results or future events or circumstances.

Item 1. Business

Overview

Globalstar, Inc. (“we,” “us” or “the Company”) is a leading provider of Mobile Satellite Services (“MSS”) including voice and data communications services globally via satellite. By providing wireless services in areas not served or underserved by terrestrial wireless and wireline networks, we seek to meet our customers' increasing desire for connectivity. We offer voice and data communication services over our network of in-orbit satellites and our active ground stations (or “gateways”), which we refer to collectively as the Globalstar System.

In 2006 we began a process of designing, manufacturing and deploying a second-generation constellation of Low Earth Orbit (“LEO”) satellites to replace our first-generation constellation. Our second-generation satellites are designed to last twice as long in space, have 40% greater capacity and be built at a significantly lower cost compared to our first-generation satellites. This effort has culminated in the successful launch of our second-generation satellites, with the fourth launch occurring on February 6, 2013. Three prior launches of second-generation satellites were successfully completed in October 2010, July 2011 and December 2011.We are integrating all of the new second-generation satellites with certain first-generation satellites to form our second-generation constellation. As we place each new satellite into service, our service levels increase for our voice and Duplex data customers. When placed into service, the second-generation satellites launched in February 2013 will complete the restoration of our constellation’s Duplex capabilities. We expect this substantial increase in service levels to result in our products and services becoming more desirable to existing and potential customers. Existing subscribers have started to utilize our services more, measured by minutes of use on the Globalstar System year over year, a trend that we expect to continue. For our existing customers, increases in usage on the Globalstar System may not directly correlate with increased revenue due to the number of subscribers who use our popular unlimited usage rate plans. As we continue to improve Duplex capability, we expect to gain new customers, including winning back former customers, which will result in increased Duplex revenue in the future. We continue to offer a range of price-competitive products to the industrial, governmental and consumer markets. Due to the unique design of the Globalstar System (and based on customer input), we believe that we offer the best voice quality among our peer group.

We define a successful level of service for our customers as measured by their ability to make uninterrupted calls of average duration for a system-wide average number of minutes per month. Our goal is to provide service levels and call success rates equal to or better than our MSS competitors so our products and services are attractive to potential customers. We define voice quality as the ability to easily hear, recognize and understand callers with imperceptible delay in the transmission. Due to the unique design of the Globalstar System, we outperform on this measure versus geostationary satellite (“GEO”) competitors due to the difference in signal travel distance, approximately 44,000 additional miles for GEO satellites, which introduces considerable delay and signal degradation to GEO calls. For our competitors using cross-linked satellite architectures, which require multiple inter-satellite connections to complete a call, signal degradation and delay can result in compromised call quality as compared to that experienced over the Globalstar System.

We also compete aggressively on price. In 2004 we were the first MSS company to offer bundled pricing plans that we adapted from the terrestrial wireless industry. We expect to continue to innovate and retain our position as the low cost, high quality leader in the MSS industry. 

Our satellite communications business, by providing critical mobile communications to our subscribers, serves principally the following markets: recreation and personal; government; public safety and disaster relief; oil and gas; maritime and fishing; natural resources, mining and forestry; construction; utilities; and transportation.

At December 31, 2012, we served approximately 562,000 subscribers. We increased our net subscribers by 16% from December 31, 2011 to December 31, 2012. We count "subscribers" based on the number of devices that are subject to agreements which entitle them to use our voice or data communications services rather than the number of persons or entities who own or lease those devices.

We currently provide the following communications services via satellite:

Our services are available only with equipment designed to work on our network. The equipment we offer to our customers consists principally of:

We designed our second-generation constellation to support our current lineup of Duplex, SPOT family (SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger and SPOT Connect) and Simplex data products. With the improvement in both coverage and service quality for our Duplex product offerings resulting from the deployment of our second-generation constellation, we anticipate an expansion of our subscriber base and increases in our average revenue per user, or “ARPU.”

Our products and services are sold through a variety of independent agents, dealers and resellers, and independent gateway operators (“IGOs”). Our success in marketing these products and services is enhanced through diversification of our distribution channels, consumer and commercial markets, and product offerings.

Duplex Two-Way Voice and Data Products

Mobile Voice and Data Satellite Communications Services and Equipment

We provide mobile voice and data services to a wide variety of commercial, government and recreational customers for remote business continuity, recreational, emergency response and other applications. Subscribers under these plans typically pay an initial activation fee to an agent or dealer, a monthly usage fee to us that entitles the customer to a fixed or unlimited number of minutes, and fees for additional services such as voicemail, call forwarding, short messaging, email, data compression and internet access. Extra fees may also apply for non-voice services, roaming and long-distance. We regularly monitor our service offerings in accordance with customer demands and market changes and offer pricing plans such as bundled minutes, annual plans and unlimited plans.

We offer our services for use only with equipment designed to work on our network, which users generally purchase in conjunction with an initial service plan. We offer the GSP-1700 phone, which includes a user-friendly color LCD screen and a variety of accessories. The phone design represents a significant improvement over earlier-generation equipment that we believe will facilitate increased adoption from prospective users, as well as increased revenue from our existing subscribers as we place our final second-generation satellites into service. We also believe that the GSP-1700 is among the smallest, lightest and least-expensive satellite phones available. We are the only MSS provider using the patented Qualcomm CDMA technology that we believe provides superior voice quality when compared to competitive handsets.

Fixed Voice and Data Satellite Communications Services

We provide fixed voice and data services in rural villages, at remote industrial, commercial and residential sites and on ships at sea, among other places, primarily with our GSP-2900 fixed phone. Fixed voice and data satellite communications services are in many cases an attractive alternative to mobile satellite communications services in environments where multiple users will access the service within a defined geographic area and cellular or ground phone service is not available. Our fixed units also may be mounted on vehicles, barges and construction equipment and benefit from the ability to have higher gain antennas. Our fixed voice and data service plans are similar to our mobile voice and data plans and offer similar flexibility. In addition to offering monthly service plans, our fixed phones can be configured as pay phones installed at a central location, for example, in a rural village.

Satellite Data Modem Services

In addition to data utilization through fixed and mobile services described above, we offer data-only services. Duplex devices have two-way transmission capabilities. Asset-tracking applications enable customers to control directly their remote assets and perform complex monitoring activities. We offer asynchronous and packet data service in all of our Duplex territories. Customers can use our products to access the internet, corporate virtual private networks and other customer specific data centers. Our satellite data modems can be activated under any of our current pricing plans. Satellite data modems are accessible in every Duplex region we serve. We provide store-and-forward capabilities to customers who do not require real-time transmission and reception of data. Additionally, we offer a data acceleration and compression service to the satellite data modem market. This service increases web-browsing, email and other data transmission speeds without any special equipment or hardware. 

Qualcomm GSP-1720 Satellite Voice and Data Modem

The GSP-1720 is a satellite voice and data modem board with multiple antenna configurations and an enlarged set of commands for modem control. This board is attractive to integrators because it has more user interfaces that are easily programmable. This makes it easier for value added resellers to integrate the satellite modem processing with the specific application, such as monitoring and controlling oil and gas pumps, electric power plants and other remote facilities.

New Products, Services and the Next-Generation IMS Ground Network

We have a contract with Hughes Network Systems, LLC (“Hughes”) under which Hughes will design, supply and implement (a) the Radio Access Network ("RAN") ground network equipment and software upgrades for installation at a number of our satellite gateway ground stations and (b) satellite interface chips to be a part of the User Terminal Subsystem (“UTS”) in our various next-generation Globalstar devices. These upgrades will be part of our next-generation ground network.

We also have a contract with Ericsson, Inc. (“Ericsson”) to work with us to develop, implement and maintain a ground interface, or core network, system that will be installed at our satellite gateway ground stations. The core network system is wireless 3G/4G compatible and will link our radio access network to the public-switched telephone network (“PSTN”) and/or Internet.  This new core network system will be part of our next-generation ground network.

Our second-generation constellation, when combined with our next-generation ground network, is designed to provide our customers with enhanced future services featuring increased data speeds of up to 256 kbps in a flexible Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (“IMS”) configuration. We will be able to support multiple products and services, including multicasting; advanced messaging capabilities such as Multimedia Messaging Service (“MMS”); geo-location services; multi-band and multi-mode handsets; and data devices with GPS integration.

Direct Sales, Dealers and Resellers

Our sales group is responsible for conducting direct sales with key accounts and for managing indirect agent, dealer and reseller relationships in assigned territories in the countries in which we operate.

The reseller channel for Duplex equipment and service is comprised primarily of communications equipment, retailer companies, and commercial communications equipment rental companies that retain and bill clients directly, outside of our billing system. Many of our resellers specialize in niche vertical markets where high-use customers are concentrated. We have sales arrangements with major resellers to market our services, including some value added resellers that integrate our products into their proprietary end products or applications.

Our typical dealer is a communications services business-to-business equipment retailer. We offer competitive service and equipment commissions to our network of dealers to encourage sales.

In addition to sales through our distribution managers, agents, dealers and resellers, customers can place orders through our existing sales force and through our direct e-commerce website.

SPOT Family of Consumer Retail Products

We have differentiated ourselves from other MSS providers by offering affordable, high utility mobile satellite products that appeal to the mainstream consumer market. With the 2009 acquisition of satellite asset tracking and consumer messaging products manufacturer Axonn LLC (“Axonn”), we believe we are the only vertically integrated mobile satellite company, which results in decreased pre-production costs and shorter time to market for our retail consumer products.  During 2012, our consumer retail product lineup consisted primarily of the SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger™ and the SPOT Connect™. We anticipate introducing additional SPOT products during 2013 that will further drive sales, subscriber and revenue growth. Since their introduction, our SPOT products have been responsible for initiating over 2,100 rescues in over 70 countries and at sea. We do not believe that there is any competitive product on the market that can match those impressive numbers.

SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger

We have targeted our SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger to recreational and commercial markets that require personal tracking, emergency location and messaging solutions that operate beyond the reach of terrestrial, wireless and wireline coverage. Using our network and web-based mapping software, this device provides consumers with the ability to trace geographically or map the location of individuals or equipment. The product also enables users to transmit messages to a specific preprogrammed email address, phone or data device, including a request for assistance and an “SOS” message in the event of an emergency.

We market our SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger products and services in the U.S. and Canada, as well as in our overseas markets, including South and Central America, Western Europe, and through independent gateway operators in their respective territories.

We began commercial sales of the first SPOT products and services in November 2007 when we introduced the SPOT Personal Tracker. We introduced an updated version of this product, the SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger (“SPOT 2”) in July 2009. We believe the sales volumes of SPOT products and services to date show a viable market for affordable emergency and tracking functionality worldwide.

SPOT Connect

In January 2011, we introduced SPOT Connect, a one-way messaging device capable of sending customized messages over our satellite network from smartphones or similar “smart” devices such as tablets. SPOT Connect provides connectivity to our customers for sending location-based messages from areas either within or outside of cellular phone coverage. After downloading the SPOT Connect app on a device, the user’s SPOT Connect wirelessly synchs via Bluetooth with a smartphone’s operating system. SPOT message features are then initiated using the SPOT Connect app. Users can then type and send text messages from anywhere within our global coverage area. SPOT Connect also provides traditional SPOT functionality, including emergency assistance, messaging, and tracking.  This product currently supports both Apple® and Android® platforms.

Product Distribution

We distribute and sell our SPOT products through a variety of distribution channels. We have also expanded our distribution channels through product alliances. We have distribution relationships with a number of "Big Box" retailers and other similar distribution channels including Amazon.com, Bass Pro Shops, Best Buy, Big 5 Sporting Goods, Big Rock Sports, Cabela's, Campmor, Wholesale Sports, London Drugs, Outdoor and More, Gander Mountain, REI, Sportsman's Warehouse, West Marine, and CWR Electronics. We also sell SPOT products and services directly using our existing sales force and through our direct e-commerce website.

Commercial Simplex One-Way Transmission Products

Simplex service is a one-way burst data transmission from a commercial Simplex device over the Globalstar System that can be used to track and monitor assets. Our subscribers presently use our Simplex devices to track cargo containers and rail cars; to monitor utility meters; as well as a host of other applications. At the heart of the Simplex service is a demodulator and RF interface, called an appliqué, which is located at a gateway and an application server located in our facilities. The appliqué-equipped gateways provide coverage over vast areas of the globe. The server receives and collates messages from all Simplex telemetry devices transmitting over our satellite network. Simplex devices consist of a telemetry unit, an application specific sensor, a battery and optional global positioning functionality. The small size of the devices makes them attractive for use in tracking asset shipments, monitoring unattended remote assets, trailer tracking and mobile security. Current users include various governmental agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”), the U.S. Army, the U.S. Air Force and the Mexican Ministry of Education, as well as other organizations, including General Electric, Dell and The Salvation Army.

We designed our Simplex service to address the market for a small and cost-effective solution for sending data, such as geographic coordinates, from assets or individuals in remote locations to a central monitoring station. Customers are able to realize an efficiency advantage from tracking assets on a single global system as compared to several regional systems. Our Simplex services are currently available worldwide and are served by gateways in the United States, Canada, France, Venezuela, Mexico, Turkey, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Peru, Nigeria, and Brazil.

We offer a small module called STX-2 Satellite Transmitter which enables an integrator’s product designs to access our Simplex network. We also offer complete products that utilize the STX-2 Satellite Transmitter. Our Simplex units, including the enterprise products MMT and SMARTONE, are used worldwide by industrial, commercial and government customers. These products provide cost-effective, low power, ultra-reliable, secure monitoring that help solve a variety of security applications and asset tracking challenges.

The reseller channel for Simplex equipment and service is comprised primarily of communications equipment retailer companies and commercial communications equipment rental companies that retain and bill clients directly, outside of our billing system. Many of our resellers specialize in niche vertical markets where high-use customers are concentrated. We have sales arrangements with major resellers to market our services, including some value added resellers that integrate our STX-2, or our products based on it, into their proprietary solutions designed to meet certain specialized niche market applications.

Independent Gateway Operators

Our wholesale operations encompass primarily bulk sales of wholesale minutes to IGOs around the globe. IGOs maintain their own subscriber bases that are mostly exclusive to us and promote their own service plans. The IGO system allows us to expand in regions that hold significant growth potential but are harder to serve without sufficient operational scale or where local regulatory requirements do not permit us to operate directly.

Currently, 12 of the 24 active gateways in our network are owned and operated by unaffiliated companies, some of whom operate more than one gateway. Except for the gateway in Nigeria, in which we hold a 30% equity interest, and Globalstar Asia Pacific, our joint venture in South Korea in which we hold a 49% equity interest, we have no financial interest in these IGOs other than arms’ length contracts for wholesale minutes of service. Some of these IGOs have been unable to grow their businesses adequately due in part to limited resources and the prior inability of our constellation to provide reliable Duplex service. With the completion of our second-generation constellation, we expect the IGOs to grow their businesses significantly in the future.

Set forth below is a list of IGOs as of December 31, 2012:

We currently hold two gateways in storage that we are actively marketing for future deployment in new territories. 

Other Services

We also provide certain engineering services to assist customers in developing new applications related to our system. These services include hardware and software designs to develop specific applications operating over our network, as well as, the installation of gateways and antennas.

Our Spectrum and Regulatory Structure

Globalstar has access to a world-wide allocation of radio frequency spectrum through the international radio frequency tables administered by the International Telecommunications Union (“ITU”). We believe access to this global spectrum enables us to design satellites, network and terrestrial infrastructure enhancements more cost effectively because the products and services can be deployed and sold worldwide. In addition, this broad spectrum assignment enhances our ability to capitalize on existing and emerging wireless and broadband applications.

First Generation Constellation

In the United States, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) has authorized us to operate our first-generation satellites in 25.225 MHz of radio spectrum comprising two blocks of non-contiguous radio frequencies in the 1.6/2.4 GHz band commonly referred to as the Big LEO Spectrum Band. Specifically, the FCC has authorized us to operate between 1610-1618.725 MHz for “Uplink” communications from mobile earth terminals to our satellites and between 2483.5-2500 MHz for “Downlink” communications from our satellites to our mobile earth terminals. The FCC has also authorized us to operate our four domestic gateways with our first-generation satellites in the 5091-5250 and 6875-7055 MHz bands.

Three of our subsidiaries hold our FCC licenses. Globalstar Licensee LLC holds our mobile satellite services license. GUSA Licensee LLC (“GUSA”) is authorized by the FCC to distribute mobile and fixed subscriber terminals and to operate gateways in the United States. GUSA holds the licenses for our gateways in Texas, Florida and Alaska. Another subsidiary, GCL Licensee LLC (“GCL”), holds an FCC license to operate a gateway in Puerto Rico. GCL is also subject to regulation by the Puerto Rican regulatory agency.

Second-Generation Constellation

We licensed and registered our second-generation constellation in France. In October 2010, the French Ministry for the Economy, Industry and Employment authorized Globalstar Europe SARL, now Globalstar Europe SAS (“Globalstar Europe”), our wholly owned subsidiary, to operate our second-generation constellation.  In November 2010, ARCEP, the French independent administrative authority of post and electronic communications regulations, granted a license to Globalstar Europe to provide mobile satellite service.

The French National Frequencies Agency (“ANFR”) is representing us before the ITU for purposes of receiving assignments of orbital positions and conducting international coordination efforts to address any interference concerns. ANFR submitted the technical papers to the ITU on our behalf in July 2009. As with the first-generation constellation, the ITU will require us to coordinate our spectrum assignments with other companies that use any portion of our spectrum bands. We cannot predict how long the coordination process will take; however, we are able to use the frequencies during the coordination process in accordance with our national licenses.

The FCC has authorized us to operate our domestic gateways with our second-generation satellites. Further, the French Ministry in charge of space operations has issued us final authorization and has undertaken the registration of our second-generation satellites with the United Nation as provided under the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space. In accordance with this authorization to operate the second-generation satellite constellation, we are currently on schedule to enhance the existing gateway operations in Aussaguel, France to include satellite operations and control functions during 2013.

Our current Non-Geostationary Satellite Orbit (“NGSO”) satellite constellation license issued by the FCC is valid until April 2013. We have filed an application to modify and extend this license. Under the FCC’s rules, we may continue to operate our constellation beyond April 2013 pending the FCC’s approval of our application. This license application applies only to our continued use of our first-generation satellites.

Potential Terrestrial Use of Globalstar Spectrum

In February 2003, the FCC adopted rules that permit satellite service providers such as Globalstar to establish terrestrial networks utilizing the ancillary terrestrial component (“ATC”) of their licensed spectrum.  ATC authorization enables the integration of a satellite-based service with terrestrial wireless services, resulting in a hybrid mobile satellite services/ATC network designed to provide advanced services and broad coverage throughout the United States. An ATC deployment could extend our services to urban areas and inside buildings where satellite services are currently not available, as well as to rural and remote areas that lack terrestrial wireless services.

In order to establish an ATC network, a satellite service provider must first meet certain specified requirements commonly known as the “gating criteria.”  These criteria require us to provide continuous coverage over the United States and have an in-orbit spare satellite. Additionally, ATC services must be complementary or ancillary to mobile satellite services in an "integrated service offering," which can be achieved by using "dual-mode" devices capable of transmitting and receiving mobile satellite and ATC signals, or providing “other evidence” that the satellite service provider meets the requirement. Further, user subscriptions that include ATC services must also include mobile satellite services. Because of these requirements, the number of potential early stage competitors in providing ATC services is limited, as only mobile satellite services operators who offer commercial satellite services can provide ATC services.

In January 2006, the FCC granted our application to add an ATC service to our existing mobile satellite services. In April 2008, the FCC issued a decision extending our ATC authorization from 11MHz to a total of 19.275 MHz of our spectrum. Outside the United States, other countries are considering implementing regulations to facilitate ATC services. We expect to pursue ATC licenses in jurisdictions such as Canada and the European Community as market conditions dictate.

In July 2010, the FCC instituted a rulemaking proceeding and notice of inquiry to consider whether certain gating criteria should be revised or eliminated so as to permit satellite operators to exercise greater flexibility in utilizing ATC. Interested parties, including Globalstar, filed comments in these proceedings in September 2010. In these proceedings, we have proposed the elimination of, or substantial modifications to, the existing gating criteria. We continue our active participation in these proceedings. In addition, other MSS providers have requested waivers of certain gating criteria, including the “integrated service offering” requirement, so as to permit such providers to offer terrestrial-only services over their MSS frequency allocations. These MSS providers include LightSquared Subsidiary, LLC, New DBSD Satellite Service G.P. and TerreStar Licensee Inc. We actively participate in these proceedings to seek equal treatment for all MSS providers with respect to receiving any such relief. 

 In March 2012, the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, commencing a proceeding to eliminate the ATC regulatory regime as it applied to MSS operators in the 2 GHz band, namely DISH Network Corporation, and formerly DBSD and TerreStar. Therein, the FCC recommended replacing the ATC regime and establishing a separate terrestrial license, AWS-4, to operate terrestrial wireless services over this spectrum that was once used exclusively for MSS. In support of its recommendations to eliminate the ATC regime, the FCC noted that the ATC regime had failed to produce the public benefits that had been anticipated when the regime was enacted in 2003. In December of 2012, the FCC issued a final order in this proceeding in which it adopted its proposed rules for the 2 GHz band, eliminating the ATC regime and creating an AWS-4 terrestrial license for the holder of the 2 GHz MSS license. Henceforth the AWS-4 license will be regulated under the more flexible Part 27 regulatory rules and allow the provision of any wireless terrestrial services permitted by the FCC.

On November 13, 2012, we filed a petition for rulemaking with the FCC, requesting that we be granted regulatory flexibility to offer terrestrial wireless services, including mobile broadband services, over 19.275 MHz of our exclusively licensed Big LEO spectrum allocation. In our petition, we proposed a “near-term” plan for terrestrial relief in the 11.5 MHz of our “downlink” spectrum at 2483.5-2495 MHz to offer innovative services such as a proposed Terrestrial Low Power Service (“TLPS”). Under this proposal, we would utilize both our exclusively licensed 11.5 MHz of MSS spectrum at 2483.5 to 2495 MHz, as well as the contiguous 10.5 MHz of unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (“ISM”) spectrum located at 2473 to 2483.5 MHz to provide a carrier-grade fourth non overlapping 22 MHz channel under the IEEE 802.11 standard where most WiFi use currently exists. Significantly, we propose to use the 10.5 MHz of unlicensed ISM spectrum on a non-exclusive basis with no special protections against interference from adjacent bands.

Additionally, we have also proposed in our petition for rulemaking a “long-term” plan to obtain authority over our exclusively licensed spectrum at 1610-1617.775 MHz in order to provide additional mobile broadband services based on the Long Term Evolution (“LTE”) standard. During 2013, we will actively prosecute our petition for rulemaking before the FCC.

National Regulation of Service Providers

In order to operate gateways, applicable laws and regulations require the IGOs and our affiliates in each country to obtain a license from that country's telecommunications regulatory authority. In addition, the gateway operator must enter into appropriate interconnection and financial settlement agreements with local and interexchange telecommunications providers. All 24 active gateways, which we and the IGOs operate, are licensed.

Our subscriber equipment generally must be type certified in countries in which it is sold or leased. The manufacturers of the equipment and our affiliates or IGOs are jointly responsible for securing type certification. We have received type certification in multiple countries for each of our products.

Satellites

We launched our first-generation satellite constellation in the late 1990’s. These satellites have experienced various anomalies over time, including degradation in the performance of the solid-state power amplifiers which adversely affects the ability of these satellites to provide Duplex services. This degradation does not adversely affect the first-generation satellites ability to provide our one-way SPOT and Simplex data transmission services, which use only the uplink band from a subscriber’s equipment to our satellites. We have launched spare first-generation satellites to provide support for our Duplex, Simplex and SPOT services.

In 2006 we entered into agreements for the design, manufacture, delivery and launch of a second-generation constellation of satellites. We have successfully launched all of these second-generation satellites, with the final launch occurring on February 6, 2013. We designed our second-generation satellites to support our current lineup of Duplex, SPOT, and Simplex products and services, and these satellites are backwards compatible with our first-generation ground network and satellites, as well as forward compatible with our second-generation ground network.

  We designed the second-generation satellites to have a 15-year life from the date the satellites are first positioned into their operational orbits, twice the useful life of the first-generation satellites. This is achieved by increasing the solar array and battery capacity, using a larger fuel tank, more redundancy for key satellite equipment, and improved radiation specifications and additional lot level testing for all susceptible electronic components, in order to account for the accumulated dosage of radiation encountered during a 15-year mission at the operational altitude of the satellites. In order to avoid the radiation issues that affected the first-generation satellites, the second-generation satellites use passive S-band antennas on the body of the spacecraft providing additional shielding for the active amplifiers which are located inside the spacecraft, unlike the first-generation amplifiers that were located on the outside as part of the active antenna array.

Each satellite has a high degree of on-board subsystem redundancy, an on-board fault detection system and isolation and recovery for safe and quick risk mitigation. Our ability to reconfigure the orbital location of each satellite provides us with operating flexibility and continuity of service. The design of our space segment and primary and secondary ground control system facilitates the real-time intervention and management of the satellite constellation and service upgrades via hardware and software enhancements.

Today we have adequate satellites to provide Simplex service and expect this service level to continue for the foreseeable future. To continue the expansion of our current Duplex service, we have added and continue to add additional second-generation satellites to our constellation as discussed above.

Ground Network

Our satellites communicate with a network of 24 active gateways, each of which serves an area of approximately 700,000 to 1,000,000 square miles. The design of our orbital planes ensures that generally at least one satellite is visible from any point on the earth's surface between 70° north latitude and 70° south latitude. A gateway must be within line-of-sight of a satellite and the satellite must be within line-of-sight of the subscriber to provide services. We have positioned our gateways to cover most of the world's land and population. We own 12 of these gateways and the rest are owned by IGOs. In addition, we have spare parts in storage, including antennas and gateway electronic equipment, including two un-deployed stored gateways.

Each of our gateways has multiple antennas that communicate with our satellites and pass calls seamlessly between antenna beams and satellites as the satellites traverse the gateways, thereby reflecting the signals from our users' terminals to our gateways. Once a satellite acquires a signal from an end-user, the Globalstar System authenticates the user and establishes the voice or data channel to complete the call to the public switched telephone network, to a cellular or another wireless network or to the internet (for a data call including Simplex).

We believe that our terrestrial gateways provide a number of advantages over the in-orbit switching used by our main competitor, including better call quality, reduced call latency and convenient regionalized local phone numbers for inbound and outbound calling. We also believe that our network's design, which relies on terrestrial gateways rather than in-orbit switching, enables faster and more cost-effective system maintenance and upgrades because the system's software and much of its hardware is based on the ground. Our multiple gateways allow us to reconfigure our system quickly to extend another gateway's coverage to make up some or all of the coverage of a disabled gateway or to handle increased call capacity resulting from surges in demand.

Our network uses Qualcomm's patented CDMA technology to permit diversity combining of the strongest available signals. Patented receivers in our handsets track the pilot channel or signaling channel as well as three additional communications channels simultaneously. Compared to other satellite and network architectures, we offer superior call clarity with virtually no discernible delay. Our system architecture provides full frequency re-use. This maximizes diversity (which maximizes quality) and capacity as we can reuse the assigned spectrum in every satellite beam in every satellite. Our network also works with internet protocol (“IP”) data for reliable transmission of IP messages.

 We designed our second-generation satellites to support our current lineup of Duplex, SPOT, and Simplex products and services, and to be backwards compatible with our first-generation ground network and satellites, as well as forward compatible with our second-generation ground network.

Although our network is currently CDMA-based, it is configured so that it can also support one or more other air interfaces that we may select in the future. For example, we have developed a non-Qualcomm proprietary CDMA technology for our SPOT and Simplex services. Because our satellites are essentially "mirrors in the sky," and all of our network's switches and hardware are located on the ground, we can easily and relatively inexpensively modify our ground hardware and software to use other wave forms to meet customer demands for new and innovative services and products.

We own and operate gateways in the United States, Canada, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, France, Brazil and Singapore. We also own a gateway in Nicaragua that we have temporarily suspended from service.

In 2007, we entered into an agreement with Globaltouch (West Africa) Limited to construct and operate a gateway in Kaduna, Nigeria, for which Globaltouch has paid us $8.4 million. This gateway has been fully operational for SPOT and Simplex service since November 2009. We plan to complete the construction and introduce Duplex service at this gateway after our second-generation constellation becomes fully operational.

In 2008, we completed the construction of a gateway in Singapore at a total cost of approximately $4.0 million. This gateway has been fully operational for SPOT and Simplex service since October 2008. We plan to introduce Duplex service at this gateway when our second-generation constellation becomes fully operational. We have contracted with SingTel to operate this gateway on our behalf.

In January 2012, we signed a letter of intent with Shahad Al Sahra Trading Est. (SAS), for SAS's ownership and operation of a satellite gateway ground station located in Saudi Arabia and the establishment of a Satellite Services Agreement. Globalstar and SAS expect to enter into definitive agreements in the near future and request the necessary licensing approvals from the Saudi Arabian telecommunications regulatory agency.

Industry

We compete in the mobile satellite services sector of the global communications industry. Mobile satellite service operators provide voice and data services using a network of one or more satellites and associated ground facilities. Mobile satellite services are usually complementary to, and interconnected with, other forms of terrestrial communications services and infrastructure and are intended to respond to users' desires for connectivity at all times and locations. Customers typically use satellite voice and data communications in situations where existing terrestrial wireline and wireless communications networks are impaired or do not exist.

Worldwide, government organizations, military, natural disaster aid associations, event-driven response agencies and corporate security teams depend on mobile and fixed voice and data communications services on a regular basis. Businesses with global operating scope require communications services when operating in remote locations around the world. Mobile satellite services users span the forestry, maritime, government, oil and gas, mining, leisure, emergency services, construction and transportation sectors, among others. We believe many such customers increasingly view satellite communications services as critical to their daily operations.

Over the past two decades, the global mobile satellite services market has experienced significant growth. Increasingly, better-tailored, improved-technology products and services are creating new channels of demand for mobile satellite services. Growth in demand for mobile satellite voice services is driven by the declining cost of these services, the diminishing size and lower costs of the handsets, as well as, heightened demand by governments, businesses and individuals for ubiquitous global voice coverage. Growth in mobile satellite data services is driven by the rollout of new applications requiring higher bandwidth, as well as low cost data collection and asset tracking devices.

Communications industry sectors that are relevant to our business include:

Within the major satellite sectors, fixed satellite services and mobile satellite services operators differ significantly from each other. Fixed satellite services providers, such as Intelsat Ltd., Eutelsat Communications and SES S.A., and aperture terminals companies, such as Hughes and Gilat Satellite Networks, are characterized by large, often stationary or "fixed," ground terminals that send and receive high-bandwidth signals to and from the satellite network for video and high speed data customers and international telephone markets. On the other hand, mobile satellite services providers, such as Globalstar, Inmarsat P.L.C. (“Inmarsat”) and Iridium Communications, Inc. (“Iridium”), focus more on voice and data services (including data services which track the location of remote assets such as shipping containers), where mobility or small sized terminals are essential. As mobile satellite terminals begin to offer higher bandwidth to support a wider range of applications, we expect mobile satellite services operators will increasingly compete with fixed satellite services operators.

LEO systems, such as the systems we and Iridium currently operate, reduce transmission delay compared to a geosynchronous system due to the shorter distance signals have to travel. In addition, LEO systems are less prone to signal blockage and, consequently, we believe provide a better overall quality of service.

Competition

The global communications industry is highly competitive. We currently face substantial competition from other service providers that offer a range of mobile and fixed communications options. Our most direct competition comes from other global mobile satellite services providers. Our two largest global competitors are Inmarsat and Iridium. We compete primarily on the basis of coverage, quality, portability and pricing of services and products.

Inmarsat owns and operates a fleet of geostationary satellites. Due to its multiple-satellite geostationary system, Inmarsat's coverage area extends to and covers most bodies of water more completely than we do. Accordingly, Inmarsat is the leading provider of satellite communications services to the maritime sector. Inmarsat also offers global land-based and aeronautical communications services. Inmarsat generally does not sell directly to customers. Rather, it markets its products and services principally through a variety of distributors, who, in most cases, sell to additional downstream entities who sell to the ultimate customer. We compete with Inmarsat in several key areas, particularly in our maritime markets. Inmarsat has launched a mobile handset designed to compete with both Iridium’s mobile handset service and our GSP-1700 handset service.

Iridium owns and operates a fleet of low earth orbit satellites that is similar to our network of satellites. Iridium provides voice and data communications to businesses, United States and foreign governments, non-governmental organizations and consumers. Iridium sells its products and services to commercial end users through a wholesale distribution network. We have faced increased competition from Iridium in some of our target markets. During 2011, Iridium introduced a product that delivers remote communication features including send and receive text messaging, interactive SOS, and message delivery information.

We compete with regional mobile satellite communications services in several markets. In these cases, our competitors serve customers who require regional, not global, mobile voice and data services, so our competitors present a viable alternative to our services. All of these competitors operate geostationary satellites. Our regional mobile satellite services competitors currently include Thuraya, principally in the Middle East and Africa and ACeS (now operated by Inmarsat) in Asia.

In some of our markets, such as rural telephony, we compete directly or indirectly with very small aperture terminal (“VSAT”) operators that offer communications services through private networks using very small aperture terminals or hybrid systems to target business users. VSAT operators have become increasingly competitive due to technological advances that have resulted in smaller, more flexible and cheaper terminals.

We compete indirectly with terrestrial wireline (“landline”) and wireless communications networks. We provide service in areas that are inadequately covered by these ground systems. To the extent that terrestrial communications companies invest in underdeveloped areas, we will face increased competition in those areas.

Our SPOT products compete indirectly with Personal Locator Beacons (“PLB”s). A variety of manufacturers offer PLBs to an industry specification.

Our industry has significant barriers to entry, including the cost and difficulty associated with obtaining spectrum licenses and successfully building and launching a satellite network. In addition to cost, there is a significant amount of lead-time associated with obtaining the required licenses, designing and building the satellite constellation and synchronizing the network technology. We will continue to face competition from Inmarsat and Iridium and other businesses that have developed global mobile satellite communications services in particular regions.

United States International Traffic in Arms Regulations

The United States International Traffic in Arms regulations under the United States Arms Export Control Act authorize the President of the United States to control the export and import of articles and services that can be used in the production of arms. The President has delegated this authority to the U.S. Department of State, Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. Among other things, these regulations limit the ability to export certain articles and related technical data to certain nations. Some information involved in the performance of our operations falls within the scope of these regulations. As a result, we may have to obtain an export authorization or restrict access to that information by international companies that are our vendors or service providers. We have received and expect to continue to receive export licenses for our telemetry and control equipment located outside the United States and for providing technical data to Arianespace and the developers of our next generation of satellites.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety (including those governing the management, storage and disposal of hazardous materials). Some of our operations require continuous power supply. As a result, current and historical operations at our ground facilities, including our gateways, include storing fuel and batteries, which may contain hazardous materials, to power back-up generators. As an owner or operator of property and in connection with our current and historical operations, we could incur significant costs, including cleanup costs, fines, sanctions and third-party claims, as a result of violations of or in connection with liabilities under environmental laws and regulations.

Customers

The specialized needs of our global customers span many markets. Our system is able to offer our customers cost-effective communications solutions in areas unserved or underserved by existing telecommunications infrastructures. Although traditional users of wireless telephony and broadband data services have access to these services in developed locations, our targeted customers often operate, travel to or live in remote regions or regions with under-developed telecommunications infrastructure where these services are not readily available or are not provided on a reliable basis.

Our top revenue generating markets in the United States and Canada are (i) government (including federal, state and local agencies), public safety and disaster relief, (ii) recreation and personal and (iii) telecommunications. These markets comprised 21%, 18% and 5%, respectively, of our total subscribers tracked by segment in the United States and Canada at December 31, 2012. We also serve customers in the maritime and fishing, oil and gas, natural resources (mining and forestry), and construction, utilities markets, and transportation, which together comprised approximately 21% of our total subscribers tracked by segment in the United States and Canada at December 31, 2012.

No one customer was responsible for more than 10% of our revenue in 2012, 2011, or 2010.

Domestic/Foreign

We supply services and products to a number of foreign customers. Although most of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars, we are exposed to currency risk for sales in Canada, Europe, Brazil and other countries. In 2012, approximately 29% of our sales were denominated in foreign currencies. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding revenue by country.

Intellectual Property

We hold various U.S. and foreign patents and patents pending that expire between 2013 and 2030. These patents cover many aspects of our satellite system, our global network and our user terminals. In recent years, we have reduced our foreign filings and allowed some previously-granted foreign patents to lapse based on (a) the significance of the patent, (b) our assessment of the likelihood that someone would infringe in the foreign country, and (c) the probability that we could or would enforce the patent in light of the expense of filing and maintaining the foreign patent which, in some countries, is quite substantial. We continue to maintain all of the patents in the United States, Canada and Europe which we believe are important to our business. Our intellectual property is pledged as security for our obligations under our senior secured credit facility agreement (“Facility Agreement”).

Employees

As of December 31, 2012, we had 267 employees, 16 of whom were located in Brazil and subject to collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Seasonality

Usage on the network, and to some extent sales, are subject to seasonal and situational changes. April through October are typically our peak months for service revenues and equipment sales. Most notably, emergencies, natural disasters, and sizable projects where satellite based communications devices are the only solution. In the consumer area, SPOT devices are subject to outdoor and leisure activity opportunities, as well as our promotional efforts.

Services and Equipment

Sales of services accounted for approximately 75%, 76% and 75% of our total revenues for 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. We also sell the related voice and data equipment to our customers, which accounted for approximately 25%, 24% and 25% of our total revenues for 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively.

Company History

Our first-generation network, originally owned by Globalstar, L.P. (“Old Globalstar”), was designed, built and launched in the late 1990s by a technology partnership led by Loral Space and Communications (“Loral”) and Qualcomm Incorporated (“Qualcomm”). In 2002, Old Globalstar filed voluntary petitions under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. In 2004, we completed the acquisition of the business and assets of Old Globalstar. Thermo Capital Partners LLC, which owns and operates companies in diverse business sectors and is referred to in this Report, together with its affiliates, as "Thermo," became our principal owner in this transaction. We were formed as a Delaware limited liability company in November 2003 and were converted into a Delaware corporation in March 2006.

In July 2010, we announced the relocation of our corporate headquarters to Covington, Louisiana. Our product development center, our international customer care operations, call center and other global business functions including finance, accounting, sales, marketing and corporate communications have also relocated to Louisiana.

Additional Information

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). You may read and copy any document we file with the SEC at the SEC's public reference room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information on the public reference room. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy and information statements and other information that issuers (including Globalstar) file electronically with the SEC. Our electronic SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC's internet site, www.sec.gov.

We make available free of charge financial information, news releases, SEC filings, including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC, on our website at www.globalstar.com. The documents available on, and the contents of, our website are not incorporated by reference into this Report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as all of the information in this Report and our other past and future filings with the SEC, in evaluating and understanding us and our business. Additional risks not presently known or that we currently deem immaterial may also impact our business operations and the risks identified below may adversely affect our business in ways we do not currently anticipate. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks.

Risks Related to Our Business

If we fail to obtain, on a timely basis, additional external financing, as well as amendments to and restructuring of our existing debt obligations and amendments to certain other contractual obligations, we may not be able to continue as a going concern.

Our current sources of liquidity include cash on hand ($11.8 million at December 31, 2012), cash flows from operations ($6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012), funds available under our Facility Agreement ($0.7 million at December 31, 2012, subject to certain restrictions, see further discussion below in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources), funds available from our Terrapin Opportunity, L.P. (“Terrapin”) equity line agreement ($30.0 million at December 31, 2012, subject to certain conditions precedent, see further discussion below in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources), interest earned from funds previously held in our contingent equity account ($1.1 million at December 31, 2012), and amounts held in our debt service reserve account ($8.9 million at December 31, 2012). These sources of liquidity are not sufficient to meet our existing contractual obligations over the next 12 months. As a result, there is substantial doubt that we can continue as a going concern if we do not raise additional external financing. In order to continue as a going concern, we must obtain additional external financing; amend the Facility Agreement and certain other contractual obligations; and restructure the 5.75% Convertible Senior Unsecured Notes (the “5.75% Notes”). In addition, substantial uncertainties remain related to our noncompliance with certain of the Facility Agreement’s covenants (see Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion) and the impact and timing of our plan to improve operating cash flows and to restructure our contractual obligations. If the resolution of these uncertainties materially and negatively impacts cash and liquidity, our ability to continue to execute our business plans will be adversely affected. Completion of the foregoing actions is not solely within our control and we may be unable to successfully complete one or all of these actions.

Our Facility Agreement contains events of default that may limit our operating and financial flexibility.

During the second quarter of 2012, we received two reservation of rights letters from the agent for the Facility Agreement identifying potential existing defaults of certain non-financial covenants in the Facility Agreement that may have occurred as a result of the Thales Alenia Space (“Thales”) arbitration ruling and the subsequent settlement agreements reached with Thales related to the arbitration discussed in Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The letters indicated that the lenders were evaluating their position with respect to the potential defaults. During the evaluation process, the lenders did not permit funding of the remaining $3.0 million available under the Facility Agreement required for the remaining milestone payments to Thales on the second-generation satellites or allow us to draw funds from the contingent equity account.

On October 12, 2012, we entered into Waiver Letter No. 11 to the Facility Agreement, which permitted us to make a draw from the contingent equity account. In the waiver letter we acknowledged the lenders’ conclusion that events of default did occur as a result of our entering into settlement agreements with Thales related to the arbitration ruling. As of the date of this Report, the agent for the Facility Agreement has not notified us of the lenders’ intention to accelerate the debt; however, we have shown the borrowings as current on the December 31, 2012 balance sheet in accordance with applicable accounting rules. We are currently working with the lenders to obtain all necessary waivers or amendments associated with any default issues, but there can be no assurance that we will be successful. On October 24, 2012, the lenders permitted funding of $2.3 million of the amount available under the Facility Agreement to make a milestone payment to Thales. In November and December 2012, the lenders permitted us to withdraw funds available in the contingent equity account. The lenders currently are not permitting funding of the remaining $0.7 million available under the Facility Agreement.

Due to the launch delays, we expect that we may not be in compliance with certain financial and nonfinancial covenants specified in the Facility Agreement during the next 12 months.  If we cannot obtain either a waiver or an amendment, our failure to comply with these covenants would represent an additional event of default. An event of default under the Facility Agreement would permit the lenders to accelerate the indebtedness under the Facility Agreement. That acceleration would permit holders of our obligations under other agreements that contain cross-acceleration provisions to accelerate that indebtedness.

An event of default may impair our ability to finance our operations or capital needs or to take advantage of other favorable business opportunities. If our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to repay our indebtedness or borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if we are able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected and we might be required to seek protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. 

The implementation of our business plan and our ability to generate income from operations assume we are able to deploy and maintain a healthy constellation capable of providing commercially acceptable levels of coverage and service quality, which are contingent on a number of factors.

 In prior periods our ability to generate revenue and cash flow has been impacted adversely by our inability to offer commercially acceptable levels of Duplex service due to the degradation of our first-generation constellation. As a result, we improved the design of our second-generation constellation to last twice as long in space, have 40% greater capacity and be built at a significantly lower cost as compared to our first-generation constellation.

We depend on third parties to design, manufacture, deliver and launch our satellites. The health of our constellation depends on the construction and maintenance of these satellites, which are technically complex. For example, momentum wheels on certain second-generation satellites have exhibited anomalous behavior in orbit, necessitating the removal of the wheels from service. We worked with Thales to develop a software-based solution that permits the affected satellite to operate on as few as two momentum wheels. In October 2012, we successfully uploaded the AOCS software solution to the second-generation satellite that was previously taken out of service due to anomalous behavior of its momentum wheels. We placed this satellite back into service in November 2012. We can upload this software solution to any satellite that may experience similar anomalous behaviors with its momentum wheels. Other anomalies with our satellites may develop, and we cannot guarantee that we could successfully develop and implement a solution to them.

   Our ability to generate revenue and positive cash flow will depend upon our ability to maintain and operate all of our existing Duplex-capable satellites, maintain a sufficient number of subscribers, introduce new product and service offerings successfully, and compete successfully against other mobile satellite service providers to gain new subscribers.

We incurred operating losses in the past three years, and these losses are likely to continue.

We incurred operating losses of $95.0 million, $73.2 million and $59.8 million in 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. These losses are largely a result of problems with our two-way communications services and the delay in launching our second-generation constellation. We expect that we will continue to incur operating losses as we attempt to regain our market position.

We have substantial contractual obligations and capital expenditure plans, which will require additional capital, the terms of which have not been arranged. The terms of our Facility Agreement could complicate raising this additional capital.

We plan to make expenditures related to our constellation and ground infrastructure, including internal labor costs and interest on outstanding debt, which we expect will be reflected in capital expenditures primarily through 2015. The nature of these purchases requires us to enter into long-term fixed price contracts. We could cancel some of these purchase commitments, subject to the incurrence of specified cancellation penalties. Our sources of liquidity are not sufficient to meet our existing contractual obligations over the next 12 months. We expect to fund planned capital expenditures through other financing, including proceeds from the issuance of additional equity or debt, not yet arranged. Restrictions in the Facility Agreement limit the types of financings we may undertake.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain this financing on reasonable terms or at all. If we cannot obtain it in a timely manner, we may be unable to execute our business plan and fulfill our financial commitments.

Restrictive covenants in our Facility Agreement may limit our operating and financial flexibility.

Our Facility Agreement contains a number of significant restrictions and covenants that limit our ability to:

Complying with these restrictive covenants, as well as the financial and other nonfinancial covenants in the Facility Agreement and certain of our other debt obligations, as well as those that may be contained in any agreements governing future indebtedness, may impair our ability to finance our operations or capital needs or to take advantage of other favorable business opportunities. Our ability to comply with these covenants will depend on our future performance, which may be affected by events beyond our control.

Our satellites have a limited life and will degrade over time, which may cause our network to be compromised and which may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects and profitability. We may not be able to procure additional second-generation satellites on reasonable terms.

Since our first satellites were launched in the 1990’s, some first-generation satellites have failed in orbit and have been retired, and we expect others to fail in the future. We consider a satellite "failed" only when it can no longer provide any communications service, and we do not intend to undertake any further efforts to return it to service or when the other satellite subsystems can no longer support operations. In-orbit failure may result from various causes, including component failure, loss of power or fuel, inability to control positioning of the satellite, solar or other astronomical events, including solar radiation and flares, the quality of construction, gradual degradation of solar panels, the durability of components, and collision with other satellites or space debris. Any of these causes, including radiation induced failure of satellite components, may result in damage to or loss of a satellite before the end of its currently expected life.

As a result of the issues described above, some of our in-orbit satellites may experience temporary outages or may not otherwise be fully functioning at any given time. There are some remote tools we use to remedy certain types of problems affecting the performance of our satellites, but the physical repair of satellites in space is not feasible. As it is not economically feasible, we do not insure our satellites against in-orbit failures after an initial period of six months, whether the failures are caused by internal or external factors.

As our second-generation constellation becomes fully operational, we may face challenges in maintaining our current subscriber base for two-way communications service because we plan to increase prices, consistent with market conditions, to reflect our improved two-way service and coverage. Further, as we fully deploy our second-generation constellation, we may eliminate the online forecasting tools as our Duplex coverage will be essentially complete and continuous throughout our service areas.

All satellites have a limited life and degrade over time. In order to maintain commercially acceptable service coverage long-term, we must obtain and launch additional satellites. As discussed in Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, we and Thales may negotiate the terms of a follow-on contract for additional satellites, but we can provide no assurance as to whether we will ultimately agree on commercial terms for such a purchase. If we are unable to agree with Thales on commercial terms for the purchase of additional satellites, we may enter into negotiations with one or more other satellite manufacturers, but we cannot provide any assurance that these negotiations will be successful either.

Our business plan to use a portion of our licensed MSS spectrum to provide terrestrial wireless services depends upon action by the FCC, which we cannot control.

Our business plan includes utilizing approximately 20 MHz of our licensed MSS spectrum to provide terrestrial wireless services, including mobile broadband applications, within the United States. In pursuit of these plans, we have petitioned the FCC for rulemaking to establish a separate terrestrial services license covering the MSS spectrum exclusively licensed to us and eliminating the ATC regulatory regime that currently restricts our ability to utilize our spectrum terrestrially. If the FCC does not accept our proposal, our anticipated future revenues and profitability could be reduced. We can provide no assurance that the FCC will undertake our requested actions or how long the regulatory process to obtain this relief will take. If we are unable achieve the rule changes discussed above, then our only ability to utilize our MSS spectrum for terrestrial applications will be pursuant to the existing ATC regulatory regime that requires many restrictive conditions called gating criteria.

Future regulatory decisions could reduce our existing spectrum allocation or impose additional spectrum sharing agreements on us, which could adversely affect our services and operations.

Under the FCC's plan for mobile satellite services in our frequency bands, we must share frequencies in the United States with other licensed mobile satellite services operators. To date, there are no other authorized CDMA-based mobile satellite services operators and no pending applications for authorization. However the FCC or other regulatory authorities may require us to share spectrum with other systems that are not currently licensed by the United States or any other jurisdiction. The FCC's decision in October 2008 to reduce the number of channels we have available in our lower band may impair our ability to grow over the long term. Similar future FCC decisions could substantially impair our ability to continue providing mobile satellite services in the United States and/or abroad.

We registered our second-generation constellation with the ITU through France rather than the United States. The French radiofrequency spectrum regulatory agency, ANFR, submitted the technical papers filing to the ITU on our behalf in July 2009. As with the first-generation constellation, the ITU requires us to coordinate our spectrum assignments with other administrators and operators that use any portion of our spectrum frequency bands. We are actively engaged in but cannot predict how long the coordination process will take; however, we are able to use the frequencies during the coordination process in accordance with our national licenses.

On February 11, 2013, Iridium filed its own petition for rulemaking seeking to have the FCC reallocate 2.725 MHz of Big Leo spectrum from 1616-1618.725 MHz to Iridium’s exclusive use. Iridium also filed a motion to consolidate its petition with our petition for rulemaking. The FCC has not taken any action on Iridium’s petition and motion. We will vigorously oppose Iridium’s petition in order to preserve our existing spectrum allocation.

 Spectrum values historically have been volatile, which could cause the value of our business to fluctuate.

Our business plan includes forming strategic partnerships to maximize the use and value of our spectrum, network assets and combined service offerings in the United States and internationally. Value that we may be able to realize from such partnerships will depend in part on the value ascribed to our spectrum. Historically, valuations of spectrum in other frequency bands have been volatile, and we cannot predict the future value that we may be able to realize for our spectrum and other assets. In addition, to the extent that the FCC takes action that makes additional spectrum available or promotes the more flexible use or greater availability (e.g., via spectrum leasing or new spectrum sales) of existing satellite or terrestrial spectrum allocations, the availability of such additional spectrum could reduce the value that we may be able to realize for our spectrum.

The implementation of our business plan depends on increased demand for wireless communications services via satellite, both for our existing services and products and for new services and products. If this increased demand does not occur, our revenues and profitability may not increase as we expect.

Demand for wireless communication services via satellite may not grow, or may even shrink, either generally or in particular geographic markets, for particular types of services or during particular time periods. A lack of demand could impair our ability to sell our services and develop and successfully market new services, or could exert downward pressure on prices, or both. This, in turn, could decrease our revenues and profitability and adversely affect our ability to increase our revenues and profitability over time.

The success of our business plan will depend on a number of factors, including:

Our success in generating sufficient cash from operations will depend on our ability to increase prices of services and the market acceptance and success of our current and future products and services, which may not occur.

We plan to introduce additional Duplex, SPOT, and Simplex products and services. However, we cannot predict with certainty the potential longer term demand for these products and services or the extent to which we will be able to meet demand. Our business plan assumes growing our Duplex subscriber base beyond levels achieved in the past, rapidly growing our SPOT and Simplex subscriber base and returning the business to profitability. Among other things, end user acceptance of our Duplex, SPOT, and Simplex products and services will depend upon:

Our business plan assumes a growing subscriber base for Duplex, SPOT and Simplex products. If we cannot implement this business plan successfully and gain market acceptance for these planned products and services, our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected.

We depend in large part on the efforts of third parties for the retail sale of our services and products. The inability of these third parties to sell our services and products successfully may decrease our future revenue and profitability.

We derive a large portion of our revenue from products and services sold through independent agents, dealers and resellers, including, outside the United States, IGOs. If these third parties are unable to market our products and services successfully, our future revenue and profitability may decrease.

We depend on IGOs to market our services in important regions around the world. If the IGOs are unable to do this successfully, we will not be able to grow our business in those areas as rapidly as we expect.

Although we derive most of our revenue from retail sales to end users in the United States, Canada, a portion of Western Europe, Central America and portions of South America, either directly or through agents, dealers and resellers, we depend on IGOs to purchase, install, operate and maintain gateway equipment, to sell phones and data user terminals, and to market our services in other regions where these IGOs hold exclusive or non-exclusive rights. Not all of the IGOs have been successful and, in some regions, they have not initiated service or sold as much usage as originally anticipated. Some of the IGOs are not earning revenues sufficient to fund their operating costs due to the operational issues we experienced with our first-generation satellites. Although we expect these IGOs to return to profitability with the return of Duplex service, if they are unable to continue in business, we will lose the revenue we receive for selling equipment to them and providing services to their customers. Although we have implemented a strategy for the acquisition of certain IGOs when circumstances permit, we may not be able to continue to implement this strategy on favorable terms and may not be able to realize the additional efficiencies that we anticipate from this strategy. In some regions it is impracticable to acquire the IGOs either because local regulatory requirements or business or cultural norms do not permit an acquisition, because the expected revenue increase from an acquisition would be insufficient to justify the transaction, or because the IGO will not sell at a price acceptable to us. In those regions, our revenue and profits may be adversely affected if those IGOs do not fulfill their own business plans to increase substantially their sales of services and products.

Product liability, product replacement, or recall costs could adversely affect our business and financial performance.

We are subject to product liability and product recall claims if any of our products and services are alleged to have resulted in injury to persons or damage to property. If any of our products proves to be defective, we may need to recall and/or redesign it. In addition, any claim or product recall that results in significant adverse publicity may negatively affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance may not adequately cover losses related to product liability claims brought against us. We may also be a defendant in class action litigation, for which no insurance is available. Product liability insurance could become more expensive and difficult to maintain and may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, we do not maintain any product recall insurance, so any product recall we are required to initiate could have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. We regularly investigate potential quality issues as part of our ongoing effort to deliver quality products to our customers.

Because consumers use SPOT products and services in isolated and, in some cases, dangerous locations, we cannot predict whether users of the device who suffer injury or death may seek to assert claims against us alleging failure of the device to facilitate timely emergency response. Although we will seek to limit our exposure to any such claims through appropriate disclaimers and liability insurance coverage, we cannot assure investors that the disclaimers will be effective, claims will not arise or insurance coverage will be sufficient.

We may be unable to establish a worldwide service network due to the absence of gateways in certain important regions on the world, which may limit our growth and our ability to compete.

Our objective is to establish a worldwide service network, either directly or through IGOs, but to date we have been unable to do so in certain areas of the world and we may not succeed in doing so in the future. We have been unable to finance our own gateways or to find capable IGOs for several important regions and countries, including Eastern and Southern Africa, India, China, and certain parts of Southeast Asia. In addition to the lack of global service availability, cost-effective roaming is not yet available in certain countries because the IGOs have been unable to reach business arrangements with one another. This could reduce overall demand for our products and services and undermine our value for potential users who require service in these areas.

Rapid and significant technological changes in the satellite communications industry may impair our competitive position and require us to make significant additional capital expenditures.

The hardware and software we currently utilize in operating our gateways were designed and manufactured over 10 years ago and portions have deteriorated. We have contracted to replace the digital hardware and software in the future; however the original equipment may become less reliable as it ages and will be more difficult and expensive to service. Although we maintain inventories of spare parts, it nonetheless may be difficult or impossible to obtain all necessary replacement parts for the hardware before the new equipment and software is fully deployed. We expect to face competition in the future from companies using new technologies and new satellite systems. The space and communications industries are subject to rapid advances and innovations in technology. New technology could render our system obsolete or less competitive by satisfying consumer demand in more attractive ways or through the introduction of incompatible standards. Particular technological developments that could adversely affect us include the deployment by our competitors of new satellites with greater power, greater flexibility, greater efficiency or greater capabilities, as well as continuing improvements in terrestrial wireless technologies. We have had to commit, and must continue to commit, to make significant capital expenditures to keep up with technological changes and remain competitive. Customer acceptance of the services and products that we offer will continually be affected by technology-based differences in our product and service offerings. New technologies may be protected by patents and therefore may not be available to us.

A natural disaster could diminish our ability to provide communications service.

Natural disasters could damage or destroy our ground stations resulting in a disruption of service to our customers. In addition, the collateral effects of such disasters such as flooding may impair the functioning of our ground equipment. If a natural disaster were to impair or destroy any of our ground facilities, we might be unable to provide service to our customers in the affected area for a period of time. Even if our gateways are not affected by natural disasters, our service could be disrupted if a natural disaster damages the public switch telephone network or terrestrial wireless networks or our ability to connect to the public switch telephone network or terrestrial wireless networks. Such failure or service disruptions could harm our business and results of operations.

We face intense competition in all of our markets, which could result in a loss of customers and lower revenues and make it more difficult for us to enter new markets.

Satellite-based Competitors

There are currently three other MSS operators providing services similar to ours on a global or regional basis: Iridium, Thuraya, and Inmarsat. The provision of satellite-based products and services is subject to downward price pressure when the capacity exceeds demand or as new competitors enter the marketplace with particular competitive pricing strategies.

Other providers of satellite-based products could introduce their own products similar to our SPOT, Simplex or Duplex products, which may materially adversely affect our business plan. In addition, we may face competition from new competitors or new technologies. With so many companies targeting many of the same customers, we may not be able to retain successfully our existing customers and attract new customers and as a result may not grow our customer base and revenue.

Terrestrial Competitors

In addition to our satellite-based competitors, terrestrial wireless voice and data service providers are continuing to expand into rural and remote areas, particularly in less developed countries, and providing the same general types of services and products that we provide through our satellite-based system. Many of these companies have greater resources, greater name recognition and newer technologies than we do. Industry consolidation could adversely affect us by increasing the scale or scope of our competitors and thereby making it more difficult for us to compete. We could lose market share and revenue as a result of increasing competition from the extension of land-based communication services.

Although satellite communications services and ground-based communications services are not perfect substitutes, the two compete in certain markets and for certain services. Consumers generally perceive wireless voice communication products and services as cheaper and more convenient than satellite-based products and services.

ATC Competitors

We also expect to compete with a number of other satellite companies that plan to develop terrestrial networks that utilize their MSS spectrum. DISH Networks recently received FCC approval to offer terrestrial wireless services over the MSS spectrum that previously belonged to TerreStar and ICO Global. Further, LightSquared continues its regulatory initiative to receive final FCC approval to build out a wireless network utilizing its MSS spectrum. Any of these competitors could offer an integrated satellite and terrestrial network before we do, could combine with terrestrial networks that provide them with greater financial or operational flexibility than we have, or could offer wireless services, including mobile broadband services, that customers prefer over ours.

Potential Loss of Customers

We may lose customers due to competition, consolidation, regulatory developments, business developments affecting our customers or their customers, the degradation of our constellation or for other reasons. Our top 10 customers for the year ended December 31, 2012 accounted for, in the aggregate, approximately 14% of our total revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2012, revenues from our largest customer was $2.9 million or 4% of our total revenues. If we fail to maintain our relationships with our major customers, if we lose them and fail to replace them with other similar customers, or if we experience reduced demand from our major customers, our revenue could be significantly reduced. In addition, we may incur additional costs to the extent that amounts due from these customers become uncollectible. More generally, our customers may fail to renew or may cancel their service contracts with us, which could negatively affect future revenues and profitability.

Our customers include multiple agencies of the U.S. government. Service sales to U.S. government agencies constituted approximately 4% of our total service revenue for 2012 and 2011, respectively. Government sales are made pursuant to individual purchase orders placed from time to time by the governmental agencies and are not related to long-term contracts. U.S. government agencies may terminate their business with us at any time without penalty and are subject to changes in government budgets and appropriations.

Our business is subject to extensive government regulation, which mandates how we may operate our business and may increase our cost of providing services, slow our expansion into new markets and subject our services to additional competitive pressures.

Our ownership and operation of an MSS system is subject to significant regulation in the United States by the FCC and in foreign jurisdictions by similar authorities. Additionally, our use of our licensed spectrum globally is subject to coordination by the ITU. Our second-generation constellation has been licensed and registered in France. The rules and regulations of the FCC or these foreign authorities may change and may not continue to permit our operations as presently conducted or as we plan to conduct them.

Failure to provide services in accordance with the terms of our licenses or failure to operate our satellites, ground stations, or other terrestrial facilities (including those necessary to provide ATC services) as required by our licenses and applicable government regulations could result in the imposition of government sanctions against us, up to and including cancellation of our licenses.

Our system requires regulatory authorization in each of the markets in which we or the IGOs provide service. We and the IGOs may not be able to obtain or retain all regulatory approvals needed for operations. For example, the company with which the original owners of our first-generation network contracted to establish an independent gateway operation in South Africa was unable to obtain an operating license from the Republic of South Africa and abandoned the business in 2001. Regulatory changes, such as those resulting from judicial decisions or adoption of treaties, legislation or regulation in countries where we operate or intend to operate, may also significantly affect our business. Because regulations in each country are different, we may not be aware if some of the IGOs and/or persons with which we or they do business do not hold the requisite licenses and approvals.

Our current regulatory approvals could now be, or could become, insufficient in the view of foreign regulatory authorities. Furthermore, any additional necessary approvals may not be granted on a timely basis, or at all, in all jurisdictions in which we wish to offer services, and applicable restrictions in those jurisdictions could become unduly burdensome.

Our operations are subject to certain regulations of the United States State Department's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (i.e., the export of satellites and related technical data), United States Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (i.e., financial transactions) and the United States Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security (i.e., our gateways and phones). These regulations may limit or delay our ability to operate in a particular country. As new laws and regulations are issued, we may be required to modify our business plans or operations. If we fail to comply with these regulations in any country, we could be subject to sanctions that could affect, materially and adversely, our ability to operate in that country. Failure to obtain the authorizations necessary to use our assigned radio frequency spectrum and to distribute our products in certain countries could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue and on our overall competitive position.

If we do not develop, acquire and maintain proprietary information and intellectual property rights, it could limit the growth of our business and reduce our market share.

Our business depends on technical knowledge, and we believe that our future success is based, in part, on our ability to keep up with new technological developments and incorporate them in our products and services. We own or have the right to use our patents, work products, inventions, designs, software, systems and similar know-how. Although we have taken diligent steps to protect that information, the information may be disclosed to others or others may independently develop similar information, systems and know-how. Protection of our information, systems and know-how may result in litigation, the cost of which could be substantial. Third parties may assert claims that our products or services infringe on their proprietary rights. Any such claims, if made, may prevent or limit our sales of products or services or increase our costs of sales.

We license much of the software we require to support critical gateway operations from third parties, including Qualcomm and Space Systems/Loral Inc. This software was developed or customized specifically for our use. We also license software to support customer service functions, such as billing, from third parties which developed or customized it specifically for our use. If the third party licensors were to cease to support and service the software, or the licenses were to no longer be available on commercially reasonable terms, it may be difficult, expensive or impossible to obtain such services from alternative vendors. Replacing such software could be difficult, time consuming and expensive, and might require us to obtain substitute technology with lower quality or performance standards or at a greater cost.

We face special risks by doing business in developing markets, including currency and expropriation risks, which could increase our costs or reduce our revenues in these areas.

Although our most economically important geographic markets currently are the United States and Canada, we have substantial markets for our mobile satellite services in, and our business plan includes, developing countries or regions that are underserved by existing telecommunications systems, such as rural Venezuela, Brazil and Central America. Developing countries are more likely than industrialized countries to experience market, currency and interest rate fluctuations and may have higher inflation. In addition, these countries present risks relating to government policy, price, wage and exchange controls, social instability, expropriation and other adverse economic, political and diplomatic conditions.

We receive a majority of our revenues in U.S. dollars. Limited availability of U.S. currency in some local markets or governmental controls on the export of currency may prevent an IGO from making payments in U.S. dollars or delay the availability of payment due to foreign bank currency processing and approval. In addition, exchange rate fluctuations may affect our ability to control the prices charged for the independent gateway operators' services.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may adversely impact our financial results.

Our operations involve transactions in a variety of currencies. Sales denominated in foreign currencies primarily involve the Canadian dollar, the euro, and the Brazilian real. Certain of our obligations are denominated in euros. Accordingly, our operating results may be significantly affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates for these currencies. For example, increases in the value of the euro compared to the U.S. dollar can effectively increase the euro-denominated costs of procuring our second-generation satellites. Approximately 29% and 34% of our total sales were to retail customers located primarily in Canada, Europe, Central America, and South America during 2012 and 2011, respectively. Our results of operations for 2012 and 2011 included losses of $2.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively, on foreign currency transactions. We may be unable to offset unfavorable currency movements as they adversely affect our revenue and expenses. Our inability to do so could have a substantial negative impact on our operating results and cash flows.

Changes in tax rates or adverse results of tax examinations could materially increase our costs.

We operate in various U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. The process of determining our anticipated tax liabilities involves many calculations and estimates which are inherently complex. We believe that we have complied in all material respects with our obligations to pay taxes in these jurisdictions. However, our position is subject to review and possible challenge by the taxing authorities of these jurisdictions. If the applicable taxing authorities were to challenge successfully our current tax positions, or if there were changes in the manner in which we conduct our activities, we could become subject to material unanticipated tax liabilities. We may also become subject to additional tax liabilities as a result of changes in tax laws, which could in certain circumstances have a retroactive effect.

In January 2012 our Canadian subsidiary was notified that its income tax returns for the years ending October 31, 2008 and 2009 have been selected for audit. Our Canadian subsidiary is in the process of collecting the information requested by the Canadian Revenue Agency.

As a result of our acquisition of an independent gateway operator in Brazil during 2008, we are exposed to potential pre-acquisition tax liabilities. During 2012, the seller paid approximately $0.5 million of these liabilities, but the gateway operator remains subject to an additional $2.8 million in liabilities. We may be exposed to potential pre-acquisition liabilities for which we may not be fully indemnified by the seller, or the seller may fail to perform its indemnification obligations.

We rely on a limited number of key vendors for timely supply of equipment and services. If our key vendors fail to provide equipment and services to us, we may face difficulties in finding alternative sources and may not be able to operate our business successfully.

We have depended on Qualcomm as the exclusive manufacturer of phones using the IS 41 CDMA North American standard, which incorporates Qualcomm proprietary technology. We have issued separate purchase orders for additional phone equipment and accessories under the terms of our executed commercial agreements with Qualcomm. We have been in negotiations with Qualcomm to terminate the current agreement as neither party is performing under the terms of the current agreement. See Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. Although we have contracted with Hughes and Ericsson to provide new hardware and software for our ground component, there could be a substantial period of time in which their products or services are not available and Qualcomm no longer supports its products and services.

Additionally, we depend on our product manufacturers who provide us with our inventory. If these manufacturers do not take on future orders or fail to perform under our current contracts, we may be unable to continue to produce and sell our inventory to customers at a reasonable cost to us or there may be delays in production and sales.

Pursuing strategic transactions may cause us to incur additional risks.

We may pursue acquisitions, joint ventures or other strategic transactions on an opportunistic basis. We may face costs and risks arising from any such transactions, including integrating a new business into our business or managing a joint venture. These may include legal, organizational, financial and other costs and risks.

In addition, if we were to choose to engage in any major business combination or similar strategic transaction, we may require significant external financing in connection with the transaction. Depending on market conditions, investor perceptions of us, and other factors, we may not be able to obtain capital on acceptable terms, in acceptable amounts or at appropriate times to implement any such transaction. Our Facility Agreement and other debt obligations contain covenants which limit our ability to engage in specified forms of capital transactions without lender consent, which may be impossible to obtain. Any such financing, if obtained, may further dilute our existing stockholders.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our Facility Agreement are at a variable rate. In order to mitigate our variable rate interest risk, we entered into a ten year interest rate cap agreement. The interest rate cap agreements reflect a variable notional amount ranging from $586.3 million to $14.8 million at interest rates that provide coverage to us for exposure resulting from escalating interest rates over the term of the Facility Agreement. The interest rate cap provides limits on the six-month Libor rate (“Base Rate”) used to calculate the coupon interest on outstanding amounts on the Facility Agreement of 4.00% from the date of issuance through December 2012. Thereafter, the Base Rate is capped at 5.50% should the Base Rate not exceed 6.5%. Should the Base Rate exceed 6.5%, our Base Rate will be 1% less than the then six-month Libor rate. Regardless of our attempts to mitigate our exposure to interest rate fluctuations through the interest rate cap, we still have exposure for the uncapped amounts of the facility, which remain subject to a variable interest rate. As a result, an increase in interest rates could result in a substantial increase in interest expense, especially as the capped amount of the term loan decreases over time.  

Recessionary indicators and continued volatility in global economic conditions and the financial markets have adversely affected and may continue to affect adversely sales of our products.

Financial markets continue to be uncertain and could significantly adversely impact global economic conditions. These conditions could lead to further reduced consumer spending in the foreseeable future, especially for discretionary travel and related products. A substantial portion of the potential addressable market for our consumer retail products and services relates to recreational users, such as mountain climbers, campers, kayakers, sport fishermen and wilderness hikers. These potential customers may reduce their activities or their spending due to economic conditions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

The loss of skilled management and personnel could impair our operations.

Our performance is substantially dependent on the performance and institutional knowledge of our senior management and key scientific and technical personnel.  The loss of the services of any member of our senior management, scientific or technical staff may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of business objectives by diverting management’s attention to retention matters, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Lack of availability of electronic components from the electronics industry, as needed in our subscriber products, our gateways, and our satellites, could delay or adversely impact our operations.

We rely upon the availability of components, materials and component parts from the electronics industry. The electronics industry is subject to occasional shortages in parts availability depending on fluctuations in supply and demand. Industry shortages may result in delayed shipments of materials, or increased prices, or both. As a consequence, elements of our operation which use electronic parts, such as our subscriber products, our gateways and our satellites, could be subject to delays or cost increases, or both.

Changes in international trade regulations and other risks associated with foreign trade could adversely affect our sourcing.

We source our products primarily from foreign contract manufacturers, with the largest concentration being in China. The adoption of regulations related to the importation of product, including quotas, duties, taxes and other charges or restrictions on imported goods, and changes in U.S. customs procedures could result in an increase in the cost of our products. Delays in customs clearance of goods or the disruption of international transportation lines used by us could result in our inability to deliver goods to customers in a timely manner or the potential loss of sales altogether. Current or future social and environmental regulations or critical issues, such as those relating to the sourcing of conflict minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or the need to eliminate environmentally sensitive materials from our products, could restrict the supply of components and materials used in production or increase our costs. Any delay or interruption to our manufacturing process or in shipping our products could result in lost revenue, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our common stock has been delisted from the NASDAQ Stock Market, which may impair our ability to raise capital.

As of December 31, 2012, our voting common stock was listed on the over the counter stock market (“OTCBB”) under the symbol “GSAT” after we were removed from the NASDAQ Stock Market for not meeting the $1.00 per share minimum bid requirement. Broker-dealers may be less willing or able to sell and/or make a market in our common stock, which may make it more difficult for shareholders to dispose of, or to obtain accurate quotations for the price of, our common stock. Removal of our common stock from listing on the NASDAQ Stock Market may also make it more difficult for us to raise capital through the sale of our securities.

If our common stock is not listed on a U.S. national stock exchange or approved for quotation and trading on a national automated dealer quotation system or established automated over-the-counter trading market, holders of our 5.0% Notes, 5.75% Notes and 8.00% Notes will have the option to require us to repurchase the Notes, which we may not have sufficient financial resources to do.

As our common stock is no longer listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market, we are no longer subject to any of the NASDAQ governance requirements, and our stockholders will not have the protection of these requirements.

Restrictive covenants in our Facility Agreement do not allow us to pay dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common stock. Our Facility Agreement currently prohibits the payment of cash dividends. Any future dividend payments are within the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, working capital requirements, capital expenditure requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions, business opportunities, anticipated cash needs, provisions of applicable law and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. We may not generate sufficient cash from operations in the future to pay dividends on our common stock.

The market price of our common stock is volatile and there is a limited market for our shares.

The trading price of our common stock is subject to wide fluctuations. Factors affecting the trading price of our common stock may include:

The trading price of our common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. Our stockholders may be unable to resell their shares of our common stock at or above the initial purchase price. Additionally, because we are a controlled company there is a limited market for our common stock and we cannot assure our stockholders that a trading market will develop further or be maintained.

Trading volume for our common stock historically has been low. Sales of significant amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market could lower the market price of our stock.

The future issuance of additional shares of our common stock could cause dilution of ownership interests and adversely affect our stock price.

We may issue our previously authorized and unissued securities, resulting in the dilution of the ownership interests of our current stockholders. We are authorized to issue 1.0 billion shares of common stock (135.0 million are designated as nonvoting), of which approximately 354.1 million shares of voting common stock and 135.0 million shares of nonvoting common stock were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 510.9 million shares were available for future issuance (of which approximately 471.5 million shares are reserved for issuances of shares upon exercise of warrants or options or conversion of notes). The potential issuance of such additional shares of common stock, whether directly or pursuant to any conversion right of any convertible securities, may create downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. We may also issue additional shares of our common stock or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for common stock for capital raising or other business purposes. Future sales of substantial amounts of common stock, or the perception that sales could occur, could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

We have issued and may issue shares of preferred stock or debt securities with greater rights than our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue one or more series of preferred stock and set the terms of the preferred stock without seeking any further approval from holders of our common stock. Currently, there are 100 million shares of preferred stock authorized; one share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock was issued and subsequently converted to shares of voting and nonvoting common stock during 2009. Any preferred stock that is issued may rank ahead of our common stock in terms of dividends, priority and liquidation premiums and may have greater voting rights than holders of our common stock.

If persons engage in short sales of our common stock, the price of our common stock may decline.

Selling short is a technique used by a stockholder to take advantage of an anticipated decline in the price of a security. A significant number of short sales or a large volume of other sales within a relatively short period of time can create downward pressure on the market price of a security. Further sales of common stock could cause even greater declines in the price of our common stock due to the number of additional shares available in the market, which could encourage short sales that could further undermine the value of our common stock. Holders of our securities could, therefore, experience a decline in the value of their investment as a result of short sales of our common stock.

Provisions in our charter documents and credit agreement and provisions of Delaware law may discourage takeovers, which could affect the rights of holders of our common stock.

Provisions of Delaware law and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and our Facility Agreement and indenture could hamper a third party's acquisition of us or discourage a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. These provisions include:

We also are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which, subject to certain exceptions, prohibits us from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder, as defined in that section, for a period of three years following the date on which that stockholder became an interested stockholder. This provision does not apply to Thermo, which became our principal stockholder prior to our initial public offering.

These provisions also could make it more difficult for you and our other stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions, and could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

We are controlled by Thermo, whose interests may conflict with yours.

As of December 31, 2012, Thermo owned approximately 66% of our outstanding voting common stock and approximately 75% of all outstanding common stock. Additionally, Thermo owns warrants, 5.0% Notes, and 8.00% Notes that may be converted into or exercised for additional shares of common stock. Thermo is able to control the election of all of the members of our board of directors and the vote on substantially all other matters, including significant corporate transactions such as the approval of a merger or other transaction involving our sale.

We have depended substantially on Thermo to provide capital to finance our business. In 2006 and 2007, Thermo purchased an aggregate of $200 million of common stock at prices substantially above market. On December 17, 2007, Thermo assumed all of the obligations and was assigned all of the rights (other than indemnification rights) of the administrative agent and the lenders under our amended and restated credit agreement. To fulfill the conditions precedent to our Facility Agreement, in 2009, Thermo converted the loans outstanding under the credit agreement into equity and terminated the credit agreement. In addition, Thermo and its affiliates deposited $60.0 million in a contingent equity account to fulfill a condition precedent for borrowing under the Facility Agreement, purchased $20.0 million of our 5.0% Notes, purchased $11.4 million of our 8.00% Notes, and loaned us $37.5 million to fund our debt service reserve account under the Facility Agreement.

Thermo is controlled by James Monroe III, our Chairman and CEO. Through Thermo, Mr. Monroe holds equity interests in, and serves as an executive officer or director of, a diverse group of privately-owned businesses not otherwise related to us. We reimburse Thermo and Mr. Monroe for certain third party, documented, out of pocket expenses they incur in connection with our business.

The interests of Thermo may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders. Thermo may take actions it believes will benefit its equity investment in us or loans to us even though such actions might not be in your best interests as a holder of our common stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not Applicable

Item 2. Properties

Our principal headquarters are located in Covington, Louisiana, where we currently lease approximately 27,000 square feet of office space. We own or lease the facilities described in the following table (in approximate square feet):

Our owned properties in Clifton, Texas and Wasilla, Alaska are encumbered by liens in favor of the administrative agent under our Facility Agreement for the benefit of the lenders thereunder. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis — Contractual Obligations and Commitments."

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For a description of our material pending legal and regulatory proceedings and settlements, see Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters

Common Stock Information

Our common stock trades on the OTCBB under the symbol "GSAT." Until December 21, 2012, our common stock was listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market. The following table sets forth the high and low closing prices for our common stock as reported for each fiscal quarter during the periods indicated.

As of March 1, 2013, there were 354,551,816 shares of our voting common stock outstanding, which were held by 141 holders of record.

Dividend Information

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. Our Facility Agreement prohibits us from paying dividends. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following table presents our selected consolidated financial data for the periods indicated. We derived the historical data from our audited consolidated financial statements.

You should read the data set forth below together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The financial data is in thousands.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and applicable notes to our consolidated financial statements and other information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item IA. The following information contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, our actual results may differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements contains a description of the accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to revenue recognition; property and equipment; income taxes; derivative instruments; inventory; allowance for doubtful accounts; pension plan; stock-based compensation; long-lived assets; and litigation, commitments and contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual amounts could differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

We define a critical accounting policy or estimate as one that is both important to our financial condition and results of operations and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates about matters that are uncertain. We believe that the following are the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. In addition, there are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimates but are not deemed critical as defined in this paragraph.

Revenue Recognition

Our primary types of revenue include (i) service revenue from two-way voice communication and data transmissions and one-way data transmissions between a mobile or fixed device and (ii) subscriber equipment revenue from the sale of Duplex two-way transmission products, SPOT consumer retail products, and Simplex one-way transmission products. Additionally, we generate revenue by providing engineering and support services to certain customers. We provide Duplex, SPOT and Simplex services directly to customers and through resellers and IGOs.

Duplex

For our Duplex customers and resellers, we recognize revenue for monthly access fees in the period services are rendered.  Access fees represent the minimum monthly charge for each line of service based on its associated rate plan. We also recognize revenue for airtime minutes in excess of the monthly access fees in the period such minutes are used. Under certain annual plans where customers prepay for a predetermined amount of minutes, we defer revenue until the minutes are used or the prepaid time period expires. Unused minutes accumulate until they expire, at which point revenue is recognized for any remaining unused minutes. For annual access fees charged for certain annual plans, revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the plan.

We expense or charge credits granted to customers against revenue or deferred revenue upon issuance.

We expense certain subscriber acquisition costs, including such items as dealer commissions, internal sales commissions and equipment subsidies at the time of the related sale.

SPOT and Simplex

We sell SPOT and Simplex services as annual or multi-year plans and recognize revenue ratably over the service term or as service is used, beginning when the service is activated by the customer. We record amounts received in advance as deferred revenue.

IGO

We earn a portion of our revenues through the sale of airtime minutes or data packages on a wholesale basis to IGOs. We recognize revenue from services provided to IGOs based upon airtime minutes or data packages used by their customers and in accordance with contractual fee arrangements. If collection is uncertain, we recognize revenue when cash payment is received.

Equipment

Subscriber equipment revenue represents the sale of fixed and mobile user terminals, accessories and our SPOT and Simplex products. We recognize revenue upon shipment provided title and risk of loss have passed to the customer, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fee is fixed and determinable, and collection is probable.

Other

We also provide certain engineering services to assist customers in developing new technologies related to our system. We recognize the revenues associated with these services when the services are rendered, and we recognize the expenses when incurred. We recognize revenues and costs associated with long-term engineering contracts on the percentage-of-completion basis of accounting.

Property and Equipment

We capitalize costs associated with the design, manufacture, test and launch of our low earth orbit satellites. We track capitalized costs associated with our satellites by fixed asset category and allocate them to each asset as it comes into service. For assets that are sold or retired, including satellites that are de-orbited and no longer providing services, we remove the estimated cost and accumulated depreciation. We recognize a loss from an in-orbit failure of a satellite as an expense in the period it is determined that the satellite is not recoverable.

We depreciate satellites over their estimated useful lives, beginning on the date each satellite is placed into service. We evaluate the appropriateness of estimated useful lives assigned to our property and equipment and revise such lives to the extent warranted by changing facts and circumstances.

We review the carrying value of our assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the recorded value may not be recoverable. We look to current and future undiscounted cash flows, excluding financing costs, as primary indicators of recoverability. If we determine that impairment exists, we calculate any related impairment loss based on fair value.

Income Taxes

 We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method takes into account the differences between financial statement treatment and tax treatment of certain transactions. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Our deferred tax calculation requires us to make certain estimates about our future operations. Changes in state, federal and foreign tax laws, as well as changes in our financial condition or the carrying value of existing assets and liabilities, could affect these estimates. We recognize the effect of a change in tax rates as income or expense in the period that the rate is enacted.

We are required to assess whether it is more likely than not that we will be able to realize some or all of our deferred tax assets. If we cannot determine that deferred tax assets are more likely than not recoverable, we are required to provide a valuation allowance against those assets. This assessment takes into account factors including: (a) the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses; (b) sources of estimated future taxable income; and (c) tax planning strategies. 

Derivative Instruments

We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at their respective fair values. We record recognized gains or losses on derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of operations. 

We estimate the fair values of our derivative financial instruments using various techniques that are considered to be consistent with the objective of measuring fair values. In selecting the appropriate technique, we consider, among other factors, the nature of the instrument, the market risks that embody it and the expected means of settlement. We determine the fair value of our interest rate cap using pricing models developed based on the LIBOR rate and other observable market data. That value is adjusted to reflect nonperformance risk of both the counterparty and us. For the conversion rights and features embedded within the 8.00% Notes and the warrants issued with the 8.00% Notes, we use the Monte Carlo valuation technique to determine fair value. For the contingent put feature embedded in the 5.0% Notes, we use the Monte Carlo valuation technique to determine fair value. Valuations derived from these models are subject to ongoing internal and external verification and review. Estimating fair values of derivative financial instruments requires the development of significant and subjective estimates that may, and are likely to, change over the duration of the instrument with related changes in internal and external market factors. Our financial position and results of operations may vary materially from quarter-to-quarter based on conditions other than our operating revenues and expenses.

Inventory

Inventory consists of purchased products, including fixed and mobile user terminals and accessories. We compute cost using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method and state inventory transactions at the lower of cost or market. Inventory write-downs are measured as the difference between the cost of inventory and market, and are recorded as a cost of subscriber equipment sales - reduction in the value of inventory. At the point of any inventory write-downs to market, a new, lower cost basis for that inventory is established, and any subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration of the former cost basis or increase in that newly established cost basis.

We review product sales and returns from the previous 12 months and future demand forecasts and write off any excess or obsolete inventory. We also assess inventory for obsolescence by testing finished goods to ensure they have been properly stored and maintained so that they will perform according to specifications. In addition, we assess the market for competing products to determine that the existing inventory will be competitive in the marketplace. We also record a liability for firm, noncancelable, and unconditional purchase commitments with contact manufacturers and suppliers for quantities in excess of our future demand forecasts consistent with the valuation of our excess and obsolete inventory.

If there were to be a sudden and significant decrease in future demand for our products, or if there were a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, we could be required to write down our inventory, and our liability for purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers, and accordingly gross margin could be adversely affected.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of some of our customers to make required payments. We review these estimated allowances on a case by case basis, analyzing the customer's payment history and information regarding the customer's creditworthiness known to us. In addition, we record a reserve based on the size and age of all receivable balances against those balances that do not have specific reserves. If the financial condition of our customers deteriorates, resulting in their inability to make payments, we would record additional allowances.

Pension Plan

We calculate our pension benefit obligation and expense using actuarial models. Critical assumptions and estimates we use in the actuarial calculations include discount rate, expected rate of return on plan assets and other participant data, such as demographic factors, mortality, and termination.

We determine discount rates annually based on our calculated average of rates of return of long-term corporate bonds. We based discount rates on Moody’s and Citigroup’s annualized yield curve index as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. The discount rate used at the measurement date decreased to 3.75% from 4.00% in 2011. A 100 basis point increase in our discount rate would reduce our benefit obligation by $2.2 million.

We determine expected long-term rates of return on plan assets based on an evaluation of our plan assets, historical trends and experience, taking into account current and expected market conditions. Plan assets are comprised primarily of equity and debt securities. The rate of return on plan assets decreased to 7.12% from 7.50% in 2011. To determine the rates of return, we consider historical experience and expected future performance of plan assets.

Stock-Based Compensation

To measure compensation expense, we use valuation models which require estimates such as, forfeitures, vesting terms (calculated based on market conditions associated with a certain award), volatility, and risk free interest rates. Additionally we recognize stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service periods of the awards on a straight-line basis, which is generally commensurate with the vesting term.

Long-Lived Assets

We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of any asset may not be recoverable. In the event of impairment, we write the asset down to its fair market value.

Litigation, Commitments and Contingencies

We are subject to various claims and lawsuits that arise in the ordinary course of business. Estimating liabilities and costs associated with these matters requires judgment and assessment based on professional knowledge and experience of our management and legal counsel. The ultimate resolution of any such exposure may vary from earlier estimates as further facts and circumstances become known.

Performance Indicators

Our management reviews and analyzes several key performance indicators in order to manage our business and assess the quality of and potential variability of our earnings and cash flows. These key performance indicators include:

Comparison of the Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

Revenue:

Total revenue increased by $3.5 million, or approximately 5%, to $76.3 million for 2012 from $72.8 million in 2011. During the first quarter of 2011, we recognized $2.0 million in nonrecurring revenue as a result of the termination of our Open Range partnership. Excluding this revenue recognized, total revenue increased $5.5 million, or approximately 8%. We attribute this increase to higher sales of Simplex equipment and increased service revenue as a result of growth in our SPOT and Simplex subscriber base. These increases were offset primarily by decreases in sales of SPOT equipment due to the introduction of new product offerings in early 2011. The majority of the subscribers we gained as a result of higher SPOT equipment sales in 2011 is in our current subscriber base and continues to generate service revenue.

The following table sets forth amounts and percentages of our revenue by type of service for 2012 and 2011 (in thousands):

The following table sets forth amounts and percentages of our revenue for equipment sales for 2012 and 2011 (in thousands).

Other equipment revenue includes sales of accessories to support our current lineup of Duplex, SPOT and Simplex products.

The following table sets forth our average number of subscribers, ARPU, and ending number of subscribers by type of revenue for 2012 and 2011. The following numbers are subject to immaterial rounding inherent in calculating averages.   

 Other service revenue includes primarily revenue generated from engineering services and our former Open Range partnership, which is not subscriber driven. Accordingly, we do not present average subscribers or ARPU for other revenue in the above charts.

Service Revenue

Duplex revenue decreased approximately 7% in 2012 from 2011. Our two-way communication issues continue to affect our Duplex revenue. Despite our efforts to maintain our Duplex subscriber base by lowering prices for our Duplex equipment, our subscriber base decreased by approximately 8% during 2012. During 2012, we began a process to convert certain Duplex customers to higher rate plans commensurate with our improved service levels. As a result, we have experienced some additional churn in our subscriber base. As a result of launching and placing into service our second-generation satellites, we are experiencing increases in demand for our Duplex two-way voice and data products. As these units are activated, we expect to see increases in the related Duplex service in the future.

SPOT revenue increased approximately 28% in 2012. We generated increased service revenue from SPOT and added additional service revenue from the release of other SPOT consumer retail products sold during 2011, which are reflected in our 2012 subscriber base. Our SPOT subscriber base increased by approximately 19% during 2012. Our subscriber count includes suspended subscribers, who are subscribers who have activated their devices, have access, but no service revenue is being recognized for their fees while we are in the process of collecting payment. These suspended accounts represented 19% and 20% of our total SPOT subscribers as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Beginning in 2013, we initiated a process to deactivate these suspended accounts.

Simplex revenue increased approximately 12% in 2012 from 2011. We generated increased service revenue due to a 34% increase in our Simplex subscribers during 2012. Revenue growth for our Simplex customers is not necessarily commensurate with subscriber growth due to the various competitive pricing plans we offer and product mix.

Other revenue decreased approximately 22% in 2012. This decrease related to the nonrecurrence in 2012 of revenue recognized as a result of the termination of our Open Range contract in the first quarter of 2011. Excluding the recognition of Open Range revenue of approximately $2.0 million, other revenue remained consistent, which was due primarily to higher engineering services revenue and higher activation fees recognized during 2012 compared to 2011. These increases were offset by decreases in service revenue recognized from third party sources.

Equipment Revenue

Duplex equipment sales increased by approximately 45% in 2012. As a result of launching and placing into service our second-generation satellites, we are experiencing increased demand for our Duplex two-way voice and data products. As these units are activated, we expect to see increases in the related Duplex service in the future. As we place into service the remaining second-generation satellites that we launched in February 2013, our two-way communication reliability will continue to improve, and we expect Duplex equipment revenue to increase. 

 Our inventory and advances for inventory balances were $42.2 million and $9.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2012, compared with subscriber equipment sales of $18.9 million for 2012. A significant portion of our inventory consists of Duplex products which are designed to operate with both our first-generation and our second-generation satellites. Our advances for inventory relate to our commitment with Qualcomm to purchase additional Duplex products. In May 2008, we entered into an agreement with Hughes under which Hughes will design, supply and implement (a) RAN ground network equipment and software upgrades for installation at a number of our satellite gateway ground stations and (b) satellite interface chips to be a part of the UTS in various next-generation Globalstar devices.

We sold a limited number of Duplex products in 2012 and 2011, compared to the high level of inventory on hand. However, we have several initiatives underway intended to increase future sales of Duplex products, which depend upon successfully completing the deployment of our second-generation constellation. With the improvement of both coverage and quality for our Duplex services resulting from the deployment of our second-generation constellation, we expect an increase in the sale of Duplex products which would result in a reduction in the inventory currently on hand.

SPOT equipment sales decreased approximately 37% in 2012. The decrease relates primarily to higher sales of certain new SPOT consumer retail products which were released in early 2011 which did not recur in 2012. We anticipate introducing additional SPOT products during 2013 that we expect will further drive sales, subscriber and revenue growth.

Simplex equipment sales increased approximately 41% in 2012. The increase is due primarily to continued success of our commercial applications for M2M asset monitoring and tracking.

Operating Expenses:

Total operating expenses increased $25.2 million, or approximately 17%, to $171.3 million from $146.1 million in 2011. This increase is primarily due to the $22.0 million agreed termination charge related to the settlement with Thales regarding the construction of Phase 3 satellites, as well as the recognition of a loss of approximately $7.1 million related to an adjustment made to the carrying value of our first-generation constellation. Excluding these one-time items, total operating expenses decreased $3.9 million, or 3%, during 2012 due to decreases in various components of operating expenses, partially offset by higher depreciation expense of $19.8 million as a result of additional second-generation satellites coming into service throughout 2011 and 2012.

Cost of Services

Cost of services decreased $6.0 million, or approximately 21%, to $23.2 million from $29.2 million in 2011. Cost of services is comprised primarily of network operating costs, which are generally fixed in nature. The decrease during the year was due primarily to implementation of our plans to lower costs by monitoring operating expenses and streamlining operations.

Cost of Subscriber Equipment Sales

Cost of subscriber equipment sales increased $1.4 million, or approximately 11%, to $13.3 million from $11.9 million in 2011. These increases were due primarily to increases in equipment revenue of 8% for 2012 from 2011. These increases were offset slightly by lower manufacturing costs for our SPOT and Simplex products.

Marketing, general and administrative

Marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased $8.1 million, or approximately 19%, to $34.3 million from $42.4 million in 2011. This decrease was due primarily to higher legal fees incurred during 2011 related to the arbitration with Thales, and our recording a provision for contingent payroll reimbursements as a result of our relocation agreement with the State of Louisiana during 2011. We also experienced decreases across all expense categories due to improvements in our cost structure from monitoring operating costs and streamlining operations.

Contract Termination Charge

During the second quarter of 2012, we recorded a contract termination charge of €17.5 million. This charge related to the agreement between us and Thales regarding construction of additional second-generation satellites. See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Reduction in the Value of Inventory

Cost of subscriber equipment sales - reduction in the value of inventory was $1.4 million compared to $8.8 million in 2011. During 2012, we recorded an inventory reserve of $1.0 million related to component parts that will not be utilized in the manufacturing or production of current or future products. In 2011, we recorded impairment charges on our phones and related inventory that use our two-way communication services. These charges were recognized after assessment of our inventory quantities and our forecasted equipment sales and prices given the current and expected market conditions for this type of equipment. During 2011, we also recorded impairment charges of $1.0 million as a result of discontinuing the sale of certain products resulting from our strategic decision to focus on our core products and curtail substantially all on-going product development activities.

Reduction in the Value of Long-Lived Assets

Reduction in the value of long-lived assets was $7.2 million during 2012 and $3.6 million during 2011. During the second quarter of 2012, we recorded a loss of $7.1 million related to an adjustment made to the carrying value of our first-generation constellation. See Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. During 2011, we recorded an impairment charge of $3.0 million related to intangible assets, equipment, and capitalized software costs as a result of discontinuing the sale of certain products resulting from our strategic decision to focus on our core products and curtail substantially all on-going product development activities.  

Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion

Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense increased $19.8 million, or approximately 39%, to $69.8 million from $50.0 million in 2011. The increase relates primarily to additional depreciation expense for our second-generation satellites placed into service throughout 2011 and 2012. 

Other Income (Expense):

Interest Income and Expense

 Interest income and expense, net, increased by $16.7 million to a net expense of $21.5 million for 2012 from $4.8 million in 2011. This increase was due primarily to a reduction in our capitalized interest due to the status of our construction in progress. As we place satellites into service, our construction in progress balance related to our second-generation satellites decreases, which reduces the amount of interest we can capitalize under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). As a result of this decrease in our construction in progress balance, we recorded approximately $17.1 million of interest expense during 2012 and $0 in 2011.

Derivative Gain (Loss)

Derivative gain (loss) decreased by $16.9 million to a gain of $6.9 million for 2012 from a gain of $23.8 million in 2011, due primarily to changes in our stock price. 

Other

Other income (expense) increased by $1.5 million to expense of $2.3 million for 2012 from expense of $0.8 million in 2011. Changes in other income (expense) are due primarily to foreign currency gains and losses recognized during the respective periods.

Comparison of the Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010

Revenue:

Total revenue increased by $4.9 million, or approximately 7%, to $72.8 million for 2011 from $67.9 million in 2010. We attribute this increase to higher service and equipment revenues as a result of increases in our SPOT and Simplex subscriber base. The increase in our SPOT and Simplex sales was partially offset by decreases in service revenue and equipment sales in our Duplex business, which continues to be affected by our two-way communication issues.

The following table sets forth amounts and percentages of our revenue by type of service for 2011 and 2010 (in thousands).

The following table sets forth amounts and percentages of our revenue for equipment sales for 2011 and 2010 (in thousands).

The following table sets forth our average number of subscribers, ARPU, and ending number of subscribers by type of revenue for 2011 and 2010. The following numbers are subject to immaterial rounding inherent in calculating averages.   

 Other service revenue includes revenue generated from engineering services and our former Open Range partnership, which is not subscriber driven. Accordingly, we do not present average subscribers or ARPU for other revenue in the above charts.

Service Revenue

Duplex revenue decreased approximately 15% in 2011 from 2010. Our two-way communication issues continue to adversely affect our Duplex revenue. Despite our efforts to maintain our Duplex subscriber base by lowering prices for our Duplex products, our subscriber base decreased by approximately 4% during 2011. As we launch and place into service our remaining second-generation satellites during 2012, our two-way communication reliability will improve, and we expect Duplex service revenue to increase in 2012.

SPOT revenue increased approximately 34% in 2011. We generated increased revenue from our SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger and added additional service revenue from the release of other SPOT consumer retail products during the second half of 2010 and the first quarter of 2011. Our SPOT subscriber base increased by approximately 34% during 2011. Our subscriber count includes suspended subscribers, which are subscribers who have activated their devices, have access, but no service revenue is being recognized for their fees while we are in the process of collecting payments. These suspended accounts represented 25% and 15% of our total SPOT subscribers as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. In January 2013, we implemented a plan to no longer provide service to suspended subscribers as their contracts reach the end of their activation period. This plan will result in these subscribers no longer being included in our subscriber count.

Simplex revenue increased approximately 20% in 2011 from 2010. We generated increased service revenue due to an increase in our Simplex subscribers of 7% during 2011.

Subscriber Equipment Sales

Duplex equipment sales decreased by approximately 15% in 2011 from 2010. Our two-way communication issues continue to affect adversely our Duplex equipment sales. Despite our efforts to maintain our Duplex equipment sales by lowering prices for our Duplex products, we continue to be affected by our two-way communication issues.

 Our inventory and advances for inventory balances were $41.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2011, compared with subscriber equipment sales of $17.4 million for the year then ended. A significant portion of our inventory consists of Duplex products which are designed to operate with both our initial constellation and our second-generation constellation. Our advances for inventory relate to our commitment with Qualcomm to purchase additional Duplex products. As discussed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, we are currently seeking to negotiate termination of this commitment. We have not entered into any other purchase commitments to produce or purchase the next generation of Duplex products.

The deterioration of our initial constellation has resulted in substantially reduced ability to provide reliable two-way communications, which has resulted in a decrease in demand for our Duplex products. As such, we sold a limited number of Duplex products in 2011 and 2010, compared to the high level of inventory on hand. However, we have several initiatives underway to increase our subscriber equipment sales for Duplex products in the future, which depend upon successfully completing the deployment of our second-generation constellation. With the improvement of both coverage and quality for our Duplex services resulting from the deployment of our second-generation constellation, we expect an increase in the sale of Duplex products which would result in a reduction in the inventory currently on hand.

SPOT equipment sales decreased approximately 7% in 2011. The decrease relates primarily to higher sales in 2010 related to the release of our SPOT 2 Satellite GPS Messenger during that period, which was offset partially by the release of other SPOT consumer retail products during the second half of 2010 and the first quarter of 2011.

Simplex equipment sales increased approximately 21% in 2011. The increase is due primarily to increased demand for our machine-to-machine (“M2M”) products.

Operating Expenses:

Total operating expenses increased $18.4 million, or approximately 14%, to $146.1 million for 2011 from $127.7 million in 2010. We attribute this increase to higher depreciation expense as a result of our second-generation satellites coming into service during the fourth quarter 2010 and throughout 2011, offset by decreases in other components of operating expenses.

Cost of Services

Cost of services decreased $1.9 million, or approximately 6%, to $29.3 million for 2011 from $31.2 million in 2010. Cost of services is comprised primarily of network operating costs, which are generally fixed in nature. The decrease during the year was due primarily to a recently implemented plan to improve cost structure by reducing headcount and monitoring operating costs.

Cost of Subscriber Equipment Sales

Cost of subscriber equipment sales decreased $1.3 million, or approximately 10%, to $11.9 million for 2011 from $13.2 million in 2010. We experienced a decrease in costs during the second half of 2010 and throughout 2011 due to lower manufacturing costs for our SPOT products as a result of our acquisition of Axonn at the end of 2009, as well as increased warranty expense recognized due to the release of other SPOT consumer retail products during 2010 and the first quarter of 2011. Additionally, we incurred higher costs in 2010 due to increased expediting fees paid to suppliers that did not recur in 2011. This decrease was offset by an increase (3%) in equipment revenue during 2011.

Cost of Subscriber Equipment Sales - Reduction in the Value of Inventory

Cost of subscriber equipment sales - reduction in the value of inventory decreased $2.1 million to $8.8 million for 2011 from $10.9 million in 2010.  During 2010, we recorded impairment charges to adjust the cost of certain products that require the use of our two-way communication services. In 2011, we recoded additional charges on products that use our two-way communication services. Impairment charges on inventory represent write-downs of our second-generation phones and related accessory inventory. These charges were recognized after assessment of our inventory quantities and our forecasted equipment sales and prices given the current and expected market conditions for this type of equipment. During 2011, we recorded additional impairment charges as a result of discontinuing of the sale of certain products resulting from our strategic decision to focus on our core products and curtail substantially all on-going product development activities.

Reduction in the Value of Long-Lived Assets

Reduction in the value of long-lived assets increased $0.3 million, or 10%, during 2011. During 2011, we recorded an impairment charge related to intangible assets, equipment, and capitalized software costs as a result of discontinuing the sale of certain products resulting from our strategic decision to focus on our core products and curtail substantially all on-going product development activities. During 2010, we recognized an impairment charge to goodwill of $2.7 million based on our annual impairment analysis. Additional reductions in the value of assets were related to gateway spare parts of $0.5 million and other spare parts of $0.1 million during 2010.

Marketing, general and administrative

Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased $0.6 million, or approximately 1%, to $42.4 million for 2011 from $41.8 million in 2010. This increase related primarily to higher legal fees incurred during the year, primarily related to the arbitration with Thales, and our recording a provision for contingent payroll reimbursements as a result of our relocation agreement with the State of Louisiana. These increases were offset partially by our recently implemented plan to improve cost structure by reducing headcount and monitoring operating costs.

Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion

Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense increased $22.6 million, or approximately 83%, to $50.0 million for 2011 from $27.4 million in 2010. The increase relates primarily to additional depreciation expense for the second-generation satellites placed into service during the fourth quarter 2010 and throughout 2011. 

Other Income (Expense):

Interest Expense

 Interest expense decreased by $0.2 million to $4.8 million for 2011 from $5.0 million in 2010. This decrease is due to conversion of notes to common stock in 2010, which resulted in a write-off of a portion of the deferred financing costs at the time of conversion.  This resulted in less amortization in 2011.

Derivative Gain (Loss)

Derivative gain (loss) improved by $53.8 million to a gain of $23.8 million for 2011 from a loss of $30.0 million in 2010, reflecting the fair value adjustment to our derivative assets and liabilities. The derivative gain was due primarily to decreases in our stock price over the year. 

Other

Other expense decreased by $1.9 million to $0.8 million for 2011 from $2.7 million in 2010. This decrease relates primarily to losses we recognized on equity method investments in 2010 that did not recur in 2011.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal liquidity requirements are to meet capital expenditure needs, including deploying our second-generation constellation, next-generation ground upgrades, repayment of our current and long-term debt, operating costs, and working capital. Our principal sources of liquidity include cash on hand ($11.8 million at December 31, 2012), cash flows from operations ($6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012), the remaining funds available under our Facility Agreement ($0.7 million at December 31, 2012, subject to certain restrictions, see below for further discussion), interest earned from funds previously held in our contingent equity account ($1.1 million at December 31, 2012), amounts held in our debt service reserve account ($8.9 million at December 31, 2012). We are seeking additional funds from financing not yet arranged. On December 28, 2012, we entered into an equity line agreement with Terrapin under which we may require Terrapin to purchase up to $30.0 million of our common stock. See below for further discussion.

Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010

The following table shows our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for 2012, 2011 and 2010 (in thousands):

Cash Flows Used by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities during 2012 was $6.9 million compared to net cash used of $5.5 million in 2011. During the third quarter of 2012, we received a $6.0 million refund related to the termination of an agreement with a vendor for services related to our second-generation constellation. We also experienced favorable changes in operating assets and liabilities during 2012, which resulted in positive cash flows from operations for 2012.

Net cash used by operating activities during 2011 was $5.5 million compared to $23.3 million in 2010. This decrease in cash used resulted primarily from favorable changes in operating assets and liabilities during 2011. We continued to use cash to fund operating losses (after adjustments for non-cash expenses including depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock based compensation, impairment of assets, and changes in the fair values of derivative assets and liabilities).

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $58.0 million during 2012 compared to $99.4 million during 2011. The decrease in cash used during 2012 when compared to 2011 resulted primarily from decreased payments related to the construction of our second-generation constellation as the second-generation satellites neared completion and the deferral of payments to contactors working on the construction of our next-generation ground upgrades.

We will continue to incur capital expenditures in the first quarter of 2013 relating to the construction and deployment of our second-generation satellites (our remaining satellites were launched in February 2013) and throughout 2013 relating to additional capital expenditures to upgrade our gateways and other ground facilities. These capital expenditures will support our growth and delivery of new revenue streams.

Cash used in investing activities was $99.4 million during 2011 compared to $205.4 million during 2010. This decrease in cash used during 2011 was the result primarily of decreased payments related to the construction of our second-generation constellation during 2011, as the second-generation satellites neared completion, and the deferral of payments to contractors working on the construction of our next generation ground upgrades.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2012 decreased by $30.2 million to $52.4 million from $82.6 million in 2011. The decrease from 2011 to 2012 was attributable primarily to the issuance of $38.0 million of our 5% Notes during June 2011, which did not recur in 2012. We funded 2012 activities by borrowing under our Facility Agreement and drawing from our contingent equity account. We continue to seek additional financing to fund capital expenditures.

Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $112.1 million to $82.6 million during 2011 from $194.7 million in 2010. The decrease was due primarily to lower funding needs related to the construction of our second-generation satellites and related ground facilities. We funded these activities by borrowing under our Facility Agreement, issuing 5.0% Notes, and drawing from our contingent equity account. We spent approximately $85.5 million on these projects in 2011 compared to approximately $201.1 million during 2010. We also made $1.2 million non-recurring debt financing payments in 2011 compared to $0.1 million during 2010.

Cash Position and Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2012, cash and cash equivalents were $11.8 million; cash available under our Facility Agreement was $0.7 million (subject to certain restrictions, see below for further discussion); interest earned from funds previously held in our contingent equity account was $1.1 million, and amounts held in our debt service reserve account were $8.9 million; compared to cash and cash equivalents, cash available under our Facility Agreement and cash in our contingent equity account at December 31, 2011 of $9.9 million, $8.0 million and $45.8 million, respectively. The carrying amount of current and long-term debt outstanding was $655.9 million and $95.1 million, respectively, at December 31, 2012 compared to current and long-term debt of $0 million and $723.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2011. On December 28, 2012, we entered into an equity line agreement with Terrapin under which we may require Terrapin to purchase up to $30.0 million of our common stock. See below for further discussion.

Facility Agreement

On June 5, 2009, we entered into a $586.3 million Facility Agreement with a syndicate of bank lenders, including BNP Paribas, Natixis, Société Générale, Caylon, Crédit Industriel et Commercial as arrangers and BNP Paribas as the security agent and the agent for the lenders under our Facility Agreement. COFACE, the French export credit agency, has provided a 95% guarantee to the lending syndicate of our obligations under the Facility Agreement. 

 The facility is scheduled to mature 84 months after the first repayment date, as amended. Scheduled semi-annual principal repayments will begin on June 30, 2013. The facility bears interest at a floating LIBOR rate, plus a margin of 2.07% through December 2012, increasing to 2.25% through December 2017 and 2.40% thereafter. Interest payments are due on a semi-annual basis.

The Facility Agreement, as amended, requires that:

Our obligations under the Facility Agreement are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by all of our domestic subsidiaries and are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of our assets and those of our domestic subsidiaries (other than FCC licenses), including patents and trademarks, 100% of the equity of our domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the equity of certain foreign subsidiaries.

We may not re-borrow amounts repaid. We must repay the loans (a) in full upon a change in control or (b) partially (i) if there are excess cash flows on certain dates, (ii) upon certain insurance and condemnation events and (iii) upon certain asset dispositions. In addition to the financial covenants described above, the Facility Agreement places limitations on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to incur debt, create liens, dispose of assets, carry out mergers and acquisitions, make loans, investments, distributions or other transfers and capital expenditures or enter into certain transactions with affiliates.

Pursuant to the terms of the Facility Agreement, in June 2009 we were required to fund a total of $46.8 million to the debt service reserve account. The required amount was to be funded until the date that was six months prior to the first principal repayment date, currently scheduled for June 2013. The minimum required balance fluctuates over time based on the timing of principal and interest payment dates. In January 2013, the amount required to be funded into the debt service reserve account was reduced by approximately $8.9 million due to the timing of the first principal repayment date scheduled for June 2013. The agent for our Facility Agreement permitted us to withdraw this amount to pay certain capital expenditure costs associated with the fourth launch of our second-generation satellites in February 2013. To the extent the first repayment date is extended to a date later than June 2013, the $8.9 million may be required to be refunded into this account.

During the second quarter of 2012, we received two reservation of rights letters from the agent for our Facility Agreement identifying potential existing defaults of certain non-financial covenants in the Facility Agreement that may have occurred as a result of the Thales arbitration ruling and the subsequent settlement agreements reached with Thales related to the arbitration. (See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of this arbitration.) The letters indicated that the lenders were evaluating their position with respect to the potential defaults. During the evaluation process, the lenders did not permit funding of the remaining $3.0 million available under the Facility Agreement to pay Thales for the remaining milestone payments on the second-generation satellites or allow us to draw funds from the contingent equity account.

On October 12, 2012, we entered into Waiver Letter No. 11, which permitted us to make a draw from the contingent equity account. In the waiver letter we acknowledged the lenders’ conclusion that events of default did occur as a result of our entering into settlement agreements with Thales related to the arbitration ruling. As of the date of this Report, the agent for our Facility Agreement has not notified us of the lenders’ intention to accelerate the debt; however, we have shown the borrowings as current on the December 31, 2012 balance sheet in accordance with applicable accounting rules. We are currently working with the lenders to seek all necessary waivers or amendments associated with any default issues, but there can be no assurance that we will be successful. On October 24, 2012, the lenders permitted funding of $2.3 million of the amount available under the Facility Agreement to make a milestone payment to Thales. In November and December 2012, the lenders permitted us to continue to withdraw the funds available in the contingent equity account. The lenders currently do not permit funding of the remaining $0.7 million available under the Facility Agreement.

Due to the launch delays, we expect that we may not be in compliance with certain financial and nonfinancial covenants specified in the Facility Agreement during the next 12 months. Projected noncompliance with covenants include, but are not limited to, minimum consolidated adjusted EBITDA, minimum debt service coverage ratio, minimum net debt to adjusted consolidated EBITDA, and final in-orbit acceptance of our second-generation satellites by April 30, 2013. If we cannot obtain either a waiver or an amendment, any of these failures to comply would represent an additional event of default. An event of default under the Facility Agreement would permit the lenders to accelerate the indebtedness under the Facility Agreement. That acceleration would permit acceleration of our obligations under other indebtedness that contains cross-acceleration provisions.

See Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the Facility Agreement and other current and long-term debt.

Terrapin Common Stock Purchase Agreement

On December 28, 2012 we entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement with Terrapin pursuant to which we may, subject to certain conditions, require Terrapin to purchase up to $30.0 million of shares of our voting common stock over the 24-month term following the effective date of a resale registration statement. This type of arrangement is sometimes referred to as a committed equity line financing facility. From time to time over the 24-month term, and in our sole discretion, we may present Terrapin with up to 36 draw down notices requiring Terrapin to purchase a specified dollar amount of shares of our voting common stock. We will not sell Terrapin a number of shares of voting common stock which, when aggregated with all other shares of voting common stock then beneficially owned by Terrapin and its affiliates, would result in the beneficial ownership by Terrapin or any of its affiliates of more than 9.9% of our then issued and outstanding shares of voting common stock.

See Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the Terrapin agreement.

Capital Expenditures

We have entered into various contractual agreements related to the procurement and deployment of our second-generation constellation and next-generation ground upgrades, as summarized below. We are currently in negotiations with certain contractors to defer some scheduled milestones and related payments to beyond 2013. The discussion below is based on our current contractual obligations to these contractors.

Second-Generation Satellites

We have a contract with Thales for the construction of the second-generation low-earth orbit satellites and related services. We successfully completed launches of our second-generation satellites in October 2010, July 2011, December 2011 and February 2013.

We have a contract with Arianespace for the launch of these second-generation satellites and certain pre and post-launch. We have also incurred additional costs which are owed to Arianespace for launch delays.

The amount of capital expenditures incurred as of December 31, 2012 and estimated future capital expenditures (excluding capitalized interest) related to the construction and deployment of the satellites for our second-generation constellation and the launch services contract is presented in the table below (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2012, $7.4 million of these capital expenditures were recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Next-Generation Gateways and Other Ground Facilities

In May 2008, we entered into an agreement with Hughes to design, supply and implement (a) RAN ground network equipment and software upgrades for installation at a number of our satellite gateway ground stations and (b) satellite interface chips to be a part of the UTS in various next-generation Globalstar devices. In August 2009, we amended this agreement extending the performance schedule by 15 months and revising certain payment milestones. In March 2010, we further amended the contract adding new features, including the option to purchase additional RANs and other software and hardware improvements at pre-negotiated prices.

In October 2008, we signed an agreement with Ericsson, a leading global provider of technology and services to telecom operators. According to the contract, including subsequent additions, Ericsson will work with us to develop, implement and maintain a ground interface, or core network, system that will be installed at our satellite gateway ground stations.

The following table presents the amount of actual and contractual capital expenditures (excluding capitalized interest) related to the construction of the ground component and related costs (in thousands): 

As of December 31, 2012, we recorded $20.5 million of these capital expenditures in accounts payable.

In December 2012, we entered into an agreement with Hughes to extend to March 28, 2013 our deadline to make payments previously due under the contract, provided we made payments of $0.2 million in January 2013 and $0.8 million in March 2013. We have made the January payment. The deferred payments continue to incur interest at the rate of 10% per annum. As of December 31, 2012 we had incurred and capitalized $72.7 million of costs related to this contract, of which $17.9 million is recorded in accounts payable. If we terminate the contract for convenience, we must make a final payment of $20.0 million in either cash or our common stock at our election.  If we elect to pay in our common stock, Hughes will have the option either to accept the common stock or instruct us to complete a block sale of the stock and deliver the proceeds to Hughes. If Hughes chooses to accept common stock, the number of shares it will receive will be calculated based on the final payment amount plus 5%.

In January 2013, we further amended our contract with Hughes to extend the schedule of the RAN and UTS program and to revise the remaining payment milestones and program milestones to reflect the revised program timeline. This amendment extended certain payments previously due in 2013 to 2014 and beyond.

In February 2013, we entered into an agreement with Ericsson which deferred to the earlier of June 1, 2013, or the close of a financing, approximately $2.6 million in milestone payments due under the contract, provided we make two payments of $0.1 million each in February 2013. We have made both payments. The remaining milestones previously scheduled under the contract were deferred to later in 2013 and beyond. The deferred payments will continue to incur interest at a rate of 6.5% per annum. As of December 31, 2012 we had incurred and capitalized $6.8 million of costs related to this contract, of which we recorded $2.6 million in accounts payable. If we terminate the contract for convenience, we must make a final payment of $10.0 million in either cash or our common stock at our election. If we elect to make payment in common stock, Ericsson will have the option either to accept the common stock or instruct us to complete a block sale of the common stock and deliver the proceeds to Ericsson. If Ericsson chooses to accept common stock, the number of shares it will receive will be calculated based on the final payment amount plus 5%.

In accordance with the French Ministry’s authorization to operate our second-generation satellite constellation, we are currently on schedule to enhance the existing gateway operations in Aussaguel, France to include satellite operations and control functions during 2013. The above table does not include any costs for this facility or any other capital expenditures not yet contracted for or capitalized labor.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Contractual obligations at December 31, 2012 are as follows (in thousands): 

The maturity date of the 5.75% Convertible Senior Unsecured Notes is April 1, 2028; however the holders of the Notes can require us to purchase any or all of the Notes at par in cash on April 1, 2013. For purposes of this schedule, the Notes are shown as due in 2013 as a result of this put option. As of December 31, 2012, the purchase price of the 5.75% Notes was approximately $71.8 million, which is included in 2013 obligations above. We currently do not have the funds to purchase all of these Notes if they are put to us for purchase at April 1, 2013 and are seeking alternatives to avoid any default.

The holders of our remaining indebtedness may accelerate it upon default of related covenants or acceleration of other indebtedness. (See Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements) Debt obligations include interest to be paid in common stock or payment in kind interest (“PIK”). Such amounts are shown as due in the year the underlying debt is due.

As stated above, we were not in compliance with certain financial and nonfinancial covenants under the Facility Agreement as of December 31, 2012. Accordingly, we have only shown accrued interest through December 31, 2012 as due in 2013 and no other amounts for interest on the Facility Agreement. This debt bears interest at a floating rate, accordingly, we estimated our interest costs in future periods. If we regain compliance with certain financial and nonfinancial covenants, interest due under the Facility Agreement will be $17.5 million in 2013, $17.9 million in 2014, $16.7 million in 2015, $17.4 million in 2016, $15.5 million 2017 and $26.1 million thereafter.

See Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our contractual obligations.

Liquidity

As discussed in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, we have developed a plan to improve operations and to complete the development, construction, and activation of additional second-generation satellites and next-generation ground upgrades. We currently lack sufficient resources to meet our existing contractual obligations over the next 12 months. As a result, there is substantial doubt that we can continue as a going concern. In order to continue as a going concern, we must obtain additional external financing; amend the Facility Agreement and certain other contractual obligations; and restructure the 5.75% Notes. In addition, substantial uncertainties remain related to our noncompliance with certain of the Facility Agreement’s covenants (see Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion) and the impact and timing of our plans to improve operating cash flows and to restructure our contractual obligations. If the resolution of these uncertainties materially and negatively impacts cash and liquidity, our ability to continue to execute our business plans will be adversely affected. Completion of the foregoing actions is not solely within our control and we may be unable to successfully complete one or all of these actions.

Our principal long-term liquidity needs include making improvements to our constellation, gateways and other ground facilities, funding our working capital and cash operating needs, including any growth in our business, and to fund repayment of our indebtedness, both principal and interest, when due. We expect sources of long-term liquidity to include the exercise of warrants and other additional debt and equity financings which have not yet been arranged. We cannot assure you that we can obtain sufficient additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all. We also expect cash flows from operations to be a source of long-term liquidity once we have fully deployed our second-generation satellite constellation. We are not in a position to estimate when, or if, these longer-term plans will be completed and the effect this will have on our performance and liquidity.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions 

We have no material off-balance sheet transactions.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of recent accounting guidance and the expected impact that the guidance and the expected impact that the guidance could have on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our services and products are sold, distributed or available in over 120 countries. Our international sales are made primarily in U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, Brazilian Reais and Euros. In some cases, insufficient supplies of U.S. currency may require us to accept payment in other foreign currencies. We reduce our currency exchange risk from revenues in currencies other than the U.S. dollar by requiring payment in U.S. dollars whenever possible and purchasing foreign currencies on the spot market when rates are favorable. We currently do not purchase hedging instruments to hedge foreign currencies. We are obligated to enter into currency hedges with the original lenders no later than 90 days after any fiscal quarter during which more than 25% of revenues is denominated in a single currency other than U.S. or Canadian dollars. Otherwise, we cannot enter into hedging agreements other than interest rate cap agreements or other hedges described above without the consent of the agent for the Facility Agreement, and with that consent the counterparties may only be the original lenders.

As discussed in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Contractual Obligations and Commitments," we have entered into two separate contracts with Thales to construct low earth orbit satellites for satellites in our second-generation satellite constellation and to provide launch-related and operations support services. A substantial majority of the payments under the Thales agreements are denominated in Euros.

Our interest rate risk arises from our variable rate debt under our Facility Agreement, under which loans bear interest at a floating rate based on the LIBOR. In order to minimize the interest rate risk, we completed an arrangement with the lenders under the Facility Agreement to limit the interest to which we are exposed. The interest rate cap provides limits on the 6-month Libor rate (Base Rate) used to calculate the coupon interest on outstanding amounts on the Facility Agreement of 4.00% from the date of issuance through December 2012. Thereafter, the Base Rate is capped at 5.50% should the Base Rate not exceed 6.5%. Should the Base Rate exceed 6.5%, our base rate will be 1% less than the then 6-month Libor rate. The applicable margin from the Base Rate ranges from 2.07% to 2.4% through the termination date of the facility. Assuming that we borrowed the entire $586.3 million under the Facility Agreement, a 1.0% change in interest rates would result in a change to interest expense of approximately $5.9 million annually.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Globalstar, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Globalstar, Inc. (“Globalstar”) as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012. These financial statements are the responsibility of Globalstar’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. Globalstar is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of Globalstar’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Globalstar as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that Globalstar will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, Globalstar has suffered recurring losses from operations and is not in compliance with certain financial and nonfinancial covenants under certain long-term debt agreements. This creates a liquidity deficiency that raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

GLOBALSTAR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except par value and share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

GLOBALSTAR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

GLOBALSTAR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)

GLOBALSTAR, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)