GMS Inc. - Quarter Report: 2017 January (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended January 31, 2017

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______________ to _______________.

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 001-37784

__________________________________________

GMS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

__________________________________________


Delaware	46-2931287
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

100 Crescent Centre Parkway, Suite 800 Tucker, Georgia	30084
(Address of principal executive offices)	(ZIP Code)

(800) 392-4619
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	☐		Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒

There were 40,942,905 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of March 9, 2017.

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FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		3

PART I	Financial Information
Item 1	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9
Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28
Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	46
Item 4	Controls and Procedures	46

PART II	Other Information
Item 1	Legal Proceedings	49
Item 1A	Risk Factors	49
Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	49
Item 3	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	49
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	50
Item 5	Other Information	50
Item 6	Exhibits	50

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD‑LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward‑looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). You can generally identify forward‑looking statements by our use of forward‑looking terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” or “should,” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology. In particular, statements about the markets in which we operate, including growth of our various markets, and statements about our expectations, beliefs, plans, strategies, objectives, prospects, assumptions or future events or performance contained in Part 1, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are forward-looking statements.

We have based these forward‑looking statements on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections. While we believe these expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections are reasonable, such forward‑looking statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. These and other important factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part 1, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward‑looking statements. Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward‑looking statements include:

general economic and financial conditions;

our dependency upon the commercial and residential construction and residential repair and remodeling, or R&R, markets;

competition in our highly fragmented industry and the markets in which we operate;

the fluctuations in prices of the products we distribute;

the consolidation of our industry;

our inability to pursue strategic transactions and open new branches;

our inability to expand into new geographic markets;

product shortages and potential loss of relationships with key suppliers;

the seasonality of the commercial and residential construction markets;

the potential loss of any significant customers;

exposure to product liability and various other claims and litigation;

our inability to attract key employees;

rising health care costs;

the reduction of the quantity of products our customers purchase;

the credit risk from our customers;

our inability to renew leases for our facilities;

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our inability to effectively manage our inventory as our sales volume increases or the prices of the products we distribute fluctuate;

our inability to engage in activities that may be in our best long‑term interests because of restrictions in our debt agreements;

our current level of indebtedness and our potential to incur additional indebtedness;

our inability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all;

our holding company structure;

an impairment of our goodwill;

the impact of federal, state and local regulations;

the cost of compliance with environmental, health and safety laws and other regulations;

significant increases in fuel costs or shortages in the supply of fuel;

a disruption or breach in our IT systems;

natural or man‑made disruptions to our facilities;

AEA’s control of us; and

other risks and uncertainties, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part 1, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 filed with the SEC.

Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward‑looking statements. The forward‑looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not guarantees of future performance and our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate, may differ materially from the forward‑looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and events in the industry in which we operate, are consistent with the forward‑looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, they may not be predictive of results or developments in future periods.

Any forward‑looking statement that we make in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speaks only as of the date of such statement. Except as required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to update or revise, or to publicly announce any update or revision to, any of the forward‑looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the SEC after the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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PART I – Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)

GMS Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except share data)


	January 31,		April 30,
	2017		2016
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,602	$	19,072
Trade accounts and notes receivable, net of allowances of $9,963 and $8,607, respectively		310,093		270,257
Inventories, net		205,007		165,766
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		17,826		16,548
Total current assets		543,528		471,643
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $68,215 and $54,377, respectively		154,553		153,260
Goodwill		425,933		386,306
Intangible assets, net		262,533		221,790
Other assets		8,180		7,815
Total assets	$	1,394,727	$	1,240,814
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	106,779	$	91,500
Accrued compensation and employee benefits		50,229		51,680
Other accrued expenses and current liabilities		37,345		41,814
Current portion of long-term debt		11,235		8,667
Revolving credit facility		—		26,914
Total current liabilities		205,588		220,575
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt, less current portion		601,044		609,029
Deferred income taxes, net		32,327		41,203
Other liabilities		34,252		33,600
Liabilities to noncontrolling interest holders, less current portion		22,232		25,247
Total liabilities		895,443		929,654
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, authorized 500,000,000 shares; 40,942,905 and 32,892,905 shares issued at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively		409		329
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, authorized 50,000,000 shares; 0 shares issued at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively		—		—
Additional paid-in capital		487,436		334,244
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)		12,349		(22,265)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(910)		(1,148)
Total stockholders’ equity		499,284		311,160
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,394,727	$	1,240,814

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GMS Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	January 31,				January 31,
	2017		2016			2017	2016
Net sales	$	562,523	$	420,482	$	1,704,169	$	1,331,000
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)		376,796		286,322		1,146,633		912,039
Gross profit		185,727		134,160		557,536		418,961
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative		147,260		112,242		432,116		336,804
Depreciation and amortization		18,316		16,009		51,479		47,336
Total operating expenses		165,576		128,251		483,595		384,140
Operating income		20,151		5,909		73,941		34,821
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense		(7,431)		(9,473)		(22,162)		(27,990)
Write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees		(211)		—		(7,103)		—
Other income, net		1,081		533		2,170		1,452
Total other (expense), net		(6,561)		(8,940)		(27,095)		(26,538)
Income (loss) before taxes		13,590		(3,031)		46,846		8,283
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes		5,363		(819)		12,232		4,659
Net income (loss)	$	8,227	$	(2,212)	$	34,614	$	3,624
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		40,942,905		32,890,930		40,035,450		32,768,418
Diluted		41,577,675		32,890,930		40,670,220		32,987,170
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.20	$	(0.07)	$	0.86	$	0.11
Diluted	$	0.20	$	(0.07)	$	0.85	$	0.11
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)	$	8,227	$	(2,212)	$	34,614	$	3,624
Increase (decrease) in fair value of financial instrument, net of tax		226		(384)		238		(1,089)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	8,453	$	(2,596)	$	34,852	$	2,535

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GMS Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and Year Ended April 30, 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except share data)


						Retained		Accumulated
				Additional		Earnings		Other					Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		(Accumulated		Comprehensive		Treasury Stock			Stockholders'
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Deficit)		Income (Loss)		Shares	Amount		Equity
Balances at May 1, 2015	32,757,905	$	328	$	329,884	$	(30,650)	$	10	—	$	—	$	299,572
Net income	—		—		—		12,564		—	—		—		12,564
Change in accounting for liability awards	—		—		—		(3,208)		—	—		—		(3,208)
Decrease in fair value of financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(1,158)	—		—		(1,158)
Equity-based compensation	—		—		2,699		—		—	—		—		2,699
Stock repurchases	—		—		—		—		—	394,577		(5,827)		(5,827)
Exercise of stock options	135,000		1		1,661		(971)		—	(394,577)		5,827		6,518
Balances at April 30, 2016	32,892,905	$	329	$	334,244	$	(22,265)	$	(1,148)	—	$	—	$	311,160
Net income	—		—		—		34,614		—	—		—		34,614
Increase in fair value of financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		—		238	—		—		238
Equity-based compensation	—		—		1,860		—		—	—		—		1,860
Issuance of common stock in initial public offering, net of underwriting discounts and offering costs	8,050,000		80		151,332		—		—	—		—		151,412
Balances at January 31, 2017	40,942,905	$	409	$	487,436	$	12,349	$	(910)	—	$	—	$	499,284

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GMS Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars)


	Nine Months Ended
	January 31,
	2017		2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	34,614	$	3,624
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment		19,395		20,207
Accretion and amortization of debt discount and deferred financing fees		9,142		2,560
Amortization of intangible assets		32,084		27,129
Provision for losses on accounts and notes receivable		(434)		3
Provision for obsolescence of inventory		427		83
Decrease in fair value of contingent consideration		(388)		—
Equity-based compensation		1,669		3,742
Net (gain) loss on sale or impairment of assets		(242)		76
Trade accounts and notes receivable		(3,179)		1,874
Inventories		(25,708)		(271)
Accounts payable		318		(14,132)
Deferred income tax benefit		(14,773)		(6,657)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(1,425)		(4,123)
Accrued compensation and employee benefits		(3,057)		(11,929)
Other accrued expenses and liabilities		(321)		5,419
Liabilities to noncontrolling interest holders		908		1,189
Income tax receivable / payable		(12,690)		(10,892)
Cash provided by operating activities		36,340		17,902
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(6,900)		(3,995)
Proceeds from sale of assets		3,245		6,763
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired and amounts received from working capital settlements		(141,650)		(83,711)
Cash used in investing activities		(145,305)		(80,943)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayments on the revolving credit facility		(817,598)		(444,706)
Borrowings from the revolving credit facility		836,507		512,847
Payments of principal on long-term debt		(3,381)		(2,956)
Principal repayments of capital lease obligations		(3,819)		(3,182)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in initial public offering, net of underwriting discounts		156,941		—
Repayment of term loan		(160,000)		—
Proceeds from term loan amendment		481,225		—
Repayments on term loan amendment		(381,225)		—
Debt issuance costs on revolving credit facility amendment		(1,342)		—
Debt issuance costs on term loan amendment		(2,487)		—
Stock repurchases		—		(5,827)
Exercise of stock options		—		6,519
Payments of contingent consideration		(4,326)		(4,555)
Cash provided by financing activities		100,495		58,140
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(8,470)		(4,901)
Balance, beginning of period		19,072		12,284
Balance, end of period	$	10,602	$	7,383
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	39,831	$	22,250
Cash paid for interest		20,038		24,869
Supplemental schedule of noncash activities:
Assets acquired under capital lease	$	6,667	$	4,140
Change in fair value of derivative instrument		4		1,696
Issuance of installment notes associated with equity-based compensation liability awards		5,353		1,157
Increase (decrease) in insurance claims payable and insurance recoverable		856		(26,350)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended July 31, 2016 and 2015

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

1. Basis of Presentation, Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “Successor” or the “Company” refer to GMS Inc., formerly GYP Holdings I Corp., and its subsidiaries. When such terms are used in this manner throughout the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements, they are in reference only to the corporation, GMS Inc. and its subsidiaries, and are not used in reference to the Board of Directors, corporate officers, management, or any individual employee or group of employees.

On April 1, 2014, the Successor acquired, through its wholly‑owned entities, GYP Holdings II Corp. and GYP Holdings III Corp., all of the capital stock of Gypsum Management and Supply, Inc. (the “Predecessor”). Successor is majority owned by certain affiliates of AEA Investors LP, or “AEA,” and certain of our other stockholders. We refer to this acquisition as the “Acquisition” and April 1, 2014 as the “Acquisition Date.” We changed our name from GYP Holdings I Corp. to GMS Inc. on July 6, 2015.

We have no independent operations and our only asset is our investment in the Predecessor.

Business

Founded in 1971, we are a distributor of specialty building products including wallboard, suspended ceilings systems, or ceilings, steel framing and other complementary specialty building products. We purchase products from a large number of manufacturers and then distribute these goods to a customer base consisting of wallboard and ceilings contractors and homebuilders and, to a lesser extent, general contractors and individuals. We have created a national footprint with more than 200 branches across 42 states.

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that permit reduced disclosure for interim periods. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2016 was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all necessary disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

In the opinion of our management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position, and cash flows. All adjustments are of a normal recurring nature unless otherwise disclosed. Revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities can vary during each quarter of the year. Therefore, the results and trends in these interim financial statements may not be the same as those for the full year. For a more complete discussion of the Company’s significant accounting policies and other information, you should read these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conjunction with our annual audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, which include all disclosures required by GAAP.

Initial Public Offering

On June 1, 2016, we completed our initial public offering, or IPO, of 8,050,000 shares of common stock at a price of $21.00 per share, including 1,050,000 shares of common stock that were issued as a result of the exercise in full by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares to cover over‑allotments. After underwriting discounts and commissions but before expenses, we received net proceeds from the IPO of approximately $156,900. We used these proceeds together with cash on hand to repay the $160,000 principal amount of our term loan debt outstanding under our senior secured second lien term loan facility, or the Second Lien Facility, which was a payment in full of the entire loan balance due under the Second Lien Facility.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Revision of Financial Statements

During the preparation of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2016, the Company determined that an inappropriate statutory tax rate was used to value deferred tax liabilities related to certain assets purchased in the Acquisition as of April 1, 2014. This resulted in an understatement of “Deferred income taxes, net” and “Goodwill” of $6,400 and $4,300, respectively, as of April 30, 2015, and an overstatement of “Provision for (benefit from) income taxes” and an understatement of “Net income (loss)” of $2,100 for the year ended April 30, 2015. The Company assessed the materiality of the misstatement in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, Materiality, and concluded that this misstatement was not material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements for the prior periods and that amendments of previously filed reports were not required. However, the Company determined that the impact of the corrections would be too significant to record in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016. As such, the revision for the correction is reflected in the nine months ended January 31, 2016 financial information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. Disclosure of the revised amounts will also be reflected in future filings containing the applicable periods.

The effect of this revision on the line items within the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the nine months ended January 31, 2016 was as follows:


	Nine Months Ended
	January 31, 2016
	As previously
	reported		Adjustment		As revised
Provision for income taxes	$	5,334	$	(675)	$	4,659
Net income	$	2,949	$	675	$	3,624
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.09	$	0.02	$	0.11
Diluted	$	0.09	$	0.02	$	0.11

The effect of this revision on the line items within the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended January 31, 2016 was as follows:


	Nine Months Ended
	January 31, 2016
	As previously
	reported		Adjustment		As revised
Net income	$	2,949	$	675	$	3,624
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Deferred income tax expense		(5,982)		(675)		(6,657)
Cash used in operating activities	$	17,902	$	—	$	17,902

Principles of Consolidation

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements present the results of operations, financial position and cash flows of the Company and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations of businesses acquired are included from their respective dates of acquisition.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Insurance Liabilities

The Company is self‑insured for certain losses related to medical claims. The Company has stop‑loss coverage to limit the exposure arising from medical claims. The Company has deductible‑based insurance policies for certain losses related to general liability, automobile and workers’ compensation. The deductible amount per incident is $250, $500 and $1,000 for general liability, workers’ compensation and automobile, respectively. The coverage consists of a primary layer and an excess layer. The primary layer of coverage is from $500 to $2,000 and the excess layer covers claims from $2,000 to $100,000. The expected ultimate cost for claims incurred as of the balance sheet date is not discounted and is recognized as a liability. Insurance losses for claims filed and claims incurred but not reported are accrued based upon estimates of the aggregate liability for uninsured claims using loss development factors and actuarial assumptions followed in the insurance industry and historical loss development experience.

At January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, the aggregate liabilities for medical self‑insurance were $3,125 and $3,342, respectively, and are recorded in “Other accrued expenses and current liabilities” within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. At January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, reserves for general liability, automobile and workers’ compensation totaled approximately $13,766 and $12,213 respectively, and are recorded in “Other accrued expenses and current liabilities” and “Other liabilities” in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In fiscal 2015, a material claim was settled by our insurance carrier in the amount of approximately $26,000 and was paid by our insurance carrier in full, subject to the deductible, during the nine months ended January 31, 2016. At January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, amounts recoverable for general liability, automobile and workers’ compensation, totaled approximately $5,690 and $4,832, respectively and are recorded in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Other assets” in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable, other current liabilities and accrued interest approximates fair value due to its short‑term nature. Based on borrowing rates available to the Company for loans with similar terms, the carrying values of the ABL Facility, First Lien Facility and other debt approximate fair value.

Accounting guidance establishes a three‑level hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability on the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:


Level 1		Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for an identical asset or liability in an active market.
Level 2		Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for a similar asset or liability in an active market or model‑derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3		Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.

As discussed in Note 8, we have recorded stock appreciation rights, deferred compensation and redeemable noncontrolling interests at their expected fair values. The determination of these fair values is based on Level 3 inputs. These inputs include a volatility rate based on comparable entities, a discount rate, and the expected time to redemption of the liabilities, historical values of the book equity of certain subsidiaries, and market information for comparable entities. The use of these inputs to derive the fair value of the liabilities at a point in time can result in volatility to the financial statements to our current and projected financial results.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Stock Appreciation Rights, Deferred Compensation and Liabilities to Noncontrolling Interest Holders

Certain subsidiaries have equity based compensation agreements with the subsidiary’s employees and minority shareholders. These agreements are stock appreciation rights, deferred compensation agreements, and liabilities to noncontrolling interest holders. Since these agreements are typically settled in cash or notes, and do not meet the criteria established by ASC 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation” to be accounted for in “Stockholders’ equity”, they are accounted for as liability awards. See Note 8.

Treasury Stock

In the nine months ended January 31, 2016, we repurchased 394,577 shares of our common stock at a cost of $5,827 in connection with our separation agreement with a former employee. We then reissued these shares for proceeds of $4,856 during the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The difference between the cost of the treasury stock and the proceeds from its reissuance was accounted for, using the “cost” method, as a decrease to “Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)” of $971.

Net Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted‑average number of outstanding shares of common stock for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if instruments that may require the issuance of common stock in the future were settled and the underlying shares of common stock were issued. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by increasing the weighted‑average number of outstanding shares of common stock computed in basic earnings (loss) per share to include the dilutive effect of stock options and other equity‑based instruments held by the Company’s employees and directors during each period.

In periods of net loss, the number of shares used to calculate diluted earnings (loss) per share is the same as basic net earnings (loss) per share. Therefore, for the three months ended January 31, 2016, diluted net loss per common share equals basic net loss per common share as the effect of stock options and other equity-based instruments (collectively “stock-based compensation securities”) are anti-dilutive because the Company incurred losses from continuing operations in this period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue recognition—In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASU 2014-09"), to clarify the principles used to recognize revenue for all entities. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14 which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. As a result of this deferral, ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The guidance allows for either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective transition method. We are continuing to evaluate our method of adoption and the impact this guidance, including recent amendments and interpretations, may have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Deferred Taxes—In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, "Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes” ("ASU 2015-17"). This amendment changes how deferred taxes are recognized by eliminating the requirement to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and noncurrent on the balance sheet. Instead, the requirement is to classify all deferred tax liabilities and assets as noncurrent. ASU 2015-17 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period, with earlier adoption permitted. ASU 2015-17 can be adopted either prospectively or retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company early adopted ASU 2015-17 retrospectively as of July 31, 2016. As a result, $11,047 of our deferred tax assets previously presented in current assets as of April 30, 2016 have been reclassified to “Deferred income taxes, net”, a long-term liability, in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of that date. Adoption of this standard did not impact results of operations or cash flows in the current or previous reporting periods.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Required Assessment of Going Concern – In August 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standard update that regardless of financial condition, requires every entity to assess its ability to continue operating as a going concern for the period of time that extends one year from the issuance of interim or annual financial statements. The standard is effective for the Company for its fiscal year ending April 30, 2017. If a quarterly or annual assessment indicates the presence of one or more conditions that raise substantial doubt, as defined in the standard, about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern for the upcoming one-year period, the standard requires disclosures in the footnotes that accompany the financial statements. Otherwise, no disclosure is required about the assessment results. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have an impact on its consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.

Leases—In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases" ("ASU 2016-02"). The new standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with such classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. The new standard is effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning May 1, 2019, including interim reporting periods within that fiscal year. A modified transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. While the Company is still evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of the new standard on its Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company expects that upon adoption it will recognize ROU assets and liabilities that could be material.

Statement of Cash Flows — In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Clarification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments” (“ASU 2016-15”). The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice related to certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows by adding or clarifying guidance on eight specific cash flow issues. ASU 2016-15 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented, unless deemed impracticable, in which case, prospective application is permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Taxes — In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory” (“ASU 2016-16”). The new guidance is intended to improve the accounting for intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory by requiring recognition of income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016-16 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Statement of Cash Flows — In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash” (“ASU 2016-18”). The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice by adding or clarifying guidance on classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Financial Instruments — In January 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard update that changes the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. The accounting standard update will be effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Share-Based Compensation — In March 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard update that impacts the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The accounting standard will be effective for the Company beginning the first quarter of fiscal 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Credit Losses of Financial Instruments — In June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard update that requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The accounting standard update will be effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2021 on a modified retrospective basis, and early adoption in fiscal 2020 is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Definition of a Business — In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard update that clarifies the definition of a business to help companies evaluate whether acquisition or disposal transactions should be accounted for as asset groups or as businesses. The accounting standard update will be effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 on a prospective basis. The impact of this accounting standard update will be facts and circumstances dependent, but the Company does not expect the adoption of this accounting standard to have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment — In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard update that removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires the assessment of fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure goodwill impairments. Under the accounting standard update, goodwill impairment will be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value. The accounting standard update will be effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2021 on a prospective basis, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect that this accounting standard update will impact the results of its goodwill impairment tests.

2. Business Acquisitions

The Company operates in a highly fragmented industry. A key component of the Company’s strategy is growth through acquisition that expands its geographic coverage, provides complementary lines of business and increases its market share.

The Company has accounted for all business combinations using the purchase method, in accordance with ASC 805, to record a new cost basis for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company recorded, based on preliminary purchase price allocations, intangible assets representing client relationships, tradenames, and excess of purchase price over the estimated fair value of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as “Goodwill” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The goodwill is attributable to synergies achieved through the streamlining of operations combined with improved margins attainable through increased market presence. The results of operations of these acquisitions are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company from the date of acquisition.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

(a) 2017 Acquisitions

In the nine months ended January 31, 2017, the Company completed the following acquisitions, with an aggregate purchase price of $151,186, comprised of $145,248 of cash consideration and $5,938 of contingent consideration, subject to finalization of working capital settlement amounts.


Company name	Form of acquisition	Date of acquisition
Wall & Ceiling Supply Co., Inc.	Purchase of net assets	May 2, 2016
Rockwise, LLC	Purchase of net assets	July 5, 2016
Steven F. Kempf Building Materials, Inc.	Purchase of net assets	August 29, 2016
Olympia Building Supplies, LLC/Redmill, Inc.	Purchase of 100% of outstanding common stock	September 1, 2016
United Building Materials, Inc.	Purchase of net assets	October 3, 2016
Ryan Building Materials, Inc.	Purchase of net assets	October 31, 2016
Interior Products Supply	Purchase of net assets	December 5, 2016

The preliminary allocation of purchase consideration for these acquisitions is summarized as follows:


	Preliminary
	purchase price
	allocation
	January 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,555
Trade accounts and notes receivable		35,681
Inventories		13,961
Property and equipment		8,615
Other assets		613
Tradenames		9,490
Customer relationships		63,310
Goodwill		39,903
Deferred tax liability		(5,898)
Liabilities assumed		(16,044)
Purchase price	$	151,186

Goodwill of $25,795 and other intangible assets of $52,200 are expected to be deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Goodwill of $14,108 and other intangible assets of $20,600 are expected to be nondeductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Company believes that the information gathered to date provides a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed but the Company is waiting for additional information necessary to finalize those fair values. Thus, the provisional measurements of fair value set forth above are preliminary. Such changes are not expected to be significant. The Company expects to complete the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the applicable acquisition date. The pro forma impact of these acquisitions is not presented as it is not considered material to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

(b) 2016 Acquisitions

In fiscal 2016, the Company completed the following acquisitions, with an aggregate purchase price of $117,233, comprised of $113,801 of cash consideration and $3,432 of contingent consideration, subject to the finalization of working capital settlement amounts. The pro forma impact of these acquisitions is not presented as it is not considered material to our Consolidated Financial Statements.


Company name	Form of acquisition	Date of acquisition
Tri-Cities Drywall & Supply Co.	Purchase of net assets	September 29, 2015
Badgerland Supply, Inc.	Purchase of net assets	November 2, 2015
Hathaway & Sons, Inc.	Purchase of net assets	November 9, 2015
Gypsum Supply Company	Purchase of 100% of outstanding common stock	January 1, 2016
Robert N. Karpp Co., Inc.	Purchase of net assets	February 1, 2016
Professional Handling & Distribution, Inc.	Purchase of net assets	February 1, 2016
M.R. Lee Building Materials, Inc.	Purchase of net assets	April 4, 2016

The preliminary allocation of purchase consideration for these acquisitions is summarized as follows:


	Preliminary				Preliminary
	purchase price				purchase price
	allocation		Adjustments/		allocation
	April 30, 2016		Reclassifications		January 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	956	$	—	$	956
Trade accounts and notes receivable		26,707		322		27,029
Inventories		17,543		—		17,543
Property and equipment		9,236		—		9,236
Other assets		809		1		810
Tradenames		12,500		—		12,500
Below market leases		2,020		—		2,020
Customer relationships		29,055		—		29,055
Goodwill		38,833		(276)		38,557
Deferred tax liability		(6,676)		—		(6,676)
Liabilities assumed		(13,804)		7		(13,797)
Purchase price	$	117,179	$	54	$	117,233

During the first nine months of fiscal 2017, the Company recorded adjustments to working capital resulting in a decrease in total consideration paid of $54. Goodwill of $13,515 and other intangible assets of $26,335 are expected to be deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Goodwill of $25,042 and other intangible assets of $17,240 are expected to be nondeductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Company believes that the information gathered to date provides a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed but the Company is waiting for additional information necessary to finalize the fair values of acquisitions for which final working capital settlements have not been determined. The additional information necessary is that which will result from final working capital settlements; such changes are not expected to be significant. The Company expects to complete the purchase price allocation for these acquisitions as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the applicable acquisition date.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

3. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table represents the activity of “Goodwill” from May 1, 2015 to January 31, 2017:


	Carrying
	Amount
Balance at May 1, 2015	$	348,811
Working capital adjustments		(1,338)
Goodwill acquired during the year		38,833
Balance at April 30, 2016		386,306
Working capital adjustments		(276)
Goodwill acquired during the period		39,903
Balance at January 31, 2017	$	425,933

During the nine months ended January 31, 2017, the Company recorded $63,310 and $9,490 in customer relationships and tradenames, respectively, as a result of the Wall & Ceiling Supply Co., Inc., Rockwise, LLC, Steven F. Kempf Building Materials, Inc., Olympia Building Supplies, LLC, United Building Materials, Inc., Ryan Building Materials, Inc. and Interior Products Supply acquisitions discussed in Note 2. The recently acquired customer relationships and tradenames will be amortized over weighted-average periods of 11.6 years and 16.3 years, respectively.

The Company’s definite lived intangible assets as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016 consist of the following:


	Estimated	Weighted	January 31, 2017
	useful	average	Gross				Net
	lives	amortization	carrying		Accumulated		carrying
	(years)	period	amount		amortization		value
Amortizable intangible assets:
Customer relationships	5 - 13	10.9	$	271,877	$	100,364	$	171,513
Definite lived tradenames	5 - 20	18.3		25,250		1,342		23,908
Vendor agreement	8	—		5,644		1,999		3,645
Leasehold interests	7 - 13	8.2		2,516		417		2,099
Totals			$	305,287	$	104,122	$	201,165


	Estimated	Weighted	April 30, 2016
	useful	average	Gross				Net
	lives	amortization	carrying		Accumulated		carrying
	(years)	period	amount		amortization		value
Amortizable intangible assets:
Customer relationships	5 - 13	10.8	$	208,526	$	69,929	$	138,597
Definite lived tradenames	5 - 20	19.5		15,760		447		15,313
Vendor agreement	8	—		5,644		1,470		4,174
Leasehold interests	7 - 13	8.2		2,516		178		2,338
Totals			$	232,446	$	72,024	$	160,422

The Company’s indefinite lived intangible assets consist of tradenames which have a carrying amount of $61,368 as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $11,851 and $32,084 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017, respectively, and $9,540 and $27,129 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2016, respectively. Amortization expense is recorded in “Depreciation and amortization” expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

4. Long‑Term Debt

Initial Public Offering

As described in Note 1, “—Initial Public Offering,” on June 1, 2016, we used the IPO proceeds together with cash on hand to repay the $160,000 principal amount of our term loan debt outstanding under our Second Lien Facility, which was a payment in full of the entire loan balance due under the Second Lien Facility. In addition, we recorded a write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees of $5,426 to “Write-off of discount and deferred financing fees” in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Term Loan Amendment

On September 27, 2016, the Company entered into an Incremental First Lien Term Commitments Amendment (the “Incremental Amendment”) to the First Lien Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), dated April 1, 2014, among GYP Holdings III Corp., as borrower, GYP Holdings II Corp., the financial institutions from time to time party thereto, as lenders, and Credit Suisse AG, as administrative agent and collateral agent.

The Incremental Amendment amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) refinance approximately $381,225 in currently outstanding existing term loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement with a new tranche of $481,225 incremental term loans, and (ii) reduce the interest rate applicable to loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement to LIBOR plus 3.50% from LIBOR plus 3.75%. The portion of the incremental term loans that exceeded the refinanced existing term loans was used to repay the ABL Facility in part. In addition, we recorded a write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees of $1,466 to “Write-off of discount and deferred financing fees” in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

ABL Facility Amendment

On November 18, 2016, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to ABL Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) which amended the existing ABL Credit Agreement, dated April 1, 2014 (as amended by that certain First Amendment to ABL Credit Agreement, dated as of February 17, 2016, the “ABL Credit Agreement”), among GYP Holdings III Corp., as borrower, GYP Holdings II Corp., the lenders party hereto and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent for the lenders.

The Second Amendment amended the ABL Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) increase the Revolving Credit Commitments thereunder from $300,000 to $345,000, and (ii) extend the maturity date of the ABL Credit Agreement from April 1, 2019 to the earlier of (a) November 18, 2021 or (b) the date of termination in whole of the ABL Credit Agreement and the related obligations. The Second Amendment amended the interest rate margin applicable to loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement to reflect a 0.25% decrease in the interest rate margin at each pricing level (as defined in the ABL Credit Agreement) relative to the interest rate margins charged at the corresponding pricing levels under the Credit Agreement. In addition, we recorded a write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees of $211 to “Write-off of discount and deferred financing fees” in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Long‑term debt at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016 consists of the following:


	January 31,		April 30,
	2017		2016
First Lien Term Loan due 2021 (1) (2)	$	470,978	$	373,998
Second Lien Term Loan due 2022 (3) (4)		—		154,517
ABL Facility		120,821		101,910
Capital lease obligations, at an annual rate of 5.50%, due in monthly installments through August 2022		14,283		11,449
Installment notes at fixed rates up to 2.7%, due in monthly and annual installments through April 2021		6,197		2,736
		612,279		644,610
Less: Current portion		11,235		35,581
Total long‑term debt	$	601,044	$	609,029

(1)

Net of unamortized discount of $1,764 and $1,355 as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively.

(2)

Net of deferred financing costs of $6,077 and $6,847 as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively.

(3)

Net of unamortized discount of $1,183 at April 30, 2016.

(4)

Net of deferred financing costs of $4,300 at April 30, 2016.

5. Income Taxes

Under ASC 740‑270, Income Taxes—Interim Reporting (“ASC 740‑270”), each interim period is considered an integral part of the annual period and tax expense (benefit) is measured using an estimated annual effective income tax rate. Estimates of the annual effective income tax rate at the end of interim periods are, out of necessity, based on evaluation of possible future events and transactions and may be subject to subsequent refinement or revision. The Company forecasts its estimated annual effective income tax rate and then applies that rate to its year‑to‑date pre‑tax ordinary income (loss), subject to certain loss limitation provisions. In addition, certain specific transactions are excluded from the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate computation, but are discretely recognized within income tax expense (benefit) in their respective interim period. Future changes in the forecasted annual income (loss) projections, tax rate changes, or discrete tax items could result in significant adjustments to quarterly income tax expense (benefit) in future periods.

The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if valuation allowances are required. In this evaluation, the Company considers both positive and negative evidence in determining whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The primary negative evidence considered includes the cumulative operating losses generated in prior periods. The primary positive evidence considered includes the reversal of deferred tax liabilities related to depreciation and amortization that would occur within the same jurisdiction and during the carry forward period necessary to absorb the federal and state net operating losses and other deferred tax assets. The reversal of such liabilities would utilize the federal and state net operating losses and other deferred tax assets.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are computed by applying the federal and state income tax rates in effect to the gross amounts of temporary differences and other tax attributes, such as net operating loss carry‑forwards. In assessing if the deferred tax assets will be realized, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some or all of these deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the period in which these deductible temporary differences reverse.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

The Company had valuation allowances of $83 against its deferred tax assets related to certain tax jurisdictions as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016. To the extent the Company generates sufficient taxable income in the future to utilize the tax benefits of the net deferred tax assets on which a valuation allowance is recorded, the effective tax rate may decrease as the valuation allowance is reversed.

The Company made an election under section 338 (h)(10) of the Internal Revenue Code which effectively changed the tax treatment of the Company’s acquisition of Gypsum Supply Company from a stock transaction to an asset transaction for tax purposes. As a result of this election, the Company decreased its deferred tax liabilities and tax expense in the prior quarter ended October 31, 2016 by $6,950.

The effective income tax rate on continuing operations for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 was 26.1% compared to an effective income tax rate of 56.2% for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The decrease in the effective income tax rate is primarily due to the 338 (h)(10) election made for the Gypsum Supply Company acquisition, the decreased impact of permanent differences and a decrease in the blended state tax rate.

The Company had no material uncertain tax positions as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016.

6. Stockholders’ Equity

Amended and Restatement of Certificate of Incorporation

On May 13, 2016, we amended and restated our certificate of incorporation to increase our authorized share count to 550,000,000 shares of stock, including 500,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, each with a par value of $0.01 per share and to split our common stock 10.158‑for‑1. Unless otherwise noted herein, historical share data has been adjusted to give effect to the stock split.

Initial Public Offering

As described in Note 1, “—Initial Public Offering,” on June 1, 2016, we completed our IPO of 8,050,000 shares of common stock at a price of $21.00 per share, including 1,050,000 shares of common stock that were issued as a result of the exercise in full by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares to cover over‑allotments. After underwriting discounts and commissions but before expenses, we received net proceeds from the IPO of approximately $156,900. We used these proceeds together with cash on hand to repay the $160,000 principal amount of our term loan debt outstanding under our Second Lien Facility, which was a payment in full of the entire loan balance due under the Second Lien Facility.

7. Equity‑Based Compensation

General

The Company has a 2014 GYP Holdings I Corp. Stock Option Plan, (the “Plan”) that provides for granting of stock options and other equity awards. The Plan authorizes 3,591,422 shares of common stock for issuance. The stock options granted under the plan vest over a four-year period and have a 10‑year term. The plan is designed to motivate and retain individuals who are responsible for the attainment of our primary long‑term performance goals. The plan provides a means whereby our employees and directors develop a sense of ownership and personal involvement in our development and financial success and encourage them to devote their best efforts to our business. The Company accounts for share‑based awards in accordance with ASC 718. ASC 718 requires measurement of compensation cost for all share‑based awards at fair value on the grant date (or measurement date if different) and recognition of compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period for awards expected to vest.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Stock Option Awards

We utilize the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing model to estimate the grant‑date fair value of all stock options. The Black‑Scholes option‑pricing model requires the use of weighted average assumptions for estimated expected volatility, estimated expected term of stock options, risk‑free rate, estimated expected dividend yield, and the fair value of the underlying common stock at the date of grant. Prior to our IPO discussed in Note 1, “—Initial Public Offering,” we did not have sufficient history to estimate the expected volatility of our common stock price, therefore expected volatility has been based on the average volatility of peer public entities that are similar in size and industry. We estimate the expected term of all stock options based on previous history of exercises. The risk‑free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the stock option. The expected dividend yield is 0% as we have not declared any common stock dividends to date and do not expect to declare common stock dividends in the near future. The fair value of the underlying common stock at the date of grant was determined based on the value of the Company’s closing stock price on the trading day immediately preceding the date of the grant. We estimate forfeitures based on our historical analysis of actual stock option forfeitures and employee turnover. Actual forfeitures are recorded when incurred and estimated forfeitures are reviewed and adjusted at least annually. The weighted average assumptions used in the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing model during the nine months ended January 31, 2017 are set forth below:


	January 31, 2017
Volatility	41.10	%
Expected life (years)	6.0
Risk‑free interest rate	1.53	%
Dividend yield	—	%

In the nine months ended January 31, 2017, the Company issued 170,539 stock option awards to employees that vest based on service only. The weighted average grant date fair value of each stock option was $9.53 and the aggregate fair value of options outstanding was $1,625. All of these awards vest over a four‑year period. Additionally, all these options could vest earlier in the event of a change in control, merger or other acquisition. This expense is recorded on an accelerated basis over the requisite service period of each separate vesting tranche. Share‑based compensation expense related to stock options was $577 and $1,860 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017, respectively, and $729 and $2,089 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2016, respectively. Share-based compensation expense was included as a component of “Selling, general and administrative” expenses in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. At January 31, 2017, the unrecognized compensation expense related to stock option awards was $2,109 with a remaining weighted average life of 7.67 years.

The Company did not issue any stock option awards during the nine months ended January 31, 2016.

A summary of stock option activity for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 follows:


				Weighted
		Weighted		average
		average		remaining	Aggregate
	Number of	exercise		contractual	intrinsic
	options	price		life (years)	value
Outstanding at May 1, 2016	1,935,106	$	12.37
Options granted	170,539	$	23.04
Options exercised	—		—
Options forfeited	—		—
Options expired	—		—
Outstanding at January 31, 2017	2,105,645	$	13.37	7.46	$	34,675
Exercisable at January 31, 2017	1,090,610	$	12.47	7.26	$	18,942
Expected to vest after January 31, 2017	1,015,035	$	14.34	7.67	$	15,733

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the value of the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the fiscal period in excess of the weighted average exercise price multiplied by the number of options outstanding or exercisable. Options expected to vest are unvested shares net of expected forfeitures.

8. Stock Appreciation Rights, Deferred Compensation and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

Certain subsidiaries have equity based compensation arrangements with certain of the subsidiary’s employees and minority shareholders. These arrangements are stock appreciation rights, deferred compensation agreements and liabilities to noncontrolling interest holders. Since these arrangements are typically settled in cash or notes, and do not meet the criteria established by ASC 718 to be accounted for in “Stockholders’ equity”, they are accounted for as liability awards. These liability awards are reflected at their fair values as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016.

Stock appreciation rights—Certain subsidiaries have granted stock appreciation rights to certain employees under which payments are dependent on the appreciation in the book value per share, adjusted for certain provisions, of the applicable subsidiary. Settlements of the awards can be made in a combination of cash or installment notes, generally paid over four years, upon a triggering event. Vesting periods vary by grant date and range from fiscal 2017 to fiscal 2018. Current liabilities related to these plans of $820 and $808 were included in “Accrued compensation and employee benefits” at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively. Long‑term liabilities related to these plans of $18,950 and $19,725 were recorded as components of “Other liabilities” at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively. The redemption value as of January 31, 2017 is $11,224. Below is a summary of changes to the liability:




Stock appreciation rights as of April 30, 2016 (at fair value)	$	20,533
Amounts redeemed		(28)
Change in fair value		(735)
Stock appreciation rights as of January 31, 2017 (at fair value)	$	19,770

Deferred compensation—Certain shareholders of the Company’s subsidiaries have entered into other deferred compensation agreements that granted the shareholders a payment based on a percentage in excess of book value, adjusted for certain provisions, upon an occurrence as defined in the related agreements, which are called “Buy Sell” agreements. The long-term liabilities related to these plans of $3,359 and $3,270 were included in “Other liabilities” at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively. Current liabilities related to these plans of $335 and $0 were included in “Accrued compensation and employee benefits” at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively. These instruments are redeemed in cash or installment notes, generally paid in annual installments generally over the five years following termination of employment. The redemption value as of January 31, 2017 is $3,954. Below is a summary of changes to the liability:




Deferred compensation as of April 30, 2016 (at fair value)	$	3,270
Amounts redeemed		—
Change in fair value		424
Deferred compensation as of January 31, 2017 (at fair value)	$	3,694

Liabilities to noncontrolling interest holders—As described in Note 1, noncontrolling interests were issued to certain employees of the Company’s subsidiaries. All of the noncontrolling interest awards are subject to mandatory redemption on termination of employment for any reason. These instruments are redeemed in cash or installment notes and are generally paid in annual installments generally over the five years following termination of employment.

Liabilities related to these agreements are classified as share based liability awards and are measured at fair value under ASC 718. As of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, the total fair value of these liabilities was $23,909 and $26,585, respectively. Amounts expected to be paid in the next year as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016 are

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

included in “Accrued compensation and employee benefits” in the amounts of $1,677 and $1,338, respectively. As of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, long-term liabilities related to this plan of $22,232 and $25,247, respectively, were included in “Liabilities to noncontrolling interest holders, less current portion.” The redemption value as of January 31, 2017 is $25,630. Below is a summary of changes to the liability:




Non‑controlling interests as of April 30, 2016 (at fair value)	$	26,585
Amounts redeemed		(5,354)
Change in fair value		2,678
Non-controlling interests as of January 31, 2017 (at fair value)	$	23,909

In connection with the Acquisition, noncontrolling interest holders had the option to convert their interests in the subsidiaries into interest in the Company. Noncontrolling interests of $32,545 were converted into the Company’s common stock at the date of the Acquisition.

Upon the termination of employment or other triggering events including death or disability of the noncontrolling stockholders in the Company’s subsidiaries, we are obligated to purchase, or redeem, the noncontrolling interests at either an agreed upon price or a formula value provided in the stockholder agreements. This formula value is typically based on the book value per share of the subsidiary’s equity, including certain adjustments.

9. Transactions With Related Parties

The Company leases office and warehouse facilities from partnerships or entities owned by certain stockholders of GMS Inc. and its subsidiaries and other GMS employees that were the owners of companies that the Company has acquired. At January 31, 2017, these leases had expiration dates through fiscal 2021. Rent expense related to these leases included in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements approximated $195 and $585 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017, respectively, and $195 and $390 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2016, respectively. Rent expense related to these leases is recorded in “Selling, general and administrative” expenses.

The Company purchases inventories from its former subsidiary, Southern Wall Products, Inc. (“SWP”), on a continuing basis. Certain stockholders of the Company are stockholders of SWP, which was spun‑off from Gypsum Management and Supply, Inc. on August 31, 2012. The Company purchased inventory from SWP for distribution in the amount of $3,158 and $9,629 in the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017, respectively. The Company purchased inventory from SWP for distribution in the amount of $2,738 and $9,305 in the three and nine months ended January 31, 2016, respectively. Amounts due to SWP for purchases of inventory for distribution as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016 were $938 and $1,097, respectively, and are included in “Accounts payable”.

In connection with the IPO, the Company terminated its management agreement with AEA Investors LP. The agreement required the Company to pay AEA an annual management fee of $2,250 per year following the Acquisition for advisory and consulting services. The Company paid the final payment of $188 in the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and paid $1,687 in the nine months ended January 31, 2016, which is included in “Selling, general and administrative” expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation, Claims and Assessment

The Company is a defendant in various lawsuits and administrative actions associated with personal injuries, claims of former employees, and other events arising in the normal course of business. As discussed in Note 1 “—Insurance Liabilities”, the Company records liabilities for these claims, and assets for amounts recoverable from the insurer, for these claims covered by insurance.

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

11. Segments

The Company applies the provisions of ASC Topic 280, “Segment Reporting.” ASC 280, which is based on a management approach to segment reporting, establishes requirements to report selected segment information quarterly and to report annually entity‑wide disclosures about products, major customers and the geographies in which the entity holds material assets and reports revenue. An operating segment is defined as a component that engages in business activities whose operating results are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and for which discrete financial information is available. For purposes of evaluation under these segment reporting principles, the CODM assesses the Company’s ongoing performance based on the periodic review of net sales, Adjusted EBITDA and certain other measures for each of the operating segments.

We report our financial results in accordance with GAAP. However, we present Adjusted EBITDA, which is not a recognized financial measure under GAAP, because we believe it assists investors and analysts in comparing our operating performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results, while other measures can differ significantly depending on long‑term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which companies operate and capital investments.

Based on the provisions of ASC 280, the Company has determined that it has seven operating segments based on the Company’s seven geographic divisions, which are Central, Midwest, Northeast, Southern, Southeast, Southwest, and Western. Due to similarities between the geographic operating segments, we have aggregated them into one reportable segment in accordance with ASC 280. The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant policies. In addition to our reportable segment, the Company’s consolidated results include both corporate activities and other activities. Corporate includes our corporate office building and support services provided to the subsidiaries. Other includes Tool Source Warehouse, Inc., which functions primarily as an internal distributor of tools. The Company has revised its prior year presentation of segment Depreciation and Amortization to disclose corporate Depreciation and Amortization of $638 for the nine months ended January 31, 2016, originally disclosed as part of “Geographic divisions.” In addition, within the “Geographic divisions” segment the Company has increased net sales by $11,289 for the nine months ended January 31, 2016 to correct amounts which were previously reflected in “Other.” The prior year misclassification was not material to the previously issued financial statements. Net sales, Adjusted EBITDA and certain other measures for the reportable segment and total continuing operations for the periods indicated are as follows:


	Three Months Ended January 31, 2017
					Depreciation &		Adjusted
	Net sales		Gross profit		amortization		EBITDA
Geographic divisions	$	557,774	$	183,503	$	18,018	$	39,910
Other		4,749		2,224		77		768
Corporate		—		—		221		—
	$	562,523	$	185,727	$	18,316	$	40,678

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)


	Three Months Ended January 31, 2016
					Depreciation &		Adjusted
	Net sales		Gross profit		amortization		EBITDA
Geographic divisions	$	416,706	$	132,730	$	15,744	$	25,532
Other		3,776		1,430		72		156
Corporate		—		—		193		—
	$	420,482	$	134,160	$	16,009	$	25,688


	Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017
					Depreciation &		Adjusted
	Net sales		Gross profit		amortization		EBITDA
Geographic divisions	$	1,689,407	$	551,788	$	50,597	$	134,706
Other		14,762		5,748		236		1,432
Corporate		—		—		646
	$	1,704,169	$	557,536	$	51,479	$	136,138


	Nine Months Ended January 31, 2016
					Depreciation &		Adjusted
	Net sales		Gross profit		amortization		EBITDA
Geographic divisions	$	1,320,242	$	414,816	$	46,480	$	94,120
Other		10,758		4,145		218		481
Corporate		—		—		638		—
	$	1,331,000	$	418,961	$	47,336	$	94,601

The following is a reconciliation of our Adjusted EBITDA to “Net income (loss)” for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	January 31,				January 31,
	2017		2016 (i)		2017		2016 (i)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	40,678	$	25,688	$	136,138	$	94,601
Interest expense		(7,431)		(9,473)		(22,162)		(27,990)
Write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees		(211)		—		(7,103)		—
Interest income		23		247		101		685
Income tax (expense) benefit		(5,363)		819		(12,232)		(4,659)
Depreciation expense		(6,465)		(6,469)		(19,395)		(20,207)
Amortization expense		(11,851)		(9,540)		(32,084)		(27,129)
Stock appreciation income or (expense)(a)		498		(337)		734		(1,623)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests(b)		(256)		(167)		(3,079)		(1,172)
Equity-based compensation(c)		(622)		(728)		(1,981)		(2,089)
Severance and other permitted costs(d)		(57)		(52)		(315)		(1,433)
Transaction costs (acquisitions and other)(e)		(566)		(1,057)		(3,047)		(2,812)
Gain (loss) on disposal of assets		114		205		244		(75)
Management fee to related party(f)		—		(562)		(188)		(1,687)
Effects of fair value adjustments to inventory(g)		(155)		(786)		(776)		(786)
Interest rate cap mark-to-market(h)		(109)		—		(241)		—
Net income (loss)	$	8,227	$	(2,212)	$	34,614	$	3,624

(a)

Represents non‑cash income or expenses related to stock appreciation rights agreements. For additional details regarding stock appreciation rights, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Subsidiary Equity‑Based Deferred Compensation Arrangements” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2016.

(b)

Represents non‑cash compensation expense related to changes in the redemption values of noncontrolling interests. For additional details regarding redeemable noncontrolling interests of our subsidiaries, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Subsidiary Equity‑Based Deferred Compensation Arrangements” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2016.

(c)

Represents non‑cash equity‑based compensation expense related to the issuance of stock options.

(d)

Represents severance expenses and other costs permitted in calculations under the ABL Facility and the First Lien Facility.

(e)

Represents one‑time costs related to our IPO and acquisitions (other than the Acquisition) paid to third party advisors.

(f)

Represents management fees paid by us to AEA. Following our IPO, AEA no longer receives management fees from us.

(g)

Represents the non‑cash cost of sales impact of purchase accounting adjustments to increase inventory to its estimated fair value.

(h)

Represents the mark‑to‑market adjustments for the interest rate cap.

(i)

Quarterly amounts for fiscal 2016 included in the table above reflect the revised balances for income tax expense and net income as discussed in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation, Business, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The Company does not earn revenues or have long‑lived assets located in foreign countries. In accordance with the enterprise‑wide disclosure requirements of ASC 280, the Company’s net sales to external customers by main product lines are as follows for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	January 31,				January 31,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
		(dollars in thousands)
Wallboard	$	254,979	$	196,946	$	776,250	$	622,123
Ceilings		81,768		65,370		253,518		218,951
Steel framing		93,514		65,932		273,931		203,571
Other products		132,262		92,234		400,470		286,355
Total net sales	$	562,523	$	420,482	$	1,704,169	$	1,331,000

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GMS Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

(in thousands of dollars, except for share and per share data)

12. Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share of common stock for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	January 31,				January 31,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Net income (loss)	$	8,227	$	(2,212)	$	34,614	$	3,624
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding per common share		40,942,905		32,890,930		40,035,450		32,768,418
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	0.20	$	(0.07)	$	0.86	$	0.11
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding per common share		40,942,905		32,890,930		40,035,450		32,768,418
Add: Shares of common stock assumed issued upon exercise of stock options		634,770		—		634,770		218,752
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding per common share		41,577,675		32,890,930		40,670,220		32,987,170
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	0.20	$	(0.07)	$	0.85	$	0.11

For the three months ended January 31, 2016, shares of common stock issued upon exercise of stock options of 218,752 shares were not included in the calculation of Diluted loss per common share since the impact would be anti-dilutive.

13. Subsequent Events

On February 28, 2017, certain stockholders of the Company completed a secondary public offering of 7,992,500 shares of GMS common stock at a price to the public of $29.25 per share, including 1,042,500 shares of common stock that were issued as a result of the exercise in full by the underwriters of an option to purchase additional shares that was granted by the selling stockholders. The common stock offered in the secondary offering included 3,549,302 shares offered by affiliates of AEA.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following information should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those factors discussed below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2016.

Recent Events

On November 18, 2016, certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries entered into a Second Amendment to ABL Credit Agreement, (the “Second Amendment”), which amended the existing ABL Credit Agreement, dated April 1, 2014 (as amended by that certain First Amendment to ABL Credit Agreement, dated as of February 17, 2016, the “ABL Credit Agreement”), among GYP Holdings III Corp., as borrower, GYP Holdings II Corp., the lenders party hereto and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent for the lenders. The Second Amendment amended the ABL Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) increase the Revolving Credit Commitments thereunder from $300.0 million to $345.0 million, and (ii) extend the maturity date of the ABL Credit Agreement from April 1, 2019 to the earlier of (a) November 18, 2021 or (b) the date of termination in whole of the ABL Credit Agreement and the related obligations. The Second Amendment also amended the interest rate margin applicable to loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement to reflect a 0.25% decrease in the interest rate margin at each pricing level (as defined in the ABL Credit Agreement) relative to the interest rate margins charged at the corresponding pricing levels under the Credit Agreement.

On February 6, 2017, the Company acquired the Hawaiian distribution assets of Grabber Construction Products, Inc., a highly regarded supplier of fasteners and drywall related products based in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Business Overview

Founded in 1971, we are the leading North American distributor of wallboard and ceilings. Our core customer is the interior contractor, who typically installs wallboard, ceilings and our other interior construction products in commercial and residential buildings. As a leading specialty distributor, we serve as a critical link between our suppliers and a highly fragmented customer base of over 20,000 contractors. Our operating model combines a national platform with a local go‑to‑market strategy through over 200 branches across the country. We believe this combination enables us to generate economies of scale while maintaining the high service levels, entrepreneurial culture and customer intimacy of a local business.

Our growth strategy entails taking market share within our existing footprint, expanding into new markets by opening new branches and acquiring competitors. We expect to continue to capture profitable market share in our existing footprint by delivering industry‑leading customer service. Our strategy for opening new branches is to further penetrate markets that are adjacent to our existing operations. Typically, we have pre‑existing customer relationships in these markets but need a new location to fully capitalize on those relationships. Since May 1, 2013 through the date of this filing, we have opened 25 new branches and we currently expect to open several new branches each year depending on market conditions. In addition, we will continue to selectively pursue tuck‑in acquisitions and have a dedicated team of professionals to manage the process. Due to the large, highly fragmented nature of our market and our reputation throughout the industry, we believe we have the potential to access a robust acquisition pipeline that will continue to supplement our organic growth. We use a rigorous targeting process to identify acquisition candidates that will fit our culture and business model. As a result of our scale, purchasing power and ability to improve operations through implementing best practices, we believe we can achieve substantial synergies and drive earnings accretion from our acquisition strategy.

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Factors and Trends Affecting our Operating Results

General Economic Conditions and Outlook

Our business is sensitive to changes in general economic conditions, including, in particular, conditions in the North American commercial construction and housing markets. The markets we serve are broadly categorized as commercial new construction, commercial R&R, residential new construction and residential R&R. We believe all four end markets are currently in an extended period of expansion following a deep and prolonged downturn.

Our addressable commercial construction market is composed of a variety of commercial and institutional sub‑segments with varying demand drivers. Our commercial markets include offices, hotels, retail stores and other commercial buildings, while our institutional markets include educational facilities, healthcare facilities, government buildings and other institutional facilities. The principal demand drivers across these markets include the overall economic outlook, the general business cycle, government spending, vacancy rates, employment trends, interest rates, availability of credit and demographic trends. Given the extreme depth of the last recession, despite the growth to date, activity in the commercial construction market remains well below average historical levels. According to Dodge Data & Analytics, new commercial construction put in place was 946 million square feet during the 2016 calendar year, which is an increase of 34% from 704 million square feet during the 2011 calendar year. However, new commercial construction activity remains well below historical levels. New commercial construction square footage put in place of 946 million square feet in 2016 would have needed to increase by 34% in order to achieve the historical market average of 1.3 billion square feet annually since 1970. We believe this represents a significant growth opportunity as activity continues to improve.

We believe commercial R&R spending is typically more stable than new commercial construction activity. Commercial R&R spending is driven by a number of factors, including commercial real estate prices and rental rates, office vacancy rates, government spending and interest rates. Commercial R&R spending is also driven by commercial lease expirations and renewals, as well as tenant turnover. Such events often result in repair, reconfiguration and/or upgrading of existing commercial space. As such, the commercial R&R market has historically been less volatile than commercial new construction. While there is very limited third party data for commercial R&R spending, we believe spending in this end market is in a period of expansion and will continue to grow over the next several years. In addition, private residential fixed investments as a percentage of U.S. GDP, a measure of residential R&R activity, equaled 3.8% in 2016, which is over 17% lower than the historic annual average of 4.6% (measured as the average from 1950 to 2016).

Residential construction activity is driven by a number of factors, including the overall economic outlook, employment, income growth, home prices, availability of mortgage financing, interest rates and consumer confidence, among others. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. housing starts reached 1.2 million in the 2016 calendar year, which is an increase of 5% from 2015 starts of 1.1 million. While housing starts increased for the sixth consecutive year in 2016, activity in the market remains well below historical levels. New residential housing starts of 1.2 million in 2016 would have needed to increase by 24% in order to reach their historical market average of 1.5 million annually since 1970.

Demand for our interior building products has historically correlated closely with construction activity, typically trailing housing starts and commercial construction square footage put in place by approximately six to nine months. As commercial and residential new construction activity approaches historical levels, we expect a corresponding increase in demand for the products we distribute.

While residential R&R activity is typically more stable than new construction activity, we believe the prolonged period of under‑investment during the recent downturn will result in above‑average growth for the next several years. The primary drivers of residential R&R spending include changes in existing home prices, existing home sales, the average age of the housing stock, consumer confidence and interest rates. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, residential R&R spending, including repairs and improvements, reached $297.1 billion in the 2016 calendar year, which is an increase of 6.9% from $278.0 billion in 2015.

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Seasonality and Inflation

Our operating results are typically impacted by seasonality. Historically, sales of our products have been slightly higher in the first and second quarters of each fiscal year (covering the calendar months of May through October) due to favorable weather and longer daylight conditions during these periods. Seasonal variations in operating results may be impacted by inclement weather conditions, such as cold or wet weather, which can delay construction projects.

We believe that our results of operations are not materially impacted by moderate changes in the economic inflation rate. In general, we have historically been successful in passing on price increases from our vendors to our customers in a timely manner, although there is no assurance that we can successfully do so in the future.

Acquisitions

We complement our organic growth strategy with selective, tuck‑in acquisitions. Since the beginning of full year 2014 through the date of this filing, we have completed 23 strategic acquisitions totaling 54 branches. We believe that significant opportunities exist to expand our geographic footprint by executing additional strategic acquisitions and we consistently strive to maintain an extensive and active acquisition pipeline. We are often evaluating several acquisition opportunities at any given time.

Since the beginning of full year 2014 through the date of this filing, we have completed the following acquisitions:


Acquired Company	Acquisition Date	Branches Acquired
Dakota Gypsum (ND)	August 1, 2013	1
Sun Valley Supply, Inc. (AZ)	August 19, 2013	1
Contractors’ Choice Supply, Inc. (TX)	August 1, 2014	1
Drywall Supply, Inc. (NE)	October 1, 2014	2
AllSouth Drywall Supply Company (GA)	November 24, 2014	1
Serrano Supply, Inc. (IA)	February 2, 2015	1
Ohio Valley Building Products, LLC (WV)	February 16, 2015	1
J&B Materials, Inc. (CA, HI)	March 16, 2015	5
Tri-Cities Drywall & Supply Co. (WA)	September 29, 2015	1
Badgerland Supply, Inc. (WI, IL)	November 2, 2015	6
Hathaway & Sons, Inc. (CA)	November 9, 2015	1
Gypsum Supply Company (MI, OH)	January 1, 2016	11
Robert N. Karpp Company, Inc. (MA)	February 1, 2016	3
Professional Handling & Distribution, Inc. (IL)	February 1, 2016	2
M.R. Lee Building Materials, Inc. (IL)	April 4, 2016	1
Wall & Ceiling Supply Co., Inc. (WA)	May 2, 2016	1
Rockwise, LLC (AZ, CO)	July 5, 2016	3
Steven F. Kempf Building Materials, Inc. (PA)	August 29, 2016	1
Olympia Building Supplies, LLC (FL)	September 1, 2016	3
United Building Materials, Inc. (OH)	October 3, 2016	3
Ryan Building Materials, Inc. (MI)	October 31, 2016	3
Interior Products Supply (IN)	December 5, 2016	1
Hawaii-based distribution assets of Grabber Construction Products (HI)	February 6, 2017	1

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Our Products

The following is a summary of our net sales by product group for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016:


	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	January 31,		% of			January 31,	% of		January 31,		% of		January 31,		% of
	2017		Total			2016	Total		2017		Total		2016		Total
		(dollars in thousands)								(dollars in thousands)
Wallboard	$	254,979	45.3	%	$	196,946	46.8	%	$	776,250	45.6	%	$	622,123	46.7	%
Ceilings		81,768	14.6	%		65,370	15.6	%		253,518	14.8	%		218,951	16.5	%
Steel framing		93,514	16.6	%		65,932	15.7	%		273,931	16.1	%		203,571	15.3	%
Other products		132,262	23.5	%		92,234	21.9	%		400,470	23.5	%		286,355	21.5	%
Total net sales	$	562,523			$	420,482			$	1,704,169			$	1,331,000

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

The following table summarizes key components of our results of operations for the three months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016:


		Three Months Ended
		January 31,
		2017		2016
		(dollars in thousands)
Statement of operations data:
Net sales	$	562,523		$	420,482
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)		376,796			286,322
Gross profit		185,727			134,160
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		147,260			112,242
Depreciation and amortization		18,316			16,009
Total operating expenses		165,576			128,251
Operating income		20,151			5,909
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense		(7,431)			(9,473)
Write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees		(211)			—
Other income, net		1,081			533
Total other (expense), net		(6,561)			(8,940)
Income (loss) before tax		13,590			(3,031)
Income tax expense (benefit)		5,363			(819)
Net income (loss)	$	8,227		$	(2,212)
Non-GAAP measures:
Adjusted EBITDA(1)	$	40,678		$	25,688
Adjusted EBITDA margin(1)		7.2	%		6.1	%

(1)

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are non‑GAAP measures. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA,” for how we define and calculate Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, reconciliations thereof to net income (loss) and a description of why we believe these measures are important.

Net Sales

Net sales of $562.5 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 increased $142.0 million, or 33.8%, from $420.5 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. There was one additional shipping day in the quarter ended January 31, 2017 as compared to the quarter ended January 31, 2016. Additionally, our performance in the three months ended January 31, 2017 was strong as our sales increased across all product categories. In the three months ended January 31, 2017, our wallboard sales, which are impacted by both commercial and residential construction

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activity, increased by $58.0 million, or 29.5.%, compared to the three months ended January 31, 2016. The increase in wallboard sales was a result of a 30.5% increase in unit volume primarily driven by greater end market demand, market share gains and the impact of acquisitions, partially offset by a 0.8% decrease in pricing. In addition, in the three months ended January 31, 2017, our ceilings sales increased $16.4 million, or 25.1%, from the three months ended January 31, 2016, and steel framing sales increased $27.6 million, or 41.8%. The increases in ceilings and steel framing sales are primarily driven by commercial construction activity and improved pricing. For the three months ended January 31, 2017, our other products sales category, which includes tools, insulation, joint treatment and various other specialty products, increased $40.0 million, or 43.4%, compared to the three months ended January 31, 2016. Other products net sales benefitted from significant pull through factor, further supplemented by pricing improvements, additional retail showrooms, targeted acquisitions and other strategic initiatives.

From February 1, 2015 through January 31, 2017, we have completed 17 acquisitions, totaling 47 branches. These acquisitions contributed $124.8 million and $41.4 million to our net sales in the three months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Excluding these acquired sites, for the three months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, our base business net sales increased $58.7 million, or 15.5%, compared to the three months ended January 31, 2016. The overall increase in our base business net sales reflects the increase in demand for our products as a result of the improvement in new housing starts, R&R activity and commercial construction, coupled with market share gains.

The following table breaks out our consolidated net sales into the base business component and the excluded components, which consist of recently acquired branches, as shown below:


	Three Months Ended
	January 31,
(Unaudited)		2017	2016

	(dollars in thousands)
Base business net sales	$	437,765	$	379,106
Recently acquired net sales (excluded from base business)		124,758		41,376
Total net sales	$	562,523	$	420,482

When calculating our “base business” results, we exclude any branches that were acquired in the current fiscal year, prior fiscal year and three months prior to the start of the prior fiscal year. Therefore, any acquisition occurring between February 1, 2015 and April 30, 2017 will be excluded from base business net sales for any period during fiscal year 2017.

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We have excluded the following acquisitions from the base business for the periods identified:


		Branches
Acquisition	Acquisition Date	Acquired	Periods Excluded
Serrano Supply, Inc. (IA)	February 2, 2015	1	February 2, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Ohio Valley Building Products, LLC (WV)	February 16, 2015	1	February 16, 2015 - January 31, 2017
J&B Materials, Inc. (CA, HI)	March 16, 2015	5	March 16, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Tri-Cities Drywall & Supply Co. (WA)	September 29, 2015	1	September 29, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Badgerland Supply, Inc. (WI, IL)	November 2, 2015	6	November 2, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Hathaway & Sons, Inc. (CA)	November 9, 2015	1	November 9, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Gypsum Supply Company (MI, OH)	January 1, 2016	11	January 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Robert N. Karpp Company, Inc. (MA)	February 1, 2016	3	February 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Professional Handling & Distribution, Inc. (IL)	February 1, 2016	2	February 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
M.R. Lee Building Materials, Inc. (IL)	April 4, 2016	1	April 4, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Wall & Ceiling Supply Co., Inc. (WA)	May 2, 2016	1	May 2, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Rockwise, LLC (AZ, CO)	July 5, 2016	3	July 5, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Steven F. Kempf Building Materials, Inc. (PA)	August 29, 2016	1	August 29, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Olympia Building Supplies, LLC (FL)	September 1, 2016	3	September 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
United Building Materials, Inc. (OH)	October 3, 2016	3	October 3, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Ryan Building Materials, Inc. (MI)	October 31, 2016	3	October 31, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Interior Products Supply (IN)	December 5, 2016	1	December 5, 2016 - January 31, 2017

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross profit was $185.7 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 compared to $134.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. The increase in gross profit was due to $142.0 million in additional sales, partially offset by a $90.5 million increase in cost of sales. Gross margin on net sales increased to 33.0% for the three months ended January 31, 2017 compared to 31.9% for the three months ended January 31, 2016 primarily as the result of improved pricing discipline, purchasing opportunities and product mix.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of warehouse, delivery and general and administrative expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased $35.0 million, or 31.2%, to $147.3 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 from $112.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. This increase was due to increases in warehouse expense of $4.5 million, of which $2.0 million was related to payroll and $1.4 million was related to facility costs; delivery expense of $13.5 million, of which $8.5 million was related to payroll and $2.2 million was related to equipment rental cost increases; and increases in branch and corporate general and administrative expenses of $17.1 million, of which $14.5 million was driven by payroll and payroll related costs, $1.7 million was related to increases in real estate rent expense, and the majority of the remaining increase was due to increases in expenses incurred as a result of the Company’s significant growth and recent IPO. The increases in payroll and payroll related costs were primarily due to increased headcount, which in turn was due to the increase in delivered volume and to acquisitions. Selling, general and administrative expenses were 26.2% and 26.7% of our net sales for the three months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense was $18.3 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 compared to $16.0 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. The increase is primarily due to an increase in amortization of acquired definite lived intangible assets of $2.3 million.

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Other Expense

Other expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with our debt, interest income and miscellaneous non‑operating income.

Interest expense of $7.4 million in the three months ended January 31, 2017 decreased by $2.0 million from $9.5 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. This decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in interest expense (including the decrease in amortization of the related deferred financing costs and original issue discount) of $2.8 million related to the Term Loan Facilities, which was, in turn, primarily the result of the repayment of $160.0 million of the Second Lien Facility. The decrease in interest expense related to the Term Loan Facilities was offset primarily by an increase in interest expense on the ABL Facility of $0.8 million, which was, in turn, due to the increase in the outstanding balance of the ABL Facility from $85.1 million as of January 31, 2016 to $120.8 million as of January 31, 2017. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Our Credit Facilities.”

Also included in “Other expense” is the write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees of $0.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017. We wrote-off these debt discount and deferred financing fees of $0.2 million in connection with the second amendment of the ABL Facility.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $5.4 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 compared to income tax benefit of $0.8 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. This $6.2 million increase in income tax expense was primarily the result of an increase in taxable income due to higher profitability. Our effective tax rate was 39.5% and 27.0% for the three months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate from the three months ended January 31, 2016 to the three months ended January 31, 2017 is primarily due to the reduced impact of permanent differences to the effective tax rate.

Net Income

Net income of $8.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 increased $10.4 million from our net loss of $2.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. The net income of $8.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 was comprised of operating profit of $20.2 million, interest expense of $7.4 million, write-off of discount and deferred financing fees of $0.2 million, other income of $1.1 million and income tax expense of $5.4 million. The net income of $2.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016 was comprised of operating profit of $5.9 million, interest expense of $9.5 million, other income of $0.5 million and income tax benefit of $0.8 million.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA of $40.7 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 increased $15.0 million, or 58.4%, from our Adjusted EBITDA of $25.7 million for the three months ended January 31, 2016. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to increased profitability on higher net sales during the three months ended January 31, 2017, which was partially offset by increases in variable costs to support the increased sales volumes. These variable costs include warehouse and delivery costs and other variable compensation. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA,” for how we define and calculate Adjusted EBITDA, reconciliations thereof to net income (loss) and a description of why we believe these measures are important.

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Nine Months Ended January 31, 2017 and 2016

The following table summarizes key components of our results of operations for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016:


	Nine Months Ended
	January 31,
		2017		2016
		(dollars in thousands)
Statement of operations data:
Net sales	$	1,704,169		$	1,331,000
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)		1,146,633			912,039
Gross profit		557,536			418,961
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		432,116			336,804
Depreciation and amortization		51,479			47,336
Total operating expenses		483,595			384,140
Operating income		73,941			34,821
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense		(22,162)			(27,990)
Write-off of discount and deferred financing fees		(7,103)			—
Other income, net		2,170			1,452
Total other (expense), net		(27,095)			(26,538)
Income before tax		46,846			8,283
Income tax expense		12,232			4,659
Net income	$	34,614		$	3,624
Non-GAAP measures:
Adjusted EBITDA(1)	$	136,138		$	94,601
Adjusted EBITDA margin(1)		8.0	%		7.1	%

(1)

Net Sales

Net sales of $1,704.2 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 increased $373.2 million, or 28.0%, from $1,331.0 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. Our performance in the nine months ended January 31, 2017 was strong as our sales increased across all product categories. In the nine months ended January 31, 2017, our wallboard sales, which are impacted by both commercial and residential construction activity, increased by $154.1 million, or 24.8%, compared to the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The increase in wallboard sales was a result of a 25.8% increase in unit volume primarily driven by greater end market demand, market share gains and the impact of acquisitions, partially offset by a 0.8% decrease in pricing. In addition, in the nine months ended January 31, 2017, our ceiling sales increased $34.6 million, or 15.8%, from the nine months ended January 31, 2016, and steel framing sales increased $70.4 million, or 34.6%. The increases in ceiling and steel framing sales are primarily driven by commercial construction activity and pricing. For the nine months ended January 31, 2017, our other products sales category, which includes tools, insulation, joint treatment and various other specialty products, increased $114.1 million, or 39.9%, compared to the nine months ended January 31, 2016. Other products net sales benefitted from significant pull through factor, further supplemented by pricing improvements, additional retail showrooms, targeted acquisitions and other strategic initiatives.

From February 1, 2015 through January 31, 2017, we have completed 17 acquisitions, totaling 47 branches. These acquisitions contributed $320.2 million and $91.6 million to our net sales in the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Excluding these acquired sites, for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, our base business net sales increased $144.6 million, or 11.7%, compared to the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The overall increase in our base business net sales reflects the increase in demand for our products as a

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result of the improvement in new housing starts, R&R activity and commercial construction, coupled with market share gains.

The following table breaks out our consolidated net sales into the base business component and the excluded components, which consist of recently acquired branches, as shown below:


	Nine Months Ended
	January 31,
(Unaudited)		2017	2016
	(dollars in thousands)
Base business net sales	$	1,383,944	$	1,239,382
Recently acquired net sales (excluded from base business)		320,225		91,618
Total net sales	$	1,704,169	$	1,331,000

We have excluded the following acquisitions from the base business for the periods identified:


		Branches
Acquisition	Acquisition Date	Acquired	Periods Excluded
Serrano Supply, Inc. (IA)	February 2, 2015	1	February 2, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Ohio Valley Building Products, LLC (WV)	February 16, 2015	1	February 16, 2015 - January 31, 2017
J&B Materials, Inc. (CA, HI)	March 16, 2015	5	March 16, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Tri-Cities Drywall & Supply Co. (WA)	September 29, 2015	1	September 29, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Badgerland Supply, Inc. (WI, IL)	November 2, 2015	6	November 2, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Hathaway & Sons, Inc. (CA)	November 9, 2015	1	November 9, 2015 - January 31, 2017
Gypsum Supply Company (MI, OH)	January 1, 2016	11	January 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Robert N. Karpp Company, Inc. (MA)	February 1, 2016	3	February 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Professional Handling & Distribution, Inc. (IL)	February 1, 2016	2	February 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
M.R. Lee Building Materials, Inc. (IL)	April 4, 2016	1	April 4, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Wall & Ceiling Supply Co., Inc. (WA)	May 2, 2016	1	May 2, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Rockwise, LLC (AZ, CO)	July 5, 2016	3	July 5, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Steven F. Kempf Building Materials, Inc. (PA)	August 29, 2016	1	August 29, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Olympia Building Supplies, LLC (FL)	September 1, 2016	3	September 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017
United Building Materials, Inc. (OH)	October 3, 2016	3	October 3, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Ryan Building Materials, Inc. (MI)	October 31, 2016	3	October 31, 2016 - January 31, 2017
Interior Products Supply (IN)	December 5, 2016	1	December 5, 2016 - January 31, 2017

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross profit was $557.5 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 compared to $419.0 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The increase in gross profit was due to $373.2 million in additional sales, partially offset by a $234.6 million increase in cost of sales. Gross margin on net sales increased to 32.7% for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 compared to 31.5% for the nine months ended January 31, 2016 primarily as the result of improved pricing discipline, improved purchasing opportunities and mix.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

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due to increases in warehouse expense of $12.3 million, of which $6.0 million was related to payroll and $3.6 million was related to facility costs; delivery expense of $37.9 million, of which $24.0 million was related to payroll and $6.7 million was related to equipment rental cost increases; and increases in branch and corporate general and administrative expenses of $45.1 million, of which $33.5 million was driven by payroll and payroll related costs, $4.8 million was related to increases in real estate rent expense and the majority of the remaining increase was due to increases in expenses incurred as a result of the Company’s significant growth and recent IPO. The increases in payroll and payroll related costs were primarily due to increased headcount, which in turn was due to the increase in delivered volume and to acquisitions. Selling, general and administrative expenses were 25.4% and 25.3% of our net sales for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense was $51.5 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 compared to $47.3 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The increase is primarily due to an increase in amortization of acquired definite lived intangible assets of $5.0 million, offset by a decrease in depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment of $0.8 million.

Other Expense

Other expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with our debt, interest income and miscellaneous non‑operating income and expense.

Interest expense of $22.2 million in the nine months ended January 31, 2017 decreased by $5.8 million from $28.0 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. This decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in interest expense (including the decrease in amortization of the related deferred financing costs and original issue discount) of $7.9 million related to the Term Loan Facilities, which was, in turn, primarily the result of the repayment of $160.0 million of the Second Lien Facility. The decrease in interest expense related to the Term Loan Facilities was offset primarily by an increase in interest expense on the ABL Facility of $2.1 million, which was, in turn, due to the increase in the outstanding balance of the ABL Facility from $85.1 million as of January 31, 2016 to $120.8 million as of January 31, 2017. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Our Credit Facilities.”

Also included in “Other expense” is the write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees of $7.1 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017. This includes $5.4 million which was written off in connection with the repayment of the $160.0 million principal amount of our Second Lien Facility, $1.5 million in connection with the refinancing the First Lien Facility, and $0.2 million in connection with our amendment of the ABL Facility.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $12.2 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 compared to income tax expense of $4.7 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. This $7.5 million increase in income tax expense was primarily the result of an increase in taxable income due to higher profitability. Our effective tax rate was 26.1% and 56.2% for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate from the nine months ended January 31, 2016 to the nine months ended January 31, 2017 is primarily due to a $7.0 million decrease in deferred tax liabilities and tax expense resulting from the 338 (h)(10) election made for the Gypsum Supply Company acquisition, which decreased the effective rate by 14.8%, as well as, to a lesser degree, the decreased impact of permanent differences and a decrease in the blended state tax rates.

Net Income

Net income of $34.6 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 increased $31.0 million from our net income of $3.6 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The net income of $34.6 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 was comprised of operating profit of $73.9 million, interest expense of $22.2 million, write-off of discount and deferred financing fees of $7.1 million, other income of $2.2 million and income tax expense of $12.2 million. The net income of $3.6 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016 was comprised of operating profit of $34.8 million, interest expense of $28.0 million, other income of $1.5 million and income tax expense of $4.7 million.

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Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA of $136.1 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 increased $41.5 million, or 43.9%, from our Adjusted EBITDA of $94.6 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to increased profitability on higher net sales during the nine months ended January 31, 2017, which was partially offset by increases in variable costs to support the increased sales volumes. These variable costs include warehouse and delivery costs and other variable compensation costs. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA,” for how we define and calculate Adjusted EBITDA, reconciliations thereof to net income (loss) and a description of why we believe these measures are important.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Summary

We depend on cash flow from operations, cash on hand and funds available under the ABL Facility to finance working capital needs and capital expenditures. We believe that these sources of funds will be adequate to fund debt service requirements and provide cash, as required, to support our strategies, ongoing operations, capital expenditures, lease obligations and working capital for at least the next 12 months.

As of January 31, 2017, we had available borrowing capacity of approximately $213.8 million under our $300.0 million ABL Facility. For a summary of selected terms of the ABL Facility and other indebtedness, see “—Our Credit Facilities.” In November 2016, certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries entered into a Second Amendment to ABL Credit Agreement, dated November 18, 2016 (the “Second Amendment”), which amended the existing ABL Credit Agreement, dated April 1, 2014 (as amended by that certain First Amendment to ABL Credit Agreement, dated as of February 17, 2016, the “ABL Credit Agreement”), among GYP Holdings III Corp., as borrower, GYP Holdings II Corp., the lenders party hereto and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent for the lenders.

The Second Amendment amended the ABL Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) increase the Revolving Credit Commitments thereunder from $300.0 million to $345.0 million, and (ii) extend the maturity date of the ABL Credit Agreement from April 1, 2019 to the earlier of (a) November 18, 2021 or (b) the date of termination in whole of the ABL Credit Agreement and the related obligations. The Second Amendment also amended the interest rate margin applicable to loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement to reflect a 0.25% decrease in the interest rate margin at each pricing level (as defined in the ABL Credit Agreement) relative to the interest rate margins charged at the corresponding pricing levels under the Credit Agreement.

In September 2016, the Company entered into an Incremental First Lien Term Commitments Amendment (the “Incremental Amendment”) to the First Lien Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), dated April 1, 2014, among GYP Holdings III Corp., as borrower, GYP Holdings II Corp., the financial institutions from time to time party thereto, as lenders, and Credit Suisse AG, as administrative agent and collateral agent.

The Incremental Amendment amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) refinance approximately $381.2 million in currently outstanding existing term loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement with a new tranche of $481.2 million incremental term loans, and (ii) reduce the interest rate applicable to loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement to LIBOR plus 3.50% from LIBOR plus 3.75%. The portion of the incremental term loans that exceeded the refinanced existing term loans was used to repay the ABL Facility in part.

In fiscal 2016, we amended our ABL Facility to exercise the $100.0 million accordion feature of the ABL Facility which increased the aggregate revolving commitments from $200.0 million to $300.0 million and increased the sublimit for same day swing line borrowings from $20.0 million to $30.0 million. The other terms of the ABL Facility remain unchanged.

For the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, our use of cash was primarily driven by our investing activities, particularly our investments in acquisitions and property and equipment for our operating facilities.

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Treasury Stock

In fiscal 2016, we repurchased 394,577 shares of our common stock at a cost of $5.8 million in connection with our separation agreement with a former employee. We then reissued these shares for proceeds of $4.9 million. The difference between the cost of the treasury stock and the proceeds from its reissuance was accounted for, using the “cost” method, as an increase to accumulated deficit of $1.0 million as of April 30, 2016. We do not have plans to repurchase a significant number of shares in the near future.

Cash Flows

A summary of our operating, investing and financing activities is shown in the following table:


	Nine Months Ended
	January 31,
	2017		2016
	(in thousands)

Cash provided by operating activities	$	36,340	$	17,902
Cash used in investing activities		(145,305)		(80,943)
Cash provided by financing activities		100,495		58,140
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents	$	(8,470)	$	(4,901)

Operating Activities

Cash provided by, or used in, operating activities consists primarily of net income adjusted for non‑cash items, including depreciation and amortization, equity‑based compensation, deferred taxes and the effects of changes in operating assets and liabilities, which were primarily the changes in working capital discussed below.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $36.3 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017. This cash provided was primarily driven by net income of $34.6 million and non-cash adjustments of $62.0 million, including depreciation and amortization of $60.6 million. Cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by cash used to build primary working capital of $28.5 million, primarily driven by an increase in trade accounts and notes receivable and inventory, coupled with cash used for current assets and liabilities, net of $18.9 million and deferred tax benefits of 14.7 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $17.9 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2016. This cash provided by operating activities was the result of non-cash adjustments of $53.8 million, including depreciation and amortization of $49.9 million, partially offset by cash used for current assets and liabilities, net of $20.3 million and primary working capital of $12.5 million, primarily driven by a reduction in trade accounts payable.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities consists primarily of acquisitions; investments in our facilities including purchases of land, buildings, and leasehold improvements; and purchases of fleet assets, IT and other equipment. We present this figure net of proceeds from asset sales which typically relate to sales of our fleet assets and closed facilities.

In the nine months ended January 31, 2017, net cash used in investing activities was $145.3 million, which consists of purchases of property and equipment of $6.9 million, net of $3.2 million in proceeds from asset sales and $141.6 million used to acquire businesses during the period.

In the nine months ended January 31, 2016, net cash used in investing activities was $80.9 million, which consists of purchases of property and equipment of $4.0 million, net of $6.8 million in proceeds from asset sales and $83.7 million used to acquire businesses during the period.

Capital expenditures vary depending on prevailing business factors, including current and anticipated market conditions. Historically, capital expenditures have for the most part remained at relatively low levels in comparison to the operating cash flows generated during the corresponding periods.

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Financing Activities

Cash provided by, or used in, financing activities consists primarily of borrowings and related repayments under our credit agreements, as well as repayments of capital lease obligations and proceeds from the sales of equity.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $100.5 million for the nine months ended January 31, 2017, consisting primarily of net borrowings from the ABL Facility of $18.9 million, an extension on the First Lien Facility of $100.0 million and proceeds from the IPO of $156.9 million offset by the repayment of the Second Lien Facility of $160.0 million. In the nine months ended January 31, 2016, cash provided by financing activities was $58.1 million, which consisted primarily of net borrowings from the ABL Facility of $68.1 million offset by stock repurchases of $5.8 million.

Adjusted Working Capital

Adjusted working capital is an important measurement that we use in determining the efficiencies of our operations and our ability to readily convert assets into cash. Adjusted working capital represents current assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, minus current liabilities, excluding current maturities of long‑term debt. The material components of adjusted working capital for us include accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable. Management of our adjusted working capital helps to ensure we can maximize our return and continue to invest in our operations for future growth. Comparing our adjusted working capital to that of other companies in our industry may be difficult, as other companies may calculate adjusted working capital differently than we do. A summary of working capital and adjusted working capital as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016 is shown in the following table:


	January 31,		April 30,
	2017		2016
	(in thousands)
Trade accounts and notes receivable, net of allowances	$	310,093	$	270,257
Inventories, net		205,007		165,766
Accounts payable		(106,779)		(91,500)
		408,321		344,523
Other current assets		28,428		35,620
Other current liabilities		(98,809)		(129,075)
Working capital	$	337,940	$	251,068
Cash and cash equivalents		(10,602)		(19,072)
Current maturities of long term debt		11,235		35,581
Adjusted working capital	$	338,573	$	267,577

Our adjusted working capital increased by $71.0 million from April 30, 2016 to January 31, 2017 as a result of an increase in working capital of $86.9 million and a decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $8.4 million, offset by a $24.0 million decrease in current maturities of long term debt. Working capital increased by $86.9 million as a result of an increase in trade accounts and notes receivable of $39.8 million, an increase of inventories, net of $39.2 million, an increase in accounts payable of $15.3 million, a decrease in other assets of $7.2 million, and a decrease in other current liabilities of $29.9 million. The increase in trade accounts and notes receivable was related to increases in sales and to working capital needs related to acquisitions.

Our Credit Facilities

Our long‑term debt consisted of the following at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016:

Acquisition Debt

On April 1, 2014, our wholly‑owned subsidiaries, GYP Holdings II Corp., as parent guarantor, and GYP Holdings III Corp., as borrower, entered into a senior secured first lien term loan facility, or the First Lien Facility, and a senior secured second lien term loan facility, or the Second Lien Facility and, together with the First Lien Facility, the Term Loan Facilities, in the aggregate amount of $550.0 million in connection with the Acquisition. The proceeds from the Term Loan Facilities were used to (i) repay all amounts outstanding under the 2010 Credit Facility in the amount of $86.1 million, (ii) pay the Acquisition purchase price and (iii) pay related fees and expenses.

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The First Lien Facility was issued in an original aggregate principal amount of $388.1 million (net of $1.9 million of original issue discount). The Second Lien Facility was issued in an original aggregate principal amount of $158.4 million (net of $1.6 million of original issue discount). The First Lien Facility permits us to add one or more incremental term loans up to a fixed amount of $100.0 million plus a certain amount depending on a secured first lien leverage ratio test included in the First Lien Facility. The First Lien Facility bears interest at LIBOR (subject to a floor of 1.00%) plus a borrowing margin of 3.75%. The First Lien Facility amortizes in nominal quarterly installments equal to approximately $975 thousand or 0.25% of the original aggregate principal amount of the First Lien Facility and matures on April 1, 2021. Provided that the individual affected lenders agree accordingly, the maturity of the First Lien Facility, may, upon our request and without the consent of any other lender, be extended. Further, we are not subject to any financial maintenance covenants pursuant to the terms of the First Lien Facility.

In June 2016, we used the IPO proceeds together with cash on hand to repay the $160.0 million principal amount of our Second Lien Facility, which was a payment in full of the entire loan balance due under the Second Lien Facility during the nine months ended January 31, 2017.

In September 2016, we entered into the Incremental Amendment to the Credit Agreement. The Incremental Amendment amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) refinance approximately $381.2 million in currently outstanding existing term loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement with a new tranche of $481.2 million incremental term loans, and (ii) reduce the interest rate applicable to loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement to LIBOR (subject to a floor of 1.00%) plus a borrowing margin of 3.50% from LIBOR plus a borrowing margin of 3.75%. At January 31, 2017, the borrowing interest rates for the First Lien Facility was 4.50%. Accrued interest, presented within other accrued expenses and current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, was approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, respectively, and cash paid for interest was $16.3 million and $23.4 million in the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Asset Based Lending Facility

The asset‑based revolving credit facility, or the ABL Facility, entered into on April 1, 2014, provides for revolving loans and the issuance of letters of credit up to an initial maximum aggregate principal amount of $200.0 million. Extensions of credit under the ABL Facility will be limited by a borrowing base calculated periodically based on specified percentages of the value of eligible inventory and eligible accounts receivable, subject to certain reserves and other adjustments. As of nine months ended January 31, 2017, there was approximately $0.6 million of accrued interest payable on the ABL Facility. In the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, we paid interest and other fees of $3.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively, on the ABL Facility.

The interest rates applicable to the loans under the ABL Facility are based at LIBOR or Base Rate, plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The margins applicable for each elected interest rate are subject to a pricing grid, as defined in the ABL Facility Credit Agreement, based on average daily availability for the most recent fiscal quarter. The ABL Facility also contains an unused commitment fee subject to utilization, as included in the ABL Facility Credit Agreement.

The ABL Facility will mature on April 1, 2019 unless the individual affected lenders agree to extend the maturity of their respective loans under the ABL Facility upon our request and without the consent of any other lender.

In November 2016, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to the ABL Credit Agreement. The Second Amendment amended the ABL Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) increase the Revolving Credit Commitments thereunder from $300.0 million to $345.0 million, and (ii) extend the maturity date of the ABL Credit Agreement from April 1, 2019 to the earlier of (a) November 18, 2021 or (b) the date of termination in whole of the ABL Credit Agreement and the related obligations. The Second Amendment also amended the interest rate margin applicable to loans borrowed under the Credit Agreement to reflect a 0.25% decrease in the interest rate margin at each pricing level (as defined in the ABL Credit Agreement) relative to the interest rate margins charged at the corresponding pricing levels under the Credit Agreement.

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As of January 31, 2017, approximately $213.8 million was available for future borrowings under our ABL Facility.

Collateral under the ABL Facility and First Lien Facility

The ABL Facility is collateralized by (a) first priority perfected liens on our (i) accounts receivable, (ii) inventory, (iii) deposit accounts, (iv) cash and cash equivalents, (v) tax refunds and tax payments, (vi) chattel paper and (vii) documents, instruments, general intangibles, securities accounts, books and records, proceeds and supporting obligations related to each of the foregoing, subject to certain exceptions (collectively, “ABL Priority Collateral”) and (b) third priority perfected liens on our remaining assets not constituting ABL Priority Collateral, subject to customary exceptions (collectively, “Term Priority Collateral”).

The First Lien Facility is collateralized by a first priority lien on the Term Priority Collateral and a second priority lien on the ABL Priority Collateral, subject to customary exceptions.

Prepayments under the ABL Facility and First Lien Facility

The ABL Facility may be prepaid at our option at any time without premium or penalty and will be subject to mandatory prepayment if the outstanding ABL Facility exceeds the lesser of the (i) borrowing base and (ii) the aggregate amount of commitments. Mandatory prepayments do not result in a permanent reduction of the lenders’ commitments under the ABL Facility.

The First Lien Facility may be prepaid at any time without penalty. Under certain circumstances and subject to certain exceptions, the First Lien Facility will be subject to mandatory prepayments in the amount equal to: 100% of the net proceeds of certain assets sales and issuances or incurrences of non‑permitted indebtedness; and 50% of annual excess cash flow for any fiscal year, such percentage to decrease to 25% or 0% depending on the attainment of certain total leverage ratio targets.

As of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016, there was no requirement for a prepayment related to excess cash flow.

Guarantees

GYP Holdings III Corp. is the borrower under First Lien Facility and the lead borrower under the ABL Facility. Our wholly‑owned subsidiary, GYP Holdings II Corp. (and direct parent of GYP Holdings III Corp.) guarantees our payment obligations under the First Lien Facility and the ABL Facility. Certain of our other subsidiaries are co‑borrowers under the ABL Facility and guarantee our payment obligations under the First Lien Facility.

Covenants under the ABL Facility and First Lien Facility

The ABL Facility contains certain affirmative covenants, including financial and other reporting requirements. We were in compliance with all such covenants at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016.

The First Lien Facility contains a number of covenants that limit our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries, as described in the Credit Agreement, to: (i) incur more indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions; (iii) make investments; (iv) create restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends to us or make other intercompany transfers; (v) create liens securing indebtedness; (vi) transfer or sell assets; (vii) merge or consolidate; (viii) enter into certain transactions with our affiliates; and (ix) prepay or amend the terms of certain indebtedness. We were in compliance with all restrictive covenants at January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016.

Events of Default under the ABL Facility and First Lien Facility

The ABL Facility and First Lien Facility provide for customary events of default, including non‑payment of principal, interest or fees, violation of covenants, material inaccuracy of representations or warranties, specified cross default to other material indebtedness, certain bankruptcy events, certain ERISA events, material invalidity of guarantees or security interest, material judgments and changes of control.

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Installment Notes

The installment notes as of January 31, 2017 and April 30, 2016 represent notes for subsidiary stock repurchases from shareholders, notes for the payout of stock appreciation rights and a note to a seller of an acquired business.

Contractual Obligations

As discussed in "—Recent Events" we fully repaid the Second Lien Facility using net proceeds from our IPO in the nine months ended January 31, 2017. Other than the repayment of the Second Lien Facility there have been no material changes to the contractual obligations as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, other than those made in the ordinary course of business.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

There have been no material changes to our off-balance sheet arrangements as discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1, Basis of Presentation, Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for information regarding recently adopted accounting pronouncements.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA

The following is a reconciliation of our net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016. EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are non-GAAP measures. We report our financial results in accordance with GAAP. However, we present Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, which are not recognized financial measures under GAAP, because we believe they assist investors and analysts in comparing our operating performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results, while other measures can differ significantly depending on long‑term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which companies operate and capital investments.

In addition, we utilize Adjusted EBITDA in certain calculations under the ABL Facility and the First Lien Facility. The ABL Facility and the First Lien Facility permit us to make certain additional adjustments in calculating Consolidated EBITDA, such as projected net cost savings, which are not reflected in the Adjusted EBITDA data presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. We may in the future reflect such permitted adjustments in our calculations of Adjusted EBITDA. See also, “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Our Credit Facilities.”

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties in their evaluation of companies, many of which present an Adjusted EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA margin measure when reporting their results. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non‑recurring items. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies in our industry or across different industries.

We also include information concerning Adjusted EBITDA margin, which is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA

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divided by net sales. We present Adjusted EBITDA margin because it is used by management as a performance measure to judge the level of Adjusted EBITDA that is generated from net sales.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have their limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations include:

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin do not reflect every expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in our working capital needs;

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense, or the amounts necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our outstanding debt;

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect income tax expense and, because the payment of taxes is part of our operations, tax expense is a necessary element of our costs and ability to operate;

although depreciation and amortization are eliminated in the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any costs of such replacements;

non‑cash compensation is and will remain a key element of our overall long‑term incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period; and

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations.

We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin only as supplemental information.

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The following is a reconciliation of our net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2017 and 2016:


		Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
		January 31,				January 31,
		2017	2016 (i)			2017	2016 (i)
		(dollars in thousands)				(dollars in thousands)

Net income (loss)	$	8,227	$	(2,212)	$	34,614	$	3,624
Interest expense		7,431		9,473		22,162		27,990
Write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees		211		—		7,103		—
Interest income		(23)		(247)		(101)		(685)
Income tax expense (benefit)		5,363		(819)		12,232		4,659
Depreciation expense		6,465		6,469		19,395		20,207
Amortization expense		11,851		9,540		32,084		27,129
EBITDA	$	39,525	$	22,204	$	127,489	$	82,924
Stock appreciation income or (expense)(a)	$	(498)	$	337	$	(734)	$	1,623
Redeemable noncontrolling interests(b)		256		167		3,079		1,172
Equity-based compensation(c)		622		728		1,981		2,089
Severance and other permitted costs(d)		57		52		315		1,433
Transaction costs (acquisitions and other)(e)		566		1,057		3,047		2,812
(Gain) loss on disposal of assets		(114)		(205)		(244)		75
Management fee to related party(f)		—		562		188		1,687
Effects of fair value adjustments to inventory(g)		155		786		776		786
Interest rate cap mark-to-market(h)		109		—		241		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	40,678	$	25,688	$	136,138	$	94,601

(a)

Represents non‑cash compensation expenses related to stock appreciation rights agreements. For additional details regarding stock appreciation rights, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Subsidiary Equity‑Based Deferred Compensation Arrangements” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2016.

(b)

(c)

Represents non‑cash equity‑based compensation expense related to the issuance of stock options.

(d)

Represents severance expenses and other costs permitted in calculations under the ABL Facility and the First Lien Facility.

(e)

Represents one‑time costs related to our IPO and acquisitions (other than the Acquisition) paid to third party advisors.

(f)

Represents management fees paid by us to AEA. Following our IPO, our AEA no longer receives management fees from us.

(g)

Represents the non‑cash cost of sales impact of purchase accounting adjustments to increase inventory to its estimated fair value.

(h)

Represents the mark‑to‑market adjustments for the interest rate cap.

(i)

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Adjusted Working Capital

Adjusted working capital represents current assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, minus current liabilities, excluding current maturities of long-term debt. Adjusted working capital is not a recognized term under GAAP and does not purport to be an alternative to working capital. Management believes that adjusted working capital is useful in analyzing the cash flow and working capital needs of the Company. We exclude cash and cash equivalents and current maturities of long-term debt to evaluate the investment in working capital required to support our business.

The following is a reconciliation from working capital, the most directly comparable financial measure under GAAP, to adjusted working capital as of the dates presented:


	January 31,		April 30,
	2017		2016
	(in thousands)
Current assets	$	543,528	$	471,643
Current liabilities		205,588		220,575
Working capital	$	337,940	$	251,068
Cash and cash equivalents		(10,602)		(19,072)
Current maturities of long term debt		11,235		35,581
Adjusted working capital	$	338,573	$	267,577

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk through fluctuations in interest rates on our debt obligations. A significant portion of our outstanding debt bears interest at variable rates. As a result, increases in interest rates could increase the cost of servicing our debt and could materially reduce our profitability and cash flows. However, we have entered into an interest rate cap on three-month U.S. dollar LIBOR based on a strike rate of 2.0%, which effectively caps the interest rate at 5.5% on an initial notional amount of $275.0 million of our variable rate debt obligation under the First Lien Facility, or any replacement facility with similar terms. Excluding the impact of this interest rate cap and the interest rate floor on the First Lien Facility, each 1% increase in interest rates on the First Lien Facility would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $4.8 million based on balances outstanding under the First Lien Facility as of January 31, 2017. Assuming the ABL Facility was fully drawn, each 1% increase in interest rates would result in a $3.5 million increase in our annual interest expense on the ABL Facility. We seek to manage exposure to adverse interest rate changes through our normal operating and financing activities, as well as through hedging activities, such as entering into interest rate derivative agreements, as discussed below under "—Derivative Financial Instruments." As of January 31, 2017, $120.8 million was outstanding under the ABL Facility and $213.8 million was available for future borrowings under the ABL Facility. In addition, we had $480.0 million outstanding under the First Lien Facility.

Other than noted above, there have been no material changes to our exposure to market risks from those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is

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accumulated and communicated to management of the company, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Because of their inherent limitations, disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on their evaluation, as of the end of the period covered in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective because of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below.

Remediation Efforts and Status of Previously Disclosed Material Weaknesses

As previously disclosed in the prospectus filed with the SEC on May 27, 2016 in connection with the initial public offering, or IPO, of our common stock we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses included an insufficient complement of personnel with a level of U.S. GAAP accounting knowledge commensurate with our financial reporting requirements, a lack of formal accounting policies and procedures, ineffective IT general computer controls and a lack of controls over the preparation and review of manual journal entries. The material weakness related to our IT general controls could impact the effectiveness of our IT-dependent controls which could result in our inability to prevent or detect material misstatements in our financial statement accounts or disclosures. The remaining material weaknesses previously resulted in material adjustments to correct the previously issued fiscal 2013 and 2014 consolidated financial statements of our wholly owned subsidiary, GYP Holdings III Corp., and could result in material misstatements to our consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

We are currently in the process of remediating the above material weaknesses and have taken several steps to improve our internal control over financial reporting. While we have made progress with our remediation efforts to date, we will continue to evaluate their effectiveness on our remediation status and may determine to take additional measures to address the material weaknesses or otherwise modify our remediation plan. Our finance and IT leadership continues to closely evaluate, supplement, and make changes, as needed, to the complement of resources responsible for our ongoing remediation efforts and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. However, while we have made progress in the overall remediation status, the material weaknesses cannot be considered remediated until the applicable controls have been designed, implemented and operated for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded that these controls are operating effectively.

To address the material weakness associated with an insufficient complement of personnel with a level of U.S. GAAP accounting knowledge commensurate with our financial reporting requirements, we have taken the following measures:

We hired additional financial reporting personnel with technical accounting and financial reporting experience for our key financial reporting roles. Furthermore, we augmented our internal tax department resources with resources from an external provider.

During fiscal 2016 and in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, we made changes to our financial reporting and accounting resources, including adjusting the roles and responsibilities of these resources to align with their experience and expertise.

In fiscal 2016, we enhanced our internal audit function through the engagement of a third party professional services firm and the hiring of an experienced senior manager of internal audit with public company experience to lead our internal audit function and assist us in the monitoring of internal control over financial reporting.

To address the material weakness related to formal accounting policies and procedures, we have taken the following measures over the last twelve months:

We developed and implemented formal accounting policies and procedures, including those designed to evaluate the impact of new accounting pronouncements.

We provided training to our entire accounting organization in order to enhance the level of communication and understanding of internal controls.

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We established a disclosure committee designed to strengthen the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and evaluate whether our financial statements and public filings include the appropriate disclosures.

To address the material weakness associated with ineffective IT general computer controls, over the last twelve months, we have been developing and implementing numerous enhancements to our IT infrastructure and to the design of our IT policies and procedures. Specifically, we have performed the following:

We developed policies and procedures related to the management and approval of changes in our IT environment, including procedures to review changes in IT data and the configuration of systems. We are in the final phase of implementing these policies and procedures.

We developed policies and procedures related to security access, including policies and procedures to set up or remove users to our IT systems. We are in the final phase of implementing these policies and procedures.

We established policies and procedures for the performance of security access reviews of our key financial systems’ users to ensure the appropriateness of their roles and security access levels. These access reviews will be performed on a periodic basis. Management is in the process of finalizing the initial series of these reviews.

We developed and are implementing monitoring activities designed to effectively mitigate lack of segregation of duties in IT development and production roles. These monitoring activities include a review of application and database change logs. We continue to review these controls and make enhancements.

We have performed limited testing related to the functioning of these controls, and continue to monitor these controls and make enhancements as needed.

To address the material weakness associated with the lack of controls over the preparation and review of manual journal entries, we developed controls designed to segregate the duties of creating and posting accounting journal entries, which we implemented during the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2016. Since then, we have continued to review and monitor the effectiveness of these controls and make additional enhancements as necessary to remediate the related material weakness.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits that are brought against us in the normal course of business. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that would be expected, either individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.

The building materials industry has been subject to personal injury and property damage claims arising from alleged exposure to raw materials contained in building products as well as claims for incidents of catastrophic loss, such as building fires. As a distributor of building materials, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the use of the products we have distributed in the past or may in the future distribute is alleged to have resulted in economic loss, personal injury or property damage or violated environmental, health or safety or other laws. Such product liability claims have included and may in the future include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. In particular, certain of our subsidiaries have been the subject of claims related to alleged exposure to asbestos‑containing products they distributed prior to 1979. Since 2002 and as of January 31, 2017, approximately 977 asbestos‑related personal injury lawsuits have been brought and we vigorously defend against them. Of these, 884 have been dismissed without any payment by us, 29 are on deferred or inactive court dockets, 58 are pending and only 6 have been settled, which settlements have not materially impacted our financial condition or operating results. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We are exposed to product liability, warranty, casualty, construction defect, contract, tort, employment and other claims and legal proceedings related to our business, the products we distribute, the services we provide and services provided for us by third parties” listed in Part 1, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes in the risks facing the Company as described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Use of Proceeds

On May 25, 2016, our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-205902) was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission for our initial public offering pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 8,050,000 shares of our common stock (inclusive of 1,050,000 shares of common stock sold by us pursuant to the full exercise of an overallotment option granted to the underwriters in connection with the offering) at a price to the public of $21.00 per share for aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $169.1 million. Barclays Capital Inc. and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC acted as joint book-running managers and as representatives of the underwriters in the offering. RBC Capital Markets, Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC acted as joint book-running managers in the offering. SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and Stephens Inc. acted as co-managers in the offering. On June 1, 2016, we closed the sale of such shares, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $156.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $11.8 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.4 million. No payments were made by us to directors, officers or persons owning ten percent or more of our common stock or to their associates, or to our affiliates.

We used these proceeds together with cash on hand to repay the $160.0 million principal amount of our term loan debt outstanding under our senior secured second lien term loan facility, or the Second Lien Facility, which was a payment in full of the entire loan balance due under the Second Lien Facility.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

The exhibits filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	GMS INC.

Date: March 9, 2017	By:	/s/ H. Douglas Goforth
		H. Douglas Goforth
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

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EXHIBIT INDEX


Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description
3.1		Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on May 16, 2016 (File No. 333-205902)).
3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on May 16, 2016 (File No. 333-205902)).
4.1		Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on May 16, 2016 (File No. 333-205902)).
10.1		Second Amendment to ABL Credit Agreement, dated November 18, 2016, to ABL Credit Agreement, dated April 1, 2014, among GYP Holdings III Corp., the borrowers identified therein, GYP Holdings II Corp., the lenders party there to and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as a administrative agent and collateral agent and as a swing lender and issuer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2016 (File No. 001-37784)).
31.1	*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2	*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1	*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 INS	*	XBRL Instance Document.
101 SCH	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101 CAL	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101 DEF	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101 LAB	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101 PRE	*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.


†	Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

*	Filed herewith.