Gogo Inc. - Quarter Report: 2018 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One):

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-35975

Gogo Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

111 North Canal St., Suite 1500

Chicago, IL 60606

(Address of principal executive offices)

Telephone Number (312) 517-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of August 6, 2018, 87,351,448 shares of $0.0001 par value common stock were outstanding.

Gogo Inc.

INDEX

1

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

2

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

3

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

4

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

5

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Basis of Presentation

The Business - Gogo (“we”, “us”, “our”) is the global leader in providing broadband connectivity solutions and wireless in-flight entertainment to the aviation industry. We operate through the following three segments: Commercial Aviation North America, or “CA-NA,” Commercial Aviation Rest of World, or “CA-ROW,” and Business Aviation, or “BA.” Services provided by our CA-NA and CA-ROW businesses include Passenger Connectivity, which allows passengers to connect to the Internet from their personal Wi-Fi-enabled devices; Passenger Entertainment, which offers passengers the opportunity to enjoy a broad selection of in-flight entertainment options on their personal Wi-Fi enabled devices; and Connected Aircraft Services (“CAS”), which offers airlines connectivity for various operations and currently include, among others, real-time credit card transaction processing, electronic flight bags and real-time weather information. Services are provided by CA-NA on commercial aircraft flying routes that generally begin and end within North America, which for this purpose includes the United States, Canada and Mexico. CA-ROW provides service on commercial aircraft operated by foreign-based commercial airlines and flights outside of North America for North American-based commercial airlines. The routes included in our CA-ROW segment are those that begin and/or end outside of North America (as defined above) on which our international service is provided. BA provides in-flight Internet connectivity and other voice and data communications products and services and sells equipment for in-flight telecommunications to the business aviation market. BA services include Gogo Biz, our in-flight broadband service, Passenger Entertainment, our in-flight entertainment service, and satellite-based voice and data services through our strategic alliances with satellite companies.

Basis of Presentation - The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conformity with Article 10 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our annual audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 22, 2018 (the “2017 10-K”). These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all material adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary to fairly state, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

The results of operations and cash flows for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018.

We have one class of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Reclassifications - To conform with the current year presentation, certain amounts in our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the six month period ended June 30, 2017 have been reclassified. Specifically, accrued airline revenue share of $27 thousand and current deferred rent of $181 thousand have been combined with accrued liabilities and non-current deferred rent of $284 thousand has been combined with other non-current assets and liabilities. Additionally, warranty reserves are now separately stated in its own line, which was included within accrued liabilities previously.

Transition to airline-directed model - The accounting treatment for one of our airline agreements transitioned from our turnkey model to our airline-directed model in January 2018 due to specific provisions elected by the airline that resulted in the transfer of control of the previously installed connectivity equipment. Upon transition to the airline-directed model, the net book value of all previously delivered equipment classified within property and equipment was reclassified to cost of equipment revenue. Additionally, the unamortized proceeds previously received for equipment and classified within current and non-current deferred airborne lease incentives were eliminated and included as part of estimated contract value, which was then allocated amongst the various performance obligations under the agreement. The value allocated to previously delivered equipment was immediately recognized as equipment revenue in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements; refer to Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional disclosures relating to the allocation of consideration among identified performance obligations. For amounts recognized in equipment revenue that were in excess of the amounts billed, we recorded current and non-current contract assets included within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other non-current assets, respectively; refer to Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional details. In connection with the transition of this airline agreement to the airline-directed model, we also established warranty reserves related to previously sold equipment that are still under a warranty period, which is included

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

within accrued liabilities. See Note 8, “Warranties,” for additional information. This transition from the turnkey model to the airline-directed model occurred on January 4, 2018 and the total financial statement effect on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet and unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations was as follows (in thousands):

During the second quarter 2018, we identified an additional $2.2 million of property and equipment, net that should have been included in the transition adjustments as of January 1, 2018. The schedule above reflects the additional adjustment.

Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the significant estimates and bases such estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue recognition related new pronouncements:

On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers (“ASC 606”) using the modified retrospective method. As a result, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying ASC 606 as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Our historical financial statements have not been restated and continue to be reported under the revenue accounting standard in effect for those periods.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, equipment revenue (and related cost) under some of our CA-NA and CA-ROW segment contracts was deferred and recognized over the life of the contract as the equipment and connectivity services did not meet the requirements to be treated as separate units of accounting. Under ASC 606, these same equipment transactions qualify as standalone performance obligations and, therefore, equipment revenue (and related cost) is recognized upon acceptance by our airline customers. Adoption of the new standard did not materially affect the amount or timing of equipment revenue recognized from our BA segment. Our service revenue across all segments continues to be recognized as the services are provided to customers.

In conjunction with the adoption of ASC 606, we also adopted Accounting Standard Codification Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs – Contracts with Customers (“ASC 340-40”), which requires the capitalization of costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer. Prior to the adoption of ASC 340-40, we expensed all fulfillment and other costs associated with airline-directed contracts, which were comprised predominantly of costs incurred to obtain supplemental type certificates (“STCs”); these costs are now required to be capitalized and amortized to expense over the life of the contract (and are included within engineering, design and development in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements). Costs associated with our turnkey contracts are not eligible for capitalization under ASC 340-40 and will continue to be expensed as incurred.

7

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The cumulative effect of the adoption of ASC 606 and ASC 340-40 to our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

During the second quarter 2018, we identified an additional $2.3 million of property and equipment, net that should have been recorded to accumulated deficit in the transition adjustments as of January 1, 2018. The schedule above reflects the additional adjustment.

See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional information.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-04, Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products (“ASU 2016-04”), which amends the guidance on extinguishing financial liabilities for certain prepaid stored-value products by requiring that entities that sell prepaid stored-value products recognize breakage proportionally as the prepaid stored-value product is being redeemed rather than immediately upon sale of the product. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

All other new pronouncements:

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which introduces a lessee model that records most leases on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 also aligns certain underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in ASC 606, the FASB’s new revenue recognition standard. Furthermore, ASU 2016-02 eliminates the required use of bright-line tests used in current GAAP for determining lease classification. It also requires lessors to provide additional transparency into their exposure to the changes in value of their residual assets and how they manage that exposure. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. ASU 2016-02 required entities to adopt the new leases standard using a modified retrospective method and initially apply the related guidance at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements. During July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, which allows for an additional and optional transition method under which an entity would record a cumulative-effect adjustment at the beginning of the period of adoption. The primary impact of ASU 2016-02 relates to our leases with wireless service providers for tower space and base station capacity, and our leases of facilities and equipment. See Note 11, “Leases,” for further information on our lease arrangements. We will adopt this as guidance as of January 1, 2019, and we are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which amends ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows, the FASB’s standard for reporting cash flows in general-purpose financial statements. The amendment addresses the diversity in practice related to the classification of certain cash receipts and payments including debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs. We adopted this guidance using the full retrospective method, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as we have historically reported debt prepayment and debt extinguishment costs in a manner consistent with ASU 2016-15.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”), which removes the prohibition in ASC 740, Income Taxes, against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. This is intended to reduce the complexity of GAAP and diversity in practice related to the tax consequences of certain types of intra- entity asset transfers, particularly those involving intellectual property. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

8

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash – A Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, (“ASU 2016-18”), which amends ASC 230, Statement of Cash Flows, to clarify guidance on the classification and presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows using the full retrospective method. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the reconciliation of cash presented in the statements of cash flows to the cash presented on the balance sheet.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. The ASU provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. Specifically, an entity would not apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions, and classification of the awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”), which permits entities to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of tax reform to retained earnings. Companies that elect to reclassify these amounts must reclassify stranded tax effects for all items accounted for in accumulated other comprehensive income. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-02 on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”), which expands the scope of ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods or services from nonemployees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of ASU 2018-07 on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is primarily earned from providing connectivity and entertainment services and through sales of equipment. Additionally, to a lesser extent, we earn revenue from providing ancillary services, including installation and Connected Aircraft Services (“CAS”).

We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:

For CA-NA and CA-ROW, pursuant to contractual agreements with our airline partners, we place our equipment on commercial aircraft operated by the airlines in order to deliver our service to passengers on the aircraft. We currently have two types of commercial airline arrangements: turnkey and airline-directed. Under the airline-directed model, we have transferred control of the equipment to the airline and therefore the airline is our customer in these transactions. Under the turnkey model, we have not transferred control of our equipment to our airline partner and, as a result, the airline passenger is deemed to be our customer. Transactions with our airline partners under the turnkey model are accounted for as an operating lease of space on an aircraft. See Note 11, “Leases,” for additional information on the turnkey model.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

CA-NA and CA-ROW Service Revenue:

CA-NA and CA-ROW revenue consists of service revenue primarily derived from connectivity services, and, to a lesser extent, from entertainment services and CAS. Connectivity is provided to our customers using both our ATG and satellite technologies.

Airline-directed connectivity revenue:

As noted above, under the airline-directed model, the airline is our customer and we earn service revenue as connectivity services are consumed directly by the airline or indirectly by passengers.

Turnkey connectivity revenue (passenger connectivity):

Under the turnkey model, passenger connectivity revenue is generated by services paid for by passengers, airlines and third parties.

Passenger paid revenue represents point-of-sale sessions (which may be flight-based, time-based, multiple individual session packages (“multi-pack”) and subscriptions). Flight-based, time-based and multi-pack revenue is recognized when the sessions are used. Subscription revenue is recognized evenly throughout the subscription period, regardless of the number of times the customer uses the network.

Third party and airline paid revenue is generated by sales of connectivity services to airlines or third parties in sponsorship, wholesale, enterprise and roaming arrangements. Sponsorship revenue is recognized over the sponsorship term. Revenue from wholesale, enterprise and roaming arrangements is recognized as sessions are used by the passenger.

Entertainment revenue:

Entertainment revenue consists of entertainment services we provide to the airline for use by its passengers. Revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the airline.

CAS:

CAS includes, among other things, real-time credit card transaction processing, electronic flight bags and real-time weather information. Revenue is recognized as the service is provided.

BA Service Revenue:

BA service revenue primarily consists of monthly subscription and usage fees paid by aircraft owners and operators for telecommunication, data, and in-flight entertainment services. Revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the customer.

Equipment Revenue:

Equipment revenue primarily consists of the sale of ATG and satellite connectivity equipment and the sale of entertainment equipment. CA-NA and CA-ROW recognize equipment revenue upon acceptance by our airline customers. BA recognizes equipment revenue when the equipment is shipped to OEMs and dealers.

Equipment revenue also includes revenue generated by the installation of the connectivity or entertainment equipment on commercial aircraft, which is recognized when the installation is complete.

Contract price and allocation considerations:

Our CA-NA and CA-ROW airline-directed contracts contain multiple performance obligations, which primarily include the sale of equipment, installation services, connectivity services and entertainment services. For these contracts, we account for each distinct good or service as a separate performance obligation. We allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using the relative standalone selling price, which is based on the actual selling price for any good or service sold separately to a similar class of customer, if available. To the extent a good or service is not sold separately, we use our best estimate of the standalone selling price and maximize the use of observable inputs. The primary method we use to estimate the standalone selling price is the expected cost-plus margin approach.

The contractual consideration used for allocation purposes includes connectivity and entertainment services, which may be based on a fixed monthly fee per aircraft or a variable fee based on the volume of connectivity activity, or a combination of both. Examples of variable consideration within our contracts include megabyte overages and pay-per-use sessions. We constrain our estimates to reduce the probability of a significant revenue reversal in future periods, allocate such variable consideration to the identified performance obligations and recognize revenue in the period the services are provided. Our estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated future performance, market conditions and our best judgment at the time.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

A significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect our estimated contract value, and we regularly review and update our estimates and recognize adjustments under the cumulative catch-up method. Any adjustment under this method is recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period identified and revenue for future periods is recognized using the new adjusted estimate.

As of June 30, 2018, the aggregate amount of the transaction price in our contracts allocated to the remaining unsatisfied performance obligations is approximately $966 million, most of which relates to our commercial aviation contracts. Approximately $187 million represents future equipment revenue that is expected to be recognized within the next one to three years. The remaining $779 million primarily represents connectivity and entertainment service revenues which are recognized as services are provided, which is expected to occur through the remaining term of the contract (approximately 5-10 years). We have excluded from this amount: all variable consideration derived from our connectivity or entertainment services that is allocated entirely to our performance of obligations related to such services; consideration from contracts that have an original duration of one year or less; revenue from passenger service on airlines operating under the turnkey model; and revenue from contracts that have been executed but under which have not yet met the accounting definition of a contract since the airline has not yet determined which products in our portfolio it wishes to select, and, as a result we are unable to determine which products and services will be transferred to the customer.

Disaggregation of revenue

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by category (in thousands):

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Contract balances

Our current and non-current deferred revenue balances totaled $62.3 million and $61.1 million as of June 30, 2018, and January 1, 2018, respectively. Deferred revenue includes, among other things, equipment, multi-packs, subscriptions and sponsorships activities.

Our current and non-current contract asset balances totaled $44.4 million and $5.1 million as of June 30, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively. Contract assets represents the aggregate amount of revenue recognized in excess of billings for our airline-directed contracts.

Our STC balances were $13.6 million and $7.6 million as of June 30, 2018, and January 1, 2018, respectively. We recognized $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of deferred STC costs as part of our engineering, design and development costs in our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018. As noted above, STC costs for our airline-directed contracts are capitalized and expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract.

Impact of adoption of ASC 606

The following table presents the post adoption impact of ASC 606 on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet and the statement of operations (in thousands):

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

4. Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share have been calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The shares of common stock effectively repurchased in connection with the Forward Transactions (as defined and described in Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities”) are considered participating securities requiring the two-class method to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share. Net earnings in future periods will be allocated between common shares and participating securities. In periods of a net loss, the shares associated with the Forward Transactions will not receive an allocation of losses, as the counterparties to the Forward Transactions are not required to fund losses. Accordingly, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 excludes approximately 7.2 million shares that will be repurchased as a result of the Forward Transactions.

As a result of the net loss for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, all of the outstanding shares of common stock underlying stock options, deferred stock units and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding because they were anti-dilutive.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017; however, because of the undistributed losses, the shares of common stock associated with the Forward Transactions are excluded from the computation of basic earnings per share in 2018 and 2017 as undistributed losses are not allocated to these shares (in thousands, except per share amounts):

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

5. Inventories

Inventories consist primarily of telecommunications systems and parts, and are recorded at the lower of cost (average cost) or market. We evaluate the need for write-downs associated with obsolete, slow-moving, and nonsalable inventory by reviewing net realizable inventory values on a periodic basis.

Inventories as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

6. Composition of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Property and equipment as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

Other non-current assets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

Accrued liabilities as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

Other non-current liabilities as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

7. Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets are comprised of both indefinite-lived and finite-lived intangible assets. Intangible assets with indefinite lives and goodwill are not amortized, but are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We perform our annual impairment tests of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. We also reevaluate the useful life of indefinite-lived intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. The results of our annual indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill impairment assessments in the fourth quarter of 2017 indicated no impairment.

As of both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our goodwill balance, all of which related to our BA segment, was $0.6 million.

Our intangible assets, other than goodwill, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands, except for weighted average remaining useful life):

Amortization expense was $7.2 million and $14.8 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and $5.8 million and $11.6 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2017.

Amortization expense for each of the next five years and thereafter is estimated to be as follows (in thousands):

Actual future amortization expense could differ from the estimated amount as a result of future investments and other factors.

8. Warranties

We provide warranties on parts and labor related to our products. Our warranty terms range from two to five years. Warranty reserves are established for costs that are estimated to be incurred after the sale, delivery and installation of the products under warranty. The warranty reserves are determined based on known product failures, historical experience and other available evidence, and are included in accrued liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Our warranty reserve balance was $9.8 million and $2.4 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Changes between June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 relate to the accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline agreements to the airline-directed model, additional activity under airline-directed models and costs associated with remediation of quality issues associated with our 2Ku technology. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation” for additional information.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

9. Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities

Long-term debt as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows (in thousands):

Senior Secured Notes – On June 14, 2016 (the “Issue Date”), Gogo Intermediate Holdings LLC (“GIH”) (a wholly owned subsidiary of Gogo Inc.) and Gogo Finance Co. Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of GIH) (the “Co-Issuer” and, together with GIH, the “Issuers”), issued $525 million aggregate principal amount of 12.500% senior secured notes due 2022 (the “Original Senior Secured Notes”) under an Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2016 (the “Original Indenture”), among the Issuers, us, as guarantor, certain subsidiaries of GIH, as guarantors (the “Subsidiary Guarantors” and, together with us, the “Guarantors”), and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (in such capacity, the “Trustee”) and as collateral agent (in such capacity, the “Collateral Agent”). On January 3, 2017, the Issuers issued $65 million aggregate principal amount of additional 12.500% senior secured notes due 2022 (the “January 2017 Additional Notes”). The January 2017 Additional Notes were issued at a price equal to 108% of their face value resulting in gross proceeds of $70.2 million. On September 20, 2017, the Issuers, the Guarantors and the Trustee entered into the first supplemental indenture (the “Supplemental Indenture” and, together with the Original Indenture, the “Indenture”) to modify certain covenants, as discussed below. On September 25, 2017, the Issuers issued $100 million aggregate principal amount of additional 12.500% senior secured notes due 2022 (the “September 2017 Additional Notes”). The September 2017 Additional Notes were issued at a price equal to 113% of their face value resulting in gross proceeds of $113.0 million. Additionally, we received approximately $2.9 million for interest that accrued from July 1, 2017 through September 24, 2017, which was paid in our January 2018 interest payment. We refer to the Original Senior Secured Notes, the January 2017 Additional Notes and the September 2017 Additional Notes collectively as the “Senior Secured Notes.”

As noted above, on September 20, 2017, the Issuers, the Guarantors and the Trustee entered into the Supplemental Indenture to (i) increase the amount of additional secured indebtedness under Credit Facilities (as defined in the Indenture) that may be incurred by the Issuer and its Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the Indenture) under the Indenture by $100 million (from $75 million to $175 million in aggregate principal amount), (ii) permit the Issuer and its Restricted Subsidiaries to incur additional secured indebtedness in connection with vendor financing arrangements not to exceed $50 million in aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding and (iii) permit the Issuer and its Restricted Subsidiaries to make additional dividends or distributions to Gogo in an aggregate amount of up to $15 million during any twelve-month period to pay interest on any indebtedness or preferred stock with a maturity later than July 1, 2022. The Supplemental Indenture became effective immediately upon execution, following our receipt of consents from holders of a majority of the outstanding principal amount of the Existing Notes (excluding Existing Notes held by the Issuers or any affiliates of the Issuers) to the Supplemental Indenture and amendments to the collateral agency agreement governing the Senior Secured Notes (the “Consent Solicitation”). In connection with the Consent Solicitation, GIH paid $1.4 million in fees (“Consent Fees”) to holders of Existing Notes who validly tendered (and did not revoke) their consents prior to the expiration of the Consent Solicitation.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the outstanding principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes was $690.0 million and $690.0 million, respectively, the unamortized debt premium and Consent Fees were $14.1 million and $15.5 million, respectively, and the net carrying amount was $704.1 million and $705.5 million, respectively.

Interest on the Senior Secured Notes accrues at the rate of 12.500% per annum and is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 1 and July 1, interest payments commenced on January 1, 2017 (other than the January 2017 Additional Notes, for which interest payments commenced on July 1, 2017, and the September 2017 Additional Notes, for which interest payments commenced on January 1, 2018). The Senior Secured Notes mature on July 1, 2022. The January 2017 Additional Notes and September 2017 Additional Notes have the same terms as the Original Senior Secured Notes, except with respect to the issue date and issue price, and are treated as a single series for all purposes under the Indenture and the security documents that govern the Senior Secured Notes.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

We paid approximately $11.4 million, $2.0 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of aggregate origination fees and financing costs related to the issuance of the Original Senior Secured Notes, the January 2017 Additional Notes and the September 2017 Additional Notes, which have been accounted for as deferred financing costs. Additionally, as noted above, we paid approximately $1.4 million of Consent Fees, which partially offset the net carrying value of the Senior Secured Notes. The deferred financing costs on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet are being amortized over the contractual term of the Senior Secured Notes using the effective interest method. Total amortization expense was $0.7 million and $1.3 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018, and $0.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Senior Secured Notes was $11.3 million and $12.6 million, respectively, and is included as a reduction to long-term debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. See Note 10, “Interest Costs,” for additional information.

The Senior Secured Notes are the senior secured indebtedness of the Issuers and are:

The Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed, on a senior secured basis, by us and all of GIH’s existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries (other than the Co-Issuer), subject to certain exceptions. The Issuers’ obligations under the Senior Secured Notes are not guaranteed by Gogo International Holdings LLC, a subsidiary of ours that holds no material assets other than equity interests in our foreign subsidiaries. Each guarantee is a senior secured obligation of such Guarantor and is:

The Senior Secured Notes and the related guarantees are secured by first-priority liens, subject to permitted liens, on substantially all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ assets, except for certain excluded assets, including pledged equity interests of the Issuers and all of our existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries guaranteeing the Senior Secured Notes.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The security interests in certain collateral may be released without the consent of holders of the Senior Secured Notes, if such collateral is disposed of in a transaction that complies with the Indenture and related security agreements. In addition, under certain circumstances, we and the Guarantors have the right to transfer certain intellectual property assets that on the Issue Date constitute collateral securing the Senior Secured Notes or the guarantees to a restricted subsidiary organized under the laws of Switzerland, resulting in the release of such collateral without consent of the holders of the Senior Secured Notes.

On or after July 1, 2019, the Issuers may, at their option, at any time or from time to time, redeem any of the Senior Secured Notes in whole or in part. The Senior Secured Notes will be redeemable at the following redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant regular record date on or prior to the redemption date to receive interest due on an interest payment date), if redeemed during the twelve-month period commencing on July 1 of the following years:

In addition, at any time prior to July 1, 2019, the Issuers may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes with the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price of 112.500% of the principal amount redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the date of redemption; provided, however, that Senior Secured Notes representing at least 65% of the principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes remain outstanding immediately after each such redemption.

The Issuers may redeem the Senior Secured Notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to July 1, 2019, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes redeemed plus the make-whole premium set forth in the Indenture as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the applicable redemption date.

The Indenture contains covenants that, among other things, limit the ability of the Issuers and the Subsidiary Guarantors and, in certain circumstances, our ability, to: incur additional indebtedness; pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions; make investments; create restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Issuers or make other intercompany transfers; create liens; transfer or sell assets; merge or consolidate; and enter into certain transactions with the Issuers’ affiliates, including us. Most of these covenants will cease to apply if, and for as long as, the Senior Secured Notes have investment grade ratings from both Moody’s Investment Services, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s.

If we or the Issuers undergo specific types of change of control prior to July 1, 2022, GIH is required to make an offer to repurchase for cash all of the Senior Secured Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the payment date.

The Indenture provides for events of default, which, if any of them occur, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all of the then outstanding Senior Secured Notes issued under the Indenture to be due and payable immediately. As of June 30, 2018, no event of default had occurred.

Convertible Notes – On March 3, 2015, we issued $340.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers, pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. We granted an option to the initial purchasers to purchase up to an additional $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes to cover over-allotments, of which $21.9 million was subsequently exercised during March 2015, resulting in a total issuance of $361.9 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes mature on March 1, 2020, unless earlier repurchased or converted into shares of our common stock under certain circumstances described below. Upon maturity, we have the option to settle our obligation through cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of common stock. We pay interest on the Convertible Notes semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year. Interest payments began on September 1, 2015.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The $361.9 million of proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Notes was initially allocated between long-term debt (the liability component) at $261.9 million and additional paid-in-capital (the equity component) at $100.0 million, within the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the liability component was measured using rates determined for similar debt instruments without a conversion feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the aggregate face value of the Convertible Notes. If we or the note holders elect not to settle the debt through conversion, we must settle the Convertible Notes at face value. Therefore, the liability component will be accreted up to the face value of the Convertible Notes, which will result in additional non-cash interest expense being recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations through the Convertible Notes maturity date (see Note 10, “Interest Costs” for additional information). The effective interest rate on the Convertible Notes, including accretion of the notes to par and debt issuance cost amortization, was approximately 11.5%. The equity component will not be remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the outstanding principal on the Convertible Notes was $361.9 million, the unamortized debt discount was $39.8 million and $50.4 million, respectively, and the net carrying amount of the liability component was $322.1 million and $311.5 million, respectively.

We incurred approximately $10.4 million of issuance costs related to the issuance of the Convertible Notes of which $7.5 million and $2.9 million were recorded as deferred financing costs and additional paid-in capital, respectively, in proportion to the allocation of the proceeds of the Convertible Notes. The $7.5 million recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheet is being amortized over the term of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method. Total amortization expense of the deferred financing costs was $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018, and $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. Amortization expense is included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Convertible Notes was $2.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, and is included as a reduction to long-term debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 10, “Interest Costs” for additional information.

The Convertible Notes had an initial conversion rate of 41.9274 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $23.85 per share of our common stock. Upon conversion, we currently expect to deliver cash up to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes then outstanding. With respect to any conversion value in excess of the principal amount, we currently expect to deliver shares of our common stock. We may elect to deliver cash in lieu of all or a portion of such shares. The shares of common stock subject to conversion are excluded from diluted earnings per share calculations under the if-converted method as their impact is anti-dilutive.

Holders may convert the Convertible Notes, at their option, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount at any time prior to December 1, 2019, but only in the following circumstances:

None of the above events allowing for conversion prior to December 1, 2019 occurred during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 or the year ended December 31, 2017. Regardless of whether any of the foregoing circumstances occurs, a holder may convert its Convertible Notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at any time on or after December 1, 2019 until maturity.

In addition, if we undergo a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), holders may, subject to certain conditions, require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be purchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, if specific corporate events occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Convertible Notes in connection with such a corporate event in certain circumstances.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we paid approximately $140 million to enter into prepaid forward stock repurchase transactions (the “Forward Transactions”) with certain financial institutions (the “Forward Counterparties”), pursuant to which we purchased approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock for settlement on or around the March 1, 2020 maturity date for the Convertible Notes, subject to the ability of each Forward Counterparty to elect to settle all or a portion of its Forward Transactions early. As a result of the Forward Transactions, total shareholders’ equity within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet was reduced by approximately $140 million. Approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock that will be effectively repurchased through the Forward Transactions are treated as retired shares for basic and diluted EPS purposes although they remain legally outstanding.

Restricted Cash - Our restricted cash balances were $6.9 million and $7.4 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and primarily consist of letters of credit. Certain of the letters of credit require us to maintain restricted cash accounts in a similar amount, and are issued for the benefit of the landlords at our current office locations in Chicago, IL, Bensenville, IL and Broomfield, CO.

10. Interest Costs

We capitalize a portion of our interest on funds borrowed during the active construction period of major capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the underlying assets and amortized over the useful lives of the assets.

The following is a summary of our interest costs for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

11. Leases

Arrangements with Commercial Airlines — Pursuant to contractual agreements with our airline partners, we place our equipment on commercial aircraft operated by the airlines for the purpose of delivering our service to passengers on the aircraft. There are currently two types of commercial airline arrangements: turnkey and airline-directed. See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional information on airline-directed arrangements.

Under the turnkey model, we account for equipment transactions as operating leases of space for our equipment on the aircraft. We may be responsible for the costs of installing and/or deinstalling the equipment. Under the turnkey model, the equipment transactions involve the transfer of legal title but do not meet sales recognition for accounting purposes because the risks and rewards of ownership are not fully transferred due to our continuing involvement with the equipment, the length of the term of our agreements with the airlines, and restrictions in the agreements regarding the airlines’ use of the equipment. Under the turnkey model, we refer to the airline as a “partner.”

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Under the turnkey model, the assets are recorded as airborne equipment on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, as noted in Note 6, “Composition of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts.” Any upfront equipment payments are accounted for as lease incentives and recorded as deferred airborne lease incentives on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and are recognized as a reduction of the cost of service revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement with the airline. We recognized $7.5 million and $15.1 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and $8.6 million and $18.0 million, respectively, for the prior year periods as a reduction to our cost of service revenue in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2018, deferred airborne lease incentives of $27.2 million and $128.3 million, respectively, are included in current and non-current liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2017, deferred airborne lease incentives of $42.1 million and $142.9 million, respectively, are included in current and non-current liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The decrease in our deferred airborne lease incentives and the amortization of the deferred airborne lease incentives relate to the accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline agreements to the airline-directed model. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for additional information.

Under the turnkey model, the revenue share paid to our airline partners represents operating lease payments. They are deemed to be contingent rental payments, as the payments due to each airline are based on a percentage of our CA-NA and CA-ROW service revenue generated from that airline’s passengers, which is unknown until realized. Therefore, we cannot estimate the lease payments due to an airline at the commencement of our contract with such airline. This rental expense is included in cost of service revenue and is partially offset by the amortization of the deferred airborne lease incentives discussed above. Such rental expenses totaled a net charge of $6.7 million and $13.1 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and $10.2 million and $19.1 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. The decrease in rental expense was due to the transition of one of our airline agreements to the airline-directed model. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for additional information.

A contract with one of our airline partners requires us to provide the airline partner with a cash rebate of $1.8 million in June 2018. We intend to make the 2018 payment shortly.

Leases and Cell Site Contracts — We have lease agreements relating to certain facilities and equipment, which are considered operating leases. Rent expense for such operating leases was $3.0 million and $6.1 million, respectively, for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and $3.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. Additionally, we have operating leases with wireless service providers for tower space and base station capacity on a volume usage basis (“cell site leases”), some of which provide for minimum annual payments. Our cell site leases generally provide for an initial noncancelable term with various renewal options. Total cell site rental expense was $2.6 million and $5.3 million, respectively, during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and $2.4 million and $4.7 million, respectively, for the prior year periods.

Annual future minimum obligations for operating leases for each of the next five years and thereafter, other than the arrangements we have with our commercial airline partners, as of June 30, 2018, are as follows (in thousands):

Equipment Leases – We lease certain computer and network equipment under capital leases, for which interest has been imputed with annual interest rates in an approximate range of 8% to 14%. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 the computer equipment leases were classified as part of office equipment, furniture, and fixtures and other in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at a gross cost of $5.3 million and $5.0 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the network equipment leases were classified as part of network equipment in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at a gross cost of $7.5 million and $7.5 million, respectively. Annual future minimum obligations under capital leases for each of the next five years and thereafter, as of June 30, 2018, are as follows (in thousands):

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The $2.0 million present value of net minimum lease payments as of June 30, 2018 has a current portion of $1.4 million included in the current portion of long-term debt and capital leases and a non-current portion of $0.6 million included in other non-current liabilities.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Contractual Commitments - We have agreements with vendors to provide us with transponder and teleport satellite services. These agreements vary in length and amount and as of June 30, 2018 commit us to purchase transponder and teleport satellite services totaling approximately $43.8 million in 2018 (July 1 through December 31), $92.7 million in 2019, $90.4 million in 2020, $77.9 million in 2021, $74.4 million in 2022 and $228.1 million thereafter.

We have agreements with various vendors under which we have remaining commitments to purchase satellite-based systems, certifications and development services. Such commitments will become payable as we receive the equipment or certifications, or as development services are provided.

Damages and Penalties - We have entered into a number of agreements with our airline partners that require us to provide a credit or pay penalties or liquidated damages to our airline partners if we are unable to install our equipment on aircraft by specified timelines or fail to comply with service level commitments. The maximum amount of future credits or payments we could be required to make under these agreements is uncertain because the amount of future credits or payments is based on certain variable inputs.

Indemnifications and Guarantees - In accordance with Delaware law, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under this indemnification is uncertain and may be unlimited, depending upon circumstances. However, our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance does provide coverage for certain of these losses.

In the ordinary course of business we may occasionally enter into agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to pay for the failure of performance of others, such as the use of corporate credit cards issued to employees. Based on historical experience, we believe that the risk of sustaining any material loss related to such guarantees is remote.

We have entered into a number of agreements, including our agreements with commercial airlines, pursuant to which we indemnify the other party for losses and expenses suffered or incurred in connection with any patent, copyright, or trademark infringement or misappropriation claim asserted by a third party with respect to our equipment or services. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is uncertain and is typically not limited by the terms of the agreements.

Linksmart Litigation - On April 20, 2018, Linksmart Wireless Technology, LLC filed suit against us and eight of our airline partners in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California alleging that our redirection server and login portal infringe a patent owned by the plaintiff. We are required under our contracts with these airlines to indemnify them for defense costs and any liabilities resulting from the suit. Given the very early stage of this litigation, we are unable to assess the merits of the claim, and the outcome of this matter is inherently uncertain.

Pierrelouis Litigation - On June 27, 2018, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division styled Pierrelouis v. Gogo Inc., naming the Company, its former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and its current Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and President, Commercial Aviation as defendants purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of our securities from February 27, 2017 through May 7, 2018. The complaint asserts claims

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, alleging misrepresentations or omissions by us purporting to relate to our 2Ku antenna’s reliability and installation and remediation costs. The plaintiffs seek to recover from us and the individual defendants an unspecified amount of damages. We believe that the claims are without merit and intend to defend them vigorously. In accordance with Delaware law, we will indemnify the individual named defendants for their defense costs and any damages they incur in connection with the suit. We have filed a claim with the issuer of our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance policy with respect to this suit. No amounts have been accrued for any potential losses under this matter, as we cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation or any potential losses.

13. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

A three-tier fair value hierarchy has been established which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

Long-Term Debt:

Our financial assets and liabilities that are disclosed but not measured at fair value include the Senior Secured Notes and the Convertible Notes, which are reflected on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at cost. The fair value measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy since they are based on quoted market prices of our instruments in markets that are not active. We estimated the fair value of the Senior Secured Notes and Convertible Notes by calculating the upfront cash payment a market participant would require to assume these obligations. The upfront cash payment used in the calculations of fair value on our June 30, 2018 unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, excluding any issuance costs, is the amount that a market participant would be willing to lend at June 30, 2018 to an entity with a credit rating similar to ours and achieve sufficient cash inflows to cover the scheduled cash outflows under the Senior Secured Notes and the Convertible Notes. The calculated fair value of our Convertible Notes is highly correlated to our stock price and as a result significant changes to our stock price could have a significant impact on the calculated fair value of our Convertible Notes.

The fair value and carrying value of long-term debt as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

We have held-to-maturity financial instruments where carrying value approximates fair value. There were no fair value adjustments to these financial instruments during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

14. Income Tax

The effective income tax rates for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 were (0.2%) and 5.4%, respectively, as compared with (0.8%) and (0.7%), respectively, for the prior year periods. An income tax benefit was recorded for the six month period ended June 30, 2018 resulting from a reduction in our valuation allowance of approximately $4.0 million due to the application of provisions of H.R. 1, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, to our evaluation of our deferred tax assets. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, our income tax expense was not significant primarily due to the recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

We are subject to income taxation in the United States, various states within the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Australia, China, India, France, Germany and the Netherlands. With few exceptions, as of June 30, 2018, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014.

We record penalties and interest relating to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. No penalties or interest related to uncertain tax positions were recorded for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we did not have a liability recorded for interest or potential penalties.

We do not expect a change in the unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

15. Business Segments and Major Customers

We operate our business through three operating segments: Commercial Aviation North America, or “CA-NA”, Commercial Aviation Rest of World, or “CA-ROW,” and Business Aviation, or “BA.” See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for further information regarding our segments.

The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in our 2017 10-K. Intercompany transactions between segments are excluded as they are not included in management’s performance review of the segments. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, our foreign revenue accounts for less than 10% of our consolidated revenue. We do not segregate assets between segments for internal reporting. Therefore, asset-related information has not been presented. We do not disclose assets outside of the United States as they totaled less than 10% of our unaudited condensed consolidated assets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. For our airborne assets, we consider only those assets installed in aircraft associated with international commercial airline partners to be owned outside of the United States.

Management evaluates performance and allocates resources to each segment based on segment profit (loss), which is calculated internally as net income (loss) attributable to common stock before interest expense, interest income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, certain non-cash items (including amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives, stock-based compensation expense, amortization of STC costs and the accounting impact of the transition to the airline-directed model) and other income (expense). Segment profit (loss) is a measure of performance reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segments and evaluating segment performance. In addition, segment profit (loss) is included herein in conformity with ASC 280-10, Segment Reporting. Management believes that segment profit (loss) provides useful information for analyzing and evaluating the underlying operating results of each segment. However, segment profit (loss) should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) attributable to common stock or other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, our computation of segment profit (loss) may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Information regarding our reportable segments is as follows (in thousands):