Golden Minerals Co - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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(Mark One)

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

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For the transition period from to

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Commission file number 1-13627

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GOLDEN MINERALS COMPANY

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

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(303) 839-5060

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧  No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧  No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

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Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

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The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2021 was approximately $75.42 million, based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock of $0.61 per share on the NYSE American on June 30, 2021. For the purpose of this calculation, the registrant has assumed that its affiliates as of June 30, 2021 included all directors and officers and one shareholder that held approximately 23.1% of its outstanding common stock. The number of shares of common stock outstanding on March 22, 2022, was 162,804,612.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A in connection with the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K.

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GOLDEN MINERALS COMPANY

FORM 10-K

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021

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INDEX

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References to “Golden Minerals, the “Company,” “our,” “we,” or “us” mean Golden Minerals Company, its predecessors and consolidated subsidiaries, or any one or more of them, as the context requires. Many of the terms used in our industry are technical in nature. We have included a glossary of some of these terms below.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

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Some information contained in or incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K may contain forward-looking statements and forward-looking information (collectively, “forward-looking statements”) within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other applicable securities laws. We use the words “anticipate,” “continue,” “likely,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “will,” “project,” “should,” “believe” and similar expressions (including negative and grammatical variations) to identify forward-looking statements. These statements include comments relating to (i) the assumptions and projections contained in the Rodeo Technical Report Summary, including estimated mineral resources; (ii) projections regarding the Rodeo mine for 2022, including production, payable extraction, anticipated grades, estimated unit costs and net operating margin; (iii) the anticipated life of the Rodeo mine; (iv)  the assumptions and projections contained in the Velardeña Technical Report Summary, including estimated mineral resources; (v) the potential restart of mining activities at Velardeña; (vi) future evaluation and drilling plans and exploration activities at our exploration properties, including Yoquivo and Sarita Este; (vii) our financial outlook for 2022, including anticipated expenditures and cash inflows during the year; (viii) our ability to recover VAT receivable in Mexico and the timing of such recovery; and (ix) the potential need for external financing and statements concerning our financial condition, business strategies and business and legal risks. Although we believe the expectations and assumptions reflected in those forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that these expectations and assumptions will prove to be correct. Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors described in this annual report on Form 10-K, including:

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Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such expectations may prove to be materially incorrect due to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. You should not unduly rely on any of our forward-looking statements. These statements speak only as of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to publicly release any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect future events or developments. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us and persons acting on our behalf are qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this section and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

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CONVERSION TABLE

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In this annual report on Form 10-K, figures are presented in both United States standard and metric measurements. Conversion rates from United States standard measurement systems to metric and metric to United States standard measurement systems are provided in the table below. All currency references in this annual report on Form 10-K are to United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated.

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GLOSSARY OF SELECTED MINING TERMS

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“Base Metal” means a classification of non-ferrous metals usually considered to be of low value and higher chemical activity when compared with the precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, etc.). This nonspecific term generally refers to the high-volume, low-value metals copper, lead, tin, and zinc.

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“Breccia” means rock consisting of fragments, more or less angular, in a matrix of finer-grained material or of cementing material.

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“Calcareous Clastic” means sedimentary rock composed of siliciclastic particles usually of conglomerate, sand, or silt-size and cemented by calcium carbonate in the form of calcite.

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“Claim” means a mining interest giving its holder the right to prospect, explore for and exploit minerals within a defined area.

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“Concentrates” means the partially cleaned product of potentially economically interesting metal-bearing minerals separated from its containing rock or earth by froth flotation or other methods of mineral separation.

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“Concession” means a grant or lease of a tract of land made by a government or other controlling authority in return for stipulated services or a promise that the land will be used for a specific purpose.

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“Core Drill” means a rotary type of rock drill that cuts a core of rock and is recovered in long cylindrical sections, usually two centimeters or more in diameter.

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“Deposit” means an informal term for an accumulation of minerals.

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“Development Stage” means a project with an established resource, not in production, engaged in the process of additional studies preparing for completion of a feasibility study or for commercial extraction.

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“Diorite” means a grey to dark grey intermediate intrusive igneous rock composed principally of plagioclase feldspar, biotite, hornblende, and/or pyroxene.

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“Euhedral” means a well-developed degree of which mineral grains show external crystal faces.

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“Exploration Stage” means a property that has no mineral reserves disclosed.

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“Exploration Target” means a statement or estimate of the exploration potential of a mineral deposit in a defined geological setting where the statement or estimate, quoted as a range of tonnage and a range of grade (or quality), relates to mineralization for which there has been insufficient exploration to estimate a mineral resource.

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“Feasibility Study” means a comprehensive technical and economic study of the selected development option for a mineral project, which includes detailed assessments of all applicable modifying factors, as defined by this section, together with any other relevant operational factors, and detailed financial analysis that are necessary to demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that extraction is economically viable. The results of the study may serve as the basis for a final decision by a proponent or financial institution to proceed with, or finance, the development of the project.

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“Flotation” means the separating of finely crushed minerals from one another by causing some to float in a froth and others to remain in suspension in the pulp. Oils and various chemicals are used to activate, make floatable, or depress the minerals.

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“Formation” means a distinct layer of sedimentary or volcanic rock of similar composition.

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“Fracture System” means a set or group of contemporaneous fractures formed by a stress system.

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“Grade” means the metal content of mineralized material  which for precious metals is  usually expressed in troy ounces per ton (2,000 pounds) or in grams per metric tonnes, which contain 2,204.6 pounds or 1,000 kilograms.

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“Indicated mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of adequate geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with an indicated mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because an indicated mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than the level of confidence of a measured mineral resource, an indicated mineral resource may only be converted to a probable mineral reserve.

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“Inferred mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Because an inferred mineral resource has the lowest level of geological confidence of all mineral resources, which prevents the application of the modifying factors in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability, an inferred mineral resource may not be considered when assessing the economic viability of a mining project,and may not be converted to a mineral reserve.

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“Laramide Orogeny” means a period of mountain building in western North America, which started in the Late Cretaceous age, 70 to 80 million years ago, and ended 35 to 55 million years ago.

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“Measured mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of conclusive geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with a measured mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because a measured mineral resource has a higher level of confidence than the level of confidence of either an indicated mineral resource or an inferred mineral resource, a measured mineral resource may be converted to a proven mineral reserve or to a probable mineral reserve.

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“Mineralization” means the concentration of metals within a body of rock.

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Mineral reserve” means an estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project. More specifically, it is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted.

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“Mining” means the process of extraction and beneficiation of mineral reserves or mineral deposits to produce a marketable metal or mineral product. Exploration continues during the mining process and, in many cases, mineral reserves or mineral deposits are expanded during the life of the mine activities as the exploration potential of the deposit is realized.

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“Monzodiorite” means coarse-grained igneous rock consisting of essential plagioclase feldspar, orthoclase feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with or without pyroxene, with plagioclase being the dominant feldspar making up 6% to 90% of the total feldspar and varying from oligoclase to andesine in composition. The presence of the orthoclase feldspar distinguishes this rock from a diorite.

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“National Instrument 43-101” or “NI 43-101” means the standards of disclosure for mineral projects prescribed by the Canadian Securities Administrators.

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“Net Smelter Return Royalty” or “NSR Royalty” means a defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation, less a proportionate share of transportation, insurance, and processing costs.

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“Open Pit” means a mine working or excavation open to the surface.

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“Ore” means material containing minerals that can be economically extracted.

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“Outcrop” means that part of a geologic formation or structure that appears at the surface of the earth.

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“Oxide” means mineralized rock in which some of the original minerals have been oxidized (i.e., combined with oxygen).

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“Precious Metal” means any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold and silver.

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“Preliminary Economic Assessment” or “PEA” means a study, other than a pre-Feasibility or Feasibility Study, that includes an economic analysis of the potential viability of mineral resources.

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“Probable Mineral Reserves” means the economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some cases, a measured mineral resource.

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“Production Stage” means a project that is actively engaged in the process of extraction and beneficiation of mineral reserves or mineral deposits to produce a marketable metal or mineral product.

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“Proven Mineral Reserves” means the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource and can only result from conversion of a measured mineral resource.

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“Reclamation” means the process of returning land to another use after mining is completed.

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“Recovery” means that portion of the metal contained in the ore that is successfully extracted by processing, expressed as a percentage.

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“Sampling” means selecting a fractional part of a mineral deposit for analysis.

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“Sediment” means solid fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks and is transported or deposited by air, water, or ice, or that accumulates by other natural agents, such as chemical precipitation from solution or secretion by organisms, and that forms in layers on the earth’s surface at ordinary temperatures in a loose, unconsolidated form.

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“Sedimentary” means formed by the deposition of Sediment.

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“S-K 1300” means subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which sets forth the rules and regulations for disclosure by registrants engaged in the mining industry.

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“Skarn” means a coarse-grained metamorphic rock formed by the metamorphism of carbonate rock often containing garnet, pyroxene, epidote and wollastonite.

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“Stock” means discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 40 square miles.

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“Sulfide” means a compound of sulfur and some other metallic element or elements where sulfur is in the unoxidized form.

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“Tailings Pond” means a low-lying depression used to confine tailings, the prime function of which is to allow enough time for processed minerals to settle out or for cyanide to be destroyed before water is reused, evaporates, or is discharged into the local watershed.

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“Tertiary” means the first period of the Cenozoic Era (after the Cretaceous of the Mesozoic Era and before the Quaternary) thought to have covered the span of time between 2 to 3 million years ago and 65 million years ago.

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“Vein” means a fissure, fault or crack in a rock filled by minerals that have traveled upwards from some deep source.

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“Waste” means rock lacking sufficient grade and/or other characteristics of ore.

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ITEMS 1 AND 2: BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES

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Overview

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We are a mining company holding a 100% interest in the Rodeo gold mine (the “Rodeo Property”) in Durango State, Mexico, a 100% interest in the Velardeña and Chicago gold-silver mining properties and associated oxide and sulfide processing plants in the state of Durango, Mexico (the “Velardeña Properties”), a 100% interest in the El Quevar advanced exploration silver property (the “El Quevar Property”) in the province of Salta, Argentina (subject to the terms of the April 9, 2020, earn-in agreement (the “Earn-in Agreement”) pursuant to which Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”) has the option to earn a 70% interest in the El Quevar Property), and a diversified portfolio of precious metals and other mineral exploration properties located primarily in or near historical precious metals producing regions of Argentina, Nevada and Mexico. The Rodeo Property, the Velardeña Properties and the El Quevar Property are the only properties that the Company considers material at this time.  

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We are primarily focused on mining operations at the Rodeo Property (see “Material Mining Properties – Rodeo Property” for additional details) as well as further studies of a restart plan for our Velardeña Properties, including use of bio-oxidation to improve the payable gold recovery as further described below under “Material Mining Properties —Velardeña Properties”. We began mining activities at the Rodeo Property during December 2020 and began processing mined material from Rodeo at the Velardeña plant in January 2021. The employees at the Rodeo and Velardeña Properties, in addition to those who operate the plant that processes the Rodeo mined material, include an operations group, an administrative group and an exploration group to continue to advance our plans in Mexico and to provide oversight for corporate compliance activities as well as maintaining and safeguarding the longer-term value of the Velardeña Properties assets.

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We are also focused on advancing our El Quevar exploration property in Argentina through the Earn-in Agreement with Barrick as described below under “Exploration Properties—El Quevar” and continuing to evaluate and search for mining opportunities in North America (including Mexico) with near term prospects of mining, and particularly for properties within reasonable haulage distances of our processing plants at the Velardeña Properties. We are also reviewing strategic opportunities, focusing primarily on development or operating properties in North America, including Mexico.

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Our management team is comprised of experienced mining professionals with extensive expertise in mineral exploration, mine construction and development, and mine operations. Our principal office is located in Golden, Colorado at 350 Indiana Street, Suite 650, Golden, CO 80401, and our registered office is the Corporation Trust Company, 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, DE 19801. We also maintain an office at the Velardeña Properties in Mexico and exploration offices in Argentina and Mexico.

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Company History

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We were incorporated in Delaware under the Delaware General Corporation Law in March 2009. From March 2009 through September 2011, we focused on the advancement of our El Quevar silver project in Argentina. In September 2011, we completed a business combination transaction with ECU Silver Mining Inc. (“ECU”), resulting in our ownership of the Velardeña and Chicago silver, gold and base metals mines located in the Velardeña mining district in the State of Durango, Mexico as further described below under “—Velardeña Properties”.

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Corporate Structure

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Golden Minerals Company, headquartered in Golden, Colorado, is the operating entity through which we conduct our business. We have a number of wholly-owned subsidiaries organized throughout the world, including in Mexico, South America, the Caribbean and Europe. We generally hold our exploration rights and properties through subsidiaries organized in the countries in which our rights and properties are located.

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Summary of Mining Properties

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Although we have commenced extraction of minerals at the Rodeo Property, we do not have defined mineral reserves as defined under S-K 1300 and therefore all of our mining properties are considered to be in the exploration stage. We have approximately 12 mining properties, which are listed in the Summary of Principal Mining Properties below. In total, Golden Minerals’ mining properties, including our options, cover about 78,600 hectares. The Rodeo Property, the Velardeña Properties and the El Quevar are the only properties that we consider to be material at this time.

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Property locations

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Mexico properties

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Mexico Properties, Showing States of Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico

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Argentina properties

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United States property

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Summary of Principal Mining Properties

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(1) See “Material Mining Properties— Rodeo Property” for additional details, including a summary of mineral extraction.

(2) See “Material Mining Properties —Velardeña Properties” for additional details.

(3) See “Exploration Properties —Santa Maria” for additional details.

(4) See “Exploration Properties —Yoquivo” for additional details.

(5) See “Material Mining Properties —El Quevar” for additional details.

(6) See “Exploration Properties —Desierto / Sarita Este” for additional details.

(7) See “Exploration Properties —Sand Canyon” for additional details.

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Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Our internal controls relating to Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) consist of monitoring the chain of custody of samples and including blanks, duplicates, and reference material standards in each batch of samples for lab analysis, consistent with industry standards.  Additionally, umpire check assays are regularly submitted and analyzed to

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ensure lab performance, as well as continuous oversight and review by senior staff to ensure all QA/QC procedures and protocols are followed under company standards and guidelines.

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QA/QC data is rigorously reviewed and analyzed to ensure its quality for use in exploration and mineral resource and estimation efforts.  All mineral resource and estimation efforts are reviewed internally along with undergoing an external detailed peer review and edit process.  Although there is inherent risk to any mineral resource estimation, we attempt to minimize risk by following strict QA/QC company procedures and protocols as well as continued and rigorous internal and external review.

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No Proven or Probable Mineral Reserves/Exploration Stage Company

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We are considered an exploration stage company under the SEC criteria because we have not demonstrated the existence of mineral reserves at any of our properties. Under S-K 1300, the SEC defines a “mineral reserve” as “an estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project.” To have mineral resources, there must be reasonable prospects for economic extraction. Per the SEC, “probable mineral reserves” are the economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some cases, a measured mineral resource and “proven mineral reserves” can only result from measured mineral resources. Mineral reserves cannot be considered proven or probable unless and until they are supported by a preliminary feasibility study or feasibility study, indicating that the mineral reserves have had the requisite geologic, technical and economic work performed and are economically and legally extractable.

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Although we are currently extracting minerals from the Rodeo mine, due to the size of the Rodeo deposit and the relatively short anticipated mine life, we did not believe it necessary to incur the expense and delay involved in preparing a preliminary feasibility study or full feasibility study in order to commence extracting minerals at the Rodeo project. We have not completed a preliminary feasibility study or feasibility study with regard to any of our properties to date. We expect to remain an exploration stage company for the foreseeable future. We will not exit the exploration stage until such time, if ever, that we demonstrate the existence of proven or probable mineral reserves that meet the guidelines under S-K 1300, even if we successfully extract material from our properties, as we did in 2021 and expect to do in 2022.

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Summary of Mineral Resources as of December 31, 2021

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* Rounded to nearest 100, columns might not total due to rounding

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Description of Material Mining Properties

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Rodeo Property

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Location, Access and Facilities

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The Rodeo project is located 2 km east of the town of Rodeo in Durango State, Mexico, at latitude 25°9'2.7"N, longitude 105°31'4.2"W The city of Torreón is located 189 kilometers by road to the east of the project and the city of Durango is located 157 kilometers by road to the south. The property can be reached via gravel roads from the town of Rodeo. Basic amenities are available in the town of Rodeo. Facilities onsite at the Rodeo project include fuel storage, a maintenance area, portable warehouses, mobile offices and other essential services and support units. No processing facilities are located on site. We have obtained rights to extract water from the Nazas River which is within a few kilometers of the project.  There is a power line that crosses the property and services the nearby villages, however, we rely on generators to provide power for the minimal infrastructure required at the mine site.

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Although we do not have defined mineral reserves and pursuant to S-K 1300 the Rodeo project is in the exploration stage, we began mining at the Rodeo project in late December 2020. The Rodeo mine is a surface mine. We process mined material at our Velardeña oxide mill, which is located approximately 115 kilometers via road from the Rodeo project. The plant was initially constructed in 1996 and improved in 2005 and again in 2012.  It is in good working condition and the current book value of the plant is $1.7 million.

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We began processing mined material from the Rodeo project in January 2021 and reached a steady state of throughput in April 2021. Pursuant to the mine plan, we truck mined material to the plant using a commercial trucking contractor. Our Velardeña oxide plant is a typical agitated leach plant that is rated to handle up to 550 tonnes per day of throughput. The plant is equipped with a modern doré refinery, and the attached tailings facility recently underwent an expansion which is expected to be sufficient for the tailings from operations at Rodeo. We installed a new regrind mill circuit at the plant specifically designed to process the harder mined material coming from the Rodeo Property, which was completed in April 2021. The new circuit allowed us to increase daily throughput of Rodeo material in the oxide plant to at least 500 tonnes per day. Mill throughput averaged 532 tonnes per day in third quarter 2021 and 466 tonnes per day in fourth quarter 2021. At that higher throughput level, the current life of the Rodeo mine is estimated to run through the second quarter of 2023, unless additional resources are discovered.

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Assays from processing at the Velardeña oxide plant indicate the doré bars smelted to date are comprised of approximately 20 to 30 percent gold and 65 to 80 percent silver and are of a quality that is readily marketable and saleable to refineries located either in Mexico or internationally, consistent with standard commercial terms. We entered into a refining agreement with a third party in February 2021 and have completed 37shipments of doré as of March 18, 2022.

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The following map shows the location of the Rodeo project.  

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Property History

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Exploration and informal mining of the Rodeo Property dates back over 25 years. Prior to 1994, two prospects, called the “Los Murcielagos” gold-silver-lead-copper and “Francisco Marquez” gold-copper prospects, were documented in the vicinity of the Los Murcielagos arroyo on the Rodeo Property. Little information is available on these historic prospects other than gold- and silver-bearing mineralization was apparently extracted from short adits that are visible from surface. In the early 1990’s, exploration work, including geological mapping and drilling, on the property was carried out by La Cuesta International Inc. and Monarch Resources de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. The property was acquired by Canplats Resource Corporation in 2003, and it conducted a geochemical sampling program and multiple drilling programs during the mid-2000s.  Canplats was acquired by Goldcorp Inc. in 2010 and the rights to the Rodeo concessions came to be held in Camino Minerals Corporation (“Camino”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goldcorp.  In 2010, Camino issued a technical report on the property.  In 2011, Camino conducted a 6,238-meter drilling program to investigate the extension of the known mineralization to the north and south of the main mineralized zone of the property, as well as its depth. In 2014, Camino relinquished its right to acquire the Rodeo concessions and the property reverted to La Cuesta.  We acquired the Rodeo concessions from La Cuesta International Inc. in 2015.  

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Title and Ownership Rights

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The Rodeo project consists of two mineral concessions totaling approximately 1,866 hectares. The “Rodeo” concession, totaling 521 hectares, is held under a lease agreement dated May 18, 2015 pursuant to which we are required to make advanced royalty payments of $40,000 per year to La Cuesta International, S.A. de C.V., a wholly-owned subsidiary of La Cuesta International Inc (“La Cuesta”). We are required to pay La Cuesta a 2% net smelter return royalty.

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After $5 million has been paid to La Cuesta under the royalty agreement, the royalty payment will reduce to a 1% net smelter return. The mineral resources that have been identified to date are located on the Rodeo concession. 

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The “Rodeo 2” concession, totaling approximately 1,345 hectares, was purchased from Rojo Resources, S.A. de C.V. under a purchase agreement dated July 22, 2015.  Royalty payments of 2% of net smelter returns on material produced from Rodeo 2 are also due to La Cuesta.

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We are also required to pay a 0.5% net smelter return royalty to the Mexican federal government from all gold and silver extraction at the Rodeo Property.

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The following Rodeo Property mine concessions are identified below by name and file number in the Federal government Public Registry of Mining.

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We are required to pay annual concession holding fees to the Mexican government to maintain our rights to the Rodeo mining concessions. In 2021, we made such payments totaling approximately $33,000 and expect to pay approximately $35,000 in 2022. Similar to our Velardeña Properties, the Rodeo Property is subject to the Mexican ejido system requiring us to contract with the local communities, or ejidos, surrounding the property to access mineral claims needed in connection with our mining and exploration activities. The Rodeo deposit is located on a private ranch and is not a part of the ejido system. We have a surface use agreement with the private ranch owner that allows us to operate on the property and does not expire until March 12, 2030. The surface use agreement requires us to make annual payments of approximately $240,000 to the private ranch owner. We also have an agreement with the local ejidos to allow access to the property that we believe will be sufficient to conduct our proposed mining activities for the life of the mine. The local ejidos do not have a direct interest in the mineral claims and payments under the agreement are expected to be less than $25,000 per year.

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Geology and Mineralization

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The Rodeo concession lies on the eastern boundary of the Sierra Madre Occidental.  The Rodeo fault system consists of three major parallel structures and wall-rock fracture systems that are the principal feeder conduits for a high-level, gold-silver epithermal mineral system. These major vein and breccia-filled structures appear to be feeder conduits responsible for the 1 kilometer by 4 kilometer area of silicified, clay-altered and gold-anomalous rocks that form a  resistant north northwest-trending ridge. All three of the structures are wide, laterally and longitudinally persistent, well-developed feeder vein swarms with high-level, locally banded chalcedonic quartz veins, stockworks and silicified breccias. In the area of principal interest, the structures are strongly veined, silicified, brecciated, and mineralized for over 4 kilometers, and the shear fault zones and hydrothermal system can be traced for 8 kilometers along strike on the property. Individual feeder vein and breccia systems are up to 60 meters thick. Flexures in the vein swarms and/or structural intersections provide brecciation and open conduits for intense, episodic fluid flow and silica deposition with the potential for ore-grade concentrations of precious metals, especially gold.

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The immediate Rodeo deposit area is approximately 300 meters along strike and 200 meters wide and extends to a depth of 200 meters below surface. The deposit strikes at 330° and dips to the northeast with various vein phases dipping from subvertical to 30°. The deposit is entirely hosted within Tertiary Rodeo volcanics that are strongly silicified and brecciated. The deposit is bound to the east by the Rodeo fault.  Along strike to the north and south, the mineralization is offset slightly by near vertical faulting; mineralization does not terminate at these faults but the intensity of the trend is either diminished or has yet to be located.

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Mineral Resource Estimate

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Mineral resources were calculated by Tetra Tech through the effective date of October 31, 2021 as shown in the Technical Report Summary attached to this annual report on Form 10-K.  After adjusting for mineral extraction at Rodeo for November and December 2021, the estimate of mineral resources at the Rodeo Property at December 31, 2021 is shown below.  Aaron Amoroso, an employee of the Company and “qualified person” pursuant to S-K 1300, prepared the estimate shown below.  The resources are reported at a cutoff of 1 g/t for stockpiling and 1.6 g/t for processing.  Numbers reported as mineral resource are constrained to a mine design of 1 g/t.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.:  Rodeo Property – Summary of Gold and Silver Mineral Resources at December 31, 2021 Based on $1,800 oz/Au and $25 oz/Ag

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*Columns may not total due to rounding

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The resource tabulation shown above is based on our internal price forecasts at that time which were accepted as reasonable by TetraTech.  In preparing the estimate as of December 31, 2021, Mr. Amoroso determined that those price assumptions remained reasonable at the end of the fiscal year. The reported resource for the Rodeo mine as of December 31, 2021 was calculated by adjusting for material mined and processed between November 1^st and December 31^st.

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Production

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For a discussion of mineral extraction at Rodeo during 2021 and plans for 2022, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations  – 2021 Highlights – Rodeo Property.”

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Certain Laws Affecting Mining in Mexico

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Our current and proposed operations at the Rodeo Project are subject to a variety of laws affecting mining operations in Mexico.  For a discussion of these laws, see “Material Mining and Properties – Velardeña Properties - Certain Laws Affecting Mining in Mexico”.

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Taxes

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For a discussion of the taxes that apply generally to mining projects in Mexico, see “Material Mining Properties – Velardeña Properties – Taxes in Mexico”.

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Recent Activities and Operating Plans

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For a discussion of recent activities and projected operating parameters, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – 2021 Highlights – Rodeo Property” below.  

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Velardeña Properties

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Location, Access and Facilities

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The Velardeña Properties are comprised of two underground mines and two processing plants, which are located within the Velardeña mining district in the municipality of Cuencamé, in the northeast quadrant of the State of Durango, Mexico, approximately 65 kilometers southwest of the city of Torreón, Coahuila and approximately 140 kilometers northeast of the city of Durango, which is the capital of the State of Durango.. The Velardeña property is centered on UTM grid coordinates 2774300 N and 632200 E (WGS 84 datum, zone 13).  This property contains the Santa Juana mine which has been the focus of mining efforts since 1995, as well as the historical Terneras, San Juanes, and San Mateo mines.

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The Chicago property is located approximately 2 km south of the Velardeña property and is centered at UTM grid coordinates 2772480 N and 631867 E (WGS 84 datum, zone 13).  This property contains the historical Los Muertos-Chicago mine.

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The mines are reached by a seven-kilometer gravel road from the village of Velardeña which is reached by highway from Torreón and Durango. The Velardeña mining district is situated in a temperate hot, semi-arid region.

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Although we do not have defined mineral reserves pursuant to S-K 1300 and the Velardeña Properties are in the exploration stage, we have extracted minerals from the Velardeña Properties in the past. Of the two underground mines comprising the Velardeña Properties, the Velardeña mine includes five different major vein systems including the Terneras, Roca Negra, San Mateo, Santa Juana and San Juanes systems. During 2015, we mined from the San Mateo, Terneras and Roca Negra vein systems as well as the Santa Juana vein system to augment grades as mining and processing rates ramped up.

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We own a 300-tonne per day flotation sulfide mill situated near the town of Velardeña. The mill includes three flotation circuits in which we can process sulfide material to make lead, zinc and pyrite concentrates. We also own a conventional 550-tonne per day cyanide leach oxide mill with a Merrill-Crowe precipitation circuit and flotation circuit located adjacent to our Chicago mine. In July 2015, we leased the oxide plant to Minera Hecla S.A. de C.V. (“Hecla”), a Mexican corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Hecla Mining Company, to process its own material through the plant (the “Hecla Lease”). The Hecla Lease was subsequently extended and ultimately terminated in accordance with its terms on November 30, 2020. We continue to evaluate and search for other oxide and sulfide feed sources, focusing on sources within haulage distance of our sulfide and oxide mills at the Velardeña Properties.

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We installed a new regrind mill circuit at the Velardeña oxide plant specifically designed to process the harder mined material coming from the Rodeo Property, which was completed in April 2021. The new circuit allowed us to increase daily throughput of Rodeo material in the oxide plant to at least 500 tonnes per day.

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The recent rise in precious metals prices, the advancement of alternative processing technologies in the industry, and the results of our testing activities prompted us to pursue the preparation of an updated PEA based partly on projected increased gold recoveries from a proposed bio-oxidation circuit to treat gold-bearing pyrite concentrates. In April 2020, we announced positive results from the updated PEA, which was prepared in accordance with NI 43-101.

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In June 2021 we began limited scale mining activities at our Velardeña underground mine to obtain further bulk samples for use in final optimization of the bio-oxidation plant design and for use in additional flotation separation studies

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that will indicate how we can best separate the gold-bearing minerals into the pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate that is proposed for processing in the bio-oxidation circuit.

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We are also testing mining methods to ensure that we can effectively control mining dilution to obtain the head grades that we expect based on our PEA study. We expect to have the results of these studies in early 2022. We have not yet made a decision regarding a potential restart of the Velardeña mines.

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Power for all of the mines and plants is provided through substations connected to the national grid.

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Water is provided for all of the mines by wells located in the valley adjacent to the Velardeña Properties.  In Mexico, water concessions are granted by the National Commission of Water (“CNA”). Currently no new water concessions are being granted by the CNA; however, companies can acquire water concessions through purchase or lease from current concession holders. We hold title to three wells located near the sulfide plant and hold certificates of registration to three wells located near the oxide plant. We are licensed to pump water from all six wells up to a permitted amount. We are required to make annual payments to the CNA to maintain our rights to these wells. In 2021 we made such payments totaling approximately $75,000 and expect to pay approximately $84,000 in 2022 We are required to pay a nominal additional fee to the CNA each year if we use too much water from a particular well or alternatively if we do not use a minimum amount of water from a particular well.

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The following map shows the location of the Velardeña Properties.

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Property History

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Exploration and mining in the Velardeña district extended back to at least the late 1500s or early 1600s, with large scale mining beginning in 1888 with the Velardeña Mining and Smelter Company. In 1902, the mining properties were acquired by ASARCO, who mined the property until 1926 when the mines were closed. For the next 35 years, the mines were operated from time to time by small companies and local miners. The property was nationalized in 1961, and in 1968 the sulfide processing plant was built by the Mexican government. In 1994, William Resources acquired the concessions comprising the Velardeña Properties. In 1997, ECU Gold (the predecessor to ECU Silver Mining Inc.) purchased from William Resources the subsidiaries that owned the concessions and the sulfide processing plant. The oxide processing plant was acquired in 2004. In 2011, we acquired ECU Silver Mining Inc.

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Title and Ownership Rights

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We hold the concessions comprising the Velardeña Properties through our wholly-owned Mexican subsidiary Minera William S.A. de C.V. At present, a total of 28 mineral concessions comprise the Velardeña Properties. The Velardeña Properties concessions encompass approximately 316 hectares. The mineral concessions vary in size, and the concessions comprising each mineral property are contiguous within each of the Velardeña and Chicago properties. We are required to pay annual concession holding fees to the Mexican government to maintain our rights to the Velardeña mining concessions. In 2020, we made such payments totaling approximately $22,000 and expect to pay approximately $23,000 in 2022. We also own the surface rights to 144 hectares that contains the oxide plant, tailings area and access to the Chicago mine, along with surface lands that may be required for potential plant expansions.

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The Velardeña Properties are in part subject to the Mexican ejido system requiring us to contract with the local communities, or ejidos, surrounding our properties to obtain surface access rights needed in connection with our mining and exploration activities. We currently have contracts with two ejidos to secure surface rights for our Velardeña Properties with a total annual cost of approximately $56,000. We have a ten-year contract with the Velardeña ejido, which provides surface rights to certain roads and other infrastructure at the Velardeña Properties through 2021 which is being renewed under mutual agreement, and a 25-year contract with the Vista Hermosa ejido, which provides exploration access and access rights for roads and utilities for our Velardeña Properties until 2038.

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The following Velardeña Properties exploitation concessions are identified below by name and number in the Federal government Public Registry of Mining.

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Geology and Mineralization

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The Velardeña district is located at the easternmost limit of the Sierra Madre Occidental on the boundary between the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Mesa Central sub-provinces. Both of these terrains are underlain by Paleozoic and probably Precambrian basement rocks.

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The regional geology is characterized by a thick sequence of limestone and minor calcareous clastic sediments of Cretaceous age, intruded by Tertiary plutons of acidic to intermediate composition. During the Laramide Orogeny, the sediments were folded into symmetrical anticlines and synclines that were modified into a series of asymmetrical overturned folds by a later stage of compression.

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A series of younger Tertiary stocks have intruded the older Cretaceous limestone over a distance of approximately 15 kilometers along a northeast to southwest trend. The various mineral deposits of the Velardeña mining district occur along the northeast southwest axis and are spatially associated with the intrusions and their related alteration.

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An important northwest-southeast fracture system is associated with these intrusions and, in many cases, acts as the main focus of mineralization. The Velardeña Properties are underlain by a thick sequence of limestone that corresponds to rocks of the Aurora and Cuesta del Cura formations of Lower Cretaceous age.

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Several types of Tertiary intrusive rocks are present in the Velardeña district. The largest of these intrusives outcrops on the western flank of the Sierra San Lorenzo and underlies a portion of the Velardeña Properties. It is referred to as the Terneras pluton and forms a northeast oriented, slightly elongated body, considered to represent a diorite or monzodiorite that outcrops over a distance of about 2.5 kilometers. The adjacent limestone has been altered by contact metamorphism (exoskarn), and locally the intrusive has been metamorphosed (endoskarn).

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The following is a description of the individual geological characteristics and mineralization found on each of the properties comprising the Velardeña and Chicago mines.

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Velardeña Mine

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The Santa Juana, Terneras, San Juanes and San Mateo vein deposits on the Velardeña property are hosted by Aurora Formation limestone, the Terneras intrusion and related skarn. The limestone is intruded by a series of multiphase diorite or monzodiorite stocks (Terneras intrusion) and dikes of Tertiary age that outcrop over a strike length of approximately 2.5 kilometers.

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Two main vein systems are present on the Velardeña property. The first is a northwest striking system as found in the Santa Juana deposit, while the second is east-west trending and is present in the Terneras, San Juanes and San Mateo deposits.

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In the Santa Juana deposit, vein trends are steeply northeast dipping and northwest trending. The Terneras, San Juanes and San Mateo veins all strike east-west and dip steeply north. The most extensive of these is the Terneras vein, which was mined in the past over a strike length of 1,100 meters. All of these veins are observed to have extensive strike lengths and vertical continuity for hundreds of meters. The mineralogy of the east west system is somewhat different in that it contains less arsenic than the northwest Santa Juana veins.

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Mineralization in the deposits located at the Velardeña mine occurs  primarily in  epithermal  quartz-calcite veins with associated lead, zinc, silver, and copper minerals including gold hosted mostly in arsenopyrite and pyrite, typical of the polymetallic vein deposits of northern Mexico. The veins are usually thin, normally in the 0.2 meter to 0.5 meter range, but consistent along strike and down dip. Coxcomb and rhythmically banded textures are common.

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Chicago Mine

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The geologic setting of the Chicago property is very similar to that at the Velardeña mine.  The oldest rocks outcropping at Chicago are folded limestone of the Aurora Formation which were intruded by Tertiary diorite stocks and dikes.  Intrusive rocks occupy the western portion of the property with a northeast orientation.  The limestone-diorite contact exhibits widespread recrystallization and marble formation overprinted by a distinctive green calc-silicate alteration dominated by grossular garnet and lesser wollastonite.

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As at Velardeña, a system of post-mineralization faults striking northwest-southeast cuts and locally displaces mineralized structures.  These faults are normally filled with calcite and can have widths up to 10 m near the surface.

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In the Chicago mine, rhyolitic volcanic rocks and calcareous conglomerate of the Ahuichila Formation unconformably overlie the mineralized sequence across the eastern half of the area.  Mineralization is similar to that encountered at Santa Juana mine in terms of mineralogy, host rocks, geometry of the structures and vein continuity.

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Mineralization at the Chicago Mine is similar to the Velardeña Mine in terms of mineralogy, host rocks, geometry of the structures, and continuity.  The difference between the two is geometric - northwest striking veins dipping to the northeast at Velardeña instead of northeast striking veins dipping to the southeast at Chicago.  The major veins at Chicago are the Chicago vein, the Escondida vein, and the Gambusino vein.

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Mineral Resource Estimate

Estimated mineral resources for the Velardeña project are shown in Table 2.  The resource is reported by mineral type and resource class for all veins.  Resources were calculated as diluted to a minimum of 0.7 meters and are reported at a $175 NSR cutoff..

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Table 2: Velardeña Project – Summary of Silver and Gold Mineral Resources at December 31, 2021

based on $23.70/troy ounce Ag, $1,744/troy ounce Au, $0.97/lb Pb, and $1.15/lb Zn ^(1)(2)(3)

Notes:

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Mineral resources have been tabulated using a US$175/t NSR cutoff grade based on the price assumptions shown in Table 3. The resource tabulation is presented based on the long-term average consensus prices from 40 banks as of December 31, 2021. The prices used are US$23.70/troy ounce Ag, US$1,744/troy ounce Au, US$0.97/lb Pb, and US$1.15/lb Zn.

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Table 3: Cutoff price assumptions

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NSR has been calculated with concentrate characteristics and marketing terms supplied by Golden Minerals. Metal contributions are dependent on the concentrate and mineral type, and the overall recoveries are shown in Table 4.

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Table 4: NSR metallurgical recovery assumptions

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Velardeña Properties Activities

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Given the current high precious metals prices, the advancement of alternative processing technologies in the industry, and the results of our testing activities prompted us to pursue the preparation of an updated Preliminary Economic Assessment of our Velardeña project. In April 2020 we announced positive results from the updated PEA. The updated PEA was prepared to incorporate new and updated elements of the project database, mine plan and processing plan, most notably the inclusion of bio-oxidation treatment of gold-bearing pyrite concentrates. In late 2019, we obtained successful results from testing Velardeña gold concentrate material using Finnish firm Outotec’s “BIOX” process, a sustainable technology that was developed to pre-treat refractory ores and concentrates ahead of conventional cyanide leaching. The gold in these types of mineralized materials, such as those found at Velardeña, is encapsulated in pyrite and arsenopyrite which prevents the gold from being successfully cyanide leached. BIOX utilizes bacteria to oxidize these sulfide minerals, thereby exposing the gold for subsequent cyanide leaching and increasing overall gold recoveries. The 2019 BIOX testing of Velardeña material achieved gold recoveries of 92% from the pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate, compared to sub-30% gold recoveries realized when the Velardeña Properties last operated in 2015. Tests completed in 2021 and 2022 confirm these results. During 2022, we plan to continue to optimize the mine plan and processing details in preparation for future test-mining and processing in advance of establishing a definite schedule for restarting commercial mineral extraction at the Velardeña mines and the installation of the bio-oxidation circuit. No decision has been made regarding a potential restart of the Velardeña mines, however, discussions are in progress regarding the potential to restart mining and flotation processing once the construction of the bio-oxidation facility has been approved.

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Infrastructure

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The Velardeña and Chicago Mines are fully developed underground with 10,122 meters of drift and ramp development and 2,278 meters of raise development.  Surface installations include maintenance shops, offices, and systems for water, electricity, and compressed air as required for undergound mining.

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We own the equipment required for mining.  The key pieces of equipment include scoop-trams, underground trucks and drilling jumbos.  The current equipment fleet is expected to be adequate to achieve the 310 t/d of mill feed for

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processing and no additional material equipment is expected to be purchased.  We also own the jacklegs required for stoping and underground development (narrow drifts) and ventilation equipment in use underground.

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Plant 1 is designed to process sulfide material in a conventional flow sheet of crushing, grinding, and differential flotation to produce three separate concentrates:  lead-silver, zinc, and pyrite.

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Figure 1 shows the processing flow sheet for Plant 1

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Figure 1: Process plant flow sheet for Plant 1

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The sulfide plant was originally constructed in 1966 and has been upgraded and rebuilt several times, most recently in 2014 prior to use in 2015 and in 2017 in preparation for a re-start of the Velardeña and Chicago Mines.  The book value of the plant as of December 31, 2021 is $0.4 million.

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The oxide processing plant at Velardeña is a conventional agitated cyanide leach facility and has an operating capacity of up to 550 tpd depending on material hardness and grind size requirements.  It is in excellent working condition and is currently in use processing mineralized material from our Rodeo Mine (see Rodeo Mine above for details of the oxide plant).  In the future, if we re-start mineral extraction at the Velardeña and Chicago Mines and construct the proposed bio-oxidation facility, we plan to process oxidized concentrates and oxidized mineralized material from the Velardeña

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Properties at Plant 2.  The plant was initially constructed in 1996 and improved in 2005 and again in 2012 and 2021.  The book value of the plant as of December 31, 2021 is $1.7 million.

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Environmental Matters and Permitting

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We hold environmental licenses and environmental impact assessments that allow us to run our mines, plants and tailing facilities at our Velardeña Properties. We are required to update our environmental licenses and environmental impact assessments for expansion of or modification to any of the existing two processing plants. The construction of new infrastructure beyond the current plant facilities also would require additional permitting, which could include environmental impact assessments and land use permits.

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Certain Laws Affecting Mining in Mexico

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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal constitutional republic in North America and bordered by the United States of America, Belize and Guatemala. Mexico is a federal democratic republic with 31 states and Mexico City. Each state has its own constitution and its citizens elect a governor, as well as representatives, to their respective state congresses. The President of Mexico is the head of the executive federal government. Executive power is exercised by the President, while legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Congress of the Union. The three constitutional powers are the Judiciary, the Executive and the Legislature which are independent of each other.

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Legislation Affecting Mining

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The Mining Law, originally published in 1992 and amended in 1996, 2005, 2006 and 2014, is the primary legislation governing mining activities in Mexico. Other significant legislation applicable to mining in Mexico includes the regulations to the Mining Law, the Federal Law of Waters, the Federal Labor Law, the Federal Law of Fire Arms and Explosives, the General Law on Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection and regulations, the Federal Law of Duties and the Federal Law on Metrology and Standards.

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The Concession System

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Under Mexican law, mineral deposits are property of the Mexican republic, and a mining concession, granted by the executive branch of the federal government, is required for the exploration, exploitation and processing of mineral deposits. Mining concessions may only be granted to Mexican individuals domiciled in Mexico or companies incorporated and validly existing under the laws of Mexico. Mexican companies that have foreign shareholders must register with the National Registry of Foreign Investments and renew their registration on an annual basis. Mining concessions grant rights to explore and exploit mineral deposits but do not grant surface rights over the land where the concession is located. Mining concession holders are required to negotiate surface access with the land owner or holder (e.g., agrarian communities) or, should such negotiations prove unsuccessful, file an application with the corresponding administrative authority (Ministry of Economy or Ministry of Agrarian-Territorial-Urban Development) to obtain an easement, temporary occupancy, or expropriation of the land, as the case may be. An application for a concession must be filed with the Mining Agency or Mining Delegation located closest to the area to which the application relates.

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Mining concessions have a term of 50 years from the date on which title is recorded in the Public Registry of Mining. Holders of mining concessions are required to comply with various obligations, including the payment of certain mining duties based on the number of hectares of the concession and the number of years the concession has been in effect. Failure to pay the mining duties can lead to cancellation of the relevant concession. Holders of mining concessions are also obliged to carry out and prove assessment works in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the Mining Law and its regulations. The regulations to the Mining Law establish minimum amounts that must be spent or invested on mining activities. A report must be filed in May of each year regarding the assessment works carried out during the preceding year. The mining authorities may impose a fine on the mining concession holder if one or more proof of assessment work reports is not timely filed.

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Pursuant to amendments to the federal corporate income tax law, effective January 2014, additional duties are imposed on mining concession holders; see “—Taxes in Mexico”.

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Environmental Legislation

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Mining projects in Mexico are subject to Mexican federal, state and municipal environmental laws and regulations for the protection of the environment. The principal legislation applicable to mining projects in Mexico is the federal General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection, which is enforced by the Federal Bureau of Environmental Protection, commonly known as “PROFEPA”. PROFEPA is the federal entity in charge of carrying out environmental inspections and negotiating compliance agreements. Voluntary environmental audits, coordinated through PROFEPA, are encouraged under the federal General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection. PROFEPA monitors compliance with environmental legislation and enforces Mexican environmental laws, regulations and official standards. If warranted, PROFEPA may initiate administrative proceedings against companies that violate environmental laws, which proceedings may result in the temporary or permanent closure of non-complying facilities, the revocation of operating licenses and/or other sanctions or fines. According to the Federal Criminal Code, PROFEPA must inform the relevant governmental authorities of any environmental crimes that are committed by a mining company in Mexico.

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Concession holders under the exploration stage may submit themselves to comply with the Mexican Official Norm: NOM-120-SEMARNAT-1997, which provides, among other things, that mining exploration activities to be carried out within certain areas must be conducted in accordance with the environmental standards set forth in NOM-120-SEMARNAT-1997; otherwise, concession holders are required to file a preventive report or an environmental impact study prior to the commencement of the exploration, exploitation and processing of mineral resources. An environmental impact study is required for exploitation and processing of mineral resources activities.

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In 2014 Mexico developed an energy policy applicable to private investment companies whereby new mining concessions are now subject to prior approval from the Ministry of Energy. Current mining concessions forming the Velardeña Properties are not subject to or affected by this approval requirement, but any new mining concessions acquired will be subject to this additional approval.

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Taxes in Mexico

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Mexico has a federal corporate income tax rate of 30%, and there are no state taxes on corporate net income. In determining their corporate income tax, entities are allowed to subtract from gross income various deductions permitted by law, and they are allowed a ten-year carry-forward of net operating losses. Pursuant to amendments to the federal tax laws effective January 1, 2014, a 10% withholding tax is charged on dividends distributed to shareholders, regardless of the tax residence of the recipient, out of after tax profits. However, in the case of nonresident shareholders the limitations and tax rates provided in the treaties to avoid double taxation will prevail. A foreign resident company is subject to income tax if it has a permanent establishment in Mexico. In general, a permanent establishment is a place of business where the activities of an enterprise are totally or partially carried out and includes, among others, offices, branches and mining sites.

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Under the 2014 amendments to the federal corporate income tax law, titleholders of mining concessions are required to pay an annual special duty of 7.5% of their mining related profits. Titleholders of mining concessions also are required to pay a 0.5% special mining duty, or royalty, on an annual basis, on revenues obtained from the sale of silver, gold and platinum. Both the 7.5% annual special duty and the 0.5% duty are due at the end of March each year. The special duty of 7.5% is generally applicable to earnings before income tax, depreciation, depletion, amortization, and interest. In calculating the special duty of 7.5%, there are no deductions related to depreciable costs from operational fixed assets, but exploration and prospecting depreciable costs are deductible when incurred. Both duties are tax deductible for income tax purposes.

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Mexico has several taxes in addition to income tax that are relevant to most business operations, including (i) the Value Added Tax (“VAT”); (ii) import duties; (iii) various payroll taxes; and (iv) statutorily entitled employee profit sharing (“PTU”). In addition, annual mining concession fees are charged by the government.

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VAT in Mexico is charged upon alienation of goods, performance of independent services, grant of temporary use or exploitation of goods, or import of goods or services that occur within Mexico’s borders, at a rate of 16%. There is no VAT in the case of export of goods or services or for the sale of gold, jewelry, and gold metalwork with a minimum gold content of 80%, excluding retail sale to the general public. The sale of mining concessions is subject to VAT as concessions are not considered to be land. VAT paid by a business enterprise on its purchases and expenses may usually be credited against its liability for VAT collected from customers on its own sales. This creditable VAT may also be directly refunded, but under new regulations beginning in January 2019, the creditable VAT can no longer offset other Mexican federal taxes. At December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a net VAT receivable in Mexico of $1.3 million, related to the Velardeña Properties and the Rodeo operations. The Company expects that the current amounts will be recovered within a one-year period.

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Import duties apply for goods and services entering the country, unless specifically exempted due to a free trade agreement or registered under specific programs like IMMEX.  Payroll taxes are payable in most states including Durango and Coahuila, and social security, housing and pension contributions must be made to the federal government when paying salaries.

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Employees of Mexico entities are statutorily entitled to a portion of the employer’s pre-tax profits, called PTU. The rate of profit sharing is currently 10% of the employer’s taxable income as defined by the Income Tax law. A taxpayer may reduce its income tax base by an amount equal to the PTU. Certain companies are exempt from paying PTU, which include companies in the extractive industry (principally the mining industry) during the period of exploration.

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El Quevar

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Location and Access

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Our El Quevar silver exploration project is located at 24° 34’ 55.2” S latitude and 66° 50’ 34.8” W longitude in the San Antonio de los Cobres municipality, Salta Province, in the altiplano region of northwestern Argentina, approximately 300 kilometers by road northwest of the city of Salta, the capital city of the province. The project is also accessible by a 300-kilometer dirt and gravel road from the city of Calama in northern Chile. The small village of Pocitos, located about 20 kilometers to the west of El Quevar, is the nearest settlement. We have established a camp approximately 10 kilometers west of the project to house project workers. A high-tension power line is located approximately 40 kilometers from the site, and a high-pressure gas line devoted to the mining industry and subsidized by the Salta government is located within four kilometers of the El Quevar camp. There is a permitted well for non-potable water on the property with ample volume for exploration purposes and with potential to be increased to accommodate future production needs.  

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The El Quevar project is located near Nevado Peak with altitudes at the concessions ranging from 3,800 to 6,130 meters above sea level. The climate of the area is high mountain desert, with some precipitation in summer (such as snow) and little snow in winter. The following map shows the location of the El Quevar project.

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Property History

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Mining activity in and around the El Quevar project dates back at least 80 years. Between 1930 and 1950, there was lead and silver extraction from small workings in the area, but we have no mining records from that period. The first organized exploration activities on the property occurred during the 1970s, although no data from that period remains. Over the last 30 years, several companies have carried out exploration activity in the area, including BHP Billiton, Industrias Peñoles, Mansfield Minerals and Hochschild Mining Group, consisting primarily of local sampling with some limited drilling programs.

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Title and Ownership Rights

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According to Argentine law, mineral resources are subject to regulation in the provinces where the resources are located. Each province has the authority to grant mining exploration permits and mining exploitation concession rights to applicants. The Federal Congress has enacted the National Mining Code and other substantive mining legislation, which is applicable throughout Argentina; however, each province has the authority to regulate the procedural aspects of the National Mining Code and to organize the enforcement authority within its own territory.

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In the province of Salta, where the El Quevar project is located, all mining concessions are granted by a judge in the Salta Mining Court. The El Quevar project is comprised of exploitation concessions. Exploitation concessions are subject to a canon payment fee (maintenance fee) which is paid in advance twice a year (before June 30th and December 31st of each calendar year). Each time a new mining concession is granted, concession holders are exempt from

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the canon payment fee for a period of three years from the concession grant date. However, this exemption does not apply to the grant of vacant exploitation concessions; only to the grant of new mining concessions.

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The El Quevar project is currently comprised of 31 mining concessions that we hold directly or indirectly through ourwholly-owned subsidiaries. In total, the El Quevar project encompasses approximately 57,000 hectares. The area of most of our exploration activities at El Quevar is within the concessions that are owned by Silex Argentina S.A., our wholly-owned subsidiary.

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We are required to pay a 1% net smelter return royalty on the value of all minerals extracted from the El Quevar II concession and a 1% net smelter return royalty on one-half of the minerals extracted from the Castor concession to the third party that owns the royalties on these concessions. We can purchase one half of the royalty for $1 million in the first two years of mining. The Yaxtché deposit is located primarily on the Castor concession. We may also be required to pay a 3% royalty to the Salta Province based on the net smelter value of minerals extracted from any of our concessions less costs of processing. To maintain all of the El Quevar concessions, we paid canon payment fees to the Argentine government of approximately $22,000 and $18,000 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. In 2022 we expect to pay approximately $14,000.

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The following El Quevar mine concessions are identified below by name and file number in the Salta Province Registry of Mines.

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The surface rights at El Quevar are controlled by the Salta Province. There are no private properties within the concession area. To date, no issues involving surface rights have impacted the project. Although we have unrestricted access to our facilities, we have been granted easements to further protect our access rights.

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Barrick Earn-In Agreement

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In April 2020, we entered into the Earn-In Agreement with Barrick, pursuant to which Barrick has acquired an option (the “Option”) to earn a 70% interest in the Company’s El Quevar.  Pursuant to the terms of the Earn-In Agreement,

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in order to earn an undivided 70% interest in the El Quevar project, Barrick must: (A) incur a total of $10 million in work expenditures over a total of eight years ($0.5 million per year in years one and two, $1.0 million per year in years three, four and five, and $2.0 million per year in years six, seven and eight); (B) deliver to the Company a National Instrument 43-101 compliant pre-feasibility study pursuant to the parameters set forth in the Earn-In Agreement; and (C) deliver a written notice to exercise the Option to us within the term of the Earn-In Agreement. Barrick may withdraw from the Earn-In Agreement at any time after spending a minimum of $1.0 million in work expenditures and upon providing us with 30 days’ notice. As of September 30, 2021, Barrick had met the $1 million in work expenditures that would allow them to withdraw from the Earn-in Agreement.

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Upon satisfaction of the earn-in conditions and exercise of the Option, we will form a new entity (“NewCo”) that will hold the El Quevar properties. NewCo will be 70% owned by Barrick and 30% owned by us. Funding of NewCo will be based on Barrick’s and our respective ownership, and industry standard dilution mechanisms will apply in the case of funding shortfalls by either shareholder.

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During the earn-in period, originally scheduled from April 9, 2020 to April 9, 2028, in addition to the exploration spending, Barrick will fund the holding costs of the property, which will qualify as work expenditures. Barrick will reimburse us for expenses related to maintaining the exploration camp which will initially be run by us under a service agreement, which will also qualify as work expenditures. Through December 31, 2021, approximately $0.9 million of expenses incurred by us were reimbursed under the Earn-In Agreement.

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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related legal restrictions on mining exploration in Salta, Argentina, Barrick declared a force majeure event under the Earn-In Agreement.  As a result of the force majeure event, the earn-in period and other applicable deadlines in the Earn-In Agreement were extended by 119 days.  The force majeure event is no longer in effect and Barrick has commenced activities at the site.

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Geology and Mineralization

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The geology of the El Quevar project is characterized by silver-rich veins and disseminations in Tertiary volcanic rocks that are part of an eroded stratovolcano. Silver mineralization at El Quevar is hosted within a broad, generally east-west-trending structural zone and occurs as a series of north-dipping parallel sheeted vein zones, breccias and mineralized faults situated within an envelope of pervasively silicified brecciated volcanic rocks. There are at least three sub-parallel structures that extend for an aggregate length of approximately 6.5 kilometers. Several volcanic domes (small intrusive bodies) have been identified and mineralization is also found in breccias associated with these domes, especially where they are intersected by the structures. The silver mineralization at the Yaxtché zone is of epithermal origin. The cross-cutting nature of the mineralization, the assemblage of sulfide and alteration minerals, and the presence of open spaces with euhedral minerals, all point to an origin at shallow to moderate depths (a few hundred meters below surface) from hydrothermal solutions.

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Exploration Properties

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In addition to Rodeo, Velardeña and El Quevar, we currently control a portfolio of approximately 12 exploration properties located primarily in certain traditional precious metals producing regions of Mexico, Nevada and Argentina. We do not consider any of our exploration properties to be individually material, including those noted below.

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In 2022 we plan to focus our exploration efforts primarily on evaluating and searching for mining opportunities in North America with near term prospects of mining. We are also focused on continuing our exploration efforts on selected properties in our portfolio. During 2022 we expect our expenditures for the exploration program to total approximately $4.1 million, with approximately $0.3 million in property holding costs in Mexico, $0.1 million in holding costs in Nevada and approximately $1.3 million in other administrative and general reconnaissance costs in Mexico, Argentina and the US.

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A brief discussion of certain of our exploration properties is below.  We do not believe any of the below are individually material to us at this time.

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Yoquivo

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The Yoquivo property was acquired in 2017 and with the 2019 additional acquisition of a claim internal to the exterior boundary the project consists of 1,975 hectares in 7 claims that cover an epithermal vein district hosted in Tertiary andesitic volcanic rocks that is exposed in an erosional window through Oligocene rhyolite on the eastern margin of the Sierra Madre Occidental of northern Mexico. The property is 200 km SW of Chihuahua city in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Surface rock sampling done in 2018 demonstrated gold and silver values of potential economic interest in several of the veins in the district. We have an option to purchase the six concessions that comprise the Yoquivo property for payments totaling $0.75 million over four years subject to a 2% to 3% NSR royalty on production, capped at $2.8 million.

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In October 2018 we announced high-grade silver-gold assays from the Yoquivo project. Multiple silver-gold bearing epithermal veins were mapped and sampled, with the two most important veins being the San Francisco and Pertenencia veins. A new vein, the La Nina vein, was discovered in the northwest of the property where it splits off from the main San Francisco vein. Two other veins, the Esperanza and El Dolar veins have been identified and sampled. Based on sampling and mapping we have identified the most attractive targets on the property and have permits in hand to initiate the drill program. In September 2020 we began a 3,400-meter, 15-hole drill program to test the most promising portions of the veins. We completed the drill program in December 2020 and identified four separate vein systems in which surface sampling has returned attractive grades. We announced the drill results in January 2021, which identified four veins with potentially economic gold-silver grades, including a newly discovered vein without previous historic mining within the district scale property holdings. We began a second phase drill program in October 2021. The drill program included 3,949 meters comprised of 21 holes exploring the Pertenencia, Esperanza and Dolar vein systems. We believe the drill program demonstrated the potential for the Pertenencia vein to host significant high-grade mineralization and hit multiple high-grade veins, suggesting there may be additional blind veins to be found on the property.  We recently submitted an application with SEMARNAT for a 50-hole, 10,000 meter drill program, which we plan to commence in 2022 upon receipt of necessary permits.  

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Sarita Este

In December 2019 we paid $150,000 to enter into an option agreement with Cascadero Minerals Corporation (“Cascadero”) to acquire a 51% interest in the gold/copper Sarita Este concession, located in the northwest portion of the Province of Salta, Argentina, located near the Taca Taca project owned by First Quantum Minerals. The option agreement called for us to spend at least $0.3 million in exploration expenditures and complete a 2,000-meter drill program by the end of 2021, another $0.5 million by the end of 2022, and another approximately $1.6 million by 2023 for a total $2.5 million. We have spent approximately $1.4 million since entering into the agreement in December 2019. In the fourth quarter of 2021 we completed the first drill program ever conducted at Sarita Este, which involved drilling 10 diamond drill holes totaling 2,518 meters to explore untested epithermal gold-silver and copper porphyry targets. In January 2022 we announced assay results from the drill program, which we believe indicate the potential for a significant gold system.  We have submitted new permits for trenching and additional drilling that we plan to complete during a 2022 field campaign.

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Santa Maria

On July 14, 2020, we entered into a binding letter of intent with Fabled Silver Gold Corp., formerly known as Fabled Copper Corp. (“Fabled”), for a potential transaction pursuant to which Fabled would acquire our option to earn a 100% interest in the Santa Maria mining claims located in Chihuahua, Mexico (the “Option”). On December 4, 2020, we entered into a definitive option agreement (the “Option Agreement”) to sell our Option to Fabled. The period to exercise the Option (the “Exercise Period”) expires on December 4, 2022, unless extended by the parties under the terms of the Option Agreement. As consideration for the Option, Fabled (i) paid $0.5 million in cash to us and issued to us one million

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shares of Fabled’s common stock; (ii) paid $1.5 million in cash to the Company on the one year anniversary date following the closing of the Option Agreement; (iii) will pay $2.0 million in cash to the Company on the two year anniversary date following the closing of the Option Agreement; and (iv) upon exercise of the Option, will grant the Company a 1% net smelter return royalty on the Maria, Martia III, Maria II Frac. I, Santa Maria and Punto Com concessions (the “Concessions”). Pursuant to the Option Agreement, during the Exercise Period, Fabled is obligated to pay to each of the owners of the Concessions (the “Owners”) any remaining required payments due to the Owners pursuant to the various underlying option agreements between the Owners and the Company, and to make all payments and perform all other requirements needed to maintain the Concessions in good standing. Fabled has made the remaining payment due on the Marias option, which was the only remaining payment due.  Should Fabled not complete its obligations described herein, the Santa Maria mining claims will revert to us and we will be entitled to keep any payments made by Fabled under the terms of the Option Agreement.

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Sand Canyon

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During the second quarter 2019 we entered into an earn-in agreement with Golden Gryphon Explorations for the Sand Canyon project located in northwestern Nevada, where surface work has identified a large system of epithermal veins with potential for gold and silver deposits. We hold an option to earn a 60% interest in the Sand Canyon project by spending $2.5 million in exploration expenses over five years, with guaranteed minimum expenditures of $0.5 million in year one. To continue to earn an interest in the project, we must spend at least $0.75 million in each of years two and four and $0.5 million in year five, and drill at least 5,000 feet of core or 10,000 feet of reverse circulation or a combination of the two, by the end of the second year. We paid $25,000 cash and $50,000 in reimbursed exploration expenditures to acquire the option and $35,000 cash in 2020 on the first anniversary of the agreement, and have made payments of a total additional $100,000 ($50,000 in 2021 and $50,000 in 2022).  The drilling commitment was met in 2020.

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We completed surface exploration activities on the project in late 2019, including mapping and geochemical sampling to identify drill targets. Based on this work and after securing drill permits, we initiated a drill program in the first quarter 2020. In March 2020 we completed the initial drill program of approximately 1,800 meters in 4 diamond drill holes. The drill holes were placed to target surface geochemical and geophysical anomalies associated with epithermal veining observed in outcrops. Drill holes tested the two principal epithermal vein target areas on the property, the DeLong Canyon target and the Sand Canyon target. The drill hole collared to test the DeLong Canyon target did not encounter any veins or significant anomalous geochemical values. Interpretation shows that a fault offset likely caused the drill hole to miss the vein system as projected from surface. The three drill holes collared to test the veins and anomalies in the Sand Canyon target area all intersected narrow vein and breccia structures with low anomalous values of Ag, As, Sb, and Mo. No potentially economic concentrations of precious metals were encountered in any of the four drill holes. Plans for further testing of the mineralized system are being considered. In the first year of exploration at Sand Canyon and through December 31, 2021, we spent $1.8 million toward the $2.5 million earn-in requirement, fulfilling the first- and second-year minimum expenditures and the minimum drill commitment.  

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Our Competitive Strengths and Business Strategy

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Our business strategy is to establish Golden Minerals as a mid-tier precious metals mining company focused in North America and Argentina. We also review strategic opportunities from time to time.

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Rodeo Property. As a result of our decision to commence mining operations at our Rodeo project, we now consider the Rodeo Property to be one of our material properties, along with the Velardeña Properties. We began mining at the Rodeo project in late December 2020 and began processing mined material from the Rodeo project in January 2021. We reached a steady state of throughput in April 2021 and exceeded our extraction guidance for Rodeo in 2021. Although short-lived, the Rodeo project is expected to provide free cash flow through the third quarter of 2023 that will enable us to continue to evaluate a potential restart of mining at the Velardeña Properties as well as to evaluate our other exploration properties.

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Velardeña Properties. Due to continuing net operating losses, we suspended mining and sulfide processing activities at the Velardeña Properties during the first half of November 2015. In June 2021 we began limited scale mining activities at our Velardeña underground mine to obtain further bulk samples for use in final optimization of the bio-oxidation plant design and for use in additional flotation separation studies that will indicate how we can best separate the gold-bearing minerals into the pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate that is proposed for processing in the bio-oxidation circuit. We are also testing mining methods to ensure that we can effectively control mining dilution to obtain the head grades that we expect based on our PEA study. We expect to have the results of these studies in early 2022. No decision has yet been made regarding a potential restart of the Velardeña mines.

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Exploration Focus. We are focused on evaluating and searching for mining opportunities in North America with high precious metal grades and low development costs with near term prospects of mining, and particularly properties within reasonable haulage distances of our Velardeña processing plants. We also continue to advance our El Quevar silver project in Salta Province, Argentina through an earn-in agreement with Barrick.  And we are continuing our exploration efforts on selected properties in our portfolio of exploration properties located in Mexico, Nevada and Argentina.

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Experienced Management Team. We are led by a team of mining professionals with approximately 60 years of combined experience in exploration, project development, and operations management, primarily in the Americas. Our executive officers have held senior positions at various large mining companies including, among others, Cyprus Amax Minerals Company, INCO Limited, Meridian Gold Company, Barrick Gold Exploration and Noranda Exploration.

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Executive Officers of Golden Minerals

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Warren M. Rehn. Mr. Rehn was appointed President of our company in May 2015 and appointed Chief Executive Officer and director in September 2015. Mr. Rehn previously served as Senior Vice President, Exploration and Chief Geologist since December 2012 and served as Vice President, Exploration and Chief Geologist since February 2012. From 2007 until February 2012, Mr. Rehn held various positions at Barrick Gold Exploration, Inc., serving most recently as Chief Exploration Geologist for the Bald Mountain and Ruby Hill mining units. From 2005 until 2007, Mr. Rehn was a consulting geologist for Gerson Lehman Group, which provides consulting services to various industries, including geology and mining. Mr. Rehn served as a Consulting Senior Geologist at Placer Dome Exploration, Inc. in 2004 and as an independent consulting geologist throughout the Americas from 1994 until 2003. He served as a Senior Geologist at Noranda Exploration, Inc. from 1988 until 1994. Mr. Rehn holds an M.S. in Geology from the Colorado School of Mines and a B.S. in Geological Engineering from the University of Idaho.

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Robert P. Vogels. Mr. Vogels was named Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in March 2009. Mr. Vogels served as Controller of Apex Silver from January 2005 to March 2009 and was named Vice President in January 2006. Prior to joining Apex Silver, Mr. Vogels served as corporate controller for Meridian Gold Company from January 2004 until December 2004. He served as the controller of INCO Limited’s Goro project in New Caledonia from October 2002 to January 2004. Prior to joining INCO, Mr. Vogels worked from 1985 through October 2002 for Cyprus Amax Minerals Company, which was acquired in 1999 by Phelps Dodge Corp. During that time, he served in several capacities, including as the controller for its El Abra copper mine in Chile from 1997 until March 2002. Mr. Vogels began his career in public accounting as a CPA. He holds a B.Sc. in accounting and an MBA degree from Colorado State University.

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As previously announced, Mr. Vogels plans to retire in 2022. Ms. Julie Weedman is expected to assume the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer role following Mr. Vogels’ departure. Ms. Weedman currently serves as the Company’s Vice President Finance.  She previously served as Vice President Finance of Aerospace Contacts LLC

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from March 2020 to January 2022. Ms. Weedman also served as controller for Cupric Canyon Capital LLC from March 2015 until December 2019 and as the corporate controller of Mercator Minerals Ltd. from June 2012 to January 2015. Prior to joining Mercator, Ms. Weedman worked from 2006 to 2012 for Ducommun Corporation, serving in several capacities, including site controller and group controller for its Ducommun Technologies division. Prior to joining Ducommun, Ms. Weedman worked as the site controller for ST Microelectronics in Phoenix. She also spent 10 years at Phelps Dodge Corporation in various financial roles including assistant controller of Chino Mines Co. in Silver City, New Mexico. Ms. Weedman began her career in public accounting with Deloitte & Touche. She holds a B.S. in accountancy from Northern Arizona University.

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Metals Market Overview

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We are an emerging precious metals exploration company with silver and gold mining properties in Mexico and a large advanced exploration silver project in Argentina. Descriptions of the markets for these metals are provided below.

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Silver Market

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Silver has traditionally served as a medium of exchange, much like gold. Silver’s strength, malleability, ductility, thermal and electrical conductivity, sensitivity to light and ability to endure extreme changes in temperature combine to make it a widely used industrial metal. While silver continues to be used as a form of investment and a financial asset, the principal uses of silver are industrial, primarily in electrical and electronic components, photography, jewelry, silverware, batteries, computer chips, electrical contacts, and high technology printing. Silver’s anti-bacterial properties also make it valuable for use in medicine and in water purification. Additionally, the use of silver in the photovoltaic and solar panel industries is growing rapidly, and new uses of silver are being developed in connection with the use of superconductive wire and radio frequency identification devices.

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Most silver product is obtained from mining in which silver is not the principal or primary product. The Silver Institute, an international silver industry association, noted that for 2018 only around 26% of output came from so-called primary silver mines, where silver is the main source of revenue.

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The following table sets forth for the periods indicated on the London Fix high and low silver fixes in U.S. dollars per troy ounce. On March 21, 2021, the closing price of silver was $25.04 per troy ounce.

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Gold Market

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Gold has two main categories of use: fabrication and investment. Fabricated gold has a variety of end uses, including jewelry, electronics, dentistry, industrial and decorative uses, medals, medallions and official coins. Gold investors buy gold bullion, official coins and jewelry. The supply of gold consists of a combination of production from mining and the draw-down of existing stocks of gold held by governments, financial institutions, industrial organizations and private individuals.

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The following table sets forth for the periods indicated on the London Fix PM high and low gold fixes in U.S. dollars per troy ounce. On March 21, 2021, the closing price of gold was $1,935 per troy ounce.

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*  Through March 21, 2022.

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Employees

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We currently have 248 employees, including 9 in the United States, approximately 225 in Mexico, primarily involved with the Rodeo operation, and 14 in Argentina, primarily in connection with the El Quevar project.

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Competition

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There is aggressive competition within the mining industry for the acquisition of a limited number of mineral resource opportunities, and many of the mining companies with which we compete have greater financial and technical resources than we do. Accordingly, these competitors may be able to spend greater amounts on acquisitions of mineral properties of merit, as well as on exploration and advancement of their mineral properties. We also compete with other mining companies for the acquisition and retention of skilled mining engineers, mine and processing plant operators and mechanics, geologists, geophysicists and other experienced technical personnel. Our competitive position depends upon our ability to successfully and economically advance new and existing silver and gold properties. Failure to achieve and maintain a competitive position could adversely impact our ability to obtain the financing necessary for us to advance our mineral properties.

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Available Information

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We make available, free of charge through our website at www.goldenminerals.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Information on our website is not incorporated into this annual report on Form 10-K and is not a part of this report. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A:RISK FACTORS

Investors in Golden Minerals should consider carefully, in addition to the other information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this annual report on Form 10-K, the following risk factors:

Risk Factors related to our Financial Circumstances

We are an exploration stage company and do not have a long-term source of revenue.

We have a history of operating losses. Although our Rodeo project generated revenue and free cash flow commencing in 2021, that project is short-lived and is not expected to generate significant cash flow beyond 2023. We are evaluating other potential mining activities, including a potential restart of mineral extraction at the Velardeña Properties. However, we do not currently have any mining activities scheduled to commence after the termination of mining at the Rodeo Property. If we are unable to generate revenue from another mining property, we will be dependent on future external financing to fund our corporate expenses and exploration activities. There is no assurance that such financing will be available on acceptable terms or at all. See “Risk Factors – We may not have access to sufficient future capital.”

Our results of operations, cash flows and the value of our properties are highly dependent on the market prices of gold and silver and certain base metals, and these prices can be volatile.

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The profitability of our mining operations and the value of our mining properties are directly related to the market price of gold, silver, and certain base metals. The price of gold and silver may also have a significant influence on the market price of our common stock. The market prices of these metals historically have fluctuated significantly and are

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affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including (i) global or regional consumption patterns; (ii) supply of and demand for silver and gold on a worldwide basis; (iii) speculative and hedging activities; (iv) expectations for inflation; (v) political and economic conditions; (vi) supply of, and demand for, consumables required for extraction and processing of metals, and (vii) general economic conditions worldwide.

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In the event metal prices decline or remain low for prolonged periods of time, we might be unable to develop our exploration properties, which may adversely affect our results of operations, financial performance, and cash flows. An asset impairment charge may result from the occurrence of unexpected adverse events that impact our estimates of expected cash flows generated from our Rodeo mine or the market value of our non-producing properties, including a material diminution in the price of metals.

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We may not continue to be profitable.

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Profitability at our Rodeo mine is subject to uncertainty. See “Risk Factors – The assumptions behind our estimates of cash flow and profitability at the Rodeo mine are inherently subject to uncertainty.” Unexpected interruptions in our mining business may cause us to incur losses, or the revenue that we generate from extraction may not be sufficient to fund continuing operations including exploration and development costs. Our failure to generate future profits may adversely affect the price of our common stock and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment. Metal prices have a significant impact on our profit margin and there is no assurance that we will be profitable in the future. See “Risk Factors – Our results of operations, cash flows and the value of our properties are highly dependent on the market prices of gold and silver and certain base metals, and these prices can be volatile.”

We may not have access to sufficient future capital.

Although the Rodeo Property is expected to generate revenue and free cash flow through much of 2023, we expect to require additional external financing to fund our continuing business activities. We may be required to expend significant funds to determine if mineral reserves exist at any of our other properties, continue exploration, and if warranted, develop our existing properties and identify and acquire additional properties to diversify our property portfolio.

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We do not have a credit, off-take or other commercial financing arrangement in place that would finance our general and administrative costs and other working capital needs to fund our continuing business activities in the future, and we believe that securing credit for these purposes would be challenging. In addition, commercial financing arrangements may not be available on favorable terms or on terms that would not further restrict our flexibility and ongoing ability to meet our cash requirements over a reasonable period of time.

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We also may not be able to obtain funding by monetizing additional non-core exploration or other assets at an acceptable price. Although we may be able to access public equity markets, including through issuances under our At the Market Offering Program with H.C. Wainwright & Co. (“ATM Program”), significant equity issuances may be dilutive to our existing stockholders.

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We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain financing to fund our general and administrative costs and other working capital needs to fund our continuing business activities in the future on favorable terms or at all. Failure to obtain financing could result in delay or indefinite postponement of further mining operations or exploration and construction and the possible partial or total loss of our interest in our properties.

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Risks Related to our Operations

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Increased operating and capital costs could adversely affect our results of operations.

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Operating costs at our Rodeo mine are subject to fluctuation due to a number of factors, such as variable ore grade, changing metallurgy and revisions to mine plans in response to the physical shape and location of the ore body, as well as the age and utilization rates for the mining and processing-related facilities and equipment. In addition, costs are affected by the price and availability of input commodities, such as fuel, electricity, labor, chemical reagents, explosives, steel, concrete and mining and processing related equipment and facilities. Commodity costs are, at times, subject to volatile price movements, including increases that could make mineral extraction less profitable. Further, changes in laws and regulations can affect commodity prices, uses and transport. Reported costs may also be affected by changes in accounting standards. A material increase in costs could have a significant effect on our results of operations and operating cash flow.

We could have significant increases in capital and operating costs over the next several years in connection with the development of new projects in challenging jurisdictions and in the sustaining and/or expansion of existing mining and processing operations. Costs associated with capital expenditures may increase in the future as a result of factors beyond our control, such as inflation or due to supply chain constraints or delays. Increased capital expenditures may have an adverse effect on the results of operations and cash flow generated from existing operations, as well as the economic returns anticipated from new projects, or may make the development of future projects uneconomic.

The assumptions behind our estimates of cash flow and profitability at the Rodeo mine are inherently subject to uncertainty.

We have not established mineral reserves as defined under S-K 1300 at the Rodeo mine. As a result, despite the fact that we have undertaken confirmatory drilling to provide additional certainty regarding the Rodeo deposit, there is increased uncertainty and risk that may result in economic or technical failure which may adversely impact our future profitability. In making the decision to commence mining, we made certain assumptions regarding operating and capital costs and project economic returns. These estimates of average cash operating costs are based upon, among other things, (i) anticipated tonnage, grades and metallurgical characteristics of the ore to be mined and processed; (ii) anticipated recovery rates of silver and other metals from the ore; (iii) cash operating costs of comparable facilities and equipment; and (iv) anticipated climatic conditions. Actual cash operating costs, production and economic returns may differ significantly from those anticipated by our studies and estimates.

We are party to a collective bargaining agreement with a union in Mexico that, together with labor and employment regulations, could adversely affect our mining activities and financial condition.

Mine employees in Mexico are typically represented by a union, and our relationship with our employees is, and we expect in the future will be, governed in part by collective bargaining agreements. Any collective bargaining agreement that we enter into with a union is likely to restrict our mining flexibility in and impose additional costs on our mining activities. In addition, relations between us and our employees in Mexico may be affected by changes in regulations or labor union requirements regarding labor relations that may be introduced by the Mexican authorities or by labor unions. Changes in legislation or in the relationship between us and our employees may have a material adverse effect on our mining activities and financial condition.

Competition in the mining industry is intense, and we have limited financial and personnel resources with which to compete.

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Competition in the mining industry for desirable properties, investment capital and human capital is intense. Numerous companies headquartered in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere throughout the world compete for properties and human capital on a global basis. We are a small participant in the mining industry due to our limited financial and human capital resources. We presently operate with a limited number of people and we anticipate operating in the same manner going forward. We compete with other companies in our industry to hire qualified employees and consultants when needed to successfully operate the Rodeo mine, the Velardeña processing facility, and to advance our exploration

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properties. We may be unable to attract the necessary human capital to fully explore, and if warranted, develop our properties and be unable to acquire other desirable properties. We believe that competition for acquiring mineral properties, as well as the competition to attract and retain qualified human capital, will continue to be intense in the future.

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Products processed from our Rodeo project or other mines in the future could contain higher than expected contaminants, thereby negatively impacting our financial condition.

Treatment charges paid to smelters and refineries include penalties for certain elements, including arsenic and antimony that exceed contract limits. If the material mined from our Rodeo project includes higher than expected contaminants, this would result in higher treatment expenses and penalty charges that could increase our costs and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. This could occur due to unexpected variations in the occurrence of these elements in the material mined, problems that occur during blending of material from various locations in the mine prior to processing and other unanticipated events.

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Conditions of our mining and processing activities are dependent on the availability of sufficient water supplies to support our mining activities.

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Water is critical to our business, and the increasing pressure on water resources requires us to consider both current and future conditions in our management approach. Across the globe, water is a shared and regulated resource. Mining operations require significant quantities of water for mining, ore processing and related support facilities. Our properties in Mexico and Argentina are in areas where water is scarce and competition among users for continuing access to water is significant. Continuous production and mine development are dependent on our ability to acquire and maintain water rights and claims and to defeat claims adverse to current water uses in legal proceedings. Although we believe that our operations currently have sufficient water rights and claims to cover operating demands, we cannot predict the potential outcome of future legal proceedings relating to water rights, claims and uses. Water shortages may also result from weather or environmental and climate impacts out of our control. Shortages in water supply could result in production and processing interruptions. In addition, the scarcity of water in certain regions could result in increased costs to obtain sufficient quantities of water to conduct our operations. The loss of some or all water rights, in whole or in part, or ongoing shortages of water to which we have rights or significantly higher costs to obtain sufficient quantities of water (or the failure to procure sufficient quantities of water) could result in our inability to maintain mineral extraction at current or expected levels, require us to curtail or shut down mining operations and prevent us from pursuing expansion or any development opportunities. Laws and regulations may be introduced in some jurisdictions in which we operate which could also limit access to sufficient water resources, thus adversely affecting our operations.

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Processing activities at the Velardeña Properties require significant amounts of water. At the Velardeña Properties, our ability to have sufficient water is dependent on our ability to maintain our water rights and claims. Water is provided for all of the mines comprising our Velardeña Properties by wells located in the valley adjacent to the Velardeña Properties. We hold title to three wells located near the sulfide plant and hold certificates of registration to three wells located near the oxide plant. We are licensed to pump water from all six wells up to a permitted amount. We are currently using water from the three wells associated with the oxide plant and from two of the three wells associated with the sulfide plant. We are required to make annual payments to the Mexican government to maintain our rights to these wells. We are required to pay a fine to the Mexican Government each year if we use too much water from a particular well or alternatively if we do not use a minimum amount of water from a particular well. In addition to these fines, the Mexican Government reserves the right to cancel our title to the wells for abuse of these rules.

We believe we currently have a sufficient amount of water for our expected processing activities at the plant. However, if we began processing material through both the sulfide and oxide plants in the future, we may face shortages in our water supply, and therefore will need to obtain water from outside sources at higher costs. The loss of some or all water rights for any of our wells, in whole or in part, or shortages of water to which we have rights would require us to seek water from outside sources at higher costs and could require us to curtail or shut down mining and processing in the

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future. Laws and regulations may be introduced in the future which could limit our access to sufficient water resources in mining activities, thus adversely affecting our business.

The nature of mineral exploration, mining, and processing activities involves significant hazards, a high degree of risk, and the possibility of uninsured losses.

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Exploration for and the production of minerals is highly speculative and involves greater risk than many other businesses. Many exploration programs do not result in the discovery of mineralization, and any mineralization discovered may not be of sufficient quantity or quality to be profitably mined. While we are not currently conducting mining operations at the Velardeña Properties, we are evaluating a potential restart of mineral extraction. Because the Velardeña mines are underground, potential mining activities, as well as the conduct of our exploration programs that frequently require rehabilitation of and drilling in underground mine workings, are subject to numerous risks and hazards inherent in underground mines. Our operations are, and any future mining operations or construction we may conduct will be, subject to all of the operating hazards and risks normally incident to exploring for and mining of mineral properties, such as, but not limited to:

These occurrences could result in damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties or processing facilities, equipment, personal injury or death, environmental damage, reduced extraction and processing and delays in mining, asset write-downs, monetary losses and possible legal liability. Although we maintain insurance against risks inherent in the conducting of our business in amounts that we consider reasonable, this insurance contains exclusions and limitations on coverage, and will not cover all potential risks associated with mining and exploration activities, and related liabilities might exceed policy limits. As a result of any or all of the forgoing, we could incur significant liabilities and costs that may exceed the limits of our insurance coverage or that we may elect not to insure against because of premium costs or other reasons, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We may also not be insured against all interruptions to our operations. Losses from these or other events may cause us to incur significant costs which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to fund activities on our properties. A significant loss could force us to reduce or suspend our operations and development.

Risks related to our Exploration Activities

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Our properties are in the exploration stage.

Our exploration properties may not contain mineral reserves.

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We have not established that our properties contain any mineral reserve, nor can there be any assurance that we will be able to do so. A mineral reserve is defined by the SEC in Regulation S-K 1300 as that part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. The probability of an individual prospect ever having a “reserve” that meets the requirements of Regulation S-K 1300 is extremely remote; in all probability our mineral properties do not contain any “reserves” and any funds that we spend on exploration could be lost. Even if we do eventually discover mineral reserves on our properties, there can be no assurance that they can be developed into producing mines and we can extract those minerals. Both mineral exploration and development involve a high degree of risk and few mineral properties which are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines.

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Our mineral resource estimates are inherently imprecise.

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We have released estimates of mineral resources at the Rodeo project and the Velardeña Properties. Mineral resource figures based on estimates made by geologists are inherently imprecise and depend on geological interpretation and statistical inferences drawn from drilling and sampling that may prove to be unreliable or inaccurate. We cannot assure you that these estimates are accurate, and even if the estimates are accurate, the economic viability of the Velardeña project may not justify exploitation, or in the case of Rodeo mine, the estimates may not accurately reflect the future revenue we receive from mineral extraction.

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The exploration of our mineral properties is highly speculative in nature, involves substantial expenditures and is frequently non-productive.

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Mineral exploration is highly speculative in nature and frequently results in no or very little return on amounts invested to evaluate a particular property. Substantial expenditures are required to (i) establish the existence of a potential ore body through drilling and metallurgical and other testing techniques; (ii) determine metal content and metallurgical recovery processes to process metal from the ore; (iii) determine the feasibility of mine development and mineral extraction; and (iv) construct, renovate or expand mining and processing facilities. If we discover a deposit or ore at a property, it usually takes several years from the initial phases of exploration until mineral extraction is possible, if at all. During this time, the economic feasibility of a project may change because of increased costs, lower metal prices or other factors. As a result of these uncertainties, our exploration programs may not result in the identification of proven and probable mineral reserves in sufficient quantities to justify developing a particular property.

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We may acquire additional mining properties and our business may be negatively impacted if reserves are not located on acquired properties or if we are unable to successfully execute and/or integrate the acquisitions.

We have in the past, and may in the future, acquire additional mining properties. There can be no assurance that reserves will be identified on any properties that we acquire. We may experience negative reactions from the financial markets if we complete acquisitions of additional properties and reserves are not located on acquired properties. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete any acquisitions successfully, or that any acquisition will achieve anticipated synergies or other positive results. Any material problems that we encounter in connection with such an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. These factors may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock

We may not mine the Velardeña Properties again.

In mid-November 2015, we shut down the mines and sulfide processing plant at our Velardeña Properties and placed them on care and maintenance. Commencing mining again is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including: whether we are able to create a mine plan or gold recovery improvements that can achieve sustainable cash positive results

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at current and future metals prices; unexpected events, including difficulties in maintaining the properties on a care and maintenance basis, potential sabotage or damage to the assets related to the suspension of mining, and variations in ore grade and relative amounts, grades and metallurgical characteristics of oxide and sulfide ores; whether gold and silver prices will achieve or remain at sufficiently high levels to permit us to achieve sustainable cash positive results; whether actual holding and care and maintenance costs exceed current estimates or whether unanticipated costs arise; whether we are able to retain sufficient numbers of skilled mining and management personnel and otherwise maintain satisfactory relations with the unionized workforce on site; and our ability to obtain additional funding for general and administrative costs and other working capital needs to fund our continuing business activities as currently conducted and possibly for a potential restart of our Velardeña Properties. Based on these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurance that we will restart mining activities at the Velardeña Properties.

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Regulatory Risks

Our operations are subject to ongoing permitting requirements which could result in the delay, suspension or termination of our operations.

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Our operations, including our ongoing exploration drilling programs and mining, require ongoing permits from governmental and local authorities. Future mining and current processing at our Rodeo and Velardeña properties and the continued evaluation of the El Quevar project and other exploration activities will require additional permits from various governmental authorities. We may also be required to obtain certain property rights to access or use our properties. Obtaining or renewing licenses and permits, and acquiring property rights, can be complex and time-consuming processes. There can be no assurance that we will be able to acquire all required licenses, permits or property rights on reasonable terms or in a timely manner, or at all, and that such terms will not be adversely changed, that required extensions will be granted, or that the issuance of such licenses, permits or property rights will not be challenged by third parties. If we cannot obtain or maintain the necessary permits or if there is a delay in receiving future permits, our timetable and business plan will be adversely affected and may prevent or make future mining and processing at our Rodeo or Velardeña properties and other continued processing activities economically unfeasible.

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Our exploration activities are in countries with developing economies and are subject to the risks of political and economic instability associated with these countries.

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We currently conduct exploration activities almost exclusively in countries with developing economies, including Argentina and Mexico. These countries and other emerging markets in which we may conduct business have from time to time experienced economic or political instability. We may be materially adversely affected by risks associated with conducting exploration activities in countries with developing economies, including:

properties, mines and mining activities, and inconsistent or arbitrary application of such legal

requirements;

or Argentina;

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Changes in mining or investment policies or shifts in the prevailing political climate in any of the countries in which we conduct exploration activities could adversely affect our business.

Our El Quevar exploration property is located in Argentina and is subject to various levels of political, economic, legal, social and other risks.

Our El Quevar exploration property is located in Argentina and, as such, is exposed to various levels of political, economic, legal, social and other risks and uncertainties, including high interest rates; abrupt changes in currency values; high levels of inflation; stability and competitiveness of the Argentine peso against foreign currencies; wage and price controls; regulations to import equipment and other necessities relevant for operations; changes in governmental economic (including export duties and import regulations) or tax policies; and political and social tensions.

The Argentine economy has experienced significant volatility in recent decades, characterized by periods of low or negative gross domestic product growth, high and variable levels of inflation and currency depreciation and devaluation. Financial and securities markets in Argentina, and the Argentine economy, are influenced by economic and market conditions in other markets worldwide. The Argentine government has often changed monetary, taxation, credit, tariff and other policies to influence the course of Argentina’s economy, and taken other actions which do, or may be perceived to weaken the nation’s economy especially as it relates to foreign investors and the overall investment climate.

The Argentine government has not only historically exercised significant influence over the country’s economy, but the country’s legal and regulatory frameworks have at times suffered radical changes due to political influence and significant political uncertainties as well. For example, in April 2014, there were nationwide strikes that paralyzed the Argentine economy, shutting down air, train and bus traffic, closing businesses and ports, emptying classrooms, shutting down non-emergency hospital attention and leaving trash uncollected. This is consistent with past periods of significant economic unrest and social and political turmoil. Future government policies to preempt, or in response to, social unrest may include expropriation, nationalization, forced renegotiation or modification of existing contracts, suspension of the enforcement of creditors’ rights, new taxation policies, including royalty and tax increases and retroactive tax claims, and changes in laws and policies affecting foreign trade and investment. Such policies could destabilize the country and adversely and materially affect the economy, and thereby our business.

Most of our properties are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations which could materially adversely affect our business.

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Our exploration, mining, and processing operations are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing land use and the protection of the environment which control the exploration and mining of mineral properties and their effects on the environment, including air and water quality, mine reclamation, waste generation, handling and disposal, the protection of different species of flora and fauna and the preservation of lands. These laws and regulations require us to acquire permits and other authorizations for conducting certain activities. In many countries, there is relatively new comprehensive environmental legislation, and the permitting and the authorization processes may not be established or predictable. We may not be able to acquire necessary permits or authorizations on a timely basis, if at all. Delays in acquiring any permit or authorization could increase the cost of our projects and could suspend or delay the commencement of extraction and processing of mineralized material.

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Our Rodeo and Velardeña properties are subject to regulation by SEMARNAT, the environmental protection agency of Mexico. In order to permit new facilities at or expand existing facilities, regulations require that an environmental impact statement, known in Mexico as a Manifestación de Impacto Ambiental (the “Manifestación”), be prepared by a third-party contractor for submission to SEMARNAT. Studies required to support the Manifestación include a detailed analysis of soil, water, vegetation, wildlife, cultural resources and socio-economic impacts. The Manifestación is then

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published on SEMARNAT’s web page and in its official gazette in a national and local newspaper. The Manifestación is discussed at various open hearings, including hearings in the local communities, at which third parties may voice their views. We would be required to provide proof of local community support of the Manifestación as a condition to final approval. We may not be able to obtain community support of future projects.

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Environmental legislation in Mexico and in many other countries is evolving in a manner which will likely require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. Future changes in environmental regulation in the jurisdictions where our Rodeo and Velardeña properties are located may adversely affect our business, make our business prohibitively expensive, or prohibit it altogether. We cannot predict what environmental legislation or regulations will be enacted or adopted in the future or how future laws and regulations will be administered or interpreted. Compliance with more stringent laws and regulations, as well as potentially more vigorous enforcement policies or regulatory agencies or stricter interpretation of existing laws, may (i) necessitate significant capital outlays, (ii) cause us to delay, terminate or otherwise change our intended activities with respect to one or more projects, or (iii) materially adversely affect our future exploration activities.

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Many of our properties are located in areas of prior mining activity and we may encounter legacy environmental damage.

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The Velardeña Properties and many of our exploration properties are located in historic mining districts where prior owners, including ECU in the case of the Velardeña Properties, may have caused environmental damage that may not be known to us or to applicable regulators. At the Velardeña Properties and in most other cases, we have not conducted comprehensive environmental analyses of our mineral properties. Insurance fully covering many environmental risks (including potential liability for pollution or other hazards as a result of disposal of waste products occurring from exploration and mining) is not generally available. To the extent environmental hazards may exist on the properties in which we currently hold interests, or may hold interests in the future, that are unknown to us at present and that have been caused by us, or previous owners or operators, or that may have occurred naturally, and to the extent we are subject to environmental requirements or liabilities, the cost of compliance with these requirements and satisfaction of these liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to fully fund the cost of remediation of any environmental condition, we may be required to suspend activities or enter into interim compliance measures pending completion of the required remediation.

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Climate change and climate change legislation or regulations could impact our business.

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We are subject to physical risks associated with climate change which could seriously harm our results of operations and increase our costs and expenses. The occurrence of severe adverse weather conditions, including increased temperatures and droughts, fires, longer wet or dry seasons, increased precipitation, floods, hail, snow, or more severe storms, may have a potentially devastating impact on our operations. Adverse weather may result in physical damage to our operations, instability of our infrastructure and equipment, washed-out roads to our projects, and alter the supply of water and electricity to our properties, mining sites, and oxide plant. Increased temperatures may also decrease worker productivity at our projects and raise cooling costs. Should the impacts of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time in the areas in which we operate, our financial condition or results of operations would be adversely affected.

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Changes in the quantity of water, whether in excess or deficient amounts, may impact exploration and development activities, mining and processing operations, water storage and treatment facilities, tailings storage facilities, closure and reclamation efforts, and may increase levels of dust in dry conditions and land erosion and slope stability in case of prolonged wet conditions. Increased precipitation, extreme rainfall events or increased snowfall may potentially impact tailings storage facilities through flooding of the water management infrastructure, exceeding surface water runoff network capacity, overtopping the facility, or undermining the slope stability of the structure. Increased amounts of water may also result in extended periods of mine pit flooding, maintenance and storage facilities; or may exceed current water

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treatment facility capacity to store and treat water physical conditions resulting in an unintended overflow either on or off of the mine site property.

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U.S. and international legislative and regulatory action intended to ensure the protection of the environment are constantly changing and evolving in a manner expected to result in stricter standards and enforcement, larger fines and liability, and potentially increased capital expenditures and operating costs. Transitioning our business to meet regulatory, societal and investor expectations may cause us to incur lower economic returns than originally estimated for new exploration projects and development plans of existing operations.

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Title to the Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties and our other properties and rights may be defective or may be challenged.

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Our policy is to seek to confirm the validity of our rights to, title to, or contract rights with respect to, each mineral property in which we have a material interest. However, we cannot guarantee that title to our properties will not be challenged. Title insurance is not available for our mineral properties, and our ability to ensure that we have obtained secure rights to individual mineral properties or mining concessions may be severely constrained. Accordingly, the Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties and our other mineral properties may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, transfers or claims, and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. In addition, we may be unable to conduct activities on our properties as permitted or to enforce our rights with respect to our properties, and the title to our mineral properties may also be impacted by state action. We have not conducted surveys of all of the exploration properties in which we hold direct or indirect interests and, therefore, the precise area and location of these exploration properties may be in doubt.

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In most of the countries in which we operate, failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations relating to mineral right applications and tenure could result in loss, reduction or expropriation of entitlements, or the imposition of additional local or foreign parties as joint venture partners. Any such loss, reduction or imposition of partners could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Under the laws of Mexico, mineral resources belong to the state, and government concessions are required to explore for or exploit mineral reserves. Mineral rights derive from concessions granted, on a discretionary basis, by the Ministry of Economy, pursuant to the Mexican mining law and regulations thereunder. We hold title to the Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties and our other properties in Mexico through these government concessions, but there is no assurance that title to the concessions comprising the Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties and other properties will not be challenged or impaired. The Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties and other properties may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, interests or native land claims, and title may be affected by undetected defects. There could be valid challenges to the title of any of the claims comprising the Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties that, if successful, could impair mining with respect to such properties in the future. A defect could result in our losing all or a portion of our right, title, and interest in and to the properties to which the title defect relates.

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Our Rodeo project mining concessions, Velardeña Properties mining concessions and our other mining concessions in Mexico may be terminated if our obligations to maintain the concessions in good standing are not satisfied, including obligations to explore or exploit the relevant concession, to pay any relevant fees, to comply with all environmental and safety standards, to provide information to the Ministry of Economy and to allow inspections by the Ministry of Economy. In addition to termination, failure to make timely concession maintenance payments and otherwise comply strictly with applicable laws, regulations and local practices relating to mineral right applications and tenure could result in reduction or expropriation of entitlements. Additionally, in 2014, new mining concessions became subject to additional review and approval by the Mexico Ministry of Energy, and in recent years the federal government has been reluctant to issue new mining concessions at all.

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Mining concessions in Mexico give exclusive exploration and exploitation rights to the minerals located in the concessions but do not include surface rights to the real property, which requires that we negotiate the necessary

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agreements with surface landowners. Many of our mining properties are subject to the Mexican ejido system requiring us to contract with the local communities surrounding the properties in order to obtain surface rights to land needed in connection with our mining exploration activities. In connection with our Velardeña Properties, we have contracts with two ejidos to secure surface rights with a total annual cost of approximately $25,000. The first contract is a ten-year contract with the Velardeña ejido, which provides surface rights to certain roads and other infrastructure at the Velardeña Properties through 2021. The second contract is a 25-year contract with the Vista Hermosa ejido signed in March 2013, which provides exploration access and access rights for roads and utilities for our Velardeña Properties. Similar to our Velardeña Properties, the Rodeo project is subject to the Mexican ejido system. We believe, although we cannot be certain, that our agreement with the local ejidos to allow access to the property will be sufficient to conduct our proposed mining activities. We also have a separate surface rights agreement in place with a local private landowner that allows us to conduct mining operations on the two concessions that make up the Rodeo Property. Our inability to maintain and periodically renew or expand these surface rights on favorable terms or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

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Most of our mining properties, including our Rodeo and Velardeña properties, are located in Mexico and are subject to various levels of political, economic, legal, social and other risks.

Our Rodeo and Velardeña properties are located in Mexico, and, as such, are exposed to various levels of political, economic, legal and other risks and uncertainties, including local acts of violence, such as violence from drug cartels; military repression; extreme fluctuations in currency exchange rates; high rates of inflation; labor unrest; the risks of war or civil unrest; expropriation and nationalization; renegotiation or nullification of existing concessions, licenses, permits and contracts; illegal mining; acts of political corruption; changes in taxation policies; restrictions on foreign exchange and repatriation; and changing political conditions, currency controls and governmental regulations that favor or require the awarding of contracts to local contractors or require foreign contractors to employ citizens of, or purchase supplies from, a particular jurisdiction.

In the past, Mexico has been subject to political instability, changes and uncertainties, which have resulted in changes to existing governmental regulations affecting mineral exploration and mining activities. Mexico’s status as a developing country may make it more difficult for us to obtain any required funding for our Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties or other projects in Mexico in the future.

Our Mexican properties are subject to a variety of governmental regulations governing health and worker safety, employment standards, waste disposal, protection of historic and archaeological sites, mine development, protection of endangered and protected species, purchase, storage and use of explosives and other matters. Specifically, our activities related to the Rodeo and Velardeña properties are subject to regulation by SEMARNAT, the Comisión Nacional del Agua, which regulates water rights, and Mexican mining laws. Mexican regulators have broad authority to shut down and levy fines against facilities that do not comply with regulations or standards.

Our Rodeo and Velardeña properties and mineral exploration activities in Mexico may be adversely affected in varying degrees by changing government regulations relating to the mining industry or shifts in political conditions that increase the costs related to our mining and exploration activities or the maintenance of our properties.

Changes, if any, in mining or investment policies, changes or increases in the legal rights of indigenous populations or in the difficulty or expense of obtaining rights from them that are necessary for our Rodeo or Velardeña properties or shifts in political attitude may adversely affect our business and financial condition. Our mining and exploration activities may be affected in varying degrees by government regulations with respect to restrictions on extraction, price controls, export controls, currency remittance, income and other taxes, expropriation of property, foreign investment, maintenance of claims, environmental legislation, land use, land claims of local people, water use and mine safety. Restart of mining or use of both the oxide and sulfide plant may also require us to assure the availability of adequate supplies of water and power, which could be affected by government policy and competing businesses in the area. The

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occurrence of these various factors and uncertainties cannot be accurately predicted and could have an adverse effect on our mining and exploration activities and financial condition.

Future changes in applicable laws and regulations or changes in their enforcement or regulatory interpretation could negatively impact current or planned exploration or mining activities at our Rodeo or Velardeña properties or in respect of any of our other projects in Mexico or projects with which we become involved in Mexico. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, even if inadvertent, could result in the interruption of mining and exploration or material fines, penalties or other liabilities.

Our ability to develop our Mexican properties is subject to the rights of the Ejido (agrarian cooperatives) who use or own the surface for agricultural purposes.

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Our ability to mine minerals is subject to maintaining satisfactory arrangements and relationships with the Ejido for access and surface disturbances. Ejidos are groups of local inhabitants who were granted rights to conduct agricultural activities on the property. We must negotiate and maintain a satisfactory arrangement with these residents in order to disturb or discontinue their rights to farm.

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In connection with our Velardeña Properties, we have contracts with two ejidos to secure surface rights with a total annual cost of approximately $25,000. The first contract is a ten-year contract with the Velardeña ejido, which provides surface rights to certain roads and other infrastructure at the Velardeña Properties through 2021and is currently being renewed for an additional 10-year period.  The second contract is a 25-year contract with the Vista Hermosa ejido signed in March 2013, which provides exploration access and access rights for roads and utilities for our Velardeña Properties. Similar to our Velardeña Properties, the Rodeo project is subject to the Mexican ejido system. We also have a separate surface rights agreement in place with a local private landowner that allows us to conduct mining operations on the two concessions that make up the Rodeo Property. Our inability to maintain and periodically renew or expand these surface rights on favorable terms or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

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Most of our costs are subject to exchange control policies, the effects of inflation, and currency fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and the Mexican peso.

Our revenue and external funding are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. However, certain mining, processing, maintenance and exploration costs at the Rodeo and Velardeña properties and most of our exploration properties are denominated in Mexican pesos. These costs principally include electricity, labor, water, maintenance, local contractors and fuel. The appreciation of the peso against the U.S. dollar increases expenses and the cost of purchasing capital assets in U.S. dollar terms in Mexico, which can adversely impact our operating results and cash flows. Conversely, depreciation of the Mexican peso decreases operating costs and capital asset purchases in U.S. dollar terms. When inflation in Mexico increases without a corresponding devaluation of the Mexican peso, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. The annual average inflation rate in Mexico was approximately 7.3% in 2021, 3.2% in 2020, and 3.6% in 2019. At the same time, the peso has been subject to fluctuation, which may not have been proportionate to the inflation rate and may not be proportionate to the inflation rate in the future. The value of the peso decreased by 2.6% in 2021, decreased by 4.7% in 2020, and increased by 3.6% in 2019. In addition, fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a significant impact on our financial results. There can be no assurance that the Mexican government will maintain its current policies with regard to the peso or that the peso's value will not fluctuate significantly in the future. We cannot assure you that currency fluctuations, inflation and exchange control policies will not have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, earnings and cash flows.

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Lack of infrastructure could forestall or prevent further exploration and advancement.

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Exploration activities, as well as any advancement activities, depend on adequate infrastructure. Reliable roads, bridges, power sources and water supply are important factors that affect capital and operating costs and the feasibility and economic viability of a project. Unanticipated or higher than expected costs and unusual or infrequent weather phenomena,

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or government or other interference in the maintenance or provision of such infrastructure, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks related to our Common Stock

One of our stockholders owns a significant percentage of our common stock and could block decisions or transactions that could be beneficial to other stockholders.

 One of our stockholders, The Sentient Group, through the Sentient executive funds (“Sentient”), owns approximately 23% of our outstanding common stock. With this level of ownership, Sentient could exert significant control over us, including over the election of directors, changes in the size or the composition of the board of directors, and mergers and other business combinations involving us. Through greater control of the board of directors and increased voting power, including the potential to prevent a quorum at stockholders meetings, Sentient could control certain decisions, including decisions regarding qualification and appointment of officers, operations of the business including acquisition or disposition of our assets or purchases and sales of mining or exploration properties, dividend policy, and access to capital (including borrowing from third-party lenders and the issuance of equity or debt securities). Sentient’s large share ownership will also make it difficult, if not impossible, for us to enter into a change of control transaction that may otherwise be beneficial for our other shareholders.

The existence of a significant number of warrants may have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock.

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As of December 31, 2021, we had 10.8 million warrants outstanding with a weighted average exercise price per share of $0.35. The existence of securities available for exercise and resale is referred to as an “overhang,” and, particularly if the warrants are "in the money," the anticipation of potential sales could exert downward pressure on the market price of our common stock.

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Failure to meet the maintenance criteria of the NYSE American may result in the delisting of our common stock, which could result in lower trading volumes and liquidity, lower prices of our common shares and make it more difficult for us to raise capital.

Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE American. In order to maintain that listing, we must meet certain requirements, including g maintaining a minimum amount of shareholders’ equity and a minimum number of public shareholders. In addition to objective standards, the NYSE American may delist the securities of any issuer if, in its opinion, the issuer’s financial condition and/or operating results appear unsatisfactory; if it appears that the extent of public distribution or the aggregate market value of the security has become so reduced as to make continued listing on the NYSE American inadvisable; if the issuer sells or disposes of principal operating assets or ceases to be an operating company; if an issuer fails to comply with the NYSE American’s listing requirements; if an issuer’s common stock sells at what the NYSE American considers a “low selling price” and the issuer fails to correct this via a reverse split of shares after notification by the NYSE American; or if any other event occurs or any condition exists which makes continued listing on the NYSE American, in its opinion, inadvisable.

On August 19, 2019, we received written notification (the “Notice”) from the NYSE American that were not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide (the “Company Guide”). We are required to report a stockholders’ equity of $6.0 million or more if we have reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in its five most recent fiscal years. The Notice noted that we reported a stockholders’ equity of $4,380,000 as of June 30, 2019 and losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in each of its five most recent fiscal years ended December 31, 2018. As a result, we became subject to the procedures and requirements of Section 1009 of the Company Guide and were required to submit a plan of compliance by September 18, 2019 to the NYSE American addressing how we intended to regain compliance with Section 1003(a)(iii) of the Company Guide by February 19, 2021.  On January 14,

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2021, we received notice from the NYSE American that we had resolved the continued listing deficiency with respect to Section 1003(a)(iii) of the Company Guide and had regained compliance with all of the NYSE American continued listing requirements.

If we are unable to remain in compliance with the NYSE American continued listing requirements, our common stock may be suspended from trading on and/or delisted from the NYSE American. Although we have not been notified of any delisting proceedings, there is no assurance that we will not receive such notice in the future or that we will be able to then comply with NYSE American listing standards. If the NYSE American delists our common stock, investors may face material adverse consequences, including, but not limited to, a lack of trading market for our securities, reduced liquidity, decreased analyst coverage of our securities, and an inability for us to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. In particular, if we are delisted from the NYSE American, we will be unable to sell our common stock pursuant to the ATM Program.

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If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer could find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock in the secondary market.

If our common stock were removed from listing on the NYSE American, it may be subject to the so-called “penny stock” rules. The SEC has adopted regulations that define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price per share of less than $5.00, subject to certain exceptions, such as any securities listed on a national securities exchange. For any transaction involving a “penny stock,” unless exempt, the rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers, subject to certain exceptions. If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock on the secondary market. These factors could significantly negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital.

General Risks

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Our operations may be further disrupted, and our financial results may be adversely affected by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

The novel strain of coronavirus known as COVID-19, which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, poses a risk to our business and operations. If a significant portion of our workforce becomes unable to work or travel to our operations due to illness or state or federal government restrictions (including travel restrictions and “shelter-in-place” and similar orders restricting certain activities that may be issued or extended by authorities), we may be forced to reduce or suspend exploration activities and/or development projects which may impact liquidity and financial results. These restrictions have significantly disrupted economic activity in the world, national and local economies and have caused volatility in capital markets. For example, in compliance with a directive of the Mexican Federal Government to suspend all non-essential activities, including mining, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we suspended processing activities at the Velardeña Properties in the State of Durango, Mexico, during portions of April and May 2020. If the Mexican Federal Government were to resuspend non-essential activities, including mining, this may significantly lower the revenue we expect to receive from production at our Rodeo Property. The various government restrictions arising due to the virus have curtailed the travel of our executives, which might adversely affect our operations on a long-term basis. The effects of the continued outbreak of COVID-19 and related government responses have caused and could continue to cause disruptions to supply chains and capital markets, reduced labor availability and productivity and a prolonged reduction in economic activity. These effects could have a variety of adverse impacts on us, including reduced demand for our products, impairment of goodwill or long-lived assets and impairment of our ability to develop and construct new mines and operate existing projects and to access funds from financial institutions and capital markets. In particular, these effects could disrupt or delay mining at our operating projects, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flow and financial condition. Due to circumstances beyond our control, including

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the availability and distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine, we are unable to determine the long-term impact that the COVID-19 outbreak will have on operations.

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and financial results as discussed above, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, such as those relating to our operations, indebtedness and financing. Because of the highly uncertain and dynamic nature of events relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not currently possible to estimate the impact of the pandemic on our business. However, these effects could have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely.

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We may not be able to operate successfully if we are unable to recruit, hire, retain and develop key personnel and a qualified and diverse workforce. In addition, we are dependent upon our employees being able to safely perform their jobs, including the potential for physical injuries or illness.

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We depend upon the services of a number of key executives and management personnel. These individuals include our executive officers and other key employees. If any of these individuals were to die, become disabled or leave our company, we would be forced to identify and retain individuals to replace them. We may be unable to hire a suitable replacement on favorable terms should that become necessary.

Our success is also dependent on the contributions of our highly skilled and experienced workforce. Our ability to achieve our operating goals depends upon our ability to recruit, hire, retain and develop qualified and diverse personnel to execute on our strategy. There continues to be competition over highly skilled personnel in our industry. If we lose key personnel or one or more members of our senior management team, and we fail to develop adequate succession plans, or if we fail to hire, retain and develop qualified and diverse employees, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be harmed. COVID-19 vaccine mandates and other COVID-19 related laws and policies could make hiring and retaining highly skilled key employees more difficult in the future.

Our business is dependent upon our workforce being able to safely perform their jobs, including the potential for physical injuries or illness. If we experience periods where our employees are unable to perform their jobs for any reason, including as a result of illness (such as COVID-19), our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced temporary workforce disruptions and periods where we temporarily placed certain sites in care and maintenance. These events, or if similar events occur in the future, could have a material adverse impact on the business in the future.

We are dependent on information technology systems, which are subject to certain risks, including cybersecurity risks and data leakage risks.

We are dependent upon information technology systems in the conduct of our business. Any significant breakdown, invasion, virus, cyber attack, security breach, destruction or interruption of these systems by employees, others with authorized access to our systems, or unauthorized persons could negatively impact our business. To the extent any invasion, cyber attack or security breach results in disruption to our business, loss or disclosure of, or damage to, our data or confidential information, our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Our systems and insurance coverage for protecting against cyber security risks may not be sufficient. Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber attacks, we may suffer such losses in the future. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures. We also may be subject to significant litigation, regulatory investigation and remediation costs associated with any information security vulnerabilities, cyber attacks or security breaches.

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ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

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None.

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ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

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During April 2021, the Company became aware of a lawsuit in Mexico against one of the Company’s Mexican subsidiaries, Minera William, S.A. de C.V. (“Minera William”).  The plaintiff in the matter is Unifin Financiera, S.A.B de C.V. (“Unifin”).  The lawsuit was assigned to the Fifth Specialized Commercial District Court.  Although the Company has knowledge of the existence and content of the lawsuit filed by Unifin, the Court has not officially served Minera William with the complaint as of the date of this report.  Unifin is alleging that a representative of Minera William signed certain documents in July 2011 purporting to bind Minera William as a guarantor of payment obligations owed by a third party to Unifin in connection with that third party’s acquisition of certain drilling equipment.  At the time the documentation was allegedly signed, Minera Williams was a subsidiary of ECU Silver Mining prior to the Company’s acquisition of ECU in September 2011.  As a preemptive measure, Unifin has obtained a preliminary court order freezing Minera William’s bank accounts in Mexico, which has limited the Company’s and Minera William’s ability to access approximately US$153,000 according to current currency exchange rates.  Notwithstanding this action, the restrictions imposed on Minera Williams’ bank accounts do not impact the Company’s ability to operate the Rodeo mine, which is held through a different Mexico subsidiary, or continue with the Company’s evaluation plans for a potential Velardeña mine restart or move forward with any of the Company’s other exploration programs in Mexico.  Unifin is seeking recovery for as much as US$12.5 million.  The Company believes there is no basis for this claim and will defend itself if and when the Company is formally served with notice of the lawsuit.  As such, the Company has not accrued an amount for this matter in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets or Statements of Operations as of December 31, 2021.

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ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

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Not applicable.

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ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

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Our common stock began trading on the NYSE American under the symbol “AUMN” on March 19, 2010. Our common stock is also listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also referred to as the “TSX”, and trades under the symbol “AUMN”.

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As of March 21, 2022, we had 156 record holders of our common stock of record based upon the stockholders list provided by our transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company, N.A.

Dividends

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We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all future earnings, if any, to fund the growth of our business.

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ITEM 6: RESERVED

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ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes beginning on page F-1 in this annual report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual

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results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K.

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Our Company

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We were incorporated in Delaware under the Delaware General Corporation Law in March 2009 and are the successor to Apex Silver Mines Limited for purposes of reporting under the Exchange Act. During the year ended December 31, 2021, our principal source of revenue was from the sale of gold and silver from our Rodeo Property in Durango, Mexico. We incurred net operating losses for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

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We remain focused on mining operations at the Rodeo Property as well as the completion of further studies of a restart plan for Velardeña including the use of bio-oxidation to improve the payable gold recovery.  We also continue to evaluate and search for mining opportunities in North America (including Mexico) with near-term prospects of mining, and particularly for properties within reasonable haulage distances of our Velardeña Properties. We are also focused on advancing our El Quevar exploration property in Argentina through the Earn-In Agreement with Barrick and on advancing selected properties in our portfolio of exploration properties, located in Mexico, Nevada and Argentina. We are reviewing strategic opportunities, focusing primarily on development or operating properties in North America, including Mexico.

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2021 Highlights

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Rodeo Property

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We began mining activities at the Rodeo Property, using a contract miner, in December 2020. We began hauling the mined material, also using a contractor, for processing at our Velardeña oxide plant beginning in January 2021.  We provide the overall mine management and engineering, which includes in-pit technicians who determine whether material is suitable for process or placement on the waste dump.  We also employ and supervise the workforce responsible for processing activities at our oxide plant.  Our assay lab, located in Velardeña, Durango, Mexico is used for the project’s assaying requirements.  We poured our first doré bar at the end of January 2021 and completed our first shipment of doré to a refinery located in the United States in March 2021.  

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We installed a new regrind mill circuit at the plant specifically designed to process the harder mined material coming from the Rodeo Property, which was completed in April at a total cost of approximately $1.2 million.  The new circuit, which was fully operational at the end of April, allowed us to increase daily throughput of Rodeo material in the oxide plant to at least 500 tonnes per day.  Mill throughput averaged 532 tonnes per day in third quarter 2021 and 468 tonnes per day in fourth quarter 2021.  At approximately 500 tonnes per day, the current life of the Rodeo mine is estimated to run into the third quarter of 2023, based on our current estimate of remaining mineral resources.

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Assays from processing at the oxide plant indicate the doré extracted to date are generally comprised of approximately 20 to 30 percent gold and 65 to 80 percent silver and are of a quality that is readily marketable and saleable to refineries located either in the U.S., Mexico or internationally, consistent with standard commercial terms.  We entered into a refining agreement with a third party located in the U.S. in February 2021 and have completed 37 shipments of doré as of March 9, 2022.

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The table below sets forth the key processing and sales statistics for the Rodeo operation for the year ended December 31, 2021.  Payable gold and silver produced in doré include final settlement adjustments for all doré produced through December 31, 2021:

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The following table highlights additional non-GAAP cost and revenue statistics related to the Rodeo operations:

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Tonnes processed in the oxide plant for the full year 2021 were approximately 149,000, with grades for gold and silver averaging 4.2 and 12.1 grams per tonne, respectively, which is above the remaining life of mine average resource grades of approximately 2.9 and 11.7 grams per tonne for gold and silver, respectively, as depicted in the 2022 PEA.  Payable extraction for the full year was approximately 14,400 ounces of gold and 59,900 ounces of silver, which exceeded initial guidance for the full year 2021 of 12,000 to 14,000 ounces of gold and 25,000 to 30,000 ounces of silver.  Plant recovery for gold was approximately 74.9% for the full year 2021, as compared to projections based on 2022 PEA results of approximately 80%.  Gold recoveries were lower than the PEA for the full year 2021 as we continued to balance the operating performance of the plant between higher throughput and recovery.  We continue to optimize the mill circuit for increased recovery with a focus on a finer grind and additional aeration in the leach tank train.

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Cash costs, net of silver by-product credits, were approximately $937 per payable gold ounce for the full year 2021.  Our average realized prices for 2021 were $1,793 and $24.83 for gold and silver, respectively.  Net operating margin for the full year 2021 from the Rodeo Property (defined as revenue from the sale of metals less the cost of metals sold) was approximately $12.3 million.

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For the full year 2022, we are estimating that we will process 175,000 to 185,000 tonnes in the oxide plant, or approximately 500 tonnes per day, with payable extraction for 2022 of approximately 12,000 to 14,000 ounces of gold and 42,000 to 47,000 ounces of silver. Grades for 2022 are estimated to be approximately 2.9 grams per tonne for gold and 9.4 grams per tonne for silver, lower than grades achieved in 2021, but as anticipated in the PEA mine plan for 2022.  Mill recoveries are expected to continue during 2022 near current rates of approximately 80 percent for both gold and silver. Higher expected total throughput in the oxide plant for the year 2022, as compared to 2021, will help offset the lower gold grades anticipated for 2022 resulting in similar payable gold extraction in 2022 as compared to 2021, but unit costs will be higher in 2022 as a result of higher plant throughput. Cash costs per payable gold ounce, net of silver by-product credits are expected to be approximately $1,100 to $1,200 for the full year 2022.  Using an assumed gold price of $1,800/oz and

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an assumed silver price of $25.00/oz, net operating margin for the full year 2022 from the Rodeo Property (defined as revenue from the sale of metals less the cost of metals sold) is estimated at approximately $7.0 million to $9.0 million.

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The estimates detailed above for 2022 were derived using the actual results of operations achieved during 2021 and a projection of the mine plan, grades, plant throughput, and recoveries for 2022. Actual future results from mining at Rodeo may vary significantly based upon, among other things, unanticipated variations in grade, unexpected challenges associated with our proposed mining plan, volatility in commodity prices, variations in expected recoveries, increases in projected operating costs, working capital or capital costs or interruptions in mining.  See “Risk Factors – Risk Factors related to our Mining and Processing Activities”.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

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Throughout this report, we have provided information prepared or calculated according to U.S. GAAP and have referenced some non-GAAP performance measures which we believe will assist with understanding the performance of our business. Non-GAAP financial measures are intended to provide additional information only and do not have any standard meaning prescribed by generally accepted accounting principles. These measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. These non-GAAP measures are not necessarily indicative of operating profit or cash flow from operations as determined under GAAP.

“Total cash costs, net of by-product credits, per payable gold ounce,” includes all direct and indirect operating cash costs associated with the physical activities that would generate doré products for sale to customers, including mining to gain access to mineral resources, mining of mineral resources and waste, milling, third-party related treatment, refining and transportation costs, on-site administrative costs and royalties. Total cash costs do not include depreciation, depletion, amortization, exploration expenditures, reclamation and remediation costs, sustaining capital, financing costs, income taxes, or corporate general and administrative costs not directly or indirectly related to the Rodeo project. By-product credits include revenues from silver contained in the products sold to customers during the period. “Total cash costs, net of by-product credits”, are divided by the number of payable gold ounces produced by the plant for the period to arrive at “Total cash costs, net of by-product credits, per payable gold ounce.”

“Cost of metals sold”, reported as a separate line item in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, is the most comparable financial measure, calculated in accordance with GAAP, to “Total cash costs, net of by-product credits”.  “Cost of metals sold” includes adjustments for changes in inventory and excludes third-party related treatment and refining costs, which are reported as part of revenue in accordance with GAAP.   The following table presents a reconciliation for the year ended December 31, 2021 between the non-GAAP measure of “Total cash cost, net of by-product credits” to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, “Cost of metals sold”.

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Rodeo Exploration

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In October 2021, we completed an exploration drilling program at Rodeo aimed at expanding the resource.  The program included about 5,648 meters in 82 shallow holes at selected near-surface targets located immediately adjacent to the current pit. In November 2021, we announced the final assay results from the drilling program, which included potentially resource-grade intercepts on the north, south and west sides of the currently planned open pit. The drill program included 47 reverse circulation (RC) holes totaling 3,187 meters and 35 core holes totaling 2,461 meters.  The drill program has modestly extended the life of mine plan for Rodeo through the third quarter of 2023 based on processing material at a cut-off grade of 1.6 g/t Au.  In January 2022 we began a small additional RC drill program (approximately 2,500 m) to finish delineating the mineralized area on the south side of the current pit.  

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Velardeña

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The Velardeña Properties contain two underground mines that were last operated in late 2015, at which point mining activities were suspended when a combination of low metals prices, mining dilution and metallurgical challenges rendered operations unprofitable. We elected to preserve the asset for future use, and since that time we have evaluated and tested various mining methods and processing alternatives that could enable sustainable profitable operations.  

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The recent rise in precious metals prices, the advancement of alternative processing technologies in the industry, and the results of our testing activities prompted us to pursue the preparation of an updated NI 43-101 preliminary economic assessment (PEA) based partly on projected increased gold recoveries from a proposed bio-oxidation circuit to treat gold-bearing pyrite concentrates. In April 2020, we announced positive results from the updated PEA.

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In June 2021 we began limited scale mining activities at our Velardeña underground mine to obtain further bulk samples for use in final optimization of the bio-oxidation plant design and for use in additional flotation separation studies that will indicate how we can best separate the gold-bearing minerals into the pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate that is proposed for processing in the bio-oxidation circuit.  We are also testing mining methods to ensure that we can effectively control mining dilution to obtain the head grades that we expect based on our PEA study.  We expect to have the results of these studies in early 2022.  

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Yoquivo

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In September 2020, we began a 3,400-meter, 15-hole drill program to test the most promising portions of certain veins in the Yoquivo property in Chihuahua, Mexico. We completed the drill program in December 2020 and identified

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four separate vein systems in which surface sampling has returned grades up to 4,050 g/t silver and 27.7 g/t gold from surface. Of substantial interest was the discovery of a new vein parallel to and east of the Pertenencia vein. While the other principal veins have been partially mined from surface to the water table (up to 130 meters) in the case of San Francisco and Pertenencia, and over a much less extensive vertical interval in the case of El Dolar and Esperanza, the new vein is unmined from surface. We began a second phase drill program in October 2021.  The drill program included 3,949 meters comprised of 21 holes exploring the Pertenencia, Esperanza and Dolar vein systems.  In January 2022 we announced assay results from the first five holes of the 21-hole, second phase drill program. The drill program demonstrated the potential for the Pertenencia vein to host significant high-grade mineralization and hit multiple high-grade veins, suggesting there may be additional blind veins to be found on the property.  We recently submitted an application with SEMARNAT for a 50-hole, 10,000 meter drill program, which we plan to commence in 2022 upon receipt of necessary permits.  

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El Quevar

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In April 2020, we entered into the Earn-in Agreement with Barrick, pursuant to which Barrick has acquired an option to earn a 70% interest in the Company’s El Quevar project located in the Salta Province of Argentina (the “Option”).  For a description of the Earn-In Agreement, see “Our Material Mining Properties – El Quevar” in our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.  During the earn-in period, in addition to the exploration spending, Barrick will fund the holding costs of the property, which will qualify as work expenditures. Barrick will reimburse us for expenses related to maintaining the exploration camp, which will initially be run by us under a service agreement, and which will also qualify as work expenditures.  Through December 31, 2021, approximately $0.9 million of expenses incurred by us have been or are expected to be reimbursable under the Earn-in Agreement. As of December 31, 2021, Barrick had met the minimum $1 million in work expenditures required by the Earn-in Agreement.

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Sarita Este / Desierto

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In December 2019 we paid $150,000 to enter into an option agreement with Cascadero Minerals Corporation (“Cascadero”) to acquire a 51% interest in the gold/copper Sarita Este concession, located in the northwest portion of the Province of Salta, Argentina, located near the Taca Taca project owned by First Quantum Minerals.  The option agreement called for us to spend at least $0.3 million in exploration expenditures and complete a 2,000-meter drill program by the end of 2021, another $0.5 million by the end of 2022, and another approximately $1.6 million by 2023 for a total $2.5 million. We have spent approximately $1.4 million since entering into the agreement in December 2019.

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In the fourth quarter of 2021 we completed the first drill program ever conducted at Sarita Este, which involved drilling 10 diamond drill holes totaling 2,518 meters to explore untested epithermal gold-silver and copper porphyry targets. In January 2022 we announced assay results from the drill program, including the potential of an oxidized gold system and a copper porphyry system. We have submitted new permits for trenching and additional drilling that we plan to complete during a 2022 field campaign.

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Results of Operations

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For the results of operations discussed below, we compare the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, to the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Revenue from the sale of metals.  We recorded $25.6 million in revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021, all from the sale of gold and silver bearing doré from the Rodeo Operation in Mexico. We did not record any revenue from doré sales for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Costs of metals sold.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded $13.2 million of costs of metals sold. Because we did not record any revenue from doré sales during the year, we did not record any cost of metals sold during the year ended December 31, 2020.  

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Revenue from oxide plant lease. We recorded revenue of $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from the lease of our Velardeña oxide plant to Hecla in the accompanying financial statements. Hecla terminated the Lease Agreement in accordance with the terms of the Third Amendment one month early, effective November 30, 2020. We did not record any plant lease related income for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Oxide plant lease costs. During the years ended December 31, 2020, we recorded $2.0 million of costs related to the oxide plant lease consisting primarily of reimbursable labor and utility costs which for accounting purposes were also included in revenue from the oxide plant lease. Hecla terminated the Lease Agreement in accordance with the terms of the Third Amendment one month early, effective November 30, 2020.

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Exploration Expense. Our exploration expense, including work at Rodeo, Velardeña and other properties, totaled $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our exploration expense, including work at the Rodeo, Sand Canyon, Yoquivo and other properties, totaled $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.  Exploration expense for both years was incurred primarily in Mexico and includes property holding costs, costs incurred by our local exploration offices, and allocated corporate administrative expenses. The higher exploration expense for 2021 is primarily related to increased exploration at our Velardeña Properties and Rodeo operation in Mexico and Sarita Este property in Argentina during the period.

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Velardeña shutdown and care and maintenance costs. We recorded $1.4 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively, for expenses related to care and maintenance at our Velardeña Properties as the result of the suspension of mining and processing activities in November 2015. The increased costs for 2021 are primarily related to certain increases in employee related benefits.

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El Quevar Project Expense. As discussed above, during April 2020, we entered into the Earn-In Agreement with Barrick, pursuant to which Barrick has acquired an option to earn a 70% interest in the El Quevar project. During the earn in period Barrick has and will continue to reimburse us for certain holding and maintenance costs related to the project. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded an expense of approximately $0.3 million primarily related to holding and evaluation costs for the Yaxtché deposit at the El Quevar project, net of costs reimbursed.  During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded an expense of approximately $0.6 million primarily related to exploration, holding and evaluation costs for the Yaxtché deposit at the El Quevar project, net of costs reimbursed. For both years, additional nominal costs incurred in Argentina and not related to the El Quevar project are included in “Exploration Expense”, discussed above.

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Administrative Expense. Administrative expenses totaled $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Administrative expenses, including costs associated with being a public company, are incurred primarily by our corporate activities in support of the Rodeo project, Velardeña Properties, El Quevar project and our exploration portfolio. The $4.8 million of administrative expenses we incurred during 2021 is comprised of $2.5 million of employee compensation and directors’ fees, $1.2 million of professional fees, and $1.1 million of insurance, rents, travel expenses, utilities and other office costs. The $3.7 million of administrative expenses we incurred during 2020 is comprised of $1.4 million of employee compensation and directors’ fees, $1.3 million of professional fees, and $1.0 million of insurance, rents, travel expenses, utilities and other office costs.

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Stock based compensation. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred expense related to stock-based compensation in the amount of $1.6 million compared to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Stock based compensation varies from period to period depending on the number and timing of shares granted, the type of grant, the market value of the shares on the date of grant and other variables.

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Reclamation and accretion expense. During each of the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, we incurred $0.3 million and $0.2 million of reclamation expense, respectively,  related to the accretion of an asset retirement obligation at the Velardeña Properties.

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Other Operating Income, Net.   We recorded $0.5 million of other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily related to the amortization of deferred income related to the option agreement for the sale of the Santa Maria property, as discussed above. We recorded only a nominal amount of other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2020, consisting primarily of the sale of surplus equipment.

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Depreciation, depletion and amortization. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred depreciation, depletion and amortization expense of $0.6 million compared to $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The lower depreciation recorded during 2021 was the result of various assets becoming fully depreciated during 2021.

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Interest and Other expense, net. We recorded approximately $0.4 million of interest and other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily related to write-off of deferred costs related to the Lincoln Park Capital program. We recorded $0.1 million of interest and other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily related to interest incurred on the repayment of the Autlán advanced payment and the financing of certain insurance premiums.

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Gain (Loss) on Foreign Currency. We recorded a $0.2 million foreign currency gain and a $0.1 million foreign currency loss for the years ended December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. Foreign currency gains and losses are primarily related to the effect of currency fluctuations on monetary assets net of liabilities held by our foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars.

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Income Taxes. We recorded a $462,000 income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $48,000 income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2020.  The increase in income taxes in 2021 is related to the start up of profitable operations at the Rodeo Property during 2021.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

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At December 31, 2021, our aggregate cash and cash equivalents totaled $12.2 million, compared to the $9.7 million in similar assets held at December 31, 2020. The December 31, 2021 balance is due in part from the following expenditures and cash inflows for the year ended December 31, 2021. Expenditures totaled $14.1 million from the following:

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The foregoing expenditures were offset by cash inflows of $16.6 million from the following:

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In addition to the $12.2 million cash balance at December 31, 2021, we expect to receive approximately $7.0 million to $9.0 million in net operating margin from the Rodeo Property (defined as revenue from the sale of metals less the cost of metals sold) during the twelve months ending December 31, 2022, assuming an average gold and silver price during that period of $1,800 and $25.00 oz respectively (our realized prices for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, as shown above, were $1,793 and $24.83 for gold and silver, respectively). Our forecasted cash inflows during the twelve months ending December 31, 2022 also include the anticipated third and final installment of $2.0 million from the sale of the Santa Maria property to Fabled, scheduled to be paid in December 2022, as discussed above, as we believe it is probable this installment will be received based on Fable’s performance to date.

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Our forecasted expenditures during the twelve months ending December 31, 2022, apart from Rodeo cost of metals sold, which is already included in our forecast of net operating margin, and also apart from a positive decision to move forward with the start-up of the Velardeña operation, as discussed above, total approximately $10.2 million as follows:

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Our forecasted cash resources of approximately $21.2 to $23.2 million, which include cash on hand at December 31, 2021, the forecasted net operating margin from the Rodeo Property, and the anticipated third installment of $2.0 million from the sale of the Santa Maria property to Fabled, are greater than our forecasted expenditures of approximately $10.2 million.  The actual amount of cash receipts that we receive during the period from the Rodeo operation may vary significantly from the amounts specified above due to, among other things: (i) unanticipated variations in grade, (ii) unexpected challenges associated with our proposed mining plan, (iii) decreases in commodity prices below those used in calculating the estimates shown above, (iv) variations in expected recoveries, (v) increases in operating costs above those used in calculating the estimates shown above, or (vi) interruptions in mining at Rodeo.  In addition, the actual amount of cash that we receive from the anticipated third installment of $2.0 million from the sale of the Santa Maria property to Fabled is dependent on Fabled’s decision to pay the amount that is due to us under the terms of the Fabled Option Agreement on a timely basis. The actual amount of cash expenditures that we incur during the twelve-month period ending

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December 31, 2022 may vary significantly from the amounts specified above and will depend on a number of factors, including variations in the anticipated care and maintenance costs at the Velardeña Properties or at El Quevar, and costs for continued exploration, project assessment, and advancement of our other exploration properties.  Likewise, if cash expenditures are greater than anticipated or if cash receipts are less than anticipated, we may need to take certain actions to maintain sufficient cash balances over the next twelve months, including additional asset dispositions or raising additional equity capital through sales under the ATM Program or otherwise.

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The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis under which an entity is considered to be able to realize its assets and satisfy its liabilities in the normal course of business.  However, our continuing long-term operations may be dependent upon our ability to continue currently profitable operations and to secure sufficient funding, if needed, to generate future profitable operations.  The underlying value and recoverability of the amounts shown as property, plant and equipment in our condensed consolidated financial statements are dependent on our ability to continue to generate positive cash flows from operations and to continue to fund exploration activities that would lead to additional profitable mining and processing activities or to generate proceeds from the disposition of property, plant and equipment.  There can be no assurance that we will be successful in continuing to generate profitable mining and processing activities or to securing additional funding, if needed, to generate future profitable operations on terms acceptable to us or at all. We believe the cash on hand, anticipated positive net operating margins from the Rodeo operation, the potential use of the ATM Program, and the potential for additional asset dispositions make it probable that we will have sufficient cash to meet our financial obligations and continue our business strategy beyond one year from the filing of our consolidated financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2021.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

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The selection and application of accounting policies is an important process that has developed as our business activities have evolved and as the accounting rules have changed. Accounting rules generally do not involve a selection among alternatives, but involve an implementation and interpretation of existing rules, and the use of judgment, to the specific set of circumstances existing in our business. Discussed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability, revenue or expense being reported.

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Income Recognition

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We record income from farm-out agreements with third parties in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 610 and ASC 606, which generally provides that income be recognized as the Company performs its obligations according to the contract. In most instances, this will result in income being recognized ratably over a period of time relating to the receipt of periodic payments as the Company satisfies its performance obligation.

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Mineral Reserves

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We do not have defined mineral reserves pursuant to Regulation SK subpart 1300 (“S-K 1300”) and all of our mining properties are in the exploration stage. When and if we determine that a mining property has mineral reserves, subsequent development costs will be capitalized to those properties. When we commence extraction at our mining properties, capitalized costs are charged to operations using the units-of-production method. We cannot be certain that any part of the deposits at our properties will ever be confirmed or converted into S-K 1300 compliant reserves.

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Asset Retirement Obligations

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We record asset retirement obligations in accordance with ASC 410, “Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations” (“ASC 410”), which establishes a uniform methodology for accounting for estimated reclamation and abandonment costs. According to ASC 410, the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation (“ARO”) is recognized in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. To the extent that the

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ARO is related to fixed plant and equipment, an offsetting asset retirement cost is capitalized as part of the carrying value of the assets with which it is associated and depreciated over the useful life of the asset.

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Long Lived Assets

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Long lived assets are recorded at cost and per the guidance of ASC 360 we assess the recoverability of our long lived assets, including goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. If the sum of estimated future net cash flows on an undiscounted basis is less than the carrying amount of the related asset, impairment is considered to exist. The related impairment loss is measured by comparing estimated future net cash flows on a discounted basis or by comparing other market indicators to the carrying amount of the asset.

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Functional Currency

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Our revenue and external funding are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. Additionally, substantially all of our significant expenditures are made with reference to U.S. dollars. Accordingly, the Company and its subsidiaries use the U.S. dollar as their functional and reporting currency.

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ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

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Interest Rate Risk

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We invest substantially all of our excess cash with high credit-quality financial institutions or in U.S. government and debt securities rated “investment grade” or better. The rates received on such investments may fluctuate with changes in economic conditions. Based on the average cash, restricted cash, investments and restricted investment balances outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2021, a 1.0% decrease in interest rates would have resulted in a reduction in interest income for the period of less than approximately $0.1 million.

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Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

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Although most of our expenditures are in U.S. dollars, certain purchases of labor, supplies and capital assets are denominated in other currencies. As a result, currency exchange fluctuations may impact the costs of our mining and exploration activities. To reduce this risk, we maintain minimum cash balances in foreign currencies and complete most of our purchases in U.S. dollars.

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Commodity Price Risk

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We are primarily engaged in the exploration and mining of properties containing silver, gold, zinc, lead and other minerals. As a result, decreases in the price of any of these metals have the potential to negatively impact our ability to establish reserves and mine on our properties. For further detail regarding the effect on our expected cash flow from fluctuations in silver and gold prices, see “Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis—Liquidity and Capital Resources” above.

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ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

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The consolidated financial statements and supplementary information filed as part of this Item 8 are listed under Part IV, Item 15, “Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules” and contained in this annual report on Form 10-K at page F-1.

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ITEM 9: CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

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None.

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ITEM 9A: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

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Disclosure Controls and Procedures

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Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2020.

Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective and designed to provide reasonable assurance that (i) information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

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 The management of Golden Minerals, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of our controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on these criteria.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

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There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B: OTHER INFORMATION

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None.

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ITEM 9C: DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

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Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10: DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our employees, including the principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and those of our officers performing similar functions. The full text of our code of ethics can be found on the Corporate Governance page on our website. In the event our Board of Directors approves an amendment to or waiver from any provision of our code of ethics, we will disclose the required information pertaining to such amendment or waiver on our website.

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ITEM 11: EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

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Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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ITEM 12: SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

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Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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ITEM 13: CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

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Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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ITEM 14: PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

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Incorporated by reference from the information in our proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

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PART IV

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ITEM 15: EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

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ITEM 16: FORM 10-K SUMMARY

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Not applicable

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EXHIBITS

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