GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD. - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-33493

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)


Cayman Islands			N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. employer identification no.)
65 Market Street
Suite 1207, Jasmine Court
P.O. Box 31110
Camana Bay
Grand Cayman
Cayman Islands			KY1-1205
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 345-943-4573

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of exchange
Class A ordinary shares	GLRE	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of ‘‘large accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘smaller reporting company’’ and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting Class A ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant at June 30, 2021, was $238,703,667, based on the closing price of the registrant’s Class A ordinary shares reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2021, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Solely for the purpose of this calculation and for no other purpose, the non-affiliates of the registrant are assumed to be all shareholders of the registrant other than (i) directors of the registrant, (ii) executive officers of the registrant who are identified as ‘‘named executives’’ pursuant to Item 11 of this Form 10-K, (iii) any shareholder that beneficially owns 10% or more of the registrant’s common shares and (iv) any shareholder that has one or more of its affiliates on the registrant’s board of directors. Such exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant.


Class A Ordinary Shares, $0.10 par value			27,589,731
Class B Ordinary Shares, $0.10 par value			6,254,715
(Class)			Outstanding at March 4, 2022

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the proxy statement for the registrant’s 2022 annual meeting of shareholders, to be filed subsequently with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, pursuant to Regulation 14A, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, relating to the registrant’s annual general meeting of shareholders scheduled to be held on July 26, 2022 are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I		3
ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	4
	GLOSSARY OF SELECTED REINSURANCE TERMS	18
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	21
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	47
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	47
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	47
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	48
PART II		48
ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS , AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	48
ITEM 6.	[RESERVED]	50
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	50
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	72
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	74
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	74
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	74
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	75
PART III		75
ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	75
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	75
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	75
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	75
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	75
PART IV		76
ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	76
ITEM 16.	10-K SUMMARY	76
EXHIBIT INDEX		77
SIGNATURES		80

Link to Table of Contents

PART I

Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in Management’s Discussion and Analysis, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives, and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “predict,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions subject to risks and uncertainties, which may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. A detailed discussion of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is included in the section entitled “Risk Factors” (refer to Part I, Item 1A) and include but are not limited to:


			●			A.M. Best may downgrade or withdraw either of our ratings;
			●			Our results of operations will likely fluctuate from period to period and may not be indicative of our long-term prospects;
			●			Under our investment management structure, we have limited control over Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”);
			●			SILP may be concentrated in a few large positions, which could result in material valuation movements;
			●			The impact of disruptions to commerce, reduced economic activity, and other consequences of a pandemic, including the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), is unknown;
			●			Competitors with greater resources may make it difficult for us to effectively market our products or offer our products at a profit;
			●			If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be significantly and negatively affected;
			●			We may face risks from future strategic transactions such as acquisitions, dispositions, mergers, or joint ventures;
			●			The effect of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business is uncertain;
			●			The property and casualty reinsurance market may be affected by cyclical trends;
			●			Loss of key executives could adversely impact our ability to implement our business strategy; and
			●			Currency fluctuations could result in exchange rate losses and negatively impact our business.

We caution that the foregoing list of important factors is not intended to be and is not exhaustive. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, and all subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. If one or more risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we projected. Any forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K reflect our current view with respect to future events and are subject to these and other risks, uncertainties, and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth, strategy, and liquidity. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only to the dates on which they were made.

We intend to communicate certain events that we believe may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position, including property and casualty catastrophic events and material losses in our investment portfolio, in a timely manner through a public announcement. Other than as required by the Exchange Act, we do not intend to make public announcements regarding reinsurance or investment events that we do not believe, based on management’s estimates and current information, will have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position.

Link to Table of Contents

Item 1. BUSINESS

Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this annual report on Form 10-K to “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and similar expressions are references to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this annual report to entity names are as set forth in the following table:


Reference			Entity’s legal name
Greenlight Capital Re			Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.
Greenlight Re			Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd.
GRIL			Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company
Verdant			Verdant Holding Company, Ltd.
Greenlight Re UK			Greenlight Re Marketing (UK) Limited

We have included a Glossary of Selected Reinsurance Terms at the end of “Part 1, Item 1. Business” of this Form 10-K.

Company Overview

Greenlight Capital Re is a holding company incorporated in July 2004 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. In August 2004, we raised gross proceeds of $212.2 million from private placements of Greenlight Capital Re’s Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, or, collectively, the ordinary shares. On May 24, 2007, Greenlight Capital Re raised proceeds of $208.3 million, net of underwriting fees, in an initial public offering of Class A ordinary shares, as well as an additional $50.0 million from a private placement of Class B ordinary shares.

We are a global specialty property and casualty reinsurer headquartered in the Cayman Islands, with a reinsurance and investment strategy that we believe differentiates us from our competitors. We conduct our reinsurance operations through two licensed and regulated entities: Greenlight Re, based in the Cayman Islands, and GRIL, based in Dublin, Ireland. Greenlight Re provides multi-line property and casualty reinsurance globally, while GRIL focuses mainly on the European market. Our goal is to build long-term shareholder value by providing risk management products and services to the insurance, reinsurance, and other risk marketplaces. We focus on delivering risk solutions to clients and brokers who value our expertise, analytics, and customer service offerings. In 2018, we launched our Greenlight Re Innovations unit, which supports technology innovators in the (re)insurance market by providing investment, risk capacity, and access to a broad insurance network.

We aim to complement our underwriting results with a non-traditional investment approach to achieve higher rates of return over the long term than reinsurance companies that exclusively employ more traditional investment strategies. Our investment portfolio is managed according to a value-oriented philosophy, in which our investment advisor takes long positions in perceived undervalued securities and short positions in perceived overvalued securities.

From time to time, we make long-term strategic investments in insurance companies and general agents to complement our strategy and strengthen our client relationships. In certain instances, we utilize Verdant to facilitate strategic investments in property and casualty insurers, general agents, and other entities domiciled in the United States.

In 2020, we established a UK marketing Company, Greenlight Re UK, to increase our London market presence. The London market specialty business is now central to our underwriting portfolio, and we believe Greenlight Re UK will facilitate continued growth in this market.

Description of Business

Greenlight Re is licensed and regulated by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (“CIMA”) to write property and casualty reinsurance business as well as long-term business (e.g., life insurance, long term disability, long term care, etc.) To date, we have not written any long-term business. GRIL is licensed and regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland (“CBI”) to write property and casualty reinsurance business. Currently, we have one operating segment: property and casualty reinsurance. Within that segment, we employ a two-pillar strategy:

1. Traditional property and casualty reinsurance

We offer excess of loss and quota share products across a range of classes in the property and casualty market. Our underwriting approach varies by class and type of opportunity:

Link to Table of Contents


			●			Where we have domain-specific expertise and a high level of market access, we may seek to act as the lead underwriter to achieve greater influence in negotiating pricing, terms, and conditions;
			●			Where our expertise is sufficient to evaluate the risk thoroughly, we will generally seek to participate in syndicated placements negotiated and priced by another party that we judge to have market-leading expertise in the class or as a quota share retrocessionaire of a market-leading reinsurer.

2. Risk innovation and strategic partnerships

We seek to develop a range of risk products via strategic partnerships and other methods to access fee income, a stream of underwriting business, and investment upside potential. We refer to this pillar as Greenlight Re Innovations (“Innovations”).

In evaluating Innovations opportunities, we generally ensure that each investment meets at least one of the following criteria:


			●			The value we add to a partnership primarily comes from the application of our risk expertise, not solely capital or reinsurance support;
			●			The partnership approach adds expertise to our company in specific risk areas, technology, product innovation, or other areas;
			●			The partnership approach provides access to a pool of capital, to products, or distribution;
			●			Overall, the partnership approach creates a combined effort that generates a durable strategic or competitive position in one or more markets and increases our opportunities to achieve revenue growth and margin expansion.

Our investment strategy, like our reinsurance strategy, is designed to maximize returns over the long term while minimizing the risk of capital loss. Unlike the investment strategies of many of our traditional competitors, which invest primarily in fixed-income securities either directly or through fixed-fee arrangements with one or more investment managers, our investment strategy is focused primarily on long and short positions, primarily in publicly-traded equity and corporate debt instruments.

We measure our success by long-term growth in book value per share, which we believe is the most comprehensive gauge of our performance. Accordingly, we design our incentive compensation plan to align employee and shareholder interests.

We seek to grow and diversify our underwriting portfolio. Our allocation of risk will vary based on our perception of the opportunities available in each line of business at each point in time. As our focus on certain lines fluctuates based upon market conditions, we may only offer or underwrite a limited number of lines in any given period. We seek to:


●			target markets and lines of business where we believe an appropriate risk/reward profile exists;
●			attract and retain clients with expertise in their respective lines of business;
●			employ strict underwriting discipline; and
●			select reinsurance opportunities with anticipated favorable returns on capital.

Link to Table of Contents

The following table sets forth our gross premiums written by line of business, further broken down by class of business:


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020				2019
	($ in thousands)
Property
Commercial	$	10,853	1.9	%	$	11,190	2.3	%	$	14,165	2.7	%
Motor	29,953		5.3		33,054		6.9		59,402		11.3
Personal	12,141		2.1		14,219		3.0		12,390		2.4
Total Property	52,947		9.4		58,463		12.2		85,957		16.4
Casualty
General Liability	18,037		3.2		4,228		0.9		2,401		0.5
Motor Liability	118,251		20.9		127,379		26.5		233,591		44.6
Professional Liability (1)	316		0.1		204		—		(448)		(0.1)
Workers' Compensation	62,188		11.0		82,189		17.1		50,369		9.6
Multi-line	180,321		31.9		88,237		18.4		76,461		14.6
Total Casualty	379,113		67.1		302,237		63.0		362,374		69.2
Other
Accident & Health	31,612		5.6		56,284		11.7		39,175		7.5
Financial	66,612		11.8		23,231		4.8		23,087		4.4
Marine	10,652		1.9		770		0.2		160		—
Other Specialty	24,457		4.3		38,806		8.1		13,224		2.5
Total Other	133,333		23.6		119,091		24.8		75,646		14.4
	$	565,393	100.0	%	$	479,791	100.0	%	$	523,977	100.0	%

(1) Negative balances reflect premium adjustments and premium returned upon contracts’ termination, novation, or commutation.

The following table sets forth our gross premiums written by the geographic area of the risk insured:


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020				2019
	($ in thousands)
U.S. and Caribbean	$	316,015	55.9	%	$	390,000	81.3	%	$	435,458	83.1	%
Worldwide (1)	240,285		42.5		84,204		17.5		84,728		16.2
Europe (2)	4,484		0.8		—		—		(13)		—
Asia	4,609		0.8		5,587		1.2		3,804		0.7
	$	565,393	100.0	%	$	479,791	100.0	%	$	523,977	100.0	%


(1) “Worldwide” comprises contracts that reinsure risks in more than one geographic area and may include risks in the U.S.
(2) Negative balances reflect premium adjustments and premium returned upon contract’s termination, novation, or commutation.

Additional information about our business is set forth in “Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.

Link to Table of Contents

Marketing and Distribution

Business transacted using intermediaries

We source a majority of our business through reinsurance brokers. Brokerage distribution channels provide us with access to an efficient, variable cost and global distribution system without the significant time and expense that would be incurred in creating a wholly-owned distribution network. In some cases, intermediaries also provide other valuable services, including risk analytics, processing, and clearing.

We aim to build and strengthen long-term relationships with global reinsurance brokers. Our management team has relationships with most primary and specialty broker intermediaries in the reinsurance marketplace. By maintaining close relationships with brokers, we believe that we will continue to obtain access to a broad range of reinsurance clients and opportunities.

We seek to strengthen our broker relationships and become the preferred choice of brokers and clients by providing, where applicable:


			●			customized solutions that address the specific business needs of our clients;
			●			demonstrated expertise in the underlying reinsured exposures and the operation of the contracts;
			●			rapid responses to risk submissions;
			●			timely claims payments;
			●			financial security; and
			●			a clear indication of risks we will and will not underwrite.

We focus on the quality and financial strength of any brokerage firm we do business with. Brokers do not have the authority to bind us to any reinsurance contract. Reinsurance brokers receive a brokerage commission, usually a percentage of gross premiums written.

The following table sets forth the premiums generated through our largest brokers and their subsidiaries and affiliates:


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020				2019
	($ in thousands)
Guy Carpenter (Marsh)	$	178,336	31.5	%	$	195,274	40.7	%	$	297,150	56.7	%
Aon Benfield	139,044		24.6		29,032		6.0		41,071		7.8
BMS Group	63,958		11.3		112,659		23.5		85,323		16.3

Total of largest brokers	381,338		67.4		336,965		70.2		423,544		80.7
All other brokers and direct placements	184,055		32.6		142,826		29.8		100,433		19.3
Total	$	565,393	100.0	%	$	479,791	100.0	%	$	523,977	100.0	%

We frequently meet in the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and elsewhere with brokers and senior representatives of clients and prospective clients. We review and (when we deem appropriate) approve all contract submissions in the Cayman Islands or Ireland. Due to our dependence on brokers, the inability to obtain business from them could adversely affect our business strategy. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — The inability to obtain business provided from brokers could materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy and results of operations.” We may assume a degree of the credit risk of our reinsurance brokers. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — We are subject to the credit risk of our brokers, cedents, agents and other counterparties.”

Underwriting and Risk Management

We have established an underwriting platform composed of experienced underwriters and actuaries. We have underwriting operations in two locations, Cayman Islands and Dublin, Ireland, that respectively provide proximity to key markets in the U.S. and Europe. Our experienced team allows us to deploy our capital in a variety of lines of business and capitalize on opportunities that we believe offer favorable returns on equity over the long term. Our underwriters and actuaries have expertise in multiple lines of business. We generally apply the following underwriting and risk management principles:

Link to Table of Contents

Economics of Results

Our primary underwriting goal is to build a reinsurance portfolio that maximizes profitability, subject to risk and volatility constraints.

Underwriting Analysis

Our approach to underwriting analysis begins at the class-of-business level. This analysis includes identifying and assessing the structural drivers of risk and emerging loss trends and understanding the market participants and results, capacity conditions for supply and demand, and other factors. Our underwriting professionals specialize in business lines, and our quantitative professionals assist in evaluating all risks we underwrite. Combined with cross-line management, we believe this approach enables us to build and deploy expertise and insight into the business line’s risk dynamics and external risk factors that will affect each transaction.

We assign a deal team composed of underwriting and quantitative professionals to evaluate each potential transaction’s pricing and structure. Before committing capital to any transaction, the deal team must obtain approval from the Chief Executive Officer/Chief Underwriting Officer. In seeking this approval, the deal team presents the key components of the proposed transaction, including assumptions and threats, market and individual deal risk factors, market capacity dynamics, transaction structure and pricing, maximum downside, and other factors.

We collaborate with our current and prospective clients and brokers to understand the risks associated with each potential transaction. For most of our business, we follow terms set by recognised market leads. The remainder of our business is considered lead business, including business linked to our Innovations portfolio or in areas where we have significant market expertise. We generally use contract structure to ensure alignment of interest where we lead the business. Where appropriate, we conduct or contract for on-site audits or reviews of the clients’ underwriting files, systems, and operations. We usually obtain substantial data from our clients to conduct a thorough actuarial modeling analysis. As part of our pricing and underwriting process, we assess, among other factors:


			●			the client’s and industry’s historical loss data;
			●			the expected duration for claims to fully develop;
			●			the client’s pricing and underwriting strategies;
			●			the geographic areas in which the client is doing business and its market share;
			●			the reputation and financial strength of the client and its management and underwriting teams;
			●			the reputation and expertise of the broker; and
			●			reports provided by independent industry specialists.

We develop and use proprietary quantitative models and use several commercially available tools to price our business. Our models consider conventional underwriting and risk metrics and incorporate various class-specific and market-specific aspects from our line-of-business analyses. We use models to evaluate the quantitative work’s quality and predictive power and undertake a detailed assessment of the data quality.

Underwriting Authorities

The Underwriting Committee of our Board of Directors, which we refer to as the Underwriting Committee, sets parameters for aggregate property catastrophic caps and limits for maximum loss potential under any individual contract. The Underwriting Committee must approve any exceptions to the established limits. The Underwriting Committee may amend the maximum underwriting authorities periodically to align with our capital base. The Underwriting Committee designs our underwriting authorities to ensure the underwriting portfolio is appropriate on a risk-adjusted basis.

Retrocessional Coverage

We opportunistically purchase retrocessional coverage for one or more of the following reasons: to manage our overall catastrophe events or aggregate exposure, reduce our net liability on individual risks, obtain additional underwriting capacity, and balance our underwriting portfolio.

Link to Table of Contents

The amount of retrocessional coverage that we purchase varies based on numerous factors, including the inherent volatility and risk accumulation of the portfolio of business we write and our capital base. Our portfolio, and by extension our gross risk position, will change in size from year to year depending on market opportunities, so it is difficult to predict the level of retrocessional coverage that we will purchase in any future year.

We generally purchase uncollateralized retrocessional coverage from reinsurers with a minimum financial strength rating of “A- (Excellent)” from A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) or an equivalent rating from a recognized rating service. For lower-rated or non-rated reinsurers, we endeavor to obtain and monitor collateral in the form of cash, funds withheld, letters of credit, regulatory trusts, or other collateral in the form of guarantees. At December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount due from reinsurers from retrocessional coverages represents 2.1% (December 31, 2020: 3.4%) of our gross loss reserves. For further details, please see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers to assess their ability to honor their obligations. At December 31, 2021, the Company had recorded an allowance for expected credit losses of $0.1 million (December 31, 2020: $0.1 million).

Claims Management

Our claims management process begins upon receiving claims notifications from our clients or third-party administrators. We review reserving and settlement authority under the individual contract requirements and, as necessary, discuss with the contract’s underwriter. Our in-house claims officer oversees claims reviews and provides approval for complex or large claim settlements. Claims above the claims officer’s authority are referred to the general counsel, together with the claims officer’s recommendations, for secondary approval. Our Chief Executive Officer must approve claim payments above a certain threshold. We believe that this process ensures that we pay claims in accordance with each contract's terms and conditions.

Where appropriate, we conduct or contract for on-site claims audits at cedents and third-party administrators, particularly for large accounts and for those whose performance differs from our expectations. We evaluate and monitor the third-party administrators’ and ceding companies’ organization and claims-handling practices through these audits. These practices include:

•fact-finding and investigation techniques;

•loss notifications;

•reserving;

•claims negotiation and settlement;

•adherence to claims-handling guidelines.

We recognize that the fair interpretation of our reinsurance agreements and timely payment of covered claims are essential components of the service we provide to our clients.

Reserves

Our reserving philosophy is to set reserves that represent our best estimate of the amount we will ultimately be required to pay in connection with risks we have underwritten. Our actuarial staff performs quarterly reviews of our portfolio and provides reserving estimates according to our stated reserving philosophy. In doing so, our actuarial staff groups our portfolio of business into reserving analysis segments based primarily on homogeneity considerations. Currently, this process involves analysis at the individual client or transaction level.

We engage independent external actuaries who review and provide opinions on these reserve estimates at least once a year. Due to the use of different assumptions and loss experience, the amount we establish as reserves with respect to individual risks, clients, transactions, or business lines may be greater or less than those set by our clients or ceding companies. Reserves include claims reported but not yet paid, claims incurred but not reported, and claims in the process of settlement. Additional underwriting liabilities include unearned premiums, premium deposits, and profit commissions earned but not yet paid.

Reserves represent an estimate rather than an exact quantification. Although the methods for establishing reserves are well established, many assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to unanticipated fluctuation. We base our estimates on our assessment of facts and circumstances, future trends in claim severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability, and other factors, including the actions of third parties, which are beyond our control. See Note 7 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of claims reserves, loss development tables by accident year, and explanations of significant prior period loss development movements. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our

Link to Table of Contents

Business — If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Collateral Arrangements and Letter of Credit Facilities

We are licensed and admitted as an insurer only in the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area. Many jurisdictions, including the United States, do not permit clients to take credit for reinsurance on their statutory financial statements if they obtain such reinsurance from unlicensed or non-admitted insurers without appropriate collateral. As a result, our U.S. clients and a portion of our non-U.S. clients require us to provide collateral for the contracts we bind with them. We provide collateral as funds withheld, trust arrangements, or letters of credit. At December 31, 2021, we had one letter of credit facility with a limit of $275.0 million (2020: $275.0 million). At December 31, 2021, we had issued letters of credit totaling $136.8 million (2020: $135.3 million) to clients. Additionally, at December 31, 2021, we had pledged $497.1 million (2020: $607.8 million) as collateral through trust arrangements.

Competition

The reinsurance industry is highly competitive. We compete with major reinsurers, most of which are well established, have significant operating histories and strong financial strength ratings, and have developed long-standing client relationships.

Our competitors vary according to the individual market and situation. Generally, they include Arch Capital, Axis, Everest Re, Hamilton Re, Hannover Re, RenaissanceRe, SiriusPoint, and smaller companies, other niche reinsurers, and Lloyd’s syndicates and their related entities. Although we seek to provide coverage where capacity and alternatives are limited, we directly compete with these and other larger companies due to the breadth of their coverage across the property and casualty market in substantially all lines of business. See "Item 1A – Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Business – Competitors with greater resources may make it difficult for us to effectively market our products or offer our products at a profit.”

Ratings

Our current “A- (Excellent)” rating with a stable outlook from A.M. Best is the fourth highest of 13 ratings. We believe that a strong rating is an important factor in marketing reinsurance products to clients and brokers. These ratings reflect the rating agency’s opinion of our reinsurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance, and ability to meet obligations. It is not an evaluation directed toward the investors’ protection or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our Class A ordinary shares.

The failure to maintain a strong rating may significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business — A downgrade or withdrawal of either of our A.M. Best ratings would materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy successfully. ”

Regulations

Cayman Islands Insurance Regulation

The legislative framework for conducting insurance and reinsurance business in and from within the Cayman Islands is composed of The Insurance Act, 2010 (as amended) and underlying regulations thereto (the “Act”), which became effective in the Cayman Islands effective November 1, 2012.

Greenlight Re holds a Class D insurer license issued in accordance with the terms of the Act and is subject to regulation and supervision by CIMA.

As the holder of a Class D insurer license, Greenlight Re is permitted to carry on reinsurance business from the Cayman Islands, but, except with the prior written approval of CIMA, may not carry on any insurance or reinsurance business where the underlying risk originates and resides in the Cayman Islands.

Greenlight Re is required to comply with the following principal requirements under the Act:

Link to Table of Contents


			●			to maintain capital and a margin of solvency in accordance with the capital and solvency requirements prescribed by the Act;
			●			to carry on its business in accordance with the laws of the Cayman Islands, including the regulatory laws, regulations, rules, and statements of guidance, where applicable;
			●			to maintain adequate arrangements, including internal controls, for the management of risks and a system of governance as approved by CIMA;
			●			to maintain a minimum of at least two directors and to seek the prior approval of CIMA in respect of the appointment of directors and officers and to provide CIMA with information in connection therewith and notification of any changes thereto;
			●			to have a place of business in the Cayman Islands and to maintain such resources, including staff and facilities, books and records as CIMA considers appropriate having regard for the nature and scale of the business of Greenlight Re;
			●			to submit to CIMA an annual return in the prescribed form together with:
						- financial statements prepared in accordance with internationally recognized accounting standards, audited by an independent auditor approved by CIMA;
						- an actuarial valuation of Greenlight Re’s assets and liabilities, certified by an actuary approved by CIMA;
						- certification of solvency prepared by a person approved by CIMA in accordance with the prescribed requirements;
						- confirmation that the information contained in Greenlight Re’s license application, as modified by any subsequent changes, remains correct and up to date;
						- such other information as may be prescribed by CIMA; and
			●			to pay an annual license fee.

It is the duty of CIMA:


			●			to maintain a general review of insurance practices in the Cayman Islands;
			●			to examine the affairs or business of any licensee or other person carrying on, or who has carried on, insurance business to ensure that the Act has been complied with and that the licensee is in a sound financial position and is carrying on its business in a fit and proper manner;
			●			to examine and report on the annual returns delivered to CIMA in terms of the Act; and
			●			to examine and make recommendations with respect to, among other things, proposals for the revocation of licenses and cases of suspected insolvency of licensed entities.

Greenlight Re is also required to comply with the Rule on Corporate Governance for Insurers and the Rule on Risk Management for Insurers. Respectively, these rules require regulated insurers to establish and maintain (a) a corporate governance framework which provides for the sound and prudent management and oversight of the insurer's business, including outsourcing and internal controls, and which adequately recognizes and protects the interests of its policyholders, and (b) a risk management framework that is capable of promptly identifying, measuring, assessing, reporting, monitoring and controlling all sources of risks that could have a material impact on its operations.

The Act provides that where CIMA believes a licensee is committing, or is about to commit or pursue, an act that is an unsafe or unsound business practice, CIMA may direct the licensee to cease or refrain from committing the act or pursuing the offending course of conduct. Failure to comply with such a CIMA direction may be punishable on summary conviction by a fine of up to 100,000 Cayman Islands dollars (approximately US$120,000) or to imprisonment for a term of five years or to both, and on conviction on indictment to a fine of 500,000 Cayman Islands dollars (approximately US$600,000) or to imprisonment for a term of ten years or to both and to an additional 10,000 Cayman Islands dollars (approximately US$12,000) for every day after conviction that the breach continues.

The Monetary Authority Act (“MAA”) also provides CIMA with authority to impose administrative fines on licensees. The recent Monetary Authority (Administrative Fines) (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 (the “Amendment Regulations”) came into force on 26 June 2020. They extended the scope of the fines which CIMA may impose for breaches of a range of regulatory laws, including the Act. Breaches are categorised as minor, serious or very serious and, depending on the category of breach, fines range from US$6,100 to US$1,220,000 per breach for very serious breaches. Where a breach is committed by a corporate entity and is shown to have been committed with the consent, connivance, knowledge, or neglect of an individual, that individual may also be subject to an administrative fine.

Whenever CIMA believes that a licensee is or may become unable to meet its obligations as they fall due, is carrying on business in a manner likely to be detrimental to the public interest or the interests of its creditors or policyholders, has

Link to Table of Contents

contravened the terms of the Act or has otherwise behaved in such a manner to cause CIMA to call into question the licensee’s fitness, CIMA may take one of several steps. The steps include requiring the licensee to rectify the matter, suspending the license of the licensee, revoking the license, imposing conditions upon the license and amending or revoking any such condition, requiring the substitution of any director, manager or officer of the licensee, at the expense of the licensee, appointing a person to advise the licensee on the proper conduct of its affairs and to report to CIMA thereon, at the expense of the licensee, appointing a person to assume control of the licensee’s affairs or otherwise requiring such action to be taken by the licensee as CIMA considers necessary. We have not been subject to any such actions from CIMA to date.

Other Regulations in the Cayman Islands

As Cayman Islands exempted companies, Greenlight Capital Re and Greenlight Re may not carry on business or trade locally in the Cayman Islands except in furtherance of their business outside the Cayman Islands and are prohibited from soliciting the public of the Cayman Islands to subscribe for any of their securities or debt. We are further required to file a return with the Registrar of Companies in January of each year (“Annual Return”) and to pay an annual registration fee at that time.

Economic substance law requiring a “relevant entity” conducting “relevant activity” to file notifications and, unless exempt, to report to the Tax Information Authority (“TIA”) and maintain economic substance has been introduced in the Cayman Islands.

The International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (2020 Revision) and International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Regulations, 2020, were published on January 14, 2020, and August 11, 2020, respectively (together, the “ES Act”). The latest version of the Guidance on Economic Substance for Geographically Mobile Activities (“ES Guidance”) was published on July 13, 2020.

Commencing January 2020, Greenlight Capital Re and Greenlight Re are required to confirm their economic substance classification and submit this classification to the TIA as a prerequisite to the Annual Return filing.

The Cayman Islands has no exchange controls restricting dealings in currencies or securities.

Ireland Insurance Regulations

Our Irish subsidiary, GRIL, is authorized as a non-life reinsurance undertaking by the CBI in accordance with the European Union (Insurance and Reinsurance) Regulations 2015 (the "Irish Regulations"). The Irish Regulations give effect in Ireland to EU Directive 2009/138/EC (known as "Solvency II"), which introduced a new European regulatory regime for insurers and reinsurers with effect from January 1, 2016. Solvency II is supplemented by the European Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/35, other European Commission “delegated acts” and binding technical standards, and guidelines issued by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (“Delegated Acts and Guidelines”). GRIL is required to comply at all times with the Irish Regulations, the Irish Insurance Acts 1909 to 2018, regulations relating to insurance business or reinsurance business promulgated under the European Communities Act 1972, the Irish Central Bank Acts 1942 to 2018 as amended, regulations promulgated thereunder and directions, guidelines and codes of conduct issued by CBI (collectively the “Irish Insurance Acts and Regulations”). In addition, GRIL is required to comply with the Delegated Acts and Guidelines and must meet risk-based solvency requirements imposed under Solvency II on insurers and reinsurers across all member states, including Ireland. Solvency II and the Delegated Acts and Guidelines set out classification and eligibility requirements, including the characteristics which capital, including any capital contribution, must display to qualify as regulatory capital.

GRIL is also required to comply with the European Union (Insurance Distribution) Regulations 2018 (the "2018 Regulations"), which apply to distributors of insurance and reinsurance products (including insurers and reinsurers). The 2018 Regulations give effect in Ireland to Directive (EU) 2016/97 (known as the "IDD") and strengthen the regulatory regime applicable to distribution activities through increased transparency, information, and conduct requirements. On May 25, 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (the "GDPR") came into force across the EU. The GDPR significantly increases the organizations’ obligations and responsibilities in collecting, using, storing, and protecting personal data. Organizations in breach of the GDPR may incur sizable financial penalties.

Link to Table of Contents

Overview of Investments

Our investment portfolio is managed by DME Advisors, LP (“DME Advisors”), a value-oriented investment advisor that analyzes companies’ available financial data, business strategies, and prospects to identify undervalued and overvalued securities. DME Advisors is controlled by David Einhorn, the Chairman of our Board of Directors and the President of Greenlight Capital, Inc.

We have entered into an amended and restated exempted limited partnership agreement (the “SILP LPA”) of Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”), with DME Advisors II, LLC (“DME II”), as General Partner, Greenlight Re, GRIL and the initial limited partner (each, a “Partner”). We present our investment in SILP under the caption “Investment in related party investment fund” in our consolidated balance sheets.

On September 1, 2018, SILP entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “IAA”) with DME Advisors, with an initial term ending on August 31, 2023, subject to automatic extensions for successive three-year terms. DME Advisors has the contractual right to manage substantially all of our investable assets and is required to follow our investment guidelines and act in a fair and equitable manner in allocating investment opportunities to SILP. However, DME Advisors is not otherwise restricted with respect to the nature or timing of making investments for SILP.

On February 26, 2019, effective as of September 1, 2018, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the SILP LPA. The

amendment revised the mechanics for calculating the Carryforward Account and Performance Allocation (as defined in the SILP LPA) to consider withdrawals from and subsequent recontributions of capital to SILP. On January 7, 2021, effective as of January 1, 2021, we entered into a second amendment to the SILP LPA, which amended (a) the definition of “Additional Investment Ratio” and (b) each of the defined terms “Greenlight Re Surplus” and “GRIL Surplus.” The second amendment to the SILP LPA also incorporated the requirement that the Investment Portfolio, as defined in the SILP LPA, will not exceed 50% of GLRE Surplus.

DME Advisors receives a monthly management fee at an annual rate of 1.5% of each limited partner’s Investment Portfolio, as provided in the SILP LPA. DME II receives a performance allocation based on the positive performance change of each limited partner’s capital account equal to 20% of net profits calculated per annum, subject to a loss carryforward provision.

The loss carryforward provision allows DME II to earn a reduced performance allocation of 10% on net profits in any year after the year in which a limited partner’s capital account incurs a loss until the limited partner has recouped all losses and has earned an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss. DME II is not entitled to a performance allocation in a year in which a capital account incurs a loss.

DME Advisors is required to follow our investment guidelines and act in a manner that it considers fair and equitable in allocating investment opportunities to us and SILP. However, the IAA does not otherwise impose any specific obligations or requirements concerning the allocation of time, effort, or investment opportunities to us and SILP or any restrictions on the nature or timing of investments for our or SILP’s account or other accounts that DME Advisors or its affiliates may manage. DME Advisors can outsource to sub-advisors without our consent or approval. If DME Advisors and any of its affiliates attempt to invest in the same opportunity simultaneously, DME Advisors and its affiliates may allocate the opportunity as they determine reasonably. Affiliates of DME Advisors presently serve as the general partner or the investment advisor of Greenlight Capital, LP, Greenlight Capital Offshore Qualified, Ltd., GCOQ Intermediate, LP, Greenlight Capital Offshore Partners, Ltd., Greenlight Capital Investors, LP, Greenlight Capital Offshore Investors, Ltd., GCOI Intermediate, LP, Greenlight Capital Offshore Master, Ltd., Greenlight Masters, LP, Greenlight Masters Qualified, LP, Greenlight Masters Offshore, Ltd., Greenlight Masters Offshore I, Ltd., Greenlight Masters Offshore Partners and Greenlight Masters Partners (collectively, the “Greenlight Funds”).

We have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause all of our current and future subsidiaries to enter into the SILP LPA. Under the SILP LPA, we are contractually obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause substantially all investable assets of Greenlight Re and GRIL, with limited exceptions, to be contributed to SILP.

We have agreed to release DME II, and DME Advisors and their affiliates from any liability arising out of the IAA or the SILP LPA, subject to certain exceptions. Furthermore, DME II has agreed to indemnify us against any liability incurred in connection with certain actions.

Under the SILP LPA, either of the GLRE Limited Partners may voluntarily withdraw all or part of its capital account for its operating needs by giving DME II at least three business days’ notice. Either of the GLRE Limited Partners may withdraw as a partner and fully withdraw all of its capital account from SILP on three business days’ notice if the limited partner’s board declares that a cause for withdrawal exists as per the SILP LPA.

Link to Table of Contents

Investment Strategy

DME Advisors implements a value-oriented investment strategy by taking long positions in perceived undervalued securities and short positions in perceived overvalued securities. DME Advisors aims to achieve high absolute returns while minimizing the risk of capital loss. DME Advisors attempts to determine the risk/return characteristics of potential investments by analyzing factors such as the risk that expected cash flows would not be achieved, the volatility of the cash flows, the leverage of the underlying business, and the security’s liquidity, among others.

Our Board of Directors reviews our investment portfolio activities and oversees our investment guidelines to meet our investment objectives. We believe our investment approach, while generating returns less predictable than those of traditional fixed-income portfolios, complements our reinsurance business and will achieve higher rates of return over the long term than reinsurance companies that invest predominantly in fixed-income securities. We have designed our investment guidelines to maintain adequate liquidity to fund our reinsurance operations.

DME Advisors is contractually obligated to adhere to our investment guidelines and make investment decisions on our behalf. These decisions may include buying publicly listed equity securities and corporate debt, selling securities short, and investing in private placements, futures, currencies, commodities, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, sovereign debt, derivatives, and other instruments.

Investment Guidelines

The investment guidelines adopted by the respective Boards of Directors of Greenlight Re and GRIL, which may be amended, modified or waived from time to time, take into account restrictions imposed on us by regulators, our liability mix, requirements to maintain an appropriate claims-paying rating by ratings agencies and requirements of lenders.

At the date hereof, Greenlight Re’s investment guidelines, which Greenlight Re’s board of directors may amend at any time, are as follows:


			●			Composition of Investments: At least 80% of the assets in its Investment Portfolio (as defined in the SILP LPA) will be held in debt or equity securities (including swaps) of publicly-traded companies (or their subsidiaries), governments of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development high-income countries, cash, cash equivalents, and gold. No more than 10% of Greenlight Re Surplus (as defined in the SILP LPA) will be held in private equity securities.
			●			Concentration of Investments: Other than cash, cash equivalents, United States government obligations, and gold, no single investment in its Investment Portfolio will constitute more than 10% of Greenlight Re Surplus.
			●			Liquidity: Assets will be invested in such fashion that Greenlight Re has a reasonable expectation that it can meet any of its liabilities as they become due. Greenlight Re will review with the Investment Advisor the liquidity of the portfolio on a periodic basis.
			●			Monitoring:Greenlight Re will require the Investment Advisor to re-evaluate each position in its Investment Portfolio, monitor changes in intrinsic value and trading value, and provide monthly reports on its Investment Portfolio to Greenlight Re as Greenlight Re may reasonably determine.
			●			Leverage: No new investments to increase net long exposure shall be made when Greenlight Re’s pro-rata share of Assets (excluding cash equivalents) exceed its Investment Portfolio. In any event, Greenlight Re’s pro-rata share of Assets (excluding cash equivalents) may not exceed 110% of its Investment Portfolio.
			●			Currency hedging activities are excluded from leverage calculations. In addition to currency hedging, where the Investment Advisor enters into a secondary investment with the primary purpose of reducing the risk of another existing investment, then the investment advisor may exclude the secondary investment from the calculation of leverage provided that the Investment Advisor receives approval from Greenlight Re’s Chief Financial Officer. Such authority is limited such that no more than 10% of gross exposure may be excluded from leverage calculations and may be netted from the primary investment for concentration limits.

Link to Table of Contents

The investment guidelines for GRIL are identical to Greenlight Re’s except for (a) currency hedging guidelines, which do not apply to GRIL, and (b) Concentration of Investments and Credit default swaps, which for GRIL are as follows:


			●			Concentration of Investments: Other than cash, cash equivalents, and United States government obligations, (1) no single investment in its Investment Portfolio will constitute more than 7.5% of GRIL Surplus (as defined in the SILP LPA), (2) the ten largest investments shall not constitute greater than 40% of GRIL Surplus, and (3) its Investment Portfolio shall at all times be composed of a minimum of 50 debt or equity securities of publicly traded companies (or their subsidiaries).
			●			Credit default swaps: The sale of credit default swaps is prohibited.

At December 31, 2021, taking into account a waiver provided by the Board of Directors of Greenlight Re, relating to SILP’s concentration in a single investment, DME Advisors was in compliance with each of Greenlight Re’s and GRIL’s investment guidelines. See “Risk Factors – SILP may be concentrated in a few large positions, which could result in investment volatility and large losses.”

Investment Results

Composition

The following table summarizes the investments as reported in the consolidated financial statements:


	December 31
	2021				2020
	($ in thousands)
Investment in related party investment fund	$	183,591	79.5	%	$	166,735	85.0	%
Private investments and unlisted equities	47,049		20.4		21,793		11.1
Derivative financial instruments (not designated as hedging instruments)	335		0.1		1,080		0.6
Investment accounted for under the equity method	—		—		6,545		3.3
Total investments	$	230,975	100.0	%	$	196,153	100.0	%

DME Advisors reports the composition of SILP’s portfolio on a delta-adjusted basis, which it believes is the appropriate manner to assess the exposure and profile of investments and reflects how it manages the portfolio. An option’s delta is the option price’s sensitivity to the underlying stock (or commodity) price. The delta adjusted basis is the number of shares or contracts underlying the option multiplied by the delta and the underlying stock (or commodity) price.

The following table represents the composition of SILP’s investments at December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020:


	December 31
	2021 1				2020 2
	Long %		Short %		Long %		Short %
Debt instruments	1.1	%	—	%	0.1	%	—	%
Equities and related derivatives	79.1		45.0		40.4		21.2
Private and unlisted equity securities	4.0		—		2.4		—
Total	84.2	%	45.0	%	42.9	%	21.2	%

1 Effective January 1, 2021, the Investment Portfolio, and the corresponding exposure, is calculated on the basis of 50% of GLRE Surplus.

2 Prior to January 1, 2021, the Investment Portfolio and the corresponding exposure, was calculated on the basis of several factors, including the Companies’ shares of Solasglas’s net asset value, collateral posted by the Companies, and the Companies’ net reserves.

The above exposure analysis does not include cash (U.S. dollar and foreign currencies), gold and other commodities, credit default swaps, sovereign debt, foreign currency derivatives, interest rate options, and other macro positions. Under this methodology, a total return swap’s exposure is reported at its full notional amount. Options are reported at their delta-adjusted basis. At December 31, 2021, SILP’s exposure to gold on a delta-adjusted basis was 8.1% (2020: 3.7% ).

Link to Table of Contents

The following table represents the composition of SILP by industry sector at December 31, 2021:


Sector	Long %		Short %		Net %
Communication Services	3.1	%	(3.6)	%	(0.5)	%
Consumer Discretionary	34.2		(11.0)		23.2
Consumer Staples	0.3		(1.0)		(0.7)
Energy	4.3		(0.2)		4.1
Financial	10.7		(5.6)		5.1
Healthcare	6.0		(4.8)		1.2
Industrials	7.9		(6.4)		1.5
Materials	10.7		(0.2)		10.5
Real Estate	—		(3.4)		(3.4)
Technology	5.4		(8.6)		(3.2)
Utilities	—		(0.2)		(0.2)
Other	1.6		—		1.6
Total	84.2	%	(45.0)	%	39.2	%

The following table represents the composition of our investments in SILP, by the market capitalization of the underlying security, at December 31, 2021:


Capitalization	Long %		Short %		Net %
Mega Cap Equity (≥$25 billion)	4.0	%	(16.2)	%	(12.2)	%
Large Cap Equity (≥$10 billion and <$25 billion)	4.4		(12.0)		(7.6)
Mid Cap Equity (≥$2 billion and <$10 billion)	38.2		(15.3)		22.9
Small Cap Equity (<$2 billion)	32.5		(1.5)		31.0
Debt Instruments	1.1		—		1.1
Other Investments	4.0		—		4.0
Total	84.2	%	(45.0)	%	39.2	%

Investment Returns

In accordance with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors constructs a levered investment portfolio as agreed with the Company (the “Investment Portfolio” as defined in the SILP LPA). Investment returns, net of all fees and expenses, by quarter for the last five years are as follows: (1)


Quarter	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017
1st	1.5	%	(8.1)	%	6.2	%	(11.8)	%	0.9%
2nd	(0.9)		0.3		2.7		(3.8)		(3.4)
3rd	(2.7)		1.4		1.2		(8.4)		5.5
4th	9.9		8.4		(1.0)		(10.2)		(1.3)
Full Year	7.5	%	1.4	%	9.3	%	(30.3)	%	1.5	%

(1) Investment returns are calculated monthly and compounded to calculate the quarterly and annual returns generated by our Investment Portfolio. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. The monthly investment return is calculated by dividing the investment income/loss (net of fees and expenses) by the Investment Portfolio. Effective January 1, 2021, the Investment Portfolio is calculated on the basis of 50% of GLRE Surplus, or the shareholders’ equity of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., as reported in Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.’s then most recent quarterly U.S. GAAP financial statements. It is adjusted monthly for the Companies’ net profits and net losses as reported by Solasglas during any intervening period. Prior to January 1, 2021, the Investment Portfolio was calculated on the basis of several factors, including the Companies’ shares of Solasglas’s net asset value, collateral posted by the Companies, and the Companies’ net reserves.

Link to Table of Contents

Internal Risk Management

Our Chief Risk Officer is responsible for constructing and reviewing our internal risk management function. A primary objective of our risk management function is to ensure that our underwriting efforts comply with explicitly stated underwriting appetites. We design these appetites to balance our risk position size with our expertise and the available margins while containing the cost of incorrectly assessing risks and rewards. In doing so, our risk management function designs, implements, and oversees a range of operational and underwriting controls to support the organization. We frequently review our investment and underwriting portfolios to assess the impact on capital under stressed scenarios. With the assistance of DME Advisors, we analyze our investment assets and liabilities, including the numerous risk components in our portfolio, such as concentration risk and liquidity risk.

Information Technology

We have most of our information technology infrastructure primarily at an off-site, secure data center hosted by Microsoft. We have increased our use of cloud-based services as the security and reliability have proven cost effective and provide the high levels of service and redundancy required.

We have implemented backup procedures to ensure we save key data daily and we can restore it promptly as needed.

We have a disaster recovery plan for our information technology infrastructure that includes data and system snapshots with restore points. We believe we can access our core systems with minor outages and restore our primary systems within our MTTR (mean time to restore).

We protect our information systems with physical, electronic, and software safeguards considered appropriate by our management. We employ a specialist vendor to monitor our systems for security events and risks within our network. We regularly provide security risk awareness education and training to our staff. Despite these efforts, computer viruses, hackers, employee misuse or misconduct, and other internal or external hazards could expose our data systems to security breaches, cyber-attacks, or other disruptions. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — Operational risks, including human or systems failures, are inherent in our business.”

Human Capital

At March 4, 2022, we had 44 full-time employees, 29 of whom were based in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, eleven in Dublin, Ireland, and four in London, United Kingdom. We believe that our employee relations are good. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements, and we are not aware of any current efforts to implement such agreements. We also engage consultants and contract with third parties, as needed, to provide additional resources to support our business activities.

We are committed to advancement and innovation through investing in our employees’ professional development. We have implemented an employee training and development policy to encourage our employees to take advantage of training and development opportunities.

We have designed our performance-driven compensation policy to attract and retain talent. We use short-term compensation composed of base salary and annual cash bonuses and long-term compensation composed of stock options, restricted share units, and restricted shares, as applicable, to align our employees’ and executive officers’ interests with those of our shareholders. In addition, from time to time and under certain circumstances, we award sign-on bonuses, retention bonuses, and other bonuses opportunities. We also offer welfare benefits and other perquisites, including a defined contribution pension plan, and medical insurance coverage for our employees. As part of our commitment to supporting our employees, we match any contributions made by our employees to charities and not-for-profit organizations.

We believe our employees are fairly compensated, without regard to gender, race, and ethnicity. We believe in creating and maintaining a workplace that is free from discrimination or harassment on the basis of color, race, sex, national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identification or expression, or any other status protected by applicable law. Each of our employees annually acknowledges complying with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which provides employees with access to an anonymous whistleblower hotline to report any violations. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website.

Link to Table of Contents

Additional Information

Our website address is www.greenlightre.com and we make available, free of charge, on or through our website, links to our annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.

Glossary of Selected Reinsurance Terms


Accident & Health insurance						Insurance against loss by illness or bodily injury. Health insurance provides coverage for medicine, visits to the doctor or emergency room, hospital stays, and other medical expenses.
Acquisition costs						Ceding commissions, profit commissions, brokerage fees, premium taxes, and other direct expenses relating directly to premium production.
Acquisition cost ratio						The acquisition cost ratio is calculated by dividing net acquisition costs by net premiums earned.
Actuary						A person professionally trained in the mathematical and technical aspects of insurance and related fields particularly, in calculating premiums, loss reserves, and other values.
Broker						An intermediary who negotiates contracts of insurance or reinsurance, receiving a commission for placement and other services rendered, between (1) a policyholder and a primary insurer, on behalf of the policyholder, (2) a primary insurer and a reinsurer, on behalf of the primary insurer, or (3) a reinsurer and a retrocessionaire, on behalf of the reinsurer.
Capacity						Capacity is the percentage of surplus that an insurer or reinsurer is willing or able to place at risk or the dollar amount of exposure it is willing to assume. Capacity may apply to a single risk, a program, a business line, or an entire book of business. Capacity may be constrained by legal restrictions, corporate restrictions, or indirect financial restrictions such as capital adequacy requirements.
Casualty reinsurance						Casualty reinsurance is primarily concerned with the losses caused by injuries to third persons (persons other than the policyholder) and the legal liability imposed on the policyholder resulting therefrom. Casualty reinsurance includes but is not limited to workers’ compensation, automobile liability, and general liability. A greater degree of unpredictability is generally associated with casualty risks known as ‘‘long-tail risks,’’ where losses take time to become known, and a claim may be separated from the circumstances that caused it by several years. An example of a long-tail casualty risk includes the use of certain drugs that may cause cancer or birth defects. There tends to be a greater delay in the reporting and settlement of casualty reinsurance claims due to the long-tail nature of the underlying casualty risks and their greater potential for litigation.
Catastrophe						A severe loss, typically involving multiple claimants. Common perils include earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, hailstorms, tornados, derechos, severe winter weather, floods, fires, explosions, volcanic eruptions, and other natural or human-made disasters. Catastrophe losses may also arise from acts of war, acts of terrorism, and geopolitical instability.
Cede; cedent						When a party reinsures its liability to another party, it ‘‘cedes’’ business to the reinsurer and is referred to as the ‘‘client.’’
Claim						Request by an insured or reinsured for indemnification by an insurance or reinsurance company for loss incurred from an insured peril or event.
Client						A party whose liability is reinsured by a reinsurer. Also known as a cedent.
Combined ratio						The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, acquisition cost ratio, and underwriting expense ratio.
Composite ratio						The composite ratio is the ratio of underwriting losses incurred, loss adjustment expenses, and acquisition costs, excluding underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, to net premiums earned, or equivalently, the sum of the loss ratio and acquisition cost ratio.
Corporate expenses						Corporate expenses include those costs associated with operating as a publicly listed entity and an allocation of other general and administrative expenses.
Development						The difference between the amount of reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses initially estimated by an insurer or reinsurer and the amount re-estimated in an evaluation at a later date.
Excess of loss reinsurance						Reinsurance that indemnifies the reinsured against all or a specified portion of losses above a specified dollar or percentage loss ratio amount.

Link to Table of Contents


Financial strength rating						The opinion of rating agencies regarding an insurance or reinsurance company’s financial ability to meet its financial obligations under its policies.
Funds at Lloyd’s						Funds of an approved form that are lodged and held in trust at Lloyd's as security for a member’s underwriting activities. They comprise the member’s deposit, personal reserve fund, and special reserve fund. They may be drawn down if the member’s syndicate-level premium trust funds are insufficient to cover its liabilities. The amount of the deposit is related to the member's premium income limit and also the nature of the underwriting account.
Gross premiums written						Total premiums for assumed reinsurance during a given period.
Health insurance						Insurance against loss by illness or bodily injury. Health insurance provides coverage for medicine, visits to the doctor or emergency room, hospital stays, and other medical expenses.
Incurred but not reported (IBNR)						Reserves for estimated loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred by insureds and reinsureds but not yet reported to the insurer or reinsurer, including unknown future developments on loss and loss adjustment expenses known to the insurer or reinsurer.
Lloyd’s						Depending on the context, this term may refer to - (a) the society of individual and corporate underwriting members that insure and reinsure risks as members of one or more syndicates. Lloyd’s is not an insurance company; (b) the underwriting room in the Lloyd’s Building in which managing agents underwrite insurance and reinsurance on behalf of their syndicate members. In this sense, Lloyd’s should be understood as a marketplace; or (c) the Corporation of Lloyd’s, which regulates and provides support services to the Lloyd’s market.
Loss adjustment expenses (LAE)						The expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees, and the portion of general expenses allocated to claim settlement costs. Also known as claim adjustment expenses.
Loss ratio						The loss ratio is calculated by dividing net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred by net premiums earned.
Loss reserves and loss adjustment expense reserves						Liabilities established by insurers and reinsurers to reflect the estimated cost of claims payments and the related expenses that the insurer or reinsurer will ultimately be required to pay in respect of insurance or reinsurance contracts it has written. Reserves are established for losses and loss adjustment expenses, and consist of reserves established for individual reported claims and incurred but not reported losses.
Multi-line						Contracts that cover more than one line of business.
Net financial impact						The net impact of prior period loss development after taking into account net losses and loss expenses incurred, earned reinstatement premiums assumed and ceded, and adjustments to assumed and ceded acquisition costs and profit commissions.
Net premiums written						An insurer’s gross premiums written, less premiums ceded to reinsurers.
Non-admitted insurers						An insurer not licensed to do business in the jurisdiction in question. Also known as an unauthorized insurer and unlicensed insurer.
Premiums; written, earned, and unearned						Premiums represent the cost of insurance paid by the cedent or insured to the insurer or reinsurer. Written represents the total amount of premiums received, and earned represents the amount recognized as income over a period of time. Unearned is the difference between written and earned premiums.
Probable maximum loss (PML)						PML is the anticipated loss, taking into account contract terms and limits, caused by a natural catastrophe affecting a broad geographic area, such as that caused by an earthquake or hurricane.
Professional liability insurance						Professional liability insurance protects a company and its representatives against legal claims arising from error or misconduct in providing or failing to provide professional services. This coverage type includes errors and omissions policies, directors and officers coverage, and specialty coverage like employment practices liability insurance.
Profit commission						A commission paid by a reinsurer to a ceding insurer based on a predetermined percentage of the profit realized by the reinsurer on the ceded business.
Property insurance						Property insurance covers a business’s building and its contents—money and securities, records, inventory, furniture, machinery, supplies, and even intangible assets such as trademarks—when damage, theft. or loss occurs.

Link to Table of Contents


Property catastrophe reinsurance						Property catastrophe reinsurance contracts are typically ‘‘all risk’’ in nature, meaning that they protect against losses from natural and human-made catastrophes. Losses on these contracts typically stem from direct property damage and business interruption.
Proportional reinsurance						All forms of reinsurance in which the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the original premiums and losses of the reinsured. In proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer generally pays the client a ceding commission. The ceding commission is generally based on the client’s cost of acquiring the business being reinsured (including commissions, premium taxes, assessments, and miscellaneous administrative expenses) and may include a profit component. Frequently referred to as quota-share reinsurance.
Quota-share reinsurance						A form of proportional reinsurance in which the reinsurer assumes an agreed percentage of each underlying insurance contract being reinsured.
Reinstatement premium						A Premium charged for the reinstatement of the amount of reinsurance coverage to its full amount otherwise reduced as a result of a reinsurance loss payment.
Reinsurance						An arrangement in which a reinsurer agrees to indemnify an insurance company, the client, against all or a portion of the insurance risks underwritten by the client under one or more policies. Reinsurance can provide a client with several benefits, including reducing net liability on individual risks and catastrophe protection from large or multiple losses. Reinsurance also provides a client with additional underwriting capacity by permitting it to accept larger risks and write more business than would be possible without a related increase in capital and surplus, and facilitates the maintenance of acceptable financial ratios by the client. Reinsurance does not legally discharge the client from its liability with respect to its obligations to the insured.
Reinsurer						An insurance company that assumes part of the risk in exchange for part of the premium to a primary insurer.
Retrocession; retrocessional coverage						A transaction whereby a reinsurer cedes to another reinsurer, commonly referred to as the retrocessionaire, all or part of the reinsurance that the first reinsurer has assumed. Retrocessional reinsurance does not legally discharge the ceding reinsurer from its liability with respect to its obligations to the reinsured.
Risk-free rate						The interest rate on a riskless or safe asset, usually taken to be a short-term U.S. government security.
Risk transfer						The shifting of all or a part of a risk to another party.
Severity business						Insurance/reinsurance characterized by contracts containing the potential for significant losses emanating from one event.
Surety and fidelity insurance						Surety and fidelity insurance includes (1) insurance guaranteeing the fidelity of persons holding positions of public or private trust; (2) insurance guaranteeing the performance of contracts, other than insurance policies, and guaranteeing and executing bonds, undertakings, and contracts of suretyship; and (3) insurance indemnifying banks, bankers, brokers, financial or moneyed corporations or associations against loss.
Underwriter						An employee of an insurance or reinsurance company who examines, accepts, or rejects risks and classifies risks to charge an appropriate premium for each accepted risk.
Underwriting						The process of evaluating, defining, and pricing reinsurance risks including, where appropriate, the rejection of such risks, and the acceptance of the obligation to pay the reinsured under the terms of the contract.
Underwriting expense						Underwriting expenses include those expenses directly related to underwriting activities that are not eligible to be capitalized and an allocation of other general and administrative expenses.
Underwriting expense ratio						The underwriting expense ratio includes those expenses directly related to underwriting activities and an allocation of other general and administrative expenses. Therefore, the underwriting expense ratio is the ratio of underwriting expenses to net premiums earned. The underwriting expense ratio also incorporates interest income and expenses from deposit-accounted contracts.
Workers’ compensation insurance						Workers’ compensation insurance provides medical, disability, and lost-wage benefits to employees for injuries and illness sustained in the course of their employment.

Link to Table of Contents

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following risk factors could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Additional risk factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business or results of operations.

Risk Factors Summary

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.

Risks Relating to Our Business

•A downgrade or withdrawal of either of our A.M. Best ratings would materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy successfully.

•Our results of operations will likely fluctuate from period to period and may not be indicative of our long-term prospects.

•The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

•If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

•The inability to obtain business provided from brokers could materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy and results of operations.

•We are subject to the credit risk of our brokers, cedents, agents and other counterparties.

Risks Relating to Insurance and Other Regulations

•Any suspension or revocation of our reinsurance licenses would materially and adversely impact our ability to do business and implement our business strategy.

•Our reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and our failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action.

•We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under U.S. federal securities law.

Risks Relating to Our Investment Strategy and Our Investment Advisor

•SILP may be concentrated in a few large positions, which could result in investment volatility and large losses.

•Under the SILP LPA, we are contractually obligated to invest substantially all our assets in SILP with certain exceptions. SILP’s performance depends on the ability of DME Advisors to select and manage appropriate investments.

•The performance of our Innovations investments could result in financial losses and reduce our capital.

•SILP effectuates short sales that subject our capital accounts to material and adverse loss potential.

•Under our investment management structure, we have limited control over SILP

•Apart from funds required for collateral purposes, substantially all of our investable assets are or are expected to be invested with SILP. As a result, we depend upon DME II to implement our investment strategy.

•Potential conflicts of interest with DME Advisors may exist that could adversely affect us.

•The compensation arrangements of SILP may create an incentive to effect transactions that are risky or speculative.

•Certain investments made by SILP may have limited liquidity and lack valuation data, which could create a conflict of interest.

Risks Relating to our Class A Ordinary Shares

•Our level of debt may have an adverse impact on our liquidity, restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to business opportunities, and increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions.

•We may not be able to pay interest on the convertible notes or settle conversions of the convertible notes in cash or repurchase the notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt, if any, may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the convertible notes.

Link to Table of Contents

•Provisions of our Articles, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and our corporate structure may each impede a takeover, which could adversely affect the value of our Class A ordinary shares.

Risks Relating to Taxation

•Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States federal income taxation.

•United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares may be subject to United States federal income taxation on our undistributed earnings and may recognize ordinary income upon disposition of Class A ordinary shares.

•The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “TCJA”) may cause us to undertake changes to the manner in which we conduct our business and could subject United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares to United States income taxation on our undistributed earnings.

•The impact of the initiative of the OECD and the EU to eliminate harmful tax practices is uncertain and could adversely affect our tax status in the Cayman Islands where we are exempt from income taxes.

Additional details relating to the above and other risk factors are described below:

Risks Relating to Our Business

A downgrade or withdrawal of either of our A.M. Best ratings would materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy successfully.

If A.M. Best downgrades or withdraws either of our ratings, we could be severely limited or prevented from writing any new reinsurance contracts, which would materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy. Additionally, if A.M. Best downgrades our ratings, we cannot provide assurance that our regulators, the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority and the Central Bank of Ireland, would continue to authorize our current business strategy.

Greenlight Re’s A.M. Best rating of “A- (Excellent)” with a stable outlook is the fourth highest of 13 ratings that A.M. Best issues. A.M. Best periodically reviews our ratings and may revise one or more of our ratings downward or revoke them at its sole discretion based primarily on its analysis of our balance sheet strength, operating performance and business profile. Factors that may affect such an analysis include:


			●			if A.M. Best alters its capital adequacy assessment methodology in a manner that would adversely affect the rating of our reinsurance entities;
			●			if our actual losses significantly exceed our loss reserves;
			●			if unfavorable financial or market trends impact us;
			●			if we change our business practices from our organizational business plan in a manner that no longer supports our A.M. Best ratings;
			●			if we are unable to retain our senior management and other key personnel; or
			●			if our investments incur significant losses.

Our results of operations will likely fluctuate from period to period and may not be indicative of our long-term prospects.

The performance of our operations will likely fluctuate from period to period. Fluctuations in our results of operations will result from a variety of factors, including:


			●			our assessment of the quality of available reinsurance opportunities;
			●			loss experience on our reinsurance contracts;
			●			reinsurance contract pricing;
			●			the volume and mix of reinsurance products we underwrite;
			●			the performance of our Innovations investments and our investment in SILP ; and
			●			our ability to assess and integrate our risk management strategy properly.

We seek attractive opportunities to underwrite products and make investments to achieve favorable returns on equity over the long term. SILP’s investment strategy to invest primarily in long and short positions in publicly-traded equity and debt instruments is subject to market volatility and is likely to be more volatile than traditional fixed-income portfolios that are composed primarily of investment grade bonds. The performance of our Innovations investments in start-up and early stage companies for which there may be no active markets may adversely impact our results of operations. In addition, our

Link to Table of Contents

differentiated strategy and focus on long-term growth in book value will result in fluctuations in total premiums written from period to period as we concentrate on underwriting contracts that we believe will generate better long-term, rather than short-term, results. Additionally, if actual renewals do not meet expectations or if we choose not to write on a renewal basis because of pricing conditions, our premiums written in future years and our future operations could be materially adversely affected. Accordingly, our short-term results of operations may not be indicative of our long-term prospects.

The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and liquidity.

The global pandemic related to COVID-19 which began in March 2020 continues to impact the global economy. Because of the size and breadth of the pandemic, direct and indirect consequences of COVID-19 are not yet fully known and will likely not emerge for some time. We cannot provide assurance on the short-term or long-term impacts of COVID-19 on

our various product lines. The potential exists for elevated frequency and severity losses in the event of legislative action to

retroactively mandate coverage irrespective of terms, exclusions or other conditions included in the policies that would

otherwise preclude coverage and, accordingly, historical analysis and data utilized in our assessment of anticipated losses may

not be reliable. Identified risks to our operations, financial position and/or liquidity presented by the ongoing effects of COVID-19 include the following:

Link to Table of Contents


			●			Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses. We believe that, as a result of COVID-19, we will experience higher loss and loss adjustment expenses in certain lines of business due to anticipated increases in frequency and/or severity of claims. For example, we may experience elevated frequency and severity in our workers’ compensation and health (medical stop loss) lines related to compensable claims by workers who demonstrate that the injury or illness arose both out of and in the course of their employment and, as discussed below, potentially as a result of legislative or regulatory action to effectively expand workers’ compensation coverage by creating presumptions of compensability for certain types of workers. In addition, limited availability of medical resources could result in medical inflation and complicate, delay and/or extend treatment for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 related issues. Most of our health business relates to medical stop-loss coverage of employer health plans where the employer retains an initial level of risk. To the extent COVID-19 workers’ compensation and health (medical stop loss) claims exceed the employers’ self-retention levels, our incurred losses will be adversely impacted. Higher levels of unemployment will likely increase delinquencies and defaults by homeowners, thereby increasing the claims relating to our mortgage business. Additionally, a decline in home prices and resulting foreclosures could further adversely impact losses on our mortgage business. Frequency and severity of claims could also increase with respect to our motor business due to, among other things, disruptions in supply chains and reduced repair shop and/or parts availability. Our cedents may experience higher losses resulting from delayed reporting and settlement of claims due to limited access to business locations; arson; collisions at faster speeds traveled as a result of less congested roadways; and increased first party medical losses in certain jurisdictions. We may also experience elevated frequency and severity in our liability coverages as a result of plaintiffs’ lawyers seeking to generate COVID-19-related claim activity against our insureds. We have some exposure to construction surety, where there is the potential for elevated losses if contractors experience shutdowns, which could negatively impact their cash flows, or experience disruptions in their supply chains, unavailability of labor or increased costs for materials, each of which increases their costs. In our commercial and multi-lines business, there is the potential for elevated frequency and severity due to an increase in the number of bankruptcies, cancellations and other contingency claims. In addition, anticipated and unknown risks related to COVID-19 may cause additional uncertainty in the process of estimating claims and claim adjustment expense reserves. For example, the behavior of underlying claimants and policyholders may change in unexpected ways (such as, our cedents may experience an increase in the number of fraudulent claims), the disruption to the court system may impact the timing and amounts of claims settlements and the actions taken by governmental bodies, both legislative and regulatory, in reaction to COVID-19 and their related impacts are hard to predict. As a result, our estimated level of claims and claim adjustment expense reserves may change.
			●			Inflation. Changes in economic conditions and steps taken by governments and regulatory authorities in response to COVID-19 could lead to higher inflation than anticipated, which could in turn lead to an increase in loss costs and the need to strengthen claims and claim adjustment expense reserves. The impact of inflation on loss costs and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves could be more pronounced for those lines of business that require a relatively longer period of time to finalize and settle claims for a given accident year and, accordingly, are relatively more inflation sensitive.
			●			Investments. Disruptions in global financial markets (similar to those during 2020) due to the continuing impact of COVID-19 could result in investment losses, including potential impairments in our private equity investments relating to Innovations. For further discussion of the risks related to our investment portfolio see “Risks Relating to Our Investment Strategy and Our Investment Advisor” included in “Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors”.
			●			Operational Disruptions and Heightened Cybersecurity Risks. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our employees or those of our cedents, agents, brokers, suppliers or outsourcing providers are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. In addition, the interruption of our or their system capabilities could result in a deterioration of our ability to write and process new and renewal business, provide customer service, pay claims in a timely manner or perform other necessary business functions. Having shifted to remote working arrangements, we also face a heightened risk of cybersecurity attacks or data security incidents and are more dependent on internet and telecommunications access and capabilities. For a further discussion, see “Operational risks, including human or systems failures, are inherent in our business” included in “Part I-Item IA-Risk Factors”.

As a result of the above risks, COVID-19 could materially and adversely impact our results of operations, financial position and/or liquidity.

A downgrade in A.M. Best ratings below specified levels or a significant decrease in our capital or surplus could enable certain clients to terminate reinsurance agreements or to require additional collateral.

Certain of our assumed reinsurance contracts contain provisions that permit our clients to cancel the contract or require additional collateral in the event of a downgrade in our A.M. Best ratings below specified levels or a reduction of our capital or surplus below specified levels over the course of the agreement. We expect that similar provisions will also be included in some

Link to Table of Contents

contracts in the future. Whether a client would exercise such cancellation rights would likely depend, among other things, on the reason the provision is triggered, the prevailing market conditions, the degree of unexpired coverage and the pricing and availability of replacement reinsurance coverage. We cannot predict how many of our clients would ultimately exercise such rights. The exercise of such rights in aggregate could have a significant effect on our financial condition, results of operations and our underwriting capacity.

Competitors with greater resources may make it difficult for us to effectively market our products or offer our products at a profit.

The reinsurance industry is highly competitive. We compete with major reinsurers, many of which have substantially greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do. Competition in the types of business that we underwrite is based on many factors, including:


			●			the general reputation and perceived financial strength of the reinsurer;
			●			ratings assigned by independent rating agencies;
			●			relationships with reinsurance brokers;
			●			pricing;
			●			ability to obtain terms and conditions appropriate with the risk being assumed and in accordance with our underwriting guidelines;
			●			actual and perceived speed with which we pay claims; and
			●			the experience and reputation of the members of our underwriting team in the particular lines of reinsurance we seek to underwrite.

Additionally, although the members of our underwriting deal team have experience across many property and casualty lines, they may not have the requisite or specialized experience or expertise to compete for all transactions that fall within our strategy at times and in markets where capacity and alternatives may be limited.

Further, our ability to compete may be harmed if insurance industry participants continue to consolidate. Consolidated entities may try to use their enhanced market power to negotiate price reductions for our products and services. If competitive pressures reduce our prices, we would expect to write less business. If and when the insurance industry further consolidates, competition for customers may become more intense, and the importance of acquiring and properly servicing each customer may become greater. We could incur greater expenses relating to customer acquisition and retention, further reducing our operating margins. In addition, insurance companies that merge may be able to spread their risks across a consolidated, larger capital base so that they require less reinsurance. The number of companies offering retrocessional reinsurance may decline. Reinsurance intermediaries could also consolidate, potentially adversely impacting our ability to access business and distribute our products. We could also experience more robust competition from larger, better capitalized competitors. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business or our results of operations.

We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the reinsurance market. Our failure to compete effectively could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and may increase the likelihood that we may be deemed to be a passive foreign investment company or an investment company. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Taxation - United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares may be subject to United States federal income taxation on our undistributed earnings and may recognize ordinary income upon disposition of Class A ordinary shares.” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Insurance and Other Regulations — We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under U.S. federal securities law.”

If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Our results of operations and financial condition depend upon our ability to accurately assess the potential losses and loss adjustment expenses associated with the risks we reinsure. Reserves are estimates at a given time of claims an insurer ultimately expects to pay, based upon facts and circumstances then known, predictions of future events, estimates of future trends in claim

Link to Table of Contents

severity and other variable factors. The inherent uncertainties associated with estimating loss reserves are generally greater for reinsurance companies than for primary insurance companies primarily due to:


			●			the reporting delays that occur between the occurrence of an event or claim, its reporting to the primary insurance company and subsequent reporting to the reinsurance company by the primary insurance company;
			●			the settlement delays associated with the reporting delays;
			●			the diversity of development patterns among different types of reinsurance treaties; and
			●			the necessary reliance on the client for information regarding claims.

Our estimation of reserves may be less reliable than the reserve estimations of a reinsurer with a greater volume of business and an established loss history. Actual losses and loss adjustment expenses paid may deviate substantially from the estimates of our loss reserves contained in our financial statements and could negatively affect our results of operations. If we determine our loss reserves to be inadequate, we will increase our loss reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income and capital in the period in which we identify the deficiency, and such a reduction would also negatively affect our results of operations. If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. For a summary of the effects of reserve re-estimation on prior year reserves and net income, see “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates, Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves”

Inflation may adversely impact our results of operations or financial condition.

Our operations are susceptible to inflation, which could cause loss costs to increase, and could impact the performance of our investment portfolio.

Although we consider the potential effects of inflation in the underwriting process, underestimating inflation levels could result in underpricing the risks we reinsure. Additionally, our reserving models include assumptions about future payments for the settlement of claims and claims-handling expenses, such as the value of replacing property, associated labor costs for the property business we write and litigation costs. Inflation may cause costs to increase above loss reserves established for claims. In that case, we will be required to increase our loss reserves with a corresponding reduction in net income in the period the deficiency is identified, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Unanticipated higher inflation could also lead to higher interest rates, potentially negatively impacting the value of any rate-sensitive financial instruments held by SILP.

The effect of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business is uncertain.

As industry practices and social, political, legal, judicial and regulatory conditions change, unexpected issues related to claims and coverage have emerged and we believe such changes have adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our results. We have seen increased levels of abuse and fraud, as well as other forms of social inflation, in multiple U.S. jurisdictions. For example, Florida insureds have been assigning the benefit of their insurance policies to attorneys and other third parties. This practice is referred to as an “assignment of benefits,” or “AOB,”. In recent years, we believe AOB abuse has resulted in increases in the size and number of claims ceded to us. In the future, AOB abuse and related insurance fraud may directly affect us, potentially materially.

Additionally, various provisions of our contracts, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage or choice of forum, may be difficult to enforce in the manner we intend, due to, among other things, disputes relating to coverage and choice of legal forum. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond the period that we intended or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not manifest themselves until many years after we have issued reinsurance contracts that are affected by these changes. As a result, we may not be able to ascertain the full extent of our liabilities under our reinsurance contracts for many years following the issuance of our contracts.

The effects of unforeseen developments or substantial government intervention could adversely impact our ability to attain our goals. For example, due to the evolving and highly uncertain nature of COVID-19, it is currently not possible to estimate the direct or indirect impacts this pandemic may have on our business. As COVID-19 continues to be a global pandemic, it could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity due to the disruptions to commerce, reduced economic activity and other consequences of a pandemic.

Link to Table of Contents

The property and casualty reinsurance market may be affected by cyclical trends.

We write reinsurance in the property and casualty markets, which are subject to pricing cycles. Primary insurers’ underwriting results, prevailing general economic and market conditions, liability retention decisions of companies and primary insurers and reinsurance premium rates influence the demand for property and casualty reinsurance. Prevailing prices and available surplus to support assumed business influence reinsurance supply. Supply may fluctuate in response to changes in return on capital realized in the reinsurance industry, the frequency and severity of losses and prevailing general economic and market conditions.

As a result, the reinsurance business historically has been a cyclical industry characterized by periods of intense price competition due to high levels of available underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity have permitted favorable premium levels and changes in terms and conditions. The supply of available reinsurance capital has increased over the past several years and may increase further, either as a result of capital provided by new entrants or by the commitment of additional capital by existing insurers or reinsurers.

Continued increases in the supply of reinsurance may have consequences for the reinsurance industry generally and for us, including fewer contracts written, lower premium rates, increased expenses for customer acquisition and retention, less favorable policy terms and conditions and/or lower premium volume.

Unpredictable developments, including courts granting increasingly larger awards for certain damages, natural disasters (such as catastrophic hurricanes, windstorms, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires and floods), fluctuations in interest rates, changes in the investment environment that affect market prices of investments and inflationary pressures, affect the industry’s profitability. The effects of cyclicality could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Global economic downturns and any significant weakness in the U.S. economy could harm our business, our liquidity and financial condition and our stock price.

Weak economic conditions may adversely affect (among other aspects of our business) the demand for and claims made under our products, the ability of customers, counterparties and others to establish or maintain their relationships with us, our ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources and our investment in SILP. Volatility in the U.S. and other securities markets may adversely affect our investment in SILP and our stock price.

Operational risks, including human or systems failures, are inherent in our business.

Operational risks and losses can result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly or to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with regulatory requirements, information technology failures or external events.

We believe that our modeling, underwriting and information technology and application systems are critical to our business. We utilize modeling tools to facilitate our pricing, reserving, and risk management tools to manage risks in our reinsurance portfolio. These models help us to control risk accumulation, inform management and other stakeholders of capital requirements and to improve the risk/return profile or minimize the amount of capital required to cover the risks in each reinsurance contract. However, given the inherent uncertainty of modeling techniques and the application of such techniques, these models and databases may not accurately address the emergence of a variety of matters which might be deemed to impact certain of our coverages. These models have been developed internally and in some cases they make use of third party software. The construction of these models and the selection of assumptions requires significant actuarial judgment. Furthermore, these models typically rely on either cedent or industry data, both of which may be incomplete or may be subject to errors. Accordingly, these models may understate the exposures we are assuming and our financial results may be adversely impacted, perhaps significantly.

Moreover, our information technology and application systems have been an important part of our underwriting process and our ability to compete successfully. We have also licensed certain systems and data from third parties. We cannot be certain that we will have access to these, or comparable, service providers, or that our information technology or application systems will continue to operate as intended. Like all companies, our information technology and application systems may be vulnerable to data breaches, interruptions or failures due to events that may be beyond our control, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, theft, terrorist attacks, malicious cyber-attacks, computer viruses, hackers and general technology failures. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology and application systems could result in management distraction, a violation of applicable privacy or other laws, harm our reputation, cause a loss of customers or give rise to monetary fines or penalties or otherwise increase expenses. We believe appropriate controls and mitigation procedures are in place to prevent significant risk of data breaches, interruptions or failures in, information technology and application systems,

Link to Table of Contents

but internal controls provide only a reasonable, not absolute, assurance as to the absence of errors or irregularities and any ineffectiveness of such controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The inability to obtain business provided from brokers could materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy and results of operations.

Substantially all of our business is placed through brokered transactions, which involve a limited number of reinsurance brokers which exposes us to concentration risk. Our three largest brokers each accounted for more than 10% of our gross written premiums, and in the aggregate they accounted for approximately 67.4% of our gross premiums written in 2021. Because broker-produced business is concentrated with a small number of brokers, we are exposed to concentration risk. To lose or fail to expand all or a substantial portion of the business provided through brokers, could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may need additional capital in the future in order to operate our business, and such capital may not be available to us or may not be available to us on favorable terms.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future through public or private equity or debt offerings or otherwise in order to:


			●			fund liquidity needs caused by underwriting or investment losses;
			●			repay our convertible notes;
			●			meet rating agency capital requirements;
			●			replace capital lost in the event of significant reinsurance losses or adverse reserve developments or significant investment losses;
			●			satisfy collateral requirements that may be imposed by our clients or by regulators;
			●			meet applicable statutory jurisdiction requirements; or
			●			respond to competitive pressures.

Additional capital may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. Further, any additional capital raised through the sale of equity could dilute existing ownership interest in our company and may cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline. Additional capital raised through the issuance of debt may result in creditors having rights, preferences and privileges senior or otherwise superior to those of our Class A ordinary shares.

Our property and property catastrophe reinsurance operations make us vulnerable to losses from catastrophes and may cause our results of operations to vary significantly from period to period.

Certain of our reinsurance operations expose us to claims arising out of unpredictable catastrophic events, such as hurricanes, hailstorms, tornadoes, typhoons, windstorms, severe winter weather, earthquakes, floods, droughts, fires, explosions, volcanic eruptions and other natural or man-made disasters such as acts of war or terrorism, cyber attacks, major aircraft crashes, riots or political unrest or outbreaks of pandemic or contagious diseases. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable, and there may be increases in the frequency and severity of natural catastrophes and the losses that result from them. Further, such catastrophes could impact the affordability and availability of homeowners insurance, which could have an impact on pricing. We monitor and adjust our risk management models to reflect our judgment of how to interpret current developments and information. We believe that factors including increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property, particularly along coastal regions, the possibility of an increase in the frequency and/or severity of extreme weather events, and the effects of inflation may increase the severity of claims from catastrophic events in the future.

Claims from catastrophic events such as hurricanes, typhoons, derecho and wildfires from 2017 to 2021 have reduced our earnings and caused substantial volatility in our results of operations and have affected our financial condition. Future catastrophic events may materially reduce our earnings and cause further volatility in our results of operations and the corresponding reductions in our surplus levels could impact our ability to write new reinsurance policies.

Catastrophic losses are a function of the insured exposure in the affected area and the severity of the event. Because accounting regulations do not permit reinsurers to reserve for catastrophic events until they occur, claims from catastrophic events could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Link to Table of Contents

We depend on our clients’ evaluations of the risks associated with their insurance underwriting, which may subject us to reinsurance losses.

In our proportional reinsurance business, in which we assume an agreed percentage of each underlying insurance contract being reinsured, or quota share contracts, we do not expect to separately evaluate each of the original individual risks assumed under these reinsurance contracts. Therefore, we are largely dependent on the original underwriting decisions made by ceding companies. We are subject to the risk that the clients may not have adequately evaluated the insured risks and that the premiums ceded may not adequately compensate us for the risks we assume. We also do not separately evaluate each of the individual claims made on the underlying insurance contracts under quota share contracts. Therefore, we are dependent on the claims decisions made by our clients.

We could face unanticipated losses on our reinsurance contracts from geopolitical instability which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We could be exposed to unexpected losses on our reinsurance contracts resulting from political unrest, geopolitical instability, and other politically driven events globally. These risks are inherently unpredictable and it is difficult to predict the timing of these events or to estimate the amount of loss that any given occurrence will generate. To the extent that losses from these risks occur, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our failure to comply with restrictive covenants contained in our current or future credit facilities could trigger prepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our credit facility requires us and/or certain of our subsidiaries to comply with certain covenants, including restrictions on our ability to place a lien or charge on pledged assets, issue debt and in certain circumstances on the payment of dividends. Our failure to comply with these or other covenants could result in an event of default under the credit facility or any credit facility we may enter into in the future, which, if not cured or waived, could result in us being required to repay the amounts outstanding under these facilities prior to maturity. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If we lose or are unable to retain our senior management and other key personnel and are unable to attract qualified personnel, our ability to implement our business strategy could be delayed or hindered, which, in turn, could materially and adversely affect our business.

Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on the efforts of our senior management and other key personnel to implement our business strategy. We believe there are only a limited number of available, qualified executives with substantial experience in our industry. We could face challenges attracting and retaining personnel in the Cayman Islands and/or in Dublin, Ireland. Accordingly, the loss of the services of one or more of the members of our senior management or other key personnel, or our inability to hire and retain other key personnel, could prevent us from continuing to implement our business strategy and, consequently, materially and adversely affect our business.

We do not currently maintain key man life insurance with respect to any of our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Underwriting Officer, Chief Risk Officer, or General Counsel. If any member of senior management dies or becomes incapacitated, or leaves the Company to pursue employment opportunities elsewhere, we would be solely responsible for locating an adequate replacement for such senior management and for bearing any related cost. To the extent that we are unable to locate an adequate replacement or are unable to do so within a reasonable period of time, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We may face risks arising from future strategic transactions such as acquisitions, dispositions, mergers or joint ventures.

We may pursue strategic transactions in the future, which could involve acquisitions or dispositions of businesses or assets. Any strategic transactions could have an adverse impact on our reputation, business, results of operation or financial condition. We face a number of risks arising from these types of transactions, including financial, accounting, tax and regulatory challenges; difficulties with integration, business retention, execution of strategy, unforeseen liabilities or market conditions; and other managerial or operating risks and challenges. Any future transactions could also subject us to risks such as failure to obtain appropriate value, post-closing claims being levied against us and disruption to our other businesses during the negotiation or execution process or thereafter. Accordingly, these risks and difficulties may prevent us from realizing the expected benefits from such strategic transactions. For example, businesses that we acquire or our strategic alliances or joint ventures may underperform relative to the price paid or resources committed by us; we may not achieve anticipated cost savings; or we may otherwise be adversely affected by transaction-related charges.

Link to Table of Contents

Through strategic transactions, we may also assume unknown or undisclosed business, operational, tax, regulatory and other liabilities, fail to properly assess known contingent liabilities, or assume businesses with internal control deficiencies. Risk-mitigating provisions that we put in place in the course of negotiating and executing these transactions, such as due diligence efforts and indemnification provisions, may not be sufficient to fully address these liabilities and contingencies.

Our ability to implement our business strategy could be adversely affected by Cayman Islands employment restrictions.

Under Cayman Islands law, persons who are not Caymanian, do not possess Caymanian status, or are not otherwise entitled to reside and work in the Cayman Islands pursuant to provisions of the Immigration Law (2015 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, which we refer to as the Immigration Law, may not engage in any gainful occupation in the Cayman Islands without an appropriate governmental work permit. Such a work permit may be granted or extended on a continuous basis for a maximum period of nine years (after having been legally and ordinarily resident in the Cayman Islands for a period of eight years a person may apply for permanent residence in accordance with the provisions of the Immigration Law) upon showing that, after proper public advertisement, no Caymanian or person of Caymanian status, or other person legally and ordinarily resident in the Cayman Islands who meets the minimum standards for the advertised position is available. The failure of these work permits to be granted or extended could prevent us from continuing to implement our business strategy.

We are subject to the credit risk of our brokers, cedents, agents and other counterparties.

In accordance with industry practice, we frequently pay amounts owed on claims under our policies to reinsurance brokers, and these brokers, in turn, remit these amounts to the ceding companies that have reinsured a portion of their liabilities with us. In some jurisdictions, if a broker fails to make such a payment, we might remain liable to the client for the deficiency notwithstanding the broker’s obligation to make such payment. Conversely, in certain jurisdictions, when the client pays premiums for policies to reinsurance brokers for payment to us, these premiums are considered to have been paid and the client will no longer be liable to us for these premiums, whether or not we have actually received them. Consequently, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers around the world.

In addition, we are also exposed to the credit risk of our cedents and agents, who, pursuant to their contracts with us, may be required to pay us profit commission, additional premiums, reinstatement premiums, and adjustments to ceding commissions over a period of time, which in some cases may extend beyond the initial period of risk coverage. Insolvency, liquidity problems, distressed financial condition or the general effects of an economic recession may increase the risk that our cedents or agents may not pay a part of or the full amount of their obligations to us. To the extent our cedents or agents become unable to pay us, we would be required to recognize a downward adjustment to our premiums receivable or reinsurance recoverables, as applicable, in our financial statements. While we generally seek to mitigate this risk through, among other things, collateral agreements, funds withheld, corporate guarantees and right of offset of receivables against any losses payable, an increased inability of customers to fulfill their obligations to us could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we extend credit in the form of promissory notes and other credit facilities to certain counterparties in connection with our reinsurance activities. We have recognized losses due to counterparties’ inability to repay us, and we may incur such losses in the future.

Our reinsurance balances receivable from brokers and cedents at December 31, 2021 totaled $405.4 million, which included premiums, ceding commissions receivable as well as funds at Lloyds of London, a majority of which are not collateralized. We cannot provide assurance that such receivables will be collected or that valuation allowances or write downs for uncollectible recoverable amounts will not be required in future periods.

We may be unable to purchase reinsurance for the liabilities we reinsure, and if we successfully purchase such reinsurance, we may be unable to collect, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We purchase reinsurance for certain liabilities we reinsure in order to mitigate the effect of a potential concentration of losses upon our financial condition. The insolvency or inability or refusal of a retrocessionaire to make payments under the terms of its agreement with us could have an adverse effect on us because we remain liable to our client. From time to time, market conditions have limited, and in some cases have prevented, reinsurers from obtaining the types and amounts of retrocessional coverage that they consider necessary for their business needs. Accordingly, we may not be able to obtain our desired amounts of retrocessional coverage or negotiate terms that we deem appropriate or acceptable or obtain retrocessional coverage from entities with satisfactory creditworthiness. Our failure to establish adequate retrocessional arrangements or the failure of our retrocessional arrangements to protect us from overly concentrated risk exposure could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Link to Table of Contents

The failure of any risk management and loss limitation methods we employ, as well as an unexpected accumulation of attritional losses, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We seek to limit our loss exposure in a variety of ways, including by writing many of our reinsurance contracts on an excess of loss basis, adhering to maximum limitations on policies written in defined geographical zones, limiting program size for each client, establishing per risk and per occurrence limitations for each event, employing coverage restrictions and following prudent underwriting guidelines for each program written. In the case of proportional treaties, we generally seek per occurrence limitations or loss ratio caps to limit the impact of losses from any one event. We also seek to limit our loss exposure through geographic diversification. Notwithstanding these loss limitation techniques, one or more future catastrophic or other events could result in claims that substantially exceed our expectations in ways limiting the applicability of these techniques, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Non-compliance with laws, regulations and taxation regarding transactions with international counterparties may adversely affect our business.

As we provide reinsurance on a worldwide basis, we are subject to an expanding legal, regulatory and tax environment intended to help detect and prevent anti-trust activity, money laundering, terrorist financing, proliferation financing, fraud, tax avoidance and other illicit activity. These requirements include, among others, regulations promulgated and administered by CIMA, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012, and the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. These and other programs prohibit or restrict dealings with certain persons, entities, countries, their governments and, in certain circumstances, their nationals and may require detailed reporting to various administrative parties. Non-compliance with any of these regulations could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

Currency fluctuations could result in exchange rate losses and negatively impact our business.

Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. However, we expect that we will write a portion of our business and receive premiums and pay claims in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We may incur foreign currency exchange gains or losses as we ultimately receive premiums and settle claims in foreign currencies. In addition, SILP may invest in securities or cash denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Consequently, we may experience exchange rate losses to the extent any of our foreign currency exposure is not hedged, which could materially and adversely affect our business. If we or SILP hedge our foreign currency exposure through the use of forward foreign currency exchange contracts or currency swaps, we will be subject to the risk that our or SILP’s counterparties to the arrangements fail to perform.

There are differences under Cayman Islands corporate law and Delaware corporate law with respect to interested party transactions which may benefit certain of our shareholders at the expense of other shareholders.

Under Cayman Islands corporate law, a director may vote on a contract or transaction where the director has an interest as a shareholder, director, officer or employee provided such interest is disclosed. None of our contracts will be deemed to be void because any director is an interested party in such transaction and interested parties will not be held liable for monies owed to the Company.

Under Delaware law, interested party transactions are voidable.

Risks Relating to Insurance and Other Regulations

Any suspension or revocation of our reinsurance license would materially and adversely impact our ability to do business and implement our business strategy.

We are presently licensed as a reinsurer only in the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area. The suspension or revocation of our licenses to do business as a reinsurance company in either of these jurisdictions for any reason would mean that we would not be able to enter into any new reinsurance contracts in that jurisdiction until the suspension ended or we became licensed in another jurisdiction. The process of obtaining licenses is time consuming and costly, and we may not be able to become licensed in another jurisdiction in the event we chose to. Any such suspension or revocation of our license would negatively impact our reputation in the reinsurance marketplace and could have a material adverse effect on any potential license application and on our results of operations.

CIMA and CBI may take a number of actions, including suspending or revoking a reinsurance license whenever the regulatory body believes that a licensee is or may become unable to meet its obligations, is carrying on business in a manner likely to be detrimental to the public interest or to the interest of its creditors or policyholders, has contravened the terms of the

Link to Table of Contents

Act or has otherwise behaved in such a manner so as to cause such regulatory body to call into question the licensee’s fitness to conduct regulated activity.

Further, based on statutes, regulations and policies in their respective jurisdictions, CIMA and CBI may suspend or revoke our license if:


			●			we cease to carry on reinsurance business;
			●			the direction and management of our reinsurance business has not been conducted in a fit and proper manner;
			●			a person holding a position as a director, manager or officer is not a fit and proper person to hold the respective position; or
			●			we become bankrupt or go into liquidation or we are wound up or otherwise dissolved.

Similarly, if CIMA suspended or revoked our license, we could lose our exemption under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”) (See “— We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under U.S. federal securities law.”)

Our reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and our failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action.

The Insurance (Capital and Solvency) (Classes B, C, and D Insurers) Regulations, (2018 Revision) (the “Capital and Solvency Regulations”) impose on Greenlight Re a minimum capital requirement of US$50 million, a prescribed capital requirement of US$222.6 million and a requirement to maintain solvency equal to or in excess of the total prescribed capital requirement (the “Capital Requirements”). At December 31, 2021, Greenlight Re was in compliance with the Capital Requirements.

Under the prudential regime applying prior to the introduction of Solvency II, GRIL, our Irish subsidiary, was required to maintain statutory reserves, particularly in respect of underwriting liabilities. GRIL is required to comply with risk-based solvency requirements under Solvency II including calculating and maintaining a minimum capital requirement and solvency capital requirement. At December 31, 2021, GRIL’s minimum capital requirement and solvency capital requirement was approximately $10.6 million and $42.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2021, GRIL has been in compliance with the capital requirements required under the Irish Insurance Acts and Regulations.

Any failure to meet applicable requirements or minimum statutory capital requirements could subject us to further examination or action by regulators, including restrictions on dividend payments, limitations on our writing of additional business or engaging in financial or other activities, enhanced supervision, financial or other penalties or liquidation. Further, any changes in existing risk based capital requirements or minimum statutory capital requirements may require us to increase our statutory capital levels, which we might be unable to do.

We are a holding company that depends on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends.

We are a holding company and do not have any significant operations or assets other than our ownership of the shares of our subsidiaries. Dividends and other permitted distributions from our subsidiaries are our primary source of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including future debt service payments, if any, and other corporate expenses, and to repurchase shares or pay dividends to our shareholders if we choose to do so. Some of our subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level could have an adverse effect on our operations and our ability to repurchase shares or pay dividends to our shareholders if we choose to do so and/or meet our debt service obligations, if any.

To the extent any of our subsidiaries located in jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands consider declaring dividends, such subsidiaries are required to comply with restrictions set forth under applicable law and regulations in such other jurisdictions. These restrictions could adversely impact the Company.

Link to Table of Contents

We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under U.S. federal securities law.

In the United States, the Investment Company Act regulates certain companies that invest in or trade securities. We rely on an exemption under the Investment Company Act for an entity organized and regulated as a foreign insurance company which is engaged primarily and predominantly in the reinsurance of risks on insurance agreements. The law in this area is subjective and there is a lack of guidance as to the meaning of “primarily and predominantly” under the relevant exemption to the Investment Company Act. For example, there is no standard for the amount of premiums that need to be written relative to the level of an entity’s capital in order to qualify for the exemption. If this exemption were deemed inapplicable, we would have to register under the Investment Company Act as an investment company. Registered investment companies are subject to extensive, restrictive and potentially adverse regulation relating to, among other things, operating methods, management, capital structure, leverage, dividends and transactions with affiliates. Registered investment companies are not permitted to operate their business in the manner in which we operate our business, nor are registered investment companies permitted to have many of the relationships that we have with our affiliated companies. Accordingly, we likely would not be permitted to engage DME Advisors as our investment advisor, unless we obtained board and shareholder approvals under the Investment Company Act. If DME Advisors were not our investment advisor, we would seek to identify and retain another investment advisor with a value-oriented investment philosophy. If we could not identify or retain such an advisor, we would be required to make substantial modifications to our investment strategy. Any such changes to our investment strategy could materially and adversely impact our investment results, financial condition and our ability to implement our business strategy.

If at any time it were established that we had been operating as an investment company in violation of the registration requirements of the Investment Company Act, there would be a risk, among other material adverse consequences, that we could become subject to monetary penalties or injunctive relief, or both, or that we would be unable to enforce contracts with third parties or that third parties could seek to obtain rescission of transactions with us undertaken during the period in which it was established that we were an unregistered investment company.

To the extent that the laws and regulations change in the future so that contracts we write are deemed not to be reinsurance contracts, we will be at greater risk of not qualifying for the Investment Company Act exception. Additionally, it is possible that our classification as an investment company would result in the suspension or revocation of our reinsurance license.

Insurance regulations to which we are, or may become, subject, and potential changes thereto, could have a significant and negative effect on our business.

We currently are admitted to do business in the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area. Our operations in each of these jurisdictions are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision. The laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries are domiciled require that, among other things, these subsidiaries maintain minimum levels of statutory or regulatory capital, surplus and liquidity, meet solvency standards, submit to periodic examinations of their financial condition and restrict payments of dividends and reductions of capital. Statutes, regulations and policies that our subsidiaries are subject to may also restrict the ability of these subsidiaries to write insurance and reinsurance policies, make certain investments and distribute funds.

More specifically with respect to our Irish subsidiary, European legislation known as “Solvency II”, was introduced with effect from January 1, 2016 and governs the prudential regulation of insurers and reinsurers, and requires insurers and reinsurers in Europe to meet risk-based solvency requirements. It also imposes group solvency and governance requirements on groups with insurers and/or reinsurers operating in the European Economic Area. A number of European Commission delegated acts and technical standards have been adopted, which set out more detailed requirements based on the overarching provisions of the Solvency II Directive. However, further delegated acts, technical standards and guidance are likely to be published on an ongoing basis.

Although we do not presently expect that we will be admitted to do business in any other jurisdiction other than the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area, we cannot provide assurance that insurance regulators in the United States or elsewhere will not review our activities and claim that we are subject to such jurisdiction’s licensing requirements. In addition, we are subject to indirect regulatory requirements imposed by jurisdictions that may limit our ability to provide reinsurance. For example, our ability to write reinsurance may be subject, in certain cases, to arrangements satisfactory to applicable regulatory bodies, and proposed legislation and regulations may have the effect of imposing additional requirements upon, or restricting the market for, non-U.S. reinsurers such as Greenlight Re and GRIL, with whom domestic companies may place business. We do not know of any such proposed legislation pending at this time.

We may not be able to comply fully with, or obtain desired exemptions from, revised statutes, regulations and policies that currently, or may in the future, govern the conduct of our business. Failure to comply with, or to obtain desired

Link to Table of Contents

authorizations and/or exemptions under, any applicable laws could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or undertake activities that are regulated in one or more of the jurisdictions in which we operate and could subject us to fines and other sanctions. The Monetary Authority Act (2020 Revision) includes amendments that provide for a specific administrative fines framework whereby CIMA has been granted the power to issue monetary penalties up to 1 million Cayman Dollars for a very serious breach.

In addition, governmental authorities worldwide have become increasingly interested in potential risks posed by the insurance industry as a whole, and to the commercial and financial systems in general. While we cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of possible governmental initiatives, there may be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future. Changes in the laws or regulations to which our subsidiaries are subject or may become subject, or in the interpretations thereof by enforcement or regulatory agencies, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Relating to Our Investment Strategy and Our Investment Advisor

SILP may be concentrated in a few large positions, which could result in investment volatility and large losses.

Our investment guidelines provide that SILP may commit up to, but not more than, 10% of Greenlight Re Surplus (as defined in the SILP LPA) and 7.5% of GRIL Surplus (as defined in the SILP LPA) to any single investment, unless a waiver has been obtained by the board of directors of Greenlight Re or GRIL, as applicable. At December 31, 2021, SILP, along with certain affiliates of DME Advisors, collectively owned 34.3% of of Green Brick Partners, Inc., a publicly traded company (NYSE: GRBK) (the “GRBK Shares”). At December 31, 2021, SILP had invested more than 10% of Greenlight Re Surplus in GRBK. Under applicable securities laws, DME Advisors may be unable to, or be limited in its ability to trade GRBK Shares of behalf of SILP. As of the date of this filing, the board of directors of Greenlight Re had waived the applicable investment guidelines to allow SILP’s investment in the GRBK Shares to exceed the 10% threshold. The board of directors of Greenlight Re and GRIL may grant future waivers relating to the GRBK Shares.

In addition, GRIL’s investment guidelines require that the 10 largest investments shall not constitute more than 40% of the GRIL Surplus and GRIL’s investment portfolio shall at all times, unless waived by the GRIL board of directors, be composed of a minimum of 50 debt or equity securities of publicly traded companies. From time to time SILP may hold a few, relatively large security positions in relation to our capital accounts. Since SILP may not be widely diversified by security or by industry, it may be subject to more rapid changes in value than would be the case if our investment portfolio were required to maintain a wide diversification among companies, securities industries and types of securities.

Under the SILP LPA, we are contractually obligated to invest substantially all our assets in SILP with certain exceptions. SILP’s performance depends on the ability of DME Advisors to select and manage appropriate investments.

In connection with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors acts as the exclusive investment advisor for our investment portfolio. Pursuant to the SILP LPA, we are contractually obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause substantially all investable assets of Greenlight Re and GRIL, with limited exceptions, to be contributed to SILP. Additionally, we are restricted from making additional contributions of assets that would cause the capital account balances of Greenlight Re and GRIL to represent more than 90% of the aggregate capital account balances of all of the partners of SILP. Although DME Advisors is contractually obligated to follow the investment guidelines of both Greenlight Re and GRIL, we cannot provide assurance as to how DME Advisors will allocate our investable assets to different investment opportunities. DME Advisors may allocate our capital accounts to long and short equity positions, debt and derivatives, which could increase the level of risk to which our investment portfolio will be exposed.

The performance of our investment portfolio depends to a great extent on the ability of DME Advisors to select and manage appropriate investments for SILP. We cannot provide assurance that DME Advisors will be successful in meeting our investment objectives. The failure of DME Advisors to perform adequately could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our investment performance depends in part on the performance of SILP, and may suffer as a result of adverse financial market developments or other factors that impact our liquidity, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our operating results depend in part on the performance of SILP. We cannot provide assurance that DME Advisors on behalf of SILP will successfully structure investments in relation to our liquidity needs or liabilities. Failure to do so could force us to withdraw investments from SILP at a significant loss or at prices that are not optimal, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

Link to Table of Contents

The risks associated with the value-oriented investment strategy expected to be employed by SILP may be substantially greater than the risks associated with traditional fixed-income investment strategies. In addition, long equity investments may generate losses if the market declines. Similarly, short equity investments may generate losses in a rising market. The success of the investment strategy may also be affected by general economic conditions. Unexpected market volatility and illiquidity associated with our investment in SILP could materially and adversely affect our investment results, financial condition or results of operations.

The performance of our Innovations investments could result in financial losses and reduce our capital.

Our Innovations investments include private investments and unlisted equities in early stage or start-up entities for which no active market may exit. The valuation of these investments on our consolidated balance sheet may differ significantly from the values that would be used if ready markets existed for the securities representing interests in the relevant entities. If we were to sell these assets (which may be necessary if we need liquidity to pay claims or other expenses), the proceeds may be significantly lower than our carrying values. Furthermore, some of our Innovations investments may be subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that limit our ability to liquidate these investments in the short term. Our Innovations investments may become concentrated in a limited number of entities or have significant exposure to certain geographic areas or economic sectors. Concentration of investments can increase investment risk and volatility. Any of the foregoing could result in a decline in our investment performance and capital resources, and accordingly, adversely affect our financial results.

SILP effectuates short sales that subject our capital accounts to material and adverse loss potential.

SILP enters into transactions in which it sells a security it does not own, which we refer to as a short sale, in anticipation

of a decline in the market value of the security. Short sales subject our capital accounts to material and adverse loss potential

since the market price of securities sold short may continuously increase. SILP may mitigate such losses by buying back the

securities sold short before the market price has increased significantly but we have no control over such mitigation, if any.

Under adverse market conditions, SILP might have difficulty borrowing securities to meet short sale delivery obligations and

may have to cover short sales at suboptimal prices.

Several securities have recently been targeted for trading by participants on social media platforms in part due to the amount of short interest in the security. If SILP holds a short interest in a targeted security, the short interest may attract social media attention and related trading. Given changes to market structure and the low cost of trading for retail clients, the volume of social-media related trading may be significant, which could raise a targeted security’s share price. The borrowing costs for short securities increases as the price of the security increases (and may typically only be ended through purchases of securities). As a result, social-media-related trading may cause SILP to incur outsize losses or to exit short positions earlier than it normally would so exit. It is possible that U.S. lawmakers and regulators may react to the volatility related to social-media related trading and restrict, or require the public reporting of, short interest, which may limit SILP’s ability to achieve its trading objectives.

Under our investment management structure, we have limited control over SILP.

Under the SILP LPA, subject to the investment guidelines and certain other conditions, DME II has complete and exclusive power and responsibility for all investment and investment management decisions to be undertaken on behalf of SILP and for managing and administering the affairs of SILP, and has the power and authority to do all things that it, as the general partner, considers necessary or desirable to carry out its duties thereunder including the power to delegate its authorities. While SILP is not, and is not expected to be registered as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940 or any comparable U.S. regulatory requirements, the general partner, or its designee, may resign or withdraw from SILP and may admit new limited partners to SILP without our consent, which may cause SILP to be deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

We have no right to remove the general partner of SILP and do not have any right to participate in the conduct or management of SILP, other than by amending our investment guidelines.

The historical performance of DME Advisors and its affiliates should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our investment portfolio or of our future results or of any returns expected on our Class A ordinary shares.

The historical returns of SILP and other the funds managed by DME Advisors and its affiliates are not directly linked to our Class A ordinary shares. Results for our investment in SILP could differ from results of the other funds managed by DME Advisors and its affiliates as a result of restrictions imposed by our investment guidelines and other factors.

Link to Table of Contents

Even if our investment in SILP generates investment income in a given period, our overall performance could be adversely affected by losses generated by our reinsurance operations. Poor performance of SILP will cause a decline in our revenue and will therefore have a negative effect on our financial performance.

The historical performance of DME Advisors and its affiliates may impact our A.M. Best rating.

The historical performance of DME Advisors and its funds, including SILP, is not necessarily indicative of future results, but losses incurred to date may be taken into account by A.M. Best & Co. and may adversely affect our financial strength rating. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business - “A downgrade or withdrawal of either of our A.M. Best ratings would materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy successfully.”.

If A.M. Best downgrades our ratings, we cannot provide assurance that our regulators, CIMA and CBI, would continue to authorize our current investment strategy.

Apart from funds required for collateral purposes, substantially all of our investable assets are or are expected to be invested with SILP and, as a result, we depend upon DME II to implement our investment strategy.

Apart from funds required for collateral purposes, risk management and other operational needs, substantially all of our investable assets are or are expected to be invested with SILP and, as a result, we depend upon DME II to implement our investment strategy. Accordingly, the diminution or loss of the services of DME II could significantly affect SILP and our business. DME II, in turn, is dependent on the talents, efforts and leadership of DME Advisors’ principals. The diminution or loss of the services of DME Advisors’ principals, or diminution or loss of their reputation or any negative market or industry perception arising from that diminution or loss, could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the loss of DME Advisors’ key personnel, or DME Advisors’ inability to hire and retain other key personnel, over which we have no control, could delay or prevent DME Advisors from fulfilling its obligations pursuant to the IAA, which could materially and adversely affect SILP’s performance and correspondingly our business and financial performance.

Our investment performance may suffer as a result of adverse financial market developments or other factors that impact our liquidity, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may derive a significant portion of our income from our investment portfolio. As a result, our operating results depend in part on the performance of our investment portfolio managed by DME Advisors. We strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. We cannot provide assurance that DME Advisors will successfully structure the investments in SILP in relation to our anticipated liabilities. Failure to do so could force us to liquidate investments at a significant loss or at prices that are not optimal, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

The risks associated with DME Advisors’ value-oriented investment strategy may be substantially greater than the risks associated with traditional fixed-income investment strategies. In addition, long equity investments may generate losses if the market declines. Similarly, short equity investments may generate losses in a rising market. The success of our investment strategy may also be affected by general economic conditions. Unexpected market volatility and illiquidity associated with our investments could materially and adversely affect our investment portfolio results.

Potential conflicts of interest with DME Advisors may exist that could adversely affect us.

In addition to managing SILP, DME Advisors, its principals and their affiliates may engage in investment and trading activities for their own accounts and/or for the accounts of third parties. None of DME Advisors or its principals, including David Einhorn, Chairman of our Board of Directors and the President of Greenlight Capital, Inc., are obligated to devote any specific amount of time to our investment in SILP. Affiliates of DME Advisors, including Greenlight Capital, Inc., manage and expect to continue to manage other client accounts, some of which have objectives similar to SILP, including collective investment vehicles managed by DME Advisors’ affiliates and in which DME Advisors or its affiliates may have an equity interest. Pursuant to the SILP LPA and the IAA, DME Advisors has the exclusive right to manage SILP and is required to follow our investment guidelines and act in a manner that is fair and equitable in allocating investment opportunities to us, but neither the SILP LPA or the IAA impose any specific obligations or requirements concerning allocation of time, effort or investment opportunities to us or any restriction on the nature or timing of investments for accounts that DME Advisors or its affiliates may manage. If we compete for any investment opportunity with another entity that DME Advisors or its affiliates manage, DME Advisors is not required to afford SILP exclusivity or priority. DME Advisors’ interest and the interests of its affiliates, including Greenlight Capital, Inc., may at times conflict, possibly to DME Advisors’ detriment, which, in turn, may potentially adversely affect SILP’s investment opportunities and returns, and correspondingly, our investment portfolio.

Link to Table of Contents

Mr. Einhorn, Chairman of our Board of Directors, is not, under Cayman Islands law, legally restricted from participating in making decisions with respect to Greenlight Re’s investment guidelines. Accordingly, his involvement as a member of the Boards of Directors of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Greenlight Re may lead to a conflict of interest.

DME Advisors and its affiliates may also manage accounts whose advisory fee schedules, investment objectives and policies differ from those of SILP, which may cause DME Advisors and its affiliates to effect trading in one account that may have an adverse effect on another account, including SILP. We do not have the contractual right to inspect the trading records of DME Advisors or its principals.

If DME Advisor’s risk management systems are ineffective, we may be exposed to material unanticipated losses.

DME Advisors continually refines its risk management techniques, strategies and assessment methods. However, its risk management techniques and strategies do not fully mitigate the risk exposure of its funds and managed accounts, including SILP, in all economic or market environments, or against all types of risk, including risks that it might fail to identify or anticipate. Any failures in DME Advisors’ risk management techniques and strategies to accurately quantify risk exposure could limit the risk-adjusted returns of SILP. In addition, any risk management failures could cause losses to be significantly greater than historical measures predict. DME Advisors’ approach to managing those risks could prove insufficient, exposing SILP, and correspondingly our investment portfolio, to material unanticipated or material losses.

We and SILP are exposed to credit risk primarily from the possibility that counterparties may default on their obligations to us.

We and SILP are exposed to credit risk primarily from the possibility that counterparties may default on their obligations to us or it. The amount of the maximum exposure to credit risk is indicated by the carrying value of our and SILP’s financial assets. In addition, SILP holds the securities of our investment portfolio with prime brokers and have credit risk from the possibility that one or more of them may default on their obligations to SILP. Other than our investment in derivative contracts and corporate debt, if any, and the fact that our investments are held by prime brokers and custodians on our behalf, we have no other significant concentrations of credit risk in our investment portfolio.

Issuers or borrowers whose securities or debt SILP holds, customers, reinsurers, clearing agents, exchanges, clearing houses and other financial intermediaries and guarantors may default on their obligations to us and/or SILP due to bankruptcy, insolvency, lack of liquidity, adverse economic conditions, operational failure, fraud or other reasons. Such defaults could have a significant and negative effect on us and/or SILP, and, correspondingly, our investment portfolio and our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

SILP may trade on margin and use other forms of financial leverage, which may increase the risk of our investment portfolio.

Our investment guidelines provide SILP with the ability to trade on margin and use other forms of financial leverage. Fluctuations in the market value of our investment in SILP could have a disproportionately large effect in relation to our capital. Any event which may adversely affect the value of positions SILP holds could materially and adversely affect the net asset value of our investment portfolio and thus our results of operations.

SILP may transact in derivatives trading, which may increase the risk of our investment portfolio.

Derivative instruments, or derivatives, include futures, options, swaps, structured securities and other instruments and contracts that derive their value from one or more underlying securities, financial benchmarks, currencies, commodities or indices. There are a number of risks associated with derivatives trading. Because many derivatives are leveraged, a relatively small adverse market movement may result in a substantial loss, and may potentially expose us to a loss exceeding the original amount invested. Derivatives may also expose SILP, and correspondingly, our investment portfolio, to liquidity risk as there may not be a liquid market within which to close or dispose of outstanding derivative contracts. The counterparty risk lies with each party with whom SILP contracts for the purpose of making derivative investments. In the event of the counterparty’s default, SILP will generally only rank as an unsecured creditor and risk the loss of all or a portion of the amounts SILP is contractually entitled to receive.

Link to Table of Contents

The compensation arrangements of SILP may create an incentive to effect transactions that are risky or speculative.

Pursuant to the SILP LPA each of Greenlight Re and GRIL is obligated to pay a performance allocation to DME II at the end of each performance period based on its positive performance change to its capital account, subject to a modified loss carry forward provision.

The loss carry forward provision contained in the SILP LPA allows DME II to earn reduced performance allocation of 10% of profits in any year subsequent to the year in which SILP has incurred a loss, until all losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned.

While the performance compensation arrangement contained in the SILP LPA provides that losses will be carried forward as an offset against net profits in subsequent periods, DME II and DME Advisors generally will not otherwise be penalized for losses or decreases in the value of our portfolio under the SILP LPA. These performance compensation arrangements may create an incentive for DME Advisors to engage in transactions that focus on the potential for short-term gains rather than long-term growth or that are particularly risky or speculative.

DME Advisors’ representatives’ service on boards and committees may place trading restrictions on our investments and may subject us to indemnification liability.

DME Advisors may from time to time place its or its affiliates’ representatives on creditors’ committees and/or boards of certain companies in which SILP has invested. While such representation may enable DME Advisors to enhance the sale value of SILP’s investments, it may also prevent SILP from freely disposing of our investments and may subject us to indemnification liability. The IAA provides for the indemnification of DME Advisors or any other person designated by DME Advisors for claims arising from such board representation.

The ability to use “soft dollars” may provide DME Advisors with an incentive to select certain brokers that may take into account benefits to be received by DME Advisors.

DME Advisors is entitled to use so-called “soft dollars” generated by commissions paid in connection with transactions for SILP to pay for certain of DME Advisors’ operating and overhead costs, including the payment of all or a portion of its costs and expenses of operation. “Soft dollars” are a means of paying brokerage firms for their services through commission revenue, rather than through direct payments. DME Advisors only uses soft dollars to pay for expenses that would otherwise be borne by SILP and certain other co-managed funds. However, DME Advisors’ right to use soft dollars may give DME Advisors an incentive to select brokers or dealers for our transactions, or to negotiate commission rates or other execution terms, in a manner that takes into account the soft dollar benefits received by DME Advisors rather than giving exclusive consideration to the interests of our investment portfolio and, accordingly, may create a conflict.

The SILP LPA limits our ability to use another investment manager.

The SILP LPA restricts our ability to manage our investment portfolio outside of SILP. Because the SILP LPA contains exclusivity and limited termination provisions, we are unable to use other investment managers for so long as Greenlight Re and GRIL are limited partners in SILP. Although we may withdraw funds from SILP for operational purposes by giving three day’s notice, Greenlight Re or GRIL may withdraw as a limited partner upon notice only on the Greenlight Re Relevant Date or the GRIL Relevant Date (as defined in the SILP LPA) or “for cause”, which is defined as:


			●			a material violation of applicable law relating to DME II’s or DME Advisors’ advisory business;
			●			DME II’s or DME Advisors’ gross negligence, willful misconduct or reckless disregard of DME II’s obligations under the SILP LPA or DME Advisors’ obligations under the IAA;
			●			a material breach by DME II or DME Advisors of Greenlight Re’s or GRIL’s investment guidelines that is not cured within a 15-day period; or
			●			a material breach by DME II or DME Advisors of its obligations under 5.2 of the SILP LPA, which relate to timely redemption of partnership interests.

In addition, GRIL may withdraw as a limited partner in SILP due to unsatisfactory long term performance of DME II or DME Advisors, as determined solely by the Board of Directors of GRIL at the end of each fiscal year during the term of the SILP LPA.

Greenlight Re may not withdraw as a limited partner in SILP on the basis of performance. If Greenlight Re becomes dissatisfied with the results of the investment performance of SILP, we will be unable to hire new investment managers unless the SILP LPA is terminated for cause.

Link to Table of Contents

Certain investments made by SILP may have limited liquidity and lack valuation data, which could create a conflict of interest.

Our investment guidelines provide SILP with the flexibility to invest in certain securities with limited liquidity or no public market. This lack of liquidity may adversely affect the ability of SILP to execute trade orders at desired prices and may impact our ability to fulfill our underwriting payment obligations. To the extent that SILP invests in securities or instruments for which market quotations are not readily available, under the terms of the IAA the valuation of such securities and instruments for purposes of compensation will be determined by DME Advisors, whose determination, subject to audit verification, will be conclusive and binding in the absence of bad faith or manifest error. Because the IAA gives DME Advisors the power to determine the value of securities with no readily discernible market value, and because the calculation of DME Advisors’ fee is based on the value of the investment account, a conflict exists as DME Advisors may be incentivized to place a higher valuation on such securities.

In addition, for all securities traded on public exchanges, each exchange typically has the right to suspend or limit trading in all securities it lists. Such a suspension could render it impossible to liquidate positions and thereby expose SILP, and correspondingly us, to losses.

Increased regulation or scrutiny of alternative investment advisors may affect DME II and DME Advisors’ ability to manage SILP or affect our business reputation.

The regulatory environment for investment managers is evolving, and changes in the regulation of managers may adversely affect the ability of DME Advisors to obtain the leverage it might otherwise obtain or to pursue its trading strategies. In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The SEC, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. Any future regulatory change could have a significant negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Short sale transactions have been subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, including the imposition of restrictions on short selling certain securities and reporting requirements. Our ability to execute a short selling strategy may be materially and adversely impacted by new temporary and/or permanent rules, interpretations, prohibitions, and restrictions adopted in response to these adverse market events. Temporary restrictions and/or prohibitions on short selling activity may be imposed by regulatory authorities with little or no advance notice and may impact prior and future trading activities of our investment portfolio. Additionally, the SEC, its non-U.S. counterparts, other governmental authorities and/or self-regulatory organizations may at any time promulgate permanent rules or interpretations consistent with such temporary restrictions or that impose additional or different permanent or temporary limitations or prohibitions. The SEC might impose different limitations and/or prohibitions on short selling from those imposed by various non-U.S. regulatory authorities. These different regulations, rules or interpretations might have different effective periods.

Regulatory authorities may, from time-to-time, impose restrictions that adversely affect our ability to borrow certain securities in connection with short sale transactions. In addition, traditional lenders of securities might be less likely to lend securities under certain market conditions. As a result, we may not be able to effectively pursue a short selling strategy due to a limited supply of securities available for borrowing. We may also incur additional costs in connection with short sale transactions, including, if SILP is required to enter into a borrowing arrangement in advance of any short sales. Moreover, the ability to continue to borrow a security is not guaranteed and we are subject to strict delivery requirements. The inability to deliver securities within the required time frame may subject us to mandatory close out by the executing broker-dealer. A mandatory close out may subject us to unintended costs and losses. Certain action or inaction by third parties, such as executing broker-dealers or clearing broker-dealers, may materially impact our ability to effect short sale transactions.

SILP may invest in securities based outside the United States which may be riskier than securities of United States issuers.

Under our investment guidelines, SILP may invest in securities of issuers organized or based outside the United States. These investments may be subject to a variety of risks and other special considerations not affecting securities of U.S. issuers. Many foreign securities markets are not as developed or efficient as those in the United States. Securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Similarly, volume and liquidity in many foreign securities markets are less than in the United States and, at times, price volatility can be greater than in the United States. Non-U.S. issuers may be subject to less stringent financial reporting and informational disclosure standards, regulatory oversight, practices and requirements than those applicable to U.S. issuers.

Link to Table of Contents

Risks Relating to our Class A Ordinary Shares

Our level of debt may have an adverse impact on our liquidity, restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to business opportunities, and increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions.

In August 2018, we sold $100 million of convertible notes that mature on August 1, 2023. Our level of debt and the provisions of such debt could have significant consequences, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

•limit our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate purposes;

•require a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

•discourage an acquisition of us by a third party;

•place us at a competitive disadvantage to competitors carrying less debt; and

•make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and limiting our ability to withstand competitive pressures or take advantage of new opportunities to grow our business.

We may from time to time seek to refinance our indebtedness by issuing additional shares of our common stock in one or more securities offerings. Such securities offerings may dilute our existing shareholders, reduce the value of our common stock, or both. Because our decision to issue securities depends on, among other things, market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any future securities offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock bear the risk of our future offerings diluting and potentially reducing the value of our common stock.

Conversion of our convertible notes or future sales or issuances of Class A ordinary shares may dilute the ownership interest of existing shareholders, including holders who have previously converted their notes. Such dilution may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares and the convertible notes and the conversion rate of the convertible notes may not be adjusted for all dilutive events.

We may issue equity securities in the future for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and business strategy, to acquire assets or companies, to adjust our ratio of debt to equity, or in connection with our incentive and stock option plans. Any issuance of equity securities, including the issuance of shares, if any, upon conversion of the convertible notes, could dilute the interests of our existing shareholders, including holders who have previously received shares upon conversion of their notes, and could substantially affect the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares and the convertible notes. In addition, the anticipated conversion of the convertible notes into our Class A ordinary shares could depress the price of our Class A ordinary shares.

We may not be able to pay interest on the convertible notes or settle conversions of the convertible notes in cash or to repurchase the convertible notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt, if any, may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the convertible notes.

Holders of notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their notes for cash upon the occurrence of a fundamental change under the indenture governing the convertible notes. In addition, upon conversion of the convertible notes, unless we elect to deliver solely Class A ordinary shares to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the convertible notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing on favorable terms, if at all, at the time we are required to make repurchases of convertible notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to the convertible notes being converted.

In addition, our ability to make the required repurchase upon a fundamental change may be limited by law or the terms of other debt agreements or securities. Our failure to pay interest on the convertible notes or to make the required cash repurchase or cash payment, as the case may be, would constitute an event of default under the indenture governing the convertible notes which, in turn, could constitute an event of default under other debt agreements or securities, thereby resulting in their acceleration and required prepayment and thereby further restricting our ability to make such interest payments and repurchases. If, due to a default, the repayment of related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay such indebtedness and the convertible notes. We may be required to refinance all or part of our debt, sell important strategic assets at unfavorable prices, incur additional indebtedness or issue common stock or other equity securities, which we may be unable to do on terms acceptable to us, in amounts sufficient to meet

Link to Table of Contents

our needs or at all.

Our ability to meet the debt service obligations contained in our debt agreements depends on our available cash and our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors. Our inability to service our debt obligations or refinance our debt could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Refinancing our indebtedness may also require us to expense previous debt issuance costs or to incur new debt issuance costs.

The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the convertible notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.

Under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, which we refer to

as ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the convertible notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the entity’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the convertible notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of shareholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet, and the value of the equity component would be treated as original issue discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the convertible notes. As a result, we are required to record a greater amount of non-cash interest expense in current periods presented as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the convertible notes to their face amount over the term of the convertible notes. We report lower net income in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include both the current period’s amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s coupon interest, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares and the trading price of the convertible notes.

A shareholder may be required to sell its Class A ordinary shares.

Our Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, or Articles, provide that we have the option, but not the obligation, to require a shareholder to sell its Class A ordinary shares for their fair market value to us, to other shareholders or to third parties if our Board of Directors determines that ownership of our Class A ordinary shares by such shareholder may result in adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders and that such sale is necessary to avoid or cure such adverse consequences.

Provisions of our Articles, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and our corporate structure may each impede a takeover, which could adversely affect the value of our Class A ordinary shares.

Our Articles contain certain provisions that could make it difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders. Our Articles provide that a director may only be removed for “cause” as defined in the Articles, upon the affirmative vote of not less than 50% of the votes cast at a meeting at which more than 50% of our issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares are represented. Further, under the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Greenlight Re, a director may only be removed without cause upon the affirmative vote of not less than 80% of the votes cast at a meeting at which more than 50% of our issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares are represented.

Our Articles permit our Board of Directors to issue preferred shares from time to time, with such rights and preferences as they consider appropriate. Our Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of preferred shares with terms and conditions and under circumstances that could have an effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction, deny shareholders the receipt of a premium on their Class A ordinary shares in the event of a tender or other offer for Class A ordinary shares and have a depressive effect on the market price of the Class A ordinary shares.

As compared to mergers under corporate law in the United States, it may be more difficult to consummate a merger of two or more companies in the Cayman Islands or the merger of one or more Cayman Islands companies with one or more overseas companies, even if such transaction would be beneficial to our shareholders. Cayman Islands law has statutory provisions that provide for the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, which are commonly referred to, in the Cayman Islands, as “schemes of arrangement”. The Companies Act (2021 Revision) of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Act”) provides for the merger or consolidation of two or more companies that are Cayman Islands entities or the merger of one or more Cayman Islands companies with one or more overseas companies, where the surviving entity is either a Cayman Islands company or an overseas company. Prior to the adoption of certain amendments to the Companies Act, the “scheme of arrangement” was the only vehicle available to consolidate companies and Cayman Islands law did not provide for mergers as that term is understood under corporate law in the United States. Although the current merger provisions have made it faster and more procedurally straightforward for companies to merge or consolidate than by using a “schemes of arrangement” statutory provision, these provisions do not replace the “schemes of arrangement” provision which continues to apply. The procedural and legal requirements necessary to consummate these transactions under the merger and consolidation provisions

Link to Table of Contents

of the Companies Act or the “schemes of arrangement” provision may be more rigorous and take longer to complete than the procedures typically required to consummate a merger in the United States.

Under Cayman Islands law and practice, a “scheme of arrangement” must be approved at a shareholders’ meeting by each class of shareholders, in each case, by a majority of the number of holders of each class of an entity’s shares that are present and voting, either in person or by proxy, at such a meeting, which holders must also represent 75% in value of such class issued that are present and voting, either in person or by proxy, at such meeting, excluding the shares owned by the parties to the scheme of arrangement. A merger requires approval by a special resolution of the shareholders of each company (which normally requires, as a minimum, a two thirds majority of shareholders voting together as one class) and such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association.

Although a merger under the Companies Act does not require court approval, the convening of these meetings and the terms of an amalgamation under the “schemes of arrangement” provision must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. Although there is no requirement to seek the consent of the creditors of the parties involved in the scheme of arrangement, the Grand Court typically seeks to ensure that the creditors have consented to the transfer of their liabilities to the surviving entity or that the scheme of arrangement does not otherwise materially adversely affect the creditors’ interests. Furthermore, the Grand Court will only approve a scheme of arrangement if it is satisfied that:


			●			the statutory provisions as to majority vote have been complied with;

			●			the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question;

			●			the scheme of arrangement is such as a businessperson would reasonably approve; and

			●			the scheme of arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act.

In addition, David Einhorn, Chairman of our Board of Directors, owns all of the outstanding Class B ordinary shares. As a result, we will not be able to enter into a scheme of arrangement without the approval of Mr. Einhorn as the holder of our Class B ordinary shares.

Holders of Class A ordinary shares may have difficulty obtaining or enforcing a judgment against us, and they may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Because we are a Cayman Islands company, there is uncertainty as to whether the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands would recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof, or be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof.

We are incorporated as an exempted company limited by shares under the Companies Act. A significant amount of our assets are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for persons purchasing Class A ordinary shares to effect service of process within the United States upon us or to enforce judgments against us or judgments obtained in U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state of the United States.

Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will, based on the principle that a judgment by a competent foreign court will impose upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given, recognize and enforce a foreign judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction if such judgment is final, for a liquidated sum, not in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty if not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matters, and was not obtained in a manner, and is not of a kind, the enforcement of which is contrary to the public policy of the Cayman Islands. There is doubt, however, as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands will, in an original action in the Cayman Islands, recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state of the United States on the grounds that such provisions are penal in nature.

A Cayman Islands court may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

The Cayman Islands law does specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights on a merger or consolidation of an entity if minority shareholders exercise their rights to 'dissent' from the merger. Dissenting shareholders to a merger have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures.

Link to Table of Contents

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies such as ours have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts. Our directors have discretion under our Articles to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, the corporate records may be inspected by shareholders, but are not obligated to make them available to shareholders. This fact may make it more difficult for shareholders to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against our Board of Directors.

Provisions of our Articles may reallocate the voting power of our Class A ordinary shares and subject holders of Class A ordinary shares to SEC compliance.

In certain circumstances, the total voting power of our Class A ordinary shares held by any one person will be reduced to less than 9.9% of the total issued and outstanding ordinary shares, and the total voting power of the Class B ordinary shares will be reduced to 9.5% of the total voting power of the total issued and outstanding ordinary shares. In the event a holder of our Class A ordinary shares acquires shares representing 9.9% or more of the total voting power of our total ordinary shares or the Class B ordinary shares represent more than 9.5% of the total voting power of our total outstanding shares, there will be an effective reallocation of the voting power of the Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares which may cause a shareholder to acquire 5% or more of the voting power of the total ordinary shares.

Such a shareholder may become subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements of Sections 13(d) and (g) of the Exchange Act. Such a reallocation also may result in an obligation to amend previous filings made under Section 13(d) or (g) of the Exchange Act. Under our Articles, we have no obligation to notify shareholders of any adjustments to their voting power. Shareholders should consult their own legal counsel regarding the possible reporting requirements under Section 13 of the Exchange Act.

At December 31, 2021, David Einhorn owned 18.5% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares, which given that each Class B share is entitled to ten votes, causes him to exceed the 9.5% limitation imposed on the total voting power of the Class B ordinary shares. Thus, the voting power held by the Class B ordinary shares that is in excess of the 9.5% limitation will be reallocated pro-rata to holders of Class A ordinary shares according to their percentage interest in the Company. However, no shareholder will be allocated voting rights that would cause it to have 9.9% or more of the total voting power of our ordinary shares. The allocation of the voting power of the Class B ordinary shares to a holder of Class A ordinary shares will depend upon the total voting power of the Class B ordinary shares outstanding, as well as the percentage of Class A ordinary shares held by a shareholder and the other holders of Class A ordinary shares. Accordingly, we cannot estimate with precision what multiple of a vote per share a holder of Class A ordinary shares will be allocated as a result of the anticipated reallocation of voting power of the Class B ordinary shares.

Risks Relating to Taxation

We may become subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands, which would negatively affect our results.

Under current Cayman Islands law, we are not obligated to pay any taxes in the Cayman Islands on either income or capital gains. The Governor-in-Cabinet of Cayman Islands has granted us an exemption from the imposition of any such tax on us until February 1, 2025. We cannot be assured that after such date we would not be subject to any such tax. If we were to become subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Link to Table of Contents

Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States federal income taxation.

Greenlight Capital Re and Greenlight Re are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and GRIL is incorporated under the laws of Ireland. These entities intend to operate in a manner that will not cause us to be treated as engaging in a trade or business within the United States and will not cause us to be subject to current United States federal income taxation on Greenlight Capital Re’s, Greenlight Re’s and/or GRIL’s net income. However, because there are no definitive standards provided by the Internal Revenue Code, regulations or court decisions as to the specific activities that constitute being engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and as any such determination is essentially factual in nature, we cannot provide assurance that the United States Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), will not successfully assert that Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL are engaged in a trade or business within the United States. If the IRS were to successfully assert that Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, and/or GRIL have been engaged in a trade or business within the United States in any taxable year, various adverse tax consequences could result, including the following: Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may become subject to current United States federal income taxation on its net income from sources within the United States; Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States federal income tax on a portion of its net investment income, regardless of its source; Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, and/or GRIL may not be entitled to deduct certain expenses that would otherwise be deductible from the income subject to United States taxation; and Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States branch profits tax on profits deemed to have been distributed out of the United States.

United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares may be subject to United States federal income taxation on our undistributed earnings and may recognize ordinary income upon disposition of Class A ordinary shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company. Significant potential adverse United States federal income tax consequences, including certain reporting requirements, generally apply to any United States person who owns shares in a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC. We do not expect that any of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, or GRIL will be a PFIC for the current taxable year. However, we cannot provide assurance that none of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, or GRIL will be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.

In general, any of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re or GRIL would be a PFIC for a taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its income constitutes “passive income” or (ii) 50% or more of its assets produce “passive income”, or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income generally includes interest, dividends and other investment income. However, under an “active insurance” exception, income is not treated as passive if it is derived in the active conduct of an insurance business by a qualifying insurance corporation. A qualifying insurance corporation is an insurance company which has applicable insurance liabilities, as reported on its annual financial statement, exceeding 25% of its total assets. Applicable insurance liabilities means, with respect to our property and casualty reinsurance business, reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, and excludes unearned premium reserves.

The exception for insurance companies is intended to ensure that a qualifying insurance entity’s income is not treated as passive income, except to the extent such income is attributable to financial reserves in excess of the reasonable needs of the insurance business. We intend to operate our business with financial reserves and applicable insurance liabilities at levels that should not cause us to be deemed PFICs, although we cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in structuring our operations to meet such levels nor can we ensure that the IRS will not successfully challenge our status. If we are unable to underwrite sufficient amount of risks and maintain a sufficient amount of applicable insurance liabilities, any of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re or GRIL may become a PFIC.

In addition, sufficient risk must be transferred under an insurance entity’s contracts with its insureds in order to qualify for the insurance exception. Whether our insurance contracts possess adequate risk transfer for purposes of determining whether income under our contracts is insurance income, and whether we are predominantly engaged in an insurance business, are subjective in nature and there is little authoritative tax guidance on these issues. We cannot provide assurance that the IRS will not successfully challenge our interpretation of the scope of the active insurance company exception and our qualification for the exception. Further, the IRS may issue regulatory or other guidance that causes us to fail to qualify for the active insurance company exception on a prospective or retroactive basis. Therefore, we cannot provide assurance that we will satisfy the exception for insurance companies and will not be treated as PFICs currently or in the future.

Controlled Foreign Corporation. United States persons who, directly or indirectly or through attribution rules, own 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of our shares, which we refer to as United States 10% shareholders, may be subject to the controlled foreign corporation, or CFC, rules. Under the CFC rules, each United States 10% shareholder must annually include his pro-rata share of the CFC’s “subpart F income” and “global intangible low-tax income” in his or her gross income in the year earned by the CFC, even if no distributions are made. In general, a foreign insurance company will be treated as a CFC only if during the taxable year United States 10% shareholders collectively own more than 25% of the total

Link to Table of Contents

combined voting power or total value of the entity’s shares. We believe that the dispersion of our Class A ordinary shares among holders and the restrictions placed on transfer, issuance or repurchase of our Class A ordinary shares , will in most cases prevent shareholders who acquire Class A ordinary shares from being United States 10% shareholders. We cannot provide assurance, however, that these rules will not apply to you if you are or become a United States 10% shareholder. In particular, recent changes to the definition of a United States 10% Shareholder, whereby both vote and value are tested, and recent changes to the constructive ownership rules, whereby shares owned by non-United States persons can be attributed to United States persons, may increase the likelihood of these rules applying. If you are a United States person, we strongly urge you to consult your own tax advisor concerning the CFC rules.

Related Person Insurance Income. If:


			●			our gross income attributable to insurance or reinsurance policies where the direct or indirect insureds are our direct or indirect United States shareholders or persons related to such United States shareholders equals or exceeds 20% of our gross insurance income in any taxable year; and
			●			direct or indirect insureds and persons related to such insureds owned directly or indirectly 20% or more of the voting power or value of our stock,

a United States person who owns Class A ordinary shares directly or indirectly on the last day of the taxable year would most likely be required to include their pro-rata share of our related person insurance income for the taxable year in their income. This amount would be determined as if such related person insurance income were distributed proportionally to United States persons at that date. We do not expect that we will knowingly enter into reinsurance agreements in which, in the aggregate, the direct or indirect insureds are, or are related to, owners of 20% or more of the Class A ordinary shares. We do not believe that the 20% gross insurance income threshold will be met. However, we cannot provide assurance that this is or will continue to be the case. Consequently, we cannot provide assurance that a person who is a direct or indirect United States shareholder will not be required to include amounts in its income in respect of related person insurance income in any taxable year.

If a United States shareholder is treated as disposing of shares in a foreign insurance corporation that has related person insurance income and in which United States persons own 25% or more of the voting power or value of the entity’s shares, any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as a dividend to the extent of the United States shareholder’s portion of the corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the United States shareholder owned the shares. In addition, the shareholder will be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, regardless of the amount of shares owned by the direct or indirect United States shareholder. Although not free from doubt, we believe these rules should not apply to dispositions of Class A ordinary shares because Greenlight Capital Re is not directly engaged in the insurance business and because proposed United States Treasury regulations applicable to this situation appear to apply only in the case of shares of corporations that are directly engaged in the insurance business. We cannot provide assurance, however, that the IRS will interpret the proposed regulations in this manner or that the proposed regulations will not be promulgated in final form in a manner that would cause these rules to apply to dispositions of Class A ordinary shares.

United States tax-exempt organizations who own Class A ordinary shares may recognize unrelated business taxable income.

If you are a United States tax-exempt organization you may recognize unrelated business taxable income if a portion of our subpart F insurance income is allocated to you. In general, subpart F insurance income will be allocated to you if we are a CFC as discussed above and you are a United States 10% shareholder or there is related person insurance income and certain exceptions do not apply. Although we do not believe that any United States persons will be allocated subpart F insurance income, we cannot provide assurance that this will be the case. If you are a United States tax-exempt organization, we advise you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the risk of recognizing unrelated business taxable income.

The TCJA may cause us to undertake changes to the manner in which we conduct our business and could subject United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares to United States income taxation on our undistributed earnings.

On December 22, 2017, TCJA was signed into law. The TCJA provides a bright-line test that a non-U.S. insurance company only will receive the benefit, for passive foreign investment company purposes, of being engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business if its applicable insurance liabilities constitute more than 25% of its total assets. For this purpose, the term “applicable insurance liabilities” does not include unearned premium reserves. One of the TCJA’s potential impacts is that this limitation could result in the treatment of offshore insurers or reinsurers that write business on a low frequency/high severity basis, such as property catastrophe companies and financial guaranty companies, as PFICs, as significant reserves for losses may not be recorded until a catastrophic event actually occurs. Accordingly, subject to any future corrections or clarifications that may be made to H.R. 1, or any additional regulations that may be promulgated thereunder, the Company will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which it does not meet the bright-line applicable insurance liabilities requirement of the TCJA.

Link to Table of Contents

At December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 the Company met the bright-line applicable insurance liabilities test. However, there is still substantial uncertainty regarding the application of the test. The Company cannot guarantee that it will continue to meet the bright-line applicable insurance liabilities test in future periods. In the event that the Company cannot meet this test, shareholders that are United States persons will be subject to United States income taxation on the Company’s undistributed earnings.

Further changes in United States tax regulations and laws including the rules regarding passive foreign investment companies could have a material impact on our ability to qualify for the insurance company exemption and/or change our status for United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares.

The IRS or Congress may issue additional regulations or legislation regarding the applicable insurance liabilities bright-line test of the passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) rules or other aspects of the PFIC rules applicable to foreign insurance companies. On December 4, 2020, the IRS issued proposed regulations (the “2020 Proposed Regulations”) and final regulations (the “2020 Final Regulations”) that would provide additional guidance and requirements regarding the exclusion from the definition of “passive income” for income derived in the active conduct of an insurance business by a qualified insurance corporation (“QIC”) and the application of certain look-through rules with respect to assets held, and income earned, through subsidiaries.

Under the 2020 Proposed Regulations, a QIC is in the “active conduct” of an insurance business only if it satisfies either a “factual requirements test” or an “active conduct percentage test.” The factual requirements test requires that the officers and employees of the QIC carry out substantial managerial and operational activities on a regular and continuous basis with respect to its core functions and that they perform virtually all of the active decision-making functions relevant to underwriting functions. The active conduct percentage test generally requires that (i) the total costs incurred by the QIC with respect to its officers and employees for services rendered with respect to its core functions (other than investment activities) equal or exceed 50 percent of total costs incurred by the QIC with respect to its officers and employees and any other person or entities for services rendered with respect to its core functions (other than investment activities) and (ii) to the extent the QIC outsources any part of its core functions to unrelated entities, officers and employees of the QIC with experience and relevant expertise must select and supervise the person that performs the outsourced functions, establish objectives for performance of the outsourced functions and prescribe rigorous guidelines relating to the outsourced functions which are routinely evaluated and updated. Under certain exceptions, however, a QIC (a) that has no or only a nominal number of employees or (b) that is a vehicle that (x) has the effect of securitizing or collateralizing insurance risks underwritten by other insurance or reinsurance companies or (y) is an insurance linked securities fund that invests in securitization vehicles, is deemed not engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business. A QIC’s officers and employees include those of certain affiliates for these purposes. The 2020 Final Regulations contain guidance on the treatment of the assets and income of certain look-through subsidiaries of a QIC, among other provisions related to QICs and PFICs.

We currently expect that the Company would not be a PFIC for the 202 taxable year under the rules described above, were they effective for such year. However, the rules are subject to varying interpretations and are highly dependent on the facts and circumstances, which may change from year to year or within a year. We can offer no assurance whether, in what form or when the 2020 Proposed Regulations could be adopted. We also can offer no assurance as to the potential impact of the 2020 Proposed Regulations or the 2020 Final Regulations for the Company in any year.

We are monitoring developments with respect to both the applicable insurance liabilities test and the IRS regulations. At this time, we cannot predict whether or what, if any, additional regulations will be adopted or additional legislation will be enacted. If regulations are adopted or legislation enacted that cause us to fail to meet the requirements of the insurance company exception, or if we fail to meet the applicable insurance liabilities test such failure could have a material adverse effect on the taxation of our shareholders who are U.S. persons. In that event we may undertake further changes to the manner in which we conduct our business, which also could have a material effect on our results of operations.

The tax laws and interpretations regarding whether an entity is engaged in a United States trade or business, is a CFC, has related party insurance income or is a PFIC are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying such rules may be forthcoming from the IRS. We are not able to predict if, when or in what form such guidance will be provided and whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect.

The TCJA may have a detrimental effect on the Company and its assets.

The regulatory and tax environment globally is evolving, and changes in the regulation or taxation of the Company and its assets may materially adversely shareholders. The TCJA among other things, made significant changes to the rules

Link to Table of Contents

applicable to the taxation of the Company and its assets, such as changing the rules applicable to active insurance income for passive foreign investment company purposes (discussed above), changing rules applicable to controlled foreign investment company purposes, new base erosion rules, changing the general corporate tax rate to a flat 21% rate, modifying the rules regarding limitations on certain deductions, introducing a capital investment deduction in certain circumstances, placing certain limitations on the interest deduction, modifying the rules regarding the usability of certain net operating losses, and the migration from a worldwide system of taxation to a modified territorial system. At this time the ultimate outcome of the legislation on the Company and its shareholders is uncertain and could be adverse. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding potential changes in tax laws.

If investments held by GRIL are determined not to be integral to the reinsurance business carried on by GRIL, additional Irish tax could be imposed and our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected.

Based on administrative practice, taxable income derived from investments made by GRIL is generally taxed in Ireland at the rate of 12.5% on the grounds that such investments either form part of the permanent capital required by regulatory authorities, or are otherwise integral to the reinsurance business carried on by GRIL. GRIL intends to operate in such a manner so that the level of investments held by GRIL does not exceed the amount that is integral to the reinsurance businesses carried on by GRIL. If, however, investment income earned by GRIL exceeds these thresholds or if the administrative practice of the Irish Revenue Commissioners changes, Irish corporation tax could apply to such investment income at a higher rate (currently 25%) instead of the general 12.5% rate, and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The impact of the initiative of the OECD and the EU to eliminate harmful tax practices is uncertain and could adversely affect our tax status in the Cayman Islands where we are exempt from income taxes.

The OECD has published reports and launched a global dialogue among member and non-member countries on measures to limit harmful tax competition. These measures are largely directed at counteracting the effects of tax neutral jurisdictions and preferential tax regimes in countries around the world. While the Cayman Islands is currently on the list of jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard, we are not able to predict if additional requirements will be imposed, and if so, whether changes arising from such additional requirements will subject us to additional taxes. The Cayman Islands’ economic substance legislation had already been evaluated in June 2019 by the OECD’s Forum on Harmful Tax Practices as “not harmful”, which is the highest rating possible. There are no immediate regulatory, tax, trade or other legal impacts to the Company, but we are not able to predict any future EU actions and whether the EU will deem the newly enacted laws to be compliant with its requirements in order to remove the Cayman Islands from Annex 1.

On October 8, 2021, the OECD announced an accord endorsing and providing an implementation plan for a global minimum tax rate of at least 15% for large multinational corporations on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis, known as the “two pillar plan.” The global minimum tax rate would apply to overseas profits of multinational firms with annual revenue of more than €750 million. While the implementation of the accord is uncertain and the minimum tax is not expected to apply to the Company as currently proposed, adjustments to the threshold could impact the Company in future periods.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We currently occupy our office space in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands under an operating lease arrangement which expires in 2025. Additionally, we have an operating lease agreement for office space in Dublin, Ireland which expires in 2031, but provides us an option to terminate the lease in 2026 without any penalty. We believe that for the foreseeable future the office spaces in the Cayman Islands and Ireland will be sufficient for conducting our operations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, in the normal course of business, we may be involved in formal and informal dispute resolution procedures, which may include arbitration or litigation, the outcomes of which determine our rights and obligations under our reinsurance contracts and other contractual agreements. In some disputes, we may seek to enforce our rights under an agreement or to collect funds owing to us. In other matters, we may resist attempts by others to collect funds or enforce alleged rights. While the final outcome of legal disputes cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that any of our existing contractual disputes, when finally resolved, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

Link to Table of Contents

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information and number of holders

Our Class A ordinary shares began publicly trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on May 24, 2007 under the symbol “GLRE”.

At March 4, 2022, the number of holders of record of our Class A ordinary shares was approximately 45, not including beneficial owners of shares registered in nominee or street name who represent approximately 94.4% of the Class A ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

Dividends

Since inception, we have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares, or collectively, our ordinary shares.

Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to receive dividends when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors in accordance with the provisions of our Articles and the Companies Law. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the holders of ordinary shares are entitled to share equally and ratably in our assets, if any remain after the payment of all of our debts and liabilities and the liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred shares.

We currently do not intend to declare and pay dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. However, if we decide to pay dividends, we cannot provide assurance that sufficient cash will be available to pay such dividends. In addition, a letter of credit facility prohibits us from paying dividends during an event of default as defined in the letter of credit agreement. Our future dividend policy will also depend on the requirements of any future financing agreements to which we may be a party and other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors, such as our results of operations and cash flows, our financial position and capital requirements, general business conditions, rating agency guidelines, legal, tax, regulatory and any contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends. Further, any future declaration and payment of dividends is discretionary and our Board of Directors may, at any time, modify or revoke our dividend policy on our ordinary shares. Finally, our ability to pay dividends also depends on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. Although Greenlight Capital Re is not subject to any significant legal prohibitions on the payment of dividends, Greenlight Re and GRIL are subject to regulatory constraints that affect their ability to pay dividends and include minimum net worth requirements. At December 31, 2021, Greenlight Re and GRIL both exceeded the minimum statutory capital requirements. Any dividends we pay will be declared and paid in U.S. dollars.

Link to Table of Contents

Performance Graph

Presented below is a line graph comparing the yearly change in the cumulative total shareholder return on our Class A ordinary shares for the five year period commencing December 31, 2016 through December 31, 2021 against the total return index for the Russell 2000 Index, or RUT, and the S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index, or S&P Insurance Index, for the same period. The performance graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2016 in the ordinary shares of Greenlight Capital Re, the RUT and the S&P Insurance Index. The performance graph also assumes that all dividends are reinvested.

The performance reflected in the graph above is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Our board of directors has adopted a share repurchase plan authorizing the Company to repurchase Class A ordinary shares. From time to time, the repurchase plan has been re-approved or modified at the election of our Board of Directors. On May 4, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase plan effective from July 1, 2021, until June 30, 2022, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $25.0 million of Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans.

The Company is not required to repurchase any Class A ordinary shares and the repurchase plan may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice.

The table below details the share repurchases that were made under the plan during the three months ended December 31, 2021:

Link to Table of Contents


Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)	Maximum Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs ($ in thousands)




October 1 - 31, 2021	0	$	—	0	$	21,747
November 1 - 30, 2021	0	$	—	0	$	21,747
December 1 - 31, 2021	0	$	—	0	$	21,747
Total	0	$	—	0	$	21,747

(1) Class A ordinary shares.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

References to “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” or “the Company” refer to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (“GLRE”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd, (“Greenlight Re”), Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company (“GRIL”), Greenlight Re Marketing (UK) Limited (“Greenlight Re UK”) and Verdant Holding Company, Ltd. (“Verdant”), unless the context dictates otherwise. References to our “Ordinary Shares” refer collectively to our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, which appear elsewhere in this filing.

The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and financial condition at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

We have omitted discussion of the earliest of the three years covered by our consolidated financial statements presented in this report because we included that disclosure in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the SEC on March 10, 2021. You are encouraged to reference Part II, Item 7, within that report, for a discussion of our financial condition and result of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

General

We are a global specialty property and casualty reinsurer headquartered in the Cayman Islands, with a reinsurance and investment strategy that we believe differentiates us from most of our competitors. Our goal is to build long-term shareholder value by providing risk management solutions to the insurance, reinsurance, and other risk marketplaces. We focus on delivering risk solutions to clients and brokers who value our expertise, analytics, and customer service offerings.

We aim to complement our underwriting activities with a non-traditional investment approach designed to achieve higher rates of return over the long term than reinsurance companies that exclusively employ more traditional investment strategies. Our investment portfolio is managed according to a value-oriented philosophy, in which our investment advisor takes long positions in perceived undervalued securities and short positions in perceived overvalued securities. In 2018, we launched our Greenlight Re Innovations unit, which supports technology innovators in the (re)insurance market by providing investment, risk capacity, and access to a broad insurance network.

Because we seek to capitalize on favorable market conditions and opportunities, period-to-period comparisons of our underwriting results may not be meaningful. Also, our historical investment results are not necessarily indicative of future performance. Due to the nature of our reinsurance and investment strategies, our operating results will likely fluctuate from period to period.

The Company’s subsidiaries hold an A.M. Best Financial Strength Rating of A- (Excellent) with a stable outlook.

Link to Table of Contents

Outlook and Trends

During 2021, we saw improved rates in most of the classes of business we write, which enabled us to selectively expand our specialty book while taking advantage of improved rates. Our in-force portfolio reflects increased diversification across the classes of business we write and a lower concentration of risk to individual counterparties than at any time in our history.

After another year of significant property catastrophe losses in 2021, it is not clear to us how the reinsurance market will respond. We believe that structural problems within the “pure catastrophe” class will limit premium rate increases in the class. However, we believe that the recent property catastrophe losses will help support and extend the generally favorable market conditions in most other classes. We expect that higher inflation, resulting in higher interest rates, may dampen some support for overall pricing conditions.

Over the past four years, our underwriting portfolio has become considerably more diversified as we have shifted our underwriting away from being dominated by a small number of large accounts. This diversification has also exposed us to a wider array of global insurance events, but we believe that taking on risk that is well priced, diversified and risk-managed, is key to achieving optimal underwriting results.

We continue to be encouraged by our Innovations unit, whose central objective is to enhance our underwriting product and quality of return by establishing a range of strategic partnerships. Underwriting business derived from Innovations business represented approximately 6% of our total written premium during 2021, and we see the potential for significant growth from Innovations-derived underwriting opportunities going forward.

In January 2022, we received in-principle approval from Lloyd’s to establish an insurtech-focused syndicate (“Syndicate 3456”). We expect Syndicate 3456 to enable us to provide capacity to our growing portfolio of Innovations partners. We anticipate Syndicate 3456 to commence operations in the second quarter of 2022.

Segments

We have one operating segment, Property & Casualty reinsurance, and we analyze our business based on the following categories:


			●			Property
			●			Casualty
			●			Other

Property business covers automobile physical damage, personal lines, and commercial lines exposures. Property business includes both catastrophe and non-catastrophe coverage. We expect catastrophe business to make up a small proportion of our property business.

Casualty business covers general liability, motor liability, professional liability, and workers’ compensation exposures. The Company’s multi-line business relates predominantly to casualty reinsurance, and as such, the Company includes all multi-line business within the casualty category. Casualty business generally has losses reported and paid over a longer period than property business. We categorize Lloyd’s syndicate contracts, which incorporate incidental catastrophe exposure, as multi-line (and therefore casualty) business.

Other business covers accident and health, financial lines (including transactional liability, mortgage insurance, surety, and trade credit), marine, energy, and to a lesser extent, other specialty business such as aviation, crop, cyber, political, and terrorism exposures.

Revenues

We derive our revenues from two principal sources:


			●			premiums from reinsurance on property and casualty business assumed; and
			●			income from investments.

Link to Table of Contents

We recognize premiums written as revenues, net of any applicable underlying reinsurance coverage, over the term of the related policy or contract. Depending on the contract structure, the earnings period could be the same as the reinsurance contract or based on the terms of the underlying insurance policies.

Income from our investments is primarily composed of:


●			income (or loss) generated from our investment in SILP;
●			gains (or losses) from our other investments, including Innovations and an investment accounted for as equity method investment;
●			interest income from money market funds; and
●			interest income and gains (or losses) from promissory notes receivable.

In addition, we may from time to time derive other income from interest on deposit accounted contracts, fees generated from advisory services, and fees relating to overrides, profit commissions, and the contractual fees upon early termination of contracts.

Expenses

Our expenses consist primarily of the following:


			●			underwriting losses and loss adjustment expenses;
			●			acquisition costs;
			●			general and administrative expenses;
			●			interest expense; and
			●			investment-related expenses.

The extent of our loss and LAE is a function of the amount and type of reinsurance contracts we write and the loss experience of the underlying coverage. As described below, loss and loss adjustment expenses include an actuarially determined estimate of losses incurred, including losses incurred during the period and changes in estimates from prior periods. The period over which we pay loss and LAE reserves depends on the nature of the coverage provided and generally extends over a period of multiple years.

Acquisition costs consist primarily of brokerage fees, ceding commissions, premium taxes, profit commissions, letters of credit and trust fees, and federal excise taxes. We amortize deferred acquisition costs relating to successfully bound reinsurance contracts over the related contract term.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits and related costs, including costs associated with our incentive compensation plan, bonuses, and stock compensation expenses. General and administrative expenses also include professional fees, travel and entertainment, information technology, rent and other general operating costs. General and administrative expenses reported on our consolidated statements of operations include both underwriting and corporate expenses.

For stock option expenses, we calculate compensation cost using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and recognize the associated expense over the stock options’ vesting periods, which vary and have historically ranged from zero to six years. For restricted stock awards and restricted stock units with only service conditions, we calculate compensation cost using each award’s grant date fair value and recognize the associated expense of the stock awards over their vesting periods, which typically range from one to three years. For restricted stock awards that include both service and performance conditions, we recognize the associated expense when we determine that it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved.

Interest expense consists of interest paid and accrued on senior convertible notes and the amortization of (i) issuance expenses, and (ii) the note discount. In addition, we incur interest expense on deposit accounted contracts.

Investment-related expenses primarily consist of management fees and performance compensation paid to the investment advisor. We net these expenses against investment income (loss) in our consolidated financial statements.

Link to Table of Contents

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements contain certain amounts that are inherently subjective and have required management to make assumptions and best estimates to determine reported values. If certain factors, including those described in “Part I. Item IA. — Risk Factors,” cause actual events or results to differ materially from our underlying assumptions or estimates, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. We believe that the following accounting policies affect the more significant estimates used to prepare our consolidated financial statements. We have summarized the descriptions below for clarity. We have included a more detailed description of our significant accounting policies and recently issued accounting standards in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

Premium Revenues and Risk Transfer. We record our property and casualty reinsurance premiums as premiums written based upon contract terms and information received from ceding companies and their brokers. Excess of loss reinsurance contracts typically state premiums as a percentage of the subject premiums written by the client, subject to a minimum and deposit premium. The minimum and deposit premium is generally based on an estimate of subject premiums expected to be written by the client during the contract term. The minimum and deposit premium is reported initially as premiums written and adjusted, if necessary, in subsequent periods once the actual subject premium is known.

Certain contracts provide for reinstatement premiums in the event of a loss. Reinstatement premiums are written and earned when a triggering loss event occurs.

Our clients estimate the gross premiums written at the contract’s inception for each proportional contract we underwrite. Our underwriters utilize the client’s estimate to determine our best estimate, which we use to initially account for such premiums. In subsequent periods, we adjust our estimates based on our client’s actual reports and our expectations of industry developments. As the contract progresses, we monitor actual premiums received in conjunction with the client’s correspondence to refine our estimate. Variances from initial gross premiums written estimates are generally greater for proportional contracts than for non-proportional contracts. We earn premiums on proportional contracts over the risk coverage period. Unearned premiums represent the unexpired portion of reinsurance provided.

At the inception of each of our reinsurance contracts, we receive premium estimates from the client, which we use in conjunction with historical and industry data to estimate what we believe will be the ultimate premium payable under each contract. We receive actual premiums written by each client as the client reports the actual results of the underlying insurance writings to us monthly or quarterly (depending on the contract). We book the actual premiums written when we receive them from our client. Each reporting period, we estimate the premiums written for stub periods that have not yet been reported to us by the client. For example, at year-end, we may have to estimate December premiums ceded under certain contracts since the client may not be required to report the actual results to us until after we have issued our audited consolidated financial statements. Typically, we only use premium estimates for unreported stub periods, which account for a small percentage of our total premiums written.

We confirm the accuracy and completeness of premiums reported by our clients by reviewing the client’s statutory filings or performing an audit of the client under the contract terms. Discrepancies between premiums ceded and reported under a contract are, in our experience, rare. To date, we have not had any material difference in premiums reported by a client that required a formal dispute resolution process.

Assessing whether a reinsurance contract meets the conditions for risk transfer requires judgment. The determination of risk transfer is critical to reporting premiums written and is based, in part, on the use of actuarial and pricing models and assumptions. If we determine that a reinsurance contract does not transfer sufficient risk to merit reinsurance accounting treatment, we report the premium we receive as a deposit liability. Similarly, we report the premium we pay as a deposit asset for ceded contracts that do not transfer sufficient risk to merit reinsurance accounting. Any income and expense on deposit accounted contracts is calculated using the interest method and recorded in the consolidated statements of operations under the captions “Other income (expense)” and “Deposit interest expense,” respectively.

Investments. We carry our investment in SILP at fair value, based on the most recent net asset value obtained from SILP’s third-party administrator. The caption “Other investments” in our consolidated balance sheets includes private and unlisted equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values. We determine these private equity securities’ carrying value based on the original cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. At each reporting date, we qualitatively consider whether the investment is impaired on the basis of certain impairment indicators. If we determine that the equity security is impaired on the basis of the qualitative assessment, we recognize an impairment loss in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations. We determine realized gains and losses from other investments based on the specific identification

Link to Table of Contents

method (by reference to cost or amortized cost, as appropriate). These gains and losses are included in the captions “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves. The process of estimating our loss and LAE reserves involves a considerable degree of judgment, and our estimates as of any given date are inherently uncertain. Estimating loss and LAE reserves requires us to make assumptions regarding reporting and development patterns, frequency and severity trends, claims settlement practices, potential changes in legal environments, inflation, loss amplification, foreign exchange movements, and other factors. These estimates and judgments are based on numerous considerations and are often revised as (i) we receive changes in loss amounts reported by ceding companies and brokers; (ii) we obtain additional information, experience, or other data; (iii) we develop new or improved methodologies; or (iv) we observe changes in the legal environment.

Our loss and LAE reserves relating to short-tail property risks are typically reported to us and settled more promptly than those relating to our long-tail risks. However, the timeliness of loss reporting can be affected by such factors as the nature of the event causing the loss, the location of the loss, whether the loss is from policies in force with primary insurers or with reinsurers, and where our exposure falls within the cedent’s overall reinsurance program.

Our loss and LAE reserves are composed of case reserves (based on claims reported to us) and IBNR reserves, including the associated claims handling costs.

We determine case reserve estimates based on loss reports received. We determine our IBNR reserve estimates using standard actuarial methods as well as a combination of our own historical and current loss experience, insurance industry loss experience, assessments of pricing adequacy trends, and our professional judgment. In estimating our IBNR reserve, we estimate the total ultimate loss and LAE we expect to incur and subtract paid claims and case reserves.

The nature and extent of our judgment in the reserving process depend in part upon the type of business. Some of our property treaty reinsurance contracts represent business with a low frequency of claims occurrence and a high potential loss severity, such as claims arising from natural catastrophes. Given the nature of these events and the losses generated by them, traditional actuarial reserving methods may not prove to be reliable indicators of the final outcome. As such, for contracts or losses of this type, we estimate the ultimate cost associated with a single loss event rather than perform analysis on the historical development patterns of past losses as a means of estimating the ultimate losses for an entire accident year. We estimate our reserves for these large events on a contract-by-contract basis by reviewing policies with known or potential exposure to a particular loss event.

For non-catastrophe losses, we apply standard actuarial methodologies in setting reserves, including paid and incurred loss development, Bornheutter-Ferguson, burning cost, and frequency and severity techniques. We supplement our analysis with industry loss ratio and development pattern information in conjunction with our own experience. The weight given to a particular method will depend on many factors, including the homogeneity within the class of business, the volume of losses, the maturity of the accident year, and the length of the expected development tail. For example, the expected loss ratio method assumes that the ratio of premiums and losses remains constant. In contrast, development methods rely on observable patterns within reported losses, both historical and newly reported, to establish a view of the ultimate loss incurred. Therefore, as an accident year matures, we may migrate from an expected loss ratio method to an incurred development method.

As a predominantly broker-market reinsurer for both excess-of-loss and proportional contracts, we rely on loss information reported to brokers by primary insurers who, in turn, must estimate their losses at the policy level, often based on incomplete and changing information. The information we receive varies by cedent and may include paid losses, estimated case reserves, and an estimated provision for IBNR reserves. Reserving practices and data-reporting quality differ among ceding companies, which adds further uncertainty to our estimation of ultimate losses. The nature and extent of information received from ceding companies and brokers also vary widely depending on the type of coverage, the contractual reporting terms (which are affected by market conditions and practices), and other factors. Due to the lack of standardization of the terms and conditions of reinsurance contracts, the differences in coverage provided to individual clients, and the tendency of those coverages to change rapidly in response to market conditions, we cannot always reliably measure the ongoing economic impact of such uncertainties and inconsistencies.

Time lags are inherent in loss reporting, especially in the case of excess-of-loss reinsurance contracts. The combined characteristics of low claim frequency and high claim severity make the available data less useful for predicting ultimate losses.

In the case of proportional contracts, we rely on an analysis of a cedent’s historical experience, industry information, and the underwriters’ professional judgment in estimating reserves. We also utilize ultimate loss ratio forecasts when reported by cedents and brokers, which are ordinarily subject to three to six-month lags for proportional business. Due to the degree of reliance we place on ceding companies for claims reporting, our reserve estimates are highly dependent on ceding companies’

Link to Table of Contents

judgment. Furthermore, during the loss settlement period, which may last several years, additional facts regarding individual claims and trends will often become known, and case law may change, affecting ultimate expected losses.

Since we rely on ceding company data in the process of establishing our loss and LAE reserves, we maintain procedures designed to mitigate the risk that such information is incomplete or inaccurate. These procedures include: (i) comparisons of expected premiums to reported premiums, which helps us to identify delinquent client periodic reports; (ii) ceding company audits to identify inaccurate or incomplete reporting of claims and ensure that claims are actively and appropriately managed in line with agreed protocols and settlement authority limits; and (iii) underwriting reviews to ascertain that the losses ceded are covered as provided under the contract terms. Each subsequent year of loss experience with a given cedent provides additional insight into the accuracy and timeliness of previously reported information. These procedures are incorporated in our internal controls and are regularly evaluated and amended as market conditions, risk factors, and unanticipated areas of exposure develop.

We monitor the development of our prior-year losses during subsequent calendar years by comparing the actual reported losses against previous estimates and current expectations. The analysis of this loss development is an essential factor in the ongoing refinement of our reserving assumptions.

Estimating loss reserves for our book of longer-tail casualty reinsurance business, which we write on both a proportional and non-proportional basis, involves further uncertainties. In addition to the uncertainties described above, casualty business can be subject to longer reporting lags than property business, and claims often take several years to settle. During this period, additional factors and trends will be revealed, and, as they become apparent, we may adjust our reserves accordingly. There is also the potential for the emergence of new types of losses within our casualty book. Therefore, any factors that extend the time until our cedents settle claims add uncertainty to the reserving process.

The uncertainties inherent in the reserving process, together with the potential for unforeseen developments, including changes in laws and the prevailing interpretation of policy terms, may result in our loss and LAE reserves being materially greater or less than the loss and LAE reserves we initially established. We reflect adjustments to our loss and LAE reserves in our financial results during the period in which they are determined. Changes to our prior year loss reserves will impact our current underwriting results by improving our results if the prior year reserves prove redundant or impairing our results if the prior year reserves prove insufficient.

We believe that our reserves for loss and LAE are sufficient to cover losses that fall within the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers based on the methodologies used to estimate those reserves. However, we can provide no assurance that actual losses will not (i) be less than or (ii) exceed our total established reserves.

Please refer to Notes 2 and 7 of our consolidated financial statements for a more detailed explanation of our loss reserving methodology and the loss development tables by accident year, respectively, as required under U.S. GAAP.

Share-Based Payments. We have established a stock incentive plan for directors, employees, and consultants. We recognize share-based compensation transactions using the fair value at the award’s grant date. We calculate the compensation for restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) based on the price of the Company’s common shares at the grant date. We recognize the associated expense, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, over the vesting period and incorporate the probability of meeting any performance conditions. We estimate the forfeiture rate for restricted stock awards and RSUs based on our historical experience and expectations of future forfeitures. The forfeiture rate reduces the unamortized grant date fair value of unvested outstanding restricted stock awards and RSUs and the associated stock compensation expense. As restricted shares and RSUs are forfeited, we reduce the number of outstanding restricted shares and RSUs and compare the remaining unamortized grant date fair value to the assumed forfeiture levels. We record true-up adjustments as deemed necessary. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we have assumed a forfeiture rate of 9.0% (2020: 7.0% and 2019: 7.0%) for restricted stock awards and RSUs granted.

We recognize the expense of share purchase options over the vesting period on a graded vesting basis. Determining the fair value of share option awards at the grant date requires significant estimation and judgment. We use an option-pricing model (Black-Scholes pricing model) to assist in calculating fair value. We base the estimate of expected volatility on our Class A ordinary shares’ daily historical trading data from the date these shares commenced trading (May 24, 2007) to the grant date.

If actual results differ significantly from these estimates and assumptions, particularly concerning our estimation of volatility and forfeiture rates, share-based compensation expense, primarily relating to future share-based awards, could be materially impacted.

Link to Table of Contents

Key Financial Measures and Non-GAAP Measures

Basic Book Value Per Share and Fully Diluted Book Value Per Share

We believe that long-term growth in fully diluted book value per share is the most relevant measure of our financial performance because it provides management and investors a yardstick to monitor the shareholder value generated. Fully diluted book value per share may also help our investors, shareholders, and other interested parties form a basis of comparison with other companies within the property and casualty reinsurance industry.

We calculate basic book value per share based on ending shareholders' equity and aggregate of Class A and Class B Ordinary shares issued and outstanding, as well as all unvested restricted shares. Fully diluted book value per share represents basic book value per share combined with any dilutive impact of in-the-money stock options, and RSUs issued and outstanding at any period end. Fully diluted book value per share also includes the dilutive effect, if any, of ordinary shares to be issued upon conversion of the convertible notes.

Our primary financial goal is to increase fully diluted book value per share over the long term.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and fully diluted book value per share for the recent periods.


	December 31, 2021			December 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
	($ in thousands, except per share and share amounts)
Numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share:
Total equity (U.S. GAAP) (numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share)	$	475,663		$	464,857		$	477,183




Denominator for basic and fully diluted book value per share: (1)
Ordinary shares issued and outstanding (denominator for basic book value per share)	33,844,446			34,514,790			36,994,110
Add: In-the-money stock options and RSUs issued and outstanding	154,134			116,722			63,582
Denominator for fully diluted book value per share	33,998,580			34,631,512			37,057,692
Basic book value per share	$	14.05		$	13.47		$	12.90
Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share ($)	$	0.58		$	0.57		$	(0.22)
Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share (%)	4.3		%	4.4		%	(1.7)		%

Fully diluted book value per share	$	13.99		$	13.42		$	12.88
Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share ($)	$	0.57		$	0.54		$	(0.22)
Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share (%)	4.2		%	4.2		%	(1.7)		%

(1) All unvested restricted shares, including those with performance conditions, are included in the “basic” and “fully diluted” denominators. At December 31, 2021, the number of unvested restricted shares with performance conditions was 193,149 (December 31, 2020: 193,149, December 31, 2019: 356,900).

Management also uses certain key financial measures, some of which are not prescribed under U.S. GAAP rules and standards (“non-GAAP financial measures”), to evaluate our financial performance, financial position, and the change in shareholder value. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure, as defined in SEC Regulation G, is a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flows that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented under U.S. GAAP. We believe that these measures, which may be calculated or defined differently by other companies, provide consistent and comparable metrics of our business performance to help shareholders understand performance trends and allow for a more thorough understanding of the Company’s business. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined under U.S. GAAP.

The key non-GAAP financial measures used in this report are:

• Adjusted combined ratio; and

Link to Table of Contents

• Net underwriting income (loss).

These non-GAAP measures are described below.

Adjusted combined ratio

“Combined ratio” is a commonly used measure in the property and casualty insurance industry and is calculated using U.S. GAAP components. We use the combined ratio, along with an analysis of significant drivers, to evaluate our underwriting performance. During 2020, in an effort to further evaluate our underwriting performance, we introduced the “adjusted combined ratio,” a non-GAAP measure that excludes the effects of underwriting losses attributable to (i) prior accident-year reserve development, (ii) catastrophe losses, and (iii) certain significant, infrequent loss events. we have since determined that the use of this measure does not significantly enhance our or investors’ understanding of the underlying trends or variability in our underwriting results. Accordingly, we do not intend to use or disclose our adjusted combined ratio in future periods.

In calculating the adjusted combined ratio, we exclude underwriting income and losses attributable to (i) prior accident-year reserve development, (ii) catastrophe events, and (iii) other significant infrequent adjustments.

Prior accident-year reserve development, which can be favorable or unfavorable, represents changes in our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses associated with loss events that occurred in prior years.

By their nature, catastrophe events and other significant infrequent adjustments are not representative of the type of loss activity that we would expect to occur in every period.

The following table reconciles the combined ratio to the adjusted combined ratio:


	Year ended December 31
		2021		2020		2019
Combined ratio		100.9	%	100.4	%	106.9	%
Impact on combined ratio of selected items:
Prior-year development		(1.5)	%	0.8	%	6.2	%
Catastrophes (current year)		6.1	%	2.0	%	3.6	%
Other adjustments		2.2	%	1.6	%	—	%
Adjusted combined ratio		94.1	%	96.0	%	97.1	%

• The caption “Other adjustments” represents, for the year ended December 31, 2021, interest income and expense on deposit-accounted contracts due to changes in the associated estimated ultimate cash flows and, for the year ended December 31, 2020, losses relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Net Underwriting Income (Loss)

One way that we evaluate the Company’s underwriting performance is by measuring net underwriting income (loss). We do not use premiums written as a measure of performance. Net underwriting income (loss) is a performance measure used by management to evaluate the fundamentals underlying the Company’s underwriting operations. We believe that the use of net underwriting income (loss) enables investors and other users of the Company’s financial information to analyze our performance in a manner similar to how management analyzes performance. Management also believes that this measure follows industry practice and allows the users of financial information to compare the Company’s performance with that of our industry peer group.

Net underwriting income (loss) is considered a non-GAAP financial measure because it excludes items used to calculate net income before taxes under U.S. GAAP. We calculate net underwriting income (loss) as net premiums earned, plus other income relating to reinsurance and deposit-accounted contracts, less deposit interest expense, less net loss and loss adjustment expenses, acquisition costs, and underwriting expenses. The measure excludes, on a recurring basis: (1) investment income (loss); (2) other income (expense) not related to underwriting, including foreign exchange gains or losses and adjustments to the allowance for expected credit losses; (3) corporate general and administrative expenses; and (4) interest expense. We exclude total investment income or loss, foreign exchange gains or losses, and expected credit losses as we believe these items are influenced by market conditions and other factors not related to underwriting decisions. We exclude corporate and interest expenses because these costs are generally fixed and not incremental to or directly related to our underwriting operations. We believe all of these amounts are largely independent of our underwriting process, and including them could hinder the analysis

Link to Table of Contents

of trends in our underwriting operations. Net underwriting income (loss) should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP net income before income taxes.

The reconciliations of net underwriting income (loss) to income (loss) before income taxes (the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) on a consolidated basis are shown below:


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	21,324	$	4,290	$	(3,503)
Add (subtract):
Total investment (income) loss	(50,152)		(25,532)		(52,267)
Other non-underwriting (income) expense	880		(686)		467
Corporate expenses	16,489		14,036		15,560
Interest expense	6,263		6,280		6,263
Net underwriting income (loss)	$	(5,196)	$	(1,612)	$	(33,480)

Link to Table of Contents

Results of Operations

The table below summarizes our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:


	2021			2020			2019
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Underwriting revenue
Gross premiums written	$	565,393		$	479,791		$	523,977
Gross premiums ceded	(41)			(2,268)			(48,667)
Net premiums written	565,352			477,523			475,310
Change in net unearned premium reserves	(26,073)			(22,112)			8,270
Net premiums earned	539,279			455,411			483,580
Underwriting related expenses
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred
Current year	389,080			333,096			357,237
Prior year *	(14,100)			4,737			31,250
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred	374,980			337,833			388,487
Acquisition costs	144,960			109,288			117,084
Underwriting expenses	12,880			12,365			14,262
Deposit accounting and other reinsurance expense (income)	11,655			(2,463)			(2,773)
Net underwriting income (loss)	(5,196)			(1,612)			(33,480)

Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund	18,087			4,431			46,056
Net investment income (loss)	32,065			21,101			6,211
Total investment income (loss)	$	50,152		$	25,532		$	52,267
Net underwriting and investment income (loss)	$	44,956		$	23,920		$	18,787

Corporate expenses	$	16,489		$	14,036		$	15,560
Other (income) expense, net	880			(686)			467
Interest expense	6,263			6,280			6,263
Income tax expense (benefit)	3,746			424			483
Net income (loss)	17,578			3,866			(3,986)

Earnings (loss) per share
Basic	$	0.51		$	0.11		$	(0.11)
Diluted	$	0.51		$	0.11		$	(0.11)

Underwriting ratios
Loss ratio - current year	72.1		%	73.1		%	73.9		%
Loss ratio - prior year	(2.6)		%	1.1		%	6.4		%
Loss ratio	69.5		%	74.2		%	80.3		%
Acquisition cost ratio	26.9		%	24.0		%	24.2		%
Composite ratio	96.4		%	98.2		%	104.5		%
Underwriting expense ratio	4.5		%	2.2		%	2.4		%
Combined ratio	100.9		%	100.4		%	106.9		%

* The net financial impacts associated with changes in the estimate of losses incurred in prior years, which incorporate earned reinstatement premiums assumed and ceded, and adjustments to assumed and ceded acquisition costs, were a gain of $8.3 million in 2021, and a loss of $3.7 million and $30.1 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Link to Table of Contents

Year ended 2021 compared to 2020

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the fully diluted book value per share increased by $0.57 per share, or 4.2%, to $13.99 per share from $13.42 per share on December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the basic book value per share increased by $0.58, or 4.3%, to $14.05 per share from $13.47 per share on December 31, 2020. The increases in basic and fully diluted book value per share for the year ended December 31, 2021, were due primarily to share repurchases executed and net income earned.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, net income increased to $17.6 million, compared to $3.9 million reported for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The developments that most significantly affected our financial performance during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the equivalent 2020 period, are summarized below:

•Underwriting: The underwriting loss for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $5.2 million on net earned premiums of $539.3 million. By comparison, the underwriting loss for the same period in 2020 was $1.6 million on net earned premiums of $455.4 million. The underwriting loss for the year ended December 31, 2021, included $11.7 million of expense related to deposit accounted contracts that we wrote in 2017, 2018, and 2019. The expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021, was due to changes in the associated estimated ultimate cash flow resulting from higher than expected losses reported by the cedents.

Catastrophe events during the year ended December 31, 2021, including Hurricane Ida, winter storm Uri, the European floods and hailstorms, U.S.tornados, and the South African riots contributed $32.7 million to the underwriting loss. By comparison, the catastrophe events during the year ended December 31, 2020, including hurricanes Laura, Isaias, and Sally, the Midwest derecho storms, and North American wildfires, contributed $9.0 million to the underwriting loss. Additionally, COVID-19 contributed $7.1 million to the underwriting loss for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Our overall combined ratio was 100.9% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 100.4% during the same period in 2020. The catastrophe events listed above during the year ended December 31, 2021, contributed 6.1 percentage points to our combined ratio, compared to 2.0 percentage points from catastrophe events during 2020.

•Investments: Our total investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $50.2 million compared to total investment income of $25.5 million reported during 2020. Investment income for the year ended December 31, 2021, included (a) $18.1 million on our investment in SILP, (b) $19.5 million of unrealized gain on our Innovations and other strategic investments and (c) $14.2 million realized gain on the sale of our investment in AccuRisk.

Underwriting results

We analyze our business based on three categories: “property,” “casualty,” and “other.”

Gross Premiums Written

Details of gross premiums written are provided in the following table:


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	52,947	9.4	%	$	58,463	12.2	%
Casualty	379,113		67.0		302,237		63.0
Other	133,333		23.6		119,091		24.8
Total	$	565,393	100.0	%	$	479,791	100.0	%

As a result of our underwriting philosophy, the total premiums we write and the mix of premiums between property, casualty, and other business, may vary significantly from period to period depending on the market opportunities we identify.

Link to Table of Contents

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our gross premiums written increased by $85.6 million, or 17.8%, compared to the same period in 2020. The changes in gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2021, were attributable to the following:

Gross Premiums Written

Year ended December 31, 2021

Increase (decrease)
($ in millions)

% change

Explanation

Property

$(5.5)

(9.4)%

The decrease in property gross premiums written during the year ended December 31, 2021, over the comparable 2020 period was related to:

(a) motor contracts on which we elected to reduce or not renew our participation; and

(b) property catastrophe quota share contracts on which we elected to reduce or not renew our participation.

The decrease in property gross premiums written was partially offset by an increase in property premiums written driven by our Innovations unit.

Casualty

$76.9

25.4%

The increase in casualty gross premiums written during the year ended December 31, 2021 over the comparable 2020 period was related primarily to our expanded relationships with Lloyd’s corporate members and syndicates. We also experienced an increase in general liability business during 2021.

These increases were partially offset by decreases in motor liability and workers’ compensation business that we did not renew or on which we reduced our participation in 2021.

Other

$14.2

12.0%

The increase in “Other” gross premiums written during the year ended December 31, 2021, over the comparable 2020 period was primarily attributable to transactional liability premiums which increased during 2021, reflecting an increase in M&A activity compared to 2020. New marine and energy contracts also contributed to the increase in “Other” gross premiums written.

These increases were partially offset by decreased crop and health premiums as we lowered our participation during 2021.

Premiums Ceded

The level of premiums ceded during the year ended December 31, 2021, was insignificant. The $2.3 million of ceded premium for the year ended December 31, 2020, related to the retroceded portion of our exposure to a motor contract. In general, we use retrocessional coverage to manage our net portfolio exposure, leverage areas of expertise, and improve our strategic position in meeting clients’ needs.

Net Premiums Written

Details of net premiums written are provided in the following table:


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	53,014	9.4	%	$	58,033	12.2	%
Casualty	379,145		67.0		300,546		62.9
Other	133,193		23.6		118,944		24.9
Total	$	565,352	100.0	%	$	477,523	100.0	%

The movement in net premiums written resulted from the changes in gross premiums written and ceded during the periods.

Link to Table of Contents

Net Premiums Earned

Details of net premiums earned are provided in the following table:


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	56,075	10.4	%	$	59,066	13.0	%
Casualty	351,390		65.2		289,501		63.5
Other	131,814		24.4		106,844		23.5
Total	$	539,279	100.0	%	$	455,411	100.0	%

Net premiums earned are primarily a function of the amount and timing of net premiums written during the current and prior periods.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Incurred, Net

Details of net losses incurred are provided in the following table:


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	45,987	12.3	%	$	41,156	12.2	%
Casualty	256,830		68.5		207,572		61.4
Other	72,163		19.2		89,105		26.4
Total	$	374,980	100.0	%	$	337,833	100.0	%

The below table summarizes the loss ratios for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020:


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points
Property	82.0	%	69.7	%	12.3	%
Casualty	73.1	%	71.7	%	1.4	%
Other	54.7	%	83.4	%	(28.7)	%
Total	69.5	%	74.2	%	(4.7)	%

Link to Table of Contents

The changes in net losses incurred and loss ratios during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, were attributable to the following:




	Increase (decrease) ($ in millions)	Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points	Explanation
Property	$4.8	12.3%	The increase in property losses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the equivalent 2020 period, related primarily to losses relating to winter storm Uri, Hurricane Ida, the 2021 European floods and hailstorms, and the U.S. tornados during the year ended December 31, 2021. The property loss ratio increased 12.3 percentage points during the year ended December 31, 2021, over the equivalent 2020 period, primarily due to the events mentioned above.
Casualty	$49.3	1.4%	The increase in casualty losses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the equivalent 2020 period related primarily to: •losses from the winter storm Uri and Hurricane Ida on certain multi-line contracts; •increased workers' compensation, multi-line and Lloyd's syndicate losses due to increased exposure in these lines of business; and •increased losses on in-force motor contracts impacted by supply-chain shortages and other inflationary pressures. These increases in casualty losses incurred were partially offset by favorable loss development on motor liability contracts written prior to 2017. The casualty loss ratio increased 1.4 percentage points during the year ended December 31, 2021, over the equivalent 2020 period, primarily due to the reasons described above.
Other	$(16.9)	(28.7)%	The decrease in “other” losses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021, over the comparable 2020 period was related primarily to: •favorable development on mortgage contracts as loss estimates recorded in 2020 relating to the impact of COVID-19 were reduced in 2021; •decrease in losses on health contracts resulting partially from favorable development on legacy contracts, and partly from shifting some of our health exposure from a quota share basis to an excess of loss basis; and •the prior year included losses on crop contracts that we elected not to renew in 2021. The decrease in losses incurred was partially offset by increases related primarily to: •losses on marine and energy contracts relating to Hurricane Ida; •losses relating to the South African riots on certain terrorism contracts; and •an increase in the volume of marine, energy, and other specialty business. The reasons for the28.7 percentage point decrease in the “other” loss ratio are consistent with those driving the reduction in losses incurred.

See “Part II, Item 7. Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates, Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” and “Note 7. LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES” in our Notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of our reserving techniques and prior year development of net claims and claim expenses.

Link to Table of Contents

Acquisition Costs, Net

Details of acquisition costs are provided in the following table.


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	11,936	8.2	%	$	12,040	11.0	%
Casualty	93,499		64.5		78,676		72.0
Other	39,525		27.3		18,572		17.0
Total	$	144,960	100.0	%	$	109,288	100.0	%

The acquisition cost ratios for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, were as follows:


	2021		2020		Increase / (decrease)
Property	21.3	%	20.4	%	0.9	%
Casualty	26.6	%	27.2	%	(0.6)	%
Other	30.0	%	17.4	%	12.6	%
Total	26.9	%	24.0	%	2.9	%

The changes in the acquisition cost ratios during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, were attributable to the following:




	Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio points	Explanation
Property	0.9%	There were no significant changes in the property acquisition cost ratios during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020.
Casualty	(0.6)%	The casualty acquisition cost ratio decreased slightly during the year ended December 31, 2021, over the comparable 2020 period as a result of the following partially offsetting factors: a) lower acquisition cost on certain workers compensation contracts with sliding scale ceding commissions, which incurred higher losses in 2021 compared to 2020; and b) higher acquisition costs on multi-line and Lloyd's syndicate contracts, which incorporate relatively higher commission rates than other casualty businesses.
Other	12.6%	The increase in the “other” acquisition cost ratio during the year ended December 31, 2021, over the comparable 2020 period was due primarily to profit commission adjustments on mortgage contracts that had favorable loss development during 2021. The increase was partially offset by a shift in the business mix towards non-proportional specialty business during the year ended December 31, 2021. This business incorporates lower commission rates than proportional health and financial lines business.

General and Administrative Expenses

Details of general and administrative expenses are provided in the following table:


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020
	($ in thousands)
Underwriting expenses	$	12,880	$	12,365
Corporate expenses	16,489		14,036
General and administrative expenses	$	29,369	$	26,401

Link to Table of Contents

For the year ended December 31, 2021, general and administrative expenses increased by $3.0 million, or 11.2%, compared to the same period in 2020. The increase was due primarily to (i) our Innovations unit, (ii) directors’ and officers’ insurance premiums, (iii) personnel costs, and (iv) information system and technology. The increase was partially offset by lower legal and other professional fees compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. For the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, the general and administrative expenses included $3.2 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of expenses related to stock compensation granted to employees and directors.

Total Investment Income (Loss)

Total investment income (loss) incorporates (i) changes in the net asset value of our investment in SILP managed by DME Advisors, (ii) interest income earned on the restricted cash and cash equivalents pledged as collateral to our clients, and (iii) gains (or losses) and interest on our portfolio of strategic and Innovations investments, notes receivable and investments accounted for under the equity method. We expect our total investment income, including any change in the net asset value of our investment in SILP, to fluctuate from period to period.

A summary of our total investment income (loss) is as follows:


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020
	($ in thousands)
Realized gains (losses)	$	14,210	$	(9,234)
Change in unrealized gains and losses	19,560		25,909
Investment-related foreign exchange gains (losses)	(45)		39
Interest and dividend income, net of withholding taxes	200		5,419
Interest, dividend, and other expenses	(1,860)		(1,875)
Income (loss) from equity method investment	—		843
Net investment-related income (loss)	$	32,065	$	21,101
Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund	18,087		4,431
Total investment income (loss)	$	50,152	$	25,532

The caption “Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund” in the above table is net of management fees paid by SILP to DME Advisors and performance compensation, if any, allocated from the Company’s investment in SILP to DME II. No performance compensation is allocated in periods of loss reported by SILP. For detailed breakdowns of management fees and performance compensation for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, please refer to Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, investment income, net of fees and expenses, resulted in a gain of 7.5% on the Investment Portfolio managed by DME Advisors, compared to a gain of 1.4% for the year ended December 31, 2020. The long portfolio gained 24.3% while the short portfolio and macro positions lost 7.9% and 6.0%, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the largest contributors to SILP’s investment income were long positions in Atlas Air Worldwide (AAWW), Brighthouse Financial (BHF), CONSOL Energy (CEIX), Green Brick Partners (GRBK), and Teck Resources (TECK). The largest detractors were various short positions composed of single names and indexes.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the decrease in interest and dividend income compared to the equivalent period in 2020 resulted from lower interest rates offered by financial institutions on the restricted cash and cash equivalents pledged as collateral to our clients.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded net unrealized gains of $19.5 million on our Innovations-related investment portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we also realized a $14.2 million gain (pre-tax) from the sale of our investment in AccuRisk.

Link to Table of Contents

For the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, the gross investment return (loss) on our investments managed by DME Advisors (excluding investment advisor performance allocation) was composed of the following:


	2021		2020
Long portfolio gains (losses)	24.3	%	15.3	%
Short portfolio gains (losses)	(7.9)	%	(13.5)	%
Macro gains (losses)	(6.0)	%	0.4	%
Other income and expenses 1	(2.1)	%	(0.7)	%
Gross investment return	8.3	%	1.5	%
Net investment return 1	7.5	%	1.4	%

1 “Other income and expenses” excludes performance compensation but includes management fees. “Net investment return” incorporates both of these amounts.

Effective January 1, 2021, the Investment Portfolio is calculated based on 50% of GLRE Surplus, or the Company's shareholders' equity, as reported in the Company’s then most recent quarterly U.S. GAAP financial statements. It is adjusted monthly for our share of the net profits and net losses reported by SILP during any intervening period. Prior to January 1, 2021, the Investment Portfolio was calculated based on several factors, including our share of SILP’s net asset value and our posted collateral and net reserves.

Each month, we post on our website (www.greenlightre.com) the returns from our investment in SILP.

Income Taxes

We are not obligated to pay taxes in the Cayman Islands on either income or capital gains. The Governor-In-Cabinet has granted us an exemption from any income taxes that may be imposed in the Cayman Islands for the 20 years expiring February 1, 2025.

GRIL is incorporated in Ireland and is subject to the Irish corporation tax. We expect GRIL to be taxed at 12.5% on its taxable trading income and 25% on its non-trading income if any.

Verdant is incorporated in Delaware and is subject to taxes under the U.S. federal rates and regulations prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service. We expect Verdant’s future taxable income to be taxed at 21%. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the income tax expense of $3.7 million was due primarily to the gain on the sale of our investment in AccuRisk.

At December 31, 2021, we have included a gross deferred tax asset of $3.2 million (December 31, 2020: $3.5 million) in the caption “Other assets” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021, a valuation allowance of $2.7 million (December 31, 2020: $3.0 million) partially offset this gross deferred tax asset. We have concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will fully realize the recorded deferred tax asset (net of the valuation allowance) in the future. We have based this conclusion on the expected timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and the likelihood of generating sufficient taxable income to realize the future tax benefit. We have not taken any other tax positions that we believe are subject to uncertainty or reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company.

Ratio Analysis

The following table provides our underwriting ratios by line of business:


	Year ended December 31								Year ended December 31
	2021								2020
	Property		Casualty		Other		Total		Property		Casualty		Other		Total

Loss ratio	82.0	%	73.1	%	54.7	%	69.5	%	69.7	%	71.7	%	83.4	%	74.2	%
Acquisition cost ratio	21.3		26.6		30.0		26.9		20.4		27.2		17.4		24.0
Composite ratio	103.3	%	99.7	%	84.7	%	96.4	%	90.1	%	98.9	%	100.8	%	98.2	%
Underwriting expense ratio							4.5								2.2
Combined ratio							100.9	%							100.4	%

Link to Table of Contents

Financial Condition

Total investments

The total investments reported in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2021, was $231.0 million, compared to $196.2 million at December 31, 2020, an increase of $34.8 million, or 17.7%. The increase was primarily related to income from our Innovations investments and our investment in SILP.

At December 31, 2021, 94.1% of SILP’s portfolio was valued based on quoted prices in actively traded markets (Level 1), 2.9% was composed of instruments valued based on observable inputs other than quoted prices (Level 2), and 0.6% was composed of instruments valued based on non-observable inputs (Level 3). At December 31, 2021, 2.4% of SILP’s portfolio consisted of private equity funds valued using the funds’ net asset values as a practical expedient. At December 31, 2021, our Innovations investments did not have readily determinable fair values and were carried at their original cost minus impairment plus changes resulting from observable price changes.

Other than our investment in SILP (see Notes 3 and 4 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements), we have not participated in transactions that created relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including VIEs, established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements.

Restricted cash and cash equivalents

We use our restricted cash and cash equivalents for funding trusts and letters of credit issued to our ceding insurers. Our restricted cash decreased by $110.6 million, or 14.8%, from $745.4 million at December 31, 2020, to $634.8 million, at December 31, 2021, primarily due to collateral released by some of our ceding insurers.

Reinsurance balances receivable

During the year ended December 31, 2021, reinsurance balances receivable increased by $75.1 million, or 22.8%, to $405.4 million from $330.2 million at December 31, 2020. This increase was related primarily to increases in our funds at Lloyd’s and funds withheld on reinsurance contracts with Lloyd’s syndicates. A decrease in premiums receivable partially offset the increase during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves; Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Recoverable

The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, and we do not have previous loss experience on which to base our estimates for the associated loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. See Note 7 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for assumptions used in our loss estimates relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses were composed of the following:


	December 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Case Reserves		IBNR		Total		Case Reserves		IBNR		Total
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	21,357	$	49,486	$	70,843	$	25,833	$	45,680	$	71,513
Casualty	151,734		219,949		371,683		138,432		206,152		344,584
Other	17,129		64,355		81,484		12,540		65,542		78,082
Total	$	190,220	$	333,790	$	524,010	$	176,805	$	317,374	$	494,179

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the total gross loss and loss adjustment expense reserves increased by $29.8 million, or 6.0%, to $524.0 million from $494.2 million at December 31, 2020. See Note 7 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a summary of changes in outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and a description of prior period loss developments.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the total loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable decreased by $5.8 million, or 34.1%, to $11.1 million from $16.9 million at December 31, 2020. See Note 8 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a description of the credit risk associated with our retrocessionaires.

Link to Table of Contents

For most of the contracts we write, defined limits of liability limit our risk exposure. Once each contract’s limit of liability has been reached, we have no further exposure to additional losses from that contract. However, certain contracts, particularly quota share contracts covering first-dollar exposure, may not contain aggregate limits.

Our property and Lloyd’s business, and to a lesser extent our casualty and other business, incorporate contracts that contain natural peril loss exposure. We currently monitor our catastrophe loss exposure in terms of our PML (probable maximum loss).

We anticipate that our PMLs will vary from period to period depending upon the modeled simulated losses and the composition of our in-force book of business.

We monitor our natural peril PMLs on a worldwide basis, with a particular focus on our peak peril regions. When these perils consist of a large geographic area, we split them into sub-regions, where the underlying geographic components can also be considered individual peril zones.

For our natural catastrophe PMLs, we utilize the output of catastrophe models at the 1-in-250 year return period. The 1-in-250 year return period PML means that we believe there is a 0.4% probability that in any given year, an occurrence of a natural catastrophe will lead to losses exceeding the stated estimate.

It is important to note that PMLs are best estimates based on the modeled data available for each underlying risk. As a result, we cannot provide assurance that any actual event will align with the modeled event or that actual losses from events similar to the modeled events will not vary materially from the modeled event PML.

Our PML estimates incorporate all significant exposure from our reinsurance operations, including coverage for property, marine and energy, motor, and catastrophe workers’ compensation.

At January 1, 2022, our estimated largest PML (net of retrocession and reinstatement premiums) at a 1-in-250 year return period for a single event and in aggregate was $87.6 million and $95.9 million, respectively, both relating to the peril of North Atlantic Hurricane.

The below table contains the expected modeled loss for each of our peak peril regions and sub-regions, for both a single event loss and aggregate loss measures at the 1-in-250 year return period.


	January 1, 2022
	Net 1-in-250 Year Return Period
Peril	Single Event Loss		Aggregate Loss
	($ in thousands)
North Atlantic Hurricane	$	87,558	$	95,876
Southeast Hurricane	66,237		71,541
Gulf of Mexico Hurricane	58,736		64,145
Northeast Hurricane	60,540		61,924
North America Earthquake	60,733		65,126
California Earthquake	54,407		57,088
Other N.A. Earthquake	34,533		36,329
Japan Earthquake	34,357		37,094
Japan Windstorm	36,216		38,443
Europe Windstorm	30,041		36,550

Total shareholders’ equity

Total equity reported on the consolidated balance sheet increased by $10.8 million to $475.7 million at December 31, 2021, compared to $464.9 million at December 31, 2020. The increase in shareholders’ equity during the year ended December 31, 2021, was due to the net income of $17.6 million reported for the year and was partially offset by share repurchases. For details of other movements in shareholders’ equity, see the “Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity.”

Link to Table of Contents

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

Greenlight Capital Re is a holding company with no operations of its own. As a holding company, Greenlight Capital Re has minimal continuing cash needs, most of which are related to the payment of corporate and general administrative expenses and interest expenses. We conduct all our underwriting operations through our wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiaries, Greenlight Re and GRIL, which underwrite property and casualty reinsurance. There are restrictions on Greenlight Re’s and GRIL’s ability to pay dividends described in more detail below. It is our current policy to retain earnings to support the growth of our business. We currently do not expect to pay dividends on our ordinary shares.

At December 31, 2021, Greenlight Re and GRIL were each rated “A- (Excellent)” with a stable outlook by A.M. Best. The ratings reflect A.M. Best’s opinion of our reinsurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance, and ability to meet obligations. They are not evaluations directed toward the protection of investors or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our Class A ordinary shares. If A.M. Best downgrades our ratings below “A- (Excellent)” or withdraws our rating, we could be severely limited or prevented from writing any new reinsurance contracts, which would significantly and negatively affect our business. Our A.M. Best ratings may be revised or revoked at the sole discretion of the rating agency.

Some of our assumed reinsurance contracts contain provisions that permit our clients to cancel the contract or require additional collateral in the event of a downgrade in our A.M. Best ratings below A- (Excellent) or a reduction of our capital or surplus below specified levels over the course of the agreement. In the periods presented, there were no such cancellations or other adjustments relating to novations, commutations, or similar actions that had a material impact on our premiums written, net income, or liquidity position, either individually or in the aggregate.

Contracts containing such cancellation rights represented approximately 15% of gross premiums written during 2021. Further, we believe, in the event that all additional collateral requirements had been triggered at December 31, 2021, additional required collateral would equal approximately $75 million.

Sources and Uses of Funds

Our sources of funds consist primarily of premium receipts (net of brokerage and ceding commissions), investment income, and other income. We use cash from our operations to pay losses and loss adjustment expenses, profit commissions, interest, and general and administrative expenses. At December 31, 2021, all of our investable assets, excluding strategic and Innovations investments and funds required for business operations and capital risk management, are invested by DME Advisors in SILP, subject to our investment guidelines. We can redeem funds from SILP at any time for operational purposes by providing three days’ notice to the general partner. At December 31, 2021, the majority of SILP’s long investments were composed of cash and cash equivalents and publicly traded equity securities, which can be readily liquidated to meet our redemption requests. We record all investment income (loss), including any changes in the net asset value of SILP, and any unrealized gains and losses, in our consolidated statements of operations for each reporting period.

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the net cash used in operating activities was $56.3 million and $91.3 million, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities was used primarily for our underwriting activities and for payment of corporate and general administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Generally, if the premiums collected exceed claim payments within a given period, we generate cash from our underwriting activities. Our underwriting activities represented a net use of cash for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, as the losses we paid exceeded the premiums we collected. The cash used in, and generated from, underwriting activities may vary significantly from period to period depending on the underwriting opportunities available and claims submitted to us by our cedents.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our investing activities provided $1.2 million of cash from redemptions from SILP (net of contributions into SILP) and $5.0 million for new Innovations investments. Investing activities also provided $26.9 million of cash from the sale of our AccuRisk investment and the collection of a note receivable from AccuRisk. By comparison, for the same period in 2020, our investing activities provided cash of $95.6 million as a result of net redemptions from SILP.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our financing activities included the repurchase of $10.0 million of our Class A ordinary shares, compared to $17.8 million of repurchases during the equivalent 2020 period.

At December 31, 2021, we believe we have sufficient cash flow from operating and investing activities to meet our foreseeable liquidity requirements. We do not expect that the recent catastrophic events, including Hurricane Ida, the European floods and hailstorm, U.S. tornados, and the COVID-19 pandemic, will materially impact our operational liquidity needs, which

Link to Table of Contents

will be met by cash, funds generated from underwriting activities, and investment income, including withdrawals from SILP if necessary. At December 31, 2021, we expect to fund our operations for the next twelve months from operating and investing cash flow. However, we may explore various financing options, including capital raising alternatives, to fund our business strategy, improve our capital structure, increase surplus, pay claims or make acquisitions. We can provide no assurances regarding the terms of such transactions or that any such transactions will occur.

Although GLRE is not subject to any significant legal prohibitions on the payment of dividends, Greenlight Re and GRIL are each subject to regulatory minimum capital requirements and regulatory constraints that affect their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, any dividend payment would have to be approved by the relevant regulatory authorities prior to payment. At December 31, 2021, Greenlight Re and GRIL exceeded their regulatory minimum capital requirements.

Letters of Credit and Trust Arrangements

At December 31, 2021, neither Greenlight Re nor GRIL was licensed or admitted as a reinsurer in any jurisdiction other than the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area, respectively. Many jurisdictions do not permit domestic insurance companies to take credit on their statutory financial statements for loss recoveries or ceded unearned premiums unless appropriate measures are in place for reinsurance obtained from unlicensed or non-admitted insurers. As a result, we anticipate that all of our U.S. clients and some non-U.S. clients will require us to provide collateral through funds withheld, trust arrangements, letters of credit, or a combination thereof.

At December 31, 2021, we had one (2020: one) letter of credit facility available with an aggregate capacity of $275.0 million (2020: $275.0 million). See Note 15 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for details on the letter of credit facility. We provide collateral to cedents in the form of letters of credit and trust arrangements. At December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of collateral provided to cedents under such arrangements was $633.9 million (2020: $743.0 million). At December 31, 2021, the letters of credit and trust accounts were secured by restricted cash and cash equivalents with a total fair value of $634.8 million (2020: $745.4 million).

The letter of credit facility contains customary events of default and restrictive covenants, including but not limited to, limitations on liens on collateral, transactions with affiliates, mergers and sales of assets, as well as solvency and maintenance of certain minimum pledged equity requirements, and restricts issuance of any debt without the consent of the letter of credit provider. Additionally, if an event of default exists, as defined in the letter of credit facility, Greenlight Re would be prohibited from paying dividends to its parent company. The Company was in compliance with all the covenants of this facility at December 31, 2021.

Capital

Our capital structure currently consists of senior convertible notes and equity issued in two classes of ordinary shares. We expect that the existing capital base and internally generated funds will be sufficient to implement our business strategy for the foreseeable future. Consequently, we do not presently anticipate that we will incur any additional material indebtedness in the ordinary course of our business. However, to provide us with flexibility and timely access to public capital markets should we require additional capital for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or other general corporate purposes, we have filed a Form S-3 registration statement, which expires in July 2024. In addition, as noted above, we may explore various financing alternatives, although there can be no assurance that additional financing will be available on acceptable terms when needed or desired. We did not make any significant commitments for capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Our Board of Directors had previously extended the share repurchase plan to June 30, 2021, and authorized the repurchase of up to 5.0 million Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans. In addition, the Board of Directors had also authorized the Company to repurchase up to $25.0 million aggregate face amount of the Company’s 4.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the “Notes”) in privately negotiated transactions, in open market repurchases, or pursuant to one or more tender offers. No Notes were repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2021.

On May 4, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase plan effective from July 1, 2021, until June 30, 2022, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $25.0 million of Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans.

Link to Table of Contents

The Company is not required to repurchase any Class A ordinary shares, and the repurchase plan may be modified, suspended, or terminated at the election of our Board of Directors at any time without prior notice. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company repurchased 1,079,544 Class A ordinary shares.

Under the Company’s stock incentive plan, the number of Class A ordinary shares authorized for issuance is 8.0 million shares. At December 31, 2021, 3,128,276 Class A ordinary shares were available for future issuance under the Company’s stock incentive plan. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the stock incentive plan.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Due to the nature of our reinsurance operations, the amount and timing of the cash flows associated with our reinsurance contractual liabilities will fluctuate, perhaps materially, and, therefore, are highly uncertain. At December 31, 2021, we estimate that we will pay the loss and loss adjustment expense reserves as follows:


	Less than 1 year	1-3 years	3-5 years	More than 5 years	Total
	($ in thousands)
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (1)	269,865	152,487	47,685	53,973	524,010

(1) Due to the nature of our reinsurance operations, the amount and timing of the cash flows associated with our reinsurance contractual liabilities will fluctuate, perhaps materially, and, therefore, are highly uncertain.

Greenlight Re has entered into a lease agreement for office space in the Cayman Islands commencing from July 1, 2021. The lease expires on June 30, 2026, unless Greenlight Re exercises its right to renew the lease for another five-year period. GRIL has entered into a lease agreement for office space in Dublin, Ireland commencing from October 1, 2021. This lease expires on September 30, 2031, unless GRIL exercises the break clause by providing a notice of termination at least nine months prior to September 30, 2026. The aggregate annual lease obligation ranges from $0.5 million to $0.6 million.

The Company has $100.0 million of senior convertible notes payable, which mature on August 1, 2023. The Company is obligated to make semi-annual interest payments of $2.0 million at an interest rate of 4.0% per annum. The Company has received regulatory approval to declare dividends from Greenlight Re to meet the interest payments obligation.

Pursuant to the IAA between SILP and DME Advisors, DME Advisors is entitled to a monthly management fee equal to 0.125% (1.5% on an annual basis) of each limited partner’s Investment Portfolio, as provided in the SILP LPA. The IAA has an initial term ending on August 31, 2023, subject to automatic extension for successive three-year terms. Pursuant to the SILP LPA, DME II is entitled to a performance allocation equal to 20% of the net profit, calculated per annum, of each limited partner’s share of the capital account managed by DME Advisors, subject to a loss carry-forward provision. DME II is not entitled to earn a performance allocation in a year in which SILP incurs a loss. The loss carry-forward provision contained in the SILP LPA allows DME II to earn reduced performance allocation of 10% of net profits in years subsequent to the year in which the capital accounts of the limited partners incur a loss until all losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned. At December 31, 2021, we estimate the reduced performance allocation of 10% to continue to be applied until SILP achieves additional investment returns of 171%, at which point the performance allocation will revert to 20%. For detailed breakdowns of management fees and performance compensation for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, please refer to Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements.

The Company has entered into a service agreement with DME Advisors pursuant to which DME Advisors will provide investor relations services to us for compensation of $5,000 per month plus expenses. The service agreement had an initial term of one year and continues for sequential one-year periods until terminated by us or DME Advisors. Either party may terminate the service agreement for any reason with 30 days prior written notice to the other party.

Our related party transactions are presented in Note 14 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects the cost of claims and claim expenses, as well as asset values in our investment portfolio. Our pricing and reserving models incorporate the anticipated effects of inflation on our claim costs. However, we cannot predict or estimate the onset, duration, and severity of an inflationary period with precision. The actual effect of inflation may differ significantly from our estimate.

Link to Table of Contents

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We believe we are principally exposed to the following types of market risk:


•						equity price risk;
•						commodity price risk;
•						foreign currency risk;
•						interest rate risk;
•						credit risk; and
•						political risk.

Equity Price Risk

At December 31, 2021, our investments consisted primarily of an investment in SILP. Among SILP’s holdings are equity securities, the carrying values of which are based primarily on quoted market prices. Generally, market prices of common equity securities are subject to fluctuation, which could cause the amount to be realized upon the closing of a position to differ significantly from its current reported value. This risk is partly mitigated by the presence of both long and short equity securities as part of our investment strategy. At December 31, 2021, a 10% decline in the price of each of the underlying listed equity securities and equity-based derivative instruments would result in a $8.8 million loss to our Investment Portfolio.

Computations of the prospective effects of hypothetical equity price changes are based on numerous assumptions, including the maintenance of the current composition of SILP’s portfolio. The computations should not be relied on as indicative of future results.

Commodity Price Risk

Generally, market prices of commodities are subject to fluctuation. SILP’s investments periodically include long or short investments in commodities or derivatives directly impacted by fluctuations in the prices of commodities. At December 31, 2021, SILP’s investments incorporate unhedged exposure to changes in gold, silver, and crude oil prices.

The following table summarizes the net impact that a 10% increase and decrease in commodity prices would have on the value of our Investment Portfolio at December 31, 2021. The below table excludes the indirect effect that changes in commodity prices might have on equity securities in our Investment Portfolio.


	10% increase in commodity prices		10% decrease in commodity prices
Commodity	Change in fair value		Change in fair value
	($ in millions)
Gold	$	2.1	$	(2.1)
Silver	0.4		(0.4)
Crude oil	—		(0.1)
Total	$	2.5	$	(2.6)

Foreign Currency Risk

Certain of our reinsurance contracts are denominated in foreign currencies, whereby premiums are receivable and losses are payable in foreign currencies. Foreign currency exchange rate risk exists to the extent that our foreign currency reinsurance balances are more than (or less than) the corresponding foreign currency cash balances and there is an increase (or decrease) in the exchange rate of that foreign currency.

Link to Table of Contents

While we do not seek to precisely match our liabilities under reinsurance policies that are payable in foreign currencies with investments denominated in such currencies, we continually monitor our exposure to potential foreign currency losses and may use foreign currency cash and cash equivalents or forward foreign currency exchange contracts to mitigate against adverse foreign currency movements. At December 31, 2021, our exposure to GBP denominated net reinsurance asset balance was £6.4 million. At December 31, 2021, a 10% decrease in the U.S. dollar against the GBP (all else constant) would result in an estimated $0.9 million foreign exchange gain. Alternatively, a 10% increase in the U.S dollar against the GBP would result in an estimated $0.9 million foreign exchange loss. Similarly, at December 31, 2021, our net exposure to Euro-denominated reinsurance liability balances was €5.7 million. At December 31, 2021, a 10% decrease in the U.S. dollar against the Euro (all else constant) would result in an estimated $0.7 million foreign exchange loss. Alternatively, a 10% increase in the U.S dollar against the Euro would result in an estimated $0.7 million foreign exchange gain.

We may also be exposed to foreign currency risk through SILP’s underlying cash, forwards, options, and investments in securities denominated in foreign currencies. At December 31, 2021, most of our currency exposures resulting from foreign denominated securities (longs and shorts) were reduced by offsetting cash balances denominated in the corresponding foreign currencies.

At December 31, 2021, a 10% increase or decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies would have no meaningful impact on the value of our Investment Portfolio.

Interest Rate Risk

Our investment in SILP includes interest-rate sensitive securities, such as corporate and sovereign debt instruments and interest rate options. The primary market risk exposure for any debt instrument is interest rate risk. As interest rates rise, the fair value of a long fixed-income portfolio generally falls. Similarly, falling interest rates generally lead to increases in the fair value of fixed-income securities. Additionally, some derivative investments may be sensitive to interest rates, and their value may indirectly fluctuate with changes in interest rates.

At December 31, 2021, a 100 basis points increase or decrease in interest rates would have no meaningful impact on the value of our Investment Portfolio.

We, along with DME Advisors, monitor the net exposure to interest rate risk and generally do not expect changes in interest rates to have a materially adverse impact on our operations.

Credit Risk

Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of a counterparty’s ability to make timely payments in accordance with terms of the instrument or contract. Our maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of our financial assets. We evaluate the financial condition of our business partners and clients relating to balances receivable under our reinsurance contracts, including premiums receivable, losses recoverable, and commission adjustments recoverable. We obtain collateral in the form of funds withheld, trusts, and letters of credit from our counterparties to mitigate this credit risk. We monitor our net exposure to each counterparty relative to the financial strength of our counterparties and assess the collectibility of these balances on a regular basis. See Note 2 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details on allowance for credit loss on reinsurance assets.

In addition, the securities, commodities, and cash in SILP’s investment portfolio are held with several prime brokers and derivative counterparties, subjecting SILP, and indirectly us, to a significant concentration of credit risk. While we have no direct control over SILP, DME Advisors regularly monitors the concentration of credit risk with each counterparty and, if appropriate, transfers cash or securities between counterparties or requests collateral to diversify and mitigate this credit risk.

Political Risk

Through our assumed reinsurance contracts, we currently provide a limited amount of political risk insurance coverage. We do not expect this exposure to have a materially adverse impact on our underwriting results.

We are exposed to political risk to the extent that we underwrite business from entities located in foreign markets and to the extent that DME Advisors, on behalf of SILP and subject to our investment guidelines, trades securities listed on various U.S. and foreign exchanges and markets. The governments in any of these jurisdictions could impose restrictions, regulations, or other measures, which may have a material adverse impact on our underwriting operations and investment strategy. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - We could face unanticipated losses from political instability which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations”

Link to Table of Contents

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Information with respect to this Item is set forth under Part IV Item 15.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Exchange Act, the Company has evaluated, with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in such rules) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all frauds. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake.

Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company continues to review its disclosure controls and procedures, including its internal controls over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that the Company’s systems evolve with its business.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:

Link to Table of Contents


			●			pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

			●			provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

			●			provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting may vary over time. Our system contains self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.

Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the system of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in the Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the 2013 framework). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our system of internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

This item is omitted because a definitive proxy statement containing such information will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A, which information required by this item set forth in the proxy statement is incorporated by reference.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Link to Table of Contents

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The following documents are filed as a part of this Form 10-K

Page

(a)(1)

Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on internal control over financial reporting) (BDO USA, LLP; Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA ; PCAOB ID#243)

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on the consolidated financial statements) (BDO USA, LLP; Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA ; PCAOB ID#243)

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on the financial statements of Solasglas Investments, LP) (Ernst & Young Ltd.; Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands; PCAOB ID#1655)

F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020

F-5

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019

F-6

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019

F-7

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019

F-8

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

F-9

(a)(2)

Financial Statement Schedules

Schedule I – Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties

F-49

Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

F-50

Schedule III – Supplementary Insurance Information

F-52

Schedule IV – Supplementary Reinsurance Information

F-52

(a)(3)

The exhibits required to be filed by this Item 15. are set forth in the Exhibit Index accompanying this report.

The financial statements of Solasglas Investments, LP required by Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X are included in this filing as Exhibit 99.1.

ITEM 16. 10-K SUMMARY

None.

Link to Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX


Exhibit Number			Description of Exhibit


3.1			Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association as revised by special resolution on July 10, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 7, 2008).
4.1			Form of Specimen Certificate of Class A ordinary shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993).
4.2			Indenture, dated as of August 7, 2018, between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2018).
4.3			Description of Registrant’s Securities.
10.1			Form of Securities Purchase Agreement for Class A ordinary shares by and between the Registrant and each of the subscribers thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993).
10.2 (1)			Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed on September 9, 2020).
10.3 (1)			Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993).
10.4			Form of Shareholders’ Agreement, dated August 11, 2004, by and among the Registrant and each of the subscribers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993).
10.5			Amendment No. 2 to Shareholders Agreement, dated and effective as of June 30, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company Form 8-K filed June 30, 2021).
10.6			Form of Deed of Indemnity between the Registrant and each of its directors and certain of its officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993).
10.7 (1)			Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2008, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Tim Courtis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 2, 2009).
10.8 (1)			Amendment No. 1, dated February 18, 2009, to the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2008, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Tim Courtis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 23, 2009).
10.9 (1)			Deed of Settlement and Release, effective as of September 9, 2020, by and among Tim Courtis, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed September 9, 2020).
10.10			Service Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2007, between DME Advisors, LP and Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993).
10.11			Letter of Credit Agreement, dated August 20, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank Europe plc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2010).
10.12			Master Reimbursement Agreement, dated August 20, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank Europe plc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2010).
10.13			Reinsurance Deposit Agreement, dated August 20, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank Europe plc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2010).
10.14 (1)			Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Simon Burton dated July 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2017).
10.15 (1)			Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, DAC and Patrick O’Brien dated February 16, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on Feb 20, 2018).
10.16 (1)			Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of September 2, 2019, by and between Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, DAC and Patrick O’Brien (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2019).

Link to Table of Contents


10.17			Investment Advisory Agreement among DME Advisors, LP, and Solasglas Investments, LP, dated as of September 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018).
10.18			Participation Agreement among Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company, DME Advisors II, LLC and Solasglas Investments, LP, dated as of September 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018).
10.19 (1)			Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Neil Greenspan dated December 3, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 7, 2018).
10.20 (1)			Amendment to Employment Agreement, entered into as of September 2, 2019, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd and Neil Greenspan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 9, 2020).
10.21			Collateral Assets Investment Management Agreement among DME Advisors, LP, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland DAC dated January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2019).
10.22 (1)			Stock Option Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Simon Burton dated July 6, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2019).
10.23 (1)			Stock Option Agreements by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Leonard Goldberg dated April 3, 2017 and August 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2019).
10.24 (1)			Restricted Stock Award Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Simon Burton dated March 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.52 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2019).
10.25 (1)			Employment Agreement among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Laura Accurso dated October 1, 2017, as amended February 18, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.53 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2019).
10.26 (1)			Second Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of September 2, 2019, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Laura Accurso (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2019).
10.27 (1)			Third Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of May 1, 2020, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Laura Accurso (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed May 5, 2020).
10.28 (1)			Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Patrick O’Brien dated March 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2019).
10.29 (1)			Restricted Stock Award Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Simon Burton, dated March 15, 2019. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2019).
10.30 (1)			Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. Form of Employees’ Restricted Stock Unit Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 of the Company’s Registration Statement No 333-231214 filed on May 3, 2019).
10.31			Second Amended and Restated Exempted Limited Partnership Agreement of Solasglas Investments, LP, between DME Advisors II, LLC, as General Partner, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, a Designated Activity Company, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and the initial limited partner, dated as of January 7, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on January 12, 2021).
10.32 (1)			Employment Offer, dated March 23, 2009, by and between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Tom Curnock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 9, 2020).
10.33 (1)			Amendment to Employment Offer entered into as of October 31, 2018 by and between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Tom Curnock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 9, 2020).
10.34 (1)			Second Amendment to Employment Offer entered into September 10, 2019, by and between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Tom Curnock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 9, 2020).





10.35 (1)			Amended and Restated Restricted Stock Award Agreement dated July 30, 2020, by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd and Simon Burton (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed August 5, 2020).
10.36			Letter Agreement between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd, Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, DAC, DME Advisors II, LLC and DME Advisors LP, effective July 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed August 5, 2020).

Link to Table of Contents


10.37 (1)			Deed of Settlement and Release, effective as of September 4, 2020, by and among Brendan Barry, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed September 9, 2020).
10.38			Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. Share Ownership and Retention Policy for Executives and Non-Employee Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed August 3, 2021)
10.39 (1)			Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Short-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed November 3, 2021)
21.1			Subsidiaries of the registrant.
23.1			Consent of BDO USA, LLP.
23.2			Consent of Ernst & Young Ltd.
31.1			Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. filed herewith pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2			Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. filed herewith pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1			Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. furnished herewith pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2			Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. furnished herewith pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
99.1*			Audited Financial Statements of Solasglas Investments, LP as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021.
101			The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

(1)			Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*			Exhibit 99.1 is being filed to provide audited financial statements and the related footnotes of Solasglas Investments, LP in accordance with SEC rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X. The management of Solasglas Investments, LP is solely responsible for the form and content of the Solasglas Investments LP financial statements. The Registrant has no responsibility for the form or content of the Solasglas Investments, LP financial statements since it does not control Solasglas Investments, LP.

Link to Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


			GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
By:			/s/ Simon Burton
			Simon Burton Chief Executive Officer
			March 8, 2022

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


			/s/ DAVID M. EINHORN						/s/ LEONARD GOLDBERG
			David M. Einhorn Director						Leonard Goldberg Director
			March 8, 2022						March 8, 2022

			/s/ URSULINE FOLEY						/s/ ALAN BROOKS
			Ursuline Foley Director						Alan Brooks Director
			March 8, 2022						March 8, 2022

			/s/ IAN ISAACS						/s/ BRYAN MURPHY
			Ian Isaacs Director						Bryan Murphy Director
			March 8, 2022						March 8, 2022

			/s/ NEIL GREENSPAN						/s/ VICTORIA GUEST
			Neil Greenspan Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)						Victoria Guest Director
			March 8, 2022						March 8, 2022

			/s/ SIMON BURTON						/s/ JOHNNY FERRARI
			Simon Burton Director and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)						Johnny Ferrari Director
			March 8, 2022						March 8, 2022

Link to Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index and our report dated March 8, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A.

March 8, 2022

F-1

Link to Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated March 8, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

We did not audit the financial statements of Solasglas Investments, LP, an equity method investment of the Company, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021. The Company’s investment in Solasglas Investments, LP as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $183.6 million and $166.7 million, respectively, and its equity in net income of Solasglas Investments, LP was $18.1 million, $4.4 million and $46.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The financial statements of Solasglas Investments, LP were audited by other auditors whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Solasglas Investments, LP, is based solely on the report of the other auditors.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

F-2

Link to Table of Contents

Incurred But Not Reported (IBNR) Loss Reserves

As described in Note 2 and Note 7 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves were $524.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The total reserve was made up of $190.2 million of case reserves and $333.8 million of IBNR reserves. Case reserves have resulted from claims notified to the Company by its clients. IBNR loss reserves relate to claims that have been incurred by insureds and reinsureds but have not yet been reported to the insurer or reinsurer, including unknown future developments on amounts already known by the insurer or reinsurer. The calculation of the IBNR reserves requires the Company’s reserving actuaries to calculate a best, or “point,” estimate of reserves for each contract. To calculate this estimate, a number of different actuarial methodologies and key assumptions are weighted and applied to each individual contract.

We identified the IBNR portion of the Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves as a critical audit matter. The Company’s actuarial methodologies and key assumptions used to calculate IBNR loss reserves are highly subjective and can have a significant impact on the loss and loss adjustment expense reserve. Auditing these methodologies and key assumptions used involves a high degree of subjective auditor judgment due to the assessment of risk and nature and extent of specialized skill and knowledge needed to address the risk.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•Testing the design and effectiveness of the controls relating to management’s loss reserving process, including:

•Management’s review of the completeness and accuracy of source data provided by cedents.

•Management’s review of internally selected actuarial methodologies and key assumptions used.

•Management’s review of the independent external actuarial report, which includes an independent recommended reserve balance. A comparison is performed between the Company’s internal reserve balance and the recommended balance per the independent external actuary.

•Reviewing the development of prior year estimates of IBNR loss reserves.

•Testing the completeness and accuracy of the source information used by the Company and any additional source information used by BDO’s actuarial specialists to calculate the IBNR loss reserves.

•Utilizing personnel with specialized knowledge and skill in actuarial services to: (i) evaluate the appropriateness of the methodology and the assumptions used by management and management’s specialist and (ii) evaluate the reasonableness of the Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves by developing an independent estimate and reasonable range of actuarial central estimates based on an alternative combination of methods, assumptions and/or segmentation of the data.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2006.

Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A.

March 8, 2022

F-3

Link to Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The General Partner

Solasglas Investments, LP

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying statements of assets, liabilities and partners’ capital of Solasglas Investments, LP (the “Partnership”), including the condensed schedules of investments, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related statements of operations, changes in partners’ capital and cash flows for the years December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations, changes on its partners’ capital and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis of Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Ernst & Young Ltd.

We have served as the Partnership’s auditor since 2018.

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

March 8, 2022

F-4

Link to Table of Contents

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, 2021 and 2020

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share and share amounts)


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets
Investments
Investment in related party investment fund	$	183,591	$	166,735
Other investments	47,384		29,418
Total investments	230,975		196,153
Cash and cash equivalents	76,307		8,935
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	634,794		745,371
Reinsurance balances receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $89 and $89)	405,365		330,232
Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $47 and $47)	11,100		16,851
Deferred acquisition costs	63,026		51,014
Unearned premiums ceded	42		—
Notes receivable	—		6,101
Other assets	5,885		2,993
Total assets	$	1,427,494	$	1,357,650
Liabilities and equity
Liabilities
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	524,010	$	494,179
Unearned premium reserves	227,584		201,089
Reinsurance balances payable	91,224		92,247
Funds withheld	3,792		4,475
Other liabilities	7,164		5,009
Convertible senior notes payable	98,057		95,794
Total liabilities	951,831		892,793
Shareholders' equity
Preferred share capital (par value $0.10; authorized, 50,000,000; none issued)	—		—
Ordinary share capital (Class A: par value $0.10; authorized, 100,000,000; issued and outstanding, 27,589,731 (2020: 28,260,075): Class B: par value $0.10; authorized, 25,000,000; issued and outstanding, 6,254,715 (2020: 6,254,715))	3,384		3,452
Additional paid-in capital	481,784		488,488
Retained earnings (deficit)	(9,505)		(27,083)
Total shareholders' equity	475,663		464,857
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,427,494	$	1,357,650

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-5

Link to Table of Contents

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share and share amounts)


	2021		2020		2019
Revenues
Gross premiums written	$	565,393	$	479,791	$	523,977
Gross premiums ceded	(41)		(2,268)		(48,667)
Net premiums written	565,352		477,523		475,310
Change in net unearned premium reserves	(26,073)		(22,112)		8,270
Net premiums earned	539,279		455,411		483,580
Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund (net of related party expenses of $5,502, $3,251, and $9,874, respectively)	18,087		4,431		46,056
Net investment income (loss)	32,065		21,101		6,211
Other income (expense), net	(880)		3,149		2,306
Total revenues	588,551		484,092		538,153
Expenses
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred	374,980		337,833		388,487
Acquisition costs	144,960		109,288		117,084
General and administrative expenses	29,369		26,401		29,822
Deposit interest expense	11,655		—		—
Interest expense	6,263		6,280		6,263
Total expenses	567,227		479,802		541,656
Income (loss) before income tax	21,324		4,290		(3,503)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(3,746)		(424)		(483)
Net income (loss)	$	17,578	$	3,866	$	(3,986)
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic	$	0.51	$	0.11	$	(0.11)
Diluted	$	0.51	$	0.11	$	(0.11)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share
Basic	34,204,364		36,172,216		36,079,419
Diluted	34,351,016		36,278,028		36,079,419

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-6

Link to Table of Contents

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


	2021		2020		2019
Ordinary share capital
Balance - beginning of period	$	3,452	$	3,699	$	3,638
Issue of Class A ordinary shares, net of forfeitures	41		8		61
Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(109)		(255)		—
Balance - end of period	3,384		3,452		3,699
Additional paid-in capital
Balance - beginning of period	488,488		503,547		499,726
Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(9,891)		(17,526)		—
Share-based compensation expense	3,187		2,467		3,821

Balance - end of period	481,784		488,488		503,547
Retained earnings (deficit)
Balance - beginning of period	(27,083)		(30,063)		(26,077)
Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	—		—		—
Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for expected credit losses at January 1, 2020	—		(886)		—
Net income (loss)	17,578		3,866		(3,986)
Balance - end of period	(9,505)		(27,083)		(30,063)




Total shareholders' equity	$	475,663	$	464,857	$	477,183

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-7

Link to Table of Contents

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


	2021		2020		2019
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	17,578	$	3,866	$	(3,986)
Adjustments to reconcile net income or loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Loss (income) from investments in related party investment fund	(18,087)		(4,431)		(46,056)
Loss (income) from investment accounted for under the equity method	—		(843)		(700)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on investments and notes receivable	(19,560)		(25,159)		(8,380)
Net realized (gains) losses on investments and notes receivable	(14,210)		9,234		14,150
Foreign exchange (gains) losses on investments	45		83		270
Current expected credit losses recognized on notes receivable and reinsurance assets	—		(750)		—
Share-based compensation expense	3,228		2,475		3,882
Amortization and interest expense, net of change in accruals	2,263		2,280		2,329
Depreciation expense	16		21		21
Net change in
Reinsurance balances receivable	(75,133)		(99,937)		69,867
Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable	5,751		10,633		16,174
Deferred acquisition costs	(12,012)		(1,349)		264
Unearned premiums ceded	(42)		901		24,080
Other assets, excluding depreciation	(2,908)		(850)		374
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	29,831		23,591		(12,074)
Unearned premium reserves	26,495		21,629		(32,329)
Reinsurance balances payable	(1,023)		(30,418)		(16,553)
Funds withheld	(683)		(483)		(11,460)
Other liabilities	2,155		(1,816)		1,758
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(56,296)		(91,323)		1,631
Investing activities
Proceeds from redemptions from related party investment fund	115,835		158,347		114,077
Contributions to related party investment fund	(114,604)		(80,595)		(35,792)
Purchases of investments	(4,996)		(1,993)		(4,702)
Proceeds from sales of investments	20,755		—		—
Change in due to related party investment fund	—		—		(9,642)
Change in notes receivable	6,101		19,867		671
Non-controlling interest withdrawal from related party joint venture, net	—		—		(1,278)

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	23,091		95,626		63,334
Financing activities



Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(10,000)		(17,781)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(10,000)		(17,781)		—
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	—		(122)		(290)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(43,205)		(13,600)		64,675
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period	754,306		767,906		703,231
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period	$	711,101	$	754,306	$	767,906
Supplementary information
Interest paid in cash	$	4,000	$	4,000	$	3,933
Income tax paid in cash	3,703		—		—
Non-cash transfer of investments	—		—		36,673
Non-cash addition of right-of-use asset	—		—		323

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-8

Link to Table of Contents

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019

1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (“GLRE”) was incorporated as an exempted company under the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands on July 13, 2004. GLRE’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. (“Greenlight Re”), provides global specialty property and casualty reinsurance. Greenlight Re has a Class D insurer license issued in accordance with the terms of The Insurance Act, 2010 (as amended) and underlying regulations thereto (the “Act”) and is subject to regulation by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, in terms of the Act. Greenlight Re commenced underwriting in April 2006. Verdant Holding Company, Ltd. (“Verdant”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of GLRE, was incorporated in 2008 in the state of Delaware. During 2010, GLRE established Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company (“GRIL”), a wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiary based in Dublin, Ireland. GRIL is authorized as a non-life reinsurance undertaking in accordance with the provisions of the European Union (Insurance and Reinsurance) Regulations 2015. GRIL provides multi-line property and casualty reinsurance capacity to the European broker market and provides GLRE with an additional platform to serve clients located in Europe and North America. In 2020, GLRE established Greenlight Re Marketing (UK) Limited (“Greenlight Re UK”) as a wholly-owned subsidiary to increase the Company’s presence in the London market. As used herein, the “Company” refers collectively to GLRE and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The Class A ordinary shares of GLRE are listed on Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “GLRE.”

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of GLRE and the consolidated financial statements of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Greenlight Re, GRIL, Verdant, and Greenlight Re UK. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated on consolidation.

Significant estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements, including those associated with premiums and the estimations of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, including losses arising from the novel coronavirus (the “COVID-19 pandemic”), may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods. (See Note 7 for the significant assumptions that served as the basis for the Company's reserve estimates for the COVID-19 pandemic).

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The significant estimates reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, premiums written, earned and receivable, variability underlying risk transfer assessments, allowances for credit losses, share-based compensation, valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets and investment impairments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and certain short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of three months or less.

Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents

The Company maintains cash and cash equivalent balances to collateralize regulatory trusts and letters of credit issued to cedents (see Notes 6 and 15).

The following table reconciles the cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows:

F-9

Link to Table of Contents


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	($ in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	76,307	$	8,935
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	634,794		745,371
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	711,101	$	754,306

Premium Revenue Recognition

The Company writes excess of loss contracts and quota share contracts, and estimates the ultimate premiums for the contract period. The Company bases these estimates on actuarial pricing models and information received from ceding companies. For excess of loss contracts, the Company writes the total ultimate estimated premiums at the contract’s inception. For quota share contracts, the Company writes premiums in the same periods in which the underlying insurance contracts are written, based on cession statements from cedents. The Company typically receives these statements monthly or quarterly, depending on the terms specified in each contract. For any reporting lag, the Company estimates premiums written based on the portion of the estimated ultimate premiums relating to the risks bound during the lag period.

The Company’s management reviews premium estimates at least quarterly. Such review includes a comparison of actual reported premiums to expected ultimate premiums, along with a review of the aging and collection of premiums. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the premium estimates on the basis of these reviews and records any adjustments to these estimates in the period in which they are determined. Changes in premium estimates, including premium receivable on both excess of loss and quota share contracts, are not unusual and may result in significant adjustments in any period. A portion of amounts included in the caption “Reinsurance balances receivable” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets represent estimated premiums written, net of commissions and brokerage, and are not currently due based on the terms of the underlying contracts. Additional premiums due on a contract with no remaining coverage period are earned in full when written.

Certain contracts allow for reinstatement premiums in the event of a loss. Reinstatement premiums are written and earned when a triggering loss event occurs.

Premiums written are generally recognized as earned over the contract period in proportion to the risk covered. Unearned premiums represent the unexpired portion of reinsurance provided.

Funds Held by Cedents

The caption “Reinsurance balances receivable” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets includes amounts held by cedents. Such amounts include premiums and funds held at Lloyd’s, which is held in trust at Lloyd's as security for members’ underwriting activities. At December 31, 2021, funds held by cedents were $246.9 million (December 31, 2020: $127.6 million).

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded

The Company reduces the risk of future losses on business assumed by reinsuring certain risks and exposures with other reinsurers (referred to as “retrocessionaires”). The Company remains liable to the extent that any retrocessionaire fails to meet its obligations and to the extent the Company does not hold sufficient security for their unpaid obligations.

Ceded premiums are written during the period in which the risks incept and the associated expense is recognized over the contract period in proportion to the protection provided. Unearned premiums ceded represent the unexpired portion of reinsurance obtained.

Acquisition Costs

Policy acquisition costs vary with, and are directly related to, the successful production of new and renewal business and consist principally of commissions, taxes, and brokerage expenses. The Company presents acquisition costs incurred on reinsurance assumed net of commissions earned on reinsurance ceded. However, if the sum of a contract’s expected losses and loss expenses and deferred acquisition costs exceeds associated unearned premiums and expected investment income, a premium deficiency is determined to exist. In this event, the Company writes off deferred acquisition costs to the extent necessary to eliminate the premium deficiency. If the premium deficiency exceeds deferred acquisition costs, the Company accrues a liability for the excess deficiency. The Company did not recognize any premium deficiency adjustments during the periods presented.

F-10

Link to Table of Contents

Policy acquisition costs also include profit commissions, which the Company recognized on a basis consistent with its estimate of losses and loss expenses. At December 31, 2021, $8.3 million of profit commission reserves were recoverable, net of profit commissions payable (December 31, 2020: $10.9 million). For the year ended December 31, 2021, net profit commission expense (income) of $8.6 million, (2020: $(7.7) million, 2019: $6.7 million) was included in the caption “Acquisition costs” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Funds Withheld

Funds withheld represent reinsurance balances retained as collateral by the Company on retroceded contracts. Any interest expense that the Company incurs while these funds are withheld is included under the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves and Recoverable

The Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are composed of:


			●			case reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses resulting from claims notified to the Company by its clients; and
			●			reserves for estimated loss and loss adjustment expenses that have been incurred by insureds and reinsureds but not yet reported to the insurer or reinsurer (“IBNR”), including unknown future developments on loss and loss adjustment expenses that are known to the insurer or reinsurer.

The Company estimates these reserves based on reports from ceding companies, industry data, and historical experience analyzed using standard actuarial and statistical techniques.

The analysis performed includes an assessment of currently available data, predictions of future developments, estimates of future trends, and other factors. These estimates are reviewed by the Company’s reserving committee at least quarterly and adjusted as necessary.

The final settlement of losses may vary, perhaps materially, from the reserves recorded. The Company recognizes all adjustments to the estimates in the period they are determined. U.S. GAAP does not permit establishing loss reserves, which include case reserves and IBNR loss reserves, until the occurrence of an event that may give rise to a claim. As a result, only loss reserves applicable to losses incurred up to the reporting date are established, with no allowance for the establishment of loss reserves to account for expected future loss events.

Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable represent the amounts due from retrocessionaires for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses on retrocession agreements. Ceded IBNR recoverable is estimated based on the Company’s actuarial estimates. These estimates are reviewed periodically and adjusted when deemed necessary. The Company may be unable to recover the loss and loss adjustment expense recoverable amounts due as a result of the retrocessionaires’ inability to pay. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of its retrocessionaires and records provisions for uncollectible reinsurance expenses recoverable when recovery is no longer probable.

For natural peril exposed business, loss reserves are generally established based on loss payments and case reserves reported by clients when, and if, received. Estimates for IBNR losses are added to the case reserves as the Company deems appropriate. To establish catastrophe IBNR loss estimates, the Company uses estimates communicated by ceding companies, industry data and information, knowledge of the business written, and management’s judgment.

For all non-natural peril business, initial reserves for each contract are determined based on a combination of (i) the pricing analysis of the expected loss ratio performed prior to binding the contract; (ii) the underwriter’s detailed knowledge of the cedent, its operations and future business plans; and (iii) the professional judgment and recommendation of the Chief Actuary. In the pricing analysis, the Company utilizes information both from the individual client and from industry data. This information typically includes, but is not limited to, data related to premiums, losses, exposure, business mix, industry performance, and associated trends covering as much history as deemed appropriate. The level of detail within the data obtained varies greatly depending on the underlying contract, line of business, client, and coverage provided. In all cases, the Company requests each client to provide data for each reporting period, which, depending on the contract, could be on a monthly or quarterly basis. The terms and conditions of each contract specify the data reporting requirements.

Generally, the Company obtains regular updates of premium and loss-related information for the current and historical periods and utilizes them to update the initially expected loss ratio. There may be a lag between (i) claims being reported by the underlying insured to the Company’s cedent and (ii) claims being reported by the Company’s cedent to the Company. This lag

F-11

Link to Table of Contents

may impact the Company’s loss reserve estimates. Client reports have pre-determined due dates (for example, fifteen days after each month-end). The timing of the reporting requirements is designed so that the Company receives premium and loss information as soon as practicable once the client has closed its books. Accordingly, there should be a short lag in such reporting. Additionally, most of the contracts that have the potential for large single event losses have provisions that such loss notifications are provided to the Company immediately upon the occurrence of an event.

Once the updated information is received, the Company uses various standard actuarial methods for its analysis each quarter. Such methods typically include the following:


			●			Paid loss development method: Ultimate losses are estimated by calculating past paid loss development factors and applying them to exposure periods with further expected paid loss development. This method assumes that losses are paid in a consistent pattern. It provides an objective test of reported loss projections because paid losses contain no reserve estimates.
			●			Reported loss development method: Ultimate losses are estimated by calculating past reported loss development factors and applying them to exposure periods with further expected reported loss development. This method incorporates changes in payments and case reserves.
			●			Expected loss ratio method: Ultimate losses are estimated by multiplying earned premiums by an expected loss ratio. The expected loss ratio is often determined using industry data, historical company data, past pricing or reserving analysis performed, and actuarial judgment. This method is typically used for lines of business and contracts where there are no historical losses or where past loss experience is not considered applicable to the current period.
			●			Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss method: Ultimate losses are estimated by modifying expected loss ratios to the extent that paid losses experienced to date differ from what would have been expected to have been paid based upon the selected paid loss development pattern. This method avoids some of the distortions that could result from a large development factor being applied to a small base of paid losses to calculate ultimate losses.
			●			Bornhuetter-Ferguson reported loss method: Ultimate losses are estimated by modifying expected loss ratios to the extent reported losses experienced to date differ from what would have been expected to have been reported based upon the selected reported loss development pattern. This method avoids some of the distortions that could result from a large development factor being applied to a small base of reported losses to calculate ultimate losses.
			●			Frequency / Severity method: Ultimate losses are estimated under this method by multiplying the ultimate number of claims (i.e., the frequency multiplied by the exposure base on which the frequency has been determined) by the estimated ultimate average cost per claim (i.e., the severity). This approach enables trends and patterns in the rates of claims emergence (i.e., reporting) and settlement (i.e., closure) and the average cost of claims to be analyzed separately.

In addition, the Company may supplement its analysis with other reserving methodologies that it deems relevant to specific contracts.

For each contract, the Company utilizes reserving methodologies it considers appropriate to calculate a best estimate of reserves. The decision of whether to use a single methodology or a combination depends upon the portfolio segment being analyzed and the actuaries’ judgment. The Company’s reserving methodology does not require a fixed weighting of the various methods used. Certain methods are considered more appropriate than others depending on the type, structure, age, maturity, and duration of the expected losses on the contract. For example, the ultimate incurred loss for relatively new contracts (and therefore have experienced little paid loss development) may be more appropriately estimated using a Bornhuetter-Ferguson reported loss method than a paid loss development method.

The Company’s gross aggregate reserves are the sum of the best estimate reserves of all portfolio exposures. Generally, IBNR loss reserves are calculated by estimating the ultimate incurred losses at any point in time and subtracting cumulative paid claims and case reserves. Each quarter, the Company’s Reserving Committee, led by the Chief Actuary, meets to assess the adequacy of our loss reserves based on the reserve analysis and recommendations prepared by the Company’s reserving department. The Reserving Committee reviews, discusses, and puts forward a loss reserve recommendation for the Audit Committee’s approval.

Additionally, an independent third-party actuarial firm performs a quarterly reserve review and annually opines on the reasonableness and adequacy of the aggregate loss reserves. The Company provides the third-party actuarial firm with its pricing models, reserving analysis, and other data. Additionally, the actuarial firm may inquire as to the various assumptions and estimates used in the reserving analysis. The actuarial firm independently creates its own reserving models based on industry loss information, augmented by client-specific loss information and independent assumptions and estimates. Based on various reserving methodologies that the actuarial firm considers appropriate, it creates a loss reserve estimate for each segment in the portfolio. It recommends an aggregate loss reserve, including IBNR. In the event of material differences between the Company's aggregated booked reserves and the actuarial firm's recommended reserves, the reserving committee and Audit

F-12

Link to Table of Contents

Committee would be notified, with the reserves adjusted as deemed appropriate. To date, there have been no material differences resulting from the external actuary’s reviews requiring adjustments to the Company’s booked reserves.

The Company does not typically experience significant claims processing backlogs, although such backlogs may occur following a major catastrophic event. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have a significant backlog in our claims processing.

There were no significant changes in the actuarial methodology or assumptions relating to the Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

Reinsurance Assets

The Company calculates an allowance for expected credit losses for its reinsurance balances receivable and loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable by applying a Probability of Default (“PD”) / Loss Given Default (“LGD”) model. The PD / LGD approach considers the Company’s collectibility history on its reinsurance assets and representative external loss history. In calculating the probability of default, the Company also considers the estimated duration of its reinsurance assets.

The Company evaluates each counterparty’s creditworthiness based on credit ratings that independent agencies assign to the counterparty. The Company manages its credit risk in its reinsurance assets by transacting only with insurers and reinsurers that it considers financially sound. Credit ratings of the counterparties are forward-looking and consider a variety of economic scenarios. The Company's evaluation of the required allowance for reinsurance balances receivable and loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable considers the current economic environment as well as macroeconomic outcomes.

For its retrocessional counterparties that are unrated, the Company may hold collateral in the form of funds withheld, trust accounts, or irrevocable letters of credit. In evaluating credit risk associated with reinsurance balances receivable, the Company considers its right to offset loss obligations against premiums receivable. The Company regularly evaluates its net credit exposure to assess the ability of cedents and retrocessionaires to honor their respective obligations.

At December 31, 2021, the Company has recorded an allowance for expected credit loss on its Reinsurance Assets of $0.1 million. (December 31, 2020, $0.1 million).

Deposit Assets and Liabilities

The Company applies deposit accounting to reinsurance contracts that do not transfer sufficient insurance risk to merit reinsurance accounting. Under deposit accounting, the Company recognizes an asset or liability based on its paid or received consideration. The deposit asset or liability balance is subsequently adjusted using the interest method with the corresponding income and expense recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations under the captions “Other income (expense)” and “Deposit interest expense,” respectively. The Company records deposit assets and liabilities in its consolidated balance sheets in the caption “Reinsurance balances receivable” and “Reinsurance balances payable,” respectively. At December 31, 2021, deposit assets and deposit liabilities were $3.5 million and $18.6 million, respectively (December 31, 2020: $4.6 million and $31.0 million, respectively). For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the interest income and (expense) on deposit accounted contracts were as follows:


	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Deposit interest income	$	—	$	1,711	$	2,773
Deposit interest expense	(11,655)		—		—
Deposit interest income (expense), net	$	(11,655)	$	1,711	$	2,773

Equity Method Accounted Investments

The Company accounts for its investments in investee companies that are not consolidated but over which the Company exercises significant influence under the equity method of accounting. Whether the Company exercises significant influence with respect to an investee depends on an evaluation of several factors including, among others, representation on the investee company’s board of directors and ownership level, which is generally a 20% to 50% interest in the voting securities of the investee company. Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company’s accounts are not reflected within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations; however, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of the investee company is reflected in the caption ‘‘Net investment income (loss)’’ in the consolidated statements of

F-13

Link to Table of Contents

operations. The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reflected in the caption ‘‘Other investments’’ in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

When the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements unless the Company guaranteed the obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding (see Notes 3 and 4).

Variable Interest Entities

The Company accounts for the investments it makes in certain legal entities in which equity investors do not have (1) sufficient equity at risk for the legal entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (2) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk do not have either the power, through voting or similar rights, to direct the activities of the legal entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, or (3) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the legal entity or the right to receive expected residual returns of the legal entity. These legal entities are referred to as “variable interest entities” or “VIEs.”

The Company would consolidate the results of any such entity in which it determined that it had a controlling financial interest. The Company would have a “controlling financial interest” in such an entity if the Company had both the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb the losses of, or right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could be potentially significant to the VIE. On a quarterly basis, the Company reassesses whether it has a controlling financial interest in any such entities.

Financial Instruments

The Company purchases “other investments,” which may include investments in private and unlisted equity securities, limited partnerships, and commodities. Private investments and unlisted equities include securities that do not have readily determinable fair values. The carrying values of these holdings are determined based on their original cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes.

For securities classified as “other investments,” any realized and unrealized gains or losses are determined on the basis of the specific identification method (by reference to cost or amortized cost, as appropriate) and included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The Company records interest income and interest expense on an accrual basis.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company has established a stock incentive plan for directors, employees, and consultants.

The Company recognizes share-based compensation costs based on the fair value at the grant date of the award. The Company measures compensation for restricted shares and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) based on the price of the Company’s common shares at the grant date. For restricted shares and RSUs with service and performance vesting conditions, the expense is recognized based on management’s estimate of the probability of the performance conditions being achieved based on historical results and expectations of future results. If the Company expects to meet the performance conditions, it attributes the expense to the period the requisite service is rendered. For restricted shares and RSUs with only service vesting conditions, the Company recognizes the associated expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, net of any estimated or expected forfeitures.

The forfeiture rate is estimated based on the Company’s historical actual forfeitures relating to restricted shares and RSUs granted to employees. The forfeiture rate is reviewed annually and adjusted as necessary. The Company applies no forfeiture rate to restricted shares granted to directors, which vest over a maximum twelve-month period.

Determining the fair value of share purchase options at the grant date requires significant estimation and judgment. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to assist in the calculation of fair value for share purchase options. The model requires estimating various inputs such as the term, forfeiture and dividend rates, and expected volatility. In determining the grant date fair value, the Company uses the entire ten-year life of the options as the estimated term and assumes no forfeitures and no dividends paid during the life of the options. The Company bases its estimate of expected volatility on the daily historical trading data of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares from the date these shares commenced trading (May 24, 2007) to the grant date.

F-14

Link to Table of Contents

For share purchase options issued under the employee stock incentive plan, the compensation cost is calculated and recognized over the vesting periods on a graded vesting basis (see Note 11).

Convertible Notes

The Company has determined that the senior convertible notes’ cash conversion option represents an embedded derivative and has bifurcated it from the underlying contract for financial reporting purposes. For the debt component, the Company recorded a liability equivalent to the present value of comparable debt without the conversion features at the time of issuance. The remainder of the proceeds, which represented the embedded derivative, was included in the caption “Additional paid-in capital” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets

Costs incurred in issuing the convertible notes consisted primarily of underwriting, legal, accounting, and printing fees. The Company allocated the costs associated with the debt and derivative components ratably to the liability and shareholders’ equity balances, respectively. The debt-related portion of these costs has been capitalized and deducted from the principal of senior convertible notes payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized over the term of the debt and are included in the caption “Interest expense” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company has allocated a portion of the issuance costs to the embedded derivative and deducted this portion from additional paid-in capital.

A recently issued U.S. GAAP accounting standard no longer permits entities to bifurcate embedded conversion features from the underlying contract. See the below section captioned “Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted” for the impact of the new accounting standard on the Company’s accounting of its senior convertible notes.

Foreign Exchange

The reporting and functional currency of the Company and all its significant subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. The Company records foreign currency transactions at the exchange rates in effect on the transaction date. Monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are converted at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses, if any, are included in the caption “Other income (expense), net” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Derivative instruments

The Company recognizes derivative financial instruments in the consolidated balance sheets at their fair values. It includes any realized gains and losses and changes in unrealized gains and losses in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company’s derivatives do not qualify as hedges for financial reporting purposes. The Company records the associated assets and liabilities in its consolidated balance sheets on a gross basis. The Company does not offset these balances against collateral pledged or received.

Other Assets

The caption “Other assets” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets consists primarily of prepaid expenses, fixed assets, right-of-use lease assets, other receivables, and deferred tax assets.

Other Liabilities

The caption “Other liabilities” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets consists primarily of accruals for legal and other professional fees, employee bonuses, taxes payable, and lease liabilities.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company has no comprehensive income or loss other than the net income or loss disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

The Company’s unvested restricted stock awards, which contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, are considered “participating securities” for the purposes of calculating earnings (loss) per

F-15

Link to Table of Contents

share. Basic earnings per share is calculated on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares and participating securities outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (or loss) per share includes the dilutive effect of the following:

•Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) issued that would convert to common shares upon vesting;

•additional potential common shares issuable when in-the-money stock options are exercised, determined using the treasury stock method; and

•those common shares with the potential to be issued in connection with convertible debt and other such convertible instruments, determined using the treasury stock method.

Diluted earnings (or loss) per share contemplates a conversion to common shares of all convertible instruments only if they are dilutive with regards to earnings per share. In the event of a net loss, all RSUs, stock options, convertible debt, and participating securities are excluded from the calculation of both basic and diluted loss per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

The table below presents the shares outstanding for the calculation of earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:


	2021	2020	2019
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	34,204,364	36,172,216	36,079,419

Effect of dilutive employee and director share-based awards	146,652	105,812	—
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted	34,351,016	36,278,028	36,079,419
Anti-dilutive stock options outstanding	735,627	835,627	875,627
Participating securities excluded from calculation of loss per share	—	—	936,669

Taxation

Under current Cayman Islands law, no corporate entity, including GLRE and Greenlight Re, is obligated to pay taxes in the Cayman Islands on either income or capital gains. The Company has an undertaking from the Governor-in-Cabinet of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to the provisions of the Tax Concessions Act, as amended, that, in the event that the Cayman Islands enacts any legislation that imposes tax on profits, income, gains or appreciations, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, such tax will not be applicable to GLRE, Greenlight Re nor their respective operations, or to the Class A or Class B ordinary shares or related obligations, before February 1, 2025.

Verdant is incorporated in Delaware and therefore is subject to taxes in accordance with the U.S. federal rates and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). Verdant’s taxable income is generally expected to be taxed at a marginal rate of 21% (2020: 21%). Verdant’s tax years 2018 and beyond remain open and subject to examination by the IRS.

GRIL is incorporated in Ireland and therefore is subject to the Irish corporation tax rate of 12.5% on its trading income and 25% on its non-trading income.

The Company records a valuation allowance to the extent that the Company considers it more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized in the future. Other than this valuation allowance, the Company has not taken any income tax positions subject to significant uncertainty that is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company.

Segment Information

The Company has one operating segment, Property and Casualty Reinsurance.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Adopted

In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, Investments - Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) - Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815 (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force) (“ASU 2020-01”). ASU 2020-01 clarifies

F-16

Link to Table of Contents

interactions between the accounting guidance for (i) certain equity securities under Topic 321, (ii) investments under the equity method of accounting in Topic 323, and (iii) certain derivative instruments in Topic 815. ASU 2020-01 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2020-01 during the first quarter of 2021 had no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 is designed to simplify the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments. The amendments remove the separation models in Subtopic 470-20 for certain contracts. As a result, entities will no longer present embedded conversion features separately in equity; rather, the convertible debt instrument will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost. ASU 2020-06 also addresses the computation of earnings per share for convertible debt instruments, requiring the application of the if-converted method when calculating diluted earnings per share. The Company intends to adopt ASU 2020-06 during the first quarter of 2022, using the “modified retrospective” transition method.

The Company expects that its adoption of ASU 2020-06 will impact the accounting for its senior convertible notes (see Note 9) and will lead to a decrease in its opening shareholders’ equity of approximately $2.5 million, with a corresponding increase in the carrying value of the senior convertible notes. The Company expects that in the periods in which the Company reports a net income, the number of shares outstanding for the diluted earnings per share calculation will be approximately 5.8 million higher under the if-converted method. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2020-06 to have a material impact on net income, cash flows, or any other balances.

3. INVESTMENT IN RELATED PARTY INVESTMENT FUND

On September 1, 2018, the Company entered into an amended and restated exempted limited partnership agreement (as amended by the letter agreement dated as of August 5, 2020 (the “Previous SILP LPA”) of Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”), with DME Advisors II, LLC (“DME II”), as General Partner, Greenlight Re, and GRIL, (together the “GLRE Limited Partners”), and the initial limited partner (each, a “Partner”). On September 1, 2018, SILP also entered into a SILP investment advisory agreement (“IAA”) with DME Advisors. LP (“DME Advisors”) pursuant to which DME Advisors is the investment manager for SILP. DME II and DME Advisors are related to the Company, and each is an affiliate of David Einhorn, Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors.

On January 7, 2021, the Company and DME II entered into the Second Amended and Restated Exempted Limited Partnership Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2021 (the “SILP LPA”). The SILP LPA amends, restates, supersedes, and incorporates all material terms of the Previous SILP LPA, as amended as of February 26, 2019, and the letter agreements dated June 18, 2019, December 27, 2019, and August 5, 2020 (collectively, the “Amendments”). The SILP LPA also amended the definition of “Additional Investment Ratio” and each of the defined terms “Greenlight Re Surplus” and “GRIL Surplus” to clarify that each of the respectively referenced “financial statements” are “U.S. GAAP financial statements.” In addition, the SILP LPA included the following proviso: “The Investment Portfolio of each Partner will not exceed the product of (a) such Partner’s surplus (Greenlight Re Surplus or GRIL Surplus, as the case may be) multiplied by (b) the Investment Cap (50%), and the General Partner will designate any portion of a Partner’s Investment Portfolio as Designated Securities to effectuate such limit”. The SILP LPA also amended the investment guidelines to reflect the amended investment guidelines adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors effective as of January 1, 2021.

The Company has concluded that SILP qualifies as a variable interest entity (“VIE”) under U.S. GAAP. In assessing its interest in SILP, the Company noted the following:

•DME II serves as SILP’s general partner and has the power of appointing the investment manager. The Company does not have the power to appoint, change or replace the investment manager or the general partner except “for cause.” Neither of the GLRE Limited Partners can participate in the investment decisions of SILP as long as SILP adheres to the investment guidelines provided within the SILP LPA. For these reasons, the GLRE Limited Partners are not considered to have substantive participating rights or kick-out rights.

•DME II holds an interest in excess of 10% of SILP’s net assets, which the Company considers to represent an obligation to absorb losses and a right to receive benefits of SILP that are significant to SILP.

F-17

Link to Table of Contents

Consequently, the Company has concluded that DME II’s interests, not the Company’s, meet both the “power” and “benefits” criteria associated with VIE accounting guidance, and therefore DME II is SILP’s primary beneficiary. The Company presents its investment in SILP in its consolidated balance sheets in the caption “Investment in related party investment fund.”

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss relating to SILP is limited to the net asset value of the GLRE Limited Partners’ investment in SILP. At December 31, 2021, the net asset value of the GLRE Limited Partners’ investment in SILP was $183.6 million (December 31, 2020: $166.7 million), representing 78.2% (December 31, 2020: 75.7%) of SILP’s total net assets. DME II held the remaining 21.8% (December 31, 2020: 24.3%) of SILP’s total net assets. The investment in SILP is recorded at the GLRE Limited Partners’ share of the net asset value of SILP as reported by SILP’s third-party administrator. The GLRE Limited Partners can redeem their assets from SILP for operational purposes by providing three business days’ notice to DME II. At December 31, 2021, the majority of SILP’s long investments were composed of cash and publicly-traded equity securities, which could be readily liquidated to meet the GLRE Limited Partners’ redemption requests.

The Company’s share of the change in the net asset value of SILP for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $18.1 million, $4.4 million, and $46.1 million, respectively, and shown in the caption “Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The change in the net asset value of SILP for the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily driven by withdrawals made by the GLRE Limited Partners for paying claims and posting collateral to reinsurance clients.

At December 31, 2021, the Company’s investments in SILP was in excess of 10% of the Company’s total shareholders’ equity, with a fair value of $183.6 million (December 31, 2020: $166.7 million), representing 38.6% (December 31, 2020: 35.9%), of total shareholders’ equity.

The Company has determined that for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the Company’s investment in SILP met at least one of the conditions of a significant subsidiary under SEC’s Regulation S-X, Rule 3-09. Accordingly, the audited financial statements for SILP have been attached as an exhibit (Exhibit 99.1) to this Form 10-K.

The summarized financial statements of SILP are presented below.

F-18

Link to Table of Contents

Summarized Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Solasglas Investments, LP


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	($ in thousands)
Assets
Investments, at fair value	$	297,937	$	272,398
Derivative contracts, at fair value	2,542		1,450
Due from brokers	84,775		92,053

Interest and dividends receivable	28		59
Total assets	385,282		365,960

Liabilities and partners’ capital
Liabilities
Investments sold short, at fair value	(132,360)		(131,902)
Derivative contracts, at fair value	(7,253)		(4,156)
Capital withdrawals payable	(10,000)		—
Due to brokers	—		(9,179)
Interest and dividends payable	(580)		(429)
Other liabilities	(358)		(175)
Total liabilities	(150,551)		(145,841)

Net Assets	$	234,731	$	220,119

GLRE Limited Partners’ share of Net Assets	$	183,591	$	166,735

F-19

Link to Table of Contents

Summarized Statement of Operations of Solasglas Investments, LP


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Investment income
Dividend income (net of withholding taxes)	$	641	$	1,365	$	3,179
Interest income	228		654		3,884
Total Investment income	869		2,019		7,063

Expenses
Management fee	(3,492)		(2,808)		(4,893)
Interest	(1,055)		(798)		(2,408)
Dividends	(1,147)		(861)		(1,670)
Professional fees and other	(1,221)		(949)		(1,141)
Total expenses	(6,915)		(5,416)		(10,112)
Net investment income (loss)	(6,046)		(3,397)		(3,049)

Realized and change in unrealized gains (losses)
Net realized gain (loss)	(3,420)		(61,616)		34,539
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	35,482		71,948		28,515
Net gain (loss) on investment transactions	32,062		10,332		63,054

Net income (loss)	$	26,016	$	6,935	$	60,005

GLRE Limited Partners’ share of net income (loss) (1)	$	18,087	$	4,431	$	46,056

1 Net income (loss) is net of management fees and performance allocation presented below:


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Management fees	$	3,492	$	2,808	$	4,893
Performance allocation	2,010		443		4,981
Total	$	5,502	$	3,251	$	9,874

See Note 14 for further details on management fees and performance allocation.

4. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Purchases and sales of financial instruments are disclosed in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. The following table summarizes the change in unrealized gains and losses and the realized gains and losses on financial instruments included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:

F-20

Link to Table of Contents


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Gross realized gains	$	14,210	$	5,766	$	—
Gross realized losses	—		(15,000)		(14,150)
Net realized gains (losses)	$	14,210	$	(9,234)	$	(14,150)
Change in unrealized gains and losses	$	19,560	$	25,909	$	8,380

Investments

Other Investments

The Company’s “Other investments” are composed of the following:

•Private investments and unlisted equities, which consist primarily of Innovations-related investments supporting technology innovators in the (re)insurance market; and

•Derivative financial instruments associated with the Company’s Innovations investments.

At December 31, 2021, the Company included the following securities in the caption “Other investments”:


	Cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value / carrying value
	($ in thousands)
Private investments and unlisted equities	$	17,411	$	31,438	$	(1,800)	$	47,049
Derivative financial instruments (not designated as hedging instruments)	—		335		—		335
Total other investments	$	17,411	$	31,773	$	(1,800)	$	47,384

At December 31, 2020, the Company included the following securities in the caption “Other investments”:


	Cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value / carrying value
	($ in thousands)
Private investments and unlisted equities	$	12,414	$	10,679	$	(1,300)	$	21,793
Derivative financial instruments (not designated as hedging instruments)	—		1,080		—		1,080
Other investments	12,414		11,759		(1,300)		22,873
Investment accounted for under the equity method	—		—		—		6,545
Total other investments							$	29,418

At December 31, 2020, the investment accounted for under the equity method represented an investment in AccuRisk Holdings LLC (“AccuRisk”), a Chicago, Illinois-based managing general underwriter focused on employee and health insurance benefits. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold its investment in AccuRisk and realized a pre-tax gain of $14.2 million, which was included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The Company’s derivative financial instruments are composed of warrants granting the Company the right, but not the obligation, to purchase shares at a specified price on or before the maturity date. The Company has not designated any of its derivative financial instruments as hedging instruments. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss relating to these warrants is limited to the warrants’ carrying amount.

F-21

Link to Table of Contents

Private investments and unlisted equity securities without readily determinable fair values

The Company measures its private investments and unlisted equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from identical or similar investments of the same issuers (the “measurement alternative”), with such changes recognized in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company considers the need for impairment on a by-investment basis, based on certain indicators. Under the measurement alternative, the Company makes two types of valuation adjustments:

•When the Company observes an orderly transaction of an investee’s identical or similar equity securities, the Company adjusts the carrying value based on the observable price as of the transaction date. Once the Company records such an adjustment, the investment is considered an “asset measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.”

• If the Company determines that the investment is impaired and the fair value is less than its carrying value, it writes down the investment to its fair value.

The following table presents the carrying values of the private investments and unlisted equity securities carried under the measurement alternative at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, and the related adjustments recorded during the years then ended.


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Carrying value (1)	$	47,049	$	21,793	$	10,682
Upward carrying value changes (2)	$	20,814	$	10,576	$	200
Downward carrying value changes and impairment (3)	$	(500)	$	(1,500)	$	—

(1) The period-end carrying values reflect cumulative purchases and sales in addition to upward and downward carrying value changes.

(2) The cumulative upward carrying value changes from inception to December 31, 2021, were $31.6 million.

(3) The cumulative downward carrying value changes and impairments from inception to December 31, 2021, were $2.0 million.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received in an asset sale or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between unaffiliated market participants. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on whether the inputs are observable in the market and the degree that the inputs are observable. The categorization of financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is prioritized into three levels (with Level 3 being the lowest) defined as follows:


•			Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access.
•			Level 2: Observable inputs other than prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated with observable market data.
•			Level 3: Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity and significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. The term “unobservable inputs” includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques.

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

At December 31, 2021, and 2020, the Company held $40.5 million and $16.5 million, respectively, of private investments and unlisted equities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The Company classifies these assets as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy due to their illiquidity.

Derivative instruments

The Company values its derivative instruments using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on Level 3 inputs. The Company uses the carrying value of the underlying stock as an input in the option pricing model. The underlying stock does not have a readily determinable fair value. Its carrying value is determined based on its original cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes. The other assumptions applied to the option pricing model

F-22

Link to Table of Contents

include a risk-free rate of 0.50% and estimated volatility of 50%. The carrying value of the derivative instruments represents the fair value.

For the derivative instruments valued on the basis of Level 3 inputs, the Company includes any change in unrealized gains or losses in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations.

At December 31, 2021, and 2020, the Company did not carry any other investments at fair value with an assigned Level within the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s investment in the related party investment fund is measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient. It is therefore not classified within the fair value hierarchy. (See Note 3 for further details on the related party investment fund.)

Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value

The caption “Convertible senior notes payable” represents financial instruments that the Company carries at amortized cost. The fair value of the convertible senior notes payable is estimated based on the bid price observed in an inactive market for the identical instrument (Level 2 input) (see Note 9).

5. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2021, and 2020 were composed of cash at banks.

Due to the short-term nature of cash and cash equivalents, the carrying values of cash at banks approximate their fair value. Cash at banks includes cash held at non-U.S. financial institutions which are not insured by the FDIC or other deposit insurance programs.

6. RESTRICTED CASH AND RESTRICTED CASH EQUIVALENTS

Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents include amounts held by the Company but pledged as security to provide collateral required by the cedents in the form of trust accounts and letters of credit (see Note 15). At December 31, 2021, and 2020, the restricted cash and cash equivalents were composed of the following:


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	($ in thousands)
Cash held as collateral in trust accounts	$	497,149	$	607,751
Cash collateral relating to letters of credit issued	137,645		137,620


Total restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	$	634,794	$	745,371

7. LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES

At December 31, 2021, the Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves included estimated amounts for several catastrophe events. For significant catastrophe events including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornados, typhoons, floods, earthquakes, wildfires, and pandemics, loss reserves are generally established based on loss payments and case reserves reported by clients when, and if, received. To establish IBNR loss estimates, the Company makes use of, among other things, the following:

•estimates communicated by ceding companies;

•information received from clients, brokers, and loss adjusters;

•an understanding of the underlying business written and its exposures to catastrophe event-related losses;

•industry data;

•catastrophe scenario modeling software; and

•management’s judgment.

The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, and the Company does not have previous loss experience on which to base the associated estimate for loss and loss adjustment expenses. The Company based its estimate on the following:

F-23

Link to Table of Contents

•a review of in-force treaties that may provide coverage and incur losses;

•catastrophe and scenario modeling analyses and results shared by cedents;

•preliminary loss estimates received from clients and their analysts and loss adjusters;

•reviews of industry insured loss estimates and market share analyses; and

•management’s judgment.

Significant assumptions which served as the basis for the Company's estimates of reserves for the COVID-19 pandemic losses and loss adjustment expenses include:

•the scope of coverage provided by the underlying policies, particularly those that provide for business interruption coverage;

•the regulatory, legislative, and judicial actions that could influence contract interpretations across the insurance industry;

•the extent of economic contraction caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated measures, particularly in the United States; and

•the ability of the cedents and insured to mitigate some or all of their losses.

While the Company believes its estimate of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for the COVID-19 pandemic is adequate as of December 31, 2021, based on available information, actual losses may ultimately differ materially from the Company's current estimates. The Company will continue to monitor the appropriateness of its assumptions as new information becomes available and will adjust its estimates accordingly. Such adjustments may be material to the Company's results of operations and financial condition.

The Company made no significant changes in the actuarial methodology or reserving process related to its loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, loss and loss adjustment expense reserves were composed of the following:


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	($ in thousands)
Case reserves	$	190,220	$	176,805
IBNR	333,790		317,374
Total	$	524,010	$	494,179

F-24

Link to Table of Contents

A summary of changes in outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for all lines of business consolidated

for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 is as follows:


Consolidated	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Gross balance at January 1	$	494,179	$	470,588	$	482,662
Less: Losses recoverable	(16,851)		(27,531)		(43,705)
Net balance at January 1	477,328		443,057		438,957
Incurred losses related to:
Current year	389,080		333,096		357,237
Prior years	(14,100)		4,737		31,250
Total incurred	374,980		337,833		388,487
Paid losses related to:
Current year	(152,214)		(109,509)		(167,508)
Prior years	(185,549)		(195,726)		(217,998)
Total paid	(337,763)		(305,235)		(385,506)
Foreign currency revaluation	(1,635)		1,673		1,119
Net balance at December 31	512,910		477,328		443,057
Add: Losses recoverable	11,100		16,851		27,531
Gross balance at December 31	$	524,010	$	494,179	$	470,588

Loss development

Year ended December 31, 2021

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company experienced $14.1 million in net favorable development on prior year loss and LAE reserves. This net favorable development resulted primarily from the following:

Favorable developments:

•$14.7 million of favorable loss development on motor contracts, primarily relating to contracts that incepted in 2015 and 2016 resulting from better than expected reported claims.

•$8.9 million favorable loss development on various specialty lines of business, including crop, space, and marine and energy, as actual losses reported were better than expected.

•$5.0 million of favorable loss development on mortgage contracts resulting from lower delinquencies and fewer reported claims than initially anticipated. On a financial-impact basis, the favorable loss development on these contracts was offset by increased profit commissions, which are included in the caption “Acquisition costs” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

•$3.5 million favorable loss development on a multi-line contract that incepted in 2019.

Adverse developments:

• $14.4 million of adverse development on multi-line casualty contracts primarily relating to contracts that incepted in 2014 to 2015 resulting from unfavorable development in reported claims.

•$2.9 million of adverse development on a general liability contract resulting from unfavorable development in reported claims.

•$1.2 million of adverse development on workers’ compensation contracts resulting from higher than anticipated losses.

The remaining development on prior year loss and LAE reserves recognized in 2021 related to several smaller adjustments made across various lines of business.

Year ended December 31, 2020

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company experienced $4.7 million in net adverse development on prior year loss and LAE reserves. This net adverse development resulted primarily from the following:

F-25

Link to Table of Contents

Adverse developments:

• $7.6 million of adverse loss development on multi-line contracts that incepted from 2015 to 2018, resulting from unfavorable development in reported claims.

• $1.9 million of adverse loss development on general liability contracts, primarily relating to a contract that incepted in 2017 resulting from unfavorable development in reported claims.

• $1.9 million of adverse loss development on specialty health contracts primarily arising from a few large medical claims reported on a contract that incepted in 2019.

•$1.5 million of adverse loss development on motor contracts relating to the 2018 and 2019 treaty years, partially offset by favorable loss development on contracts that incepted from 2015 to 2017.

Favorable developments:

• $4.5 million of favorable development on prior year property contracts primarily resulting from lower than anticipated losses relating to the 2017 and 2018 catastrophe events, partially offset by adverse loss development on 2019 contracts.

•$2.2 million of favorable loss development on solicitors’ professional indemnity contracts resulting primarily from lower than expected claims on prior accident years.

•$1.9 million of favorable loss development on a professional liability contract relating to a contract that incepted in 2008 where the reported claims have been lower than those previously anticipated.

The remaining development on prior year loss and LAE reserves recognized in 2020 related to several smaller adjustments made across various lines of business.

Year ended December 31, 2019

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company experienced $31.3 million in net adverse development on prior year loss and LAE reserves. This net adverse development resulted primarily from the following:

Adverse developments:

• $39.8 million of adverse loss development on non-standard automobile contracts. These unanticipated automobile losses were the result of adverse rulings that affected a significant number of loss events that occurred in Florida between 2015 and early 2018, including many claims that had previously been considered closed; and

• $3.6 million of adverse loss development on specialty health contracts arising from an unexpectedly high frequency of medical claims reported.

Favorable developments:

• $13.5 million of favorable development on prior year property and multi-line contracts primarily resulting from lower than anticipated losses relating to California wildfires.

The remaining net favorable development on prior year loss and LAE reserves recognized in 2019 related to several smaller adjustments made across various lines of business.

F-26

Link to Table of Contents

The changes in the outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for health claims for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 are as follows:


Health	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Gross balance at January 1	$	17,485	$	18,063	$	24,502
Less: Losses recoverable	—		—		—
Net balance at January 1	17,485		18,063		24,502
Incurred losses related to:
Current year	37,076		35,911		33,736
Prior years	(1,536)		1,321		3,569
Total incurred	35,540		37,232		37,305
Paid losses related to:
Current year	(28,435)		(20,988)		(17,410)
Prior years	(14,652)		(16,822)		(26,334)
Total paid	(43,087)		(37,810)		(43,744)
Foreign currency revaluation	—		—		—
Net balance at December 31	9,938		17,485		18,063
Add: Losses recoverable	—		—		—
Gross balance at December 31	$	9,938	$	17,485	$	18,063

Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts

The Company has one operating segment, Property & Casualty Reinsurance, and categorizes its business as Property, Casualty, and Other. The Company’s loss development tables presented below have been disaggregated by lines of business for the years ended from December 31, 2012, through 2021.

For purposes of the loss development tables, the property business has been further disaggregated into "Property" and "Motor - Physical Damage." The casualty category has been disaggregated into "General Liability," "Motor Liability," "Professional Liability," and "Workers' Compensation." In addition, the incurred and paid claims relating to accident and health business have been presented separately as "Health." Other specialty business, including financial, aviation, crop, cyber, energy, and marine, which are individually insignificant to our overall business, have been grouped as "Other." Contracts that cover more than one line of business, including Lloyd’s business, are grouped as "Multi-line."

For each category, the following tables present the incurred and paid claims development at December 31, 2021, net of retrocession, and the total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amount. Health claims have been disaggregated and presented separately.

F-27

Link to Table of Contents

The tables below present incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2012 to 2020. They are presented as unaudited supplementary information. Totals may not sum due to rounding.


Health
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	24,712	$	23,088	$	22,780	$	22,681	$	22,671	$	22,671	$	22,658	$	22,658	$	22,658	$	22,658	$	—
2013			30,544		33,841		34,203		33,960		33,945		33,945		33,944		33,935		33,935		—
2014					32,875		30,191		29,514		29,072		29,031		28,969		28,964		28,964		—
2015							34,097		33,530		34,116		33,894		33,885		33,881		33,881		—
2016									37,747		40,889		41,255		41,355		41,305		41,276		—
2017											45,007		46,455		46,687		46,535		46,208		14
2018													56,868		60,176		59,782		58,958		128
2019															33,736		35,673		35,067		392
2020																	35,911		36,161		762
2021																			37,076		8,641
																	Total		$	374,183	$	9,938


Health
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	14,896	$	22,691	$	22,780	$	22,679	$	22,671	$	22,671	$	22,658	$	22,658	$	22,658	$	22,658
2013			21,459		33,841		34,024		33,957		33,944		33,944		33,944		33,924		33,935
2014					19,056		28,515		29,117		29,038		29,032		28,970		28,960		28,964
2015							14,529		31,802		34,044		33,894		33,876		33,875		33,881
2016									21,881		39,988		41,255		41,162		41,141		41,276
2017											23,834		44,125		46,615		46,520		46,193
2018													34,696		58,713		59,640		58,830
2019															17,410		33,450		34,675
2020																	20,988		35,398
2021																			28,435
																	Total		364,246
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Health)																$	9,938

F-28

Link to Table of Contents


Multiline
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2013			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2014					2,390		2,390		2,390		2,609		2,625		2,586		2,653		4,446		2,165
2015							27,988		28,140		30,579		32,085		30,988		32,390		37,920		10,473
2016									55,829		60,136		60,855		59,906		62,366		68,335		19,211
2017											81,965		79,590		83,358		85,187		87,725		23,640
2018													59,004		51,079		53,980		54,784		15,712
2019															46,338		45,317		45,372		14,797
2020																	58,929		56,062		31,522
2021																			51,488		39,247
																	Total		$	406,132	$	156,767


Multiline
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2013			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2014					—		—		145		566		1,092		1,413		1,995		2,281
2015							32		2,838		10,031		16,154		19,103		24,815		27,448
2016									5,867		16,639		27,198		33,103		42,816		49,124
2017											9,578		27,427		39,748		54,170		64,084
2018													8,150		20,791		32,369		39,072
2019															11,057		23,505		30,575
2020																	12,538		24,540
2021																			12,241
																	Total		249,366
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Multiline)																$	156,767

F-29

Link to Table of Contents


General Liability
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	12,626	$	18,133	$	16,921	$	29,554	$	31,145	$	31,161	$	31,274	$	30,902	$	30,924	$	30,833	$	—
2013			3,018		2,689		4,666		4,511		4,510		4,916		4,770		4,648		4,465		—
2014					1,238		1,229		1,174		1,033		1,355		1,000		1,041		1,128		114
2015							1,699		1,690		1,756		1,979		2,152		2,190		2,608		552
2016									6,203		6,519		7,124		7,867		8,095		8,923		2,359
2017											5,432		6,527		7,381		8,451		9,634		3,928
2018													2,909		3,446		3,955		4,619		1,808
2019															1,003		1,130		1,198		891
2020																	1,673		1,673		1,601
2021																			13,332		13,229
																	Total		$	78,413	$	24,482


General Liability
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	1,750	$	9,926	$	13,142	$	15,836	$	30,667	$	30,687	$	30,891	$	30,902	$	30,924	$	30,833
2013			1,371		1,917		2,298		4,191		4,274		4,652		4,770		4,648		4,465
2014					18		146		413		548		492		762		473		1,014
2015							69		293		532		547		925		945		2,056
2016									122		1,589		3,277		4,670		6,109		6,565
2017											136		1,412		2,824		4,385		5,707
2018													165		1,286		2,296		2,810
2019															26		227		307
2020																	71		72
2021																			103
																	Total		53,931
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (General Liability)																		$	24,482

F-30

Link to Table of Contents


Motor Casualty
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	132,284	$	131,196	$	131,896	$	131,202	$	131,305	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	—
2013			182,833		179,930		174,744		174,782		174,848		174,925		174,931		174,931		174,931		—
2014					93,718		92,844		94,688		94,385		94,147		94,192		94,192		94,192		—
2015							128,199		130,410		129,991		132,853		134,951		133,640		132,904		405
2016									166,389		169,294		174,037		179,801		175,915		172,182		563
2017											187,109		188,754		195,258		193,077		187,662		1,616
2018													150,700		170,016		174,467		171,842		6,255
2019															168,154		171,803		171,420		5,766
2020																	96,902		96,539		9,360
2021																			102,807		46,051
																	Total		$	1,435,781	$	70,015


Motor Casualty
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	58,585	$	118,142	$	126,622	$	128,913	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	131,302	$	131,302
2013			86,558		159,200		171,855		174,658		174,848		174,925		174,931		174,931		174,931
2014					49,994		86,297		89,687		94,385		94,147		94,192		94,192		94,192
2015							81,093		125,645		129,174		129,571		133,673		132,340		132,499
2016									97,325		157,948		170,658		178,800		175,033		171,619
2017											115,204		170,157		188,225		186,105		186,047
2018													83,652		143,267		156,593		165,587
2019															99,043		155,332		165,653
2020																	42,777		87,179
2021																			56,756
																	Total		1,365,766
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Motor Casualty)																		$	70,015

F-31

Link to Table of Contents


Motor Property
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	36,985	$	36,129	$	36,008	$	35,998	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	—
2013			46,189		45,629		44,728		44,656		44,695		44,719		44,478		44,478		44,478		—
2014					18,870		18,797		19,056		19,000		19,006		19,021		19,021		19,021		—
2015							22,035		22,516		22,505		23,263		23,939		23,715		23,638		—
2016									27,853		28,279		29,090		29,051		28,465		28,231		—
2017											39,986		39,621		40,394		39,448		39,146		31
2018													42,336		47,209		47,115		46,915		1,260
2019															43,103		45,795		45,712		3,365
2020																	23,556		23,497		1,813
2021																			27,316		12,353
																	Total		$	333,877	$	18,822


Motor Property
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	16,902	$	34,588	$	35,854	$	35,903	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922	$	35,922
2013			21,112		41,066		44,363		44,431		44,476		44,476		44,478		44,478		44,478
2014					10,305		17,621		18,420		19,000		19,006		19,021		19,021		19,021
2015							13,859		22,013		22,505		22,595		23,839		23,715		23,638
2016									16,725		27,023		28,609		28,851		28,465		28,231
2017											23,091		37,058		39,711		38,971		39,115
2018													23,576		40,118		45,086		45,655
2019															25,103		38,672		42,346
2020																	10,880		21,684
2021																			14,963
																	Total		315,055
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Motor Property)																		$	18,822

F-32

Link to Table of Contents


Other
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	3,974	$	3,591	$	3,756	$	3,773	$	3,759	$	3,755	$	3,782	$	3,777	$	3,736	$	3,803	$	—
2013			2,492		2,875		2,840		2,821		2,801		2,755		2,586		2,552		2,685		—
2014					4,768		3,525		1,776		1,701		1,084		2,125		2,329		2,295		—
2015							4,794		6,769		6,898		4,519		4,230		4,132		3,794		—
2016									8,364		10,406		9,147		9,135		8,110		6,809		391
2017											9,091		6,015		6,451		7,576		5,244		1,549
2018													6,166		7,520		7,282		5,358		1,289
2019															19,179		20,477		18,399		7,249
2020																	50,672		44,054		21,019
2021																			57,479		47,370
																	Total		$	149,919	$	78,867


Other
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	3,000	$	3,251	$	3,676	$	3,683	$	3,684	$	3,688	$	3,735	$	3,735	$	3,736	$	3,803
2013			213		1,828		2,426		2,339		2,323		2,578		2,540		2,552		2,685
2014					197		659		1,124		1,282		1,084		2,125		2,329		2,295
2015							472		1,387		2,010		3,399		3,930		4,132		3,794
2016									1,473		3,108		5,648		7,383		7,496		6,419
2017											484		3,084		4,536		5,477		3,695
2018													962		5,588		5,594		4,070
2019															5,409		9,120		11,150
2020																	5,786		23,034
2021																			10,108
																	Total		71,052
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Other)																$	78,867

F-33

Link to Table of Contents


Property
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	63,961	$	50,183	$	50,874	$	52,812	$	53,218	$	53,473	$	53,737	$	53,823	$	53,862	$	53,830	$	—
2013			60,957		59,007		61,791		62,509		62,496		62,436		62,779		62,802		62,743		363
2014					41,742		45,155		46,846		47,086		46,876		47,031		46,999		46,944		308
2015							27,877		30,357		31,755		30,958		30,619		30,557		30,477		326
2016									25,640		26,154		24,034		23,505		23,196		23,065		335
2017											84,798		78,458		69,071		65,852		65,732		902
2018													28,235		30,308		25,088		24,632		5,346
2019															22,619		27,094		26,448		15,723
2020																	21,768		21,196		9,200
2021																			37,161		30,965
																	Total		$	392,229	$	63,468


Property
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	32,085	$	45,887	$	50,242	$	52,657	$	53,211	$	53,259	$	53,737	$	53,823	$	53,862	$	53,830
2013			34,807		55,677		58,537		60,357		61,087		62,000		62,242		62,317		62,380
2014					20,230		40,173		43,641		45,212		46,302		46,522		46,619		46,636
2015							12,938		25,452		28,848		29,818		30,025		30,129		30,151
2016									9,945		18,211		21,060		22,048		22,397		22,731
2017											43,291		56,412		64,256		65,723		64,830
2018													5,365		15,733		18,556		19,286
2019															4,057		7,046		10,725
2020																	6,447		11,995
2021																			6,196
																	Total		328,761
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Property)																$	63,468

F-34

Link to Table of Contents


Professional Liability
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	11,479	$	11,483	$	12,039	$	12,485	$	12,679	$	13,415	$	13,415	$	12,836	$	12,345	$	12,255	$	57
2013			12,704		13,607		15,164		16,850		17,688		17,866		17,663		17,305		17,068		596
2014					19,645		19,032		18,995		21,605		22,630		22,960		22,693		22,236		1,767
2015							18,793		18,794		21,375		22,842		23,075		22,332		22,110		2,679
2016									13,869		17,075		17,451		17,048		16,840		17,151		5,349
2017											10,275		9,963		9,785		10,009		10,569		4,700
2018													4,485		4,472		4,593		5,059		1,820
2019															586		611		783		239
2020																	66		66		66
2021																			2,822		2,787
																	Total		$	110,120	$	20,060


Professional Liability
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	544	$	3,747	$	6,530	$	9,027	$	10,489	$	12,035	$	12,205	$	11,933	$	12,221	$	12,198
2013			726		3,557		7,939		11,417		14,396		15,184		14,993		16,549		16,472
2014					1,399		5,558		9,925		14,479		16,803		16,814		20,509		20,469
2015							1,212		3,420		9,179		12,162		13,010		17,896		19,431
2016									346		2,215		4,974		7,984		10,692		11,802
2017											229		1,442		3,096		4,872		5,870
2018													242		1,141		1,986		3,239
2019															145		266		544
2020																	—		—
2021																			35
																	Total		90,060
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												698
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Professional Liability)																		$	20,759

F-35

Link to Table of Contents


Workers' Compensation
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2021
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	11,763	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	—
2013			4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		—
2014					—		—		—		3		—		—		—		—		—
2015							1,014		1,010		948		950		951		919		919		67
2016									4,342		4,275		4,266		3,975		3,778		3,729		208
2017											10,883		10,347		9,604		9,064		8,799		418
2018													13,614		13,503		13,058		12,672		856
2019															22,928		23,480		23,685		6,030
2020																	44,677		46,297		22,833
2021																			58,346		35,071
																	Total		$	171,411	$	65,483


Workers' Compensation
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2012	$	2,359	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213	$	12,213
2013			4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751
2014					—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2015							28		251		564		688		777		832		851
2016									613		1,920		2,782		3,274		3,459		3,521
2017											2,028		5,356		7,399		8,005		8,381
2018													4,213		8,321		10,783		11,817
2019															5,473		13,601		17,656
2020																	11,288		23,463
2021																			23,275
																	Total		105,927
							All outstanding liabilities before 2012, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Workers' Compensation)																		$	65,483

For any incurred and paid claims denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars, the above tables are presented using the foreign exchange rate in effect at the current year-end date. As a result, all prior year information has been restated to reflect the exchange rates at December 31, 2021. This treatment prevents changes in foreign currency exchange rates from distorting the claims development between the years presented.

F-36

Link to Table of Contents

For assumed contracts, the Company does not generally receive claims information by accident year from the ceding insurers but instead receives claims information by the treaty year of the contract. Claims reported by the ceding insurer to the Company may have the covered losses occurring in an accident year other than the treaty year. Some incurred and paid claims have been allocated to the accident years for the loss development tables based on the proportion of premiums earned for each contract during such accident year.

For example, a one-year treaty incepting on October 1, 2018 (with underlying policies each having a one-year duration) would have a 24-month period over which the premiums would be earned. Therefore, claims would be allocated to accident years 2018, 2019 and 2020 based on the proportion of the premiums earned during each accident year. For illustration of this contract, any claims reported during 2018 would be allocated to the 2018 accident year. For losses reported during 2019, the claims would be allocated between 2018 and 2019 based on the percentage of premiums earned during 2018 and 2019. Similarly, for losses reported during 2020 and thereafter, the losses would be allocated to the 2020, 2021 and 2022 accident years based on the proportion of premiums earned during each of those years. However, natural catastrophes and certain other large losses are addressed separately and are assigned to the accident year in which they occurred.

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expenses in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:


	December 31, 2021
	($ in thousands)
Net outstanding liabilities
Health	$	9,938
Multiline	156,767
General Liability	24,482
Motor Casualty	70,015
Motor Property	18,822
Other	78,867
Property	63,468
Professional Liability	20,759
Workers' Compensation	65,483
Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	508,602
Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims	11,100
Add: Unallocated claims adjustment expenses	4,261
Add: Allowance for credit losses	47
Total gross liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense	$	524,010

F-37

Link to Table of Contents

The average historical annual percentage payout of net incurred claims (excluding health) at December 31, 2021, is as follows:


Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
Multiline	10.2	%	19.0	%	18.8	%	16.0	%	13.3	%	22.7	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
General Liability	4.5	%	12.0	%	11.1	%	10.8	%	17.3	%	27.8	%	6.9	%	8.0	%	1.6	%	—	%
Motor Casualty	41.2	%	32.6	%	8.9	%	6.1	%	4.1	%	3.0	%	2.8	%	1.2	%	—	%	0.1	%
Motor Property	51.9	%	41.7	%	4.9	%	0.7	%	0.4	%	0.2	%	0.2	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Other	33.5	%	44.6	%	15.5	%	3.0	%	2.0	%	1.0	%	0.4	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Property	49.7	%	34.8	%	5.9	%	3.0	%	2.8	%	2.5	%	1.0	%	0.3	%	—	%	—	%
Professional Liability	3.5	%	12.5	%	18.4	%	16.3	%	13.3	%	9.0	%	5.6	%	4.2	%	3.0	%	14.2	%
Workers' Compensation	27.2	%	43.4	%	22.6	%	5.5	%	0.8	%	0.5	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%

The historical annual percentage payout pattern for health claims is excluded from the table above because health claims have short settlement periods, and including it would skew the results presented.

As a reinsurance entity, the Company generally does not receive detailed claims frequency information or claims counts from ceding insurers and third-party claim handlers. Due to the nature of the reinsurance contracts, the underlying insured reports claims to the insurer who cedes losses to the Company. The Company is contractually obligated to reimburse the ceding insurer for its share of the losses. While the Company has the right to conduct audits of the ceding insurer’s claims files, the insurer is generally not obligated to provide a detailed listing of claims counts or other claims frequency information. Therefore it is impracticable for the Company to present the cumulative number of reported claims by accident year.

8. RETROCESSION

From time to time, the Company purchases retrocessional coverage for one or more of the following reasons: to manage its overall exposure, reduce its net liability on individual risks, obtain additional underwriting capacity and balance its underwriting portfolio. The Company records loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable from retrocessionaires as assets.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company’s earned ceded premiums were insignificant (2020: $3.2 million and 2019: $72.8 million). For the year ended December 31, 2021, loss and loss adjustment expenses recovered and change in losses recoverable were insignificant (2020: $5.9 million and 2019: $60.7 million).

Retrocession contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligations to its cedents. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. At December 31, 2021, the Company’s loss reserves recoverable of $11.1 million (December 31, 2020: $16.9 million) consisted of (i) $8.4 million (December 31, 2020: $12.6 million) recoverable from unrated retrocessionaires, of which $8.2 million (December 31, 2020: $11.9 million) were secured by cash, letters of credit and collateral held in trust accounts for the benefit of the Company and (ii) $2.8 million (December 31, 2020: $4.3 million) recoverable from retrocessionaires rated A- or above by A.M. Best.

The Company regularly evaluates its net credit exposure to assess the ability of the retrocessionaires to honor their respective obligations. At December 31, 2021, the Company had recorded an allowance for expected credit losses of $0.1 million (December 31, 2020: $0.1 million).

9. SENIOR CONVERTIBLE NOTES

On August 7, 2018, the Company issued $100.0 million of senior unsecured convertible notes (the “Notes”), which mature on August 1, 2023. The Notes bear interest at 4%, payable semi-annually on February 1 and August 1 of each year beginning February 1, 2019.

F-38

Link to Table of Contents

Note holders have the option, under certain conditions, to redeem the Notes prior to maturity.

If a holder redeems the Notes, the Company shall have the option to settle the conversion obligation in cash, ordinary shares of the Company, or a combination thereof pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the Notes. The Company has therefore bifurcated the Notes into liability and equity components.

At December 31, 2021, the Company’s share price was lower than the conversion price of $17.19 per share.

The Company’s effective borrowing rate for non-convertible debt at the time of issuance of the Notes was estimated to be 6.0%, which equated to an $8.2 million discount. At December 31, 2021, and 2020, the unamortized debt discount was $2.6 million and $4.2 million, respectively. The debt discount also represents the portion of the Note’s principal amount allocated to the equity component.

The Company incurred issuance costs in connection with the issuance of the Notes. At December 31, 2021, the unamortized portion of these costs attributed to the debt component was $1.0 million (December 31, 2020: $1.6 million), which the Company expects to amortize through the maturity date. The Company netted the portion of these issuance costs attributed to the equity component against the gross proceeds allocated to equity, resulting in the Company including $7.9 million in the caption “Additional paid-in capital” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The carrying value of the Notes at December 31, 2021, including accrued interest of $1.7 million, was $98.1 million (December 31, 2020: $95.8 million). At December 31, 2021, the Company estimated the fair value of the Notes to be $97.5 million (December 31, 2020: $83.6 million) (see Note 4 Financial Instruments).

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized interest expenses of $6.3 million (2020: $6.3 million; 2019: $6.3 million) in connection with the interest coupon, amortization of issuance costs, and amortization of the discount.

The Company was in compliance with all covenants relating to the Notes at December 31, 2021, and 2020. At December 31, 2021, the Company had a remaining obligation for interest and principal payments of $4.0 million and $104.0 million during 2022 and 2023, respectively.

10. SHARE CAPITAL

The holders of all ordinary shares are entitled to share equally in dividends declared by the Board of Directors. In the event of a winding-up or dissolution of the Company, the ordinary shareholders share equally and ratably in the assets of the Company, after payment of all debts and liabilities of the Company and after the liquidation of any issued and outstanding preferred shares. The Board of Directors is authorized to establish the rights and restrictions for preferred shares as they deem appropriate. At December 31, 2021, no preferred shares were issued or outstanding.

The Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, as revised by special resolution on July 10, 2008 (the “Articles”), provide that the holders of Class A ordinary shares generally are entitled to one vote per share. However, except upon unanimous consent of the Board of Directors, no Class A shareholder is permitted to vote a number of shares which would cause any United States person to own (directly, indirectly, or constructively under applicable United States tax attribution and constructive ownership rules) 9.9% or more of the total voting power of all issued and outstanding ordinary shares. The Articles further provide that the holders of Class B ordinary shares generally are entitled to ten votes per share. However, holders of Class B ordinary shares, together with their affiliates, are limited to voting that number of Class B ordinary shares equal to 9.5% of the total voting power of the total issued and outstanding ordinary shares.

Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement, dated August 11, 2004, by and among the Company and certain of its shareholders (the “Shareholders’ Agreement”), the holders of at least 50% of the outstanding Registrable Securities (as defined in the Shareholders’ Agreement), may, subject to certain conditions, request to have all or part of their Registrable Securities to be registered. The Shareholders’ Agreement requires, among other things, that the Company use its commercially reasonable best efforts to have a registration statement covering such Registrable Securities to be declared effective. The registration rights granted pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement are not deemed to be liabilities; therefore, there has been no recognition in the Company’s consolidated financial statements of the registration rights granted pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement.

At December 31, 2021, the Company has an effective Form S-3 registration statement on file with the SEC for an aggregate principal amount of $200.0 million in securities.

On October 29, 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the stock incentive plan to increase the number of Class A ordinary shares available for issuance by 3.0 million shares from 5.0 million to 8.0 million. At December 31,

F-39

Link to Table of Contents

2021, 3,128,276 (December 31, 2020: 3,474,888) Class A ordinary shares remained available for future issuance under the Company’s stock incentive plan. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the stock incentive plan.

The Board has adopted a share repurchase plan. The timing of such repurchases and the actual number of shares repurchased will depend on various factors, including price, market conditions, and applicable regulatory and corporate requirements. On March 26, 2020, the Board of Directors extended the share repurchase plan to June 30, 2021. It increased the number of shares authorized to be repurchased to 5.0 million Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans. In addition, the Board of Directors also authorized the Company to repurchase up to $25.0 million aggregate face amount of the Company’s 4.0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the “Notes”) in privately negotiated transactions, in open market repurchases, or pursuant to one or more tender offers. The Company did not repurchase any Notes under the repurchase plan.

On May 4, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase plan effective from July 1, 2021, until June 30, 2022, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $25 million of Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans. The Company is not required to repurchase any of the Class A ordinary shares. The repurchase plan may be modified, suspended, or terminated at the election of our Board of Directors at any time without prior notice.

The Company repurchased 1,079,544 Class A ordinary shares during the year ended December 31, 2021 (2020: 2,547,097). All Class A ordinary shares repurchased are canceled immediately upon repurchase.

The following table is a summary of ordinary shares issued and outstanding:


	2021		2020		2019
	Class A	Class B	Class A	Class B	Class A	Class B
Balance – beginning of year	28,260,075	6,254,715	30,739,395	6,254,715	30,130,214	6,254,715
Issue of ordinary shares, net of forfeitures	409,200	—	67,777	—	609,181	—
Repurchase of ordinary shares	(1,079,544)	—	(2,547,097)	—	—	—

Balance – end of year	27,589,731	6,254,715	28,260,075	6,254,715	30,739,395	6,254,715

Additional paid-in capital includes the premium per share paid by the subscribing shareholders for Class A and B ordinary shares, which have a par value of $0.10 each. It also includes the earned portion of the grant-date fair value of share-based awards that have not yet vested.

Statutory Capital and Surplus

Greenlight Re is subject to the Cayman Islands’ Insurance (Capital and Solvency) (Classes B, C, and D Insurers) Regulations, (2018 Revision) (the “Insurance Regulations”). The Insurance Regulations impose a Minimum Capital Requirement (“MCR”) of $50.0 million and a Prescribed Capital Requirement (“PCR”) on Greenlight Re which was $222.6 million at December 31, 2021 (2020: $204.8 million). At December 31, 2021, Greenlight Re’s statutory capital and surplus of $503.9 million exceeded the MCR as well as the PCR. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, Greenlight Re’s net income was $15.9 million, $12.6 million, and $9.2 million, respectively.

Greenlight Re is not required to prepare separate statutory financial statements for filing with CIMA. There were no material differences between Greenlight Re’s GAAP capital, surplus, and net income and its statutory capital, surplus, and net income at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

At December 31, 2021, the Company was not restricted from payment of dividends to the Company’s shareholders. However, since most of the Company’s capital and retained earnings are invested in its subsidiaries, a dividend from one or more of the Company’s subsidiaries would likely be required to fund a dividend to the Company’s shareholders. Any dividends declared and paid from Greenlight Re to the Company would require approval of CIMA. During the year ended December 31, 2021, $4.0 million of dividends (2020: $39.5 million, 2019: $3.9 million) were declared or paid by Greenlight Re to the Company, which the Company used to pay interest on the Notes. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, $281.3 million and $286.6 million, respectively, of Greenlight Re’s capital and surplus was available for distribution as dividends.

F-40

Link to Table of Contents

GRIL is obligated to maintain a minimum level of statutory capital. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, GRIL met such requirements. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, GRIL’s statutory capital was $65.2 million and $57.1 million, respectively. At December 31, 2021, GRIL’s statutory minimum capital required under Solvency II was approximately $10.6 million (2020: $6.9 million). GRIL’s statutory net income (loss) was $3.8 million, $(2.6) million, and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The amount of dividends that GRIL is permitted to distribute is limited to its retained earnings. The Central Bank of Ireland has powers to intervene if a dividend payment were to breach regulatory capital requirements. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, none of GRIL’s capital and surplus was available for distribution as dividends.

11. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company has a stock incentive plan for directors, employees, and consultants, administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.

Employee and Director Restricted Shares

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 334,312 (2020: 306,264, 2019: 235,701) Class A ordinary shares to employees pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan. These shares contain certain restrictions relating to, among other things, vesting, forfeiture in the event of termination of employment and transferability. The restricted shares cliff vest three years after the date of issuance, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company. During the vesting period, the holder of the restricted shares retains voting rights and is entitled to any dividends declared by the Company.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company also issued to non-employee directors an aggregate of 74,769 (2020: 71,330, 2019: 77,556) restricted Class A ordinary shares as part of their remuneration for services to the Company. Each of these restricted shares issued to non-employee directors contains similar restrictions to those issued to employees and will vest on the earlier of the first anniversary of the date of the share issuance or the Company’s next annual general meeting, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, 20,592 (2020: 226,093, 2019: 37,502) restricted shares were forfeited by grantees due to vesting conditions not being met. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company reversed $0.1 million of stock compensation expense (2020: $0.7 million, 2019: $0.2 million) relating to the forfeited restricted shares.

The Company recorded $2.4 million of share-based compensation expense, net of forfeiture reversals, relating to restricted shares for the year ended December 31, 2021 (2020: $1.0 million, 2019: $2.8 million). At December 31, 2021, there was $2.7 million (2020: $1.9 million, 2019: $2.7 million) of unrecognized compensation cost relating to non-vested restricted shares (excluding any restricted shares with performance conditions that the Company does not expect will be met). The Company expects to recognize these costs over a weighted average period of 1.8 years (2020: 1.5 years, 2019: 1.6 years). For the year ended December 31, 2021, the total fair value of restricted shares vested was $1.6 million (2020: $3.3 million, 2019: $3.1 million).

The following table summarizes the activity for unvested outstanding restricted share awards during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020:


	Number of non-vested restricted shares	Weighted average grant date fair value
Balance at December 31, 2019	516,187	$	14.03
Granted	377,594	6.84
Vested	(163,288)	17.00
Forfeited	(226,093)	10.85
Balance at December 31, 2020	504,400	9.11
Granted	409,081	9.11
Vested	(139,482)	11.53
Forfeited	(20,592)	8.35
Balance at December 31, 2021	753,407	$	8.68

F-41

Link to Table of Contents

Employee and Director Stock Options

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, no Class A ordinary share purchase options were granted or exercised by directors or employees. For the year ended December 31, 2021, 100,000 (2020: 40,000) stock options expired and 80,000 (2020: 80,000) stock options vested. When the Company grants stock options, it reduces the corresponding number from the shares authorized for issuance as part of the Company’s stock incentive plan.

The Board of Directors does not currently anticipate that the Company will declare any dividends during the expected term of the options. The Company uses graded vesting for expensing employee stock options. The total compensation cost expensed relating to stock options for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $0.4 million (2020: $0.6 million, 2019: $0.9 million). At December 31, 2021, the total compensation cost related to non-vested options not yet recognized was $0.3 million (2020: $0.7 million), which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years (2020: 1.8 years), assuming the grantee completes the service period for vesting of the options.

Employee and director stock option activity during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was as follows:


	Number of options outstanding	Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average grant date fair value		Intrinsic value ($ in millions)		Weighted average remaining contractual term
Balance at December 31, 2018	935,627	$	23.05	$	10.00	$	—	6.4 years



Expired	(60,000)	28.44		6.25
Balance at December 31, 2019	875,627	22.68		10.25		—		5.8 years



Expired	(40,000)	32.42		10.39
Balance at December 31, 2020	835,627	22.22		10.25		—		5.1 years



Expired	(100,000)	21.25		10.32
Balance at December 31, 2021	735,627	$	22.35	$	10.23	$	—	4.7 years

The following table summarizes information about options exercisable for the periods indicated:


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Number of options exercisable	575,627		595,627		555,627
Weighted-average exercise price	$	22.67	$	22.63	$	23.54
Weighted-average remaining contractual term	4.5		4.5		4.9
Intrinsic value ($ in millions)	$	—	$	—	$	—

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 80,000 (2020: 80,000, 2019: 80,000) options vested which had a weighted average grant date fair value of $9.60 (2020: $9.60, 2019: $9.60).

Employee Restricted Stock Units

The Company issues RSUs to certain employees as part of the stock incentive plan.

These RSUs contain restrictions relating to vesting, forfeiture in the event of termination of employment, transferability, and other matters. Each RSU grant cliff vests three years after the date of issuance, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company. On the vesting date, the Company converts each RSU into one Class A ordinary share and issues new Class A ordinary shares from the shares authorized for issuance as part of the Company’s stock incentive plan. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 58,123 (2020: 60,622, 2019: 48,535) RSUs to employees pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan. For the year ended December 31, 2021, no RSUs were forfeited (2020: nil; 2019: 24,165).

The Company recorded $0.4 million of share-based compensation expense relating to RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2021 (2020: $0.4 million, 2019: $0.2 million). At December 31, 2021, the total compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs not yet recognized was $0.5 million (2020: $0.4 million), which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years (2020: 1.8 years).

F-42

Link to Table of Contents

Employee RSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020 was as follows:


	Number of non-vested RSUs	Weighted average grant date fair value
Balance at December 31, 2019	63,582	$	13.76
Granted	60,622	6.72
Vested	(7,482)	21.65
Forfeited	—	—
Balance at December 31, 2020	116,722	9.60
Granted	58,123	9.18
Vested	(20,711)	15.90
Forfeited	—	—
Balance at December 31, 2021	154,134	$	8.59

Performance Restricted Shares

Prior to 2021, the Company issued Class A ordinary shares to the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan. These shares contain performance and service conditions and certain restrictions relating to, among other things, vesting, forfeiture in the event of termination of the CEO’s employment, and transferability. These restricted shares cliff vest five years after the date of issuance, subject to the performance condition being met and the CEO’s continued service with the Company.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company’s compensation committee accelerated the vesting of 72,545 shares that vested immediately. The modification resulted in $0.5 million of incremental compensation cost during the year ended December 31, 2020.

As the performance conditions associated with these restricted shares have not been met, the Company recognized no compensation cost relating to the unvested shares for the year ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

The performance restricted share activity during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020 was as follows:


	Number of non-vested performance restricted shares	Weighted average grant date fair value
Balance at December 31, 2019	356,900	$	11.10
Granted	145,089	6.72
Vested	(72,545)	6.72
Forfeited	(236,295)	10.58
Balance at December 31, 2020	193,149	10.10
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Forfeited	—	—
Balance at December 31, 2021	193,149	$	10.10

Stock Compensation Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the combined stock compensation expense (net of forfeitures), which was included in the caption “General and administrative expenses” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, was $3.2 million, $2.5 million and $3.9 million, respectively.

F-43

Link to Table of Contents

12. NET INVESTMENT INCOME (LOSS)

A summary of net investment income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 is as follows:


	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Realized gains (losses)	$	14,210	$	(9,234)	$	(14,150)
Change in unrealized gains and losses	19,560		25,909		8,380
Investment-related foreign exchange gains (losses)	(45)		39		20
Interest and dividend income, net of withholding taxes	200		5,419		16,059
Interest, dividend, and other expenses	(1,860)		(1,875)		(4,798)
Income (loss) from equity method investment	—		843		700
Net investment-related income (loss)	32,065		21,101		6,211
Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund	18,087		4,431		46,056
Total investment income (loss)	$	50,152	$	25,532	$	52,267

“Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund” reflects the equity in earnings (loss) of SILP (see Note 3).

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company realized a $14.2 million pre-tax gain on disposal of the AccuRisk investment (see Note 4).

"Change in unrealized gains and losses” for the year ended December 31, 2021, includes net unrealized gains of $19.5 million (2020: $10.2 million, 2019: $0.2 million) on Innovations-related investments. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the change in unrealized gains and losses also included a net decrease in the valuation allowance of $15.0 million (2019: net increase of $6.0 million) relating to notes receivable.

13. TAXATION

Each of the Company and Greenlight Re intends to conduct all of its operations in a manner that will not cause it to be treated as engaging in a trade or business within the United States and will not cause it to be subject to current U.S. federal income taxation on its net income. However, because there are no definitive standards provided by the Internal Revenue Code, regulations, or court decisions as to the specific activities that constitute “engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,” and as any such determination is essentially factual in nature, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not successfully assert that the Company or Greenlight Re is engaged in a trade or business within the U.S.

At December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a gross deferred tax asset of $3.2 million (2020: $3.5 million) and a deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $2.7 million (2020: $3.0 million). The net deferred tax asset is included in the caption “Other assets” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not to fully realize the recorded deferred tax asset (net of the valuation allowance) in the future. The Company based this determination on the expected timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and the likelihood of generating sufficient taxable income to realize the future tax benefit.

At December 31, 2021, GRIL had a net operating loss carryforward of $25.8 million (2020: $30.0 million) which can be carried forward indefinitely.

F-44

Link to Table of Contents

The following table sets forth our current and deferred income tax benefit (expense) on a consolidated basis for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:


	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Current tax (expense) benefit	$	(3,997)	$	(48)	$	(43)

Deferred tax (expense) benefit	(3)		5		(8)
Decrease (increase) in deferred tax valuation allowance	254		(381)		(432)
Income tax (expense) benefit	$	(3,746)	$	(424)	$	(483)

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the income tax expense of $3.7 million resulted from Verdant’s gain on the sale of its AccuRisk investment. At December 31, 2021, Verdant had no net operating loss carryforward (2020: $2.4 million).

Federal Excise Taxes

The United States imposes an excise tax on reinsurance premiums paid to non-U.S. insurers or reinsurers with respect to risks located in the United States. Unless exempted or reduced by an applicable U.S. tax treaty, the tax rate is 1.0% for all reinsurance premiums. The Company incurs federal excise taxes on certain reinsurance transactions, including amounts ceded through intercompany transactions. For the years ended 2021, 2020, and 2019, the Company incurred approximately $3.3 million, $3.6 million, and $3.8 million, respectively, of federal excise taxes, net of any refunds received. These amounts are included in the caption “Acquisition costs” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Investment Advisory Agreement

DME, DME II, and DME Advisors are each an affiliate of David Einhorn, Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors, and therefore, are related parties to the Company.

The Company has entered into the SILP LPA (as described in Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements). DME II receives a performance allocation equal to (with capitalized terms having the meaning provided under the SILP LPA) (a) 10% of the portion of the Positive Performance Change for each limited partner’s capital account that is less than or equal to the positive balance in such limited partner’s Carryforward Account, plus (b) 20% of the portion of the Positive Performance Change for each limited partner’s capital account that exceeds the positive balance in such limited partner’s Carryforward Account. The Carryforward Account for Greenlight Re and GRIL includes the amount of investment losses to be recouped, including any loss generated on the assets invested in SILP, subject to adjustments for redemptions. The loss carry-forward provision in the SILP LPA allows DME II to earn a reduced performance allocation of 10% of profits in years subsequent to any year in which SILP has incurred a loss until all losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned.

In accordance with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors constructs a levered investment portfolio as agreed by the Company (the “Investment Portfolio” as defined in the SILP LPA). On September 1, 2018, SILP entered into the IAA with DME Advisors, which entitles DME Advisors to a monthly management fee equal to 0.125% (1.5% on an annual basis) of each limited partner’s Investment Portfolio. The IAA has an initial term ending on August 31, 2023, subject to an automatic extension for successive three-year terms.

For a detailed breakdown of management fees and performance compensation for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, refer to Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements.

Pursuant to the SILP LPA and the IAA, the Company has agreed to indemnify DME, DME II, and DME Advisors for any expense, loss, liability, or damage arising out of any claim asserted or threatened in connection with DME Advisors serving as the Company’s or SILP’s investment advisor. The Company will reimburse DME, DME II, and DME Advisors for reasonable costs and expenses of investigating and defending such claims provided such claims were not caused due to gross negligence, breach of contract, or misrepresentation by DME, DME II or DME Advisors. The Company incurred no indemnification amounts during the periods presented.

F-45

Link to Table of Contents

Green Brick Partners, Inc.

David Einhorn also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Green Brick Partners, Inc. (“GRBK”), a publicly-traded company. At December 31, 2021, SILP, along with certain affiliates of DME Advisors, collectively owned 34.3% of the issued and outstanding common shares of GRBK. Under applicable securities laws, DME Advisors may sometimes be limited in its ability to trade GRBK shares held in SILP. At December 31, 2021, SILP held 2.7 million shares of GRBK.

Service Agreement

The Company has entered into a service agreement with DME Advisors, pursuant to which DME Advisors provides certain investor relations services to the Company for compensation of five thousand dollars per month (plus expenses). The agreement automatically renews annually until terminated by either the Company or DME Advisors for any reason with 30 days prior written notice to the other party.

Collateral Assets Investment Management Agreement

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company (and its subsidiaries) entered into a collateral assets investment management agreement (the “CMA”) with DME Advisors, pursuant to which DME Advisors manages certain assets of the Company that are not subject to the SILP LPA and are held by the Company to provide collateral required by the cedents in the form of trust accounts and letters of credit. In accordance with the CMA, DME Advisors receives no fees and is required to comply with the collateral investment guidelines. The CMA can be terminated by any of the parties upon 30 days’ prior written notice to the other parties.

15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Letters of Credit and Trusts

At December 31, 2021, the Company had one letter of credit facility, which automatically renews each year unless terminated by either party in accordance with the applicable required notice period:

Maximum Facility Limit

Termination Date

Notice period required for termination

($ in thousands)

Citibank Europe plc

275,000

August 20, 2022

120 days before the termination date

At December 31, 2021, an aggregate amount of $136.8 million (December 31, 2020: $135.3 million) in letters of credit was issued under the credit facility. At December 31, 2021, the Company had pledged total cash and cash equivalents with a fair value in the aggregate of $137.6 million (December 31, 2020: $137.6 million) as collateral against the letters of credit issued and included in the caption “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The credit facility contains customary events of default and restrictive covenants, including but not limited to, limitations on liens on collateral, transactions with affiliates, mergers and sales of assets, as well as solvency and maintenance of certain minimum pledged equity requirements, and restricts issuance of any debt without the consent of the letter of credit provider. Additionally, if an event of default exists, as defined in the letter of credit facility, Greenlight Re will be prohibited from paying dividends to its parent company. The Company was in compliance with all the credit facility covenants at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The Company has also established regulatory trust arrangements for certain cedents. At December 31, 2021, collateral of $497.1 million (December 31, 2020: $607.8 million) was provided to cedents in the form of regulatory trust accounts and included in the caption “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Lease Obligations

The Company has determined that its lease agreements for office space qualify as operating lease arrangements. At the commencement date, the Company determines the lease term by assuming the exercise of those renewal options deemed to be reasonably certain. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company's sole discretion, and these options do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company’s weighted-average remaining operating lease term is approximately 4.5 years at December 31, 2021.

As the lease contracts generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, the Company used the weighted-average discount rate of 6.0%, representing its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date, to

F-46

Link to Table of Contents

determine the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is based on a borrowing with a term similar to that of the associated lease. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to include renewal, termination, or purchase options that are not reasonably certain of exercise when determining the term of the borrowing.

At December 31, 2021, the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities relating to the operating leases were $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively. The operating and short-term lease expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021, were $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively (2020: $0.2 million and $0.5 million).

At December 31, 2021, the commitment for operating lease liabilities for future annual periods was as follows:


Year ending December 31,	($ in thousands)
2022	$	587
2023	623
2024	639
2025	656
2026	354
Thereafter	—
Total lease payments	2,859
Less Imputed Interest	(400)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	2,459

Litigation

From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, the Company may be involved in formal and informal dispute resolution procedures, which may include arbitration or litigation. The outcomes of these procedures determine the rights and obligations under the Company’s reinsurance contracts and other contractual agreements. In some disputes, the Company may seek to enforce its rights under an agreement or collect funds owed. In other matters, the Company may resist attempts by others to collect funds or enforce alleged rights. While the Company cannot predict the outcome of legal disputes with certainty, the Company does not believe that any existing dispute, when finally resolved, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or operating results.

16. SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company has one operating segment, Property & Casualty Reinsurance.

Substantially all of the Company’s business is sourced through reinsurance brokers. The following table sets forth the premiums generated through our largest brokers and their subsidiaries and affiliates (totals may not sum due to rounding):


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020				2019
	($ in thousands)
Guy Carpenter (Marsh)	$	178,336	31.5	%	$	195,274	40.7	%	$	297,150	56.7	%
Aon Benfield	139,044		24.6		29,032		6.0		41,071		7.8
BMS Group	63,958		11.3		112,659		23.5		85,323		16.3

Total of largest brokers	$	381,338	67.4	%	$	336,965	70.2	%	$	423,544	80.7	%
All other brokers and direct placements	184,055		32.6		142,826		29.8		100,433		19.3
Total	$	565,393	100.0	%	$	479,791	100.0	%	$	523,977	100.0	%

F-47

Link to Table of Contents

The following tables provide a breakdown of the Company’s gross premiums written by line and class of business, and by geographic area of risks insured for the periods indicated:

Gross Premiums Written by Line of Business


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020				2019
	($ in thousands)
Property
Commercial	$	10,853	1.9	%	$	11,190	2.3	%	$	14,165	2.7	%
Motor	29,953		5.3		33,054		6.9		59,402		11.3
Personal	12,141		2.1		14,219		3.0		12,390		2.4
Total Property	52,947		9.4		58,463		12.2		85,957		16.4
Casualty
General Liability	18,037		3.2		4,228		0.9		2,401		0.5
Motor Liability	118,251		20.9		127,379		26.5		233,591		44.6
Professional Liability (1)	316		0.1		204		—		(448)		(0.1)
Workers' Compensation	62,188		11.0		82,189		17.1		50,369		9.6
Multi-line	180,321		31.9		88,237		18.4		76,461		14.6
Total Casualty	379,113		67.1		302,237		63.0		362,374		69.2
Other
Accident & Health	31,612		5.6		56,284		11.7		39,175		7.5
Financial	66,612		11.8		23,231		4.8		23,087		4.4
Marine	10,652		1.9		770		0.2		160		—
Other Specialty	24,457		4.3		38,806		8.1		13,224		2.5
Total Other	133,333		23.6		119,091		24.8		75,646		14.4
	$	565,393	100.0	%	$	479,791	100.0	%	$	523,977	100.0	%

(1) The negative balance represents the reversal of premiums due to premium adjustments, termination of contracts, or premium returned upon novation or commutation of contracts.

Gross Premiums Written by Geographic Area of Risks Insured


	Year ended December 31
	2021				2020				2019
	($ in thousands)
U.S. and Caribbean	$	316,015	55.9	%	$	390,000	81.3	%	$	435,458	83.1	%
Worldwide (1)	240,285		42.5		84,204		17.5		84,728		16.2
Asia	4,609		0.8		5,587		1.2		3,804		0.7
Europe (2)	4,484		0.8		—		—		(13)		—
	$	565,393	100.0	%	$	479,791	100.0	%	$	523,977	100.0	%

(1) “Worldwide” is composed of contracts that reinsure risks in more than one geographic area and may include risks in the U.S.

(2) The negative balances represent the reversal of premiums due to premium adjustments, termination of contracts, or premium returned upon novation or commutation of contracts.

F-48

Link to Table of Contents

SCHEDULE I

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS — OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


Type of Investment	Cost		Fair Value		Balance Sheet Value
	($ in thousands)
Other investments
Private investments and unlisted equities	$	17,411	$	47,049	$	47,049
Derivative financial instruments (not designated as hedging instruments)	—		335		335
Total other investments	17,411		47,384		47,384
Total investments	$	17,411	$	47,384	$	47,384

F-49

Link to Table of Contents

SCHEDULE II

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	($ in thousands)
Assets

Cash and cash equivalents	$	485	$	7
Investment in subsidiaries	576,287		551,790
Notes receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses)	—		10,706

Total assets	$	576,772	$	562,503
Liabilities and equity
Liabilities
Convertible senior notes payable	$	98,057	$	95,794
Other liabilities	150		—
Due to subsidiaries	2,902		1,852
Total liabilities	101,109		97,646
Shareholders’ equity
Share capital	3,384		3,452
Additional paid-in capital	481,784		488,488
Retained earnings (deficit)	(9,505)		(27,083)
Total shareholders’ equity	475,663		464,857
Total liabilities and equity	$	576,772	$	562,503

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Revenue
Net investment income	$	22	$	141	$	522
Total revenues	22		141		522
Expenses
General and administrative expenses	4,263		3,485		6,496
Interest expense	6,263		6,280		6,263
Total expenses	10,526		9,765		12,759
Net income (loss) before equity in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries	(10,504)		(9,624)		(12,237)
Equity in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries	28,082		13,490		8,251
Consolidated net income (loss)	$	17,578	$	3,866	$	(3,986)

F-50

Link to Table of Contents

SCHEDULE II (continued)

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


	Year ended December 31
	2021		2020		2019
	($ in thousands)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	17,578	$	3,866	$	(3,986)
Adjustments to reconcile net income or loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Equity in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries	(28,082)		(13,490)		(8,251)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on investments	—		—		(200)
Share-based compensation expense	2,813		2,124		3,686
Amortization and interest expense, net of change in accruals	2,263		2,280		2,329
Net change in
Due from subsidiaries	—		8,200		(8,200)
Other liabilities	150		(1,611)		1,611
Due to subsidiaries	1,050		(3,346)		(2,421)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(4,228)		(1,977)		(15,432)
Investing activities

Sale of investments	—		1,000		—
Change in note receivable	10,706		(237)		11,496
Contributed surplus to subsidiaries, net	4,000		19,000		3,935
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	14,706		19,763		15,431
Financing activities



Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(10,000)		(17,781)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(10,000)		(17,781)		—
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	478		5		(1)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year	7		2		3
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year	$	485	$	7	$	2
Supplementary information
Non cash consideration from (to) subsidiaries, net	$	(415)	$	(351)	$	(196)

F-51

Link to Table of Contents

SCHEDULE III

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021, 2020, AND 2019

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


Year	Segment	Deferred acquisition costs, net		Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses – gross		Unearned premiums – gross		Net premiums earned		Total investment related income (loss)		Net losses, and loss adjustment expenses		Amortization of deferred acquisition costs		Other operating expenses		Gross premiums written
2021	Property & Casualty	$	63,026	$	524,010	$	227,584	$	539,279	$	50,152	$	374,980	$	144,960	$	29,369	$	565,393
2020	Property & Casualty	$	51,014	$	494,179	$	201,089	$	455,411	$	25,532	$	337,833	$	109,288	$	26,401	$	479,791
2019	Property & Casualty	$	49,665	$	470,588	$	179,460	$	483,580	$	52,267	$	388,487	$	117,084	$	29,822	$	523,977

SCHEDULE IV

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

SUPPLEMENTARY REINSURANCE INFORMATION

AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021, 2020, AND 2019

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)


Year	Segment	Direct gross premiums		Premiums ceded to other companies		Premiums assumed from other companies		Net written premiums		Percentage of amount assumed to net
2021	Property & Casualty	$	—	$	41	$	565,393	$	565,352	100	%
2020	Property & Casualty	$	—	$	2,268	$	479,791	$	477,523	100	%
2019	Property & Casualty	$	—	$	48,667	$	523,977	$	475,310	110	%

F-52