GREIF, INC - Annual Report: 2014 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2014

or

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number: 001-00566

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code 740-549-6000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  x     No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in the definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange).     Yes  ¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold as of the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was as follows:

Non-voting common equity (Class A Common Stock) – $1,333,175,524

Voting common equity (Class B Common Stock) – $326,613,108

The number of shares outstanding of each of the Registrant’s classes of common stock, as of January 9, 2015, was as follows:

Class A Common Stock – 25,609,302

Class B Common Stock – 22,119,966

Listed hereunder are the documents, portions of which are incorporated by reference, and the parts of this Form 10-K into which such portions are incorporated:

1. The Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for use in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on March 2, 2015 (the “2014 Proxy Statement”), portions of which are incorporated by reference into Parts II and III of this Form 10-K. The 2015 Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days of October 31, 2014.

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Greif, Inc. and subsidiaries (this “Form 10-K”) or incorporated herein, including, without limitation, statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, goals and plans and objectives of management for future operations and initiatives, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “project,” “believe,” “continue,” “on track” or “target” or the negative thereof or variations thereon or similar terminology. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K are based on information currently available to our management. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements were made. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in forward-looking statements have a reasonable basis, we can give no assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the statements. For a discussion of the most significant risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K. The risks described in this Form 10-K are not all inclusive, and given these and other possible risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K are expressly qualified in their entirety by reference to such risk factors. Except to the limited extent required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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Index to Form 10-K Annual Report for the Year ended October 31, 2014

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PART I

ITEM  1. BUSINESS

(a) General Development of Business

We are a leading global producer of industrial packaging products and services with manufacturing facilities located in over 50 countries. We offer a comprehensive line of rigid industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, blending, filling, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. We also produce containerboard and corrugated products for niche markets in North America. We are also a leading global producer of flexible intermediate bulk containers. We sell timber to third parties from our timberland in the southeastern United States that we manage to maximize long-term value. We also own timberland in Canada that we do not actively manage. In addition, we sell, from time to time, timberland and special use land, which consists of surplus land, higher and better use (“HBU”) land, and development land. Our customers range from Fortune 500 companies to medium and small-sized companies in a cross section of industries.

We were founded in 1877 in Cleveland, Ohio, as “Vanderwyst and Greif,” a cooperage shop co-founded by one of four Greif brothers. One year after our founding, the other three Greif brothers were invited to join the business, renamed Greif Bros. Company, making wooden barrels, casks and kegs to transport post-Civil War goods nationally and internationally. We later purchased nearly 300,000 acres of timberland to provide raw materials for our cooperage plants. We still own significant timber properties located in the southeastern United States and in Canada. In 1926, we incorporated as a Delaware corporation and made a public offering as The Greif Bros. Cooperage Corporation. In 1951, we moved our headquarters from Cleveland, Ohio to Delaware, Ohio, which is in the Columbus metro-area, where our corporate headquarters are currently located. Since the latter half of the 1900s, we have transitioned from our keg and barrel heading mills, stave mills and cooperage facilities to a global producer of industrial packaging products. Following our acquisition of Van Leer Packaging in 2001, a global steel and plastic drum manufacturer, we changed our name to Greif, Inc.

Our fiscal year begins on November 1 and ends on October 31 of the following year. Any references in this Form 10-K to the years 2014, 2013 or 2012, or to any quarter of those years, relate to the fiscal year ended in that year.

As used in this Form 10-K, the terms “Greif,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

(b) Financial Information about Segments

We operate in five business segments, which are aggregated into four reportable business segments: Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services; Paper Packaging; Flexible Products & Services; and Land Management. Information related to each of these segments is included in Note 18 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

(c) Narrative Description of Business

Products and Services

In the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, we are a leading global producer of rigid industrial packaging products, including steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, transit protection products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, blending, filling, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. We sell our rigid industrial packaging products to customers in industries such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral, among others.

In the Paper Packaging segment, we sell containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers and other corrugated products to customers in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, food and building products. Our corrugated container products are used to ship such diverse products as home appliances, small machinery, grocery products, automotive components, books and furniture, as well as numerous other applications.

In the Flexible Products & Services segment, we are a leading global producer of flexible intermediate bulk containers and related services. Our flexible intermediate bulk containers consist of a polypropylene-based woven fabric that is produced at our production sites, as well as sourced from strategic regional suppliers. Our flexible products are sold globally and service customers and market segments similar to those of our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. Additionally, our flexible products significantly expand our presence in the agricultural and food industries, among others.

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In the Land Management segment, we are focused on the active harvesting and regeneration of our United States timber properties to achieve sustainable long-term yields. While timber sales are subject to fluctuations, we seek to maintain a consistent cutting schedule, within the limits of market and weather conditions. We also sell, from time to time, timberland and special use land, which consists of surplus land, HBU land and development land. As of October 31, 2014, we owned approximately 250,200 acres of timber property in the southeastern United States and approximately 5,300 acres of timber property in Canada.

Customers

Due to the variety of our products, we have many customers buying different types of our products and due to the scope of our sales, no one customer is considered principal in our total operations.

Backlog

We supply a cross-section of industries, such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral products, and must make spot deliveries on a day-to-day basis as our products are required by our customers. We do not operate on a backlog to any significant extent and maintain only limited levels of finished goods. Many customers place their orders weekly for delivery during the week.

Competition

The markets in which we sell our products are highly competitive with many participants. Although no single company dominates, we face significant competitors in each of our businesses. Our competitors include large vertically integrated companies as well as numerous smaller companies. The industries in which we compete are particularly sensitive to price fluctuations caused by shifts in industry capacity and other cyclical industry conditions. Other competitive factors include design, quality and service, with varying emphasis depending on product line.

In both the rigid industrial packaging industry and the flexible products industry, we compete by offering a comprehensive line of products on a global basis. In the paper packaging industry, we compete by concentrating on providing value-added, higher-margin corrugated products to niche markets. In addition, over the past several years we have closed higher cost facilities and otherwise restructured our operations, which we believe have significantly improved our cost competitiveness.

Compliance with Governmental Regulations Concerning Environmental Matters

Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local and international laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to pollution, the protection of the environment, the generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials and numerous other environmental laws and regulations. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to periodic environmental inspections and monitoring by governmental enforcement authorities. In addition, certain of our production facilities require environmental permits that are subject to revocation, modification and renewal.

Based on current information, we believe that the probable costs of the remediation of company-owned property will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. We believe that we have adequately reserved for our liability for these matters as of October 31, 2014.

We do not believe that compliance with federal, state, local and international provisions, which have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, has had or will have a material adverse effect upon our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We do not anticipate any material capital expenditures related to environmental control in 2015.

Refer also to Item 7 of this Form 10-K and Note 14 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information concerning environmental expenses and cash expenditures for 2014, 2013 and 2012, and our reserves for environmental liabilities as of October 31, 2014.

Raw Materials

Steel, resin and containerboard, as well as used industrial packaging for reconditioning, are the principal raw materials for the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, resin is the primary raw material for the Flexible Products & Services segment, and pulpwood, old corrugated containers for recycling and containerboard are the principal raw materials for the Paper Packaging segment. We satisfy most of our needs for these raw materials through purchases on the open market or under short-term and long-term supply agreements. All of these raw materials are purchased in highly competitive, price-sensitive markets, which have historically exhibited price, demand and supply cyclicality. From time to time, some of these raw materials have been in short supply at certain of our manufacturing facilities. In those situations, we ship the raw materials in short supply from one or more of our other facilities with sufficient supply to the facility or facilities experiencing the shortage. To date, raw material shortages have not had a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

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Research and Development

While research and development projects are important to our continued growth, the amount expended in any year is not material in relation to our results of operations.

Other

Our businesses are not materially dependent upon patents, trademarks, licenses or franchises.

No material portion of our businesses is subject to renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts or subcontracts at the election of a governmental agency or authority.

The businesses of our segments are not seasonal to any material extent.

Employees

As of October 31, 2014, we had approximately 13,325 full time employees. A significant number of our full time employees are covered under collective bargaining agreements. We believe that our employee relations are generally good.

(d) Financial Information about Geographic Areas

Our operations are located in North and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and the Asia Pacific regions. Information related to our geographic areas of operation is included in Note 18 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Refer to Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, included in Item 7A of this Form 10-K.

(e) Available Information

We maintain a website at www.greif.com. We file reports with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and make available, free of charge, on or through our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC.

Any of the materials we file with the SEC may also be read and/or copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the SEC’s Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

(f) Other Matters

Our common equity securities are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbols GEF and GEF.B. David B. Fischer, our President and Chief Executive Officer, has timely certified to the NYSE that, at the date of the certification, he was unaware of any violation by our Company of the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards. In addition, Mr. Fischer and Lawrence A. Hilsheimer, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, have provided certain certifications in this Form 10-K regarding the quality of our public disclosures. Refer to Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Statements contained in this Form 10-K may be “forward-looking” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our operating results to differ materially from those projected. The following factors, among others, in some cases have affected, and in the future could affect, our actual financial or operational performance, or both.

Historically, Our Business has been Sensitive to Changes in General Economic or Business Conditions.

Our customers generally consist of other manufacturers and suppliers who purchase industrial packaging products and containerboard and related corrugated products for their own containment and shipping purposes. Because we supply a cross section of industries, such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral products, and have operations in many countries, demand for our products and services has historically corresponded to changes in general economic and business conditions of the industries and countries in which we operate. Accordingly, our financial performance is substantially dependent upon the general economic and business conditions existing in these industries and countries, and any prolonged or substantial economic downturn in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Our Operations Subject Us to Currency Exchange and Political Risks that Could Adversely Affect Our Results of Operations.

We have operations in over 50 countries. Management of global operations is extremely complex, and operations outside the United States are subject to additional risks that may not exist, or be as significant, in the United States. As a result of our global operations, we are subject to certain risks that could disrupt our operations or force us to incur unanticipated costs.

The company also has indebtedness, agreements to purchase raw materials and agreements to sell finished products that are denominated in Euros, Turkish Lira, Russian Rubles and other currencies. Our operating performance is affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates by:

We are subject to various other risks associated with operating in countries outside the U.S., such as the following:

The Current and Future Challenging Global Economy and Disruption and Volatility of the Financial and Credit Markets may Adversely Affect Our Business.

Global economic conditions, including the modest economic recovery or any future economic downturns, either in the United States, Europe or in other regions in which we do business could negatively affect our business and results of operations. The volatility of the current economic climate, especially in relation to ongoing uncertainties related to geopolitical events around the world, makes it difficult for us to predict the complete impact of the forgoing matters on our business and results of operations. Due to these current and future economic conditions, our customers may face financial difficulties, the unavailability of or reduction in commercial credit, or both, that may result in decreased sales by and revenues to our company. Certain of our customers may cease operations or seek bankruptcy protection, which would reduce our cash flows and adversely impact our results of operations. Our customers that are financially viable and not experiencing economic distress may nevertheless elect to reduce the volume of orders for our products or close facilities in an effort to remain financially stable or as a result of the unavailability of commercial credit which would negatively affect our results of operations. We may also have difficulty accessing the global credit markets due to the downgrade of the U.S. credit rating and the resulting tightening of commercial credit availability and the financial difficulties of our customers, which would result in decreased ability to fund capital-intensive strategic projects. Further, we may experience challenges in forecasting revenues and operating results due to these global economic conditions. The difficulty in forecasting revenues and operating results may result in volatility in the market price of our common stock.

In addition, the lenders under our senior secured credit agreement and other borrowing facilities described in Item 7 of this Form 10-K under “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Borrowing Arrangements “ and the counterparties with whom we maintain interest rate swap agreements, currency forward contracts and derivatives and other hedge agreements may be unable to perform their lending or payment obligations in whole or in part, or may cease operations or seek bankruptcy protection, which would negatively affect our cash flows and our results of operations.

The Continuing Consolidation of Our Customer Base and Suppliers may Intensify Pricing Pressure.

Over the last few years, many of our large industrial packaging, containerboard and corrugated products customers have acquired, or been acquired by, companies with similar or complementary product lines. In addition, many of our suppliers of raw materials such as steel, resin and paper, have undergone a similar process of consolidation. This consolidation has increased the concentration of our largest customers, resulting in increased pricing pressures from our customers. The consolidation of our largest suppliers has resulted in limited sources of supply and increased cost pressures from our suppliers. Any future consolidation of our customer base or our suppliers could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, if one or more of our major customers reduces, delays or cancels substantial orders, if one or more of our major suppliers is unable to timely produce and deliver our orders our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected, particularly for the period in which the reduction, delay or cancellation occurs and also possibly for subsequent periods.

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We Operate in Highly Competitive Industries.

Each of our business segments operates in highly competitive industries. The most important competitive factors we face are price, quality and service. To the extent that one or more of our competitors become more successful with respect to any of these key competitive factors, we could lose customers and our sales could decline. In addition, due to the tendency of certain customers to diversify their suppliers, we could be unable to increase or maintain sales volumes with particular customers. Certain of our competitors are substantially larger and have significantly greater financial resources.

Our Business is Sensitive to Changes in Industry Demands.

Industry demand for containerboard in the United States and certain of our industrial packaging products in our United States, European and other international markets has varied in recent years causing competitive pricing pressures for those products. We compete in industries that are capital intensive, which generally leads to continued production as long as prices are sufficient to cover marginal costs. As a result, changes in industry demands, including any resulting industry over-capacity, may cause substantial price competition and, in turn, negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Raw Material and Energy Price Fluctuations and Shortages may Adversely Impact Our Manufacturing Operations and Costs.

The principal raw materials used in the manufacture of our products are steel, resin, pulpwood, old corrugated containers for recycling, used industrial packaging for reconditioning, and containerboard, which we purchase or otherwise acquire in highly competitive, price sensitive markets. These raw materials have historically exhibited price and demand cyclicality. Some of these materials have been, and in the future may be, in short supply. For example, the availability of these raw materials and/or our ability to purchase and transport these raw materials may be unexpectedly disrupted by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters or a substantial economic downturn in the industries that provide any of those products. However, we have not recently experienced any significant difficulty in obtaining our principal raw materials. We have long-term supply contracts in place for obtaining a portion of our principal raw materials. The cost of producing our products is also sensitive to the price of energy (including its impact on transport costs). We have, from time to time, entered into short-term contracts to hedge certain of our energy costs. Energy prices, in particular oil and natural gas, have fluctuated in recent years, with a corresponding effect on our production costs. Potential legislation, regulatory action and international treaties related to climate change, especially those related to the regulation of greenhouse gases, may result in significant increases in raw material and energy costs. There can be no assurance that we will be able to recoup any past or future increases in the cost of energy and raw materials.

We may Encounter Difficulties Arising from Acquisitions.

We have in recent years invested a substantial amount of capital in acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments and we expect that we will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. We are continually evaluating acquisitions and strategic investments that are significant to our business both in the United States and internationally. Acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments involve numerous risks, including the failure to identify suitable acquisition candidates, complete acquisitions on acceptable terms and conditions, retain key customers, employees and contracts, the inability to integrate businesses without material disruption, unanticipated costs incurred in connection with integrating businesses, the incurrence of liabilities greater than anticipated or operating results that are less than anticipated, the inability to realize the projected value, and the inability to realize projected synergies. In addition, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments and associated integration activities require time and attention of management and other key personnel, and other companies in our industries have similar acquisition and investment strategies. There can be no assurance that any acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments will be successfully integrated into our operations, that competition for acquisitions will not intensify or that we will be able to complete such acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments on acceptable terms and conditions. The costs of unsuccessful acquisition, joint venture and strategic investment efforts may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

We may Incur Additional Restructuring Costs and there is no Guarantee that Our Efforts to Reduce Costs will be Successful.

We have restructured portions of our operations from time to time in recent years, particularly following acquisitions of businesses and periods of economic downturn due to recent and current global economic conditions, we have begun the implementation of a strategy to improve our business portfolio, address underperforming assets and generate additional cash. This strategy will include SG&A reductions throughout the company and will likely result in the rationalization of manufacturing facilities.

The rationalization of our manufacturing facilities may result in temporary constraints upon our ability to produce the quantity of products necessary to fill orders and thereby complete sales in a timely manner. In addition, system upgrades at our manufacturing facilities that impact ordering, production scheduling and other related manufacturing processes are complex, and could impact or delay production targets. A prolonged delay in our ability to fill orders on a timely basis could affect customer demand for our products and increase the size of our product inventories, causing future reductions in our manufacturing schedules and adversely affecting our results of operations. Moreover, our continuous development and production of new products will often involve the retooling of existing manufacturing facilities. This retooling may limit our production capacity at certain times in the future, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the expansion and reconfiguration of existing manufacturing facilities could increase the risk of production delays, as well as require significant investments of capital.

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While we expect these initiatives to result in significant profit opportunities and savings throughout our organization, our estimated profits and savings are based on several assumptions that may prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, there can be no assurance that we will realize these profits and cost savings or that, if realized, these profits and cost savings will be sustained. Failure to achieve or delays in achieving projected levels of efficiencies and cost savings from such measures, or unanticipated inefficiencies resulting from manufacturing and administrative reorganization actions in progress or contemplated, could adversely affect the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.

Tax Legislation Initiatives or Challenges to Our Tax Positions May Adversely Impact Our Results or Condition.

We are a large multinational corporation with operations in the United States and international jurisdictions. As such, we are subject to the tax laws and regulations of the U.S. federal, state and local governments and of many international jurisdictions. Due to widely varying tax rates in the taxing jurisdictions applicable to our business, a change in income generation to higher taxing jurisdictions or away from lower taxing jurisdictions may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, various legislative initiatives may be proposed that could adversely affect our tax positions. There can be no assurance that our effective tax rate or tax payments will not be adversely affected by these initiatives. In addition, U.S. federal, state and local, as well as international, tax laws and regulations, are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. There can be no assurance that our tax positions will not be challenged by relevant tax authorities or that we would be successful in any such challenge.

Full realization of our deferred tax assets may be affected by a number of factors.

We have deferred tax assets, including U.S. and foreign operating loss carryforwards, capital loss carryforwards, employee and retiree benefit items, and other accruals not yet deductible for tax purposes. We have established valuation allowances to reduce those deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Our ability to use these deferred tax assets depends in part upon our having future taxable income during the periods in which these temporary differences reverse or our ability to carry back any losses created by the deduction of these temporary differences. We expect to realize these assets over an extended period. However, if we were unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, or if there were a significant change in the time period within which the underlying temporary differences became taxable or deductible, we could be required to increase our valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets, which would increase our effective tax rate which could have a material adverse effect on our reported results of operations.

Several Operations are Conducted by Joint Ventures that we cannot Operate Solely for Our Benefit.

Several operations, particularly in developing countries, are conducted through joint ventures, such as a significant joint venture in our Flexible Products & Services segment. In countries that require us to conduct business through a joint venture with a local joint venture partner, the loss of a joint venture partner or a joint venture partner’s loss of its ability to conduct business in such country may impact our ability to conduct business in that country.

In joint ventures, we share ownership and, in some instances, management of a company with one or more parties who may or may not have the same goals, strategies, priorities or resources as we do. In general, joint ventures are intended to be operated for the benefit of all co-owners, rather than for our exclusive benefit. Operating a business as a joint venture often requires additional organizational formalities as well as time-consuming procedures for sharing information, accounting and making decisions. In certain cases, our joint venture partners must agree in order for the applicable joint venture to take certain actions, including acquisitions, the sale of assets, budget approvals, borrowing money and granting liens on joint venture property. Our inability to take unilateral action that we believe is in our best interests may have an adverse effect on the financial performance of the joint venture and the return on our investment. In joint ventures, we believe our relationship with our co-owners is an important factor to the success of the joint venture, and if a co-owner changes, our relationship may be adversely affected. In addition, the benefits from a successful joint venture are shared among the co-owners, so that we do not receive all the benefits from our successful joint ventures. Finally, we may be required on a legal or practical basis or both, to accept liability for obligations of a joint venture beyond our economic interest, including in cases where our co-owner becomes bankrupt or is otherwise unable to meet its commitments. For additional information with respect to the joint venture relating to our Flexible Products & Services segment, refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Variable Interest Entities.

Our Ability to Attract, Develop and Retain Talented and Qualified Employees, Managers and Executives is Critical to Our Success.

Our ability to attract, develop and retain talented and qualified employees, including executives and other key managers, is important to our business. This is becoming more difficult in the current highly competitive hiring and retention environment. The retirement of or unforeseen loss of key officers and employees without appropriate succession planning or the ability to develop or hire replacements could hinder our strategic planning and execution and make it difficult to manage our business and meet our objectives resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Our Business may be Adversely Impacted by Work Stoppages and Other Labor Relations Matters.

We are subject to risk of work stoppages and other labor relations matters because a significant number of our employees are represented by unions. We have experienced work stoppages and strikes in the past, and there may be work stoppages and strikes in the future. Any prolonged work stoppage or strike at any one of our principal manufacturing facilities could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, upon the expiration of existing collective bargaining agreements, we may not reach new agreements without union action and any such new agreements may not be on terms satisfactory to us.

We may be Subject to Losses that Might not be Covered in Whole or in Part by Existing Insurance Reserves or Insurance Coverage.

We are self-insured for certain of the claims made under our employee medical and dental insurance programs and for certain of our workers’ compensation claims. We establish reserves for estimated costs related to pending claims, administrative fees and claims incurred but not reported. Because establishing reserves is an inherently uncertain process involving estimates, currently established reserves may not be adequate to cover the actual liability for claims made under our employee medical and dental insurance programs and for certain of our workers’ compensation claims. If we conclude that our estimates are incorrect and our reserves are inadequate for these claims, we will need to increase our reserves, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We carry comprehensive liability, fire and extended coverage insurance on most of our facilities, with policy specifications and insured limits customarily carried for similar properties. However, there are certain types of losses, such as losses resulting from wars, acts of terrorism, wind storm, flood, earthquake or other natural disasters, that may be uninsurable or subject to restrictive policy conditions. In these instances, should a loss occur in excess of insured limits, we could lose capital invested in that property, as well as the anticipated future revenues derived from the manufacturing activities conducted at that property, while remaining obligated for any mortgage indebtedness or other financial obligations related to the property. Any such loss would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We purchase insurance policies covering general liability and product liability with substantial policy limits. However, there can be no assurance that any liability claim would be adequately covered by our applicable insurance policies or it would not be excluded from coverage based on the terms and conditions of the policy. This could also apply to any applicable contractual indemnity.

We also purchase environmental liability policies where legally required and may elect to purchase coverage in other circumstances in order to transfer all or a portion of environmental liability risk through insurance. However, there can be no assurance that any environmental liability claim would be adequately covered by our applicable insurance policies or that it would not be excluded from coverage based on the terms and conditions of the policy.

Our Business Depends on the Uninterrupted Operations of Our Facilities, Systems and Business Functions, including Our Information Technology (IT) and Other Business Systems.

Our business is dependent upon our ability to execute, in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion, necessary business functions, such as accessing key business data, financial information, order processing, invoicing and the operation of IT dependent manufacturing equipment. In addition, a significant portion of the communication between our employees, customers and suppliers around the world depends on our IT systems. A shut-down of or inability to access one or more of our facilities, a power outage, a pandemic, or a failure of one or more of our IT, telecommunications or other systems could significantly impair our ability to perform such functions on a timely basis.

Our IT systems exist on platforms in more than 50 countries, many of which have been acquired in connection with business acquisitions, resulting in a complex technical infrastructure. Such complexity creates difficulties and inefficiencies in monitoring business results and consolidating financial data and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In order to reduce this complexity, we are in the process of implementing a standard IT platform project to transition from many of the former systems to a single system. Given its scope, this project will take several years to complete and will require significant human and financial resources. There can be no assurance that this project will be successful, and even if successful, there can be no assurance that other difficulties and inefficiencies will not exist in our systems.

We have established a business continuity plan in an effort to ensure the continuation of core business operations in the event that normal operations could not be performed due to a catastrophic event. While we continue to test and assess our business continuity plan to ensure it meets the needs of our core business operations and addresses multiple business interruption events, there is no assurance that core business operations could be performed upon the occurrence of such an event.

A Security Breach of Customer, Employee, Supplier or Company Information may have a Material Adverse Effect on our Business, Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

In the conduct of our business we collect, use, transmit, store and report data on information systems and interact with customers, vendors and employees. Increased global IT security threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. Despite our security measures, our IT systems and infrastructure may be vulnerable to computer viruses, cyber-attacks, security breaches caused by employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such threat could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. A security breach of our computer systems could interrupt or damage our operations or harm our reputation. In addition, we could be subject to legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information and regulatory penalties if confidential information relating to customers, suppliers, employees or other parties is misappropriated from our computer system.

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Similar security threats exist with respect to the IT systems of our lenders, suppliers, consultants, advisors and other third parties with whom we conduct business. A security breach of those computer systems could result in the loss, theft or disclosure of confidential information and could also interrupt or damage our operations, harm our reputation and subject us to legal claims.

Legislation/Regulation Related to Environmental and Health and Safety Matters and Corporate Social Responsibility Could Negatively Impact our Operations and Financial Performance.

We must comply with extensive laws, rules and regulations in the United States and in each of the countries where we conduct business regarding environmental matters, such as air, soil and water quality and waste disposal. We must also comply with extensive laws, rules and regulations regarding safety, health and corporate responsibility matters. There can be no assurance that compliance with existing and new laws, rules and regulations will not require significant expenditures.

For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which was adopted in 2010 and is being phased in over several years, could significantly increase the cost of the health care benefits provided to our U.S. employees. In addition, the failure to comply materially with such existing and new laws, rules and regulations could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are also subject to transportation safety regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and agencies in other jurisdictions. Both the DOT regulations and standards issued by the United Nations and adopted by various jurisdictions outside the United States set forth requirements related to the transportation of both hazardous and nonhazardous materials in some of our packaging products and subject our company to random inspections and testing to ensure compliance. Failure to comply could result in fines to our company and could affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to laws, rules and regulations relating to some of the raw materials, such as resins and epoxy-based coatings, used in our rigid container business. These materials may contain Bisphenol-A (BPA), a chemical monomer that can be toxic in sufficient quantities, and is used in several food contact applications. Regulatory agencies in several jurisdictions worldwide have found these materials to be safe for food contact at current levels, but a significant change in regulatory rulings concerning BPA could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our customers in the food industry are subject to increasing laws, rules and regulations relating to food safety. As a result, customers may demand that changes be made to our products or facilities, as well as other aspects of our production processes, that may require the investment of capital. The failure to comply with these requests could adversely affect our relationships with some customers and result in negative effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In 2012, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), as directed by Section 1502 of The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, enacted new annual disclosure and reporting requirements for companies regarding the use of “conflict minerals” from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjoining countries. These requirements could affect the sourcing, availability and cost of minerals used in the manufacture of certain of our products. We have incurred and will continue to incur costs associated with complying with the supply chain due diligence procedures required by the SEC. In addition, because our supply chain is complex, we may face reputation challenges with our customers and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins of all minerals used in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement.

Although there may be adverse financial impact (including compliance costs, potential permitting delays and increased cost of energy, raw materials and transportation) associated with any legislation, regulation or other action, the extent and magnitude of that impact cannot be reliably or accurately estimated due to the fact that some requirements have only recently been adopted and the present uncertainty regarding other additional measures and how they will be implemented.

Product Liability Claims and Other Legal Proceedings Could Adversely Affect our Operations and Financial Performance.

We produce products and provide services related to other parties’ products. While we have built extensive operational processes to ensure that the design and manufacture of our products meet rigorous quality standards, there can be no assurance that we or our customers will not experience operational process failures that could result in potential product, safety, regulatory or environmental claims and associated litigation. We are also subject to a variety of legal proceedings and legal compliance risks in our areas of operation around the globe. Any such claims, whether with or without merit, could be time consuming and expensive to defend and could divert management’s attention and resources. In accordance with customary practice, we maintain insurance against some, but not all, of these potential claims. In the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance at commercially acceptable premium levels at all. In addition, the levels of insurance we maintain may not be adequate to fully cover any and all losses or liabilities. If any significant judgment or claim is not fully insured or indemnified against, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and the industries in which we operate are at times being reviewed or investigated by regulators and other governmental authorities, which could lead to enforcement actions, fines and penalties or the assertion of private litigation claims and damages. Simply responding to actual or threatened litigation or government investigations of our compliance with regulatory standards may require significant expenditures of time and other resources. While we believe that we have adopted appropriate risk management and compliance programs, the global and diverse nature of our operations means that legal and compliance risks will continue to exist and legal proceedings and other contingencies, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty, will arise from time to time that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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We may Incur Fines or Penalties, Damage to Our Reputation or Other Adverse Consequences if Our Employees, Agents or Business Partners Violate, or are Alleged to Have Violated, Anti-bribery, Competition or Other Laws.

We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls will always protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, agents or business partners that would violate U.S. and/or non-U.S. laws, including anti-bribery, competition, trade sanctions and regulation, and other laws. Any such improper actions could subject us to civil or criminal investigations in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, could lead to substantial civil or criminal monetary and non-monetary penalties against us or our subsidiaries, and could damage our reputation. Even the allegation or appearance of our employees, agents or business partners acting improperly or illegally could damage our reputation and result in significant expenditures in investigating and responding to such actions.

Changing Climate, Climate Change Regulations and Greenhouse Gas Effects may Adversely Affect Our Operations and Financial Performance.

There is growing concern from members of the scientific community and the general public that emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other human activities have or will cause significant changes in weather patterns and increase the frequency or severity of weather events, wildfires and flooding. Climate change creates physical and financial risk. Physical risks from climate change include an increase in sea level and changes in weather conditions, such as an increase in precipitation, droughts and extreme weather events. These types of events may adversely impact the Company, our suppliers, our customers and their ability to purchase our products and our ability to manufacture and transport our products on a timely basis and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We believe it is likely that the scientific and political attention to issues concerning the extent and causes of climate change will continue, with the potential for further legislation and regulations that could affect our results of operations and financial condition. Concerned parties, such as legislators and regulators, shareholders and non-governmental organizations, as well as companies in many business sectors, are considering ways to reduce GHG emissions. Foreign, federal, state and local regulatory and legislative bodies have proposed various legislative and regulatory measures relating to climate change, regulating GHG emissions and energy policies. If such legislation or regulations are enacted, we could incur increased energy, environmental and other costs and capital expenditures to comply with the limitations. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines to our company and could affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We could face increased costs related to defending and resolving legal claims and other litigation related to climate change and the alleged impact of our operations on climate change.

The Frequency and Volume of Our Timber and Timberland Sales will Impact Our Financial Performance.

We have a significant inventory of standing timber and timberland and approximately 31,550 acres of special use properties in the United States and Canada as of October 31, 2014. The frequency, demand for and volume of sales of timber, timberland and special use properties will have an effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, volatility in the real estate market for special use properties could negatively affect our results of operations.

Changes in U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP) and SEC Rules and Regulations could Materially Impact Our Reported Results.

U.S. GAAP and SEC accounting and reporting changes have become more frequent and significant in the past several years. These changes could have significant effects on our reported results when compared to prior periods and other companies and may even require us to retrospectively adjust prior periods from time to time. Additionally, material changes to the presentation of transactions in the consolidated financial statements could impact key ratios that analysts and credit rating agencies use to rate our company, increase our cost of borrowing and ultimately our ability to access the credit markets in an efficient manner.

If the Company Fails to Maintain an Effective System of Internal Control, the Company may not be able to Accurately Report Financial Results or Prevent Fraud.

Effective internal controls are necessary to provide reliable financial reports and to assist in the effective prevention of fraud. We must annually evaluate our internal control procedures to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires management and auditors to assess the effectiveness of internal controls. As further described in Item 9A of this Form 10-K, management has concluded that, because of material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting related to accounting for non-routine or complex transactions, accounting for deferred income taxes and information technology controls, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of October 31, 2014. If we fail to correct these material weaknesses in our internal controls, or having corrected such material weaknesses, thereafter failing to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we could be subjected to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or shareholder litigation. In addition, continued or future failure to maintain adequate internal controls could result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our financial condition.

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The Company has a Significant Amount of Goodwill, and if Impaired in the Future, would adversely impact our results of operations.

Impairment of the Company’s goodwill would reduce the Company’s net income in the period of any such write down. At October 31, 2014, the carrying value of the Company’s goodwill was $880.2 million. The Company is required to evaluate goodwill reflected on its balance sheet at least annually, or when circumstances indicate a potential impairment. If it determines that the goodwill is impaired, the Company would be required to write off a portion or all of the goodwill. As further described in Item 7 and Note 6 of Item 8 of this Form 10-K, in 2014, the Company has recorded the impairment of all of the goodwill associated with the Flexible Products & Services segment.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The following are our principal operating locations and the products manufactured at such facilities or the use of such facilities. We consider our operating properties to be in satisfactory condition and adequate to meet our present needs. However, we expect to make further additions, improvements and consolidations of our properties to support our business.

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We also own a substantial amount of timber properties. Our timber properties consisted of approximately 250,200 acres in the southeastern United States and approximately 5,300 acres in Canada as of October 31, 2014.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not a party to any pending legal proceedings that are material to our business or financial condition.

From time to time, we have been a party to legal proceedings arising at the country, state or local level involving environmental sites to which we have shipped, directly or indirectly, small amounts of toxic waste, such as paint solvents. Except as described in the following paragraph, to date, we have been classified only as a “de minimis” participant, and such proceedings have not involved monetary sanctions in excess of $100,000.

On September 17, 2014, the State of Illinois (the “State”) filed a lawsuit against our subsidiary Olympic Oil Ltd. (“Olympic”) regarding alleged releases of petroleum products from Olympic’s facility in Stickney, Illinois. The lawsuit seeks civil penalties for alleged violations of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act, reimbursement of costs under the Illinois Oil Spill Responders Liability Act, and injunctive relief. Pursuant to negotiations between the State and Olympic, a preliminary injunction order was issued, and Olympic has submitted reports and work plans to the State as required by such order and is awaiting comments from Illinois Environmental Protection Agency on the site investigation work plan. Civil penalties of approximately $100,000 could be assessed against Olympic in this lawsuit, and the Company intends to vigorously defend this matter.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Shares of our Class A and Class B Common Stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols GEF and GEF.B, respectively.

Financial information regarding our two classes of common stock, as well as the number of holders of each class and the high, low and closing sales prices for each class for each quarterly period for the two most recent years, is included in Note 20 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

We pay quarterly dividends of varying amounts computed on the basis described in Note 15 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The annual dividends paid for the last two years are as follows:

2014 Dividends per Share – Class A $1.68; Class B $2.51

2013 Dividends per Share – Class A $1.68; Class B $2.51

The terms of our current credit agreement limit our ability to make “restricted payments,” which include dividends and purchases, redemptions and acquisitions of our equity interests. The payment of dividends and other restricted payments are subject to the condition that certain defaults not exist under the terms of our current credit agreement and, in the event that certain defaults exist, are limited in amount by a formula based, in part, on our consolidated net income. Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Borrowing Arrangements” in Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

We did not purchase any of our shares of Class A and Class B Common Stock during 2014.

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Performance Graph

The following graph compares the performance of shares of our Class A and B Common Stock to that of the Standard and Poor’s 500 Index and our industry group (Peer Index) assuming $100 invested on October 31, 2009 and reinvestment of dividends for each subsequent year. The graph does not purport to represent our value.

The Peer Index comprises the containers and packaging index as shown by Dow Jones.

Equity compensation plan information required by Items 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be found under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the 2015 Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

In the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company’s financial reporting and income tax review processes identified financial statement errors in several prior periods within its Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, its Paper Packaging segment and its Flexible Products & Services segment. The errors related to improperly stated deferred tax assets and liabilities, uncertain tax positions, income tax expense, accounting for paper trading activities at cost, Venezuela hyperinflation accounting, inventory, fixed assets and other asset and liability balances. Consequently, the Company has restated certain prior period amounts. The impact of these prior period errors were not material to the Company in any of those years. However, the aggregate amount of prior period errors, net of tax, of $24.5 million would have been material to the Company’s current year consolidated statement of income. Therefore, the Company has corrected these errors for all prior periods presented, including each of the quarters ended in 2014 and 2013, by restating the consolidated financial statements and other financial information included herein. Refer to Note 21 of Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information. The five-year selected financial data is as follows (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts):

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The terms “Greif,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” as used in this discussion refer to Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Our fiscal year begins on November 1 and ends on October 31 of the following year. Any references in this Form 10-K to the years 2014, 2013 or 2012 or to any quarter of those years, relates to the fiscal year or quarter, as the case may be, ending in that year.

The discussion and analysis presented below relates to the material changes in financial condition and results of operations for our consolidated balance sheets as of October 31, 2014 and 2013, and for the consolidated statements of income for the years ended 2014, 2013 and 2012. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements that appear elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This information will assist in your understanding of the discussion of our current period financial results.

As noted in Item 6 to this Form 10-K, we have corrected certain prior period errors by restating the relevant prior periods during the fourth quarter 2014. Prior period balances included in this Item are presented as restated.

Business Segments

We operate in four reportable business segments: Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services; Paper Packaging; Flexible Products & Services; and Land Management.

We are a leading global producer of rigid industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, transit protection products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, blending, filling, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. We sell our industrial packaging products and services to customers in industries such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral, among others.

We produce and sell containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers, and other corrugated products to customers in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, food and building products. Our corrugated container products are used to ship such diverse products as home appliances, small machinery, grocery products, building products, automotive components, books and furniture, as well as numerous other applications.

We are a leading global producer of flexible intermediate bulk containers and related services. Our flexible intermediate bulk containers consist of a polypropylene-based woven fabric that is produced at our production sites, as well as sourced from strategic regional suppliers. Our flexible products are sold globally and service similar customers and market segments as our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. Additionally, our flexible products significantly expand our presence in the agricultural and food industries, among others.

As of October 31, 2014, we owned approximately 250,200 acres of timber properties in the southeastern United States, which are actively managed, and approximately 5,300 acres of timber properties in Canada, which are not actively managed. Our Land Management team is focused on the active harvesting and regeneration of our United States timber properties to achieve sustainable long-term yields. While timber sales are subject to fluctuations, we seek to maintain a consistent cutting schedule, within the limits of market and weather conditions. We also sell, from time to time, timberland and special use properties, which consist of surplus properties, higher and better use (“HBU”) properties, and development properties.

Greif Business System

We use the “Greif Business System,” a quantitative, systematic and disciplined process to improve productivity, increase profitability, reduce costs and drive shareholder value. The Greif Business System is directed by the Greif Way, which embodies the principles that are at the core of our culture: respect for one another, “treating others as we want to be treated” and respect for our environment. The operating engine for the Greif Business System is a combination of lean manufacturing; network alignment and continuous improvement within our facilities; customer service; value selling and other commercial initiatives; maximizing cash flow; and strategic sourcing and supply chain initiatives to more effectively leverage our global spend. More recently, we have also focused on applying “lean” principles to back-office activities to streamline and improve transactional processes across our network of business and shared services. At the core supporting the Greif Business System is our people, using rigorous performance management and robust strategic planning skills to guide our continued growth.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements, in accordance with these principles, require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements.

Historically, revenues and earnings may or may not be representative of future operating results due to various economic and other factors.

The non-GAAP financial measure of EBITDA is used throughout the following discussion of our results of operations. EBITDA is defined as net income, plus interest expense, net, plus income tax expense, less equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax, plus depreciation, depletion and amortization. Since we do not calculate net income by segment, EBITDA by segment is reconciled to operating profit by segment. We use EBITDA as one of the financial measures to evaluate our historical and ongoing operations. We use this non-GAAP financial measure to evaluate ongoing operations and believe that this non-GAAP financial measure is useful to enable investors to perform meaningful comparisons of our current and historical performance. We also believe that this non-GAAP financial measure provides a more stable platform on which to compare our historical performance than the most nearly equivalent GAAP financial measure.

The following table sets forth the net sales, operating profit and EBITDA for each of our business segments for 2014, 2013 and 2012 (Dollars in millions):

The following table sets forth EBITDA for our consolidated results for 2014, 2013 and 2012 (Dollars in millions):

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The following table sets forth EBITDA for each of our business segments for 2014, 2013 and 2012 (Dollars in millions):

Year 2014 Compared to Year 2013

Net Sales

Net sales were $4,239.1 million for 2014 compared with $4,219.9 million for 2013. The $19.2 million increase in 2014 compared with 2013 was attributable to Paper Packaging ($30.8 million increase), Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services ($14.9 million increase), Land Management ($3.6 million decrease), and Flexible Products & Services ($22.9 million decrease).

The 0.5 percent increase in net sales for 2014 compared with 2013 was primarily due to an increase in sales prices of 2.5 percent, partially offset by a decrease in sales volumes of 0.8 percent and a 1.2 percent negative impact of foreign currency translation. Volumes decreased in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services and the Flexible Packaging & Services segment with prices increasing in all segments.

Operating Costs

Gross profit decreased to $811.0 million for 2014 from $832.2 million for 2013. Gross profit margin was 19.1 percent for 2014 versus 19.7 percent for 2013. The decrease in gross profit margin was principally due to lower volumes in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment of 0.6 percent and the Flexible Packaging & Services segment of 5.9 percent partially offset by price and volume increases in the Paper Packaging segment of 3.2 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively.

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $496.7 million, or 11.7 percent of net sales, in 2014 compared with $477.3 million, or 11.3 percent of net sales, in 2013. The $19.4 million increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to higher professional fees of $6.7 million, salaries of $4.2 million and bad debt of $3.7 million.

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges were $16.1 million and $4.8 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. Restructuring charges for 2014 consisted of $12.0 million in employee separation costs and $4.1 million in other costs primarily consisting of lease termination costs, professional fees and other miscellaneous exit costs. These charges were related to the rationalization of operations and closing underperforming assets in both the Flexible Products & Services and Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segments. Eight plants were closed during 2014, and 850 employees were severed throughout the year as part of our restructuring efforts. Anticipated cost savings related to current year restructuring activity is expected to be approximately $16.8 million with payback periods ranging from one to five years among the plans. As of October 31, 2014, $9.2 million of restructuring charges were anticipated, but were not yet incurred. Restructuring charges for 2013 consisted of $2.8 million in employee separation costs and $2.0 million in other costs primarily consisting of lease termination costs, professional fees and other miscellaneous exit costs. These charges were related to the consolidation of operations in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services. No plants were closed during 2013, but 278 employees were severed during 2013 as part of our restructuring efforts. The anticipated cost savings related to fiscal year 2013 restructuring activity was expected to be approximately $7.7 million with a payback period of less than one year which were mostly realized throughout 2014. For restructuring activities entered into in 2014 and 2013, actual cost savings realized were not materially different than those anticipated. Refer to Note 7 – Restructuring Charges, within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

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Impairment Charges

Goodwill impairment charges were $50.3 million for 2014. These charges were related to the impairment of all goodwill within our Flexible Products & Services segment. There were no goodwill impairment charges for 2013.

Non-cash asset impairment charges were $35.5 million and $31.4 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. In 2014, these charges were primarily related to the fabric hub in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the Flexible Products & Services segment and various other locations in both the Flexible Products & Services segment and Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment compared to impairment charges in 2013 related to various locations in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and Flexible Products & Services segment.

Acquisition-Related Costs

Acquisition-related costs were $1.6 million and $0.8 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. For 2014, these costs included $1.1 million of acquisition-related costs and $0.5 million of post-acquisition integration costs. For 2013, these costs included $0.4 million of acquisition-related costs and $0.4 million of post-acquisition integration costs attributable to acquisitions completed during 2011.

Operating Profit

Operating profit was $249.3 million and $341.6 million in 2014 and 2013, respectively. The $92.3 million decrease was due to lower results in Land Management ($0.7 million), Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services ($26.7 million), and Flexible Products & Services ($66.9 million), partially offset by higher results in Paper Packaging ($2.0 million); compared with 2013. The decrease compared to 2013 is primarily attributable to an increase in non-cash asset impairment charges of $54.4 million, higher SG&A costs of $19.4 million, adverse weather-related conditions in two of our business segments and the negative impact of foreign currency translation.

EBITDA

EBITDA was $395.6 million and $486.1 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. The $90.5 million decrease was primarily due to the same segment results that impacted operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $155.8 million for 2014 compared with $157.6 million for 2013.

Trends

While we anticipate that the overall global economy will continue to reflect a modest recovery in fiscal 2015, with the positive aspects of the improving economy in the United States being offset by the negative trends globally, particularly in Europe and Latin America, we expect our net sales and net income to remain relatively flat. We anticipate that foreign currency matters will continue to be a challenge for us, as the strengthening of the United States dollar will continue to impact our revenues and net income. In addition, an expected approximately two-week shutdown of our Riverville mill for the installation of upgrades will negatively impact our 2015 net income. During the fourth quarter, we sold several businesses and plan to continue to accelerate restructuring plans, facility closures and pursue the sale of select non-core assets as part of our overall strategic transformation. We also plan to implement SG&A cost savings actions throughout 2015 and beyond.

Segment Review

Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services

Our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment offers a comprehensive line of rigid industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, blending, filing, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. Key factors influencing profitability in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment are:

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Net sales were $3,077.0 million for 2014 compared with $3,062.1 million for 2013 The 0.5 percent increase in net sales for 2014 compared with 2013 was primarily due to a 2.8 percent increase in sales prices primarily from the pass-through of higher raw material costs to customers offset by a 0.6 percent decrease in volumes and a 1.7 percent negative impact of foreign currency translation.

Gross profit was $553.4 million and $555.5 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. Gross profit margin decreased to 18.0 percent from 18.1 percent for 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Operating profit was $170.1 million and $196.8 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. The $26.7 million decrease was primarily due to a $9.1 million non-cash loss on the sale of a business, increases in SG&A expenses of $20.2 million primarily due to professional fees and higher restructuring costs and the impact of adverse weather-related conditions in North America during the first two quarters of 2014.

EBITDA was $271.7 million and $295.3 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $108.4 million for 2014 compared with $107.4 million for 2013.

Paper Packaging

Our Paper Packaging segment produces and sells containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers and other corrugated products to customers in North America. Key factors influencing profitability in the Paper Packaging segment are:

Net sales were $706.8 million for 2014 compared with $676.0 million for 2013. The 4.6 percent increase in net sales for 2014 compared with 2013 was primarily due to a 3.2 percent increase in sales prices due to implementation and realization of two containerboard price increases since the third quarter of 2012 and a 1.4 percent increase in volumes.

Gross profit was $182.8 million for 2014 compared with $179.8 million for 2013. This increase was primarily due to higher selling prices, partially offset by input and logistic costs associated with adverse weather-related conditions during the first two quarters of 2014. Gross profit margin decreased to 25.9 percent from 26.6 percent for 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Operating profit was $125.8 million and $123.8 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. The $2.0 million increase was primarily due to higher prices and higher volumes.

EBITDA was $155.6 million and $154.3 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. This increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $29.8 million for 2014 compared with $30.3 million for 2013.

Flexible Products & Services

Our Flexible Products & Services segment offers a comprehensive line of flexible products, such as flexible intermediate bulk containers, and through August 2014, multiwall bags. Key factors influencing profitability in the Flexible Products & Services segment are:

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Net sales were $425.8 million for 2014 compared with $448.7 million for 2013. The 5.1 percent decrease in net sales for 2014 compared with 2013 was primarily due to a 5.9 percent decrease in sales volumes related to the continuing impact of the occupation of our manufacturing facility in Turkey during the second quarter of 2014 and reduced sales of approximately $13 million as a result of the sale of our multiwall packaging business during the fourth quarter of 2014 offset by a 0.6 percent increase in prices due to the pass-through of higher polypropylene costs to customers and a positive 0.2 percent impact of foreign currency translation compared with 2013.

Gross profit was $62.7 million for 2014 versus $80.5 million for 2013. Gross profit margin was 14.7 percent and 17.9 percent for 2014 and 2013, respectively. The decrease in gross profit margin was primarily due to the impact of the occupation of our manufacturing facility in Turkey during the second quarter of 2014, which has resulted in higher costs incurred to find alternative supply sources to satisfy customers and the sale of our multiwall packaging business during the fourth quarter of 2014.

There was an operating loss of $78.6 million for 2014 compared with an operating loss of $11.7 million for 2013. The decrease was due to the negative impact of the non-cash asset impairment charges and the occupation of our manufacturing facility in Turkey during the second quarter of 2014, partially offset by the gain on the sale of our multiwall packaging business during the fourth quarter of 2014.

EBITDA was negative $68.0 million in 2014 compared with negative $0.9 million for 2013. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $13.3 million for 2014 compared with $15.2 million for 2013.

Land Management

As of October 31, 2014, our Land Management segment consisted of approximately 250,200 acres of timber properties in the southeastern United States, which are actively harvested and regenerated, and approximately 5,300 acres in Canada. Key factors influencing profitability in the Land Management segment are:

Net sales were $29.5 million and $33.1 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively, primarily due to lower planned timber sales. While timber sales are subject to fluctuations, we seek to maintain a consistent cutting schedule, within the limits of market and weather conditions and the age distribution of timber stands.

Operating profit was $32.0 million, including $17.1 million of gains relating to the sale of timberland, in 2014 compared with operating profit of $32.7 million, including $17.3 million of gains relating to the sale of timberland, in 2013.

EBITDA was $36.3 million and $37.4 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $4.3 million for 2014 compared with $4.7 million for 2013.

In order to maximize the value of our timber property, we continue to review our current portfolio and explore the development of certain timber properties in Canada and the United States. This process has led us to characterize our property as follows:

We report the disposal of surplus and HBU property in our consolidated statements of income under “gain on disposals of properties, plants and equipment, net” and report the sale of development property under “net sales” and “cost of products sold.” All HBU and development property, together with surplus property, continues to be used by us to productively grow and sell timber until sold.

Whether timberland has a higher value for uses other than growing and selling timber is a determination based upon several variables, such as proximity to population centers, anticipated population growth in the area, the topography of the land, aesthetic considerations, including access to lakes or rivers, the condition of the surrounding land, availability of utilities, markets for timber and economic considerations both nationally and locally. Given these considerations, the characterization of land is not a static process, but requires an ongoing review and re-characterization as circumstances change.

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As of October 31, 2014, we estimated that there were approximately 31,550 acres in Canada and the United States of special use property, which we expect will be available for sale in the next five to seven years.

Other Income Statement Changes

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net was $81.8 million and $83.8 million 2014 and 2013, respectively. The $2.0 million decrease was primarily due to lower interest rates in 2014 compared to 2013.

Debt Extinguishment Charges

There were no debt extinguishment charges for 2014 compared with $1.3 million for 2013. The 2013 debt extinguishment charge related to amending and restating our senior secured credit agreement during the first quarter of 2013.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net was $9.5 million and $13.1 million for 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Income Tax Expense

We have operations in over 50 countries worldwide. Operations outside of the United States are subject to additional risks that may not exist, or be as significant, within the United States. Our global operations in these 50 countries results in the need to address complex and varying tax systems on a constantly changing basis.

Preparation of our financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses as of the balance sheet date. The multitude of tax jurisdictions, with varying laws, creates a level of uncertainty, and significant judgment is required when addressing the complex tax systems. Our effective tax rate and the amount of taxes we pay are dependent upon various factors including the following: the laws and regulations of the tax jurisdictions in which income is earned; the recognition of permanent book/tax basis differences realized through non-deductible goodwill; the ability to realize long term deferred tax assets at certain international subsidiaries; negotiation and dispute resolution with taxing authorities in the U.S. and international jurisdictions; and changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative rulings and common law.

The provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized currently for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. This method includes an estimate of the future realization of tax losses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled. During 2014, our effective tax rate was 72.8 percent compared to 40.6 percent in 2013. The effective tax rate in 2014 was impacted by a combination of factors as described in further detail below.

We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized. In making this assessment, we consider applicable facts and circumstances, such as the scheduled reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, projected future taxable income, and certain tax planning strategies. For the deferred tax assets we have determined will not be realized as of October 31, 2014, a valuation allowance is recognized. During 2014, we increased our valuation allowances by $29.5 million.

Our $29.5 million increase in valuation allowances during 2014 consists of the following: $20.0 million of net increases in new valuation allowances; and $9.5 million of incremental net increases against current year net operating losses and other net deferred tax assets. The $20.0 million of increases in new valuation allowances are primarily related to the jurisdictions of Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. The additional $9.5 million of incremental net increases against current year net operating losses and other net deferred tax assets were primarily related to the jurisdictions of Brazil, China, Germany and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As of October 31, 2014, it was estimated that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Our total valuation allowances, substantially related to non-U.S. jurisdictions, contributed 18.7% to our effective tax rate.

We analyze potential income tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in the United States and international jurisdictions. The analysis of potential income tax liabilities results in estimates of income tax liabilities recognized for uncertain tax positions following the guidance of ASC 740, “Income Taxes”. The estimation of potential tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions involves significant judgment in evaluating the impact of uncertainties in the application of ASC 740 and other complex tax laws. We periodically analyze both potential income tax liabilities and existing liabilities for uncertain tax positions resulting in both new reserves and adjustments to existing reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances. This includes the release of existing liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on the expiration of statutes of limitation. During 2014, recognition of uncertain tax positions increased due to new positions primarily attributable to non-U.S. jurisdictions. Uncertain tax positions contributed 7.2 percent to our effective tax rate in 2014.

The ultimate resolution of potential income tax liabilities may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of income tax liabilities recognized as liabilities for uncertain tax positions. If our estimates recognized under the standards of ASC 740 prove to be different than what is ultimately determined, there is inherent risk that such resolution could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular tax matter, we believe that our tax accounts related to uncertain tax positions are appropriately stated.

We have estimated the reasonably possible expected net change in unrecognized tax benefits through October 31, 2015 under ASC 740. Our estimate is based on lapses of the applicable statutes of limitations, settlements and payments of uncertain tax positions. The estimated net decrease in unrecognized tax benefits for the next 12 months ranges from $0 to $5.5 million. Actual results may differ materially from this estimate.

During 2014, we disposed of certain operations including the divestiture of a nonstrategic business in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment in third quarter and our multiwall packaging business in the fourth quarter, which resulted in gains and losses recognized, including an amount related to goodwill of $13.6 million and $21.8 million, respectively, which did not have a tax basis. Moreover, our Flexible Products & Services reporting unit recognized the impairment of goodwill of $50.3 million that did not have tax basis. For 2014, the combination of these items contributed 15.6 percent to our effective tax rate.

During 2014, we completed a review of the income tax accounts of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. This process resulted in our recognition of adjustments to our income tax balances and resulted in a material weakness in the internal controls over financial reporting in our income tax accounting process related to non-U.S. subsidiaries. Refer to Note 21 and Item 9A of this Form 10-K for further discussion.

As of October 31, 2014, we had not recognized U.S. deferred income taxes on a cumulative total of $566.6 million of undistributed earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. It is our assertion that as of October 31, 2014 such earnings are permanently reinvested outside of the U.S. Determining the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to investments in these non-U.S. subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested is not practicable.

Refer to Note 12 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion.

Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax

We recorded $1.9 million and $2.9 million of equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax, during 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of earnings from the operations of our majority owned subsidiaries that was (deducted from) added to net income to arrive at net income attributable to us. Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests was $46.6 million and ($2.8) million for 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Net income attributable to Greif, Inc.

Based on the foregoing, net income attributable to Greif, Inc. decreased $53.2 million to $91.5 million in 2014 from $144.7 million in 2013.

Year 2013 Compared to Year 2012

Net Sales

Net sales were $4,219.9 million for 2013 compared with $4,129.5 million for 2012. The $90.4 million increase in 2013 compared with 2012 was attributable to Paper Packaging ($102.2 million increase), Land Management ($6.3 million increase), Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services ($13.5 million decrease), and Flexible Products & Services ($4.6 million decrease).

The 2.2 percent increase in net sales for 2013 compared with 2012 was primarily due to an increase in sales volumes of 2.3 percent and an increase in sales prices of 0.2 percent, partially offset by a 0.3 percent negative impact of foreign currency translation. Volumes improved in all segments with prices increasing 12.9 percent in the Paper Packaging segment due to the implementation and realization of two containerboard price increases since the third quarter of 2012. Prices in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services and Flexible Packaging & Services segments declined during 2013 due to the pass through of lower raw material costs to customers.

Operating Costs

Gross profit increased to $832.2 million for 2013 from $779.5 million for 2012. Gross profit margin was 19.7 percent for 2013 versus 18.9 percent for 2012. The increase in gross profit margin was principally due to higher volumes in all segments, higher selling prices in the Paper Packaging and Land Management segments and increased productivity gains across the segments.

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $477.3 million, or 11.3 percent of net sales, in 2013 compared with $469.8 million, or 11.4 percent of net sales, in 2012. The $7.5 million increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to higher professional fees and travel costs partially offset by lower performance-based incentive costs and lower acquisition-related costs.

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Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges were $4.8 million and $23.1 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. Restructuring charges for 2013 consisted of $2.8 million in employee separation costs and $2.0 million in other costs primarily consisting of lease termination costs, professional fees and other miscellaneous exit costs. These charges were related to the consolidation of operations in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services. No plants were closed during 2013, but 278 employees were severed throughout the year as part of our restructuring efforts. Anticipated cost savings related to current year restructuring activity is expected to be approximately $7.7 million with a payback period of less than one year. As of October 31, 2013, $6.6 million of restructuring charges were anticipated, but were not yet incurred. Restructuring charges for 2012 consisted of $13.4 million in employee separation costs and $9.7 million in other costs primarily consisting of lease termination costs, professional fees and other exit costs. These charges were related to the consolidation of operations in the Flexible Products & Services segment and the rationalization of operations in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. A total of four plants were closed and 513 employees were severed during 2012 as part of our restructuring efforts. The anticipated cost savings related to fiscal year 2012 restructuring activity was expected to be approximately $18.5 million with a payback period of less than one year which we realized throughout the following fiscal year. For restructuring activities entered into in 2013 and 2012, actual cost savings realized were not materially different than those anticipated. As of October 31, 2012, $12.3 million of restructuring charges were anticipated, but were not yet incurred. Refer to Note 7 – Restructuring Charges, within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Impairment Charges

Non-cash asset impairment charges were $31.4 million and $13.2 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. These charges were primarily related to the impairment of various locations in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and Flexible Products & Services segment in 2013 and various locations in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, Paper Packaging segment and Flexible Products & Services segment in 2012.

Acquisition-Related Costs

Acquisition-related costs were $0.8 million and $8.2 million for the 2013 and 2012, respectively. For 2013, these costs included $0.4 million of acquisition-related costs and $0.4 million of post-acquisition integration costs attributable to acquisitions completed during 2011. For 2012, these costs included $4.2 million of acquisition-related costs and $4.0 million of post-acquisition integration costs attributable to acquisitions completed during 2011.

Operating Profit

Operating profit was $341.6 million and $281.0 million in 2013 and 2012, respectively. The $60.7 million increase was due higher results in Paper Packaging ($40.3 million), Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services ($12.8 million) and Land Management ($17.4 million), partially offset by lower results in Flexible Products & Services ($9.9 million); compared with 2012. The increase compared to 2012 is attributable to higher volumes in all segments, higher containerboard selling prices in the Paper Packaging segment, productivity gains and timberland gains, offset by capacity utilization issues as well as higher costs related to recent start up manufacturing operations in the Flexible Products & Services segment and higher asset impairment charges.

EBITDA

EBITDA was $486.1 million and $428.9 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. The $57.2 million increase was primarily due to the same segment results that impacted operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $157.6 million for 2013 compared with $155.6 million for 2012.

Segment Review

Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services

Our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment offers a comprehensive line of rigid industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, recycling of industrial containers, blending, filing, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. Key factors influencing profitability in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment are:

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Net sales were $3,062.1 million for 2013 compared with $3,075.6 million for 2012 The 0.4 percent decrease in net sales for 2013 compared with 2012 was primarily due to a 1.9 percent increase in volumes offset by a 1.8 percent decrease in sales prices primarily from the pass-through of lower raw material costs to customers and a 0.5 percent negative impact of foreign currency translation.

Gross profit was $555.5 million and $545.7 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. Gross profit margin increased to 18.1 percent from 17.7 percent for 2013 and 2012, respectively. This increase was primarily due to the timing of pass-through of changes in raw material costs to customers and improved performance in Latin America.

Operating profit was $196.8 million and $184.0 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. The $12.8 million increase was primarily due to higher volumes, improved performance in Latin America, lower restructuring charges and lower acquisition-related costs, partially offset by higher non-cash asset impairment charges.

EBITDA was $295.3 million and $279.1 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. This increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $107.4 million for 2013 compared with $106.0 million for 2012.

Paper Packaging

Our Paper Packaging segment produces and sells containerboard, corrugated sheets and corrugated containers in North America. Key factors influencing profitability in the Paper Packaging segment are:

Net sales were $676.0 million for 2013 compared with $573.8 million for 2012. The 17.8 percent increase in net sales for 2013 compared with 2012 was primarily due to a 12.9 percent increase in sales prices due to implementation and realization of two containerboard price increases since the third quarter of 2012 and a 4.9 increase in volumes.

Gross profit was $179.8 million for 2013 compared with $135.7 million for 2012. Gross profit margin increased to 26.6 percent from 23.6 percent for 2013 and 2012, respectively. This increase was primarily due to higher selling prices.

Operating profit was $123.8 million and $83.5 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. The $40.3 million increase was primarily due to higher prices and higher volumes.

EBITDA was $154.3 million and $115.1 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. This increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $30.3 million for 2013 compared with $31.6 million for 2012.

Flexible Products & Services

Our Flexible Products & Services segment offers a comprehensive line of flexible products, such as flexible intermediate bulk containers and multiwall bags. Key factors influencing profitability in the Flexible Products & Services segment are:

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Net sales were $448.7 million for 2013 compared with $453.3 million for 2012. The 1.0 percent decrease in net sales for 2013 compared with 2012 was primarily due to a 1.3 percent increase in sales volumes offset by a 2.6 percent decrease in prices due to the pass-through of lower polypropylene costs to customers and a positive 0.3 percent impact of foreign currency translation compared with 2012.

Gross profit was $80.5 million for 2013 versus $86.2 million for 2012. Gross profit margin was 17.9 percent and 19.0 percent for 2013 and 2012, respectively. The decrease in gross profit margin was primarily due to a change in product mix resulting from a 13.3 percent volume increase in lower margin flexible intermediate bulk containers compared to a 6.1 percent volume decrease in higher margin bags as well as higher costs associated with recent start up manufacturing facilities that are not yet operating at full capacity, but as capacity utilization increases, such costs are expected to decline.

There was an operating loss of $11.7 million for 2013 compared with an operating loss of $1.8 million for 2012. The negative impact of the non-cash asset impairment charges of $11.0 million due to underutilized equipment and higher than anticipated costs in new operations was partially offset by lower than anticipated actual restructuring charges of $1.6 million.

EBITDA was negative $0.9 million in 2013 compared with positive $16.1 million for 2012. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $15.2 million for 2013 compared with $14.7 million for 2012.

Land Management

As of October 31, 2013, our Land Management segment consisted of approximately 252,475 acres of timber properties in the southeastern United States, which are actively harvested and regenerated, and approximately 10,300 acres in Canada. Key factors influencing profitability in the Land Management segment are:

Net sales were $33.1 million and $26.8 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively, primarily due to higher timber sales volumes combined with generally higher prices for timber products. While timber sales are subject to fluctuations, we seek to maintain a consistent cutting schedule, within the limits of market and weather conditions and the age distribution of timber stands.

Operating profit was $32.7 million, including $17.3 million of gains relating to the sale of timberland, in 2013 compared with operating profit of $15.3 million in 2012.

EBITDA was $37.4 million and $18.6 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. This increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment’s operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $4.7 million for 2013 compared with $3.3 million for 2012.

As of October 31, 2013, we estimated that there were approximately 43,250 acres in Canada and the United States of special use property, which we expect will be available for sale in the next five to seven years.

Other Income Statement Changes

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net was $83.8 million and $89.9 million 2013 and 2012, respectively. The $6.1 million decrease was primarily due to lower average interest rates and more favorable terms under our December 2012 amended senior secured credit facilities, partially offset by debt extinguishment charges and higher average debt outstanding for most of 2013.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net was $13.1 million and $7.7 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase was primarily attributable to higher foreign exchange losses and higher hyperinflation adjustment expenses for Venezuela in 2013.

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Income Tax Expense

During 2013, the effective tax rate was 40.6 percent compared to 33.3 percent in 2012. The change in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to a shift in global earnings mix to countries with higher tax rates, additional discrete tax adjustments, plus the impact of non-deductible non-cash long-lived asset impairment charges against pre-tax income.

Equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax

We recorded $2.9 million and $1.3 million of equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax, during 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of earnings from the operations of our majority owned subsidiaries that was deducted from net income to arrive at net income attributable to us. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $2.8 million and $5.5 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Net income attributable to Greif, Inc.

Based on the foregoing, net income attributable to Greif, Inc. increased $26.6 million to $144.7 million in 2013 from $118.1 million in 2012.

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME CHANGES

Currency Translation.

In accordance with ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters,” the assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into United States dollars at the rate of exchange existing at year-end, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates over the month in which they are incurred.

The cumulative translation adjustments, which represent the effects of translating assets and liabilities of our international operations, are presented in the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses on foreign currency transactions denominated in a currency other than our functional currency are credited or charged to income. The amounts included in other expense, net related to transaction losses, net of tax were $3.9 million, $0.8 million and $4.7 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

BALANCE SHEET CHANGES

Working capital changes

The $19.4 million increase in trade accounts receivable to $501.3 million as of October 31, 2014 from $481.9 as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to the decline in use of factoring at some entities and timing of cash receipts in Europe.

The $6.7 million increase in inventories to $381.1 million as of October 31, 2014 from $374.4 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to the timing of sales during 2014.

The $39.8 million increase in accounts payable to $471.1 million as of October 31, 2014 from $431.3 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to fewer benefits from early payment discounts and extended payment terms on imported steel in North America.

Other balance sheet changes

The $26.8 million increase in assets held for sale to $28.3 million as of October 31, 2014 from $1.5 million as of October 31, 2013 was due to businesses and select non-core assets which are expected to be sold in 2015.

The $118.2 million decrease in goodwill to $880.2 million as of October 31, 2014 from $998.4 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to the impairment of goodwill in the Flexibles Packaging & Services segment and the impact of foreign currency translation.

The $18.7 million decrease in other intangible assets to $166.5 million as of October 31, 2014 from $185.2 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to amortization of definite lived intangible assets and the impact of foreign currency translation.

The $12.6 million decrease in related party notes receivable to an immaterial amount as of October 31, 2014 from $12.6 million as of October 31, 2013 was due to the sale of a related party business that occurred during 2014.

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The $87.6 million decrease in property, plants and equipment to $2,417.1 million as of October 31, 2014 from $2,504.7 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to divestitures, asset impairment charges, and the impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by additions related to acquisitions and normal recurring additions of property, plants or equipment.

The $53.5 million increase in pension liabilities to $136.0 million as of October 31, 2014 from $82.5 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to a decrease to the discount rate and an updated mortality table, both of which contributed to an increase in the projected benefit obligation.

The $10.0 million decrease in other long-term liabilities to $89.5 million as of October 31, 2014 from $99.5 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to the reclassification to other current liabilities of a future payment for the purchase price of a 2011 acquisition which was due within one year as of October 31, 2014, decreases in general liability reserves, environmental reserves and deferred compensation liabilities.

The $87.6 million increase in foreign currency translation loss to $144.5 million as of October 31, 2014 from a loss of $56.9 million as of October 31, 2013 was primarily due to divestitures and the weakening of local foreign currencies.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary sources of liquidity are operating cash flows and borrowings under our senior secured credit facility and the senior notes we have issued and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from our trade accounts receivable credit facility and proceeds from the sale of our non-United States accounts receivable. We use these sources to fund our working capital needs, capital expenditures, cash dividends, common stock repurchases and acquisitions. We anticipate continuing to fund these items in a like manner. We currently expect that operating cash flows, borrowings under our senior secured credit facility, proceeds from our U.S. trade accounts receivable credit facility and proceeds from the sale of our non-United States accounts receivable will be sufficient to fund our anticipated working capital, capital expenditures, debt repayment, potential acquisitions of businesses and other liquidity needs for at least 12 months. However, if funds held outside the U.S. are needed for operations in the U.S., we would be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes to repatriate them. For those international earnings considered to be permanently reinvested, we currently have no plans or intentions to repatriate such funds for U.S. operations.

Capital Expenditures

During 2014, 2013 and 2012, we invested $137.9 million (excluding $56.8 million for timberland properties), $136.4 million (excluding $9.0 million for timberland properties), and $166.0 million (excluding $3.7 million for timberland properties) in capital expenditures, respectively.

We anticipate future capital expenditures, excluding the potential purchase of timberland properties, of approximately $150 million during the year ending October 31, 2015. The expenditures will replace and improve existing equipment and fund new facilities.

Sale of Non-United States Accounts Receivable

Certain of our international subsidiaries have entered into discounted receivables purchase agreements and factoring agreements (collectively, the “RPAs”) pursuant to which trade receivables generated from certain countries other than the United States and which meet certain eligibility requirements are sold to certain international banks or their affiliates. In particular, in April 2012, certain of our international subsidiaries entered into an RPA with affiliates of a major international bank (the “2012 RPA”). Under the 2012 RPA, the maximum amount of receivables that may be sold at any time is €145 million ($184.7 million as of October 31, 2014). A significant portion of the proceeds from the 2012 RPA was used to pay the obligations under previous RPAs, which were then terminated, and to pay expenses incurred in connection with this transaction. The subsequent proceeds from the 2012 RPA are available for working capital and general corporate purposes. Under the terms of a performance and indemnity agreement, the performance obligations of our international subsidiaries under the 2012 RPA have been guaranteed by Greif, Inc.

Transactions under the RPAs are structured to provide for legal true sales, on a revolving basis, of the receivables transferred from our various subsidiaries to the respective banks or their affiliates. The banks or their affiliates fund an initial purchase price of a certain percentage of eligible receivables based on a formula with the initial purchase price paid by the banks approximating 75 percent to 90 percent of eligible receivables, and under our 2012 RPA, the balance of purchase price to the originating subsidiaries is paid from the proceeds of a related party subordinated loan. The remaining deferred purchase price and the repayment of the subordinated loan are settled upon collection of the receivables. As of the balance sheet reporting dates, we remove from accounts receivable the amount of proceeds received from the initial purchase price since they meet the applicable criteria of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 860 “Transfers and Servicing”, and continue to recognize the deferred purchase price in our accounts receivable. The receivables are sold on a non-recourse basis with the total funds in the servicing collection accounts pledged to the respective banks and their affiliates between the settlement dates. The maximum amount of aggregate receivables that may be financed under our various RPAs was $196.5 million as of October 31, 2014. As of October 31, 2014, total accounts receivable of $169.7 million were sold to and held by third party financial institutions or their affiliates under the various RPAs.

At the time the receivables are initially sold, the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the assets sold are included as a loss on sale and classified as “other expense” in the consolidated statements of income. Expenses associated with the various RPAs totaled $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the year ended October 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Additionally, we perform collections and administrative functions on the receivables sold similar to the procedures we use for collecting all of our receivables. The servicing liability for these receivables is not material to the consolidated financial statements.

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Refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding these various RPAs.

Acquisitions and Divestitures

There were two acquisitions during 2014 and nine divestitures during the same period. One acquisition was in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment in November and the other acquisition was in the Paper Packaging segment in November. The rigid industrial packaging acquisition is expected to complement our existing product lines and provide growth opportunities and economies of scale. The paper packaging acquisition was made in part to obtain technologies, equipment, and customer lists. Three of the divestitures involved nonstrategic businesses in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. Two of the divestitures in this segment resulted in losses on disposal of $9.1 million and $1.8 million, respectively, which included the write-off of allocated goodwill. The third divestiture in this segment resulted in a loss of $11.4 million, which consisted of $5.5 million recorded as a loss on disposal and $5.9 million of non-cash asset impairment charges due to the recording of an expected loss prior to the period in which the transaction was completed. There were also divestitures of businesses in the Flexible Products & Services and Paper Packaging segments that resulted in gains of $18.3 million and $4.2 million, respectively, which included the write-off of allocated goodwill. Additionally, there were divestitures of four smaller investments in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment that resulted in an aggregate net gain of $5.4 million. Proceeds from divestitures were $115.3 million. There were no divestitures of businesses for the years ended October 31, 2013 and 2012.

The Company sold membership units of a consolidated subsidiary in March 2014.

We completed no acquisitions and no material divestitures in 2013. During 2013, we made a $46.6 million deferred cash payment related to an acquisition completed in 2011.

There were no material acquisitions and no divestitures in 2012. During 2012, we made a $14.3 million deferred cash payment related to an acquisition completed in 2010.

Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures regarding our 2014 acquisitions and other significant transactions.

Borrowing Arrangements

Long-term debt is summarized as follows (Dollars in millions):

Credit Agreement

We and two of our international subsidiaries have a senior secured credit agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions.

The Amended Credit Agreement provides us with an $800 million revolving multicurrency credit facility and a $200 million term loan, both expiring in December 2017, with an option to add $250 million to the facilities with the agreement of the lenders. The $200 million term loan was scheduled to amortize by the payment of principal in the amount of $2.5 million each quarter-end for the first eight quarters, beginning January 2013, $5.0 million each quarter-end for the next twelve quarters and the remaining balance on the maturity date. In August 2014, we made an unscheduled principal payment on the term loan of $25 million. The remaining term loan balance is scheduled to amortize, beginning January 2015, by the payment of principal in the amount of $4.3 million over the next twelve quarters and the payment of the remaining balance on the maturity date. The revolving credit facility under the Amended Credit Agreement is available to fund ongoing working capital and capital expenditure needs, for general corporate purposes and to finance acquisitions. Interest is based on a Eurodollar rate or a base rate that resets periodically plus an agreed upon margin amount. As of October 31, 2014, a total of $169.2 million was outstanding and $770.2 million was available for borrowing under this facility, all of which is available without violating covenants, which has been reduced by $15.9 million for outstanding letters of credit as of October 31, 2014. The weighted average interest rate on the Amended Credit Agreement was 1.65% for the twelve months ended October 31, 2014.

The Amended Credit Agreement contains certain covenants, which include financial covenants that require us to maintain a certain leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio. The leverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) our total consolidated indebtedness, to (b) our consolidated net income plus depreciation, depletion and amortization, interest expense

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(including capitalized interest), income taxes, and minus certain extraordinary gains and non-recurring gains (or plus certain extraordinary losses and non-recurring losses) and plus or minus certain other items for the preceding twelve months (“adjusted EBITDA”) to be greater than 4.00 to 1. The interest coverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) our consolidated adjusted EBITDA for the preceding twelve month period to (b) our consolidated interest expense to the extent paid or payable, to be less than 3.00 to 1 (the “Interest Coverage Ratio Covenant”). As of October 31, 2014, we were in compliance with these covenants

During the twelve months ended October 31, 2013, we recorded debt extinguishment charges of $1.3 million resulting from the write off of unamortized deferred financing costs associated with our previous $1 billion senior secured credit agreement entered into in February 2010 with substantially the same syndicate of banks as the Amended Credit Agreement (the “2010 Credit Agreement”). Financing costs associated with the Amended Credit Agreement totaling $3.4 million have been capitalized and included in other long term assets.

The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement limit our ability to make “restricted payments,” which include dividends and purchases, redemptions and acquisitions of our equity interests. The repayment of amounts borrowed under the Amended Credit Agreement are secured by a security interest in the personal property of Greif, Inc. and certain of our United States subsidiaries, including equipment and inventory and certain intangible assets, as well as a pledge of the capital stock of substantially all of our United States subsidiaries. The repayment of amounts borrowed under the Amended Credit Agreement is also secured, in part, by capital stock of the non-U.S. subsidiaries that are parties to the Amended Credit Agreement. However, in the event that we receive and maintain an investment grade rating from either Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Corporation, we may request the release of such collateral. The payment of outstanding principal under the Amended Credit Agreement and accrued interest thereon may be accelerated and become immediately due and payable upon our default in its payment or other performance obligations or its failure to comply with the financial and other covenants in the Amended Credit Agreement, subject to applicable notice requirements and cure periods as provided in the Amended Credit Agreement.

Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures regarding the Amended Credit Agreement and 2010 Credit Agreement.

Senior Notes

We have issued $300.0 million of our 6.75% Senior Notes due February 1, 2017. Proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes were principally used to fund the purchase of our previously outstanding senior subordinated notes and for general corporate purposes. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of Greif, Inc. only, provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 6.75%, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on February 1, 2017. These Senior Notes are not guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries and thereby are effectively subordinated to all of our subsidiaries’ existing and future indebtedness. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other things, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of October 31, 2014, we were in compliance with these covenants.

We have issued $250.0 million of our 7.75% Senior Notes due August 1, 2019. Proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes were principally used for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of amounts outstanding under our revolving multicurrency credit facility under our then-existing credit agreement, without any permanent reduction of the commitments thereunder. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of Greif, Inc. only, provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 7.75%, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on August 1, 2019. These Senior Notes are not guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries and thereby are effectively subordinated to all of our subsidiaries’ existing and future indebtedness. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other things, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of October 31, 2014, we were in compliance with these covenants.

Our Luxembourg subsidiary has issued €200.0 million of 7.375% Senior Notes due July 15, 2021. These Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by Greif, Inc. A portion of the proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes was used to repay non-U.S. borrowings under the 2010 Credit Agreement, without any permanent reduction of the commitments thereunder, with the remaining proceeds available for general corporate purposes, including the financing of acquisitions. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Luxembourg subsidiary and Greif, Inc. and provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 7.375%, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on July 15, 2021. These Senior Notes are not guaranteed by any subsidiaries of the issuer or Greif, Inc. and thereby are effectively subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness of the subsidiaries of the issuer and Greif, Inc. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other matters, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of October 31, 2014, we were in compliance with these covenants.

The assumptions used in measuring fair value of Senior Notes are considered level 2 inputs, which were based on observable market pricing for similar instruments.

Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures regarding the Senior Notes discussed above.

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United States Trade Accounts Receivable Credit Facility

On September 30, 2013, we and certain of our domestic subsidiaries amended and restated our existing receivables financing facility and established a $170.0 million United States Accounts Receivable Credit Facility (the “Amended Receivables Facility”) with a financial institution. The Amended Receivables Facility matures in September 2016. In addition, we can terminate the Amended Receivables Facility at any time upon five days prior written notice. The Amended Receivables Facility is secured by certain of our United States trade accounts receivable and bears interest at a variable rate based on the London InterBank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or an applicable base rate, plus a margin, or a commercial paper rate plus a margin. Interest is payable on a monthly basis and the principal balance is payable upon termination of the Amended Receivables Facility. The Amended Receivables Facility also contains certain covenants and events of default, including a requirement that we will not permit the Interest Coverage Ratio Covenant at the end of any fiscal quarter to be less than 3.00 to 1 during the applicable trailing twelve-month period. As of October 31, 2014, we were in compliance with theses covenants. Proceeds of the Amended Receivables Facility are available for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of October 31, 2014, $110.0 million was outstanding under the Amended Receivables Facility.

Refer to Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures regarding the Amended Receivables Facility.

Other

In addition to the amounts borrowed against the Amended Credit Agreement and proceeds from the Senior Notes and the Amended Receivables Facility, as of October 31, 2014, we had outstanding other debt of $75.0 million, comprised of $26.9 million in long-term debt and $48.1 million in short-term borrowings. There are no covenants associated with other debt.

As of October 31, 2014, annual maturities, including the current portion, of long-term debt under our various financing arrangements were $17.6 million in 2015, $152.7 million in 2016, $318.5 million in 2017, $117.5 million in 2018, $245.2 million in 2019 and $253.5 million thereafter.

As of October 31, 2014 and 2013, we had deferred financing fees and debt issuance costs of $10.3 million and $13.4 million, respectively, which are included in other long-term assets.

Financial Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives

We have interest rate swap agreements with various maturities through 2014. These interest rate swap agreements are used to manage our fixed and floating rate debt mix, specifically debt under the Amended Credit Agreement. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of these interest rate derivatives are considered level 2 inputs, which were based on interest received monthly from the counterparties based upon the LIBOR and interest paid based upon a designated fixed rate over the life of the swap agreements. These derivative instruments are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the effective portion of the gain or loss on these derivative instruments is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recognized in earnings immediately.

We have two interest rate derivatives, both of which were entered into during the first quarter of 2012 (floating to fixed swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges) with a total notional amount of $150 million. Under these swap agreements, we receive interest based upon a variable interest rate from the counterparties (weighted average of 0.16% as of October 31, 2014 and 0.17% as of October 31, 2013) and pay interest based upon a fixed interest rate (weighted average of 0.75% as of October 31, 2014 and 0.75% as of October 31, 2013). Losses reclassified to earnings under these contracts were $0.9 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. These losses were recorded within the consolidated statements of income as interest expense, net. The change in fair value of these contracts resulted in losses of $0.2 million and $0.9 million recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income as of October 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

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Foreign Exchange Hedges

We conduct business in major international currencies and are subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. Accordingly, on a limited basis, we enter into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of certain existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency revenues and expenses. Our objective is to reduce volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes to allow management to focus its attention on business operations.

As of October 31, 2014, we had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $122.4 million ($137.6 million as of October 31, 2013). At October 31, 2014, these derivative instruments were designated and qualified as fair value hedges. Adjustments to fair value for fair value hedges are recognized in earnings, offsetting the impact of the hedged item. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of foreign exchange hedges are considered level 2 inputs, which were based on observable market pricing for similar instruments, principally foreign exchange futures contracts. Losses recorded under fair value contracts were $6.2 million and $1.6 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2014 and 2012, respectively. Gains recorded under fair value contracts were immaterial for the twelve months ended October 31, 2013.

During 2012, some foreign currency derivative instruments were designated and qualified as cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the effective portion of the gain or loss on these derivative instruments was previously reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period during which the hedged transaction affected earnings. Gains reclassified to earnings for hedging contracts qualifying as cash flow hedges were immaterial for the twelve months ended October 31, 2012. These gains were recorded within the consolidated statements of income as other (income) expense, net. The change in fair value of these contracts resulted in an immaterial gain recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income as of October 31, 2012. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument was previously recognized in earnings immediately.

Energy Hedges

We are exposed to changes in the price of certain commodities. Accordingly, on a limited basis, we may enter into derivative contracts to manage the price risk associated with certain of these forecasted purchases. Our objective is to reduce volatility associated with forecasted purchases of these commodities to allow management to focus its attention on business operations.

There were no energy hedges in effect as of October 31, 2014 or October 31, 2013.

Contractual Obligations

As of October 31, 2014, we had the following contractual obligations (Dollars in millions):

Note: Amounts presented in the contractual obligation table include interest.

Environmental liabilities in the table above are estimates based on remediation plans, but payments could differ.

Our unrecognized tax benefits under ASC 740, “Income Taxes” have been excluded from the contractual obligations table because of the inherent uncertainty and the inability to reasonably estimate the timing of cash outflows.

Stock Repurchase Program and Other Share Acquisitions

Our Board of Directors has authorized us to purchase up to four million shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock or any combination of the foregoing. During the year ended October 31, 2014, no shares of Class A or Class B Common Stock (refer to Item 5 to this Form 10-K for additional information regarding these repurchases) were repurchased by us. As of October 31, 2014, we had repurchased 3,184,272 shares, including 1,425,452 shares of Class A Common Stock and 1,758,820 shares of Class B Common Stock under this program, which were all repurchased in prior years. The total cost of the shares repurchased from November 1, 2011 through October 31, 2014 was approximately $0.1 million.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation did not have a material impact on our operations during 2014, 2013 or 2012.

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Critical Accounting Policies

A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 1 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. We believe that the consistent application of these policies enables us to provide readers of the consolidated financial statements with useful and reliable information about our results of operations and financial condition. The following are the accounting policies that we believe are most important to the portrayal of our results of operations and financial condition and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments.

Other items that could have a significant impact on the financial statements include the risks and uncertainties listed in Part I, Item 1A–Risk Factors. Actual results could differ materially using different estimates and assumptions, or if conditions are significantly different in the future.

Inventories. Our Paper Packaging segment trades certain inventories with third parties. These inventory trades are not accounted for as sales, and we record an asset or liability for any imbalance resulting from these trades. These trades are often executed to facilitate transfers of inventory to our different plant locations, and these transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale. Assets and liabilities held for sale represent land, buildings and land improvements less accumulated depreciation as well as any other assets or liabilities that are held for sale in conjunction with the sale of a business. We record assets and liabilities held for sale in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360 “Property, Plant, and Equipment,” at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. Fair value is based on the estimated proceeds from the sale of the facility utilizing recent purchase offers, market comparables and/or data obtained from our commercial real estate broker. Our estimate as to fair value is regularly reviewed and subject to changes in the commercial real estate markets and our continuing evaluation as to the facility’s acceptable sale price.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangibles. We account for goodwill in accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other.” Under ASC 350, purchased goodwill is not amortized, but instead tested for impairment either annually or when events and circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. Our reporting units contain goodwill that is assessed for impairment. Our reporting units consist of Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Americas; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services—Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia Pacific; Paper Packaging; Flexible Products & Services; and Land Management. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business one level below that operating segment (the component level) if discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. However, components are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. In conducting the annual impairment tests, the estimated fair value of each of our reporting units is compared to its carrying amount including goodwill. If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying amount, then no impairment exists. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value, further analysis is performed to assess impairment. No reporting units were aggregated for purposes of conducting the annual impairment test.

The Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment consists of the following two operating segments: Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Americas; and Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services—Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia Pacific. Both of these operating segments consist of multiple components that have discrete financial information available that is reviewed by segment management on a regular basis. We have evaluated these components and concluded that they are economically similar and should be aggregated into two separate reporting units. For the purpose of aggregating our reporting units, we review the long-term performance of gross profit margin and operating profit margin. Additionally, we review qualitative factors such as common customers, similar products, similar manufacturing processes, sharing of resources, level of integration, and interdependency of processes across components. We place greater weight on the qualitative factors outlined in ASC 280 “Segment Reporting” and consider the guidance in ASC 350 in determining whether two or more components of an operating segment are economically similar and can be aggregated into a single reporting unit. However, our assessment of the aggregation includes both qualitative and quantitative factors and is based on the facts and circumstances specific to the components.

Our determination of estimated fair value of the reporting units is based on a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing the income approach. Under this method, the principal valuation focus is on the reporting unit’s cash-generating capabilities. The discount rates used for impairment testing are based on our weighted average cost of capital. The use of alternative estimates, peer groups or changes in the industry, or adjusting the discount rate, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, depletion and amortization multiples or price earnings ratios used could affect the estimated fair value of the assets and potentially result in impairment. Any identified impairment would result in an adjustment to our results of operations.

We performed our annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2014 as of August 1. This test resulted in no impairment charges for reporting units Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Americas, Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia Pacific, and Paper Packaging. As of October 31, 2014, the estimated fair value of each of these reporting units was deemed to be substantially in excess of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities assigned to each reporting unit. Due to triggering events in the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an impairment charge of $50.3 million, which represented all of the goodwill associated with the Flexible Products & Services segment as the carrying amount of the Flexible Products & Services reporting unit exceeded the fair value of the Flexible Products & Services reporting unit. Refer to Note 6 in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information. Our annual impairment tests in fiscal 2013 and 2012 resulted in no goodwill impairment charges. The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting unit for the ended October 31, 2014 and 2013 (Dollars in millions):

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We test for impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year as of August 1, or more frequently if certain indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest that impairment may exist.

Other Intangibles. We account for intangible assets with finite lives in accordance with ASC 350. Intangible assets with finite lives, primarily customer relationships, patents and trademarks, continue to be amortized over their useful lives on a straight-line basis. The useful lives for finite lived intangible assets vary depending on the type of asset and the terms of contracts or the valuation performed. We test for impairment of finite lived intangible assets at least annually, or more frequently if certain indicators are present to suggest that impairment may exist.

Properties, Plants and Equipment. Depreciation on properties, plants and equipment is primarily provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of our assets.

We own timber properties in the southeastern United States and in Canada. With respect to our United States timber properties, which consisted of approximately 250,200 acres as of October 31, 2014, depletion expense is computed on the basis of cost and the estimated recoverable timber acquired. Our land costs are maintained by tract. Merchantable timber costs are maintained by five product classes, pine saw timber, pine chip-n-saw, pine pulpwood, hardwood sawtimber and hardwood pulpwood, within a “depletion block,” with each depletion block based upon a geographic district or subdistrict. Currently, we have eight depletion blocks. These same depletion blocks are used for pre-merchantable timber costs. Each year, we estimate the volume of our merchantable timber for the five product classes by each depletion block. These estimates are based on the current state in the growth cycle and not on quantities to be available in future years. Our estimates do not include costs to be incurred in the future. We then project these volumes to the end of the year. Upon acquisition of a new timberland tract, we record separate amounts for land, merchantable timber and pre-merchantable timber allocated as a percentage of the values being purchased. These acquisition volumes and costs acquired during the year are added to the totals for each product class within the appropriate depletion block(s). The total of the beginning, one-year growth and acquisition volumes are divided by the total undepleted historical cost to arrive at a depletion rate, which is then used for the current year. As timber is sold, we multiply the volumes sold by the depletion rate for the current year to arrive at the depletion cost. Our Canadian timber properties, which consisted of approximately 5,300 acres as of October 31, 2014, did not have any depletion expense since they were not actively managed at this time.

We believe that the lives and methods of determining depreciation and depletion are reasonable; however, using other lives and methods could provide materially different results.

Long-lived assets are grouped together at the lowest level, generally at the plant level, for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of cash flows of other groups of long-lived assets. As events warrant, we evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, other than goodwill and other intangible assets, by assessing whether the carrying value can be recovered over their remaining useful lives through the expected future undiscounted operating cash flows of the underlying asset groups. Impairment indicators include, but are not limited to, a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in legal factors or the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; current period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of the asset; or a current expectation that it is more likely than not that a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Future decisions to change our manufacturing processes, exit certain businesses, reduce excess capacity, temporarily idle facilities and close facilities could result in material impairment charges. Any impairment loss that may be required is determined by comparing the carrying value of the assets to their estimated fair value.

During 2014, the Company wrote down long-lived assets with a carrying value of $58.0 million to a fair value of $22.5 million, resulting in recognized asset impairment charges of properties, plants and equipment of $35.5 million, consisting of: $11.5 million for assets in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment related to the third quarter 2014 impairment of assets to be sold for a loss in the fourth 2014, underutilized and damaged equipment, and unutilized facilities in Europe; and $24.0 million for assets in Flexible Products & Services segment related to underutilized equipment and the shutdown of the fabric hub in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The impairment charges in the Flexible Products & Services segment included $15.7 million related to assets valued based on their highest and best use. During the year ended October 31, 2013, the Company wrote down long-lived assets with a carrying value of $84.2 million to a fair value of $52.8 million, resulting in recognized asset impairment charges of properties, plants and equipment of $31.4 million, consisting of: $1.6 million for assets in the Paper Packaging segment primarily related to assets under contract to be sold; $18.8 million for assets in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment related to loss making facilities, underutilized and damaged equipment, and unutilized facilities in Europe; and $11.0 million for assets in the Flexible Products & Services segment related to underutilized equipment which was valued based on their highest and best use.

As of October 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, we recorded capitalized interest costs of $1.4 million, $1.7 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

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Income Taxes. Preparation of our financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses as of October 31, 2014. The multitude of tax jurisdictions creates an inherent level of uncertainty, and significant judgment is required when applying the complex tax regulations when estimating our global tax position. Our effective tax rate and the amount of taxes we pay are dependent upon various factors including the following: the laws and regulations, and varying tax rates of the country tax jurisdictions in which income is earned; the recognition of permanent book/tax basis differences realized through divestitures and asset impairments; the ability to realize long term deferred tax assets at certain international subsidiaries; negotiation and dispute resolution with taxing authorities in the U.S. and international jurisdictions arising from federal, state and local country tax audits; changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative rulings and common law.

Refer to the Results of Operations in Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Note 12 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for further discussion.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits. Pension and postretirement assumptions are significant inputs to the actuarial models that measure pension and postretirement benefit obligations and related effects on operations. Two assumptions – discount rate and expected return on assets – are important elements of plan expense and asset/liability measurement. We evaluate these critical assumptions at least annually on a plan and country-specific basis. At least annually, we evaluate other assumptions involving demographic factors, such as retirement age, mortality and turnover, and update them to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. Actual results in any given year will often differ from actuarial assumptions because of economic and other factors.

Accumulated and projected benefit obligations are measured as the present value of future cash payments. We discount those cash payments using the weighted average of market-observed yields for high quality fixed income securities with maturities that correspond to the payment of benefits. Lower discount rates increase present values and subsequent-year pension expense; higher discount rates decrease present values and subsequent-year pension expense.

Our discount rates for consolidated pension plans at October 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were 3.69%, 4.30% and 3.92%, respectively, reflecting market interest rates.

To develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption, we use a generally consistent approach worldwide. The approach considers various sources, primarily inputs from a range of advisors, inflation, bond yields, historical returns, and future expectations for returns for each asset class, as well as the target asset allocation of the pension portfolio. This rate is gross of any investment or administrative expenses. Assets in our principal pension plans earned 10.08% in 2014. Based on our analysis of future expectations of asset performance, past return results, and our current and expected asset allocations, we have assumed a 5.49% long-term expected return on those assets for cost recognition in 2015. This is a decrease from the 5.73% long term affected return we had assumed in 2014, as well as a reduction from the 5.70% and 6.46% long-term affected return we had assumed in 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Changes in key assumptions for our consolidated pension and postretirement plans would have the following effects.

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Further discussion of our pension and postretirement benefit plans and related assumptions is contained in Note 13 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Environmental Cleanup Costs. We expense environmental expenditures related to existing conditions caused by past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. Expenditures that extend the life of the related property, or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination, are capitalized. Reserves for large environmental exposures are principally based on environmental studies and cost estimates provided by third parties, but also take into account management estimates. Reserves for less significant environmental exposures are principally based on management estimates.

Environmental expenses were $0.7 million, $2.6 million, and $1.3 million in 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. Environmental cash expenditures were $2.0 million, $3.9 million, and $2.4 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Our reserves for environmental liabilities as of October 31, 2014 amounted to $24.7 million, which included a reserve of $13.7 million related to our blending facility in Chicago, Illinois, $6.8 million related to various European drum facilities acquired from Blagden and Van Leer, $2.6 million related to various container life cycle management and recycling facilities acquired in 2011 and 2010, and $1.6 million related to various other facilities around the world. The remaining reserves were for asserted and unasserted environmental litigation, claims and/or assessments at manufacturing sites and other locations where we believe it is probable the outcome of such matters will be unfavorable to us, but the environmental exposure at any one of those sites was not individually material.

We anticipate that expenditures for remediation costs at most of the sites will be made over an extended period of time. Given the inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures, actual costs may vary from those estimated as of October 31, 2014. Our exposure to adverse developments with respect to any individual site is not expected to be material. Although environmental remediation could have a material effect on results of operations if a series of adverse developments occur in a particular quarter or fiscal year, we believe that the likelihood of a series of adverse developments occurring in the same quarter or fiscal year is remote. Future information and developments will require us to continually reassess the expected impact of these environmental matters.

Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets. We have agreed to sell trade receivables meeting certain eligibility requirements that the seller had purchased from other of our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries, under a factoring agreement. The structure of the transactions provide for a legal true sale, on a revolving basis, of the receivables transferred from our various subsidiaries to the respective banks and their affiliates. The purchaser funds an initial purchase price of a certain percentage of eligible receivables based on a formula, with the initial purchase price approximating 75 percent to 90 percent of eligible receivables. The remaining deferred purchase price is settled upon collection of the receivables. At the balance sheet reporting dates, we remove from accounts receivable the amount of proceeds received from the initial purchase price since they meet the applicable criteria of ASC 860, “Transfers and Servicing,” and we continue to recognize the deferred purchase price in our accounts receivable. The receivables are sold on a non-recourse basis with the total funds in the servicing collection accounts pledged to the banks between settlement dates.

Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue when title passes to customers or services have been rendered, with appropriate provision for returns and allowances. Revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC 605, “Revenue Recognition.”

Timberland disposals, timber and special use property revenues are recognized when closings have occurred, required down payments have been received, title and possession have been transferred to the buyer, and all other criteria for sale and profit recognition have been satisfied.

We report the sale of surplus and HBU property in our consolidated statements of income under “gain on disposals of property, plants, and equipment, net” and report the sale of development property under “net sales” and “cost of goods sold.” All HBU and development property, together with surplus property, is used by us to productively grow and sell timber until the property is sold.

Other Items. Other items that could have a significant impact on our financial statements include the risks and uncertainties listed in Item 1A under “Risk Factors.” Actual results could differ materially using different estimates and assumptions, or if conditions are significantly different in the future.

Variable Interest Entities. We evaluate whether an entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and determine if the primary beneficiary status is appropriate on a quarterly basis. We consolidate VIE’s for which we are the primary beneficiary. If we are not the primary beneficiary and an ownership interest is held, the VIE is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. When assessing the determination of the primary beneficiary, we consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including: the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb the expected losses and/or the right to receive the expected returns of the VIE.

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Significant Nonstrategic Timberland Transactions

In March 2005, Soterra LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary) entered into two real estate purchase and sale agreements with Plum Creek Timberlands, L.P. (“Plum Creek”) to sell approximately 56,000 acres of timberland and related assets located primarily in Florida for an aggregate sales price of approximately $90 million, subject to closing adjustments. In connection with the closing of one of these agreements, Soterra LLC sold approximately 35,000 acres of timberland and associated assets in Florida, Georgia and Alabama for $51.0 million. The purchase price was paid in the form of cash and a $50.9 million purchase note payable (the “Purchase Note”) by an indirect subsidiary of Plum Creek (the “Buyer SPE”). Soterra LLC contributed the Purchase Note to STA Timber LLC (“STA Timber”), one of our indirect wholly owned subsidiaries. The Purchase Note is secured by a Deed of Guarantee issued by Bank of America, N.A., London Branch, in an amount not to exceed $52.3 million (the “Deed of Guarantee”), as a guarantee of the due and punctual payment of principal and interest on the Purchase Note.

In May 2005, STA Timber issued in a private placement its 5.20% Senior Secured Notes due August 5, 2020 (the “Monetization Notes”) in the principal amount of $43.3 million. In connection with the sale of the Monetization Notes, STA Timber entered into note purchase agreements with the purchasers of the Monetization Notes (the “Note Purchase Agreements”) and related documentation. The Monetization Notes are secured by a pledge of the Purchase Note and the Deed of Guarantee. The Monetization Notes may be accelerated in the event of a default in payment or a breach of the other obligations set forth therein or in the Note Purchase Agreements or related documents, subject in certain cases to any applicable cure periods, or upon the occurrence of certain insolvency or bankruptcy related events. The Monetization Notes are subject to a mechanism that may cause them, subject to certain conditions, to be extended to November 5, 2020. The proceeds from the sale of the Monetization Notes were primarily used for the repayment of indebtedness. Greif, Inc. and its other subsidiaries have not extended any form of guaranty of the principal or interest on the Monetization Notes. Accordingly, Greif, Inc. and its other subsidiaries will not become directly or contingently liable for the payment of the Monetization Notes at any time. The Buyer SPE is a separate and distinct legal entity from us; however the Buyer SPE has been consolidated into our operations.

The Buyer SPE is deemed to be a VIE since the Buyer SPE is not able to satisfy its liabilities without financing support from us. While Buyer SPE is a separate and distinct legal entity from us, we are the primary beneficiary because we have (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As a result, Buyer SPE has been consolidated into our operations.

Flexible Packaging Joint Venture

In 2010, we formed a joint venture (referred to herein as the “Flexible Packaging JV”) with Dabbagh Group Holding Company Limited and its subsidiary National Scientific Company Limited (“NSC”). The Flexible Packaging JV owns the operations in the Flexible Products & Services segment. The Flexible Packaging JV has been consolidated into our operations as of its formation date of September 29, 2010.

All entities contributed to the Flexible Packaging JV were existing businesses acquired by us and were reorganized under Greif Flexibles Asset Holding B.V. and Greif Flexibles Trading Holding B.V. (“Asset Co.” and “Trading Co.”), respectively. The Flexible Packaging JV also included Global Textile Company LLC (“Global Textile”), which owned and operated a fabric hub in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that commenced operations in the fourth quarter of 2012, but ceased operations in the fourth quarter of 2014. We have 51 percent ownership in Trading Co. and 49 percent ownership in Asset Co. and Global Textile. However, we and NSC have equal economic interests in the Flexible Packaging JV, notwithstanding the actual ownership interests in the various legal entities. All investments, loans and capital contributions are to be shared equally by us and NSC and each partner has committed to contribute capital of up to $150 million and obtain third party financing for up to $150 million as required.

The Flexible Packaging JV is deemed to be a VIE since the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the legal entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from us. We are the primary beneficiary because we have (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

In April 2014, there was a conversion of the short-term loans payable and accrued interest to equity. This transaction consisted of loans payable to another Greif entity and those payable to NSC. As of October 31, 2013 and 2012, Asset Co. had outstanding advances to NSC for $0.6 million which were being used to fund certain costs incurred in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in respect of the fabric hub. These advances were recorded within the current portion related party notes and advances receivable on our consolidated balance sheet. As of October 31, 2013 and 2012, Asset Co. and Trading Co. held short term loans payable to NSC for $12.7 million and $8.1 million, respectively, recorded within short-term borrowings on our consolidated balance sheet. These loans were interest bearing and were used to fund certain operational requirements.

Non-United States Accounts Receivable VIE

As further described in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. is a party to the Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Purchase Agreement (the “European RPA”). Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. is deemed to be a VIE since this entity is not able to satisfy its liabilities without the financial support from us. While this entity is a separate and distinct legal entity from us and no ownership interest in Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. is held by us, we are the primary beneficiary because we have (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As a result, Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. has been consolidated into our operations.

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Recent Accounting Standards

Newly Adopted Accounting Standards

In March 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-05 “Foreign Currency Matters: Parent’s Accounting for the Cumulative Translation Adjustment upon Derecognition of Certain Subsidiaries or Groups of Assets within a Foreign Entity or an Investment in a Foreign Entity.” The objective of this update is to resolve the diversity in practice about whether Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810-10 or ASC 830-30 applies to the release of the cumulative translation adjustment into net income when a parent either sells a part or all of its investment in a foreign entity or no longer holds a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a nonprofit activity or a business (other than a sale of in substance real estate or conveyance of oil and gas rights) within a foreign entity. We adopted the new guidance beginning on November 1, 2013, and the adoption of the new guidance with respect to acquisitions or divestitures that occur after that date will impact our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and disclosures.

In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11 “Income Taxes: Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists.” The objective of this update is to eliminate the diversity in practice in the presentation of unrecognized tax benefits when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward exists. The amendments in this update seek to attain that objective by requiring an entity to present an unrecognized tax benefit in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for those instances described above, except in certain situations discussed in the update. We adopted the new guidance beginning on November 1, 2013, and the adoption of the new guidance did not impact our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income or cash flows, other than the related disclosures.

In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-08 “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity.” The objective of this update is to prevent disposals of small groups of assets that are recurring in nature to qualify for discontinued operations presentation under Subtopic 205-20. The amendments in this update seek to attain this objective by only allowing disposals representing a strategic shift in operations to be presented as discontinued operations. We adopted the new guidance beginning on May, 1 2014, after which new disposals of components are evaluated for discontinued operations treatment using the new guidance. As a result of the adoption of this standard, businesses sold or classified as held for sale during the six months ended October 31, 2014 did not qualify as discontinued operations under the new standard.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

As of October 31, 2014, the FASB has issued ASU’s through 2014-17. We have reviewed each recently issued ASU and the adoption of each ASU that is applicable to us, other than as explained below will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income or cash flows, other than the related disclosures.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. The effective date will be the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 using one of two retrospective application methods. We have not yet determined the potential impact on our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flow and disclosures.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15 “Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as Going Concern”. The objective of this update is to reduce the diversity in the timing and content of footnote disclosures related to going concern. The ASU requires management to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern by incorporating and expanding upon certain principles that are currently in U.S. auditing standards. This update applies to all entities that would be required to disclose information about its potential inability to continue as a going concern when “substantial doubt” about its ability to continue as a going concern exists. The Company will be required to evaluate “relevant conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable at the date that the financial statements are issued.” We will have to document our consideration of the ASU, but not because we believe there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We expect to adopt this guidance beginning November 1, 2017, and the adoption of the new guidance is not expected to impact our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income or cash flows, other than the related disclosures.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to interest rate risk related to our financial instruments that include borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement, proceeds from our Senior Notes and U.S. trade accounts receivable credit facility, and interest rate swap agreements. We do not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The interest rate swap agreements have been entered into to manage our exposure to variability in interest rates and changes in the fair value of fixed rate debt.

We had interest rate swap agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $150.0 million as of October 31, 2014 and 2013, with various maturities through 2015. The interest rate swap agreements are used to manage our fixed and floating rate debt mix. Under certain of these agreements, we receive interest monthly from the counterparties equal to LIBOR and pay interest at a fixed rate over the life of the contracts. A liability for the loss on interest rate swap contracts, which represented their fair values, in the amount of $0.2 million and $0.9 million was recorded as of October 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The tables below provide information about our derivative financial instruments and other financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. For the Amended Credit Agreement, Senior Notes and U.S. trade accounts receivable credit facility, the tables present scheduled amortizations of principal and the weighted average interest rate by contractual maturity dates as of October 31, 2014 and 2013. For interest rate swaps, the tables present annual amortizations of notional amounts and weighted average interest rates by contractual maturity dates. Under the cash flow swap agreements, we receive interest monthly from the counterparties and pay interest monthly to the counterparties.

The fair values of our Amended Credit Agreement, Senior Notes, Amended Receivables Facility and Prior Receivables Facility are based on rates available to us for debt of the same remaining maturity as of October 31, 2014 and 2013. The fair value of the interest rate swap agreements has been determined based upon the market settlement prices of comparable contracts as of October 31, 2014 and 2013.

Financial Instruments

As of October 31, 2014

(Dollars in millions)

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Financial Instruments

As of October 31, 2013

(Dollars in millions)

The fair market value of the interest rate swaps as of October 31, 2014 was a net liability of $0.2 million. Based on a sensitivity analysis (with respect only to these instruments) we performed as of October 31, 2014, a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates would immaterially decrease the fair value of the swap agreements and remain at a net liability of $0.2 million. Conversely, a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would increase the fair value of the swap agreements by $.03 million to a net asset of $0.1 million.

Currency Risk

As a result of our international operations, our operating results are subject to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. The geographic presence of our operations mitigates this exposure to some degree. Additionally, our transaction exposure is somewhat limited because we produce and sell a majority of our products in local currency within most countries in which we operate.

As of October 31, 2014, we had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $122.4 million ($137.6 million as of October 31, 2013). The purpose of these contracts is to hedge our exposure to foreign currency transactions and short-term intercompany loan balances in our international businesses. The fair value of these contracts as of October 31, 2014 resulted in a $0.4 million gain recorded in the consolidated statements of income. The fair value of similar contracts as of October 31, 2013 resulted in an immaterial gain recorded in the consolidated statements of income.

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A sensitivity analysis (with respect only to these instruments) to changes in the foreign currencies hedged indicates that if the U.S. dollar strengthened by 10 percent, the fair value of these instruments would decrease by $4.0 million to a net liability of $3.6 million. Conversely, if the U.S. dollar weakened by 10 percent, the fair value of these instruments would increase by $4.3 million to a net asset of $4.7 million.

Commodity Price Risk

We purchase commodities such as steel, resin, containerboard, pulpwood and energy. We do not currently engage in material hedging of commodities, although in the past we have sometimes engaged in hedges in natural gas, because there has historically been a high correlation between the commodity cost and the ultimate selling price of our products. There were no commodity hedging contracts outstanding as of October 31, 2014.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

GREIF, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)