GT Biopharma, Inc. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

Delaware		94-1620407
(State of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

310 N. Westlake Blvd.

Suite 206

Westlake Village, CA 91362

Title of Securities		Exchanges on which Registered
Common Stock, $.001 Par Value		None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2018 was approximately $40.4 million. As of March 27, 2019, there were 51,374,418 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value, issued and outstanding.

 

	Table of Contents
PART I		1
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	14
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	31
Item 2.	Properties	31
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	31
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	32
PART II		32
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	32
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	33
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	40
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	40
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	40
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	40
Item 9B.	Other Information	41
PART III		41
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	41
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	42
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	45
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	46
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	46
PART IV		48
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	48

 

 

PART I

CAUTIONARY NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Report, including any documents which may be incorporated by reference into this Report, contains “Forward-Looking Statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “Forward-Looking Statements” for purposes of these provisions, including our plans of operation, any projections of revenues or other financial items, any statements of the plans and objectives of management for future operations, any statements concerning proposed new products or services, any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. All Forward-Looking Statements included in this document are made as of the date hereof and are based on information available to us as of such date. We assume no obligation to update any Forward-Looking Statement. In some cases, Forward-Looking Statements can be identified by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “believes,” “estimates,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the Forward-Looking Statements contained herein are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such expectations or any of the Forward-Looking Statements will prove to be correct, and actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the Forward-Looking Statements. Future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any Forward-Looking Statements are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, including any other factors referred to in our press releases and reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All subsequent Forward- Looking Statements attributable to the company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements. Additional factors that may have a direct bearing on our operating results are described under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report.

 

Introductory Comment

 

Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “GTBP,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the company” and “our company” refer to GT Biopharma, Inc., a Delaware corporation formerly known as DDI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Diagnostic Data, Inc. and Oxis International, Inc., together with our subsidiaries.

  

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

  

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel immuno-oncology products based off our proprietary Tri-specific Killer Engager (TriKE), Tetra-specific Killer Engager (TetraKE) and bi-specific Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) technology platforms. Our TriKE and TetraKE platforms generate proprietary moieties designed to harness and enhance the cancer killing abilities of a patient’s own natural killer, or NK, cells. Once bound to an NK cell, our moieties are designed to enhance the NK cell and precisely direct it to one or more specifically-targeted proteins (tumor antigens) expressed on a specific type of cancer, ultimately resulting in the cancer cell’s death. TriKEs and TetraKEs are made up of recombinant fusion proteins, can be designed to target any number of tumor antigens on hematologic malignancies, sarcomas or solid tumors and do not require patient-specific customization. They are designed to be dosed in a common outpatient setting similar to modern antibody therapeutics and are expected to have reasonably low cost of goods. Our ADC platform generates product candidates that are bi-specific, ligand-directed single-chain fusion proteins that, we believe, represent the next generation of ADCs.

 

We are using our TriKE and TetraKE platforms with the intent to bring to market immuno-oncology products that can treat a range of hematologic malignancies, sarcoma and solid tumors. The platforms are scalable, and we are putting processes in place to be able to produce IND-ready moieties in a timely manner after a specific TriKE or TetraKE conceptual design. After conducting market and competitive research, specific moieties can then be advanced into the clinic on our own or through potential collaborations with larger companies. We are also evaluating, in conjunction with our Scientific Advisory Board, additional moieties designed to target different tumor antigens. We believe our TriKEs and TetraKEs may have the ability, if approved for marketing, to be used on a stand-alone basis, augment the current monoclonal antibody therapeutics, be used in conjunction with more traditional cancer therapy and potentially overcome certain limitations of current chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR-T, therapy.

 

We also believe our bi-specific, ligand-directed single-chain fusion proteins are examples of the next generation of ADCs. We believe GTB-1550 has certain properties that could result in competitive advantages over recently approved ADC products targeting leukemias and lymphomas and/or have utility in other niche populations. In a Phase 1 trial, of nine patients that achieved adequate blood levels, in two heavily pretreated patients a continuous partial remission (PR) and complete remission (CR) were observed. One of these patients, who had failed multiple previous treatment regimens, has been in remission since early 2015.

 

Our initial work has been conducted in collaboration with the Masonic Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota under a program led by Dr. Jeffrey Miller, the Deputy Director. Dr. Miller is a recognized leader in the field of NK cell and IL-15 biology and their therapeutic potential. We have exclusive rights to the TriKE and TetraKE platforms and are generating additional intellectual property around specific moieties.

 

 

Also, in connection with the acquisition of Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals on September 1, 2017, we acquired a portfolio of in-process research and development central nervous system (“CNS”) assets consisting of innovative reformulations and/or repurposing of existing therapies. These CNS assets address disease states such as chronic neuropathic pain, myasthenia gravis and motion sickness. We are currently pursuing out-licensing opportunities related to these assets.

Immuno-Oncology Platform

Tri-specific Killer Engagers (TriKEs) and Tetra-specific Killer Engagers (TetraKEs)

The generation of chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR, expressing T cells from monoclonal antibodies has represented an important step forward in cancer therapy. These therapies involve the genetic engineering of T cells to express either CARs, or T cell receptors, or TCRs, and are designed such that the modified T cells can recognize and destroy cancer cells. While a great deal of interest has recently been placed upon chimeric antigen receptor T, or CAR-T, therapy, it has certain limitations for broad potential applicability because it can require an individual approach that is expensive and time consuming, and may be difficult to apply on a large scale. We believe there is an unmet need for targeted immuno-oncology therapies that have the potential to be dosed in a patient-friendly outpatient setting, can be used on a stand-alone basis, augment the current monoclonal antibody therapeutics and/or be used in conjunction with more traditional cancer therapy. We believe our TriKE and TetraKE constructs have this potential and therefore we have generated, and intend to continue to generate, a pipeline of product candidates to be advanced into the clinic on our own or through potential collaborations with larger companies.

NK cells represent an important immunotherapeutic target as they are involved in tumor immune-surveillance, can mediate antibody- dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), contain pre-made granules with perforin and granzyme B and can quickly secrete inflammatory cytokines, and unlike T cells they do not require antigen priming and can kill cells in the absence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation.

 

Unlike full-length antibodies, TriKEs and TetraKEs are small single-chain fusion proteins that bind the CD16 receptor of NK cells directly producing a potent and lasting response, as demonstrated by preclinical studies. An additional benefit they may have is attractive biodistribution, as a consequence of their smaller size, which we expect to be important in the treatment of solid tumors. In addition to these advantages, TriKEs and TetraKEs are designed to be non-immunogenic, have appropriate clearance properties and can be engineered quickly to target a variety of tumor antigens.

Background and Select Non-Clinical Data

In conjunction with our research agreement with the Masonic Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota, the exploration of targeting NK cells to a variety of tumors initially focused on novel bi-specific killer engagers, or BiKEs, composed of the variable portions of antibodies targeting the CD16 activating receptor on NK cells and CD33 (AML and MDS; see figure below), CD19/CD22 (B cell lymphomas), or EpCAM (epithelial tumors (breast, colon, and lung)) on the tumor cells.

 

 

Subsequently, a tri-specific (TriKE) construct that replaced the linker molecule between the CD16 scFv and the CD33 scFv with a modified IL-15 molecule, containing flanking sequences, was generated and tested. Data indicate that the CD16 x IL-15 x CD33 and CD16 x IL-15 x EpCAM TriKEs potently induce proliferation of healthy donor NK cells, possibly greater than that induced by exogenous IL-15, which is absent in the BiKE platform. Targeted delivery of the IL-15 through the TriKE also resulted in specific expansion of the NK cells without inducing T cell expansion on post-transplant patient samples.

When compared to the CD16 x CD33 BiKE, the CD16 x IL-15 x CD33 TriKE is also capable of potently restoring killing capacity of post- transplant NK cells against CD33-expressing HL-60 Targets and primary AML blasts. These results demonstrated the ability to functionally incorporate an IL-5 cytokine into the BiKE platform and also demonstrated the possibility of targeting a variety of cytokines directly to NK cells while reducing off-target effects and the amount of cytokines needed to obtain biologically relevant function.

The figure below is a schematic of a BiKE construct (top) and a TriKE construct (bottom), which has the modified IL-15 linker between the CD16 scFv and the CD33 scFv components.

 

The TriKE constructs were also tested against three separate human tumor cell lines: HL-60 (promyelocitic leukemia), Raji (Burkitt’s lymphoma), and HT29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), in addition to a model for ovarian cancer. All cell lines contained the Luc reporter to allow for in vivo imaging of the tumors. These systems were used to show in vivo efficacy of BiKEs (1633) and TriKEs (GTB-3550) against relevant human tumor targets (HL-60-luc) over an extended period of time. The system consisted of initial conditioning of mice using radiation (250-275 cGy), followed by injection of the tumor cells (I.V. for HL-60-luc and Raji-luc, intra-splenic for HT29-luc and IP for ovarian for MA-148-luc), a three-day growth phase, injection of human NK cells, and repeated injection of the drugs of interest, BiKE and TriKE (three to five times a week). Imaging was carried out at day 7, 14, and 21, and extended as needed.

Figure A below shows the results (tumor burden and mortality) when dosing NK cells alone (top panel), the BiKE version (lacking IL-15) of GTB-3550 (middle panel; called 1633), and the TriKE, GTB-3550 (bottom panel; then called 161533) in the above described human tumor model, HL-60-luc. In the NK-cell-only arm, two out of the five mice were dead by day 21 with two of the surviving mice having extensive tumor burden as depicted by the colored images. In contrast, all five mice in each of the BiKE and TriKE arms survived. In addition, the tumor burden in the TriKE-treated mice was significantly less than in the BiKE-treated mice, demonstrating the improved efficacy from NK cells in the TriKE-treated mice.

 

Based on these results, and others, the IND for GTB-3550 was filed in June 2017 by the University of Minnesota. FDA requested that additional preclinical toxicology be conducted prior to initiating clinical trials. The FDA also requested some additional information and clarifications on the manufacturing (CMC) and clinical packages. The requested additional information and clarifications were completed and incorporated by us into the IND in eCTD format. We filed the IND amendment in June 2018 and announced on November 1, 2018 that we had received notification from the FDA that the IND was open and the Company was authorized to initiate a first-in-human Phase 1 study with GTB-3550 in AML, MDS and severe mastocytosis. We expect to be in a position to begin the Phase 1 clinical trial in the first half of 2019.

Generation of humanized single-domain antibody targeting CD16 for incorporation into the TriKE platform

To develop second generation TriKEs, we designed a new humanized CD16 engager derived from a single-domain antibody. While scFvs consist of a heavy and a light variable chain joined by a linker, single-domain antibodies consist of a single variable heavy chain capable of engaging without the need of a light chain counterpart (see figure below).

 

These single-domain antibodies are thought to have certain attractive features for antibody engineering, including physical stability, ability to bind deep grooves, and increased production yields, amongst others. Pre-clinical studies demonstrated increased activity (NK Cell Degranulation) and functionality (NC Cell Cytokine Production) of the single-domain CD16 TriKE (GTB-C3550) compared to the original TriKE (GTB-3550) (see figure below). These data were presented at the 2017 American Society of Hematology Conference.

 

 

Targeting Solid Tumors and Other Potentially Attractive Characteristics

Unlike full-length antibodies, TriKEs and TetraKEs are small single-chain fusion proteins that bind the CD16 receptor of NK cells directly producing a potentially more potent and lasting response as demonstrated by preclinical studies. An additional benefit that they may have is an attractive biodistribution, because of their smaller size, which we expect to be important in the treatment of solid tumors. In addition to these potential advantages, TriKEs and TetraKEs are designed to be non-immunogenic, have appropriate clearance properties and can be engineered quickly to target a variety of tumor antigens. We believe these attributes make them an ideal pharmaceutical platform for potentiated NK cell-based immunotherapies and have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of CAR-T therapy and other antibody therapies.

Examples of our earlier stage solid tumor targeting product candidates are focused on EpCAM, Her2, Mesothelin (mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma), and CD133 alone and in combination. We believe certain of these constructs have the potential to target prostate, breast, colon, ovarian, liver, and head and neck cancers. Depending on the availability of drug supply, we hope to initiate human clinical testing for certain of our solid tumor product candidates in 2020.

Efficient Advancement of Potential Future Product Candidates --Production and Scale Up

We are using our TriKE and TetraKE platforms with the intent to bring to market multiple immuno-oncology products that can treat a range of hematologic malignancies, sarcomas and solid tumors. The platforms are scalable and we are currently working with several third parties investigating the optimal expression system of the TriKEs and TetraKE constructs which we expect to be part of a process in which we are able to produce IND-ready moieties in approximately 90-120 days after the construct conceptual design.

After conducting market and competitive research, specific moieties can then be rapidly advanced into the clinic on our own or through potential collaborations with larger companies. We are currently evaluating over a dozen moieties and intend to announce additional clinical product candidates in the second half of 2019.

We believe our TriKEs and TetraKEs will have the ability, if approved for marketing, to be used on a stand-alone basis, augment the current monoclonal antibody therapeutics, or be used in conjunction with more traditional cancer therapy and potentially overcome certain limitations of current chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR-T, therapy.

Bi-specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Program

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of potent biopharmaceutical drugs designed as a targeted therapy for the treatment of cancer. ADCs combine the antitumor potency of highly cytotoxic small-molecule drugs with the high selectivity, pharmacokinetic profile of mAbs. These attributes allow sensitive discrimination between healthy and diseased tissue. We believe our bi-specific, ligand-directed single-chain fusion protein represents an example of the next generation of ADCs.

We are currently utilizing a single chain bispecific recombinant fusion protein consisting of an anti-CD22 sFv, an anti-CD19 sFv, and DT390 (the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin). It is a cytotoxic molecule produced by recombinant DNA techniques composed of a fusion gene consisting of sequences for DT390 and also sequences encoding two separate and distinct sFvs, one recognizing CD22 and one recognizing CD19. The anti-CD22 sFv comes from the monoclonal antibody RFB4 and this sFv is currently in clinical trials involving another anti-CD22 immunotoxin called BL22. The anti-CD19 sFv is from the monoclonal antibody HD37 that has previously been used clinically. Published preclinical studies have shown that the presence of both sFvs on the same single chain molecule results in a bispecific fusion toxin that has superior activity and anti-cancer effects compared to the monospecific fusion toxins. Between the VL and VH regions of the sFvs, we have introduced aggregation reducing sequences (ARL) which has produced a product which has demonstrated better activity against scid mouse systemic models of B cell malignancy. The action of DT2219 occurs as a result of binding to the CD22 and/or CD19 receptors, subsequent internalization, and enzymatic inhibition of protein synthesis leading to cell death.

We believe that our single-chain bi-specific recombinant fusion proteins utilizing novel linkers and innovative warheads represent an important advance over currently marketed ADCs. Utilizing our bi-specific ADC platform we have the ability to generate novel ADCs with unique targets, linkers and warheads. This platform provides us with the ability to rapidly construct novel ADCs with the potential to treat a wide range of cancers, including hematologic and solid tumors.

Immuno-Oncology Product Candidates

Our most advanced bi-specific ADC, GTB-1550, which targets CD19+ and/or CD22+ hematological malignancies, is in the Phase 2 component of a Phase 1/2 Non-Hodgins Lymphoma (NHL)/Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) trial which is an open-label, investigator-led study. We are initially targeting certain hematologic malignancies as we believe our product candidates may have certain advantages over existing and other in-development products.

 

Our TriKE product candidates, GTB-3550 and GTB-C3550, are single-chain, tri-specific scFv recombinant fusion proteins composed of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (or heavy chain only) of anti-CD16 antibodies, wild-type or a modified form of IL-15 and the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of an antibody designed to precisely target a specific tumor antigen. We utilize the NK stimulating cytokine human IL-15 as a crosslinker between the two scFvs which is designed to provide a self-sustaining signal leading to the proliferation and activation of NK cells thus enhancing their ability to kill cancer cells mediated by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

 

Our TetraKE product candidates are single-chain fusion proteins composed of human single-domain anti-CD16 antibody, wild-type IL-15 and the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of two antibodies that are designed to target two specific tumor antigens expressed on specific types of cancer cells. An example of a TetraKE product candidate is GTB-1615 which is designed to target EpCAM and CD133 positive solid tumors. EpCAM is found on many solid tumor cells of epithelial origin and CD133 is a marker for cancer stem cells. GTB-1615 is designed to enable a patient’s NK cells to kill not only the heterogeneous population of cancer cells found in many solid tumors but also kill the cancer stem cells that can be responsible for recurrences.

GTB-1550

GTB-1550 is a bispecific scFv recombinant fusion protein-drug conjugate composed of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 antibodies and a modified form of diphtheria toxin (DT390) as its cytotoxic drug payload. CD19 is a membrane glycoprotein present on the surface of all stages of B-lymphocyte development and is also expressed on most B-cell mature lymphoma cells and leukemia cells. CD22 is a glycoprotein expressed on B-lineage lymphoid precursors, including precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and often is co-expressed with CD19 on mature B-cell malignancies such as lymphoma.

 

GTB-1550 targets cancer cells expressing the CD19 receptor or CD22 receptor or both receptors. When GTB-1550 binds to cancer cells, the cancer cells internalize GTB-1550, and are killed due to the action of drug’s cytotoxic diphtheria toxin payload. GTB-1550 has completed a Phase 1 human clinical trial in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma or leukemia.

The initial Phase 1 study enrolled 25 patients with mature or precursor B-cell lymphoid malignancies expressing the CD19 receptor or CD22 receptor or both receptors. All 25 patients received at least a single course of therapy. The treatment at the higher doses produced objective tumor responses with one patient in continuous partial remission and the second in complete remission. A Phase 1/2 trial of GTB-1550 in 18 patients was recently completed in patients with ALL/NHL. The FDA-approved clinical trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota's Masonic Cancer Center. The data is currently being analyzed. We expect to submit data from this Phase 1/2 study for presentation/publication.

GTB-3550

GTB-3550 is our first TriKE product candidate. It is a single-chain, tri-specific scFv recombinant fusion protein conjugate composed of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of anti-CD16 and anti-CD33 antibodies and a modified form of IL-15. We intend to study this anti-CD16-IL-15-anti-CD33 TriKE in CD33 positive leukemias, a marker expressed on tumor cells in acute myelogenous leukemia, or AML, myelodysplastic syndrome, or MDS, and other hematopoietic malignancies. CD33 is primarily a myeloid differentiation antigen with endocytic properties broadly expressed on AML blasts and, possibly, some leukemic stem cells. CD33 or Siglec-3 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3, SIGLEC3, SIGLEC3, gp67, p67) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage. It is usually considered myeloid-specific, but it can also be found on some lymphoid cells. The anti-CD33 antibody fragment that will be used for these studies was derived from the M195 humanized anti-CD33 scFV and has been used in multiple human clinical studies. It has been exploited as target for therapeutic antibodies for many years. We believe the recent approval of the antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab validates this targeted approach.

The GTB-3550 IND will focus on AML, the most common form of adult leukemia with 21,000 new cases expected in 2018 alone (American Cancer Society). These patients typically receive frontline therapy, usually chemotherapy, including cytarabine and an anthracycline, a therapy that has not changed in over 40 years. About half will have relapses and require alternative therapies. In addition, MDS incidence rates have dramatically increased in the population of the United States from 3.3 per 100,000 individuals from 2001-2004 to 70 per 100,000 annually, MDS is especially prevalent in elderly patients that have a median age of 76 years at diagnosis. The survival of patients with MDS is poor due to decreased eligibility, as a result of advanced age, for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (Allo- HSCT), the only curative MDS treatment (Cogle CR. Incidence and Burden of the Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2015; 10(3):272-281). We believe GTB-3550 could serve as a relatively safe, cost-effective, and easy-to-use therapy for resistant/relapsing AML and could also be combined with chemotherapy as frontline therapy thus targeting the larger market.

The IND for GTB-3550 was filed in June 2017 by the University of Minnesota. FDA requested that additional preclinical toxicology be conducted prior to initiating clinical trials. The FDA also requested some additional information and clarifications on the manufacturing (CMC) and clinical packages. The requested additional information and clarifications were completed and incorporated by us into the IND in eCTD format. We filed the IND amendment in June 2018 and announced on November 1, 2018 that we had received notification from the FDA that the IND was open and the Company was authorized to initiate a first-in-human Phase 1 study with GTB-3550 in AML, MDS and severe mastocytosis. We expect to be in a position to begin the Phase 1 clinical trial in the first half of 2019.

 

 

GTB-C3550

GTB-C3550 is a next-generation, follow-on, to our lead TriKE, GTB-3550. GTB-C3550 contains a modified CD16 moiety which has improved binding characteristics and enhanced tumor cell killing based on functional assays and animal models of AML. Using our platform technology, we substituted the anti-CD16 scFv arm in GTB-3550 with a novel humanized single-domain anti-CD16 antibody to create this second-generation molecule which may have improved functionality. Single-domain antibodies, such as GTB-C3550, typically have several advantages, including better stability and solubility, more resistance to pH changes, can better recognize hidden antigenic sites, lack of a VL portion thus preventing VH/VL mispairing and are suitable for construction of larger molecules. GTB-C3550 induced a potent increase in NK cell degranulation, measured by CD107a expression against HL-60 AML tumor targets when compared to our first- generation TriKE (70.75±3.65% vs. 30.75±5.05%). IFN production was similarly enhanced (29.2±1.8% vs. 6.55±1.07%). GTB-C3550 also exhibited a robust increase in NK cell proliferation (57.65±6.05% vs. 20.75±2.55%). GTB-3550 studies will help inform the development of GTB-C3550 which we expect will de-risk the GTB-C3550 program as data will be generated to make an informed decision on which, or both, will be brought into later phase studies.

GTB-1615

GTB-1615 is an example of our first-generation TetraKEs designed for the treatment of solid tumors. It is a single-chain fusion protein composed of CD16-IL15-EpCAM-CD133. EpCAM is found on many solid tumor cells of epithelial origin and CD133 is a marker for cancer stem cells. This TetraKE is designed to target not only the heterogeneous population of cancer cells found in solid tumors but also the cancer stem cells that are typically responsible for recurrences. Depending on the availability of drug supply, we hope to initiate human clinical testing for certain of our solid tumor product candidates in 2020.

Central Nervous System

Our CNS portfolio consists of in-process R&D (“IPR&D”) assets acquired in connection with the acquisition of Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals (“GTP”) on September 1, 2017, consisting of innovative reformulations and/or repurposing of existing therapies. These CNS assets address disease states such as chronic neuropathic pain (product candidate PainBrake, utilizing AccuBreak technology), myasthenia gravis (product candidate GTP-004) and motion sickness (product candidate GTP-011).

In the 3rd quarter of 2018, the Company experienced changes in key senior management, led by the appointment of a CEO with extensive experience in oncology drug development. These changes resulted in the prioritization of immuno-oncology development candidates relative to the CNS development candidates acquired from Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals. In conjunction with these strategic changes, limited internal resources have delayed the development of the CNS IPR&D assets. The limited resources, changes in senior leadership, and favorable market conditions for immuno-oncology development candidates have resulted in the Company choosing to focus on development of its immuno-oncology portfolio. We are assessing our options to realize value from the CNS IPR&D assets.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be a leader in immuno-oncology therapies targeting a broad range of indications including hematological malignancies, sarcoma and solid tumors and to generate value from our CNS product candidates. Key elements of our strategy are to:

Expedite clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our bi-specific ADC, GTB-1550, in specific indications with a high unmet-medical need such as patients who are resistant or refractory to conventional treatment and also assess fast-to- market strategies in potential orphan indications

Based upon promising clinical results from the initial GTB-1550 Phase 1 study, we began enrolling patients in a Phase 2 trial during the first quarter of 2017 for our most advanced oncology product candidate, GTB-1550, for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory B- cell leukemias or lymphomas. In the Phase 1 study, of the nine patients who received GTB-1550 at the higher doses, two had durable complete responses in heavily pretreated patients. One of these patients, who had failed multiple previous treatment regimens, has been cancer free since the beginning of 2015.

A Phase 1/2 trial of GTB-1550 in 18 patients was recently completed in patients with ALL/NHL. The FDA-approved clinical trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota's Masonic Cancer Center. The data is currently being analyzed. We expect to submit data from this Phase 1/2 study for presentation/publication.

We will also utilize our bi-specific ADC platform to generate novel ADCs with unique targets, linkers and warheads. We anticipate that this platform will give us the ability to rapidly construct novel ADCs with the potential to treat a wide range of cancers, including hematologic and solid tumors.

 

 

Rapidly advanced our Tri-specific Killer Engagers (TriKEs), GTB-3550 and GTB-C3550

Our TriKE and TetraKE product candidates have the potential to be groundbreaking therapies targeting a broad range of hematologic malignancies, sarcomas and solid tumors. We are preparing to study GTB-3550, an anti-CD16-IL-15-anti-CD33 TriKE in CD33 positive leukemias, a marker expressed on tumor cells in AML, MDS and other myeloid malignancies. We expect to begin a Phase 1 clinical trial in the first half of 2019 in patients with relapsed/refractory AML. The Phase 1 trial will be a dose finding study. We expect this will be closely followed by Phase 2 trials to determine the most efficacious dosing and cycles with the aim to maximize efficacy while minimizing on-target, off-disease adverse events.

GTB-C3550 contains a humanized single-domain anti-CD16 moiety which demonstrated improved binding characteristics and enhanced tumor cell killing based on functional assays and animal models of AML.

We have designed GTB-3550 and GTB-C3550, if approved for marketing, to serve as a relatively safe, cost-effective, and easy-to-use therapies for resistant/relapsing AML or MDS which could also be combined with chemotherapy as frontline therapy thus targeting a broad AML/MDS market.

GTB-C3550 is a next-generation, follow-on, to our lead TriKE, GTB-3550. GTB-3550 studies will help inform the development of GTB-C3550. We believe this will de-risk the GTB-C3550 program as the data being generated will help to make informed decisions on which, or both, will be brought into later phase studies and in which patient populations.

Utilize our TriKE and TetraKE platform technologies to develop a robust pipeline of targeted immuno-oncology products targeting a wide range of hematologic malignancies, sarcomas and solid tumors for development on our own and through potential collaborations with larger pharmaceutical companies

We are using our TriKE and TetraKE platforms with the intent to bring to market multiple, targeted, off-the-shelf therapies that can treat a range of hematologic malignancies, sarcomas and solid tumors. The platforms are scalable and we are currently working with several third parties investigating the optimal expression system of the TriKEs and TetraKE constructs which we expect to be part of a process in which we are able to produce IND-ready moieties in approximately 90-120 days after the construct conceptual design. After conducting market and competitive research, specific moieties can then be rapidly advanced into the clinic on our own or through potential collaborations with larger pharmaceutical companies.

We are currently evaluating over a dozen moieties and intend to announce additional clinical product candidates in the second half of 2019. Depending on the availability of drug supply, we hope to initiate human clinical testing for certain of our solid tumor product candidates in 2020.

We believe our TriKEs and TetraKEs will have the ability, if approved for marketing, to be used on a stand-alone basis, augment the current monoclonal antibody therapeutics, or be used in conjunction with more traditional cancer therapy and potentially overcome certain limitations of current chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR-T, therapy.

Continue our collaborative relationship with the Masonic Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota, under a program led by Dr. Jeffrey Miller and become the leading NK-oriented immune-oncology company

We believe that the TriKE and TetraKE constructs represent potentially groundbreaking innovations in immunotherapy. In July 2016 we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the University of Minnesota to develop and commercialize cancer therapies using TriKE and TetraKE technology developed by researchers at the university to target NK cells to cancer.

We believe TriKE and TetraKE therapeutics have the potential to significantly impact the standard of care for hematologic malignancies, sarcomas, as well as solid tumors. The direct engagement of the NK cell with the tumor cell via very specific receptors may increase the efficacy while decrease the toxicity seen with other forms of immunotherapies. If approved, we expect the TriKEs and TetraKEs will be able to be administered at cancer treatment facilities without the need for specialized centers or product-specific trained staff.

We also intend to selectively evaluate and potentially acquire or enter into licensing or other agreements for technologies and/or product candidates that we believe would complement our oncology product candidates and platform technologies.

Monetize our CNS programs through transactions with commercialization-oriented pharmaceutical companies and/or other transactions

Our CNS portfolio consists of IPR&D assets acquired in connection with the acquisition of GTP on September 1, 2017, consisting of innovative reformulations and/or repurposing of existing therapies. These CNS assets address disease states such as chronic neuropathic pain, myasthenia gravis and motion sickness.

 

In the 3rd quarter of 2018, the Company experienced changes in key senior management, led by the appointment of a CEO with extensive experience in oncology drug development. These changes resulted in the prioritization of immuno-oncology development candidates relative to the CNS development candidates acquired from Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals. In conjunction with these strategic changes, limited internal resources have delayed the development of the CNS IPR&D assets. The limited resources, changes in senior leadership, and favorable market conditions for immuno-oncology development candidates have resulted in the Company choosing to focus on development of its immuno-oncology portfolio.

 

We expect to monetize our CNS portfolio through licensing deals with commercialization-oriented pharmaceutical companies, which could result in income, or enter into other transaction structures with the intent to generate value for our shareholders.

Oncology Markets

B-cell Lymphomas/Leukemias

B-cell lymphoma is a type of cancer that forms in B cells (a type of immune system cell). B-cell lymphomas may be either indolent (slow- growing) or aggressive (fast-growing). Non- Hodgkin lymphoma has an incidence rate of 19.4 per 100,000 per year and B-cell lymphomas make up most (about 85%) of NHL in the United States. There are many different types of B-cell non- Hodgkin lymphomas. These include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, is an acute form of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells, characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of immature white blood cells, known as lymphoblasts. In persons with ALL, lymphoblasts are overproduced in the bone marrow and continuously multiply, causing damage and death by inhibiting the production of normal cells (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the bone marrow and by spreading (infiltrating) to other organs.

It is estimated that there will be 5,930 new cases of ALL reported in the United States in 2019 (ACS Cancer Facts & Figures 2019). "Acute" is defined by the World Health Organization standards, in which greater than 20% of the cells in the bone marrow are blasts. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is defined as having less than 20% blasts in the bone marrow. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is seen in both children and adults; the highest incidence is seen between ages 2 to 3 years (>90 cases per 1 million per year). ALL is the most common cancer diagnosed in children and represents approximately 25% of cancer diagnoses among children younger than 15 years. Among children with ALL, approximately 98% attain remission, and approximately 85% of patients aged 1 to 18 years with newly diagnosed ALL treated on current regimens are expected to be long-term event-free survivors, with over 90% surviving at 5 years.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that forms in white blood cells and will affect an estimated 32,110 people in 2019 in the U.S. causing about 12,960 deaths. Multiple myeloma causes cancer cells to accumulate in the bone marrow, where they crowd out healthy blood cells. Multiple myeloma is also characterized by destructive lytic bone lesions (rounded, punched-out areas of bone), diffuse osteoporosis, bone pain, and the production of abnormal proteins which accumulate in the urine. Anemia is also present in most multiple myeloma patients at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up. Anemia in multiple myeloma is multifactorial and is secondary to bone marrow replacement by malignant plasma cells, chronic inflammation, relative erythropoietin deficiency, and vitamin deficiency. Plasma cell leukemia, a condition in which plasma cells comprise greater than 20% of peripheral leukocytes, is typically a terminal stage of multiple myeloma and is associated with short survival.

Myeloid Leukemias

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

AML is a heterogeneous hematologic stem cell malignancy in adults with incidence rate of 4.3% per 100,000 populations. The median age at the time of diagnosis is 68 years. AML is an aggressive disease and is fatal without anti-leukemic treatment. AML is the most common form of adult leukemia with an estimated 21,450 new cases in 2019 in the U.S. These patients will require frontline therapy, usually chemotherapy including cytarabine and an anthracycline, a therapy that has not changed in over 40 years. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms characterized by dysplastic features of erythroid/myeloid/megakaryocytic lineages, progressive bone marrow failure, a varying percentage of blast cells, and enhanced risk to evolve into acute myeloid leukemia. It is estimated that over 10,000 new cases of MDS are diagnosed each year and there are minimal treatment options; other estimates have put this number higher. In addition, the incidence of MDS is rising for unknown reasons.

Solid Tumors

In the United States, in 2019, it is estimated there will be approximately 1,762,450 new cases of cancer resulting in 606,880 deaths. Greater than 80% of these cancers will be classified as solid tumors. The most prevalent new cases of solid tumors being breast, lung, prostate, colorectal and bladder. (American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2019)

 

 

Sarcomas

A sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from certain tissues, like bone or muscle. Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are the main types of sarcoma. Soft tissue sarcomas can develop from soft tissues like fat, muscle, nerves, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues. They can be found in any part of the body. Most of them develop in the arms or legs. They can also be found in the trunk, head and neck area, internal organs, and the area in back of the abdominal cavity (known as the retroperitoneum). Sarcomas are not common tumors, and most cancers are the type of tumors called carcinomas.

The American Cancer Society's estimates for soft tissue sarcomas in the United States for 2019 are (these statistics include both adults and children): about 12,750 new soft tissue sarcomas will be diagnosed (7,240 cases in males and 5,510 cases in females). 5,270 Americans (2,840 males and 2,430 females) are expected to die of soft tissue sarcomas. The most common types of sarcoma in adults are undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (previously called malignant fibrous histiocytoma), liposarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma. Certain types occur more often in certain areas of the body than others. For example, leiomyosarcomas are the most common abdominal sarcoma, while liposarcomas and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma are most common in legs. But pathologists (doctors who specialize in diagnosing cancers by how they look under the microscope), may not always agree on the exact type of sarcoma. Sarcomas of uncertain type are very common. (American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2019)

Manufacturing

We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of any of our product candidates. We rely on a small number of third-party manufacturers to produce our compounds and expect to continue to do so to meet the preclinical and clinical requirements of our potential product candidates as well as for all of our commercial needs. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these third parties. We require in our manufacturing and processing agreements that all third-party contract manufacturers and processors produce active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API, and finished products in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, and all other applicable laws and regulations. We maintain confidentiality agreements with potential and existing manufacturers in order to protect our proprietary rights related to our drug candidates.

Patents and Trademarks

Immuno-oncology platform

University of Minnesota License Agreement

We (through our wholly owned subsidiary Oxis Biotech, Inc.) are party to an exclusive worldwide license agreement with the Regents of the University of Minnesota, to further develop and commercialize cancer therapies using TriKE technology developed by researchers at the university to target NK cells to cancer. Under the terms of the agreement, we receive exclusive rights to conduct research and to develop, make, use, sell, and import TriKE technology worldwide for the treatment of any disease, state or condition in humans. We shall be responsible for obtaining all permits, licenses, authorizations, registrations and regulatory approvals required or granted by any governmental authority anywhere in the world that is responsible for the regulation of products such as the TriKE technology, including without limitation the FDA in the United States and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products in the European Union. Under the agreement, the University of Minnesota will receive an upfront license fee, royalty fees ranging from 4% to 6%, minimum annual royalty payments of $250,000 beginning in 2022, $2,000,000 in 2025, and $5,000,000 in 2027 and certain milestone payments totaling $3,100,000.

The following is a list of the patent applications that we licensed from the University of Minnesota:

Appl. No.	Title	Country	Status
U.S. Patent Application Number 62/237,835	Therapeutic compounds and its uses	US	Expired
PCT Patent Application Number	Therapeutic compounds and methods	US	Pending
PCT/US2016/055722

 

Daniel A. Vallera, Ph.D. License Agreement

We are party to an exclusive worldwide license agreement with Daniel A. Vallera, Ph.D. and his co-inventor Jeffrey Lion, or jointly, Dr. Vallera, to further develop and commercialize DT2219ARL (GTB-1550), a novel therapy for the treatment of various human cancers. Under the terms of the agreement, we receive exclusive rights to conduct research and to develop, make, use, sell, and import DT2219ARL worldwide for the treatment of any disease, state or condition in humans. We shall be responsible for obtaining all permits, licenses, authorizations, registrations and regulatory approvals required or granted by any governmental authority anywhere in the world that is responsible for the regulation of products such as DT2219ARL, including without limitation the FDA in the United States and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products in the European Union. Under the agreement, Dr. Vallera will receive an upfront license fee, royalty fees ranging from 3% for net sales and 25% of net sublicensing revenues, and certain milestone payments totaling $1,500,000.

The following is a list of the patent applications and patents that we licensed from Dr. Vallera under our license agreements:

Pat./Pub. No.	Title	Country	Status
U.S. Patent Application Number 61/160,530	Methods and compositions for bi-specific targeting of cd19/cd22	US	Expired
U.S. Patent Number 9,371,386	Methods and compositions for bi-specific targeting of cd19/cd22	US	Issued
U.S. Patent Application Number 15/187,579	Methods and compositions for bi-specific targeting of cd19/cd22	US	Pending

ID4 License Agreement

Pursuant to a patent license agreement with ID4, dated December 31, 2014, or the ID4 License Agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to certain intellectual property, including intellectual property related to treating a p62mediated disease (e.g., multiple myeloma). The terms of this license require us to pay ID4 royalties equal to 3% of net sales of products and 25% royalty of net sublicensing revenues. The license will expire upon expiration of the last patent contained in the licensed patent rights, unless terminated earlier. We may terminate the licensing agreement with ID4 by providing ID4 with 30 days written notice.

We will owe the following cash amounts to ID4 Pharma upon the attainment of the following milestones:

The following is a list of the patent applications and patent that we licensed from ID4 under the ID4 license agreement:

Pat./Appl. No.	Title	Country	Status
U.S. Patent Number 9,580,382	P62zz chemical inhibitor	US	Issued
U.S. Patent Application Number 61/521,287	P62zz chemical inhibitor	US	Expired
PCT Patent Application Number PCT/US2012/049911	P62zz chemical inhibitor	PCT	Expired
U.S. Patent Application Number 14/727,710	P62zz chemical inhibitor	US	Pending
Chinese Patent Application 201280048718	P62zz chemical inhibitor	US	Pending

Central Nervous System

Patents for AccuBreak Tablets

We have in-licensed the rights to use the AccuBreak patents with drugs that, like carbamazepine, are voltage-gated sodium channel blockers in North America. The license field includes voltage gated sodium channels inhibitors and blockers for the treatment of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and bipolar disorder.

Under the agreement, AccuBreak received an upfront license fee of $35,000, royalty fees ranging from 2.5% to 5%, minimum annual royalty payments, and 20% of net sublicensing revenues.

 

We will owe the following cash amounts to AccuBreak upon the attainment of the following milestones:

Four formulation patents protect the AccuBreak Technology:

Pat. No.	Title	Country	Status
U.S. Patent Number 7,838,031	Method for administering a partial dose using a segmented pharmaceutical tablet	US	Issued
U.S. Patent Number 7,879,352	Scored pharmaceutical tablets comprising a plurality of segments	US	Issued
U.S. Patent Number 8,158,148	Pharmaceutical tablets comprising two or more unitary segments	US	Issued
U.S. Patent Number 8,231,902 (ABT-054	Segmented pharmaceutical dosage forms	US	Issued

 

The core patent expires in 2025.

Patent Applications for GTP-004

Four patent applications filed by GTP in 2017 with the U.S. PTO protect the combination of pyridostigmine or neostigmine + an antiemetic for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. We plan to file extensions under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, in 2018. All patents list below are owned by the Company.

 

Pat. No.	Title	Country	Status
U.S. Patent Application Number 62/443,904	Use and composition for treating Myasthenia Gravis	US	Expired
U.S. Patent Application Number 62/449,699	Neostigmine combination for treating Myasthenia Gravis	US	Expired
U.S. Patent Application Number 62/536,595	Method and composition for treating Myasthenia Gravis	US	Pending
U.S. Patent Application Number 62/536,580	Neostigmine pharmaceutical combination for treating Myasthenia Gravis	US	Pending
PCT Application Number PCT/US/18/12754	Use and composition for treating Myasthenia Gravis	PCT	Claims priority from US 62/443,904
Taiwan Application Number 107100813		TW	Awaiting FC Report
PCT Application Number PCT/US18/014700	Neostigmine pharmaceutical combination for treating Myasthenia Gravis	PCT	Claims priority from US 62/449,699
Taiwan Application Number 101702591		TW	Awaiting FC Report

 

 

Patent Application for GTP-011

One patent application filed by GTP in 2017 with the U.S. PTO protects a 72-hour patch of oxybutynin for the treatment of motion sickness. We plan to file a PCT extension in 2018. All patents list below are owned by the Company.

 

Appl. No.	Title	Country	Status
U.S. Patent Application Number 62/440,575	Use and composition for preventing and treating motion sickness	US	Expired
US Patent Application Number 62/595,667	Use, method, and device for the prevention and treatment of motion sickness	US	Pending*
PCT Application Number PCT/US/17/68944	Use and composition for preventing and treating motion sickness	PCT	Claims priority from US 62/440,575
Taiwan Application Number 107100079		TW	Awaiting FC Report

* This application is pending, but was used as priority document of the PCT ‘944, including its subject matter

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had three employees. Many of our activities are outsourced to consultants who provide services to us on a project basis. As business activities require and capital resources permit, we will hire additional employees to fulfill our company’s needs.

Form and Year of Organization

In 1965, the corporate predecessor of GT Biopharma, Diagnostic Data, Inc. was incorporated in the State of California. Diagnostic Data changed its incorporation to the State of Delaware in 1972; and changed its name to DDI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in 1985. In 1994, DDI Pharmaceuticals merged with International BioClinical, Inc. and Bioxytech S.A. and changed its name to OXIS International, Inc. On July 17, 2017, we amended our Certificate of Incorporation for the purpose of changing our name from Oxis International, Inc. to GT Biopharma, Inc.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below in addition to the other information contained in this prospectus before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you may lose part or all of your investment. In the opinion of management, the risks discussed below represent the material risks known to the company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition and operating results and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our business is at an early stage of development and we may not develop therapeutic products that can be commercialized.

Our business is at an early stage of development. We do not have immune-oncology products in late stage clinical trials. We are still in the early stages of identifying and conducting research on potential therapeutic products. Our potential therapeutic products will require significant research and development and pre-clinical and clinical testing prior to regulatory approval in the United States and other countries. We may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals, enter clinical trials for any of our product candidates, or commercialize any products. Our product candidates may prove to have undesirable and unintended side effects or other characteristics adversely affecting their safety, efficacy or cost effectiveness that could prevent or limit their use. Any product using any of our technology may fail to provide the intended therapeutic benefits or achieve therapeutic benefits equal to or better than the standard of treatment at the time of testing or production.

We have a history of operating losses and we expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and we may never generate revenue or achieve profitability.

As of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $528,685,000. We have not generated any significant revenue to date and are not profitable, and have incurred losses in each year since our inception. We do not expect to generate any product sales or royalty revenues for at least four years. We expect to incur significant additional operating losses for the foreseeable future as we expand research and development and clinical trial efforts.

 

 

Our ability to achieve long-term profitability is dependent upon obtaining regulatory approvals for our products and successfully commercializing our products alone or with third parties. However, our operations may not be profitable even if any of our products under development are successfully developed and produced and thereafter commercialized. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods.

Even if we succeed in commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we expect to continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenditures to develop and market additional product candidates. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

We will need additional capital to conduct our operations and develop our products, and our ability to obtain the necessary funding is uncertain.

We have used a significant amount of cash since inception to finance the continued development and testing of our product candidates, and we expect to need substantial additional capital resources in order to develop our product candidates going forward and launch and commercialize any product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval.

We may not be successful in generating and/or maintaining operating cash flow, and the timing of our capital expenditures and other expenditures may not result in cash sufficient to sustain our operations through the next 12 months. If financing is not sufficient and additional financing is not available or available only on terms that are detrimental to our long-term survival, it could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue to function. The timing and degree of any future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Additional financing through strategic collaborations, public or private equity or debt financings or other financing sources may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Additional equity financing could result in significant dilution to our stockholders, and any debt financings will likely involve covenants restricting our business activities. Additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, if we obtain additional funds through arrangements with collaborative partners, these arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, product candidates or products that we would otherwise seek to develop and commercialize on our own.

If sufficient capital is not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or product development initiatives, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or business prospects.

Research and Development Investment

Our currently projected expenditures for 2019 include approximately $12 million to $15 million for research and development. The actual cost of our programs could differ significantly from our current projections if we change our planned development process. In the event that actual costs of our clinical program, or any of our other ongoing research activities, are significantly higher than our current estimates, we may be required to significantly modify our planned level of operations.

The successful development of any product candidate is highly uncertain. It is difficult to reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts necessary to complete the development of, or the period in which material net cash inflows are expected to commence from any product candidate, due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs. Any failure to complete any stage of the development of products in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial position and liquidity.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting and have not yet remedied these weaknesses. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Ineffective internal control could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

 

 

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as a company. As defined in Regulation 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented, or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, we determined that we had the following material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting: (i) inadequate segregation of duties; (ii) risks of executive override; and (iii) insufficient written policies and procedures for accounting and financial reporting with respect to the requirements and application of both generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or GAAP, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, guidelines.

As of the date of this report, we have not remediated these material weaknesses. The company intends to take measures to mitigate the issues identified and implement a functional system of internal controls over financial reporting. Such measures will include, but not be limited to hiring of additional employees in its finance and accounting department, although the timing of such hires is largely dependent on our securing additional financing to cover such costs; preparation of risk-control matrices to identify key risks and develop and document policies to mitigate those risks; and identification and documentation of standard operating procedures for key financial activities. The implementation of these initiatives may not fully address any material weakness or other deficiencies that we may have in our internal control over financial reporting.

 

Even if we develop effective internal control over financial reporting, such controls may become inadequate due to changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with such policies or procedures may deteriorate, which could result in the discovery of additional material weaknesses and deficiencies. In any event, the process of determining whether our existing internal control over financial reporting is compliant with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, and sufficiently effective requires the investment of substantial time and resources, including by certain members of our senior management. As a result, this process may divert internal resources and take a significant amount of time and effort to complete. In addition, we cannot predict the outcome of this process and whether we will need to implement remedial actions in order to establish effective controls over financial reporting. The determination of whether or not our internal controls are sufficient and any remedial actions required could result in us incurring additional costs that we did not anticipate, including the hiring of outside consultants. We may also fail to timely complete our evaluation, testing and any remediation required to comply with Section 404.

 

We are required, pursuant to Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for as long as we are a “smaller reporting company,” our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. While we could be a smaller reporting company for an indefinite amount of time, and thus relieved of the above-mentioned attestation requirement, an independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could detect problems that our management's assessment might not. Such undetected material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

Our intellectual property may be compromised.

Part of our value going forward depends on the intellectual property rights that we have been and are acquiring. There may have been many persons involved in the development of our intellectual property, and we may not be successful in obtaining the necessary rights from all of them. It is possible that in the future, third parties may challenge our intellectual property rights. We may not be successful in protecting our intellectual property rights. In either event, we may lose the value of our intellectual property, and if so, our business prospects may suffer.

If our efforts to protect the proprietary nature of the intellectual property related to our technologies are not adequate, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market and our business would be harmed.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our technologies. Any disclosure to or misappropriation by third parties of our trade secret or other confidential information could enable competitors to quickly duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding any competitive advantage we may derive from this information.

The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications we own or license may fail to result in issued patents in the United States or in foreign countries. Third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope of any issued patents we own or license or any applications that may issue as patents in the future, which may result in those patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from developing similar products that do not fall within the scope of our patents. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patents we hold or pursue is threatened, our ability to commercialize any product candidates with technology protected by those patents could be threatened. Further, if we encounter delays in our clinical trials, the period of time during which we would have patent protection for any covered product candidates that obtain regulatory approval would be reduced. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain at the time of filing that we are the first to file any patent application related to our product candidates.

 

 

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we seek to rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our discovery platform and drug development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents or not amenable to patent protection. Although we require all of our employees and certain consultants and advisors to assign inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, our trade secrets and other proprietary information may be disclosed or competitors may otherwise gain access to such information or independently develop substantially equivalent information. Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant difficulty in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the trade secret intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, we may not be able to establish or maintain the competitive advantage that we believe is provided by such intellectual property, which could materially adversely affect our market position and business and operational results.

 

Claims that we infringe the intellectual property rights of others may prevent or delay our drug discovery and development efforts.

Our research, development and commercialization activities, as well as any product candidates or products resulting from those activities, may infringe or be accused of infringing a patent or other form of intellectual property under which we do not hold a license or other rights. Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents of which we are currently unaware, with claims that cover the use or manufacture of our product candidates or the practice of our related methods. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes one or more claims of these patents. If our activities or product candidates infringe the patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties, the holders of such intellectual property rights may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidates or practice our methods unless we obtain a license under the intellectual property rights or until any applicable patents expire or are determined to be invalid or unenforceable.

Defense of any intellectual property infringement claims against us, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a significant diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, limit our business to avoid the infringing activities, pay royalties and/or redesign our infringing product candidates or methods, any or all of which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. Further, if we were to seek a license from the third party holder of any applicable intellectual property rights, we may not be able to obtain the applicable license rights when needed or on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The occurrence of any of the above events could prevent us from continuing to develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates and our business could materially suffer.

We may desire, or be forced, to seek additional licenses to use intellectual property owned by third parties, and such licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights, that are important or necessary to the development of our product candidates, in which case we would need to obtain a license from that third party or develop a different formulation of the product that does not infringe upon the applicable intellectual property, which may not be possible. Additionally, we may identify product candidates that we believe are promising and whose development and other intellectual property rights are held by third parties. In such a case, we may desire to seek a license to pursue the development of those product candidates. Any license that we may desire to obtain or that we may be forced to pursue may not be available when needed on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any inability to secure a license that we need or desire could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

The patent protection covering some of our product candidates may be dependent on third parties, who may not effectively maintain that protection.

While we expect that we will generally seek to gain the right to fully prosecute any patents covering product candidates we may in-license from third-party owners, there may be instances when platform technology patents that cover our product candidates remain controlled by our licensors. If any of our current or future licensing partners that retain the right to prosecute patents covering the product candidates we license from them fail to appropriately maintain that patent protection, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing and selling competing products or practicing competing methods and our ability to generate revenue from any commercialization of the affected product candidates may suffer.

 

 

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time- consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our current or potential licensors. To attempt to stop infringement or unauthorized use, we may need to enforce one or more of our patents, which can be expensive and time-consuming and distract management. If we pursue any litigation, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensor’s is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the relevant technology on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. Further, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, which could reduce the likelihood of success of any infringement proceeding we pursue in any such jurisdiction. An adverse result in any infringement litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing, which could limit our ability to exclude competitors from directly competing with us in the applicable jurisdictions.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the U.S. PTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to use it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

If we are unsuccessful in obtaining or maintaining patent protection for intellectual property in development, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

We are seeking patent protection for some of our technology and product candidates. Patent prosecution is a challenging process and is not assured of success. If we are unable to secure patent protection for our technology and product candidates, our business may be adversely impacted.

In addition, issued patents and pending international applications require regular maintenance. Failure to maintain our portfolio may result in loss of rights that may adversely impact our intellectual property rights, for example by rendering issued patents unenforceable or by prematurely terminating pending international applications.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know- how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We currently, and expect in the future to continue to, seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any such disclosure. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time- consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they disclose the trade secrets, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

If we fail to meet our obligations under our license agreements, we may lose our rights to key technologies on which our business depends.

Our business depends in part on licenses from third parties. These third-party license agreements impose obligations on us, such as payment obligations and obligations to diligently pursue development of commercial products under the licensed patents. If a licensor believes that we have failed to meet our obligations under a license agreement, the licensor could seek to limit or terminate our license rights, which could lead to costly and time-consuming litigation and, potentially, a loss of the licensed rights. During the period of any such litigation, our ability to carry out the development and commercialization of potential products could be significantly and negatively affected. If our license rights were restricted or ultimately lost, our ability to continue our business based on the affected technology platform could be severely adversely affected.

We will have to hire additional executive officers and employees to operate our business. If we are unable to hire qualified personnel, we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

We currently have only three fulltime employees. The loss of the services of any of our employees could delay our product development programs and our research and development efforts. We do not maintain key person life insurance on any of our officers, employees or consultants. In order to develop our business in accordance with our business strategy, we will have to hire additional qualified personnel, including in the areas of manufacturing, clinical trials management, regulatory affairs, finance, and business development. We will need to raise sufficient funds to hire the necessary employees and have commenced our search for additional key employees.

 

 

Moreover, there is intense competition for a limited number of qualified personnel among biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses. Many of the other pharmaceutical companies against which we compete for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles, longer histories in the industry and greater ability to provide valuable cash or stock incentives to potential recruits than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high quality candidates than what we are able to offer as an early- stage company. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can develop and commercialize product candidates will be limited.

We depend on key personnel for our continued operations and future success, and a loss of certain key personnel could significantly hinder our ability to move forward with our business plan.

Because of the specialized nature of our business, we are highly dependent on our ability to identify, hire, train and retain highly qualified scientific and technical personnel for the research and development activities we conduct or sponsor. The loss of one or more key executive officers, or scientific officers, would be significantly detrimental to us. In addition, recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel to perform research and development work is critical to our success. Our anticipated growth and expansion into areas and activities requiring additional expertise, such as clinical testing, regulatory compliance, manufacturing and marketing, will require the addition of new management personnel and the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our present and planned activities. Accordingly, we may not be able to continue to attract and retain the qualified personnel, which would adversely affect the development of our business.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, with contractual provisions and other procedures, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against any such claims.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact contributes to the development of intellectual property that we regard as our own. Further, the terms of such assignment agreements may be breached and we may not be able to successfully enforce their terms, which may force us to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of intellectual property rights we may regard and treat as our own.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could cause our business to suffer.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with regulations of governmental authorities, such as the FDA or the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, to provide accurate information to the FDA or EMA, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal, state and international healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations as they may become applicable to our operations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we currently take and the procedures we may establish in the future as our operations and employee base expand to detect and prevent this type of activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure by our employees to comply with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Our reliance on the activities of our non-employee consultants, research institutions and scientific contractors, whose activities are not wholly within our control, may lead to delays in development of our proposed products.

We rely extensively upon and have relationships with scientific consultants at academic and other institutions, some of whom conduct research at our request, and other consultants with expertise in clinical development strategy or other matters. These consultants are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. We have limited control over the activities of these consultants and, except as otherwise required by our collaboration and consulting agreements to the extent they exist, can expect only limited amounts of their time to be dedicated to our activities. These research facilities may have commitments to other commercial and non-commercial entities. We have limited control over the operations of these laboratories and can expect only limited amounts of time to be dedicated to our research goals.

 

 

It may take longer to complete our clinical trials than we project, or we may not be able to complete them at all.

For budgeting and planning purposes, we have projected the date for the commencement, continuation and completion of our various clinical trials. However, a number of factors, including scheduling conflicts with participating clinicians and clinical institutions, and difficulties in identifying and enrolling patients who meet trial eligibility criteria, may cause significant delays. We may not commence or complete clinical trials involving any of our products as projected or may not conduct them successfully.

We expect to rely on medical institutions, academic institutions or clinical research organizations to conduct, supervise or monitor some or all aspects of clinical trials involving our products. We will have less control over the timing and other aspects of these clinical trials than if we conducted them entirely on our own. If we fail to commence or complete, or experience delays in, any of our planned clinical trials, our stock price and our ability to conduct our business as currently planned could be harmed.

Clinical drug development is costly, time-consuming and uncertain, and we may suffer setbacks in our clinical development program that could harm our business.

Clinical drug development for our product candidates is costly, time-consuming and uncertain. Our product candidates are in various stages of development and while we expect that clinical trials for these product candidates will continue for several years, such trials may take significantly longer than expected to complete. In addition, we, the FDA, an institutional review board, or IRB, or other regulatory authorities, including state and local agencies and counterpart agencies in foreign countries, may suspend, delay, require modifications to or terminate our clinical trials at any time, for various reasons, including:

If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, those clinical trials could take longer than expected to complete and our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. In particular, because we are focused on patients with molecularly defined cancers, our pool of suitable patients may be smaller and more selective and our ability to enroll a sufficient number of suitable patients may be limited or take longer than anticipated. In addition, some of our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that treat the same indications as our product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ product candidates.

Patient enrollment for any of our clinical trials may also be affected by other factors, including without limitation:

 

 

Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays and could require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates, and we may not have or be able to obtain sufficient cash to fund such increased costs when needed, which could result in the further delay or termination of the trial.

Consistent with our general product development strategy, we intend to design future trials for our product candidates to include some patients with the applicable clinical characteristics, stage of therapy, molecular alterations, biomarkers, and/or cell surface antigens that determine therapeutic options, or are indicators of the disease, with a view to assessing possible early evidence of potential therapeutic effect. If we are unable to locate and include such patients in those trials, then our ability to make those early assessments and to seek participation in FDA expedited review and approval programs, including breakthrough therapy and fast track designation, or otherwise to seek to accelerate clinical development and regulatory timelines, could be compromised.

We have limited clinical testing and regulatory capabilities, and human clinical trials are subject to extensive regulatory requirements, very expensive, time-consuming and difficult to design and implement. Our products may fail to achieve necessary safety and efficacy endpoints during clinical trials, which may limit our ability to generate revenues from therapeutic products.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to invest or develop resources for clinical trials successfully or as expediently as necessary. In particular, human clinical trials can be very expensive and difficult to design and implement, in part because they are subject to rigorous regulatory requirements. The clinical trial process is time consuming. We estimate that clinical trials of our product candidates will take at least several years to complete. Furthermore, failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical trials. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may be affected by several factors, including:

In addition, we or the FDA, may suspend our clinical trials at any time if it appears that we are exposing participants to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA finds deficiencies in our investigational new drug application, or IND, submissions or the conduct of these trials.

We are subject to extensive regulation, which can be costly and time consuming and can subject us to unanticipated delays. even if we obtain regulatory approval for some of our products, those products may still face regulatory difficulties.

All of our potential products, processing and manufacturing activities, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. The process of obtaining FDA and other required regulatory approvals, including foreign approvals, is expensive and often takes many years and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the products involved. In addition, regulatory agencies may lack experience with our technologies and products, which may lengthen the regulatory review process, increase our development costs and delay or prevent their commercialization.

If we violate regulatory requirements at any stage, whether before or after we obtain marketing approval, the FDA may take enforcement action(s) against us, which could include issuing a warning or untitled letter, placing a clinical hold on an ongoing clinical trial, product seizure, enjoining our operations, refusal to consider our applications for pre-market approval, refusal of an investigational new drug application, fines, or even civil or criminal liability, any of which could materially harm our reputation and financial results. Additionally, we may not be able to obtain the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the promotion of our products. We may also be required to undertake postmarketing trials to provide additional evidence of safety and effectiveness. In addition, if we or others identify side effects after any of our adoptive therapies are on the market, or if manufacturing problems occur, regulators may withdraw their approval and reformulations, additional clinical trials, changes in labeling of our products, and additional marketing applications may be required.

Any of the following factors, among others, could cause regulatory approval for our product candidates to be delayed, limited or denied:

 

Any difficulties or failures that we encounter in securing regulatory approval for our product candidates would likely have a substantial adverse impact on our ability to generate product sales, and could make any search for a collaborative partner more difficult.

Obtaining regulatory approval even after clinical trials that are believed to be successful is an uncertain process.

Even if we complete our planned clinical trials and believe the results were successful, obtaining regulatory approval is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA or other regulatory agencies may delay, limit or deny approval of any of our applications for pre-market approval for many reasons, including:

Before we can submit an application for regulatory approval in the United States, we must conduct a pivotal, Phase 3 trial. We will also need to agree on a protocol with the FDA for a clinical trial before commencing the trial. Phase 3 clinical trials frequently produce unsatisfactory results even though prior clinical trials were successful. Therefore, even if the results of our Phase 2 trials are successful, the results of the additional trials that we conduct may or may not be successful. Further, our product candidates may not be approved even if they achieve their primary endpoints in Phase 3 clinical trials. The FDA or other foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our trial design and our interpretation of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials. Any of these regulatory authorities may change requirements for the approval of a product candidate even after reviewing and providing comments or advice on a protocol for a clinical trial. The FDA or other regulatory agencies may require that we conduct additional clinical, nonclinical, manufacturing validation or drug product quality studies and submit those data before considering or reconsidering the application. Depending on the extent of these or any other studies, approval of any applications that we submit may be delayed by several years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available. It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered sufficient by the FDA or other regulatory agencies.

In addition, the FDA or other regulatory agencies may also approve a product candidate for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may impose significant limitations related to use restrictions for certain age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications or may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials or risk mitigation requirements.

We will continue to be subject to extensive FDA regulation following any product approvals, and if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may suffer a significant setback in our business.

Even if we are successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will continue to be subject to the requirements of and review by, the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities in the areas of manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, adverse event reporting, labeling, advertising and promotional activities, among other things. In addition, any marketing approval we receive may be limited in terms of the approved product indication or require costly post-marketing testing and surveillance. Discovery after approval of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or manufacturing process, or a failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in enforcement actions such as:

 

 

The occurrence of any of these actions would likely cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Many of our business practices are subject to scrutiny and potential investigation by regulatory and government enforcement authorities, as well as to lawsuits brought by private citizens under federal and state laws. We could become subject to investigations, and our failure to comply with applicable law or an adverse decision in lawsuits may result in adverse consequences to us. If we fail to comply with U.S. healthcare laws, we could face substantial penalties and financial exposure, and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

While payment is not yet available from third-party payors (government or commercial) for our product, our goal is to obtain such coverage as soon as possible after product approval and commercial launch in the U.S. If this occurs, the availability of such payment would mean that many healthcare laws would place limitations and requirements on the manner in which we conduct our business (including our sales and promotional activities and interactions with healthcare professionals and facilities) and could result in liability and exposure to us. In some instances, our interactions with healthcare professionals and facilities that occurred prior to commercialization could have implications at a later date. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, among others: (i) the federal healthcare programs Anti- Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare or Medicaid; (ii) federal false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent, and which may apply to entities like us under theories of “implied certification” where the government and qui tam relators may allege that device companies are liable where a product that was paid for by the government in whole or in part was promoted “off-label,” lacked necessary approval, or failed to comply with good manufacturing practices or other laws; (iii) transparency laws and related reporting and/or disclosures such as the Sunshine Act; and/or (iv) state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, many of which differ from their federal counterparts in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that their provisions are open to a variety of evolving interpretations and enforcement discretion. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Both federal and state government agencies have heightened civil and criminal enforcement efforts. There are numerous ongoing investigations of healthcare pharmaceutical companies and others in the healthcare space, as well as their executives and managers. In addition, amendments to the Federal False Claims Act, have made it easier for private parties to bring qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits against companies under which the whistleblower may be entitled to receive a percentage of any money paid to the government. In addition, the Affordable Care Act amended the federal civil False Claims Act to provide that a claim that includes items or services resulting from a violation of the federal anti-kickback statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. Penalties include substantial fines for each false claim, plus three times the amount of damages that the federal government sustained because of the act of that person or entity and/or exclusion from the Medicare program. In addition, a majority of states have adopted similar state whistleblower and false-claims provision. There can be no assurance that our activities will not come under the scrutiny of regulators and other government authorities or that our practices will not be found to violate applicable laws, rules and regulations or prompt lawsuits by private citizen "relators" under federal or state false claims laws. Any future investigations of our business or executives, or enforcement action or prosecution, could cause us to incur substantial costs, and result in significant liabilities or penalties, as well as damage to our reputation.

 

Laws impacting the U.S. healthcare system are subject to a great deal of uncertainty, which may result in adverse consequences to our business.

There have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system, reduce the costs of healthcare and change medical reimbursement policies. Doctors, clinics, hospitals and other users of our products may decline to purchase our products to the extent there is uncertainty regarding coverage from government or commercial payors. Further proposed legislation, regulation and policy changes affecting third-party reimbursement are likely. Among other things, Congress has in the past proposed changes to and the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care and Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”), and lawsuits have been brought challenging aspects of the law at various points. There have been repeated recent attempts by Congress to repeal or replace the Affordable Care Act. At this time, it remains unclear whether there will be any changes made to or any repeal or replacement of the Affordable Care Act, with respect to certain of its provisions or in its entirety. We are unable to predict what legislation or regulation, if any, relating to the health care industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future at the state or federal level, or what effect such legislation or regulation may have on us. Denial of coverage and reimbursement of our products, or the revocation or changes to coverage and reimbursement policies, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be successful in our efforts to build a pipeline of product candidates.

A key element of our strategy is to use and expand our product platform to build a pipeline of product candidates, and progress those product candidates through clinical development for the treatment of a variety of different types of cancer. Even if we are successful in building a product pipeline, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development for a number of reasons, including causing harmful side effects or demonstrating other characteristics that indicate a low likelihood of receiving marketing approval or achieving market acceptance. If our methods of identifying potential product candidates fail to produce a pipeline of potentially viable product candidates, then our success as a business will be dependent on the success of fewer potential product candidates, which introduces risks to our business model and potential limitations to any success we may achieve.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication that does not produce any commercially viable products and may fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus our efforts on particular research programs and product candidates for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Further, our resource allocation decisions may result in our use of funds for research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications that may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate. Any such failure to improperly assess potential product candidates could result in missed opportunities and/or our focus on product candidates with low market potential, which would harm our business and financial condition.

 

 

Our products may be expensive to manufacture, and they may not be profitable if we are unable to control the costs to manufacture them.

Our products may be significantly more expensive to manufacture than we expect or than other therapeutic products currently on the market today. We hope to substantially reduce manufacturing costs through process improvements, development of new methods, increases in manufacturing scale and outsourcing to experienced manufacturers. If we are not able to make these, or other improvements, and depending on the pricing of the product, our profit margins may be significantly less than that of other therapeutic products on the market today. In addition, we may not be able to charge a high enough price for any product we develop, even if they are safe and effective, to make a profit. If we are unable to realize significant profits from our potential product candidates, our business would be materially harmed.

We currently lack manufacturing capabilities to produce our therapeutic product candidates at commercial-scale quantities and do not have an alternate manufacturing supply, which could negatively impact our ability to meet any future demand for the product.

We expect that we would need to significantly expand our manufacturing capabilities to meet potential demand for our therapeutic product candidates, if approved. Such expansion would require additional regulatory approvals. Even if we increase our manufacturing capabilities, it is possible that we may still lack sufficient capacity to meet demand.

We do not currently have any alternate supply for our products. If the facilities where our products are currently being manufactured or equipment were significantly damaged or destroyed, or if there were other disruptions, delays or difficulties affecting manufacturing capacity or availability of drug supply, including, but not limited to, if such facilities are deemed not in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice, or GMP, requirements, future clinical studies and commercial production for our products would likely be significantly disrupted and delayed. It would be both time- consuming and expensive to replace this capacity with third parties, particularly since any new facility would need to comply with the regulatory requirements.

Ultimately, if we are unable to supply our products to meet commercial demand, whether because of processing constraints or other disruptions, delays or difficulties that we experience, our production costs could dramatically increase and sales of our products and their long-term commercial prospects could be significantly damaged.

To be successful, our proposed products must be accepted by the healthcare community, which can be very slow to adopt or unreceptive to new technologies and products.

Our proposed products and those developed by our collaborative partners, if approved for marketing, may not achieve market acceptance since hospitals, physicians, patients or the medical community in general may decide not to accept and use these products. The products that we are attempting to develop represent substantial departures from established treatment methods and will compete with a number of more conventional therapies manufactured and marketed by major pharmaceutical companies. The degree of market acceptance of any of our developed products will depend on a number of factors, including:

If the healthcare community does not accept our products for any of these reasons, or for any other reason, our business would be materially harmed.

 

Our business is based on novel technologies that are inherently expensive and risky and may not be understood by or accepted in the marketplace, which could adversely affect our future value.

The clinical development, commercialization and marketing of immuno-oncology therapies are at an early-stage, substantially research- oriented, and financially speculative. To date, very few companies have been successful in their efforts to develop and commercialize an immuno-oncology therapeutic product. In general, such products may be susceptible to various risks, including undesirable and unintended side effects, unintended immune system responses, inadequate therapeutic efficacy, or other characteristics that may prevent or limit their approval or commercial use. Furthermore, the number of people who may use such therapies is difficult to forecast with accuracy. Our future success is dependent on the establishment of a significant market for such therapies and our ability to capture a share of this market with our product candidates.

Our development efforts with our therapeutic product candidates are susceptible to the same risks of failure inherent in the development and commercialization of therapeutic products based on new technologies. The novel nature of immuno-oncology therapeutics creates significant challenges in the areas of product development and optimization, manufacturing, government regulation, third-party reimbursement and market acceptance. For example, the FDA has relatively limited experience regulating such therapies, and there are few approved treatments using such therapy.

 

 

Our competition includes fully integrated biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that have significant advantages over us.

The market for therapeutic immuno-oncology products is highly competitive. We expect that our most significant competitors will be fully integrated and more established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies or institutions, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions. These companies are developing similar products, and they have significantly greater capital resources and research and development, manufacturing, testing, regulatory compliance, and marketing capabilities. Many of these potential competitors may be further along in the process of product development and also operate large, company-funded research and development programs. As a result, our competitors may develop more competitive or affordable products, or achieve earlier patent protection or product commercialization than we are able to achieve. Competitive products may render any products or product candidates that we develop obsolete.

Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources than we do, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in certain of our competitors. As a result, these companies may be able to obtain regulatory approval more rapidly than we can and may be more effective in selling and marketing their products. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing drug products that are more effective or less costly to produce or purchase on the market than any product candidate we are currently developing or that we may seek to develop in the future. If approved, our product candidates will face competition from commercially available drugs as well as drugs that are in the development pipelines of our competitors.

Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of or in-license novel compounds that could make our product candidates less competitive. In addition, any new product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcome price competition and to be commercially successful. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, receiving FDA, EMA or other regulatory approval, or discovering, developing and commercializing medicines before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business and ability to achieve profitability from future sales of our approved product candidates, if any.

If competitors develop and market products that are more effective, safer or less expensive than our product candidates or offer other advantages, our commercial prospects will be limited.

Our therapeutic immuno-oncology development programs face, and will continue to face, intense competition from pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as numerous academic and research institutions and governmental agencies engaged in drug discovery activities or funding, both in the United States and abroad. Some of these competitors are pursuing the development of drugs and other therapies that target the same diseases and conditions that we are targeting with our product candidates. According to a recent analysis by InVentiv Health there are over 800 companies developing approximately 1500 cancer immunotherapies via 4000 development projects across 535 targets. According to the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Research Association Medicines in Development for Cancer 2018 Report, there were 135 drugs in development for the treatment of lymphoma, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which accounts for nearly five percent of all new cancer diagnoses.

As a general matter, we also face competition from many companies that are researching and developing cell therapies. Many of these companies have financial and other resources substantially greater than ours. In addition, many of these competitors have significantly greater experience in testing pharmaceutical and other therapeutic products, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals, and marketing and selling. If we ultimately obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we also will be competing with respect to manufacturing efficiency and marketing capabilities, areas in which we have limited or no commercial-scale experience. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources’ being concentrated by our competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances made in the commercial applicability of our technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these fields.

If we are unable to keep up with rapid technological changes in our field or compete effectively, we will be unable to operate profitably.

We are engaged in activities in the biotechnology field, which is characterized by extensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. If we fail to anticipate or respond adequately to technological developments, our ability to operate profitably could suffer. Research and discoveries by other biotechnology, agricultural, pharmaceutical or other companies may render our technologies or potential products or services uneconomical or result in products superior to those we develop. Similarly, any technologies, products or services we develop may not be preferred to any existing or newly developed technologies, products or services.

 

 

We may not be able to obtain third-party patient reimbursement or favorable product pricing, which would reduce our ability to operate profitably.

Our ability to successfully commercialize certain of our proposed products in the human therapeutic field may depend to a significant degree on patient reimbursement of the costs of such products and related treatments at acceptable levels from government authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as health maintenance organizations. Reimbursement in the United States or foreign countries may not be available for any products we may develop, and, if available, may be decreased in the future. Also, reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products with a consequent harm to our business. We cannot predict what additional regulation or legislation relating to the healthcare industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such regulation or legislation may have on our business. If additional regulations are overly onerous or expensive, or if healthcare-related legislation makes our business more expensive or burdensome than originally anticipated, we may be forced to significantly downsize our business plans or completely abandon our business model.

We may be subject to litigation that will be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.

Our business may bring us into conflict with our licensees, licensors or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships, or with our competitors or others whose interests differ from ours. If we are unable to resolve those conflicts on terms that are satisfactory to all parties, we may become involved in litigation brought by or against us. That litigation is likely to be expensive and may require a significant amount of management’s time and attention, at the expense of other aspects of our business. The outcome of litigation is always uncertain, and in some cases could include judgments against us that require us to pay damages, enjoin us from certain activities, or otherwise affect our legal or contractual rights, which could have a significant adverse effect on our business.

We are exposed to the risk of liability claims, for which we may not have adequate insurance.

Since we participate in the pharmaceutical industry, we may be subject to liability claims by employees, customers, end users and third parties. We intend to obtain proper insurance, however, there can be no assurance that any liability insurance we purchase will be adequate to cover claims asserted against us or that we will be able to maintain such insurance in the future. We intend to adopt prudent risk-management programs to reduce these risks and potential liabilities, however, we have not taken any steps to create these programs and have no estimate as to the cost or time required to do so and there can be no assurance that such programs, if and when adopted, will fully protect us. We may not be able to put risk management programs in place, or obtain insurance, if we are unable to retain the necessary expertise and/or are unsuccessful in raising necessary capital in the future. Our failure to obtain appropriate insurance, or to adopt and implement effective risk-management programs, as well as any adverse rulings in any legal matters, proceedings and other matters could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Preclinical and clinical trials are conducted during the development of potential products and other treatments to determine their safety and efficacy for use by humans. Notwithstanding these efforts, when our treatments are introduced into the marketplace, unanticipated side effects may become evident. Manufacturing, marketing, selling and testing our product candidates under development or to be acquired or licensed, entails a risk of product liability claims. We could be subject to product liability claims in the event that our product candidates, processes, or products under development fail to perform as intended. Even unsuccessful claims could result in the expenditure of funds in litigation and the diversion of management time and resources, and could damage our reputation and impair the marketability of our product candidates and processes. While we plan to maintain liability insurance for product liability claims, we may not be able to obtain or maintain such insurance at a commercially reasonable cost. If a successful claim were made against us, and we lacked insurance or the amount of insurance were inadequate to cover the costs of defending against or paying such a claim or the damages payable by us, we would experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could be subject to product liability lawsuits based on the use of our product candidates in clinical testing or, if obtained, following marketing approval and commercialization. If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to cease clinical testing or limit commercialization of our product candidates.

We could be subject to product liability lawsuits if any product candidate we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable for human use during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates, if approved. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 

 

Our inability to retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the clinical testing and commercialization of products we develop. We may wish to obtain additional such insurance covering studies or trials in other countries should we seek to expand those clinical trials or commence new clinical trials in other jurisdictions or increase the number of patients in any clinical trials we may pursue. We also may determine that additional types and amounts of coverage would be desirable at later stages of clinical development of our product candidates or upon commencing commercialization of any product candidate that obtains required approvals. However, we may not be able to obtain any such additional insurance coverage when needed on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not obtain or retain sufficient product liability insurance, we could be responsible for some or all of the financial costs associated with a product liability claim relating to our preclinical and clinical development activities, in the event that any such claim results in a court judgment or settlement in an amount or of a type that is not covered, in whole or in part, by any insurance policies we may have or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. We may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay any such amounts that may not be covered by our insurance policies.

We rely on third parties to conduct preclinical and clinical trials of our product candidates. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, upon third-party CROs to execute our preclinical and clinical trials and to monitor and manage data produced by and relating to those trials. However, we may not be able to establish arrangements with CROs when needed or on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which could negatively affect our development efforts with respect to our drug product candidates and materially harm our business, operations and prospects.

We will have only limited control over the activities of the CRO we will engage to conduct our clinical trials including the University of Minnesota for our phase 2 clinical trial for GTB-1550 and phase 1 clinical trial for GTB-3550. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on any CRO does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. Based on our present expectations, we, our CROs and our clinical trial sites are required to comply with good clinical practices, or GCPs, for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in the applicable trial may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving a product candidate for marketing, which we may not have sufficient cash or other resources to support and which would delay our ability to generate revenue from any sales of such product candidate. In addition, our clinical trials are required to be conducted with product produced in compliance with current good manufacturing practice requirements, or cGMPs. Our or our CROs’ failure to comply with those regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would also require significant cash expenditures and delay the regulatory approval process.

Agreements governing relationships with CROs generally provide those CROs with certain rights to terminate a clinical trial under specified circumstances. If a CRO that we have engaged terminates its relationship with us during the performance of a clinical trial, we would be forced to seek an engagement with a substitute CRO, which we may not be able to do on a timely basis or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, and the applicable trial would experience delays or may not be completed. In addition, our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under any agreements we enter with them, we are unable to control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical, nonclinical and preclinical programs. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to a failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, the affected product candidates. As a result, our operations and the commercial prospects for the effected product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

 

 

We contract with third parties for the supply of product candidates for clinical testing and expect to contract with third parties for the manufacturing of our product candidates for large-scale testing and commercial supply. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or products or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

We anticipate continuing our engagement of third parties to provide our clinical supply as we advance our product candidates into and through clinical development, and we depend on third parties to produce and maintain sufficient quantities of material to supply our clinical trials. If these third parties do not produce and maintain adequate supplies of clinical material, our development efforts could be significantly delayed, or could incur substantially higher costs. We expect in the future to use third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacture. We plan to enter into long-term supply agreements with several manufacturers for commercial supplies. We may be unable to reach agreement on satisfactory terms with contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates. Additionally, the facilities to manufacture our product candidates must be the subject of a satisfactory inspection before the FDA or other regulatory authorities approve a marketing authorization for the product candidate manufactured at that facility. We will depend on these third-party manufacturers for compliance with the FDA’s and international regulatory authority requirements for the manufacture of our finished products. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturers for compliance with cGMPs. If our manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the FDA and other regulatory authorities’ cGMP requirements, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved, and may subject us to recalls or enforcement action for products already on the market.

If any of our product candidates are approved and contract manufacturers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of finished product on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to find one or more replacement manufacturers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, in substantially equivalent volumes and quality and on a timely basis, we would likely be unable to meet demand for our products and could lose potential revenue. It may take several years to establish an alternative source of supply for our product candidates and to have any such new source approved by the FDA or any other relevant regulatory authorities.

We currently have no marketing and sales force. If we are unable to establish effective marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may not be able to effectively market and sell our product candidates, if approved, or generate product revenues.

We currently do not have a marketing or sales team for the marketing, sales and distribution of any of our product candidates that are able to obtain regulatory approval. In order to commercialize any product candidates, we must build on a territory-by-territory basis marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services, and we may not be successful in doing so. If our product candidates receive regulatory approval, we intend to establish an internal sales and marketing team with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize our product candidates, which will be expensive and time consuming and will require significant attention of our executive officers to manage. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of any of our products that we obtain approval to market. With respect to the commercialization of all or certain of our product candidates, we may choose to collaborate, either globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements when needed on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval or any such commercialization may experience delays or limitations. If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and we may incur substantial costs to attempt to recover or reproduce the data. If any disruption or security breach resulted in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and/or the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

 

 

Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by natural disasters, power loss, terrorist activity and other events beyond our control, the occurrence of which could materially harm our business.

Businesses located in California have, in the past, been subject to electrical blackouts as a result of a shortage of available electrical power, and any future blackouts could disrupt our operations. We are vulnerable to a major earthquake, wildfire and other natural disasters, and we have not undertaken a systematic analysis of the potential consequences to our business as a result of any such natural disaster and do not have an applicable recovery plan in place. We do not carry any business interruption insurance that would compensate us for actual losses from interruption of our business that may occur, and any losses or damages incurred by us could cause our business to materially suffer.

We have not held regular annual meetings in the past, and if we are required by the Delaware Court of Chancery to hold an annual meeting pursuant to Section 211(c) of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, it could result in the unanticipated expenditure of funds, time and other Company resources.

Section 2.2 of our bylaws provides that an annual meeting shall be held each year on a date and at a time designated by our board of directors, and Section 211(b) of the DGCL provides for an annual meeting of stockholders to be held for the election of directors. Section 211(c) of the DGCL provides that if there is a failure to hold the annual meeting for a period of 13 months after the latest to occur of the organization of the corporation, its last annual meeting or last action by written consent to elect directors in lieu of an annual meeting, the Delaware Court of Chancery may order a meeting to be held upon the application of any stockholder or director. Section 211(c) also provides that the failure to hold an annual meeting shall not affect otherwise valid corporate acts or result in a forfeiture or dissolution of the corporation.

We have not held regular annual meetings in the past because a substantial majority of our stock is owned by a small number of stockholders, making it easy to obtain written consent in lieu of a meeting when necessary. In light of our historical liquidity constraints, handling matters by written consent has allowed our Company to save on the financial and administrative resources required to prepare for and hold such annual meetings. To our knowledge, no stockholder or director has requested our Company’s management to hold such an annual meeting and no stockholder or director has applied to the Delaware Court of Chancery seeking an order directing our company to hold a meeting. However, if one or more stockholders or directors were to apply to the Delaware Court of Chancery seeking such an order, and if the Delaware Court of Chancery were to order an annual meeting before we are prepared to hold one, the preparation for the annual meeting and the meeting itself could result in the unanticipated expenditure of funds, time, and other Company resources.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

There has been a limited public market for our common stock, and we do not know whether one will develop to provide you adequate liquidity. Furthermore, the trading price for our common stock, should an active trading market develop, may be volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in per-share price.

Our common stock is listed for trading on the OTCQB under the trading symbol “GTBP” historically, however, there has been a limited public market for our common stock. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained. The liquidity of any market for the shares of our common stock will depend on a number of factors, including:

Even if an active trading market develops, the market price for our common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the price of shares of our common stock could decline significantly if our future operating results fail to meet or exceed the expectations of market analysts and investors and actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results could negatively affect our share price.

Other factors may also contribute to volatility of the price of our common stock and could subject our common stock to wide fluctuations. These include, but are not limited to:

 

 

Because our common stock may be deemed a low-priced “penny” stock, an investment in our common stock should be considered high- risk and subject to marketability restrictions.

Historically, the trading price of our common stock has been $5.00 per share or lower, and deemed a penny stock, as defined in Rule 3a51-1 under the Exchange Act, and subject to the penny stock rules of the Exchange Act specified in rules 15g-1 through 15g-10. Those rules require broker–dealers, before effecting transactions in any penny stock, to:

Consequently, the penny stock rules may restrict the ability or willingness of broker–dealers to sell the common stock and may affect the ability of holders to sell their common stock in the secondary market and the price at which such holders can sell any such securities. These additional procedures could also limit our ability to raise additional capital in the future.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock may be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our common stock may be negatively affected. In the event that we receive securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Anti-takeover provisions may limit the ability of another party to acquire us, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Delaware law and our charter, bylaws, and other governing documents contain provisions that could discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our stockholders, which could cause our stock price to decline. In addition, these provisions could limit the price investors would be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

We do not currently or for the foreseeable future intend to pay dividends on our common stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, any return on your investment in our common stock will be limited to the appreciation in the price of our common stock, if any.

 

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We currently maintain offices at 310 N. Westlake Blvd., Suite 206, Westlake Village, CA 91362. We previously maintained offices at 1825 K Street NW, Suite 510, Washington, D.C. 20006 and in Tampa, Florida. The leases for the facilities in Washington, D.C. and Tampa, Florida have expired and were not renewed. Our total monthly rent expense is approximately $5,725.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On June 23, 2016, we were served with a complaint filed in the Circuit Court of the 13th Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, Florida, Case No. 16-CA-004791, by Lippert/Heilshorn and Associates, Inc. Lippert/Heilshorn and Associates, Inc. alleged it was owed compensation for consulting services provided to us and was seeking payment of $73,898. On December 27, 2018, the Company signed a Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release of Claims whereby the Company agreed to issue 45,000 shares of unregistered, Rule 144 restricted Common Stock in full settlement of this matter.

 

On February 15, 2017, MultiCell Immunotherapeutics, or MultiCell, filed an arbitration proceeding against us with the American Health Lawyers Association, Claim #3821. MultiCell was seeking $207,783 plus interest and costs of arbitration pursuant to alleged contract rights against us under a research agreement between MultiCell and us. Following a hearing held September 1, 2017, the arbitrator awarded MultiCell the payment amount of $207,783 plus interest in the amount of $34,699. On December 14, 2018, a final agreement was reached between the Company and Multicell whereby the Company paid Multicell $100,000 in cash and agreed to issue 200,000 shares of unregistered, Rule 144 restricted Common Stock in full settlement of this matter.

On December 24, 2018, Empery Asset Master, Empery Tax Efficient, LP, and Empery Tax Efficient II, LP (collectively, “Plaintiffs) filed in the N.Y. Supreme Court, Index No. 656408/2018, alleging causes of action against the Company for Breach of Contract, Liquidated Damages, Damages, and Indemnification. The claims arose out of a securities purchase agreement entered into between Plaintiffs and the Company pursuant to which the Company issued convertible notes and warrants to Plaintiffs in or around January 2018. Plaintiffs allege, inter alia, that the Company failed to pay Plaintiffs’ outstanding principal on or before the July 23, 2018 maturity date of said notes, failed to convert a portion of said notes in response to Plaintiffs’ conversion notice, and failed to timely adjust the exercise price of said warrants. At issue are notes issued to Plaintiffs in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $2.2 million and warrants representing the right of Plaintiffs to acquire an aggregate of 480,352 shares of common stock in the Company. The Company and Plaintiffs are in the process of negotiating a settlement that would fully resolve Plaintiffs’ asserted claims, but no formal agreement has been finalized.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

 

PART II

Until May 2009, our common stock was traded on the OTC Bulletin Board (“OTCBB”) under the symbol “OXIS.” From May 20, 2009 until March 11, 2010, our common stock was traded on Pink OTC Markets Inc. trading platform under the symbol “OXIS.” From January 2015 to August 2017, our common stock is quoted on the OTCQB under the “OXIS” trading symbol. Since August 2017, our common stock has been quoted on the OTCQB under the “GTBP” trading symbol.

Trading in our common stock has fluctuated greatly during the past year. Accordingly, the prices for our common stock quoted on the OTCQB or Pink OTC Markets Inc. may not necessarily be reliable indicators of the value of our common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low bid prices for shares of our common stock for the quarters noted, as reported on the OTCQB and the Pink OTC Markets Inc. The following price information reflects inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not represent actual transactions.

YEAR		PERIOD		HIGH		LOW
Fiscal Year 2017		First Quarter		69.00		3.81
		Second Quarter		9.90		3.36
		Third Quarter		29.55		4.66
		Fourth Quarter		6.99		4.25
Fiscal Year 2018		First Quarter		5.06		1.60
		Second Quarter		2.52		1.25
		Third Quarter		2.75		1.42
		Fourth Quarter		2.16		0.62

Our common stock is also quoted on several European based exchanges including Berlin (GTBP.BE), Frankfurt (GTBP.DE), the Euronext (GTBP.NX) and Paris, (GTBP.PA). The foregoing trading prices exclude trading on these foreign stock markets.

Stockholders

As of December 31, 2018, there were 23 stockholders of record, which total does not include stockholders who hold their shares in “street name.” The transfer agent for our common stock is ComputerShare, whose address is 8742 Lucent Blvd., Suite 225, Highland Ranch, CO 80129.

 

 

Dividends

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock to date and do not anticipate that we will pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends on our common stock in the future will be dependent upon the amount of funds legally available, our earnings, if any, our financial condition, our anticipated capital requirements and other factors that the Board of Directors may think are relevant. However, we currently intend for the foreseeable future to follow a policy of retaining all of our earnings, if any, to finance the development and expansion of our business and, therefore, do not expect to pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The information included under the heading “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in Item 12 of Part III of this report, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item 5 of this report.

Recent Issuances of Unregistered Securities

 

On June 23, 2016, we were served with a complaint filed in the Circuit Court of the 13th Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, Florida, Case No. 16-CA-004791, by Lippert/Heilshorn and Associates, Inc. Lippert/Heilshorn and Associates, Inc. alleged it was owed compensation for consulting services provided to us and was seeking payment of $73,898. On December 27, 2018, the Company signed a Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release of Claims and issued 45,000 shares of unregistered, Rule 144 restricted Common Stock in full settlement of this matter.

On February 15, 2017, MultiCell Immunotherapeutics, or MultiCell, filed an arbitration proceeding against us with the American Health Lawyers Association, Claim #3821. MultiCell was seeking $207,783 plus interest and costs of arbitration pursuant to alleged contract rights against us under a research agreement between MultiCell and us. Following a hearing held September 1, 2017, the arbitrator awarded MultiCell the payment amount of $207,783 plus interest in the amount of $34,699. On December 14, 2018, a final agreement was reached between the Company and Multicell whereby the Company paid Multicell $100,000 in cash and issued 200,000 shares of unregistered, Rule 144 restricted Common Stock in full settlement of this matter.

In accordance with a consulting agreement dated August 6, 2018, with Goal Capital, Inc., the Company issued 125,000 shares of unregistered, Rule 144 restricted Common Stock.

Repurchase of Shares

We did not repurchase any shares during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year covered by this report.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

This company qualifies as a “smaller reporting company” as defined in 17 C.F.R. §229.10(f)(1), and is not required to provide information by this Item.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

 

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel immuno-oncology products based off our proprietary Tri-specific Killer Engager (TriKE), Tetra-specific Killer Engager (TetraKE) and bi-specific Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) technology platforms. Our TriKE and TetraKE platforms generate proprietary moieties designed to harness and enhance the cancer killing abilities of a patient’s own natural killer, or NK, cells. Once bound to an NK cell, our moieties are designed to enhance the NK cell and precisely direct it to one or more specifically-targeted proteins (tumor antigens) expressed on a specific type of cancer, ultimately resulting in the cancer cell’s death. TriKEs and TetraKEs are made up of recombinant fusion proteins, can be designed to target any number of tumor antigens on hematologic malignancies, sarcomas or solid tumors and do not require patient-specific customization. They are designed to be dosed in a common outpatient setting similar to modern antibody therapeutics and are expected to have reasonably low cost of goods. Our ADC platform generates product candidates that are bi-specific, ligand-directed single-chain fusion proteins that, we believe, represent the next generation of ADCs.

Also, in connection with the acquisition of Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals on September 1, 2017, we acquired a portfolio of in-process research and development central nervous system assets consisting of innovative reformulations and/or repurposing of existing therapies. These CNS assets address disease states such as chronic neuropathic pain, myasthenia gravis and motion sickness.

 

As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred an accumulated deficit of $528,685,000 through December 31, 2018. On a consolidated basis, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $60,000 at December 31, 2018. Because our lack of funds, we will have to raise additional capital in order to fund our selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses. There are no assurances that we will be able to raise the funds necessary to maintain our operations or to implement our business plan. The consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary in the event we cannot continue our operations.

Corporate Developments

Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation

On July 17, 2017, we amended our Certificate of Incorporation for the purpose of changing our name from Oxis International, Inc. to GT Biopharma, Inc.

Agreement and Plan of Merger

On September 1, 2017, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger whereby we acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding capital stock of GTP. GTP is a biotechnology company focused on acquiring or discovering and patenting what it believes to be close-to-market improved treatments for CNS disease (neurology and pain) and shepherding the products through the FDA approval process potentially to NDA. GTP products currently include a treatment for neuropathic pain, the symptoms of myasthenia gravis, and motion sickness. In exchange for the ownership of GTP, we issued a total of 16,927,878 shares of our common stock to the three prior owners of GTP, which represented 33% of our issued and outstanding capital stock on a fully diluted basis at the time of closing.

Upon the consummation of the acquisition, Anthony J. Cataldo resigned as our chief executive officer and was simultaneously elected as executive chairman of the board of directors. Kathleen Clarence-Smith, M.D., Ph.D., the founder of GTP, was then elected as our chief executive officer and a member of the board of directors.

As conditions to the acquisition of GTP, (i) we raised $4,540,000 upon the sale of debentures which were subsequently converted into 3,575,109 shares of restricted common stock and 208,224 shares of Series J Preferred Stock to a total of nine persons or entities; (ii) canceled debt in the amount $17,295,352 upon the issuance of 13,712,516 shares of common stock and 700,278 shares of Series J Preferred Stock to a total of 26 persons or entities; (iii) issued 494,911 shares of common stock and 5,046 shares of Series J Preferred Stock upon the cashless exercise of warrants to a total of 22 persons or entities; and (iv) converted 25,000 shares of Series H Preferred Stock and 1,666,667 Series I Preferred Stock into 5,327,734 shares of common stock held by a total of three persons or entities. All stock issuances were exempt from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Act of 1933, as amended, or the Act, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Act because the issuances did not involve any public offering.

Employment Contracts

On February 14, 2018, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Employment Agreement with Dr. Clarence-Smith, amending the Employment Agreement, dated September 1, 2017, between the Company and Dr. Clarence-Smith. Under the First Amendment, Dr. Clarence-Smith’s title was revised to reflect her new position and included an annual salary of $500,000, paid in equal monthly installments. All other terms of her original Employment Agreement remain unchanged. In October 2018, Dr. Clarence-Smith resigned from her position with the Company. In connection with this resignation, the Company entered into a separation agreement which superseded the Employment Agreement.

On October 18, 2018, the Company entered into a Consultant Agreement with Anthony Cataldo. The term of the Consultant Agreement shall remain in effect until September 30, 2019. This Agreement supersedes the Consultant Agreement dated February 14, 2018 and will pay Mr. Cataldo $25,000 per month during the term of the Agreement.

On October 19, 2018, the Company entered into an Executive Employment Agreement with Dr. Raymond Urbanski, reflecting his current position as Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Under the terms of this agreement, Dr. Urbanski’s annual salary is essentially unchanged from his previous positions. Dr. Urbanski is also entitled to participate in the Company’s bonus plans. Under the Executive Employment Agreement, the Company has agreed that upon shareholder approval of a Stock Option Plan, it will recommend to the Board that the Company grant Dr. Urbanski a Non-Qualified stock option to purchase 2,971,102 shares of the Company’s common stock having an exercise equal to the fair market value of the shares on the date of the Agreement. The stock option grant would vest according to the following schedule: (i) 1,250,000 fully vested shares upon signing of the agreement, (ii) 1,250,000 shares on January 1, 2019, and (iii) 471,102 shares on January 1, 2020. On March 15, 2019, Dr, Urbanski resigned his position as Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairman of the Board.

 

TriKE Agreements

In March 2017, we entered a new one-year Sponsored Research Agreement with the University of Minnesota. The purpose of this agreement is to determine toxicities and in vivo behavior in our TriKE technology, which we license from the University of Minnesota.

In June 2017, we entered into a co-development partnership agreement with Altor BioScience Corporation in which the we will collaborate exclusively in the clinical development of a novel 161533 TriKE fusion protein for cancer therapies using our TriKE technology.

License Agreements

Pursuant to a patent license agreement with the ID4, dated December 31, 2014, we received a non-exclusive, worldwide license to certain intellectual property, including intellectual property related to treating a p62-mediated disease (e.g., multiple myeloma).

On February 25, 2015, we licensed exclusive rights to three antibody-drug conjugates, or ADCs, that MCIT will prepare for further evaluation by GTBP as prospective therapeutics for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer, and multiple myeloma and associated osteolytic bone disease. Under the terms of the agreement, MCIT will develop three ADC product candidates which contain GTBP’s lead drug candidates OXS-2175 and OXS-4235.

We executed an exclusive worldwide license agreement with Daniel A. Vallera, Ph.D. and his associate (jointly "Dr. Vallera"), to further develop and commercialize DT2219ARL (GTB-1550), a novel therapy for the treatment of various human cancers. Under the terms of the agreement, we receive exclusive rights to conduct research and to develop, make, use, sell, and import DT2219ARL worldwide for the treatment of any disease, state or condition in humans. GTBP shall own all permits, licenses, authorizations, registrations and regulatory approvals required or granted by any governmental authority anywhere in the world that is responsible for the regulation of products such as DT2219ARL, including without limitation the FDA and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products in the European Union. Under the agreement, Dr. Vallera will receive an upfront license fee, royalty fees, and certain milestone payments.

In July 2016, we executed an exclusive worldwide license agreement with the Regents of the University of Minnesota, to further develop and commercialize cancer therapies using TriKE technology developed by researchers at the university to target NK cells to cancer. Under the terms of the agreement, we received exclusive rights to conduct research and to develop, make, use, sell, and import TriKe technology worldwide for the treatment of any disease, state or condition in humans. We shall own all permits, licenses, authorizations, registrations and regulatory approvals required or granted by any governmental authority anywhere in the world that is responsible for the regulation of products such as the TriKe technology, including without limitation the FDA and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products in the European Union. Under the agreement, the University of Minnesota will receive an upfront license fee, royalty fees, and certain milestone payments.

In September 2017, we in-licensed the rights to use the AccuBreak patents with drugs that, like carbamazepine, are voltage-gated sodium channel blockers in North America. The license field includes voltage gated sodium channels inhibitors and blockers for the treatment of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and bipolar disorder.

Financing

In January 2017, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with eight accredited investors to sell 10% convertible debentures with and an exercise price of the lesser of (i) $15.00 or (ii) the average of the three (3) lowest intra-day trading prices of the Common Stock during the 20 Trading Days immediately prior to the date on which the Notice of Conversion is delivered to the Company, with an initial principal balance of $633,593 and warrants to acquire up to 42,239 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share.

In March 2017, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with two accredited investors to sell 10% convertible debentures with and an exercise price of the lesser of (i) $15.00 or (ii) the average of the three (3) lowest intra-day trading prices of the Common Stock during the 20 Trading Days immediately prior to the date on which the Notice of Conversion is delivered to the Company, with an initial principal balance of $232,313 and warrants to acquire up to 15,487 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share.

In April 2017, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with two accredited investors to sell 10% convertible debentures with and an exercise price of the lesser of (i) $15.00 or (ii) the average of the three (3) lowest intra-day trading prices of the Common Stock during the 20 Trading Days immediately prior to the date on which the Notice of Conversion is delivered to the Company, with an initial principal balance of $70,000 and warrants to acquire up to 4,666 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share.

 

 

In May 2017, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with two accredited investors to sell 10% convertible debentures with and an exercise price of the lesser of (i) $15.00 or (ii) the average of the three (3) lowest intra-day trading prices of the Common Stock during the 20 Trading Days immediately prior to the date on which the Notice of Conversion is delivered to the Company, with an initial principal balance of $125,000 and warrants to acquire up to 8,333 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share.

In July 2017, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with three accredited investors to sell 10% convertible debentures with and an exercise price of the lesser of (i) $15.00 or (ii) the average of the three lowest intra-day trading prices of the common stock during the 20 trading days immediately prior to the date on which the notice of conversion is delivered to us, with an initial principal balance of $650,000 and warrants to acquire up to 43,333 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share.

In August 2017, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with three accredited investors to sell 10% convertible debentures with an exercise price of the lesser of (i) $15.00 or (ii) the average of the three lowest intra-day trading prices of the common stock during the 20 trading days immediately prior to the date on which the notice of conversion is delivered to us, with an initial principal balance of $3,890,000 and warrants to acquire up to 259,333 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share.

On January 22, 2018, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) with fourteen accredited investors (individually, a “Buyer” and collectively, the “Buyers”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Buyers senior convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $7,760,510 (the “Notes”), which Notes shall be convertible into the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”) at a price of $4.58 per share, and five-year warrants to purchase the Company’s Common Stock representing the right to acquire an aggregate of approximately 1,694,440 shares of Common Stock (the “Warrants”).

Pursuant to the terms of SPA the Notes were subject to an original issue discount of 10% resulting in proceeds to the Company of $7,055,000 from the transaction.

Upon the purchase of the Notes, the Buyers received Warrants to purchase 1,694,440 shares of Common Stock. Such Warrants are exercisable for (5) years from the date the shares underlying the Warrants are freely saleable. The initial Exercise Price is $4.58. According to the terms of the warrant agreement, the Warrants are subject to certain adjustments depending upon the price and structure of a subsequent financing, including a qualified financing with gross proceeds of at least $20 million, as defined in the agreements.

The issuance of the Notes and Warrants were made in reliance on the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) for the offer and sale of securities not involving a public offering, and Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

Contemporaneously with the execution and delivery of the SPA, the Company and the Buyers executed and delivered a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company has agreed to provide certain registration rights with respect to the Registrable Securities under the 1933 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and applicable state securities laws.

Senior Convertible Debentures

On August 2, 2018, GT Biopharma, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto (individually, a “Purchaser,” and collectively, the “Purchasers”) pursuant to which the Company issued to the Purchasers one year 10% Senior Convertible Debentures in an aggregate principal amount of $5,140,000 (the “Debentures”), which Debentures shall be convertible into the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), at a price of $2 per share. The Company used a portion of these proceeds to repay $4.4 million of the notes issued on January 22, 2018. Additionally, the remaining $3.3 million of the notes issued on January 22, 2018 were converted into the Debentures at the same terms discussed above.

On September 7, 2018, GT Biopharma, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto (individually, a “Purchaser,” and collectively, the “Purchasers”) pursuant to which the Company has issued to the Purchasers one year 10% Senior Convertible Debentures in an aggregate principal amount of $2,050,000 (the “Debentures”), which Debentures shall be convertible into the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), at a price of $2 per share.

On September 24, 2018, GT Biopharma, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto (individually, a “Purchaser,” and collectively, the “Purchasers”) pursuant to which the Company has issued to the Purchasers one year 10% Senior Convertible Debentures in an aggregate principal amount of $800,000 (the “Debentures”), which Debentures shall be convertible into the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), at a price of $2 per share.

The issuance of the Senior Convertible Debentures was made in reliance on the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for the offer and sale of securities not involving a public offering and Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

 

 

Results of Operations

Research and Development Expenses

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we incurred $9.1 million and $1.1 million of research and development expenses, respectively. 2018 research and development costs increased due primarily to the addition of new employees, increased regulatory and preclinical consultant costs to support the GTB-3550 IND, higher costs to advance the CNS portfolio and position the assets for licensing efforts, and higher preclinical and clinical expenses incurred at the University of Minnesota to continue development of our immune-oncology assets. 2018 expenses also include non-cash compensation of $6.8 million. We anticipate our direct clinical and preclinical costs to continue to increase throughout 2019, totaling approximately $12 to $15 million, as we initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial of our most advanced TriKe product candidate, GTB-3550 in the first half of 2019, and initiate IND-enabling activities for GTB-C3550, and GTB-1615.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we incurred $12.5 million and $134.5 million of selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively. Selling, general and administrative expenses in 2017 were driven by stock compensation related to the acquisition of Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals on September 1, 2017. Stock compensation expenses totaled $2.3 million and $129.1 million for in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Additional selling, general, and administrative expenses in 2018 were due to increased spending on investor relations campaigns to broaden awareness of the Company, and increased legal costs primarily associated with financing efforts. We anticipate selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding stock compensation, to range between $1 and $2 million in the coming quarters.

 

Loss on impairment

 

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an intangible asset impairment charge of $228.5 million related to the portfolio of CNS IPR&D assets, which represents the excess carrying value compared to fair value. The impairment charge was the result of both internal and external factors. In the 3rd quarter of 2018, the Company experienced changes in key senior management, led by the appointment of a CEO with extensive experience in oncology drug development. These changes resulted in the prioritization for immuno-oncology development candidates relative to the CNS development candidates acquired from Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals. In conjunction with these strategic changes, limited internal resources have delayed the development of the CNS IPR&D assets. The limited resources, changes in senior leadership, and favorable market conditions for immuno-oncology development candidates have resulted in the Company choosing to focus on development of its immuno-oncology portfolio. We are assessing our options to realize value from the CNS IPR&D assets. In light of this shift in market strategy, the Company performed a commercial assessment and a valuation of the CNS IPR&D assets, both to assess fair value and support potential future licensing efforts. Based on the results of the independent valuation, the Company recorded the impairment charge noted above.

 

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $9.1 million and $8.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase is due to an increase in non-cash amortization of debt issuance costs associated with convertible debentures and warrants issued in January 2018.

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $60,000. The Company’s current operations have focused on business planning, raising capital, establishing an intellectual property portfolio, hiring, and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials. The Company does not have any product candidates approved for sale and has not generated any revenue from product sales. The Company has sustained operating losses since inception and expects such losses to continue over the foreseeable future. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company raised $15 million through a series of issuances of convertible debentures in January, August, and September. $4.4 million of the proceeds raised in August were used to repay a portion of the January convertible debentures. The remaining proceeds were used primarily to aid in raising capital, increasing investor awareness, establishing an intellectual property portfolio, and to ensure continued progression of the Company’s development programs. We anticipate that cash utilized for selling, general, and administrative expenses will range between $1 and $2 million in the coming quarters, while research and development expenses will vary depending on clinical activities. On December 31, 2018, we had a working capital deficit of $13,939,000. On February 4, 2019, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto, pursuant to which the Company issued to the Purchasers, on February 4, 2019, Secured Convertible Notes in an aggregate principal amount of $1,352,224, consisting of gross proceeds of $1,052,224 and settlement of existing debt of $300,000, which Notes shall be convertible at any time after issuance into shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a conversion price of $0.60 per share. After closing of this financing, it will still be necessary to raise additional capital by the end of the second quarter in order to continue to fund current operations. The Company is pursuing several alternatives to address this situation, including the raising of additional funding through equity or debt financings. In order to finance existing operations and pay current liabilities over the next twelve months, the Company will need to raise an additional $15 million of capital in 2019.

 

 

Critical Accounting Policies

We consider the following accounting policies to be critical given they involve estimates and judgments made by management and are important for our investors’ understanding of our operating results and financial condition.

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements contained in this report include the accounts of GT Biopharma, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Long-Lived Assets

 

Our long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, capitalized costs of filing patent applications and other indefinite lived intangible assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment, other than indefinite lived intangible assets, in accordance with ASC 360, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Estimates of future cash flows and timing of events for evaluating long-lived assets for impairment are based upon management’s judgment. If any of our intangible or long-lived assets are considered to be impaired, the amount of impairment to be recognized is the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over its fair value.

 

Applicable long-lived assets are amortized or depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful lives, the estimated period that the assets will generate revenue, or the statutory or contractual term in the case of patents. Estimates of useful lives and periods of expected revenue generation are reviewed periodically for appropriateness and are based upon management’s judgment.

 

The Company's long-lived assets currently consist of indefinite lived intangible assets associated with IPR&D (“In-Process Research & Development”) projects and related capitalized patents acquired in the acquisition of Georgetown Translational Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  Intangible assets associated with IPR&D projects are not amortized until approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is obtained in a major market subject to certain specified conditions and management judgment. The useful life of an amortizing asset generally is determined by identifying the period in which substantially all of the cash flows are expected to be generated.

 

The Company evaluates indefinite lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually and whenever impairment indicators are present in accordance with ASC 350. When necessary, the Company records an impairment loss for the amount by which the fair value is less than the carrying value of these assets. The fair value of intangible assets other than goodwill is typically determined using the “relief from royalty method”, specifically the discounted cash flow method utilizing Level 3 fair value inputs. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include: the amount and timing of the projected net cash flows, which includes the expected impact of competitive, legal and/or regulatory forces on the projections and the impact of technological risk associated with IPR&D assets, as well as the selection of a long-term growth rate; the discount rate, which seeks to reflect the various risks inherent in the projected cash flows; and the tax rate, which seeks to incorporate the geographic diversity of the projected cash flows.

 

The Company performs impairment testing for all other long-lived assets whenever impairment indicators are present. When necessary, the Company calculates the undiscounted value of the projected cash flows associated with the asset, or asset group, and compares this estimated amount to the carrying amount. If the carrying amount is found to be greater, we record an impairment loss for the excess of book value over fair value.

 

Income Taxes

 

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, whereby deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effects, based on current enacted tax laws, of temporary differences between financial and tax reporting for current and prior periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance if the corresponding future tax benefits may not be realized.

 

Net Income (Loss) per Share

 

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net loss for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net loss for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the potential dilutive effect of common shares issuable upon exercise or conversion of outstanding stock options and warrants during the period.

 

 

The computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 excludes the common stock equivalents of the following potentially dilutive securities because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:

 

	December 31,
	2018	2017
Exercise of common stock warrants	1,813,053	-
Conversion of preferred stock into common stock	1,163,659	1,163,659
Conversion of convertible debentures into common stock	5,704,543	-
Exercise of common stock options	1,113	1,246
	8,682,368	1,164,905

 

Patents

 

Acquired patents are capitalized at their acquisition cost or fair value. The legal costs, patent registration fees and models and drawings required for filing patent applications are capitalized if they relate to commercially viable technologies. Commercially viable technologies are those technologies that are projected to generate future positive cash flows in the near term. Legal costs associated with patent applications that are not determined to be commercially viable are expensed as incurred. All research and development costs incurred in developing the patentable idea are expensed as incurred. Legal fees from the costs incurred in successful defense to the extent of an evident increase in the value of the patents are capitalized.

 

Capitalized costs for pending patents are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining twenty-year legal life of each patent after the costs have been incurred. Once each patent is issued, capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the patent's remaining statutory life, estimated economic life or ten years.

 

Fixed Assets

 

Fixed assets are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are 3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment and the shorter of the lease term or estimated economic life for leasehold improvements.

 

Fair Value

 

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheets for receivables and current liabilities each qualify as financial instruments and are a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the short period of time between the origination of such instruments and their expected realization and their current market rate of interest.  The three levels are defined as follows:

 

 

 

 

Research and Development

 

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and reported as research and development expense. Research and development costs totaled $9.1 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Research and development costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 included non-cash compensation of $6.8 million.

Certain Expenses and Liabilities

On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates related to certain expenses and accrued liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

 

Derivative Financial Instruments

 

In connection with the securities purchase agreements and debt transactions during the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued warrants to purchase common stock with a five-year term. Upon issuance of the warrants, the Company evaluated the note agreement to determine if the agreement contained any embedded components that would qualify the agreement as a derivative. The Company identified certain put features embedded in the warrants that potentially could result in a net cash settlement in the event of a fundamental transaction, requiring the Company to classify the warrants as a derivative liability. The Company changed its method of accounting for the debt and warrants through the early adoption of ASU 2017-11 on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis. Accordingly, the Company recorded the warrant derivative and conversion option derivative liabilities to additional paid in capital upon issuance.

Inflation

We believe that inflation has not had a material adverse impact on our business or operating results during the periods presented.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2018.

ITEM 7A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

This company qualifies as a smaller reporting company, as defined in 17 C.F.R. §229.10(f) (1) and is not required to provide information by this Item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Please see the financial statements beginning on page F-1 located in Part IV of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our principal executive officer and principal accounting officer evaluated the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), as of December 31, 2018. Based on that evaluation we have concluded that because a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting existed as of December 31, 2018, that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and the Company’s remediation efforts are described below.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal accounting officers and effected by a company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

 

 

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

As of December 31, 2018, management of the company conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework. In the course of the assessment, material weaknesses were identified in the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Management determined that fundamental elements of an effective control environment were missing or inadequate as of December 31, 2018. The most significant issues identified were: 1) lack of segregation of duties due to very small staff and significant reliance on outside consultants, and 2) risks of executive override also due to lack of established policies, and small employee staff. Based on the material weaknesses identified above, management has concluded that internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2018. As the company’s operations increase, the company intends to take measures to mitigate the issues identified and implement a functional system of internal controls over financial reporting. Such measures will include, but not be limited to hiring of additional employees in its finance and accounting department; preparation of risk-control matrices to identify key risks and develop and document policies to mitigate those risks; and identification and documentation of standard operating procedures for key financial activities.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 

Other than as described above, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting were made during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None

 

PART III

 

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The following table sets forth the name, age and position held by each of our executive officers and directors as of February 28, 2019. Directors are elected for a period of one year and thereafter serve until the next annual meeting at which their successors are duly elected by the stockholders.

 

Name	Age	Position
Anthony J. Cataldo	67	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
Steven Weldon	43	Chief Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer and Director

Anthony J. Cataldo was appointed Chief Executive Officer and Chairman on March 15, 2019. Previously he served as Vice Chairman of the Board since January 2019. Mr. Cataldo has extensive experience with the Company, having served on the Board of Directors from July 2014 until November 2018, also serving as Chief Executive Officer from November 2014 to September 2017 and Executive Chairman of the Board from September 2017 to February 2018 during that time. Prior to joining the Company, from February 2011 until June 2013, Mr. Cataldo served as Chairman and CEO/Founder of Genesis Biopharma, Inc. (now known as Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc.). Mr. Cataldo is credited with developing the Stage Four Cancer treatment for melanoma known as Lion/Genesis using assets acquired from the National Cancer Institute (NIH). Mr. Cataldo also served as non-executive co-chairman of the board of directors of MultiCell Technologies, Inc., a supplier of functional, non-tumorigenic immortalized human hepatocytes from February 2005 until July 2006.

 

 

Steven Weldon was appointed Chief Financial Officer and to our board of directors on March 20, 2019. Previously Mr. Weldon was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Company in September 2014 and as our Chief Financial Officer in November 2014 until October 2018.. Mr. Weldon has over 15 years of financial and accounting experience. Mr. Weldon’s financial background includes experience in managerial, private accounting and planning. He has served on the board of several publicly traded companies as both, chief executive officer and chief financial officer. Mr. Weldon was appointed as chief financial officer and as a member of the board of directors of GB Sciences, Inc. (OTCMKTS:GBLX) in September 2005 and served in both positions until November 2014. Mr. Weldon also served as chief executive officer of GB Sciences from December 2009, through May 2011, and from April 2012, through March 2014. For several years, he taught accounting and tax courses to undergrad students at Florida Southern College. He received his bachelor of science degree and his Master’s in Business Administration from Florida Southern College and is a licensed Certified Public Accountant in the State of Florida.

Due to the small number of directors, at the present time the duties of an Audit Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee, and Compensation Committee are performed by the board of directors as a whole. At such time as we have more directors on our board of directors, these committees will be reconstituted.

Code of Ethics

A copy of the company’s code of ethics is attached to this annual report as exhibit 99.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires our executive officers and directors, and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the company’s equity securities, to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Executive officers, directors and greater than 10% stockholders are required by SEC regulations to furnish the company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. All of our executive officers and directors filed the required reports; however, Kathleen Clarence-Smith and Raymond Urbanski filed one Form 3 late and Raymond Urbanski, Anthony J. Cataldo and Steven Weldon each filed one Form 4 late.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The following table sets forth certain information concerning the annual and long-term compensation for services rendered to us in all capacities for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 of all persons who served as our principal executive officers and as our principal financial officer during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. No other executive officers received total annual compensation during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 in excess of $100,000. The principal executive officer and the other named officers are collectively referred to as the “Named Executive Officers.”

 

Name and Principal Position		Year	Salary ($)	Bonus ($)	Stock Awards ($) (1)	Option Awards ($) (2)	Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)	Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings ($)	All Other Compensation ($) (3)	Total ($)
Anthony J. Cataldo (7)		2018	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$404,151	$404,151
Chief Executive Officer		2017	$310,667	$90,000	$77,275,253	$-	$-	$-		$77,675,920
		2016	$216,000	$-	$4,417,026	$20,707	$-	$-	$-	$4,653,733
Steven Weldon (6)		2018	$230,000	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$230,000
Chief Financial Officer		2017	$245,333	$-	$38,472,797	$-	$-	$-	$-	$38,718,130
		2016	$168,000	$-	$752,852	$-	$-	$-	$-	$920,852
Raymond Urbanski, M.D., Ph.D. (4)		2018	$321,154	$-	$7,644,490	$-	$-	$-	$-	$7,965,644
Former Chief Executive Officer		2017	$133,333	$-	$7,644,490	$-	$-	$-	$-	$7,777,823
Shawn Cross (5)		2018	$233,942	$20,000	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$253,942
Former Chief Executive Officer		2017	$104,165	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$104,165
Kathleen Clarence-Smith (8)		2018	$278,846	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$278,846
Former Chief Executive Officer		2017	$166,667	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$-	$166,667

 

Employment Agreements

On October 18, 2018, the Company entered into a Consultant Agreement with Anthony Cataldo. The term of the Consultant Agreement shall remain in effect until September 30, 2019. This Agreement supersedes the Consultant Agreement dated February 14, 2018 and will pay Mr. Cataldo $25,000 per month during the term of the Agreement.

On October 19, 2018, the Company entered into an Executive Employment Agreement with Dr. Urbanski, reflecting his current position as Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Under the terms of this agreement, Dr. Urbanski’s annual salary is essentially unchanged from his previous positions. Dr. Urbanski is also entitled to participate in the Company’s bonus plans. Under the Executive Employment Agreement, the Company has agreed that upon shareholder approval of a Stock Option Plan, it will recommend to the Board that the Company grant Dr. Urbanski a Non-Qualified stock option to purchase 2,971,102 shares of the Company’s common stock having an exercise equal to the fair market value of the shares on the date of the Agreement. The stock option grant would vest according to the following schedule: (i) 1,250,000 fully vested shares upon signing of the agreement, (ii) 1,250,000 shares on January 1, 2019, and (iii) 471,102 shares on January 1, 2020. On March 15, 2019, Dr, Urbanski resigned his position as Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairman of the Board.

Stock Option Grants

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2018, concerning unexercised options, unvested stock and equity incentive plan awards for the executive officers named in the Summary Compensation Table.

 

	Option Awards
Name	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable	Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#)	Option Exercise Price ($)	Option Expiration Date
Steven Weldon	-	-	-	$-
Anthony Cataldo	358	-	-	$750	7/1/19
Anthony Cataldo	358	-	-	$1,500	7/1/19
Anthony Cataldo	358	-	-	$2,250	7/1/19

Director Compensation

Beginning in January 2018, non-employee members of the Board of Directors are to receive $42,500 per year, plus $15,000 annually for Chairing a Committee and $5,000 annually as a member of a Committee. Also, upon shareholder approval of a Stock Option Plan, Directors will be granted 150,000 options that vest over a three-year period. Vesting will accelerate if the Company undergoes a change of control transaction for cash.

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)	Option Awards ($)	Stock Awards ($)	Total ($)
Dr. John Bonfiglio (1)	$-	$-	$-	$-
Dr. Peter Kiener (1)	$8,173	$-	$-	$8,173
Geoffrey Davis (1)	$26,250	$-	$-	$26,250
Anthony Cataldo	$-	$-	$-	$-
Federica O'Brien (2)	$8,173	$-	$-	$8,173

 

(1) Dr. Bonfiglio, Dr. Kiener and Mr. Davis resigned from the Board on March 20, 2019

(2) Ms. O'Brien resigned from the Board on July 2, 2018

 

 

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

 

The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of February 22, 2019, (a) by each person known by us to own beneficially 5% or more of any class of our common stock, (b) by each of our named executive officers, (c) by each of our directors and (d) by all our current executive officers and directors as a group. As of February 22, 2019, there were 51,291,083 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. Shares of common stock subject to stock options and preferred stock that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 22, 2019 are deemed to be outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of that person but are not treated as outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless indicated below, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned, subject to community property laws where applicable. Except as otherwise indicated, the address of each stockholder is c/o GT Biopharma, Inc. at 310 N. Westlake Blvd., Suite 206, Westlake Village, CA 91362.

 

	Number of Shares of Common Stock Beneficially	Percent of Shares of Outstanding Common
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner	Owned	Stock
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners:
Kathleen Clarence-Smith, M.D., Ph.D. (7)	7,521,051	14.66%
Mark Silverman (7)	7,226,108	14.09%
William Heavener (1)	4,674,749	9.11%
Bristol Investment Fund, Ltd. (2)	4,534,795	8.84%
Adam Kasower (3)	3,645,620	7.11%
Theorem Group, LLC (4)	3,540,130	6.90%
Alpha Capital Anstalt (5)	2,966,667	5.78%
The Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Foundation (6)	2,739,267	5.34%
Security Ownership of Management and Directors:
Anthony J. Cataldo (7)	3,734,320	7.28%
Steven Weldon (7)	2,269,707	4.43%
Executive officers and directors as a group — 2 people	6,004,027	11.71%

 

 

Equity Compensation Plan Information

 

The following is a summary of our equity compensation plans at December 31, 2018:

 

	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights	Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights	Number of Securities Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
Plan Category	(a)	(b)	(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1)	1,113	$1,320	-
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	-	$-	-
Total	1,113	$1,320	-

(1) As of December 31, 2018, we had options issued and outstanding to purchase 1,113 shares of common stock under our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

 

Director Independence

None of our directors qualify as “independent directors” as defined by Item 407 of Regulation S-K.

We have elected to use the definition for “director independence” under the Nasdaq Stock Market’s listing standards, which defines an “independent director” as “a person other than an officer or employee of us or its subsidiaries or any other individual having a relationship, which in the opinion of our Board of Directors, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.” The definition further provides that, among others, employment of a director by us (or any parent or subsidiary of ours) at any time during the past three years is considered a bar to independence regardless of the determination of our Board of Directors.

Transactions with Dr. Raymond Urbanski

On December 21, 2018, Dr. Raymond Urbanski, the former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, provided a short-term loan of $100,000 to the Company to meet immediate capital needs. The loan matured on January 20, 2019 and carried an interest rate of 5%. The loan plus accrued interest has been repaid.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Seligson & Giannattasio, LLP was our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal years ending December 31, 2018 and 2017. The following table shows the fees that were paid or accrued by us for audit and other services provided by Seligson & Giannattasio, LLP for the 2018 and 2017 fiscal years.

	2018	2017
Audit Fees (1)	$69,000	$64,000
Audit-Related Fees (2)	$-	$-
Tax Fees (3)	$4,000	$4,000
All Other Fees	$-	$-
Total	$73,000	$68,000

 

 

All audit related services, tax services and other services rendered by Seligson & Giannattasio, LLP were pre-approved by our Board of Directors or Audit Committee. The Audit Committee has adopted a pre-approval policy that provides for the pre-approval of all services performed for us by Seligson & Giannattasio, LLP. The policy authorizes the Audit Committee to delegate to one or more of its members pre-approval authority with respect to permitted services. Pursuant to this policy, the Board delegated such authority to the Chairman of the Audit Committee. All pre-approval decisions must be reported to the Audit Committee at its next meeting. The Audit Committee has concluded that the provision of the non-audit services listed above is compatible with maintaining the independence Seligson & Giannattasio, LLP.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The Company’s financial statements and related notes thereto are listed and included in this Annual Report beginning on page F-1. The following documents are furnished as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

EXHIBIT INDEX

				Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number		Exhibit Description		Form		Date		Number		Filed Herewith
2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger		10-Q		11/14/17		2.1
3.1		Restated Certificate of Incorporation as filed in Delaware September 10, 1996 and as thereafter amended through March 1, 2002		10-KSB		04/01/02		3.A
3.2		Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of GT Biopharma, Inc.		10-K		03/31/11		3.2
3.3		Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series H Convertible Preferred Stock of GT Biopharma, Inc., dated February 5, 2010		8-K		02/16/10		3.1
3.4		Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series I Convertible Preferred Stock of GT Biopharma, Inc., dated March 18, 2011.		10-K		03/31/11		3.4
3.5		Bylaws, as restated effective September 7, 1994 and as amended through April 29, 2003		10-QSB		08/13/03		3
3.6		Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, effective as of July 19, 2017.		8-K		3/15/18
10.1		License Agreement with ID4 Pharma LLC		10-Q		08/11/17		10.1
10.2		License Agreement with MultiCell Immunotherapeutics, Inc.		10-Q		08/11/17		10.2
10.3		License Agreement with the University of Minnesota		10-Q		08/11/17		10.3
10.4		License Agreement with Daniel A. Vallera, Ph.D.		10-Q		08/11/17		10.4
10.9		Warrant Conversion Agreement		10-Q		11/14/17		10.6
10.10		Preferred Conversion Agreement		10-Q		11/14/17		10.7
10.11		Amended Note Conversion Agreement		10-Q		11/14/17		10.8
10.12		Amended Warrant Conversion Agreement		10-Q		11/14/17		10.9
10.13		Amended Preferred Conversion Agreement		10-Q		11/14/17		10.10
10.15		Securities Purchase Agreement		8-K		01/13/17		10.1
10.16		10% Senior Convertible Debenture		8-K		01/13/17		10.2
10.17		Common Stock Purchase Warrant		8-K		01/13/17		10.3
10.18		Securities Purchase Agreement by and among the Company and the Buyers, dated January 22, 2018.		8-K		1/23/18		10.1
10.19		Form of Registration Rights Agreement by and among the Company and the Buyers, dated January 22, 2018.		8-K		1/23/18		10.2
10.20		Form of Note.		8-K		1/23/18		10.3
10.21		Form of Warrant.		8-K		1/23/18		10.4
10.22		First Amendment to the Employment Agreement, dated as of February 14, 2018, between the Company and Dr. Clarence-Smith.		8-K		2/21/18		10.2
10.23		Consultant Agreement, dated as of February 14, 2018, between the Company and Mr. Cataldo.		8-K		2/21/18		10.3
10.24		Form of 10% Senior Convertible Debenture		8-K		08/03/18		4.1
10.25		Security Purchase Agreement		8-K		08/03/18		10.1
10.26		Form of 10% Senior Convertible Debenture		8-K		09/07/18		4.1
10.27		Security Purchase Agreement		8-K		09/07/18		10.1
10.28		Form of 10% Senior Convertible Debenture		8-K		09/24/18		4.1
10.29		Security Purchase Agreement		8-K		09/24/18		10.1
10.30		Separation Agreement between the Company and Dr. Clarence-Smith		8-K		10/12/18		10.1
10.31		Resignation of Steven Weldon		8-K		10/16/18
10.32		Stock Pledge Agreement		10-Q		08/14/18		10.10
10.33		Executive Employment Agreement with Dr. Urbanski		10-Q		11/14/18		10.17
14.1		Code of Ethics		10-K		03/31/16		14.1
21.1		Subsidiaries of GT Biopharma, Inc.		10-K		03/31/16		21.1
31.1		Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.								X
31.2		Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.								X
32.1		Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.								X
32.2		Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.								X
101		Interactive Data File								X