HCW Biologics Inc. - Quarter Report: 2023 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-40591

HCW Biologics Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (954) 842–2024

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 8, 2023, the registrant had 35,888,135 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Balance Sheets

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

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HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

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HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 and 2023

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

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HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

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HCW Biologics Inc.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (i) our unaudited condensed interim financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (ii) our audited financial statements and related notes and the discussion under the heading “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 28, 2023. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the “Company,” “HCW Biologics,” “HCWB”, “we,” “us” and “our” refer to HCW Biologics Inc.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this quarterly report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, prospective products, product approvals, research and development costs, timing and likelihood of success, plans and objectives of management for future operations, adequacy of our cash resources and working capital, impact of COVID-19 pandemic on our research and development activities and business operations, and future results of anticipated products, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this report in Part II, Item 1A -“Risk Factors,” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in other filings we make with the SEC from time to time. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

Overview

HCW Biologics Inc. is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing novel immunotherapies to lengthen healthspan by disrupting the link between chronic, low-grade inflammation and age-related diseases. We believe age-related, chronic, low-grade inflammation, or “inflammaging,” is a significant contributing factor to several diseases and conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

The induction and retention of low-grade inflammation in an aging human body is mainly the result of the accumulation of non-proliferative but metabolically active senescent cells, which can also be caused by persistent activation of protein complexes, known as inflammasomes, in innate immune cells. These two elements share common mechanisms in promoting secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins and in many cases interact to drive senescence, and thus, inflammaging. Our novel approach is to reduce senescent cells and eliminate the pro-inflammatory factors they secrete systemically through multiple pathways. We believe our approach has the potential to fundamentally change the treatment of age-related diseases. Our lead product candidates address the two primary processes that promote chronic inflammation.

HCW9218. Subcutaneous administration of our clinical-stage, lead drug candidate, HCW9218, activates NK cells, innate lymphoid group-1, and CD8+ T cells, and neutralizes TGF-β. This bifunctionality gives HCW9218 the ability to reduce senescent cells as well as function as a senomorphic that eliminates senescence-associated pro-inflammatory factors. As a result, we believe HCW9218 has the ability to lower chronic inflammation and restore tissue homeostasis. This lead product candidate is currently being evaluated in two Phase 1/1b clinical trials for chemo-refractory/chemo-resistant solid tumor cancers.

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HCW9302. Subcutaneous administration of our preclinical-stage, lead drug candidate, HCW9302, is designed to activate and expand Treg cells to reduce senescence by suppressing the activity of inflammasome-bearing cells and the inflammatory factors which they secrete. This molecule is a single-chain, IL-2-based fusion protein. Preclinical studies in mouse models have demonstrated the ability of HCW9302 to expand and activate Treg cells and reduce inflammation-related diseases, supporting the potential of HCW9302 to treat a wide variety of autoimmune and pro-inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. We are in the process of completing IND-enabling studies and intend to prepare and submit an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application to the FDA in 2023.

Recent Developments

Trends and Uncertainties

Inflationary Cost Environment, Banking Crisis, Supply Chain Disruption and the Macroeconomic Environment

Our operations have been affected by many headwinds, including inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, ongoing global supply chain disruptions resulting from increased geopolitical tensions such as the war between Russia and Ukraine, Chinese aggression towards Taiwan, financial market volatility and currency movements. These headwinds, specifically the supply chain disruptions, have adversely impacted our ability to procure certain services and materials, which in some cases impacts the cost and timing of clinical trials and IND-enabling activities. In addition, the Company may be impacted by inflation when procuring materials required for the buildout of our new headquarters, the costs for recruiting and retaining employees and other employee-related costs. Further, rising interest rates would also increase borrowing costs to the extent that the Company takes on any additional debt. The Company uses a number of strategies to effectively navigate these issues, including product redesign, alternate sourcing, and establishing contingencies in budgeting and timelines. However, the extent and duration of such events and conditions, and resulting disruptions to our operations, are highly unpredictable.

On March 12, 2023, the U.S. government took extraordinary steps to stop a potential banking crisis after the historic failure of Silicon Valley Bank, assuring all depositors at the failed institution that they could access all their money quickly, even as another major bank was shut down. The Company had no exposure to a failed bank. The Company averts risks associated with such a crisis by holding minimum cash balances required for uninterrupted operations, federal funds money market fund, and U.S. government-backed securities. As of March 31, 2023, the Company held $17.0 million in a federal money market fund (the “Fund”) with an investment objective is to seek to provide current income while maintaining liquidity and a stable share price of $1. The Fund invests at least 99.5% of its total assets in cash, U.S. government securities, and/or repurchase agreements that are collateralized solely by U.S. government securities or cash (collectively, government securities). As such it is considered one of the most conservative investment options offered.

Long-Lasting Effects of COVID-19

The spread of COVID-19, including the resurgence of cases related to the spread of new variants, has caused significant volatility in the U.S. and international markets since March 2020. The continuing direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic are significant and broad-based, including supply chain disruptions, and continue to represent business and financial risks. As such, the Company is continually coordinating with third-party contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), service providers and vendors that constitute the Company’s supply chain, with respect to risks and mitigating actions. Future developments in these and other areas present material uncertainty and risk with respect to our clinical trials, IND-enabling activities, buildout of our new headquarters, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Components of our Results of Operation

Revenues

We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales of internally-developed immunotherapeutic products for the treatment of cancer and other age-related diseases. The principal source of our revenues to date have been generated from our Wugen License and Master Services Agreement (the “MSA”) with Wugen. See Note 1 to our condensed financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for these definitions and more information.

We derive revenue from a license agreement granting rights to Wugen to further develop and commercialize products based on two of our internally-developed molecules. Consideration under our contract included a nonrefundable upfront payment, development, regulatory and commercial milestones, and royalties based on net sales of approved products. Additionally, HCW Biologics retained manufacturing rights and has agreed to provide Wugen with clinical and research grade materials for clinical development and commercialization of licensed products under separate agreements. We assessed which activities in the Wugen License should be considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately. We develop assumptions that require judgement to determine whether the license to our intellectual property is distinct from the research and development services or participation in activities under the Wugen License.

Performance obligations relating to the granting a license and delivery of licensed product and R&D know-how were satisfied when transferred upon the execution of the Wugen License on December 24, 2020. The Company recognized revenue for the related consideration at a point in time. The revenue recognized from a transaction to supply clinical and research grade materials entered into under the MSA and covered by a Statement of Work (“SOW”), represents one performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue generated for supply of material for clinical development using an input method based on the costs incurred relative to the total expected cost, which determines the extent of the Company’s progress toward completion.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses are reported as research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of our product candidates, which include:

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We expense research and development costs as they are incurred. Costs for contract manufacturing are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our vendors. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the agreement, and the pattern of payments for goods and services will change depending on the material. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses and expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

We expect research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our product candidates. We cannot reasonably determine the nature, timing, and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of, and obtain regulatory approval for, any of our product candidates. Product candidates in later stages of development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages. See “Risk Factors -- Risks Related to the Development and Clinical Testing of Our Product Candidates,” in our Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023 for a discussion of some of the risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Any changes in the outcome of any of these risks and uncertainties with respect to the development of our product candidates in preclinical and clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for employees in the executive, legal, finance and accounting, human resources, and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include third-party costs such as insurance costs, fees for professional services, such as legal, auditing and tax services, facilities administrative costs, and other expenses.

During the period ended December 31, 2022, Altor/NantCell, a former employer of Dr. Hing C. Wong, our Founder and Chief Executive Officer, initiated legal proceedings against Dr. Wong and the Company. On April 26, 2023, the parties stipulated that Altor/NantCell’s action against the Company would be consolidated with the Altor/NantCell arbitration demand against Dr. Wong. On April 27, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “Court”) with jurisdiction over lawsuit against the Company approved the parties’ stipulation and ordered the parties to arbitration. On May 1, 2023, Altor/NantCell filed a demand against the Company before JAMS. On May 3, 2023, Altor/NantCell dismissed the federal court action without prejudice and the Court ordered the case dismissed without prejudice and closed the case. Altor/NantCell’s proceeding against the Company will now proceed in arbitration before JAMS. In connection with claims brought against Dr. Wong, Altor/NantCell has advancement obligations to him for claims brought against him. Thus, legal expenses incurred by him in connection with his arbitration will be advanced by Altor/NantCell; however, under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to advance his legal fees. The Company incurred legal expenses on its own behalf in the period ended March 31, 2023, and we expect to continue to incur material costs and expenses in connection with defending the Company in the foregoing legal matters for the remainder of the year.

We expect general and administrative expenses incurred in the normal course of business for other purposes, such as costs for recruitment and retention of personnel, service fees for consultants, advisors and accountants, as well as costs to comply with government regulations, corporate governance, internal control over financial reporting, insurance and other requirements for a public company, are expected to continue to increase for the foreseeable future as we scale our operations.

Interest and Other Income (Loss), Net

Interest and other income, net consists of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, unrealized gains and losses related to our investments in U.S. government-backed securities, other income related to non-operating activities, and other non-operating expenses.

On August 15, 2022, the Company entered into a short-term, market-rate lease with the former owner of the building purchased by the Company on the same date. The lease provides the former owner (tenant) with the right to occupy offices that comprise approximately 15,000 square feet of the building for a period of one year, ending August 14, 2023. The lease may be terminated at any time by the tenant with 60 days’ written notice. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company reported $59,453 in rental income, which is included within Interest and other income (loss), net in the unaudited statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023, included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023

Revenues

The Company recognized $3.1 million and $41,883 of revenues in the unaudited statements of operations that appear elsewhere is this Quarterly Report for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The difference in revenues for the comparative periods is primarily attributable to the recognition of deferred revenues as revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2022, upon meeting requirements for revenue recognition when the Company entered into SOWs with Wugen for current and historical purchases on March 14, 2022. For those transactions for which revenue was not recognized because one or more of the criteria for revenue recognition had not been met, the Company records deferred revenue. There were no deferred revenues as of March 31, 2022 and as of March 31, 2023.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023:

Research and development expenses increased by $466,135, or 26%, from $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in preclinical expenses and clinical expenses.

Salaries, benefits, and related expenses decreased by $28,484, or 4%, from $772,949 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $744,465 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily attributable to a $59,000 increase in the amount of reimbursement for certain expenses incurred under the terms of the Wugen License as well as a $11,381 decrease in performance-based bonuses. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $43,410 in salaries and wages, benefits, and stock-based compensation expenses.

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Manufacturing and materials expense increased by $65,867, or 30%, from $219,038 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $284,905 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. In the three months ended March 31, 2022, costs were primarily from HCW9302 technology transfer and development process closeout through finalization of reports and the project initiation of a 1000L run for HCW9218. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, costs were primarily costs associated with a 200L cGMP run of HCW9302. Looking ahead for the remainder of 2023, costs will primarily be associated with restoring supply of HCW9101, which is the internally-developed affinity ligand used in our proprietary manufacturing processes in the production of all of our molecules.

Expenses associated with preclinical activities increased by $224,569, or 44%, from $513,117 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $737,686 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Expenses were related primarily to the cost of toxicology studies and experimental materials related to IND-enabling activities required to prepare our IND for Phase 1b/2 clinical trial to evaluate HCW9302 in an autoimmune indication. We expect to complete the toxicology study in the first half of 2023.

Expenses associated with clinical activities increased by $136,991, or 125%, from $109,367 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $246,358 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to the two ongoing clinical trials to evaluate HCW9218 in chemo-resistant/chemo-refractory solid tumors. The Investigator-sponsored Phase 1 clinical trial at the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota is designed as a dose escalation study of HCW9218 to identify the maximum tolerated dose for future evaluation. The primary objectives are to determine safety, maximum tolerated dose, and the recommended Phase 2 dose. The Company expects this phase of the study to be complete in the first half of 2023. The Company-sponsored, multi-center Phase 1b/2 clinical trial to evaluate HCW9218 in advanced pancreatic cancer was initiated in October 2022. There are currently four clinical sites participating in this trial, including the NCI Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of South Carolina (an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center), Washington University in St. Louis (an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center), and HonorHealth Research Institute. A preliminary human data readout is expected in the first half of 2023. We expect to complete the Phase 1b portion of this study in 2023.

Other expenses, which include overhead allocations, increased by $67,191, or 38%, from $175,207 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $242,399 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in other expenses is due primarily to an increase of $55,773 in the allocation for depreciation. Depreciation increased in the third quarter of 2022, when the Company purchased a property to buildout for a new headquarters and manufacturing facility.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes our general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023:

General and administrative expenses increased $1.2 million, or 66%, from $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in professional fees, which includes legal fees associated with the proceedings brought against the Company by Altor/NantCell. Other increases included a $105,492 increase in salaries, benefits and related expenses due to an annual adjustments made in April 2022 and new hires.

Depreciation increased by $33,608, or 94%, from $35,605 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $69,213 for the three months ended March 31, 2023. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company purchased a property to buildout for its new headquarters and manufacturing facility. As a result depreciation expense allocated to general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 reflects depreciation of that acquisition.

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Professional services increased $1.2 million, or 272%, from $459,164 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Professional services include corporate legal services, expenses related to legal actions brought by Altor/NantCell, and other professional services, such as auditing and tax advisory fees. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company incurred $1.1 million for legal fees in connection with the Altor/NantCell matter, $359,754 for legal fees in connection to patents, and $233,007 in fees associated with other professional services such as audit fees and tax advisory services.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of March 31, 2023, our principal source of liquidity was $18.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, including money market investments, and $9.8 million held in U.S. government-backed securities presented in Short-term investments. These funds were provided primarily from the $49.2 million of net proceeds from our IPO and to a lesser extent the Wugen License. On April 21, 2023, the Company entered into a $26.3 million development line of credit agreement. We expect our principal sources of liquidity will continue to be our cash and cash equivalents, the development line of credit, out-licensing agreements, and any additional capital we may obtain through debt or equity offerings.

On August 15, 2022, we purchased a 36,000 square foot building located in Miramar, Florida for approximately $10.1 million, including transaction costs. A portion of the acquisition cost was funded with a $6.5 million five-year loan obtained from the Cogent Bank (“Cogent Loan”) and is secured by the building. As of March 31, 2023, the Company owed $6.5 million on the Cogent Loan and was in compliance with all covenants under the Cogent Loan agreement and related documents. The Company obtained a $26.25 million development line of credit on April 21, 2023. We intend to repay the Cogent Loan with part of the proceeds from the development line of credit at the time we draw our first advance under the new loan agreement. We will not incur any prepayment penalties.

We believe that our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of March 31, 2023 will be sufficient to meet our capital requirements and fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. We have based our projections of operation expenses requirements on assumptions, including our existing commitments and contingencies, that may prove to be incorrect, and we may use all of our available capital sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the clinical development and commercialization of immunotherapeutics, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of capital requirements to pursue these activities. Our funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

A change in the outcome of any of these or other factors with respect to the clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate.

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Further, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for clinical trials and other research and development expenditures.

Comparison of the Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities were $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with net cash used by operating activities of $3.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The difference was primarily due to an increase in net loss from $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 consisted primarily of net loss for the period of $2.1 million, $420,000 due to an increase in accounts receivable arising from billed but unpaid amounts that were recognized in revenue for delivery of clinical development materials purchased by Wugen, and $1.1 million due to a decrease in accounts payable and other liabilities. Cash provided by operations consisted primarily of a decrease of $1.4 million in prepaid expenses and other assets. In addition, there were adjustments for non-cash transactions that increased cash provided by operating activities primarily arising from $185,122 for net unrealized loss on investments, $142,785 for depreciation and amortization expense, and $260,348 for compensation expense due to stock-based compensation.

Cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 consisted primarily of net loss for the period of $5.1 million and $112,500 unrealized loss on investments, net. These amounts were offset by cash provided by operations arising from a $718,675 increase from accounts payable and other liabilities, $164,967 resulting from a decrease in accounts receivable, and $182,294 resulting from a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets. Further offsets were provided by noncash adjustments arising from addbacks of $298,847 from depreciation and amortization and $259,206 from stock-based compensation.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 consisted of $8.0 million of cash provided when short-term investments reached maturity, offset by $23,554 of cash used to purchase equipment.

Cash used by investment activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 consisted of $300,385 used for purchases of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023, cash provided by financing activities is due to issuance of common stock upon exercise of vested employee stock options.

Critical Accounting Policies, Significant Judgements and Use of Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our unaudited condensed interim financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgements about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgements and estimates.

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Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue under the guidance of Topic 606. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract(s) with the customer, (ii) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract and determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, (iii) measurement of the transaction price, (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations, and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to our customer. See Note 1 to our condensed interim financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.

Other than the above, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from those described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Critical Accounting Policies, Significant Judgements and Use of Estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to our unaudited condensed interim financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for more information about recent accounting pronouncements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As of March 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $18.4 million and short-term investments in U.S. government-backed securities of $9.8 million. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. We are exposed to market risk related to the marketability of our Wugen common stock reported within Investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheet. Until such time as these shares become publicly traded, we will have limited access to liquidity for these securities.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended or the Exchange Act, is recorded, communicated to our management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective and management necessarily applies its judgement in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and Chief Financial Officer, or CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of March 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

On December 23, 2022, Altor BioScience, LLC and NantCell, Inc. initiated an arbitration against Dr. Hing C. Wong, the Company’s Founder and Chief Executive Officer, in California alleging breach of contract and fiduciary duty, among other claims. On that same date, Altor/NantCell filed a lawsuit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “Court”) alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, inducement of breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty, among other claims against the Company. On January 31, 2023, the Company filed a motion to compel arbitration, a motion for the stay of the litigation, and a motion to dismiss the complaint (“motion to compel”). On April 18, 2023, the Court heard oral argument on the Company’s motion to compel and ordered the parties to provide supplemental briefing by April 28, 2023. Before the Court ruled on the Company’s motion to compel, on April 26, 2023, the parties stipulated that Altor/NantCell’s action against the Company would be consolidated with the Altor/NantCell arbitration demand against Dr. Wong. On April 27, 2023, the Court approved the parties’ stipulation and ordered the parties to arbitration. On May 1, 2023, Altor/NantCell filed a demand against the Company before JAMS. On May 3, 2023, Altor/NantCell dismissed the federal court action without prejudice and the Court ordered the case dismissed without prejudice and closed the case. Altor/NantCell’s proceeding against the Company will now proceed in arbitration before JAMS. Although adverse decisions (or settlements) may occur in the lawsuit described above, it is not possible to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated therewith at this time. As such, no accrual for these matters has been recorded within the financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed by us in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023. The risk factors included in the Form 10-K continue to apply to us and describe risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds

There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO from that described in the final prospectus filed by us with the SEC on July 21, 2021.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not Applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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