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HEALTHEQUITY, INC. - Quarter Report: 2021 October (Form 10-Q)




UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549


Form 10-Q
☑QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended October 31, 2021
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number: 001-36568
HEALTHEQUITY, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware52-2383166
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
15 West Scenic Pointe Drive
Suite 100
Draper, Utah 84020
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(801) 727-1000
(Registrant's telephone Number, including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per shareHQYThe NASDAQ Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☑Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
 Emerging growth Company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of November 30, 2021, there were 83,601,381 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.


Table of Contents
HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries
Form 10-Q quarterly report

Table of contents
Page
Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Part II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 6.


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Part I. Financial information
Item 1. Financial statements

HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated balance sheets
(in thousands, except par value)October 31, 2021January 31, 2021
(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents$649,129 $328,803 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6,063 and $4,239 as of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively
84,083 72,767 
Other current assets30,919 58,607 
Total current assets764,131 460,177 
Property and equipment, net24,930 29,106 
Operating lease right-of-use assets81,150 89,508 
Intangible assets, net820,946 767,003 
Goodwill1,363,549 1,327,193 
Other assets44,908 37,420 
Total assets$3,099,614 $2,710,407 
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable$5,244 $1,614 
Accrued compensation32,695 50,670 
Accrued liabilities49,879 75,880 
Current portion of long-term debt6,563 62,500 
Operating lease liabilities12,693 14,037 
Total current liabilities107,074 204,701 
Long-term liabilities
Long-term debt, net923,501 924,217 
Operating lease liabilities, non-current67,836 74,224 
Other long-term liabilities18,953 8,808 
Deferred tax liability110,400 119,729 
Total long-term liabilities1,120,690 1,126,978 
Total liabilities1,227,764 1,331,679 
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding as of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively
— — 
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 900,000 shares authorized, 83,586 and 77,168 shares issued and outstanding as of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively
8 8 
Additional paid-in capital1,662,965 1,158,372 
Accumulated earnings208,877 220,348 
Total stockholders’ equity1,871,850 1,378,728 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,099,614 $2,710,407 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of operations and
comprehensive income (loss) (unaudited)
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)2021202020212020
Revenue
Service revenue$102,733 $104,562 $314,449 $319,638 
Custodial revenue49,006 48,544 144,760 142,352 
Interchange revenue28,215 26,245 94,050 83,411 
Total revenue179,954 179,351 553,259 545,401 
Cost of revenue
Service costs66,217 65,936 204,183 202,195 
Custodial costs5,734 4,762 15,567 14,805 
Interchange costs4,683 4,095 15,102 13,985 
Total cost of revenue76,634 74,793 234,852 230,985 
Gross profit103,320 104,558 318,407 314,416 
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing12,726 12,880 42,288 36,502 
Technology and development38,070 30,758 111,437 92,490 
General and administrative20,004 22,099 63,503 61,590 
Amortization of acquired intangible assets19,642 19,126 59,745 56,905 
Merger integration13,244 8,193 38,422 31,328 
Total operating expenses103,686 93,056 315,395 278,815 
Income (loss) from operations(366)11,502 3,012 35,601 
Other expense
Interest expense(11,881)(6,952)(25,824)(28,110)
Other income (expense), net3,122 (421)(164)(2,009)
Total other expense(8,759)(7,373)(25,988)(30,119)
Income (loss) before income taxes(9,125)4,129 (22,976)5,482 
Income tax provision (benefit)(4,087)2,340 (11,505)2,015 
Net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)$(5,038)$1,789 $(11,471)$3,467 
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic$(0.06)$0.02 $(0.14)$0.05 
Diluted$(0.06)$0.02 $(0.14)$0.05 
Weighted-average number of shares used in computing net income (loss) per share:
Basic83,551 76,701 82,939 73,358 
Diluted83,551 77,845 82,939 74,665 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (unaudited)
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)2021202020212020
Total stockholders' equity, beginning balance$1,862,666 $1,340,336 $1,378,728 $1,030,295 
Common stock:
Beginning balance8 8 8 7 
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, and for restricted stock— — — — 
Other issuance of common stock— — — 1 
Ending balance8 8 8 8 
Additional paid-in capital:
Beginning balance1,648,743 1,127,136 1,158,372 818,774 
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, and for restricted stock938 1,651 6,253 4,402 
Other issuance of common stock— 2 456,640 286,779 
Stock-based compensation13,284 11,479 41,700 30,313 
Ending balance1,662,965 1,140,268 1,662,965 1,140,268 
Accumulated earnings
Beginning balance213,915 213,192 220,348 211,514 
Net income (loss)(5,038)1,789 (11,471)3,467 
Ending balance208,877 214,981 208,877 214,981 
Total stockholders' equity, ending balance$1,871,850 $1,355,257 $1,871,850 $1,355,257 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited)
Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)$(11,471)$3,467 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization98,364 85,485 
Stock-based compensation41,700 30,313 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs3,616 3,818 
Loss on extinguishment of debt4,044 — 
Change in fair value of contingent consideration(2,147)— 
Other non-cash items(750)1,727 
Deferred taxes(8,765)(973)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net(10,090)8,063 
Other assets19,888 3,309 
Operating lease right-of-use assets8,944 8,344 
Accrued compensation(18,098)(15,251)
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other current liabilities(34,023)(7,936)
Operating lease liabilities, non-current(6,808)(8,361)
Other long-term liabilities6,034 8,712 
Net cash provided by operating activities90,438 120,717 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(49,533)— 
Purchases of software and capitalized software development costs(49,033)(37,242)
Purchases of property and equipment(7,284)(11,388)
Acquisition of intangible member assets(64,463)(28,100)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities2,367 — 
Net cash used in investing activities(167,946)(76,730)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on long-term debt(1,003,125)(223,438)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt950,000 — 
Payment of debt issuance costs(11,846)— 
Proceeds from follow-on equity offering, net of payments for offering costs456,642 286,779 
Settlement of client-held funds obligation, net(1,565)(4,189)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options7,728 4,491 
Net cash provided by financing activities397,834 63,643 
Increase in cash and cash equivalents320,326 107,630 
Beginning cash and cash equivalents328,803 191,726 
Ending cash and cash equivalents$649,129 $299,356 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) (continued)
Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Supplemental cash flow data:
Interest expense paid in cash$13,685 $22,849 
Income tax payments (refunds), net(5,926)1,053 
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of software and capitalized software development costs included in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, or accrued compensation3,708 1,346 
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable or accrued liabilities479 167 
Purchases of intangible member assets included in accounts payable or accrued liabilities2,281 289 
Contingent consideration recognized at acquisition8,147 — 
Exercise of common stock options receivable1 89 
Decrease in goodwill due to measurement period adjustments, net19 5,838 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
Note 1. Summary of business and significant accounting policies
Business
HealthEquity, Inc. ("HealthEquity" or the "Company") was incorporated in the state of Delaware on September 18, 2002. HealthEquity is a leader in administering health savings accounts (“HSAs”) and complementary consumer-directed benefits (“CDBs”), which empower consumers to access tax-advantaged healthcare savings while also providing corporate tax advantages for employers.
Principles of consolidation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HealthEquity and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Basis of presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of October 31, 2021 and for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020 are unaudited and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regarding interim financial reporting. In the opinion of management, the interim data includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021. The fiscal year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.
Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation.
Follow-on equity offering
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, the Company closed a follow-on public offering of 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $80.30 per share, less the underwriters' discount. The Company received net proceeds of $456.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $4.6 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.5 million. The Company used $50.2 million of the net proceeds from the offering to acquire 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Fort Effect Corp, d/b/a Luum, and used an additional $60.8 million to acquire the Fifth Third Bank HSA portfolio. The Company used the remaining net proceeds from the offering, and other cash on hand, for the acquisition of Further on November 1, 2021. For a description of the Further acquisition, refer to Note 11—Subsequent events.
Significant accounting policies
There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021.
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
None.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
None.
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Note 2. Net income (loss) per share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)2021202020212020
Numerator (basic and diluted):
Net income (loss)$(5,038)$1,789 $(11,471)$3,467 
Denominator (basic):
Weighted-average common shares outstanding83,551 76,701 82,939 73,358 
Denominator (diluted):
Weighted-average common shares outstanding83,551 76,701 82,939 73,358 
Weighted-average dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock units— 1,144 — 1,307 
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding83,551 77,845 82,939 74,665 
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic $(0.06)$0.02 $(0.14)$0.05 
Diluted$(0.06)$0.02 $(0.14)$0.05 
For the three months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020, 1.6 million and 1.0 million shares, respectively, attributable to stock options and restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.
For the nine months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 1.9 million and 0.6 million shares, respectively, attributable to stock options and restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.
Note 3. Business combination
Acquisition of Luum
On March 8, 2021, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Fort Effect Corp, d/b/a Luum (the "Luum Acquisition"). Luum provides employers with a suite of commute tools as well as real-time commute data to help them design and implement flexible return-to-office and hybrid-workplace strategies and benefits. The aggregate purchase price consisted of $50.2 million in cash, and up to $20.0 million in additional payments which were contingent on Luum achieving certain revenue targets during the two-year period following the closing of the Luum Acquisition and, if achieved, would be payable in fiscal years 2023 and 2024. The Company recorded an $8.1 million liability representing its best estimate of the fair value of the contingent consideration as of the acquisition date. The fair value of this contingent consideration was determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model based on Level 3 inputs, with any changes in the fair value recorded as other income (expense), net, in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021, the Company recognized income of $3.2 million and $2.1 million, respectively, resulting from changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration. On October 31, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the purchase agreement to pay $6.0 million in satisfaction of the contingent consideration liability, which is presented within accrued liabilities on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2021.
The Luum Acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Consideration paid was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the acquisition date. The initial allocation of the consideration paid was based on a preliminary valuation and is subject to adjustment during the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). Balances subject to adjustment primarily include the valuations of acquired assets (tangible and intangible) and liabilities assumed, as well as tax-related matters. The Company expects the allocation of the consideration transferred to be finalized within the measurement period.
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The following table summarizes the Company's current allocation of the consideration paid:
(in thousands)Estimated fair valueAdjustmentsUpdated Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents$626 $— $626 
Other current assets1,469 — 1,469 
Intangible assets23,900 — 23,900 
Goodwill36,374 (19)36,355 
Other assets100 — 100 
Current liabilities(597)— (597)
Deferred tax liability(3,566)19 (3,547)
Total consideration paid$58,306 $— $58,306 
The Luum Acquisition resulted in $36.4 million of goodwill. The preliminary goodwill to be recognized is attributable to several strategic, operational, and financial benefits expected from the Luum Acquisition, including an expanded commuter offering beyond traditional pre-tax commuter benefits and additional cross-selling opportunities. The adjustments to the initial allocation were based on more detailed information obtained about the specific assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and tax-related matters. The goodwill created in the Luum Acquisition is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
The preliminary allocation of consideration exchanged to acquired identified intangible assets is as follows:
($ in thousands)Fair valueEstimated life
(in years)
Customer relationships (1)$12,400 7.0
Developed technology (1)10,900 5.0
Trade names & trademarks (1)600 3.0
Total acquired intangible assets$23,900 6.0
(1) The Company preliminarily valued the acquired assets utilizing the discounted cash flow method, a form of the income approach.

The pro forma effects of the Luum Acquisition would not materially impact the Company's reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial information is presented.
Note 4. Supplemental financial statement information
Selected condensed consolidated balance sheet and condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) components consisted of the following:
Property and equipment
Property and equipment consisted of the following as of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021:
(in thousands)October 31, 2021January 31, 2021
Leasehold improvements$20,718 $22,271 
Furniture and fixtures9,068 9,230 
Computer equipment34,099 28,592 
Property and equipment, gross63,885 60,093 
Accumulated depreciation(38,955)(30,987)
Property and equipment, net$24,930 $29,106 
Depreciation expense for the three months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020 was $3.5 million and $4.0 million, respectively, and $10.9 million and $12.0 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Contract balances
The Company does not recognize revenue until its right to consideration is unconditional and therefore has no related contract assets. The Company records a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment and the Company has unconditional right to payment. Alternatively, when payment precedes the related services, the Company records a contract liability, or deferred revenue, until its performance obligations are satisfied. As of
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October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, the balance of deferred revenue was $10.1 million and $4.1 million, respectively. The balances are related to cash received in advance for interchange and custodial revenue arrangements, other up-front fees and other commuter deferred revenue. The Company expects to recognize approximately 40% of its balance of deferred revenue as revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter. During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021, approximately $0.3 million and $1.4 million of revenue was recognized that was included in the balance of deferred revenue as of January 31, 2021.
Leases
The components of operating lease costs were as follows:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)
2021202020212020
Operating lease expense$3,512 $3,777 $11,322 $12,297 
Sublease income(455)(450)(1,355)(1,349)
Net operating lease expense$3,057 $3,327 $9,967 $10,948 
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net, consisted of the following:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)2021202020212020
Interest income$478 $174 $1,419 $850 
Gain on equity securities— — 1,677 — 
Acquisition gains (costs), net2,687 (13)(4,917)(79)
Other income (expense), net(43)(582)1,657 (2,780)
Total other income (expense), net$3,122 $(421)$(164)$(2,009)
Interest expense
Based on the application of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 470-50, Debt - Modifications and Extinguishments, the Company recorded a $4.0 million loss on extinguishment of debt during the three months ended October 31, 2021, which is included within interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021.
Supplemental cash flow information
Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases was as follows:
Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases$10,928 $9,739 
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease obligations$586 $17,480 





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Note 5. Intangible assets and goodwill
Intangible assets
The gross carrying amount and associated accumulated amortization of intangible assets were as follows as of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021:
(in thousands)October 31, 2021January 31, 2021
Amortizable intangible assets:
Software and software development costs$177,693 $127,005 
Acquired HSA portfolios191,885 125,141 
Acquired customer relationships613,781 601,381 
Acquired developed technology107,825 96,925 
Acquired trade names12,900 12,300 
Amortizable intangible assets, gross1,104,084 962,752 
Accumulated amortization(283,138)(195,749)
Amortizable intangible assets, net$820,946 $767,003 
Amortization expense for the three months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020 was $30.0 million and $25.3 million, respectively, and $87.5 million and $73.5 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Fifth Third Bank HSA portfolio acquisition. In April 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Fifth Third Bank, National Association ("Fifth Third"), to transition the custody of Fifth Third’s HSA portfolio to HealthEquity. On September 29, 2021, the transaction was closed, in which the Company paid a $60.8 million purchase price for a transfer of approximately 160,000 HSAs and $491.0 million of HSA Assets. The agreement includes a mechanism to adjust the purchase price based on the amount of HSA Assets actually transferred.
Goodwill
During the nine months ended October 31, 2021, goodwill increased by $36.4 million due to the Luum Acquisition. For further information, see Note 3—Business combination. There were no other changes to the carrying value of goodwill during the nine months ended October 31, 2021.
Note 6. Commitments and contingencies
Commitments
The following table summarizes the payments due by fiscal year for our outstanding contractual obligations as of October 31, 2021:
Payments due by fiscal year
(in thousands)20222023202420252026ThereafterTotal
4.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (1)
$— $— $— $— $— $600,000 $600,000 
Term Loan Facility (1)— 8,750 17,500 17,500 26,250 280,000 350,000 
Interest on long-term debt obligations (2)8,577 33,951 33,708 33,467 32,965 103,739 246,407 
Operating lease obligations (3)3,416 12,689 10,442 10,836 11,080 52,563 101,026 
Further acquisition (4)500,000 — — — — — 500,000 
Contingent acquisition consideration6,000 — — — — — 6,000 
Other contractual obligations (5)7,143 21,368 9,559 622 16 — 38,708 
Total$525,136 $76,758 $71,209 $62,425 $70,311 $1,036,302 $1,842,141 
(1)As of October 31, 2021, our outstanding combined principal of $950.0 million is presented net of debt discount and issuance costs on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The debt discount and issuance costs are not included in the table above.
(2)With respect to the Term Loan Facility, estimated interest payments assume the stated interest rate applicable as of October 31, 2021 of 1.88% per annum.
(3)We lease office space and data storage facilities, and we have other non-cancelable operating leases expiring at various dates through 2031. These amounts exclude contractual sublease income of $2.7 million, which is expected to be received through March 2023.
(4)For a description of the Further acquisition, refer to Note 11—Subsequent events.
(5)Other contractual obligations consist of processing services agreements, telephony services, and other contractual commitments.
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Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of covenants, representations, and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.
Legal matters
In April 2021, WageWorks exercised its right to terminate a lease for office space in Mesa, Arizona that had not yet commenced, with aggregate lease payments of $63.1 million and a term of approximately 11 years, following the landlord's failure to fulfill its obligations under the lease agreement. Because the lease had not yet commenced, the Company had not recognized a right-of-use asset, operating lease liability, or any rent expense associated with the lease. WageWorks' right to terminate the lease agreement was disputed by the landlord, Union Mesa 1, LLC (“Union Mesa”). On November 5, 2021, Union Mesa notified WageWorks that it was in default of the lease for failure to pay rent, which Union Mesa claimed was due beginning in November 2021, and on November 24, 2021 drew $2.8 million, the full amount under the letter of credit that WageWorks had posted to secure its obligations under the lease. On December 1, 2021, WageWorks filed a lawsuit against Union Mesa in the Superior Court of the State of Arizona in and for the County of Maricopa. Pursuant to the lawsuit, WageWorks seeks declaratory judgment that the lease was properly terminated and recourse against Union Mesa for breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and conversion, including return of the funds drawn under the letter of credit.
On March 9, 2018, a putative class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the “Securities Class Action”). On May 16, 2019, a consolidated amended complaint was filed by the lead plaintiffs asserting claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, against the Company's subsidiary WageWorks, Inc. ("WageWorks"), its former Chief Executive Officer and its former Chief Financial Officer on behalf of purchasers of WageWorks common stock between May 6, 2016 and March 1, 2018. The complaint also alleged claims under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, arising from WageWorks’ June 19, 2017 common stock offering against those same defendants, as well as the members of its board of directors at the time of that offering. The class action settled for $30.0 million. During the nine months ended October 31, 2021, WageWorks contributed $5.0 million and its insurers paid the remaining $25.0 million. The court granted final approval of the settlement and entered a final judgment on August 20, 2021. This matter is now closed.
On June 22, 2018 and September 6, 2018, two derivative lawsuits were filed against certain of WageWorks’ former officers and directors and WageWorks (as nominal defendant) in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Mateo. The actions were consolidated. On July 23, 2018, a similar derivative lawsuit was filed against certain former WageWorks’ officers and directors and WageWorks (as nominal defendant) in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (together, the “Derivative Suits”). The allegations in the Derivative Suits relate to substantially the same facts as those underlying the Securities Class Action described above. The plaintiffs seek unspecified damages, fees and costs. Plaintiffs in the Superior Court action filed an amended consolidated complaint on October 28, 2019, naming as defendants certain former officers and directors of WageWorks and alleging a direct claim of "inseparable fraud/breach of fiduciary duty" on behalf of a class. WageWorks was not named as a party in that complaint. On June 24, 2020, the court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the amended complaint. The plaintiffs subsequently filed a notice of appeal. On October 28, 2021, the court of appeal dismissed the appeal pursuant to the release in the class action settlement discussed above. The District Court action is currently stayed.
WageWorks previously entered into indemnification agreements with its former directors and officers and, pursuant to these indemnification agreements, is covering the defense fees and costs of its former directors and officers in the legal proceedings described above.
The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in various other litigation, governmental proceedings and claims, not described above, that arise in the normal course of business. It is not possible to determine the ultimate outcome or the duration of such litigation, governmental proceedings or claims, or the impact that such litigation, proceedings and claims will have on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
As required under GAAP, the Company records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company does not believe, based on currently available information, that any liabilities relating to these matters are probable or that the amount of any resulting loss is estimable. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future. Were an unfavorable outcome to occur, there exists the possibility of a
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material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the period in which the unfavorable outcome occurs, and potentially in future periods.
Note 7. Income taxes
The Company follows ASC 740-270, Income Taxes - Interim Reporting, for the computation and presentation of its interim period tax provision. Accordingly, management estimated the effective annual tax rate and applied this rate to the year-to-date pre-tax book income (loss) to determine the interim benefit or provision for income taxes. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $4.1 million and $11.5 million, respectively. This resulted in an effective income tax benefit rate of 44.8% and 50.1% for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021, respectively, compared with an effective income tax expense rate of 56.7% and 36.8% for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2020, respectively. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021, discrete tax items had an effective tax rate benefit of 7.7% and 20.5%, respectively, compared with an effective tax rate expense of 6.0% and an effective tax rate benefit of 9.6% for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2020, respectively, primarily due to excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation expense recognized in the provision for income taxes.
As of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, the Company’s total gross unrecognized tax benefit was $11.2 million and $10.2 million, respectively. If recognized, $10.3 million of the total gross unrecognized tax benefits would affect the Company's effective tax rate as of October 31, 2021.
The Company files income tax returns with U.S. federal and state taxing jurisdictions and is currently under examination by the IRS and in the state of Texas. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to our taxes, net operating losses, and/or tax credit carryforwards. As a result of the Company's net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, the Company remains subject to examination by one or more jurisdictions for tax years after 2001.
Note 8. Indebtedness
Long-term debt consisted of the following:
(in thousands)October 31, 2021January 31, 2021
4.50% Senior Notes due 2029
$600,000 $— 
Term Loan Facility350,000 — 
Prior Term Loan Facility— 1,003,125 
Principal amount950,000 1,003,125 
Less: unamortized discount and issuance costs (1)19,936 16,408 
Total debt, net930,064 986,717 
Less: current portion of long-term debt6,56362,500
Long-term debt, net$923,501 $924,217 
(1)In addition to the $19.9 million and $16.4 million of unamortized discount and issuance costs related to long-term debt as of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively, $4.6 million and $5.0 million of unamortized issuance costs related to our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) and Prior Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) are included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively.
4.50% Senior Notes due 2029
On October 8, 2021, the Company completed its offering of $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued under an indenture (the “Indenture”), dated October 8, 2021, among the Company, the guarantors party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee.
The net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes together with borrowings under the Credit Agreement (as defined below) and cash on hand, were used to repay the outstanding borrowings under the Prior Credit Agreement (as defined below).
The Notes are guaranteed by each of the Company’s existing direct and indirect, wholly owned domestic subsidiaries that guarantees its obligations under the Credit Agreement and are required to be guaranteed by any of the Company’s future subsidiaries that guarantee its obligations under the Credit Agreement or certain of its other indebtedness. The Notes will mature on October 1, 2029. Interest on the Notes will be payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2022. The effective interest rate on the Notes is 4.72%.
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The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company and rank equally in right of payment to all of its existing and future senior unsecured debt and senior in right of payment to all of its future subordinated debt.
The Notes will be redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, at any time on or after October 1, 2024, at a redemption price if redeemed during the 12 months beginning (i) October 1, 2024 of 102.250%, (ii) October 1, 2025 of 101.125%, and (iii) October 1, 2026 and thereafter of 100.000%, in each case of the principal amount of the Notes being redeemed, and together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem some or all of the Notes before October 1, 2024 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes, plus the applicable “make-whole” premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. In addition, at any time prior to October 1, 2024, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes issued under the Indenture on one or more occasions in an aggregate amount equal to the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 104.500% of the principal amount of the Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Furthermore, the Company may be required to make an offer to purchase the Notes upon the sale of certain assets or upon specific kinds of changes of control.
The Indenture contains covenants that impose significant operational and financial restrictions on the Company; however, these covenants generally align with the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement. See "Credit Agreement" below for a description of these covenants.
Credit Agreement
On October 8, 2021, the Company entered into a new credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) among the Company, as borrower, each lender from time to time party thereto (the “Lenders”), JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (in such capacity, the “Agent”) and the Swing Line Lender (as defined in the Credit Agreement), and each L/C Issuer (as defined therein) party thereto, pursuant to which the Company established:
(i)       a five-year senior secured term loan A facility (the “Term Loan Facility”), in an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million, the proceeds of which were used to refinance the Company’s existing senior secured credit facility as described below (the “Refinancing”), to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Refinancing and the establishment of the Credit Facilities (as defined below) and for working capital and general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries, including the financing of acquisitions and other investments; and
(ii)     a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Credit Facilities”), in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.0 billion (with a $25 million sub-limit for the issuance of letters of credit), the proceeds of which may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries, including the financing of acquisitions and other investments.
Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement (including obtaining additional commitments from one or more new or existing lenders), the Company may in the future incur additional loans or commitments under the Credit Agreement in an aggregate principal amount of up to $300 million, plus an additional amount so long as the Company’s pro forma First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) would not exceed 3.85 to 1.00 as of the date such loans or commitments are incurred.
Borrowings under the Credit Facilities bear interest at an annual rate equal to, at the option of the Company, either (i) LIBOR (adjusted for reserves) plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.25% or (ii) an alternate base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, with the applicable margin determined by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Credit Agreement. As of October 31, 2021, the stated interest rate was 1.88% and the effective interest rate was 2.63%. The Company is also required to pay certain fees to the Lenders, including, among others, a quarterly commitment fee on the average unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility at a rate ranging from 0.20% to 0.40%, with the applicable rate also determined by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Credit Agreement.
The loans made under the Term Loan Facility will amortize in equal quarterly installments in an aggregate annual amount equal to the following percentage of the original principal amount of the Term Loan Facility: (i) 2.5% for the first year after October 8, 2021; (ii) 5.0% for each of the second and third years after October 8, 2021; (iii) 7.5% for the fourth year after October 8, 2021; and (iv) 10.0% for the fifth year after October 8, 2021. In addition, the Term Loan Facility is required to be mandatorily prepaid with 100% of the net cash proceeds of all asset sales, insurance and condemnation recoveries, subject to customary exceptions and thresholds, including to the extent such proceeds are reinvested in assets useful in the business of the Company and its subsidiaries within 450 days following receipt (or committed to be reinvested within such 450-day period and reinvested within 180 days after the
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end of such 450-day period). The loans under the Credit Facilities may be prepaid, and the commitments thereunder may be reduced, by the Company without penalty or premium, subject to the reimbursement of customary “breakage costs.”
The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit, among other things, the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness, create liens, merge or dissolve, make investments, dispose of assets, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, make distributions and dividends and prepayments of junior indebtedness, engage in transactions with affiliates, enter into restrictive agreements, amend documentation governing junior indebtedness, modify its fiscal year and modify its organizational documents, in each case, subject to customary exceptions, thresholds, qualifications and “baskets.” In addition, the Credit Agreement contains financial performance covenants, which require the Company to maintain (i) a maximum total net leverage ratio, measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, of no greater than 5.00 to 1.00 beginning with the fiscal quarter ending January 31, 2022, and (ii) a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio, measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, of no less than 3.00 to 1.00 beginning with the fiscal quarter ending January 31, 2022. The Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement as of October 31, 2021, and for the period then ended.
The repayment obligation under the Credit Agreement may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default thereunder, including, among other things, failure to pay principal, interest or fees on a timely basis, material inaccuracy of any representation or warranty, failure to comply with covenants, cross-default to other material debt, material judgments, change of control and certain insolvency or bankruptcy-related events, in each case, subject to any certain grace and/or cure periods.
The obligations of the Company under the Credit Agreement are required to be unconditionally guaranteed by each of the Company’s existing or subsequently acquired or organized direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries and are secured by security interests in substantially all assets of the Company and the guarantors, in each case, subject to certain customary exceptions.
Prior Credit Agreement
On August 30, 2019, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "Prior Credit Agreement”) that provided for:
(i)       a five-year senior secured term loan A facility (the “Prior Term Loan Facility”), in an aggregate principal amount of $1.25 billion; and
(ii)      a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Prior Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Prior Term Loan Facility, the “Prior Credit Facilities”), in an aggregate principal amount of up to $350.0 million. No amounts were drawn under the Prior Revolving Credit Facility.
Borrowings under the Prior Credit Facilities bore interest at an annual rate equal to, at the option of HealthEquity, either (i) LIBOR (adjusted for reserves) plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.25% or (ii) an alternate base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, with the applicable margin determined by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Prior Credit Agreement. The Company was also required to pay certain fees to the lenders, including, among others, a quarterly commitment fee on the average unused amount of the Prior Revolving Credit Facility at a rate ranging from 0.20% to 0.40%, with the applicable rate also determined by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Prior Credit Agreement.
The Prior Credit Agreement contained customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limited, among other things, the ability of the Company to incur additional indebtedness, create liens, merge or dissolve, make investments, dispose of assets, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, make distributions and dividends and prepayments of junior indebtedness, engage in transactions with affiliates, enter into restrictive agreements, amend documentation governing junior indebtedness, modify its fiscal year and modify its organizational documents, in each case, subject to customary exceptions, thresholds, qualifications and “baskets.” In addition, the Prior Credit Agreement contained financial performance covenants, which required the Company to maintain (i) a maximum total net leverage ratio, measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, of no greater than 4.50 to 1.00 (subject to a customary “acquisition holiday” provision that allows the maximum total net leverage ratio to increase to 5.00 to 1.00 for the four fiscal quarter period ending on or following the date of a permitted acquisition by the Company in excess of $100.0 million), and (ii) a minimum interest coverage ratio, measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, of no less than 3.00 to 1.00. The Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Prior Credit Agreement during the period ended October 31, 2021.
The obligations of HealthEquity under the Prior Credit Agreement were required to be unconditionally guaranteed by WageWorks and Fort Effect Corp and were secured by security interests in substantially all assets of HealthEquity and the guarantors, subject to certain customary exceptions.
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On October 8, 2021, in connection with the entry into the Credit Agreement, the Company repaid all outstanding obligations under the Prior Credit Agreement and terminated all commitments thereunder.
Note 9. Stock-based compensation
The following table shows a summary of stock-based compensation in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) during the periods presented:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)2021202020212020
Cost of revenue$3,076 $2,209 $8,547 $5,737 
Sales and marketing829 2,035 5,677 4,810 
Technology and development3,458 2,641 10,164 8,051 
General and administrative5,921 4,594 17,312 11,715 
Other expense (1)— — 342 — 
Total stock-based compensation expense$13,284 $11,479 $42,042 $30,313 
(1)Equity-based awards exchanged for cash in connection with the Luum Acquisition.
Stock award plans
Incentive Plan. The Company grants stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and restricted stock awards ("RSAs") under the HealthEquity, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the "Incentive Plan"), which provided for the issuance of stock awards to the directors and team members of the Company to purchase up to an aggregate of 2.6 million shares of common stock.
In addition, under the Incentive Plan, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Incentive Plan automatically increases on February 1 of each year, beginning as of February 1, 2015 and continuing through and including February 1, 2024, by 3% of the total number of shares of the Company’s capital stock outstanding on January 31 of the preceding fiscal year, or a lesser number of shares determined by the board of directors. As of October 31, 2021, 7.5 million shares were available for grant under the Incentive Plan.
Stock options
A summary of stock option activity is as follows:
Outstanding stock options
(in thousands, except for exercise prices and term)Number of
options		Range of
exercise
prices		Weighted-
average
exercise
price		Weighted-
average
contractual
term
(in years)		Aggregate
intrinsic
value
Outstanding as of January 31, 20211,674 
$1.25 - 82.39
$31.46 5.0$87,164 
Exercised(280)
$1.25 - 44.53
$22.36 
Outstanding as of October 31, 20211,394 
$1.25 - 82.39
$33.29 4.2$47,032 
Vested and expected to vest as of October 31, 20211,394 $33.29 4.2$47,032 
Exercisable as of October 31, 20211,303 $30.76 4.0$46,863 
Restricted stock units and restricted stock awards
A summary of RSU and RSA activity is as follows:
RSUs and PRSUsRSAs and PRSAs
(in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value)SharesWeighted-average grant date fair valueSharesWeighted-average grant date fair value
Outstanding as of January 31, 20211,832 $60.41 193 $61.77 
Granted1,381 71.61 — — 
Vested(418)58.09 (116)61.77 
Forfeited(255)62.99 (75)61.77 
Outstanding as of October 31, 20212,540 $66.62 2 $61.72 
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Performance restricted stock units. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, the Company awarded 249,750 performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs") subject to a market condition based on the Company’s total shareholder return ("TSR") relative to the Russell 2000 index as measured on January 31, 2024. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation to determine that the grant date fair value of the awards was $22.4 million. Compensation expense is recorded if the service condition is met regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. The market condition allows for a range of vesting from 0% to 200% based on the level of performance achieved. The PRSUs cliff vest upon approval by the Compensation Committee of the board of directors.
Note 10. Fair value
Fair value measurements are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards specify a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:
•Level 1—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•Level 2—inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3—unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions.
Cash and cash equivalents are considered Level 1 instruments and are valued based on publicly available daily net asset values. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
The Notes are valued based upon quoted market prices and are considered Level 2 instruments because the markets in which the Notes trade are not considered active markets. As of October 31, 2021, the fair value of the Notes was $605.2 million.
The Term Loan Facility is considered a Level 2 instrument and recorded at book value in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements. The Term Loan Facility reprices frequently due to variable interest rate terms and entails no significant changes in credit risk. As a result, the fair value of the Term Loan Facility approximates carrying value.
The Prior Term Loan Facility was considered a Level 2 instrument and recorded at book value in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements. The Prior Term Loan Facility repriced frequently due to variable interest rate terms and entailed no significant changes in credit risk. As a result, the fair value of the Prior Term Loan Facility approximated carrying value.
The contingent consideration liability resulting from the Luum Acquisition was determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model based on Level 3 inputs. The estimate of fair value of the contingent consideration obligation required subjective assumptions to be made regarding revenue growth rates, discount rates, peer revenue volatilities, and probabilities assigned to various potential business result scenarios and was determined using probability assessments with respect to the likelihood of achieving certain revenue targets. The fair value measurement was based on inputs unobservable in the market and thus represented a level 3 measurement. On October 31, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the purchase agreement to pay $6.0 million in satisfaction of the contingent consideration liability, and accordingly, the liability was transferred out of Level 3 as it was no longer measured at fair value. For further information, see Note 3—Business combination.
The following table reconciles the change in the fair value of the contingent consideration during the period presented:
(in thousands)Carrying amount
Balance as of January 31, 2021$— 
Contingent consideration recognized at acquisition8,147 
Change in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss)(2,147)
Balance as of October 31, 2021$6,000 
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Note 11. Subsequent events
In April 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Further for $500 million. Further is a leading provider of HSA and other CDB administration services, with approximately 580,000 HSAs and $1.9 billion of HSA Assets. In September 2021, the terms of the acquisition were amended pursuant to two agreements: (1) an amended agreement to acquire Further (other than VEBA, as described below) for $455 million, which closed on November 1, 2021, and (2) an agreement to acquire all cash balances and investment assets included in any voluntary employee beneficiary association (“VEBA”) account that is funding a health reimbursement arrangement (either Section 501(c)(9) or Section 115 trusts) and all contracts related exclusively thereto, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions, for a maximum purchase price of $45 million, calculated based on the actual amount of VEBA assets transferred relative to the total amount of VEBA assets as of April 30, 2021. On December 3, 2021, the parties agreed to terminate the agreement to acquire the Further VEBA business. The initial accounting for the acquisition is incomplete, pending identification and measurement of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
On December 6, 2021, HealthEquity entered into a definitive agreement with Health Savings Administrators, L.L.C. (“HealthSavings”) to transition the custody of HealthSavings’ HSA portfolio to HealthEquity. The definitive agreement provides a $60 million purchase price for approximately $1.3 billion of HSA assets held in approximately 87,000 HSAs. Given that a significant portion of the HSA assets are currently invested, HealthSavings and HealthEquity are working closely to coordinate an in-kind transfer of most of the invested assets. The transition of HealthSavings’ HSAs to the HealthEquity platform is expected to be completed in the first quarter of fiscal 2023.
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Item 2. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Statements that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our ability to integrate the acquisition of Further, the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the Company, the anticipated synergies and other benefits of the acquisitions of WageWorks and Further, health savings accounts and other tax-advantaged consumer-directed benefits, tax and other regulatory changes, market opportunity, our future financial and operating results, our investment and acquisition strategy, our sales and marketing strategy, management’s plans, beliefs and objectives for future operations, technology and development, economic and industry trends or trend analysis, expectations about seasonality, opportunity for portfolio purchases and other acquisitions, operating expenses, anticipated income tax rates, capital expenditures, cash flows and liquidity. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to us. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and our other reports filed with the SEC. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such events.

Overview
We are a leader and an innovator in providing technology-enabled services that empower consumers to make healthcare saving and spending decisions. We use our innovative technology to manage consumers' tax-advantaged health savings accounts ("HSAs") and other consumer-directed benefits ("CDBs") offered by employers, including flexible spending accounts and health reimbursement arrangements (“FSAs” and “HRAs”), and to administer Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (“COBRA”), commuter and other benefits. As part of our services, we and our subsidiaries provide consumers with healthcare bill evaluation and payment processing services, personalized benefit information including information on treatment options and comparative pricing, access to remote and telemedicine benefits, the ability to earn wellness incentives, and investment advice to grow their tax-advantaged healthcare savings.
The core of our offerings is the HSA, a financial account through which consumers spend and save long-term for healthcare expenses on a tax-advantaged basis. As of October 31, 2021, we administered 6.2 million HSAs, with balances totaling $16.4 billion, which we call HSA Assets. Also, as of October 31, 2021, we administered 7.1 million complementary CDBs. We refer to the aggregate number of HSAs and other CDBs that we administer as Total Accounts, of which we had 13.3 million as of October 31, 2021.
We reach consumers primarily through relationships with their employers, which we call Clients. We reach Clients primarily through a sales force that calls on Clients directly, relationships with benefits brokers and advisors, and integrated partnerships with a network of health plans, benefits administrators, benefits brokers and consultants, and retirement plan recordkeepers, which we call Network Partners.
We have increased our share of the growing HSA market from 4% in calendar year 2010 to 17% as of October 31, 2021, measured by HSA Assets. According to Devenir, we are the largest HSA provider by accounts and second largest by assets as of June 2021. In addition, we believe we are the largest provider of other CDBs. We seek to differentiate ourselves through our proprietary technology, product breadth, ecosystem connectivity, and service-
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driven culture. Our proprietary technology allows us to help consumers optimize the value of their HSAs and other CDBs and gain confidence and skills in managing their healthcare costs as part of their financial security.
Our ability to assist consumers is enhanced by our capacity to securely share data in both directions with others in the health, benefits, and retirement ecosystems. Our commuter benefits offering also leverages connectivity to an ecosystem of mass transit, ride hailing, and parking providers. These strengths reflect our “DEEP Purple” culture of remarkable service to customers and teammates, achieved by driving excellence, ethics, and process into everything we do.
We earn revenue primarily from three sources: service, custodial, and interchange. We earn service revenue mainly from fees paid by Clients on a recurring per-account per-month basis. We earn custodial revenue mainly from HSA Assets held at our members’ direction in federally insured cash deposits, insurance contracts or mutual funds, and from investment of Client-held funds. We earn interchange revenue mainly from fees paid by merchants on payments that our members make using our physical payment cards and on our virtual payment system. See “Key components of our results of operations” for additional information on our sources of revenue, including the adverse impacts caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
WageWorks Acquisition
On August 30, 2019, we completed the acquisition of WageWorks, Inc. (the "WageWorks Acquisition") and paid approximately $2.0 billion in cash to WageWorks stockholders, financed through net borrowings of approximately $1.22 billion under our prior term loan facility and approximately $816.9 million of cash on hand. As a result of the WageWorks Acquisition, WageWorks Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of HealthEquity, Inc.
The key strategy of the WageWorks Acquisition was to enable us to increase the number of our employer sales opportunities, the conversion of these opportunities to Clients, and the value of Clients in generating members, HSA Assets and complementary CDBs. WageWorks’ historic strength of selling to employers directly and through health benefits brokers and advisors complemented our distribution through Network Partners. With WageWorks’ CDB capabilities, we provide employers with a single partner for both HSAs and other CDBs, which is preferred by the vast majority of employers according to research conducted for us by Aite Group. For Clients that partner with us in this way, we believe we can produce more value by encouraging both CDB participants to contribute to HSAs and HSA-only members to take advantage of tax savings available through other CDBs. Accordingly, we believe that there are significant opportunities to expand the scope of services that we provide to our Clients.
We are continuing our multi-year integration effort that we expect will produce long-term cost savings and revenue synergies. We have identified opportunities of approximately $80 million in annualized ongoing net synergies to be achieved by the end of fiscal year 2022, of which approximately $75 million were achieved as of October 31, 2021. Furthermore, we anticipate generating additional revenue synergies over the longer-term as our combined distribution channels and existing client base take advantage of the broader service offerings and as we continue to drive member engagement. We estimate non-recurring costs to achieve these synergies of approximately $110 million resulting from investment in technology we use to provide our services, and to run our back-office systems, and from integration of technology, as well as rationalization of cost of operations. Merger integration expenses attributable to the WageWorks Acquisition are expected to be completed by the end of fiscal year 2022, with the exception of ongoing lease expense related to certain WageWorks offices that have been permanently closed, less any related sublease income. As of October 31, 2021, we had incurred a total of $104 million of non-recurring merger integration costs related to the WageWorks Acquisition.
Luum Acquisition
In March 2021, we bolstered our commuter offering by acquiring 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Fort Effect Corp, d/b/a Luum (the "Luum Acquisition") for an aggregate purchase price consisting of $50.2 million in cash and up to $20.0 million in contingent payments payable during the two-year period following the closing of the Luum Acquisition. On October 31, 2021, we entered into an amendment to the purchase agreement to pay $6.0 million in satisfaction of the contingent consideration liability. Luum provides employers with a suite of commute tools as well as real-time commute data, to help them design and implement flexible return-to-office and hybrid-workplace strategies and benefits.
Fifth Third Bank HSA portfolio acquisition
In April 2021, we entered into a definitive agreement with Fifth Third Bank, National Association ("Fifth Third"), to transition the custody of Fifth Third’s HSA portfolio to HealthEquity. On September 29, 2021, the transaction was closed, in which we paid a $60.8 million purchase price for a transfer of approximately 160,000 HSAs and
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$491.0 million of HSA Assets. The agreement includes a mechanism to adjust the purchase price based on the amount of HSA Assets actually transferred.
Further Acquisition
In April 2021, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Further for $500 million. Further is a leading provider of HSA and other CDB administration services, with approximately 580,000 HSAs and $1.9 billion of HSA Assets. In September 2021, the terms of the acquisition were amended pursuant to two agreements: (1) an amended agreement to acquire Further (other than VEBA, as described below) for $455 million, which closed on November 1, 2021, and (2) an agreement to acquire all cash balances and investment assets included in any voluntary employee beneficiary association (“VEBA”) account that is funding a health reimbursement arrangement (either Section 501(c)(9) or Section 115 trusts) and all contracts related exclusively thereto, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions, for a maximum purchase price of $45 million, calculated based on the actual amount of VEBA assets transferred relative to the total amount of VEBA assets as of April 30, 2021. On December 3, 2021, the parties agreed to terminate the agreement to acquire the Further VEBA business.
HealthSavings HSA portfolio acquisition
On December 6, 2021, we entered into a definitive agreement with Health Savings Administrators, L.L.C. (“HealthSavings”) to transition the custody of HealthSavings’ HSA portfolio to HealthEquity. The definitive agreement provides a $60 million purchase price for approximately $1.3 billion of HSA assets held in approximately 87,000 HSAs. Given that a significant portion of the HSA assets are currently invested, HealthSavings and HealthEquity are working closely to coordinate an in-kind transfer of most of the invested assets. The transition of HealthSavings’ HSAs to the HealthEquity platform is expected to be completed in the first quarter of fiscal 2023.
Key factors affecting our performance
We believe that our future performance will be driven by a number of factors, including those identified below. Each of these factors presents both significant opportunities and significant risks to our future performance. See also "Results of operations - Revenue" for information relating to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and also the section entitled “Risk factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and our other reports filed with the SEC.
Structural change in U.S. health insurance
We derive revenue primarily from healthcare-related saving and spending by consumers in the U.S., which are driven by changes in the broader healthcare industry, including the structure of health insurance. The average premium for employer-sponsored health insurance has risen by 22% since 2016 and 47% since 2011, resulting in increased participation in HSA-qualified health plans and HSAs and increased consumer cost-sharing in health insurance more generally. We believe that continued growth in healthcare costs and related factors will spur continued growth in HSA-qualified health plans and HSAs and may encourage policy changes making HSAs or similar vehicles available to new populations such as individuals in Medicare. However, the timing and impact of these and other developments in U.S. healthcare are uncertain. Moreover, changes in healthcare policy, such as "Medicare for all" plans, could materially and adversely affect our business in ways that are difficult to predict.
Trends in U.S. tax law
Tax law has a profound impact on our business. Our offerings to members, Clients, and Network Partners consist primarily of services enabled, mandated, or advantaged by provisions of U.S. tax law and regulations. Changes in tax policy are speculative, and may affect our business in ways that are difficult to predict.
Our client base
Our business model is based on a B2B2C distribution strategy, whereby we work with Network Partners and Clients to reach consumers to increase the number of our members with HSA accounts and complementary CDBs. We believe that there are significant opportunities to expand the scope of services that we provide to our current Clients.
Broad distribution footprint
We believe we have a diverse distribution footprint to attract new Clients and Network Partners. Our sales force calls on enterprise and regional employers in industries across the U.S., as well as potential Network Partners from among health plans, benefits administrators, and retirement plan record keepers.

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Product breadth
We are the largest custodian and administrator of HSAs (by number of accounts), as well as a market-share leader in each of the major categories of complementary CDBs, including FSAs and HRAs, COBRA and commuter benefits administration. Our Clients and their benefits advisors increasingly seek HSA providers that can deliver an integrated offering of HSAs and complementary CDBs. With our CDB capabilities, we can provide employers with a single partner for both HSAs and complementary CDBs, which is preferred by the vast majority of employers, according to research conducted for us by Aite Group. We believe that the combination of HSA and complementary CDB offerings significantly strengthens our value proposition to employers, health benefits brokers and consultants, and Network Partners as a leading single-source provider.
Our proprietary technology
We believe that innovations incorporated in our technology, which enable us to better assist consumers to make healthcare saving and spending decisions and maximize the value of their tax-advantaged benefits, differentiate us from our competitors and drive our growth. We built on these innovations by combining our HSA offering with WageWorks' complementary CDB offerings, giving us a full suite of CDB products, and adding to our solutions set and leadership position within the HSA sector. We intend to continue to invest in our technology development to enhance our capabilities and infrastructure, while maintaining a focus on data security and the privacy of our customers' data. For example, we are making significant investments in the architecture and infrastructure of the technology that we use to provide our services to improve our transaction processing capabilities and support continued account and transaction growth, as well as in data-driven personalized engagement to help our members spend less, save more, and build wealth for retirement.
Our “DEEP Purple” service culture
The successful healthcare consumer needs education and guidance delivered by people as well as by technology. We believe that our "DEEP Purple" culture, which we define as driving excellence, ethics, and process while providing remarkable service, is a significant factor in our ability to attract and retain customers and to address nimbly, opportunities in the rapidly changing healthcare sector. We make significant efforts to promote and foster DEEP Purple within our workforce. We invest in and intend to continue to invest in human capital through technology-enabled training, career development, and advancement opportunities.
Interest rates
As a non-bank custodian, we contract with federally insured banks and credit unions, which we collectively call our Depository Partners, and also with insurance company partners, to hold custodial cash assets on behalf of our members. We earn a material portion of our total revenue from interest paid to us by these partners. Custodial cash assets held by our insurance company partners are held in group annuity contracts and similar arrangements. The lengths of our agreements with Depository Partners typically range from three to five years and may have fixed or variable interest rate terms. The terms of new and renewing agreements with our Depository Partners may be impacted by the then-prevailing interest rate environment, which in turn is driven by macroeconomic factors and government policies over which we have no control. Such factors, and the response of our competitors to them, also determine the amount of interest retained by our members. We believe that diversification of Depository Partners and insurance company partners, varied contract terms and other factors reduce our exposure to short-term fluctuations in prevailing interest rates and mitigate the short-term impact of sustained increases or declines in prevailing interest rates on our custodial revenue. Over longer periods, sustained shifts in prevailing interest rates affect the amount of custodial revenue we can realize on custodial assets and the interest retained by our members.
Although interest rates have improved somewhat, we expect our custodial revenue to continue to be adversely affected by the interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of demand from Depository Partners for deposits, and other market conditions that have caused the interest rates offered by our Depository Partners to decline significantly.
Interest on our five-year senior secured term loan A facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) changes frequently due to variable interest rate terms, and as a result, our interest expense is expected to fluctuate based on changes in prevailing interest rates.
Our competition and industry
Our direct competitors are HSA custodians and other CDB providers. Many of these are state or federally chartered banks and other financial institutions for which we believe benefits administration services are not a core business. Some of our direct competitors (including healthcare service companies such as United Health Group's Optum, Webster Bank, and well-known retail investment companies, such as Fidelity Investments) are in a position to
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devote more resources to the development, sale, and support of their products and services than we have at our disposal. In addition, numerous indirect competitors, including benefits administration service providers, partner with banks and other HSA custodians to compete with us. Our Network Partners may also choose to offer competitive services directly, as some health plans have done. Our success depends on our ability to predict and react quickly to these and other industry and competitive dynamics.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen an adverse impact on sales opportunities, with some opportunities delayed and most now being held virtually. We have seen a significant decline in the use of commuter benefits due to many of our members working from home during the outbreak or other impacts from the outbreak, which has negatively impacted both our interchange revenue and service revenue, and this "work from home" trend may continue after the pandemic. We have also seen a decline in interchange revenue across all other products. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will negatively impact our business remains highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted.
Regulatory environment
Federal law and regulations, including the Affordable Care Act, the Internal Revenue Code, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and Department of Labor regulations, and public health regulations that govern the provision of health insurance and provide the tax advantages associated with our services, play a pivotal role in determining our market opportunity. Privacy and data security-related laws such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, laws governing the provision of investment advice to consumers, such as the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or the Advisers Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, anti-money laundering laws, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, all play a similar role in determining our competitive landscape. In addition, state-level regulations also have significant implications for our business in some cases. For example, our subsidiary HealthEquity Trust Company is regulated by the Wyoming Division of Banking, and several states are considering, or have already passed, new privacy regulations that can affect our business. Various states also have laws and regulations that impose additional restrictions on our collection, storage, and use of personally identifiable information. Privacy regulation in particular has become a priority issue in many states, including California, which in 2018 enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act broadly regulating California residents’ personal information and providing California residents with various rights to access and control their data, and the new California Privacy Rights Act. We have also seen an increase in regulatory changes related to our services due to government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and may continue to see additional regulatory changes. Our ability to predict and react quickly to relevant legal and regulatory trends and to correctly interpret their market and competitive implications is important to our success.
On March 21, 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“ARPA”) was signed into law. ARPA temporarily increased the dependent care flexible spending account contribution limit for the 2021 plan year. It also provided a temporary 100% subsidy of COBRA premium payments for eligible individuals who lost coverage due to an involuntary termination or a reduction of hours for up to 6 months.
Our acquisition strategy
We have a successful history of acquiring HSA portfolios and businesses that strengthen our service offerings. We seek to continue this growth strategy and are regularly engaged in evaluating different opportunities. We have developed an internal capability to source, evaluate, and integrate acquired HSA portfolios. We intend to continue to pursue acquisitions of complementary assets and businesses that we believe will strengthen our service offering, and our success depends in part on our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses and HSA portfolios with our business in an efficient and effective manner.
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Key financial and operating metrics
Our management regularly reviews a number of key operating and financial metrics to evaluate our business, determine the allocation of our resources, make decisions regarding corporate strategies and evaluate forward-looking projections and trends affecting our business. We discuss certain of these key financial metrics, including revenue, below in the section entitled “Key components of our results of operations.” In addition, we utilize other key metrics as described below.
Total Accounts
The following table sets forth our HSAs, CDBs, and Total Accounts as of and for the periods indicated:
(in thousands, except percentages)October 31, 2021October 31, 2020% ChangeJanuary 31, 2021
HSAs6,241 5,460 14 %5,782 
New HSAs from sales - Quarter-to-date151 104 45 %370 
New HSAs from sales - Year-to-date446 317 41 %687 
New HSAs from acquisitions - Year-to-date160 — n/a— 
HSAs with investments431 302 43 %333 
CDBs7,085 7,060 0 %7,028 
Total Accounts13,326 12,520 6 %12,810 
Average Total Accounts - Quarter-to-date13,247 12,084 10 %12,659 
Average Total Accounts - Year-to-date13,158 12,429 6 %12,604 
The number of our HSAs and CDBs are key metrics because our revenue is driven by the amount we earn from them. The number of our HSAs increased by approximately 0.8 million, or 14%, from October 31, 2020 to October 31, 2021, due to further penetration into existing Network Partners, the addition of new Network Partners, and HSA portfolio acquisitions. The number of our CDBs increased slightly from October 31, 2020 to October 31, 2021, driven by an increase in COBRA and HRA accounts, largely offset by a decrease in FSA accounts and also commuter benefit accounts that are currently suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and fewer workers being required to commute to an office. The suspended commuter accounts continue to be administered on our platform and can be reinstated at any time. We have excluded the suspended commuter accounts from our account totals because they are currently not generating revenue for the Company.
HSA Assets
The following table sets forth HSA Assets as of and for the periods indicated:
(in millions, except percentages)October 31, 2021October 31, 2020% ChangeJanuary 31, 2021
HSA cash with yield (1)$10,410 $8,759 19 %$9,875 
HSA cash without yield (2)59 258 (77)%244 
Total HSA cash10,469 9,017 16 %10,119 
HSA investments with yield (1)5,900 3,255 81 %4,078 
HSA investments without yield (2)59 168 (65)%138 
Total HSA investments5,959 3,423 74 %4,216 
Total HSA Assets16,428 12,440 32 %14,335 
Average daily HSA cash with yield - Year-to-date9,925 8,445 18 %8,599 
Average daily HSA cash with yield - Quarter-to-date$10,099 $8,672 16 %$9,060 
(1)HSA Assets that generate custodial revenue.
(2)HSA Assets that do not generate custodial revenue.
HSA Assets, which are our HSA members' assets for which we are the custodian or administrator, or from which we generate custodial revenue, consist of the following components: (i) HSA cash, which includes cash deposits with our Depository Partners or other custodians and cash placed in group annuity contracts with our insurance company partners, and (ii) HSA investments in mutual funds through our custodial investment fund partners. We are continuing to transition HSA cash without yield to HSA cash with yield and expect to complete the transition in fiscal year 2022. Measuring HSA Assets is important because our custodial revenue is directly affected by average daily custodial balances for HSA Assets that are revenue generating.
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Total HSA cash increased by $1.5 billion, or 16%, from October 31, 2020 to October 31, 2021, due primarily to HSA contributions, new HSAs, and acquisitions of HSA portfolios, partially offset by transfers to HSA investments.
HSA investments increased by $2.5 billion, or 74%, from October 31, 2020 to October 31, 2021, due primarily to transfers from HSA cash and appreciation of invested balances.
Total HSA Assets increased by $4.0 billion, or 32%, from October 31, 2020 to October 31, 2021, due primarily to HSA contributions, new HSAs, acquisitions of HSA portfolios, and appreciation of invested balances.
Client-held funds
(in millions, except percentages)October 31, 2021October 31, 2020% ChangeJanuary 31, 2021
Client-held funds (1)$811 $798 2 %$986 
Average daily Client-held funds - Year-to-date (1)849 847 — %847 
Average daily Client-held funds - Quarter-to-date (1)796 819 (3)%848 
(1) Client-held funds that generate custodial revenue.
Client-held funds are interest-earning deposits from which we generate custodial revenue. These deposits are amounts remitted by Clients and held by us on their behalf to pre-fund and facilitate administration of CDBs. We deposit the Client-held funds with our Depository Partners in interest-bearing, demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate and no set term or duration. Client-held funds fluctuate depending on the timing of funding and spending of CDB balances.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial metric, as adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense, merger integration expenses, acquisition costs, gains and losses on equity securities, and certain other non-operating items. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and analysts in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and our board of directors because it reflects operating profitability before consideration of non-operating expenses and non-cash expenses, and serves as a basis for comparison against other companies in our industry.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)2021202020212020
Net income (loss)$(5,038)$1,789 $(11,471)$3,467 
Interest income(478)(174)(1,419)(850)
Interest expense11,881 6,952 25,824 28,110 
Income tax provision (benefit)(4,087)2,340 (11,505)2,015 
Depreciation and amortization13,904 10,253 38,619 28,580 
Amortization of acquired intangible assets19,642 19,126 59,745 56,905 
Stock-based compensation expense13,284 11,479 41,700 30,313 
Merger integration expenses13,244 8,193 38,422 31,328 
Acquisition costs (gains) (1)(2,687)13 4,917 79 
Gain on equity securities— — (1,677)— 
Other (2)1,422 1,168 2,421 4,202 
Adjusted EBITDA$61,087 $61,139 $185,576 $184,149 
(1)For the nine months ended October 31, 2021, acquisition costs included $0.3 million of stock-based compensation expense.
(2)For the three months ended October 31, 2021, other consisted of amortization of incremental costs to obtain a contract of $0.8 million and other expenses, net, of $0.6 million. For the three months ended October 31, 2020, other consisted of amortization of incremental costs to obtain a contract of $0.6 million and other expenses, net, of $0.6 million. For the nine months ended October 31, 2021, other consisted of amortization of incremental costs to obtain a contract of $3.5 million, partially offset by other income, net, of $1.0 million. For the nine months ended October 31, 2020, other consisted of amortization of incremental costs to obtain a contract of $1.4 million and other expenses, net, of $2.8 million.
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The following table further sets forth our Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)20212020$ Change% Change20212020$ Change% Change
Adjusted EBITDA$61,087$61,139$(52)— %$185,576$184,149$1,427 1 %
As a percentage of revenue34 %34 %34 %34 %
Our Adjusted EBITDA was $61.1 million for each of the three month periods ended October 31, 2021 and 2020.
Our Adjusted EBITDA increased by $1.4 million, or 1%, from $184.1 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to $185.6 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2021, which reflects a similar increase in total revenue from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021.
Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and it should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.
Key components of our results of operations
Revenue
We generate revenue from three primary sources: service revenue, custodial revenue, and interchange revenue.
Service revenue.    We earn service revenue from the fees we charge our Network Partners, Clients, and members for the administration services we provide in connection with the HSAs and other CDBs we offer. With respect to our Network Partners and Clients, our fees are generally based on a fixed tiered structure for the duration of the relevant service agreement and are paid to us on a monthly basis. We recognize revenue on a monthly basis as services are rendered to our members and Clients.
Custodial revenue.    We earn custodial revenue primarily from HSA Assets deposited with our Depository Partners and with our insurance company partners, recordkeeping fees we earn in respect of mutual funds in which our members invest, and Client-held funds deposited with our Depository Partners. We deposit HSA cash with our Depository Partners pursuant to contracts that (i) typically have terms ranging from three to five years, (ii) provide for a fixed or variable interest rate payable on the average daily cash balances deposited with the relevant Depository Partner, and (iii) have minimum and maximum required deposit balances. HSA cash placed with our insurance company partners is placed in group annuity contracts or similar arrangements. We deposit the Client-held funds with our Depository Partners in interest-bearing, demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate and no set term or duration. We earn custodial revenue on HSA Assets and Client-held funds that is based on the interest rates offered to us by these Depository Partners and insurance company partners. In addition, once a member’s HSA cash balance reaches a certain threshold, the member is able to invest his or her HSA Assets in mutual funds through our custodial investment partner. We earn a recordkeeping fee, calculated as a percentage of custodial investments. We are continuing to transition HSA cash without yield to HSA cash with yield and expect to complete the transition in fiscal year 2022.
Interchange revenue.    We earn interchange revenue each time one of our members uses one of our physical payment cards or virtual platforms to make a purchase. This revenue is collected each time a member “swipes” our payment card to pay expenses. We recognize interchange revenue monthly based on reports received from third parties, namely, the card-issuing banks and card processors.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue includes costs related to servicing accounts, managing Client and Network Partner relationships and processing reimbursement claims. Expenditures include personnel-related costs, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, common expense allocations (such as office rent, supplies, and other overhead expenses), new member and participant supplies, and other operating costs related to servicing our members. Other components of cost of revenue include interest retained by members on HSA cash and interchange costs incurred in connection with processing card transactions for our members.
Service costs.    Service costs include the servicing costs described above. Additionally, for new accounts, we incur on-boarding costs associated with the new accounts, such as new member welcome kits, the cost associated with issuance of new payment cards, and costs of marketing materials that we produce for our Network Partners.
Custodial costs.    Custodial costs are comprised of interest retained by our HSA members, in respect of HSA cash with yield, and fees we pay to banking consultants whom we use to help secure agreements with our Depository
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Partners. Interest retained by HSA members is calculated on a tiered basis. The interest rates retained by HSA members can change based on a formula or upon required notice.
Interchange costs.    Interchange costs are comprised of costs we incur in connection with processing payment transactions initiated by our members. Due to the substantiation requirement on FSA/HRA-linked payment card transactions, payment card costs are higher for FSA/HRA card transactions. In addition to fixed per card fees, we are assessed additional transaction costs determined by the amount of the transaction.
Gross profit and gross margin
Our gross profit is our total revenue minus our total cost of revenue, and our gross margin is our gross profit expressed as a percentage of our total revenue. Our gross margin has been and will continue to be affected by a number of factors, including interest rates, the amount we charge our Network Partners, Clients, and members, the mix of our sources of revenue, how many services we deliver per account, and payment processing costs per account.
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing.    Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our sales and marketing staff, including sales commissions for our direct sales force, external agent/broker commission expenses, marketing expenses, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and common expense allocations.
Technology and development.    Technology and development expenses include personnel and related expenses for software development and delivery, information technology, data management, product, and security. Technology and development expenses also include software engineering services, the costs of operating our on-demand technology infrastructure, depreciation, amortization of capitalized software development costs, stock-based compensation, and common expense allocations.
General and administrative.    General and administrative expenses include personnel and related expenses of, and professional fees incurred by our executive, finance, legal, internal audit, corporate development, compliance, and people departments. They also include depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and common expense allocations.
Amortization of acquired intangible assets.    Amortization of acquired intangible assets results primarily from intangible assets acquired in connection with business combinations. The assets include acquired customer relationships, acquired developed technology, and acquired trade names and trademarks, which we amortize over the assets' estimated useful lives, estimated to be 7-15 years, 2-5 years, and 3 years, respectively. We also acquired intangible HSA portfolios from third-party custodians. We amortize these assets over the assets’ estimated useful life of 15 years. We evaluate our acquired intangible assets for impairment annually, or at a triggering event.
Merger integration.    Merger integration expenses include personnel and related expenses, including severance, professional fees, legal expenses, and facilities and technology expenses directly related to integration activities to merge operations as a result of acquisitions.
Interest expense
Interest expense consists of accrued interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs associated with our long-term debt. Interest on our Term Loan Facility changes frequently due to variable interest rate terms, and as a result, our interest expense is expected to fluctuate based on changes in prevailing interest rates.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net, consists of acquisition costs, interest income earned on corporate cash and other miscellaneous income and expense.
Income tax provision (benefit)
We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States based on a January 31 fiscal year end. We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes, under which current tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the estimated taxes payable or refundable on the tax returns for the current fiscal year. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, net operating loss carryforwards, and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted statutory tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be realized or settled. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce net deferred tax assets to the
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amount expected to be realized. As of October 31, 2021, we have recorded an overall net deferred tax liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Comparison of the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020
Revenue
The following table sets forth our revenue for the periods indicated:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)20212020$ Change% Change20212020$ Change% Change
Service revenue$102,733 $104,562 $(1,829)(2)%$314,449 $319,638 $(5,189)(2)%
Custodial revenue49,006 48,544 462 1 %144,760 142,352 2,408 2 %
Interchange revenue28,215 26,245 1,970 8 %94,050 83,411 10,639 13 %
Total revenue$179,954 $179,351 $603 0 %$553,259 $545,401 $7,858 1 %
Service revenue. The $1.8 million, or 2%, decrease in service revenue from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in CDB accounts due to the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to simplify our CDB administrative engagements on our go-forward platform, partially offset by new revenue from the Luum Acquisition.
The $5.2 million, or 2%, decrease in service revenue from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in CDB accounts due to the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to simplify our CDB administrative engagements on our go-forward platform, partially offset by new revenue from the Luum Acquisition and an increase in revenue related to COBRA benefits administration.
Custodial revenue. The $0.5 million, or 1%, increase in custodial revenue from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to the $1.4 billion, or 16%, increase in the year-over-year average daily balance of HSA cash with yield. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in average annualized yield from 2.08% for the three months ended October 31, 2020 to 1.72% for the three months ended October 31, 2021, which was due in part to the interest rate cuts made by the Federal Reserve in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and by increased transfers from HSA cash to HSA investments.
The $2.4 million, or 2%, increase in custodial revenue from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to the $1.5 billion, or 18%, increase in the year-over-year average daily balance of HSA cash with yield. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in average annualized yield from 2.10% for the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to 1.76% for the nine months ended October 31, 2021, which was due in part to the interest rate cuts made by the Federal Reserve in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and by increased transfers from HSA cash to HSA investments.
We are continuing to transition HSA cash without yield to HSA cash with yield and expect to complete the transition in fiscal year 2022. This cash is being placed with our Depository Partners at prevailing interest rates, which we expect will generate additional custodial revenue.
Interchange revenue. The $2.0 million, or 8%, increase in interchange revenue from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to increased spend per account and an increase in accounts.
The $10.6 million, or 13%, increase in interchange revenue from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to increased spend per account and an increase in accounts.
Total revenue. Total revenue increased $0.6 million, or less than one percent, from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 due to the increases in custodial and interchange revenues, largely offset by the decrease in service revenue.
Total revenue increased $7.9 million, or 1%, from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 due to the increases in custodial and interchange revenues, partially offset by the decrease in service revenue.
Impact of COVID-19. Our business has been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and we expect that it will continue to be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, including as a result of the associated interest
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rate cuts by the Federal Reserve and other market conditions that have caused interest rates to decline significantly, which reduces the yield on funds placed with our Depository Partners and insurance company partners in this environment. Sales opportunities have also been impacted, with some opportunities delayed and most now being held virtually. Our financial results related to certain of our products have also been adversely affected, such as commuter benefits, due to many of our members working from home during the outbreak and other impacts from the outbreak, and the "work from home" trend may continue after the pandemic. In particular, the recent increased spread of COVID-19 and the associated decisions by employers to delay return-to-office plans for their employees will further delay the recovery of use of these commuter benefits. During the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw a negative impact on our members' spend on healthcare, which negatively impacted both our interchange revenue and service revenue, and the current increase in COVID-19 cases has negatively impacted our interchange revenue and service revenue. In addition, we are required to support our Clients' open enrollment activities virtually. We may be unable to meet our service level commitments to our Clients as a result of disruptions to our work force and disruptions to third-party contracts that we rely on to provide our services. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to negatively impact our business remains highly uncertain and as a result may have a material adverse impact on our business and financial results.
Cost of revenue
The following table sets forth our cost of revenue for the periods indicated:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)20212020$ Change% Change20212020$ Change% Change
Service costs$66,217 $65,936 $281 — %$204,183 $202,195 $1,988 1 %
Custodial costs5,734 4,762 972 20 %15,567 14,805 762 5 %
Interchange costs4,683 4,095 588 14 %15,102 13,985 1,117 8 %
Total cost of revenue$76,634 $74,793 $1,841 2 %$234,852 $230,985 $3,867 2 %
Service costs. The $0.3 million, or less than one percent, increase in service costs from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 reflects a similar increase in total revenue from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021.
The $2.0 million, or 1%, increase in service costs from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 reflects a similar increase in total revenue from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021.
Custodial costs. The $1.0 million, or 20%, increase in custodial costs from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was due to an increase in the average daily balance of HSA cash with yield, which increased from $8.7 billion for the three months ended October 31, 2020 to $10.1 billion for the three months ended October 31, 2021 and an associated increase in interest retained by HSA members, partially offset by a lower average annualized rate of interest retained by HSA members on HSA cash with yield, which decreased from 0.18% for the three months ended October 31, 2020 to 0.17% for the three months ended October 31, 2021.
The $0.8 million, or 5%, increase in custodial costs from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was due to an increase in the average daily balance of HSA cash with yield, which increased from $8.4 billion for the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to $9.9 billion for the nine months ended October 31, 2021 and an associated increase in interest retained by HSA members, partially offset by a lower average annualized rate of interest retained by HSA members on HSA cash with yield, which decreased from 0.20% for the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to 0.17% for the nine months ended October 31, 2021.
Interchange costs. The $0.6 million, or 14%, increase in interchange costs from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was due to increased spend per account and an increase in accounts.
The $1.1 million, or 8%, increase in interchange costs from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was due to increased spend per account and an increase in accounts.
Total cost of revenue. As we continue to add Total Accounts, we expect that our cost of revenue will increase in dollar amount to support our Network Partners, Clients, and members. Cost of revenue will continue to be affected by a number of different factors, including our ability to scale our service delivery, Network Partner implementation, account management functions, realized synergies, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We expect our cost
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of revenue to increase as a percentage of our total revenue, primarily due to the Further acquisition and stock-based compensation.
Operating expenses
The following table sets forth our operating expenses for the periods indicated:
Three months ended October 31,Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)20212020$ Change% Change20212020$ Change% Change
Sales and marketing$12,726 $12,880 $(154)(1)%$42,288 $36,502 $5,786 16 %
Technology and development38,070 30,758 7,312 24 %111,437 92,490 18,947 20 %
General and administrative20,004 22,099 (2,095)(9)%63,503 61,590 1,913 3 %
Amortization of acquired intangible assets19,642 19,126 516 3 %59,745 56,905 2,840 5 %
Merger integration13,244 8,193 5,051 62 %38,422 31,328 7,094 23 %
Total operating expenses$103,686 $93,056 $10,630 11 %$315,395 $278,815 $36,580 13 %
Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expense decreased by $0.2 million, or 1%, from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021.
The $5.8 million, or 16%, increase in sales and marketing expense from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to an increase in marketing expenses from increased staffing and marketing collateral and increases in team member and partner commissions.
We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we focus on our cross-selling program and marketing campaigns. On an annual basis, we expect our sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as a percentage of our total revenue. However, our sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our sales and marketing expenses. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase as a percentage of our total revenue, primarily due to the Further acquisition and stock-based compensation.
Technology and development. The $7.3 million, or 24%, increase in technology and development expense from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to increases in amortization, stock-based compensation, and personnel-related expenses.
The $18.9 million, or 20%, increase in technology and development expense from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to increases in amortization, stock-based compensation, and personnel-related expenses.
We expect our technology and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in the development and security of our proprietary technology. On an annual basis, we expect our technology and development expenses to continue to increase as a percentage of our total revenue pursuant to our growth initiatives. Our technology and development expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our technology and development expenses. We expect our technology and development expenses to increase as a percentage of our total revenue, primarily due to the Further acquisition and stock-based compensation.
General and administrative. The $2.1 million, or 9%, decrease in general and administrative expense from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to temporary decreases in personnel-related expenses and professional fees.
The $1.9 million, or 3%, increase in general and administrative expense from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to increases in credit losses on trade receivables and stock-based compensation, partially offset by decreases in personnel-related expenses and professional fees.
We expect our general and administrative expenses to continue to increase for the foreseeable future due to the additional demands on our legal, compliance, accounting, and insurance functions that we incur as we continue to grow our business. On an annual basis, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as a percentage of our total revenue over the near term pursuant to our growth initiatives. Our general and administrative expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our
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total revenue and the timing and extent of our general and administrative expenses. We expect our technology and development expenses to increase as a percentage of our total revenue, primarily due to the Further acquisition and stock-based compensation.
Amortization of acquired intangible assets. The $0.5 million, or 3%, increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets from the three months ended October 31, 2020 to the three months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to the inclusion of amortization related to identified intangible assets acquired through the Luum Acquisition. The remainder of the increase was due to amortization of the Fifth Third Bank HSA portfolio and other acquired HSA portfolios.
The $2.8 million, or 5%, increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets from the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to the inclusion of amortization related to identified intangible assets acquired through the Luum Acquisition commencing March 8, 2021. The remainder of the increase was due to amortization of acquired HSA portfolios.
Merger integration. The $13.2 million and $38.4 million in merger integration expense for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021, respectively, was primarily due to personnel and related expenses, including expenses incurred in conjunction with the migration of accounts, severance, professional fees, technology-related, and facilities expenses directly related to the WageWorks Acquisition and additional integration expenses incurred related to the acquisition of Further. We expect integration expenses totaling approximately $110 million and $55 million in the aggregate for the WageWorks and Further acquisitions, respectively. Merger integration expenses attributable to the WageWorks Acquisition are expected to be completed by the end of fiscal year 2022, with the exception of ongoing lease expense related to certain WageWorks offices that have been permanently closed, less any related sublease income. As of October 31, 2021, we had incurred a total of approximately $117 million of non-recurring merger integration costs related to the WageWorks Acquisition and the Further acquisition.
Interest expense
The $11.9 million and $25.8 million in interest expense for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021, respectively, consisted primarily of interest accrued on our long-term debt and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, as well as a $4.0 million loss on extinguishment of debt recorded during the three months ended October 31, 2021 as a result of the refinancing of our prior credit facility. We expect interest expense to increase, primarily as a result of the interest expense we will incur on the $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes issued during the quarter.
Other income (expense), net
The $3.5 million change in other income (expense), net, from expense of $0.4 million during the three months ended October 31, 2020 to income of $3.1 million during the three months ended October 31, 2021 was due to a $3.2 million gain resulting from a change in the fair value of contingent acquisition consideration from the Luum Acquisition and a $0.3 million increase in net other income.
The $1.8 million decrease in other expense, net, from $2.0 million during the nine months ended October 31, 2020 to $0.2 million during the nine months ended October 31, 2021 was due to a $1.7 million gain on the sale of equity securities, a $0.6 million increase in interest income, and a $4.4 million increase in net other income, partially offset by a $4.9 million increase in net acquisition costs, which includes a $2.1 million gain resulting from a change in the fair value of contingent acquisition consideration from the Luum Acquisition.
Income tax benefit
Income tax benefit for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021 was $4.1 million and $11.5 million, respectively, compared to income tax expense of $2.3 million and $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2020, respectively. The $6.4 million and $13.5 million increase in the income tax benefit for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021 compared to the three and nine months ended October 31, 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in pre-tax book income and an increase in excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation expense recognized in the provision for income taxes.
Seasonality
Seasonal concentration of our growth combined with our recurring revenue model create seasonal variation in our results of operations. Revenue results are seasonally impacted due to ancillary service fees, timing of HSA contributions, and timing of card spend. Cost of revenue is seasonally impacted as a significant number of new and existing Network Partners bring us new HSAs and CDBs beginning in January of each year concurrent with the start of many employers’ benefit plan years. Before we realize any revenue from these new accounts, we incur costs related to implementing and supporting our new Network Partners and new accounts. These costs of services relate
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to activating accounts and hiring additional staff, including seasonal help to support our member support center. These expenses begin to ramp up during our third fiscal quarter, with the majority of expenses incurred in our fourth fiscal quarter.
Liquidity and capital resources
Cash and cash equivalents overview
Our principal sources of liquidity are our current cash and cash equivalents balances, collections from our service, custodial, and interchange revenue activities, and availability under our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below). We rely on cash provided by operating activities to meet our short-term liquidity requirements, which primarily relate to the payment of corporate payroll and other operating costs, payments under our Term Loan Facility, and capital expenditures.
As of October 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents were $649.1 million and $328.8 million, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents as of October 31, 2021 included $456.6 million of net proceeds we received from our follow-on public offering in the first quarter of fiscal year 2022 from the sale of 5,750,000 shares of our common stock, partially offset by $50.2 million used for the Luum Acquisition, and an additional $60.8 million used to acquire the Fifth Third Bank HSA portfolio. Subsequent to October 31, 2021, the Company used the remaining net proceeds from the offering, and other cash on hand, for the acquisition of Further.
Capital resources
We maintain a “shelf” registration statement on Form S-3 on file with the SEC. A shelf registration statement, which includes a base prospectus, allows us at any time to offer any combination of securities described in the prospectus in one or more offerings. Unless otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement accompanying the base prospectus, we would use the net proceeds from the sale of any securities offered pursuant to the shelf registration statement for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, working capital, sales and marketing activities, general and administrative matters, capital expenditures, and repayment of indebtedness, and if opportunities arise, for the acquisition of, or investment in, assets, technologies, solutions or businesses that complement our business. Pending such uses, we may invest the net proceeds in interest-bearing securities. In addition, we may conduct concurrent or other financings at any time.
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, we closed a follow-on public offering of 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $80.30 per share, less the underwriters' discount. We received net proceeds of $456.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $4.6 million and other offering expenses of approximately $0.5 million.
On October 8, 2021, the Company completed its offering of $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.50% Senior Notes due 2029. In addition, on October 8, 2021, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which includes a five-year senior secured term loan A facility, in an aggregate principal amount of $350.0 million, and a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.0 billion, which may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including the financing of acquisitions and other investments. The net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes together with borrowings under the Credit Agreement and $31.8 million of cash on hand, were used to repay the outstanding borrowings under the prior credit agreement, dated August 20, 2019. For a description of the terms of the Credit Agreement, refer to Note 8—Indebtedness. As of October 31, 2021, there were no amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. We were in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement as of October 31, 2021, and for the period then ended.
Use of cash
We used $50.2 million of the net proceeds from the follow-on public offering for the Luum Acquisition and used an additional $60.8 million to acquire the Fifth Third Bank HSA portfolio. Subsequent to October 31, 2021, the Company used the remaining net proceeds from the offering, and other cash on hand, for the acquisition of Further.
Capital expenditures for the nine months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020 were $56.3 million and $48.6 million, respectively. We expect to continue our current level of increased capital expenditures for the remainder of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2022 as we continue to devote a significant amount of our capital expenditures to improving the architecture and functionality of our proprietary systems. Costs to improve the architecture of our proprietary systems include computer hardware, personnel and related costs for software engineering and outsourced software engineering services.
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We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents, and Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our operating and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. To the extent these current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required, we may not be able to raise it on favorable terms, if at all.
The following table shows our cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the stated periods:
Nine months ended October 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Net cash provided by operating activities$90,438 $120,717 
Net cash used in investing activities(167,946)(76,730)
Net cash provided by financing activities397,834 63,643 
Increase in cash and cash equivalents320,326 107,630 
Beginning cash and cash equivalents328,803 191,726 
Ending cash and cash equivalents$649,129 $299,356 
Cash flows from operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended October 31, 2021 resulted from net loss of $11.5 million, plus depreciation and amortization expense of $98.4 million, stock-based compensation expense of $41.7 million, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $3.6 million, and a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4.0 million, partially offset by a decrease in the fair value of contingent consideration of $2.1 million and other non-cash items and working capital changes totaling $43.7 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended October 31, 2020 resulted from net income of $3.5 million, plus depreciation and amortization expense of $85.5 million, stock-based compensation expense of $30.3 million, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $3.8 million, partially offset by other non-cash items and working capital changes totaling $2.4 million.
Cash flows from investing activities. Cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended October 31, 2021 resulted from the Luum Acquisition for $49.5 million, net of cash acquired, $49.0 million in software and capitalized software development, $7.3 million in purchases of property and equipment, and $64.5 million in acquisitions of intangible member assets, partially offset by $2.4 million of proceeds from the sale of equity securities associated with a long-term capital investment.
Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended October 31, 2020 resulted from $37.2 million in software and capitalized software development, $11.4 million in purchases of property and equipment, and $28.1 million in acquisitions of intangible member assets.
Cash flows from financing activities. Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended October 31, 2021 resulted from $938.2 million of net proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, $456.6 million of net proceeds from our follow-on public offering of 5,750,000 shares of common stock, and the exercise of stock options of $7.7 million. These items were partially offset by $1.0 billion of principal payments on our long-term debt and $1.6 million used in the settlement of Client-held funds obligations.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended October 31, 2020 resulted primarily from $286.8 million of net proceeds from our follow-on public offering of 5,290,000 shares of common stock and the exercise of stock options of $4.5 million, partially offset by $223.4 million of principal payments on our long-term debt and $4.2 million used in the settlement of Client-held funds obligations.
Contractual obligations
See Note 6—Commitments and contingencies for information about our contractual obligations.
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Off-balance sheet arrangements
As of October 31, 2021, other than outstanding letters of credit issued under our Revolving Credit Facility, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements. The majority of the standby letters of credit expire within one year. However, in the ordinary course of business, we will continue to renew or modify the terms of the letters of credit to support business requirements. The letters of credit are contingent liabilities, supported by our Revolving Credit Facility, and are not reflected on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Critical accounting policies and significant management estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and in Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021. There have been no significant or material changes in our critical accounting policies during the nine months ended October 31, 2021, as compared to those disclosed in “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations – Critical accounting policies and significant management estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021.
Recent accounting pronouncements
See Note 1—Summary of business and significant accounting policies within the interim financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for further discussion.
Item 3. Qualitative and quantitative disclosures about market risk
Market risk
Concentration of market risk. We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from providing services to tax-advantaged healthcare account holders. A significant downturn in this market or changes in state and/or federal laws impacting the preferential tax treatment of healthcare accounts such as HSAs could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. During the nine months ended October 31, 2021 and 2020, no one customer accounted for greater than 10% of our total revenue. We monitor market and regulatory changes regularly and make adjustments to our business if necessary.
Inflation. Inflationary factors may adversely affect our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of expenses as a percentage of revenue if our revenue does not correspondingly increase with inflation.
Concentration of credit risk
Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents in bank and other depository accounts, which frequently may exceed federally insured limits. Our cash and cash equivalents as of October 31, 2021 were $649.1 million, the vast majority of which was not covered by federal depository insurance. We have not experienced any material losses in such accounts and believe we are not exposed to any significant credit risk with respect to our cash and cash equivalents. Our accounts receivable balance as of October 31, 2021 was $84.1 million. We have not experienced any significant write-offs to our accounts receivable and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk with respect to our accounts receivable; however, the extent to which the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic will negatively impact our credit risk remains highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted. We continue to monitor our credit risk and place our cash and cash equivalents with reputable financial institutions.
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Interest rate risk
HSA Assets and Client-held funds. HSA Assets consist of custodial HSA funds we hold in custody on behalf of our members. As of October 31, 2021, we held in custody HSA Assets of approximately $16.4 billion. As a non-bank custodian, we contract with our Depository Partners and insurance company partners to hold custodial cash assets on behalf of our members, and we earn a significant portion of our total revenue from interest paid to us by these partners. Custodial cash assets held by our insurance company partners are held in group annuity contracts and similar arrangements. The lengths of our agreements with Depository Partners typically range from three to five years and have either fixed or variable interest rates. As HSA Assets increase and existing contracts with Depository Partners expire, we seek to enter into new contracts with Depository Partners, the terms of which are impacted by the then-prevailing interest rate environment. The diversification of HSA Assets placed among our Depository Partners and insurance company partners, and varied contract terms, substantially reduces our exposure to short-term fluctuations in prevailing interest rates and mitigates the short-term impact of a sustained increase or decline in prevailing interest rates on our custodial revenue. A sustained decline in prevailing interest rates may negatively affect our business by reducing the size of the interest rate yield, or yield, available to us and thus the amount of the custodial revenue we can realize. Conversely, a sustained increase in prevailing interest rates can increase our yield. An increase in our yield would increase our custodial revenue as a percentage of total revenue. In addition, if our yield increases, we expect the spread to also increase between the interest offered to us by our Depository Partners and insurance company partners and the interest retained by our members, thus increasing our profitability. However, we may be required to increase the interest retained by our members in a rising prevailing interest rate environment. Changes in prevailing interest rates are driven by macroeconomic trends and government policies over which we have no control, such as the interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Client-held funds are interest earning deposits from which we generate custodial revenue. As of October 31, 2021, we held Client-held funds of approximately $811.0 million. These deposits are amounts remitted by Clients and held by us on their behalf to pre-fund and facilitate administration of our other CDBs. These deposits are held with Depository Partners. We deposit the Client-held funds with our Depository Partners in interest-bearing, demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate and no set term or duration. A sustained decline in prevailing interest rates may negatively affect our business by reducing the size of the yield available to us and thus the amount of the custodial revenue we can realize from Client-held funds. Changes in prevailing interest rates are driven by macroeconomic trends and government policies over which we have no control.
Cash and cash equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be unrestricted cash equivalents. Our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents are held in institutions in the U.S. and include deposits in a money market account that is unrestricted as to withdrawal or use. As of October 31, 2021, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $649.1 million. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, we believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our cash and cash equivalents as a result of changes in interest rates.
Long-term debt. As of October 31, 2021, we had $350.0 million outstanding under our Term Loan Facility and no amounts drawn under our Revolving Credit Facility. Our overall interest rate sensitivity under these credit facilities is primarily influenced by any amounts borrowed and the prevailing interest rates on these instruments. The interest rate on our term loan credit facility and Revolving Credit Facility is variable and was 1.88% at October 31, 2021. Accordingly, we may incur additional expense if interest rates increase in future periods. For example, a one percent increase in the interest rate on the amount outstanding under our credit facilities at October 31, 2021 would result in approximately $3.5 million of additional interest expense over the next 12 months. The interest rate on our Notes is fixed at 4.50%.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of October 31, 2021, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that the
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information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Based on such evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of October 31, 2021, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective because of the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.
Notwithstanding the ineffective disclosure controls and procedures as a result of the identified material weaknesses described below, management has concluded that the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q present fairly, in all material respects, the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.
In accordance with interpretive guidance issued by SEC staff, companies are allowed to exclude acquired businesses from the assessment of internal control over financial reporting during the first year after completion of an acquisition and from the assessment of disclosure controls and procedures to the extent subsumed in such internal control over financial reporting. In accordance with this guidance, as the Company acquired Luum on March 8, 2021, management's evaluation and conclusion as to the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of October 31, 2021 excluded the portion of disclosure controls and procedures that are subsumed by internal control over financial reporting of Luum. Luum’s assets and revenues represented approximately 1%, excluding the effects of purchase accounting, of the Company's consolidated total assets and consolidated total revenues as of and for the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2021.
Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management identified certain deficiencies in WageWorks' internal control over financial reporting that aggregated to material weaknesses in the following components of the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO Framework”):
Risk Assessment – The WageWorks subsidiary did not sufficiently identify and analyze risks arising from changes in the business environment, including risks arising in connection with the integration of acquisitions and financial system implementations.
Information and Communication – The WageWorks subsidiary did not establish cross-functional procedures and policies relating to effective information and communication necessary to support the functioning of internal control over financial reporting.
Monitoring – The WageWorks subsidiary did not implement effective monitoring controls that were responsive to changes in the business or the timely remediation of identified control deficiencies.
The COSO Framework component material weaknesses described above contributed to deficiencies at the control activity level that aggregated to the material weaknesses described below:
A. Accounting Close and Financial Reporting
The WageWorks subsidiary had inadequate process level and monitoring controls in the area of accounting close and financial reporting specifically, but not exclusively, around the review of account reconciliations, completeness and accuracy of data material to financial reporting, accounting estimates and related cut-off, the establishment, review, and implementation of accounting policies, and the review of the accuracy and completeness of certain manual and complex data feeds into journal entries and reconciliations of high-volume standard transactions.
B. Contract to Cash Process
The Company did not have effective controls around the contract-to-cash life cycle of service fees, including ineffective process level controls around billing set-up during customer implementation, managing change to existing customer billing terms and conditions, timely termination of customers, implementing complex and/or non-standard billing arrangements that require manual intervention or manual controls for billing to customers, processing timely adjustments, lack of robust, established and documented policies to assess collectability and reserve for revenue, bad debts and accounts receivable, availability of customer contracts, and reviews of non-standard contracts.

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C. Information Technology General Controls
The Company did not have effective controls related to information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the areas of logical access and change-management over certain information technology systems that supported its financial reporting processes. The Company's business process controls (automated and manual) that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted.
These material weaknesses resulted in material misstatements of WageWorks' historical financial statements, which preceded the acquisition, and could result in a misstatement of our account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim condensed consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.
Ongoing Integration and Remediation Efforts
Management has assessed the impact of the acquisition of WageWorks on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and continues to assess changes driven by the integration of WageWorks with the existing operations at the consolidated Company. As part of this assessment, management has continued to evaluate the Company’s internal control environment to ensure that it has appropriate controls in place to mitigate the risks of a material misstatement to its consolidated financial statements associated with the WageWorks subsidiary and the Company as a whole.
In response to the COSO Framework component material weaknesses in the WageWorks subsidiary’s internal control over financial reporting, management has taken the following actions:
•performed its recurring risk assessment and scoping of key systems and business processes, including a risk assessment at the financial statement assertion level to ensure that the level of precision of relevant controls is adequate to address the identified risks;
•dedicated certain senior finance, accounting, operational, and IT leadership team members to work on remediation efforts and appointed third-party internal controls advisors to assist with such efforts;
•implemented a periodic assessment to monitor business changes impacting accounting processes and controls;
•incorporated certain WageWorks processes into the Company’s existing entity-level controls;
•established periodic reporting of the remediation plan progress to the Audit and Risk Committee of the Company's board of directors;
•formalized documentation underlying processes and controls to promote knowledge and information transfer across functions and upon personnel changes; and
•continued to monitor the operating effectiveness of the existing entity-level controls.
Although we have implemented the remediation plans detailed above, certain of these controls have not yet operated in the current fiscal year for us to evaluate if the material weakness has been remediated.
In response to the material weakness “A. Accounting Close and Financial Reporting,” management has taken the following actions:
•incorporated certain WageWorks processes into the Company’s process-level controls, including, but not limited to, those that address the monitoring of the accounting close cycle and enhanced the evaluation of accounting policies;
•redesigned certain processes and controls in conjunction with the enterprise resource planning “ERP” system migration described below;
•formalized the assessment of the relevancy of information and data used in key controls, including a plan to design or augment controls to incorporate the review of the accuracy and completeness of such items; and
•continued to monitor the operating effectiveness of the process-level and redesigned controls.
Although we have implemented the remediation plan detailed above, these controls have not been in place and operating for a sufficient period of time for us to evaluate if the material weakness has been remediated.
In response to the material weakness “B. Contract to Cash Process,” management has taken the following actions:
•continued to execute its plan to consolidate service platforms related to the contract-to-cash cycle, which will reduce a significant number of manual business process controls;
•enhanced the design of existing controls including information and data used in controls, where applicable, and began implementing additional controls to further strengthen the control environment; and
•implemented a process to assess the design and monitor the operating effectiveness of the redesigned controls.
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In response to the material weakness “C. Information Technology General Controls,” management has taken the following actions:
•continued to execute its plan to consolidate service platforms, which will reduce the number of ITGCs in the areas of logical access and change management;
•enhanced the design of existing controls, where applicable, and implemented additional controls to further strengthen the control environment; and
•implemented a process to assess and enhance the design and monitor the operating effectiveness of controls related to logical access and change management for relevant applications and systems.
As we continue to evaluate operating effectiveness and monitor improvements to our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address control deficiencies or modify the remediation plans described above.
As part of our integration efforts, we have migrated all of our material operations to a single ERP system for the consolidated Company that will enhance our business and financial processes and standardize our information systems. We have re-assessed risks in response to the ERP system migration and the associated changes to underlying processes. We have redesigned certain controls in response to the current risks and continue to monitor the operating effectiveness of the redesigned controls.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Other than continuing to make progress on the ongoing integration and remediation efforts described above, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended October 31, 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II—Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time-to-time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the normal course of our business activities. Except as described in Note 6—Commitments and contingencies, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we were not a party to any litigation whereby the outcome of such litigation, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position. For a description of these legal proceedings, see Note 6—Commitments and contingencies of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
Item 1A. Risk factors
The risks described in “Risk factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Except as described below, there have been no material changes in such risks. These risk factors do not identify all risks that we face, and our operations could also be affected by factors that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations.
The integration of the Further business may not be successful.

The success of the Further acquisition will depend in part on our ability to realize the anticipated business opportunities from combining the operations of Further with our business in an efficient and effective manner. The Further business is being carved out from the operations of its parent company. As such, the successful integration of the Further business with the Company is dependent on our ability to successfully carve out the Further business from its parent. While we have entered into a transition services agreement in order to effectively carve-out the Further business from its parent, no assurance can be given that the carve-out will be successful. In addition, the integration process could take longer than anticipated and could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of the Company's ongoing business and the Further business, tax costs or inefficiencies, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, information technology systems, procedures and policies, any of which could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with team members, Clients, Network Partners, or other third parties, or our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, and could harm our financial performance. If we are unable to successfully or timely integrate the operations of Further with our business, we may incur unanticipated liabilities and be unable to realize the revenue growth, synergies and other anticipated benefits resulting from the acquisition of Further, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on our management team and team members, and our business could be harmed if we are unable to retain qualified personnel.

Our success depends, in part, on the skills, working relationships and continued services of our executive leadership team and other key personnel. While we have entered into offer letters or employment agreements with certain of our executive officers, all of our team members are “at-will” employees, and their employment can be terminated by us or them at any time, for any reason, and without notice, subject, in certain cases, to severance payment rights. In order to retain valuable team members, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we provide equity-based awards that vest over time or based on performance. The value to team members of these awards will be significantly affected by movements in our stock price that are beyond our control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract offers from other organizations. The departure of key personnel could adversely affect the conduct of our business. In such event, we would be required to hire other personnel to manage and operate our business, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to employ a suitable replacement for the departing individual, or that a replacement could be hired on terms that are favorable to us. Volatility or lack of performance in our stock price may affect our ability to attract replacements should key personnel depart.

Our success also depends on our ability to attract, retain, and motivate additional skilled management personnel and other team members. For example, competition for qualified personnel in our field and geographic markets is intense due to the limited number of individuals who possess the skills and experience required by our industry, particularly in the technology-related fields. In addition, we have experienced team member turnover as a result of both the WageWorks Acquisition and the ongoing "great resignation" occurring throughout the American economy, and we expect to continue to experience team member turnover in the future. New hires require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. New team members may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals. For
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example, it has become more difficult for us to hire entry-level team members in our member service and client service teams. If our retention efforts are not successful or our team member turnover rate continues to increase in the future, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

In September 2021, the President of the United States signed an executive order, and related guidance was published that, together, require certain COVID-19 precautions for federal contractors, including mandatory COVID-19 vaccines for employees of federal contractors (subject to medical and religious exemptions) (the “Vaccine Mandate”). We are classified as a federal contractor due to a number of our agreements and believe we will be subject to the Vaccine Mandate. In order to comply with the Vaccine Mandate and based on current guidance provided by the federal government, HealthEquity is requiring all of its team members to show proof of vaccination or qualify for an applicable exemption by January 2022, although the timing of implementation of the executive order may be affected by additional guidance issued, including any extensions of time granted to comply. HealthEquity’s compliance with the Vaccine Mandate could result in increased team member attrition and costs associated with preventing team member attrition, and a material increase in team member attrition or increase in retention costs could have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Replacing our third-party vendors would be difficult and disruptive to our business.

We have entered into contracts with third-party vendors to provide critical services relating to our business, including the redesign of our technology platforms, fraud management and other customer verification services, transaction processing and settlement, telephony services, call centers and card production. In addition, WageWorks uses third-party vendors for its COBRA transaction processing and also uses one of our competitors for card processing and other services. In the event that these service providers fail to maintain adequate levels of support, do not provide high quality service, increase the fees they charge us, discontinue their lines of business, terminate our contractual arrangements or cease or reduce operations, we may suffer additional costs and be required to pursue new third-party relationships, which could harm our reputation, materially disrupt our operations and our ability to provide our products and services, and could divert management’s time and resources. A transition to a new vendor could take a significant amount of time and resources and, if we are unable to complete a transition to a new provider on a timely basis, or at all, we could be forced to temporarily or permanently discontinue certain services, such as our payment card services, which could disrupt services to our customers and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may also be unable to establish comparable new third-party relationships on as favorable terms or at all, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Vaccine Mandate requires that certain of our third-party vendors also require employees to be vaccinated. While we continue to evaluate the impact of the Vaccine Mandate on our third-party vendors, compliance with the Vaccine Mandate could result in certain key third-party vendors terminating their arrangements with us or in increased employee turnover at our third-party vendors, delays in performance by our third-party vendors, or increased costs for us. Such impacts could have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our substantial debt could limit our ability to fund operations, expose us to interest rate volatility, limit our ability to raise additional capital and have a material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill our obligations under the Notes and on our business and prospects generally.

We are party to a $1.35 billion credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), which consists of (i) a five-year senior secured term loan A facility in the aggregate principal amount of $350 million and (ii) a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1 billion. We have also issued $600 million of 4.50% unsecured Senior Notes due 2029. Under the Credit Agreement, we have the right to request additional commitments for new term loans and increases to then-existing term loans and revolving credit commitments in an amount up to the sum of (i) $300 million, plus (ii) an unlimited additional amount so long as the pro forma First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) does not exceed 3.85 to 1.00 (assuming any such new or increased revolving commitments are fully borrowed). We also have the right to incur additional debt from time to time, subject to the restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement and the Indenture. The substantial debt we have outstanding, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, has important consequences, including the following:

•our level of debt may make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our debt, including the Notes, and any failure to comply with the obligations under any of our debt instruments, including restrictive covenants, could result in an event of default under the Indenture and the agreements governing such other debt;
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•we will be required to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay principal and interest on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances and other general corporate requirements;
•our interest expense could increase if interest rates increase because any outstanding borrowings under our Credit Facilities will be based on variable interest rates;
•the interest rate on our Revolving Credit Facility will depend on the level of our specified financial ratios, and therefore could increase if such specified financial ratios increase;
•such substantial debt could leave us vulnerable to general economic downturns and adverse competitive and industry conditions and could place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to those of our competitors that are less leveraged;
•our debt service obligations could limit our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
•our level of debt may restrict us from raising additional financing on satisfactory terms to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions, investments and joint ventures and other general corporate requirements;
•our level of debt may prevent us from raising the funds necessary to repurchase all of the Notes tendered to us upon the occurrence of a change of control, which would constitute an event of default under the Indenture; and
•a potential failure to comply with the financial and other restrictive covenants in any of our debt instruments, which, among other things, require us to maintain specified financial ratios, could, if not cured or waived, have a material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill our obligations under the Notes and on our business and prospects generally.

The Indenture and the Credit Agreement contain covenants that impose significant operational and financial restrictions on us, and the failure to comply with these covenants would result in an event of default under these instruments.

The Indenture and the Credit Agreement impose on us operating and other restrictions. These restrictions affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to:

•incur additional debt and issue certain capital stock;
•create liens;
•make investments or acquisitions;
•enter into transactions with affiliates;
•sell assets;
•guarantee debt;
•declare or pay dividends or other distributions to shareholders;
•repurchase equity interests;
•redeem debt that is subordinated in right of payment to certain debt instruments;
•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from subsidiaries; and
•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets and the assets of our subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

The terms of the Revolving Credit Facility in the Credit Agreement also require us to achieve and maintain compliance with specified financial ratios. The restrictions contained in the Credit Agreement:

•limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet capital needs or otherwise restrict our activities or business plans; and
•adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, strategic acquisitions, investments or alliances or other capital needs or to engage in other business activities that would be in our interest.

A breach of any of these restrictive covenants or our inability to comply with the required financial ratios would result in a default under some or all of the debt agreements. During the occurrence and continuance of a default, lenders under our Credit Facilities may elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable, which would result in an event of default under the Indenture. The lenders will also have the right in these circumstances to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. Additionally, our Credit Agreement contains a cross-default provision, which generally causes a default or event of default under the Credit Agreement upon a qualifying default or event of default under any other debt instrument (including under the Indenture) and the Indenture contains a cross-acceleration provision. If we are
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unable to repay outstanding borrowings when due, the lenders under our Credit Facilities will also have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the debt. If lenders under the Credit Facilities accelerate the debt thereunder, then the obligations under the Notes would be accelerated. We cannot provide assurance that, if the indebtedness under our Credit Facilities or the Notes were to be accelerated, our assets would be sufficient to repay in full that indebtedness and our other indebtedness. If not cured or waived, such acceleration could have a material adverse effect on our business and our prospects.
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Item 6. Exhibits
Incorporate by reference
Exhibit
no.		DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitFiling Date
2.1†8-K001-365682.1September 8, 2021
2.2†8-K001-365682.2September 8, 2021
2.3†8-K001-365682.1November 1, 2021
4.18-K001-365684.1October 12, 2021
10.1†8-K001-3656810.1October 12, 2021
31.1+
31.2+
32.1*#
32.2*#
101.INSXBRL Instance document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy schema linkbase document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy calculation linkbase document
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy definition linkbase document
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy labels linkbase document
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy presentation linkbase document
104
The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended October 31, 2021, formatted in Inline XBRL.
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+Filed herewith.
*Furnished herewith.
#These certifications are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference in any filing the registrant makes under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.
†Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. HealthEquity hereby undertakes to furnish supplementally copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the SEC.
 

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

HEALTHEQUITY, INC.
Date: December 9, 2021By:/s/ Tyson Murdock
Name:Tyson Murdock
Title:Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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