Hoth Therapeutics, Inc. - Annual Report: 2020 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission file number 001-38803

HOTH THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)

(646) 756-2997

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer x Smaller Reporting Company x Emerging Growth Company x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the voting stock and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2020 was $32,175,389  based upon the closing price of the registrant’s common stock of $2.58 on The Nasdaq Capital Market as of that date.

Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 11, 2021 was 22,776,940.

Documents Incorporated by Reference: None.

Table of Contents 

CAUTIONARY NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Any statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and are forward-looking statements. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “believe,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan” and “would.” For example, statements concerning financial condition, possible or assumed future results of operations, growth opportunities, industry ranking, plans and objectives of management, markets for our common stock and future management and organizational structure are all forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement.

Any forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the risk factors discussed throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates or projections contained in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

The foregoing list sets forth some, but not all, of the factors that could affect our ability to achieve results described in any forward-looking statements. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference herein and have filed as exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. You should assume that the information appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is accurate as of the date hereof. Because the risk factors referred to on page 10  of Annual Report on Form 10-K, could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the information presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and particularly our forward-looking statements, by these cautionary statements.

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Our business is subject to significant risks and uncertainties that make an investment in us speculative and risky. Below we summarize what we believe are the principal risk factors but these risks are not the only ones we face, and you should carefully review and consider the full discussion of our risk factors in the section titled “Risk Factors,” together with the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of the following risks actually occurs (or if any of those listed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K occur), our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, revenue, and future prospects could be seriously harmed. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business.

Risk Related to our Financial Position and Need for Capital

Risk Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval, Manufacturing and Commercialization

Risk Related to our Intellectual Property Rights

Risk Related to our Company

General Risk Factors

PART I

Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the “Company,” “Hoth,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refers to Hoth Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiary.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company and were formed in May 2017 to initially focus on developing new generation therapies for dermatological disorders. We believe that our pipeline has the potential to improve the quality of life for patients suffering from indications including atopic dermatitis (also known as eczema), chronic wounds, psoriasis, asthma and acne. Since our formation, we have expanded our business to also focus on developing (i) a topical formulation for treating side effects from drugs used for the treatment of cancer; (ii) a treatment for asthma and allergies using inhalational administration; (iii) a topical treatment for patients with lupus; (iv) a treatment for mast-cell derived cancers and anaphylaxis; and (v) a treatment for lung diseases resulting from bacterial infections. We are also focused on potentially developing a COVID-19 treatment as well as a diagnostic device for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 via a mobile device.

Dermatological Disorders

The BioLexa Platform

We have obtained an exclusive license from the University of Cincinnati to make, use, have made, import, offer for sale, and sell products based upon or involving the use of (i) topical compositions comprising a zinc chelator and gentamicin and (ii) zinc chelators to inhibit biofilm formation (the “BioLexa Platform” or “BioLexa”). The license enables us to develop the platform for any indications in humans.

The BioLexa Platform is a proprietary, patented, drug compound platform for the treatment of eczema. It combines an FDA-approved zinc chelator with one or more approved antibiotics in a topical dosage form to address unchecked eczema flare-ups by preventing the formation of infectious biofilms and the resulting clogging of sweat ducts. We intend to initially use the BioLexa Platform to develop two different topical cream products: (i) a product to treat eczema and (ii) a product that reduces post-procedure infections, accelerates healing and improves clinical outcomes for patients undergoing aesthetic dermatology procedures.

The technology is based on scientific research into the mechanism of Staphylococcus biofilm formation conducted by Andrew B. Herr, PhD at the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Herr conducted multiple in-vitro experiments, or experiments conducted in a controlled environment outside of a living organism, demonstrating that chelation of zinc can prevent Staphylococcus bacteria from forming complex colonies called a biofilm. Biofilms are used by bacteria as a defense mechanism against the host immune response and antibiotics. Prevention of the biofilm formation leaves the bacteria in their planktonic, or single cell state and susceptible to host immune defenses and antibiotic therapy. Dr. Herr’s in-vitro work demonstrating that zinc is an enabler for staph-biofilm formation led to the design and implementation of a series of in-vivo experiments, or experiments conducted using living organisms. These experiments were conducted at the University of Miami using a minipig wound infection model and intended to demonstrate that the combination of zinc removal, or chelation, and broad spectrum antibiotic therapy was more effective than either approach on its own. These positive results supported development of the BioLexa Platform for multiple indications with staph-biofilms as the causative agent.

We intend to develop the BioLexa Platform for use in patients following the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) rules. Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) was enacted to enable sponsors to seek New Drug Application (“NDA”) approval for novel repurposed drugs without the need for such sponsors to undertake time consuming and expensive pre-clinical safety studies and Phase 1 safety studies. Proceeding under this regulatory pathway, we will be able to rely upon publicly available data with respect to gentamicin and zinc chelator in our NDA submission to the FDA for marketing approval.

In September 2018, we attended the first of a series of meetings with the FDA to review the requirements for submission and activation of an investigational new drug application (“IND”) with respect to the BioLexa Platform for use in eczema. We prepared and presented to the FDA our proposed first in human clinical trial plan for the treatment of eczema in patients over the age of one year old, and the FDA provided us with general guidance with respect to specific animal studies, dosing schedules and suggested human safety studies before we commence clinical trials in pediatric or adult patients. The FDA requested that safety and efficacy of BioLexa be established in adults prior to investigating pediatric and adolescent patients. Therefore, we planned to conduct our first clinical trial for BioLexa in Australia in order to enroll both adult and adolescents to support future clinical development.

On August 13, 2020, we submitted our application for approval to conduct our clinical trial of BioLexa to the Belberry Human Research Ethics Committee (“HREC”) in Australia and received approval from HREC on December 9, 2020. We have engaged Novotech (Australia) Pty Limited as our local clinical research organization in Australia to provide clinical management, data management, biostatistical, medical monitoring, pharmacovigilance, and other related services to support the first in human clinical trial of BioLexa.

We believe that the key elements for our market success with respect to BioLexa include:

HT-001

On February 1, 2020, we entered into a patent license agreement with The George Washington University (“GW”) pursuant to which GW granted us a license to certain patent rights to, among other things, make, use, offer and sell certain licensed products throughout the world with respect to HT-001 which we intend to potentially use for treating dermatological side effects from epidermal growth factor receptor (“EGFR”) inhibitors, and potentially other drugs used for the treatment of cancer. HT-001 is a topical formulation under development for the treatment of patients with rash and skin disorders associated with initial and repeat courses of tyrosine kinase EGFR inhibitor therapy. EGFR inhibitors are used for the treatment of cancers with EGFR up-regulation (such as non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer); however, EGFR inhibitors are often associated with dose-limiting skin toxicities that can result in the interruption or reduction of treatment. HT-001 is targeted to treat these EGFR-induced skin disorders to allow patients to achieve the best potential outcomes of EGFR therapy. HT-001 has achieved positive results in its initial pre-clinical studies conducted at GW. In December 2020, we submitted a pre-IND meeting request to the FDA with respect to HT-001 as a concomitant therapy with EGFR inhibitors. In preparation for such pre-IND meeting, we prepared and submitted to the FDA our IND-opening clinical trial plan in January 2021, which includes two phase 2 trials conducted in patients. Based on the FDA’s feedback, we intend to advance our IND-enabling activities for HT-001 as planned.

We believe that the key elements for our market success with respect to HT-001 include:

HT-003

On July 30, 2020 (the “Isoprene Effective Date”), we entered into a Sublicense Agreement (the “Isoprene Sublicense Agreement”) with Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Isoprene”) pursuant to the commercial evaluation sublicense and option agreement dated March 8, 2019 by and among us, the University of Maryland, Baltimore and Isoprene. Pursuant to the Isoprene Sublicense Agreement, Isoprene granted us an exclusive sublicense to certain intellectual property (i) to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell and import certain licensed products, (ii) in connection therewith, to use certain inventions and licensed materials and (iii) to practice certain patent rights for the treatment of dermatological conditions or diseases, referred to as HT-003.

Retinoids, which include Vitamin A (retinol) and its analogues (both synthetic and metabolites), play a critical role in cell signaling and biological processes, including regulation of immune cells and inflammation, signaling pathways that control normal skin maintenance, embryonic development and cell growth/differentiation/repair. Deficiencies in retinoids and their active metabolites have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. In the skin, retinol deficiency leads to hyperkeratosis and keratinizing metaplasia that is observed in skin disorders like psoriasis and acne. Vitamin A and retinoic acid also play a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and therefore, altered metabolism of retinoids has been suspected as playing a potential role in tumorigenesis. Accordingly, retinoids have been approved in the US for treatment of acne and psoriasis as well as other therapeutic indications such as acute promyelocytic leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; however, the therapeutic use of exogenous retinoids has been limited due to negative effects associated with high systemic concentrations. A new therapeutic approach to increase intracellular retinoic acid (the active metabolite of retinol) potentially without causing negative side effects of exogenous retinoic acid is to use inhibitors of retinoic acid metabolism (collectively, “RAMBAs”), which prolong the presence of retinoic acid. HT-003 is a novel RAMBA under investigation for topical treatment in acne and psoriasis applications.

In December 2019, we entered into a research collaboration agreement with Weill Cornell Medicine for the completion of pre-clinical studies investigating the mechanism of action of HT-003 that was renewed in January 2021 as a result of positive preclinical results. Dr. Jonathan Zippin, M.D., Ph.D., FAAD, Associate Professor of Dermatology at Weill Cornell Medicine and our Senior Scientific Advisor, is the principal investigator for such pre-clinical studies.

The RAMBAs have the potential to be developed as a platform for multiple inflammatory-based indications. Accordingly, on December 22, 2020, we entered into an option agreement to expand the therapeutic indication of the sublicensed RAMBAs from Isoprene. The option agreement includes the investigation of RAMBAs for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Preclinical proof-of-concept studies began in the first quarter of 2021.

HT-005 Z-Pods™

On August 19, 2019, we entered into a sublicense agreement with Zylö Therapeutics, Inc. (“Zylö”) pursuant to which Zylö granted us an exclusive sublicense to certain licensed patent rights and certain licensed technology to, among other things, develop, make and sell certain licensed products and to practice certain licensed technology in the United States and Canada initially with respect to therapeutic uses related to lupus in humans. HT-005 Z-Pods™ include a novel topical delivery matrix (Z-Pods™) loaded with an endogenous ligand with suspected immune-modulating action. Z-Pods™ use patented xerogel-derived nanoparticles for sustained and controlled topical delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In 2020, Zylö completed positive proof of concept data in a lupus mouse model to support further development activities in 2021.

Genetic Marker for Food Allergies

On May 18, 2018, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the University of Cincinnati for a patented, novel genetic marker for food allergies. The genetic marker licensed may be used to (i) identify at risk infants in predicting food allergies, including peanut and milk allergies, (ii) identify a person’s predisposition to an allergic reaction and (iii) determine an individual’s propensity to develop atopic dermatitis, such as eczema. We intend to utilize the genetic marker in the future for purposes of determining an individual’s propensity to develop eczema as well as to identify and treat allergies in at-risk infants.

Respiratory Products

HT-004

On November 20, 2019, we entered into a license agreement with North Carolina State University (“NC State”) pursuant to which NC State granted us an exclusive license to, among other things, develop, make, use, offer and sell certain licensed products throughout the world with respect to HT-004 for treating allergic diseases. HT-004 is a potential disease-modifying agent that uses exon-skipping oligonucleotide-targeted methods to reduce mast cell responses to immunoglobulin E (IgE)-directed antigens, which is one of the key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases. HT-004 is currently under investigation for the treatment of asthma and allergies using inhalational administration.

Preclinical proof-of-concept data was generated in October 2020 supporting efficacy of HT-004 after inhalational delivery in a mouse model. Critical proof-of-concept studies in a humanized mouse model are planned to be conducted in 2021. These studies are being conducted by our Scientific Advisory Board member, Dr. Glenn Cruse, at NC State.

We believe that the key elements for our market success with respect to HT-004 include:

HT-006

On December 22, 2020, we entered into a non-exclusive commercial evaluation license agreement with the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (“USAMRDC”), as amended, pursuant to which USAMRDC granted us a non-exclusive commercial evaluation license to HT-006 for the treatment of lung diseases resulting from bacterial infections. We will initially target treatment of serious bacterial infections of the lung, such as hospital-acquired pneumonia (“HAP”) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (“VAP”). Given the indication, we intend to develop HT-006 for inhalational administration.

Both HAP and VAP are considered life-threatening diseases for which current treatment options are limited or not effective against multi-drug resistance bacteria. As such, we intend to pursue streamlined development opportunities under the FDA’s program for “antibacterial therapies for patients with an unmet medical need for the treatment of serious bacterial diseases.” This streamlined program allows for the use of nonclinical animal studies to reduce clinical studies required for approval.

We intend to begin proof-of-concept preclinical testing in the first quarter of 2021.

Cancer Treatments

HT-KIT

We have obtained from NC State an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to certain intellectual property to, among other things, discover, develop, make, have made, use and sell certain licensed products and sell, use and practice certain licensed services with respect to cancer and anaphylaxis; this is being developed as HT-KIT. The HT-KIT drug is designed to more specifically target the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT in mast cells, which is required for the proliferation, survival and differentiation of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells. Mutations in the KIT pathway have been associated with several human cancers, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mast cell-derived cancers (mast cell leukemia and mast cell sarcoma). Based on the initial proof-of-concept success, we intend to initially target mast cell neoplasms for development of HT-KIT, which is a rare, aggressive cancer with poor prognosis.

The same target, KIT, also plays a key role in mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis, a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. Anaphylaxis typically occurs after exposure to an external allergen that results in an immediate and severe immune response. We also intend to pursue the anaphylaxis indication for HT-KIT in parallel to cancer treatment.

COVID-19 Products

HT-002

On May 18, 2020, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with the Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation (“VCU”) pursuant to which VCU granted us an exclusive, royalty bearing license to HT-002, a novel peptide developed by researchers at VCU that may be used to slow the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (the “VCU Peptide”) and a non-exclusive royalty bearing, worldwide license with respect to certain licensed technical information patents to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell and import certain licensed products and perform certain licensed services. On June 29, 2020, we entered into a Sponsored Project Agreement with VCU for the development of a potential COVID-19 treatment using the VCU Peptide.

Proof-of-Concept preclinical studies are expected to be completed in 2021.

VaxCelerate SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

On March 23, 2020, we entered into a Royalty and Development Agreement (the “Voltron Agreement”) with Voltron Therapeutics, Inc. (“Voltron”), pursuant to which we formed a joint venture entity named HaloVax, LLC (“HaloVax”), to jointly develop potential product candidates for the prevention of COVID-19 based upon certain technology that had been exclusively licensed by Voltron from The General Hospital Corporation (d/b/a Massachusetts General Hospital) (“Mass Gen”). The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is being developed using VaxCelerate, a self-assembling vaccine platform licensed from Mass Gen by HaloVax. VaxCelerate offers two unique elements to combat SARS-CoV-2: a fixed immune adjuvant and variable immune targeting, the combination which is designed to illicit a robust, protective immune response.

Critical IND-enabling preclinical studies are planned to be completed in 2021.

On-the-Go Sars-Cov-2 Testing Device

On August 7, 2020, we entered into a patent license agreement (the “GW Patent License Agreement”) with GW pursuant to which GW granted us an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to certain intellectual property that can be used to develop a device designed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, the GW Patent License Agreement permits us to make, have made, use, import, offer for sale and sell certain licensed products in the field of virus sensing and detection. On September 17, 2020, we entered into a sponsored research agreement with GW relating to the development of a diagnostic device for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 via a mobile device as an aid in the diagnosis of the COVID-19 infection.

Product Development Pipeline

The following table summarizes our product development pipeline.

Competition

The biopharmaceutical industry utilizes rapidly advancing technologies and is characterized by intense competition. There is also a strong emphasis on intellectual property and proprietary products. In the segment of the biopharmaceutical industry, competition from different sources including major biopharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies, and public and private research institutions will continue. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in product candidate development and may have progressed further toward approval and marketing. In addition, smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

Manufacturing and Supply

We do not have any manufacturing capability and therefore we currently rely on and intend to continue to rely on contract manufacturing organizations to produce our product candidates in accordance with regulatory requirements.

Commercialization

Our success depends not only on the successful development and approval of our products candidates but also on the commercialization of our potential products. If and when our product candidates receive regulatory approval, we intend to engage third-parties such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the commercialization of our products.

Intellectual Property Portfolio

Our goal is to obtain, maintain and enforce patent protection for our products, formulations, processes, methods and other proprietary technologies, preserve our trade secrets, and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of other parties, both in the U.S. and in other countries. Our policy is to actively seek the broadest intellectual property protection possible for our products, proprietary information and proprietary technology through a combination of contractual arrangements and patents, both in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world. In addition, we intend to actively pursue product life-cycle management initiatives to extend our market exclusivity.

We intend to cement our market exclusivity in conjunction with our formulation-development partners through additional patents based on the pharmaceutical and clinical characteristics of our product candidates in the proprietary formulation and through the introduction of line extensions such as combination drugs and new formulations.

In addition to any granted patents, our products may be eligible for market exclusivity to run concurrently with the term of the patent for three and a half years in the U.S. pursuant to the Hatch-Waxman Act and pediatric exclusivity guideline and up to ten years of market exclusivity in the E.U. which includes eight years of data exclusivity and two years of market exclusivity from the date we file an NDA or the European equivalent referred to as Marketing Authorization Application.

Government Regulations

Governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries extensively regulate the research, development, testing, manufacture, labeling, promotion, advertising, distribution and marketing of pharmaceutical products, including biological products, and medical devices, such as those being developed by us. In the U.S., the FDA regulates such products under the FDCA and the Public Health Services Act and implements related regulations. Failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements, both before and after approval, may subject us to administrative and judicial sanctions, such as a delay in approving or refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions and/or criminal prosecution.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Regulations

United States Drug Development

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs (including biological products, such as vaccines), medical devices and combinations of drugs and devices, or combination products, under the FDCA and its implementing regulations. These products are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, requests for voluntary product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These studies are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 trials. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the clinical trial sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an Institutional Review Board (“IRB”), which oversees the conduct of clinical trials, can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the product has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study. The clinical trial sponsor may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or competitive climate.

FDA Review Process

The results of product development, pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests conducted on the drug, proposed labeling and other relevant information, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA for a new drug, or BLA for a biological product, requesting approval to market the product. The submission of an NDA or BLA is subject to the payment of a substantial user fee, and the sponsor of an approved NDA or BLA is also subject to an annual program user fee; although a waiver of such fee may be obtained under certain limited circumstances.

The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than accepting an NDA for filing. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (“PDUFA”), the FDA’s goal to complete its substantive review of a standard NDA and respond to the applicant is ten months from the receipt of the NDA. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates, and the review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification and may go through multiple review cycles.

The review and evaluation of an NDA or BLA by the FDA is extensive and time consuming and may take longer than originally planned to complete, and we may not receive a timely approval, if at all.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMPs. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. In addition, before approving an NDA, the FDA may also audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements.

There is no assurance that the FDA will ultimately approve a product for marketing in the United States, and we may encounter significant difficulties or costs during the review process. If a product receives marketing approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling or may condition the approval of the NDA or BLA on other changes to the proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct post-market testing or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the effects of approved products. For example, the FDA may require Phase 4 clinical trials to further assess drug safety and effectiveness and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized. The FDA may also place other conditions on approvals, including the requirement for a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”), to assure the safe use of the drug.

Section 505(b)(2) Regulatory Approval Pathway

Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA provides an alternate regulatory pathway for approval of a new drug by allowing the FDA to rely on data not developed by the applicant. Specifically, Section 505(b)(2) permits the submission of an NDA where one or more of the investigations relied upon by the applicant for approval was not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. The applicant may rely upon published literature and/or the FDA’s findings of safety and effectiveness for an approved drug already on the market. Approval or submission of a 505(b)(2) application, like those for abbreviated new drugs (“ANDAs”), may be delayed because of patent and/or exclusivity rights that apply to the previously approved drug.

A 505(b)(2) application may be submitted for a new chemical entity (“NCE”) when some part of the data necessary for approval is derived from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and when the applicant has not obtained a right of reference.

Section 505(b)(2) applications also may be entitled to marketing exclusivity if supported by appropriate data and information. Three-year new data exclusivity may be granted to the 505(b)(2) application if one or more clinical investigations conducted in support of the application, other than bioavailability/bioequivalence studies, were essential to the approval and conducted or sponsored by the applicant. Five years of marketing exclusivity may be granted if the application is for an NCE, and pediatric exclusivity is likewise available.

Orange Book Listing and Paragraph IV Certification

For NDA submissions, including those under Section 505(b)(2), applicants are required to list with the FDA certain patents with claims that cover the applicant’s product. Upon approval, each of the patents listed in the application is published in Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly referred to as the Orange Book. Any applicant who subsequently files an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA that references a drug listed in the Orange Book must certify to the FDA that (1) no patent information on the drug product that is the subject of the application has been submitted to the FDA; (2) such patent has expired; (3) the date on which such patent expires; or (4) such patent is invalid or will not be infringed upon by the manufacture, use or sale of the drug product for which the application is submitted. This last certification is known as a Paragraph IV Certification.

If an applicant has provided a Paragraph IV Certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV Certification to the holder of the NDA for the approved drug and the patent owner once the application has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA holder or patent owner may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to notice of the Paragraph IV Certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the receipt of a Paragraph IV Certification prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA or 505(b)(2) application until the earlier of 30 months from the date of the lawsuit, the applicant’s successful defense of the suit, or expiration of the patent.

United States Medical Device Regulation

Medical devices, including diagnostic test devices, also are subject to extensive and rigorous regulation by the FDA under the FDCA, as well as other federal and state regulatory bodies in the United States, and laws and regulations of foreign authorities in other countries. FDA requirements specific to medical devices are wide ranging and govern, among other things, the design, development and manufacturing, human clinical trials, preclearance or approval, advertising and promotion, and product import and export. Unless an exemption applies, medical devices distributed in the United States must receive either premarket clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA or premarket approval of a premarket application (“PMA”). During the COVID-19 public health emergency, the FDA has authorized COVID-19 diagnostic tests under its Emergency Use Authorization authority. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes—Class I, Class II, or Class III—depending on the degree or risk associated with each medical device and the extent of control needed to ensure safety and effectiveness. Medical devices deemed to pose relatively low risk are placed in either Class I or II. Class II devices generally require the manufacturer to submit a premarket notification under Section 510(k) of the FDCA requesting permission for commercial distribution. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices are placed in Class III requiring PMA approval.

Reimbursement

Potential sales of any of our product candidates, if approved, will depend, at least in part, on the extent to which such products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health care programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly limiting coverage and/or reducing reimbursements for medical products and services. A third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug product. In addition, the U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our future revenues and results of operations. Decreases in third-party reimbursement or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover a product candidate, if approved, or any future approved products could reduce physician usage of our products, and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.

In the United States, the Medicare Part D program provides a voluntary outpatient drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries for certain products. We do not know whether our product candidates, if approved, will be eligible for coverage under Medicare Part D, but individual Medicare Part D plans offer coverage subject to various factors such as those described above. Furthermore, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own coverage policies.

Healthcare Laws and Regulations

Sales of our product candidates, if approved, or any other future product candidate will be subject to healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in which we might conduct our business. The healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:

Also, many states have similar laws and regulations, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws that may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of payor, in addition to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs. Additionally, we may be subject to state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the federal government’s and/or pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines, state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, as well as state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA.

Additionally, to the extent that our product is sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws.

Employees

As of March 11, 2021, we employed a total of 3 full-time employees, 1 employee consultant, and 1 part-time employee. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements. We believe that we maintain good relations with our employees.

Our Corporate Information

We were incorporated as a Nevada corporation on May 16, 2017. Our principal executive offices are located at 1 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1039, New York, New York 10020 and our telephone number is (646) 756-2997.

Available Information

Our website address is www.hoththerapeutics.com. The contents of, or information accessible through, our website are not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and our website address is included in this document as an inactive textual reference only. We make our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. The public may read and copy the materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Additionally, the SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information. The address of the SEC’s website is www.sec.gov. The information contained in the SEC’s website is not intended to be a part of this filing.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K before investing in our common stock. Our business and results of operations could be seriously harmed by any of the following risks. The risks set out below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case, the value and trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Capital

We have generated no revenue from commercial sales to date and our future profitability is uncertain.

We were incorporated in May 2017 and have a limited operating history and our business is subject to all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new business enterprise. Our likelihood of success must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications and delays frequently encountered in connection with development and expansion of a new business enterprise. Since inception, we have incurred losses and expect to continue to operate at a net loss for at least the next several years as we commence our research and development efforts, conduct clinical trials and develop manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. Our net losses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $7,197,816 and $7,704,636, respectively, and our accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $19,413,458 and $12,215,642, respectively. There can be no assurance that the products under development by us will be approved for sale in the U.S. or elsewhere. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that if such products are approved they will be successfully commercialized, and the extent of our future losses and the timing of our profitability are highly uncertain. If we are unable to achieve profitability, we may be unable to continue our operations.

If we fail to obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, we will be unable to continue or complete our product development and you will likely lose your entire investment.

We will need to continue to seek capital from time to time to continue development of our product candidates. We cannot provide any assurances that any revenues that we may generate in the future will be sufficient to fund our ongoing operations. We believe that we will need to raise substantial additional capital to fund our operations and the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Our business or operations may change in a manner that may consume available funds more rapidly than anticipated and substantial additional funding may be required to maintain operations, fund expansion, commercialize our product candidates, develop new or enhanced products, acquire complementary products, business or technologies or otherwise respond to competitive pressures and opportunities, such as a change in the regulatory environment or a change in preferred treatment modalities. In addition, we may need to accelerate the growth of our sales capabilities and distribution beyond what is currently envisioned, and this would require additional capital. However, we may not be able to secure funding on favorable terms, if at all.

If we cannot raise adequate funds to satisfy our capital requirements, we may have to delay, scale back or eliminate our research and development activities, clinical studies or operations. We may also be required to obtain funds through arrangements with collaborators, which arrangements may require us to relinquish rights to certain intellectual property, technologies or products that we otherwise would not consider relinquishing, including rights to future product candidates or certain major geographic markets. This could result in sharing revenues which we might otherwise retain for ourselves. Any of these actions may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The amount of capital we may need depends on many factors, including the progress, timing and scope of our product development programs; the progress, timing and scope of our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials; the time and cost necessary to obtain regulatory approvals; the time and cost necessary to further develop manufacturing processes and arrange for contract manufacturing; our ability to enter into and maintain collaborative, licensing and other commercial relationships; and our partners’ commitment of time and resources to the development and commercialization of our products.

Even if we can raise additional funding, we may be required to do so on terms that are dilutive to you.

The capital markets have been unpredictable in the recent past for unprofitable companies such as ours. The amount of capital that a company such as ours is able to raise often depends on variables that are beyond our control. As a result, we may not be able to secure financing on terms attractive to us, or at all. If we are able to consummate a financing arrangement, the amount raised may not be sufficient to meet our future needs. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, or at all, our business, including our results of operations, financial condition and our continued viability will be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval, Manufacturing and Commercialization

We are dependent upon the clinical success of our licensed products and technologies. If we are unable to generate revenues from our licensed products and technologies, our ability to create shareholder value may be limited.

We do not currently generate revenues from any of our product candidates, and we may not be successful in obtaining regulatory approvals to commence our clinical trials. If we do not obtain such approvals, the time in which we expect to commence clinical programs for our product candidates will be extended and such extension may increase our expenses and our need for additional capital. Moreover, there is no guarantee that our clinical trials will be successful or that we will continue clinical development in support of an approval from the regulatory agencies for any indication. We note that most drug candidates never reach the clinical stage and even those that do commence clinical development have only a small chance of successfully completing clinical development and gaining regulatory approval. Therefore, our business currently depends entirely on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates, which may never occur.

Although we have entered into the Voltron Agreement pursuant to which we and HaloVax intend to jointly develop products to prevent COVID-19, no assurance can be given as to when, if ever, we will be able to develop any products for such purpose and if developed that such products will be successfully commercialized.

On March 23, 2020, we entered into the Voltron Agreement pursuant to which we and HaloVax will work to jointly develop potential products candidates to prevent COVID-19; however, no assurance can be given as to when, if ever, we will be able to develop any products for such purpose. Furthermore, we are subject to risks including, but not limited to, the following with respect to the development of a treatment for COVID-19:

If our joint venture with HaloVax is not successful or if we fail to realize the benefits we anticipate from such joint venture, we may not be able to capitalize on the full market potential of our potential products.

On March 23, 2020, we entered into the Voltron Agreement to form a joint venture entity named HaloVax to jointly develop potential product candidates for the prevention of the COVID-19 based upon certain technology that had been exclusively licensed by Voltron from Mass Gen. Pursuant to the terms of the Voltron Agreement we are entitled to receive sales-based royalties at low single digit percentages. In addition, on March 23, 2020 and May 28, 2020, we entered into membership purchase agreements with HaloVax pursuant to which we purchased 5% and 1% of HaloVax’s outstanding membership interests, respectively. Furthermore, we shall contribute proceeds of the development of products to prevent COVID-19. If and to the extent we and HaloVax are unable to develop potential product candidates for the prevention of COVID-19, we will not be entitled to any sale-based royalties the value of our ownership interest in HaloVax could decline in which case we may lose all or part of our investment in HaloVax.

While Voltron has agreed to cooperate and use commercially reasonable efforts to exchange information and resources that will lead to the development activities, and established a Joint Development Committee consisting of seven members, two of which were selected by us, to plan, review, coordinate and oversee the performance of the development activities and timelines with respect to development activities, we have limited contractual rights to direct its activities. Moreover, we will not have any other control with respect to the operations of HaloVax. Therefore, HaloVax will have a greater influence with respect to its commercialization efforts and other operations. In general, our joint venture with HaloVax subjects us to a number of related risks including that:

The marketing approval process of the FDA is lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain marketing approval for the product candidates we intend to develop, our business may be substantially harmed.

None of the product candidates we intend to develop have gained marketing authorization, approval or clearance in the U.S. or elsewhere, and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable products. Our business is substantially dependent on our ability to complete the development of, obtain marketing approval for, and successfully commercialize our product candidates in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize our product candidates in the United States or elsewhere without first obtaining approval from regulatory agencies such as the FDA to market each product candidate. Our product candidates could fail to receive marketing approval for many reasons, including among others:

In addition, the process of seeking regulatory clearance or approval to market the product candidates we intend to develop is expensive and time consuming and, notwithstanding the effort and expense incurred, clearance or approval is never guaranteed. If we are not successful in obtaining timely clearance or approval of our product candidates from the FDA or other foreign regulatory agencies, we may never be able to generate significant revenue and may be forced to cease operations. The NDA process is costly, lengthy and uncertain. Any NDA application filed by us will have to be supported by extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, pre-clinical, clinical, manufacturing and labeling data, to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and efficacy of the product for its intended use.

Obtaining clearances or approvals from the FDA and from regulatory agencies in other countries is an expensive and time consuming process and is uncertain as to outcome. The FDA and other agencies could ask us to supplement our submissions, collect non-clinical data, conduct additional clinical trials or engage in other time-consuming actions, or it could simply deny our applications. In addition, even if we obtain an NDA approval or pre-market approvals in other countries, the approval could be revoked or other restrictions imposed if post-market data demonstrates safety issues or lack of effectiveness. We cannot predict with certainty how, or when, the FDA or other regulatory agencies will act. If we are unable to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, our financial condition and cash flow may be adversely affected, and our ability to grow domestically and internationally may be limited. Additionally, even if cleared or approved, our products may not be approved for the specific indications that are most necessary or desirable for successful commercialization or profitability.

We may encounter substantial delays in completing our clinical studies which in turn will require additional costs, or we may fail to demonstrate adequate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.

It is impossible to predict if or when any of our product candidates will prove safe or effective in humans or will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain as to outcome. We cannot guarantee that any clinical studies will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. A failure of one or more clinical studies can occur at any stage of testing. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include:

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the IRBs or ECs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, by an independent Safety Review Board for such trial or by the FDA, Therapeutics Goods Administration  (“TGA”), European Medicines Agency (“EMA”), or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA, TGA, or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

Any inability to successfully complete pre-clinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenues from product sales, regulatory and commercialization milestones and royalties. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may need to conduct additional studies to bridge our modified product candidates to earlier versions.

Clinical study delays could also shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

The outcome of pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Further, pre-clinical and clinical data are often susceptible to various interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval. If the results of our clinical studies are inconclusive or if there are safety concerns or adverse events associated with our other product candidates, we may:

Additionally, our product candidates could potentially cause other adverse events that have not yet been predicted. The inclusion of ill patients in our clinical studies may result in deaths or other adverse medical events due to other therapies or medications that such patients may be using. As described above, any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of our product candidates and impair our ability to commercialize our products.

If we are not able to obtain any required regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates and our ability to generate revenue will be limited.

We must successfully complete clinical trials for our product candidates before we can apply for marketing approval. Even if we complete our clinical trials, it does not assure marketing approval. Our pre-clinical trials may be unsuccessful, which would materially harm our business. Even if our initial pre-clinical trials are successful, we are required to conduct clinical trials to establish our product candidates’ safety and efficacy, before a marketing application (NDA or BLA or their foreign equivalents) can be filed with the FDA, the EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for marketing approval of our product candidates.

Clinical testing is expensive, is difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. Success in early phases of pre-clinical and clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, approval, sale, marketing, advertising and promotion, pricing, export, import and distribution of drug products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA, EMA, and other regulatory authorities in the United States, European Union, and other countries, where regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market our product candidates as prescription pharmaceutical products in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from such countries. In the United States, the FDA generally requires the completion of clinical trials of each drug to establish its safety and efficacy and extensive pharmaceutical development to ensure its quality before an NDA is approved. Regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions impose similar requirements. Of the large number of drugs in development, only a small percentage result in the submission of an NDA to the FDA or other regulatory authorities and even fewer are eventually approved for commercialization. We have not submitted an NDA to the FDA or comparable applications to other regulatory authorities. If our development efforts for our product candidates, including regulatory approval, are not successful for their planned indications, or if adequate demand for our product candidates is not generated, our business will be materially adversely affected.

Our success depends on the receipt of regulatory approval and the issuance of such regulatory approvals is uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the following:

Failure to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates for the foregoing, or any other reasons, will prevent us from commercializing our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired. We cannot guarantee that regulators will agree with our assessment of the results of the clinical trials we intend to conduct in the future or that such trials will be successful. The FDA, EMA and other regulators have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional clinical trials, or pre-clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from pre-clinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of our product candidates.

We have only limited experience in filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and expect to rely on consultants and third party CROs with expertise in this area to assist us in this process. Securing regulatory approvals to market a product requires the submission of pre-clinical, clinical, and/or pharmacokinetic data, information about product manufacturing processes and inspection of facilities and supporting information to the appropriate regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish a product candidate’s safety and efficacy for each indication. Our product candidates may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude us from obtaining regulatory approval or prevent or limit commercial use with respect to one or all intended indications.

The process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive, often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon, among other things, the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved, the jurisdiction in which regulatory approval is sought and the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. Changes in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for a submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Regulatory approval obtained in one jurisdiction does not necessarily mean that a product candidate will receive regulatory approval in all jurisdictions in which we may seek approval, but the failure to obtain approval in one jurisdiction may negatively impact our ability to seek approval in a different jurisdiction. Failure to obtain regulatory marketing approval for our product candidates in any indication will prevent us from commercializing our product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

If we are unable to submit an application for product candidate approval under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA or if we are required to generate additional data related to the safety and efficacy of a product candidate in order to obtain approval under Section 505(b)(2), we may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines.

We may seek marketing authorization in the United States under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA which permits use of a marketing application, referred to as a 505(b)(2) application, where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use. The FDA interprets this to mean that an applicant may rely for approval on such data as that found in published literature or the FDA’s finding of safety or effectiveness, or both, of a previously approved drug product owned by a third party. There is no assurance that the FDA would find third-party data relied upon by us in a 505(b)(2) application sufficient or adequate to support approval and may require us to generate additional data to support the safety and efficacy of a product candidate. Consequently, we may need to conduct substantial new research and development activities beyond those we currently plan to conduct. Such additional new research and development activities would be costly and time consuming and there is no assurance that such data generated from such additional activities would be sufficient to obtain approval.

If the data to be relied upon in a 505(b)(2) application is related to drug products previously approved by the FDA and covered by patents that are listed in the FDA’s Orange Book, we would be required to submit with our 505(b)(2) application a Paragraph IV Certification in which we must certify that we do not infringe the listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable, and provide notice to the patent owner or the holder of the approved NDA. The patent owner or NDA holder would have 45 days from receipt of the notification of our Paragraph IV Certification to initiate a patent infringement action against us. If an infringement action is initiated, the approval of our NDA would be subject to a stay of up to 30 months or more while we defend against such a suit. Approval of our product candidates under Section 505(b)(2) may therefore be delayed until patent exclusivity expires or until we successfully challenge the applicability of those patents to our product candidates. Alternatively, we may elect to generate sufficient clinical data so that we would no longer need to rely on third-party data, which would be costly and time consuming and there would be no assurance that such data generated from such additional activities would be sufficient to obtain approval.

We may not be able to obtain shortened review of our applications, and the FDA may not agree that a product candidate qualifies for marketing approval. If we are required to generate additional data to support approval, we may be unable to meet anticipated or reasonable development and commercialization timelines, may be unable to generate the additional data at a reasonable cost, or at all, and may be unable to obtain marketing approval. If the FDA changes its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2) allowing reliance on data in a previously approved drug application owned by a third party, or there is a change in the law affecting Section 505(b)(2), this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any Section 505(b)(2) application that we submit.

Modifications to our products may require new drug or device approvals.

Once a particular product receives FDA approval or clearance, expanded uses or uses in new indications of our products may require additional human clinical trials and new regulatory approvals or clearances, including additional IND and NDA/BLA submissions or premarket approvals before we can begin clinical development, and/or prior to marketing and sales. If the FDA requires new clearances or approvals for a particular use or indication, we may be required to conduct additional clinical studies, which would require additional expenditures and harm our operating results. If the products are already being used for these new indications, we may also be subject to significant enforcement actions. Conducting clinical trials and obtaining clearances and approvals can be a time consuming process, and delays in obtaining required future clearances or approvals could adversely affect our ability to introduce new or enhanced products in a timely manner, which in turn would harm our future growth.

Conducting successful clinical studies may require the enrollment of large numbers of patients, and suitable patients may be difficult to identify and recruit.

Patient enrollment in clinical trials and completion of patient participation and follow-up depends on many factors, including the size of the patient population; the nature of the trial protocol; the attractiveness of, or the discomforts and risks associated with, the treatments received by enrolled subjects; the availability of appropriate clinical trial investigators; support staff; and proximity of patients to clinical sites; ability to comply with the eligibility and exclusion criteria for participation in the clinical trial; and patient compliance. For example, patients may be discouraged from enrolling in our clinical trials if the trial protocol requires them to undergo extensive post-treatment procedures or follow-up to assess the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates or if they determine that the treatments received under the trial protocols are not attractive or involve unacceptable risks or discomforts. Patients may also not participate in our clinical trials if they choose to participate in contemporaneous clinical trials of competitive products.

Additional delays to the completion of clinical studies may result from modifications being made to the protocol during the clinical trial, if such modifications are warranted and/or required by the occurrences in the given trial.

Each modification to the protocol during a clinical trial has to be submitted to the FDA. This could result in the delay or halt of a clinical trial while the modification is evaluated. In addition, depending on the quantity and nature of the changes made, the FDA could take the position that the data generated by the clinical trial is not poolable because the same protocol was not used throughout the trial. This might require the enrollment of additional subjects, which could result in the extension of the clinical trial and the FDA delaying clearance or approval of a product. Any such delay could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that the data generated from our clinical trials using modified protocols will be acceptable to FDA.

There can be no assurance that the data generated using modified protocols will be acceptable to the FDA or that if future modifications during the trial are necessary, that any such modifications will be acceptable to the FDA. If the FDA believes that its prior approval is required for a particular modification, it can delay or halt a clinical trial while it evaluates additional information regarding the change.

Serious injury or death resulting from a failure of one of our drug candidates during clinical trials could also result in the FDA delaying our clinical trials or denying or delaying clearance or approval of a product candidate. Even though an adverse event may not be the result of the failure of our drug candidate, the FDA or an IRB could delay or halt a clinical trial for an indefinite period of time while an adverse event is reviewed, and likely would do so in the event of multiple such events.

Any delay or termination of our current or future clinical trials as a result of the risks summarized above, including delays in obtaining or maintaining required approvals from IRBs, delays in patient enrollment, the failure of patients to continue to participate in a clinical trial, and delays or termination of clinical trials as a result of protocol modifications or adverse events during the trials, may cause an increase in costs and delays in the filing of any product submissions with the FDA, delay the approval and commercialization of our products or result in the failure of the clinical trial, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and to assist us with pre-clinical development. If these third parties do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our products.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct our pre-clinical and clinical trials for our product candidates, and we must rely on third parties, such as CROs, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories to conduct such trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations, meet expected deadlines or need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our pre-clinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our products on a timely basis, if at all. Furthermore, our third-party clinical trial investigators may be delayed in conducting our clinical trials for reasons outside of their control. The occurrence of any of the foregoing may adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

The future results of our current or future clinical trials may not support our product candidate claims or may result in the discovery of unexpected adverse side effects.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support our drug candidate claims or that the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies will agree with our conclusions regarding them. Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our drug candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses. If the FDA or other regulatory agencies conclude that the clinical trials for any of our product candidates has failed to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, we would not receive clearance from the FDA or other regulatory agencies to market that product in the United States or internationally for the indications sought.

In addition, such an outcome could cause us to abandon the product candidate and might delay development of other product candidates. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay the filing of any product submissions with the FDA and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues. It is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials will experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of the product candidate’s profile. In addition, our clinical trials may involve a relatively small patient population. Because of the small sample size, our results may not be indicative of future results.

Even if our product candidates are approved by regulatory authorities, if we or our suppliers fail to comply with ongoing FDA regulations or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, these products could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market.

The manufacturing processes, reporting requirements, post-approval clinical data and promotional activities for any product candidate for which we obtain regulatory approval will be subject to continued regulatory review, oversight and periodic inspections by the FDA. In particular, we and our suppliers are required to comply with FDA’s Quality System Regulations and International Standards Organization (“ISO”) regulations for the manufacture of our products and other regulations which cover the methods and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, storage and shipping of any product for which we obtain clearance or approval. Regulatory bodies, such as the FDA, enforce these regulations through periodic inspections. The failure by us or one of our suppliers to comply with applicable statutes and regulations administered by the FDA and other regulatory bodies, or the failure to timely and adequately respond to any adverse inspectional observations or product safety issues, could result in, among other things, enforcement actions by the FDA.

If any of these actions were to occur it would harm our reputation and cause our product sales and profitability to suffer and may prevent us from generating revenue. Furthermore, our key component suppliers may not currently be or may not continue to be in compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements which could result in our failure to produce our products on a timely basis and in the required quantities, if at all.

Even if regulatory clearance or approval of a product is granted, such clearance or approval may be subject to limitations on the intended uses for which the product may be marketed and reduce the potential to successfully commercialize the product and generate revenue from the product. If the FDA determines that the product promotional materials, labeling, training or other marketing or educational activities constitute promotion of an unapproved use, it could request that we or our commercialization partners cease or modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory enforcement actions. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider such training or other promotional materials to constitute promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement.

In addition, we may be required to conduct costly post-market testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or effectiveness of our products, and we must comply with adverse event and pharmacovigilance reporting requirements, including the reporting of adverse events which occur in connection with, and whether or not directly related to, our products. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, including unanticipated adverse events or adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, manufacturing problems, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in changes to labeling, restrictions on such products or manufacturing processes, withdrawal of the products from the market, voluntary or mandatory recalls, a requirement to recall, replace or refund the cost of any product we manufacture or distribute, fines, suspension of regulatory approvals, product seizures, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties which would adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

Our revenue stream will depend upon third-party reimbursement.

The commercial success of our products in both domestic and international markets will be substantially dependent on whether third-party coverage and reimbursement is available for patients that use our products. However, the availability of insurance coverage and reimbursement for newly approved therapies is uncertain, and therefore, third-party coverage may be particularly difficult to obtain even if our products are approved by the FDA as safe and efficacious. Patients using existing approved therapies are generally reimbursed all or part of the product cost by Medicare or other third-party payors. Medicare, Medicaid, health maintenance organizations and other third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new drugs, and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for these products. Submission of applications for reimbursement approval generally does not occur prior to the filing of an NDA for that product and may not be granted for as long as many months after NDA approval. In order to obtain reimbursement arrangements for these products, we or our commercialization partners may have to agree to a net sales price lower than the net sales price we might charge in other sales channels. The continuing efforts of government and third-party payors to contain or reduce the costs of healthcare may limit our revenue. Initial dependence on the commercial success of our products may make our revenues particularly susceptible to any cost containment or reduction efforts.

Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain for such product candidates.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval for our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell our product candidates. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We do not know whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

In the United States, the Medicare Modernization Act (“MMA”) changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly and introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for drugs. In addition, this legislation authorized Medicare Part D prescription drug plans to use formularies where they can limit the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. As a result of this legislation and the expansion of federal coverage of drug products, we expect that there will be additional pressure to contain and reduce costs. These cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this legislation could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for our product candidates and could seriously harm our business. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and any reduction in reimbursement that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Health Care Reform Law”) is a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. The Health Care Reform Law revised the definition of “average manufacturer price” for reporting purposes, which could increase the amount of Medicaid drug rebates to states. Further, the law imposed a significant annual fee on companies that manufacture or import branded prescription drug products.

The Health Care Reform Law remains subject to legislative efforts to repeal, modify or delay the implementation of the law. However, if the Health Care Reform Law is repealed or modified, or if implementation of certain aspects of the Health Care Reform Law are delayed, such repeal, modification or delay may materially adversely impact our business, strategies, prospects, operating results or financial condition. We are unable to predict the full impact of any repeal, modification or delay in the implementation of the Health Care Reform Law on us at this time. Due to the substantial regulatory changes that will need to be implemented by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and others, and the numerous processes required to implement these reforms, we cannot predict which healthcare initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level, the timing of any such reforms, or the effect such reforms or any other future legislation or regulation will have on our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Health Care Reform Law was enacted. We expect that additional federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and in turn could significantly reduce the projected value of certain development projects and reduce or eliminate our profitability.

We are dependent on third parties for manufacturing and marketing of our proposed product candidates. If we are not able to secure favorable arrangements with such third parties, our business and financial condition could be harmed.

We will not manufacture any of our proposed product candidates for commercial sale nor do we have the resources necessary to do so. In addition, we currently do not have the capability to market our drug products ourselves. In addition to our internal sales force efforts, we have contracted with and intend to continue to contract with specialized manufacturing companies to manufacture our proposed product candidates and partner with larger pharmaceutical companies for commercialization of our products. In connection with our efforts to commercialize our proposed product candidates, we will seek to secure favorable arrangements with third parties to distribute, promote, market and sell our proposed product candidates. If our internal sales force is unable to successfully distribute, market and promote our product candidates and we are not able to secure favorable commercial terms or arrangements with third parties for the distribution, marketing, promotion and sales of our proposed product candidates, we may have to retain promotional and marketing rights and seek to develop the commercial resources necessary to promote or co-promote or co-market certain or all of our proposed drug candidates to the appropriate channels of distribution in order to reach the specific medical market that we are targeting. We may not be able to enter into any partnering arrangements on this or any other basis. If we are not able to secure favorable partnering arrangements, or are unable to develop the appropriate resources necessary for the commercialization of our proposed product candidates, our business and financial condition could be harmed. In addition, we will have to hire additional employees or consultants, since our current employees have limited experience in these areas. Sufficient employees with relevant skills may not be available to us. Any increase in the number of our employees would increase our expense level, and could have an adverse effect on our financial position.

In addition, we, or our potential commercial partners, may not successfully introduce our proposed product candidates or such candidates may not achieve acceptance by patients, health care providers and insurance companies. Further, it is possible that we may not be able to secure arrangements to manufacture, market, distribute, promote and sell our proposed product candidates at favorable commercial terms that would permit us to make a profit. To the extent that corporate partners conduct clinical trials, we may not be able to control the design and conduct of these clinical trials.

We may have conflicts with our partners that could delay or prevent the development or commercialization of our product candidates.

We may have conflicts with our partners, such as conflicts concerning the interpretation of pre-clinical or clinical data, the achievement of milestones, the interpretation of contractual obligations, payments for services, development obligations or the ownership of intellectual property developed during our collaboration. If any conflicts arise with any of our partners, such partner may act in a manner that is adverse to our best interests. Any such disagreement could result in one or more of the following, each of which could delay or prevent the development or commercialization of our product candidates, and in turn prevent us from generating revenues: unwillingness on the part of a partner to pay us milestone payments or royalties we believe are due to us under a collaboration; uncertainty regarding ownership of intellectual property rights arising from our collaborative activities, which could prevent us from entering into additional collaborations; unwillingness by the partner to cooperate in the development or manufacture of the product, including providing us with product data or materials; unwillingness on the part of a partner to keep us informed regarding the progress of its development and commercialization activities or to permit public disclosure of the results of those activities; initiating of litigation or alternative dispute resolution options by either party to resolve the dispute; or attempts by either party to terminate the agreement.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we may not be able to successfully commercialize the product and the revenue that we generate from its sales, if any, may be limited.

If approved for marketing, the commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon each product’s acceptance by the medical community, including physicians, patients and health care payors. The degree of market acceptance for any of our product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

If any of our product candidates are approved, but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, health care payors, and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful.

In addition, even if we obtain regulatory approvals, the timing or scope of any approvals may prohibit or reduce our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully. For example, if the approval process takes too long, we may miss market opportunities thereby giving other companies the ability to develop competing products or establish market dominance. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render our product candidates not commercially viable. For example, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve any of our product candidates with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization for that indication. Further, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may place conditions on approvals or require risk management plans or a REMS to assure the safe use of the drug. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve the NDA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. The FDA may also require a REMS for an approved product when new safety information emerges. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of our product candidates. Moreover, product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following the initial marketing of the product. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial success of our product candidates.

The FDA’s policy with respect to Emergency Use Authorizations is evolving and may limit the ability for medical products, including , to be eligible for commercialization under an Emergency Use Authorization.

We intend to submit applications to FDA for Emergency Use Authorization (“EUA”) for our COVID-19 products. The FDA has the authority to grant an EUA to allow unapproved medical products to be used in an emergency to diagnose, treat or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions during the COVID-19 public health emergency. If we are granted an EUA for our COVID-19 products, we would be able to commercialize the products prior to FDA clearance or approval. However, the FDA does not have review deadlines with respect to such submissions and, therefore, the timing of any approval of an EUA submission is uncertain. We cannot guarantee that the FDA will review our data in a timely manner, or that the FDA will accept the data when reviewed. The FDA may decide that our data are insufficient for an EUA and require additional pre-clinical, clinical or other studies and refuse to approve our application. In addition, the FDA may revoke an EUA where it is determined that the public health emergency no longer exists or warrants such authorization, and therefore we cannot predict how long any authorized EUA would remain in place. Further, the FDA’s policy with respect to EUAs related to COVID-19 is evolving and may in the future limit the ability for medical products, including our products, to be eligible for an EUA.

Our products will face significant competition, and if they are unable to compete successfully, our business will suffer.

Our product candidates face, and will continue to face, intense competition from large pharmaceutical companies, as well as academic and research institutions. We compete in an industry that is characterized by: (i) rapid technological change, (ii) evolving industry standards, (iii) emerging competition and (iv) new product introductions. Our competitors have and may develop products and technologies that will compete with our products and technologies. Because several competing companies and institutions have greater financial resources than us, they may be able to: (i) provide broader services and product lines, (ii) make greater investments in research and development and (iii) carry on larger research and development initiatives. Our competitors also have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience in undertaking pre-clinical and clinical testing of products, obtaining regulatory approvals, and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products. They also have greater name recognition and better access to customers than us.

Adverse events involving our products may lead the FDA or other regulatory agencies to delay or deny clearance for our products or result in product recalls that could harm our reputation, business and financial results.

Once a product receives clearance or approval, the agency has the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of adverse side effects, material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. With respect to the FDA, the authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the product would cause serious injury or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a product is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us or one of our distributors could occur as a result of adverse side effects, impurities or other product contamination, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to FDA within ten working days after the recall is initiated. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. We may initiate voluntary recalls involving our products in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, they could require us to report those actions as recalls. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers and negatively affect our sales. In addition, the FDA could take enforcement action for failing to report the recalls when they were conducted.

If we fail to comply with healthcare regulations, we could face substantial enforcement actions, including civil and criminal penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse laws and patient privacy laws of both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws include:

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly. 

If a third-party contract manufacturing organization (“CMO”) upon whom we rely to formulate and manufacture our product candidates does not perform, fails to manufacture according to our specifications or fails to comply with strict regulations, our pre-clinical studies or clinical trials could be adversely affected and the development of our product candidates could be delayed or terminated or we could incur significant additional expenses.

We do not own or operate any manufacturing facilities. We rely on and intend to continue to rely on CMOs to formulate and manufacture our pre-clinical and clinical materials. Our reliance on a CMO exposes us to a number of risks, any of which could delay or prevent the completion of our pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, or the regulatory approval or commercialization of our product candidates, result in higher costs, or deprive us of potential product revenues. Some of these risks include:

Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products are subject to ongoing periodic inspections by the FDA, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and corresponding state and foreign agencies to ensure strict compliance with FDA mandated cGMPs, other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. While we are obligated to audit their performance, we do not have control over our CMO’s compliance with these regulations and standards. Failure by any of our CMOs, or us, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us or the CMOs. These sanctions may include fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of the government to grant pre-market approval of drugs, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, seizures or recalls of product, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect our business.

In the event that we need to change our CMOs, our pre-clinical studies, clinical trials or the commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, adversely affected or terminated, or such a change may result in significantly higher costs.

Various steps in the manufacture of our product candidates may need to be sole-sourced. In accordance with cGMP, changing manufacturers may require the re-validation of manufacturing processes and procedures, and may require further pre-clinical studies or clinical trials to show comparability between the materials produced by different manufacturers. Changing our current or future CMOs may be difficult for us and could be costly, which could result in our inability to manufacture our product candidates for an extended period of time and therefore a delay in the development of our product candidates. Further, in order to maintain our development time lines in the event of a change in our CMOs, we may incur significantly higher costs to manufacture our product candidates.

Healthcare Reform in the United States.

In the United States, there have been, and continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes to the healthcare system that could affect the future results of pharmaceutical manufactures’ operations. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs. Most recently, the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) was enacted in March 2010, which includes measures to significantly change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among the provisions of the ACA of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are the following:

Some of the provisions of the ACA have yet to be implemented, and there have been legal and political challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. The Administration has signed two executive orders and other directives designed to delay, circumvent, or loosen certain requirements mandated by the ACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed repeal legislation, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. Congress may consider other legislation to repeal or replace elements of the ACA. 

Many of the details regarding the implementation of the ACA are yet to be determined, and at this time, the full effect that the ACA would have on a pharmaceutical manufacturer remains unclear. This uncertainty is heightened by President Biden’s January 28, 2021 Executive Order on Strengthening Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act which indicates that the incoming Biden Administration may significantly modify the ACA and potentially revoke any changes implemented by the Trump Administration. It is also possible that President Biden will further reform the ACA and other federal programs in manner that may impact our operations. The  Biden Administration has indicated that a goal of its administration is to expand and support Medicaid and the ACA and to make high-quality healthcare accessible and affordable. The potential increase in patients covered by government funded insurance may impact our pricing. Further, it is possible that the Biden Administration may further increase the scrutiny on drug pricing.

Additionally, on December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the tax penalty on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year, commonly referred to as the “individual mandate.” Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit ruled that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. The United States Supreme Court is currently reviewing this case, but it is unclear when a decision will be made. It is also unclear how the Supreme Court ruling, other such litigation and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact the ACA. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. We expect that additional state and federal health care reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for health care products and services. Moreover, the Biden administration, including his nominee for Secretary of DHHS, has indicated that lowering prescription drug prices is a priority, but we do not yet know what steps the administration will take or whether such steps will be successful.

Further, there is uncertainty surrounding the applicability of the biosimilars provisions under the ACA. The FDA has issued several guidance documents, but no implementing regulations, on biosimilars. A number of biosimilar applications have been approved over the past few years. The regulations that are ultimately promulgated and their implementation are likely to have considerable impact on the way pharmaceutical manufacturers conduct their business and may require changes to current strategies. A biosimilar is a biological product that is highly similar to an approved drug notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components, and for which there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the approved drug in terms of the safety, purity, and potency of the product.

Individual states have become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access, and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. This could reduce ultimate demand for certain products or put pressure product pricing, which could negatively affect a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, given recent federal and state government initiatives directed at lowering the total cost of healthcare, Congress and state legislatures will likely continue to focus on healthcare reform, the cost of prescription drugs and biologics and the reform of the Medicare and Medicaid programs. While no one cannot predict the full outcome of any such legislation, it may result in decreased reimbursement for drugs and biologics, which may further exacerbate industry-wide pressure to reduce prescription drug prices. This could harm a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s ability to generate revenue. Increases in importation or re-importation of pharmaceutical products from foreign countries into the United States could put competitive pressure on a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s ability to profitably price products, which, in turn, could adversely affect business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. A pharmaceutical manufacturer might elect not to seek approval for or market products in foreign jurisdictions in order to minimize the risk of re-importation, which could also reduce the revenue generated from product sales. It is also possible that other legislative proposals having similar effects will be adopted.

Furthermore, regulatory authorities’ assessment of the data and results required to demonstrate safety and efficacy can change over time and can be affected by many factors, such as the emergence of new information, including on other products, changing policies and agency funding, staffing and leadership. We cannot be sure whether future changes to the regulatory environment will be favorable or unfavorable to our business prospects. For example, average review times at the FDA for marketing approval applications can be affected by a variety of factors, including budget and funding levels and statutory, regulatory and policy changes.

Security threats to our information technology infrastructure and/or our physical buildings could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and business.

It is essential to our business strategy that our technology and network infrastructure and our physical buildings remain secure and are perceived by our customers and corporate partners to be secure. Despite security measures, however, any network infrastructure may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks by hackers and other security threats. We may face cyber-attacks that attempt to penetrate our network security, sabotage or otherwise disable our research, products and services, misappropriate our or our customers’ and partners’ proprietary information, which may include personally identifiable information, or cause interruptions of our internal systems and services. Despite security measures, we also cannot guarantee security of our physical buildings. Physical building penetration or any cyber-attacks could negatively affect our reputation, damage our network infrastructure and our ability to deploy our products and services, harm our relationship with customers and partners that are affected, and expose us to financial liability.

Additionally, there are a number of state, federal and international laws protecting the privacy and security of health information and personal data. For example, HIPAA imposes limitations on the use and disclosure of an individual’s healthcare information by healthcare providers, healthcare clearinghouses, and health insurance plans, or, collectively, covered entities, and also grants individuals rights with respect to their health information. HIPAA also imposes compliance obligations and corresponding penalties for non-compliance on individuals and entities that provide services to healthcare providers and other covered entities. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (“ARRA”) the privacy and security provisions of HIPAA were amended. ARRA also made significant increases in the penalties for improper use or disclosure of an individual’s health information under HIPAA and extended enforcement authority to state attorneys general. As amended by ARRA and subsequently by the final omnibus rule adopted in 2013, HIPAA also imposes notification requirements on covered entities in the event that certain health information has been inappropriately accessed or disclosed, notification requirements to individuals, federal regulators, and in some cases, notification to local and national media. Notification is not required under HIPAA if the health information that is improperly used or disclosed is deemed secured in accordance with encryption or other standards developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Most states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals and/or state regulators in the event of a breach of personal information, which is a broader class of information than the health information protected by HIPAA. Many state laws impose significant data security requirements, such as encryption or mandatory contractual terms, to ensure ongoing protection of personal information. Activities outside of the U.S. implicate local and national data protection standards, impose additional compliance requirements and generate additional risks of enforcement for non-compliance. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to ensure ongoing compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws, to protect against security breaches and hackers or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches.

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property Rights

We rely upon licenses granted to us by various licensors, and if such licensors do not adequately defend such licenses, our business may be harmed.

We have entered into and may, in the future, enter into license and sublicense agreements with respect to our product candidates. We have limited control over the activities of our licensors, and we rely upon our licensors to protect their intellectual property, including the patents covered by our licenses. We cannot be certain that activities conducted by our licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Furthermore, we have no or limited control or input over whether, and in what manner, our licensors may enforce or defend the patents that we license against a third-party. Our licensors may defend the patents we license less vigorously than if we had enforced or defended the patents ourselves. Furthermore, our licensors may not necessarily seek enforcement in scenarios in which we would feel that enforcement was in our best interests. For example, our licensors may not enforce the patents against a competitor of ours who is not a direct competitor of such licensor. If our in-licensed intellectual property is found to be invalid or unenforceable, then our licensors may not be able to enforce the patents against a competitor of ours. Moreover, if we fail to meet our obligations under our license agreements, the licensor may terminate the license agreement. Furthermore, if we fail to meet our obligations under our sublicense agreements or our sublicensor fails to meet its obligations to the licensor, such licensor may terminate the license agreement thereby terminating our sublicense agreement.

Our business depends upon us securing and protecting critical intellectual property.

Although we do not own and only license intellectual property, to the extent we develop intellectual property, our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining and maintaining patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark protection of our technologies in the United States and other jurisdictions as well as successfully enforcing and defending such intellectual property rights against third-party challenges. We will only be able to protect our intellectual property from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that valid and enforceable intellectual property protection, such as patents or trade secrets, cover them. In particular, we place considerable emphasis on obtaining patent and trade secret protection for significant new technologies, products and processes. Furthermore, the degree of future protection of our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. Moreover, the degree of future protection of our proprietary rights is uncertain for products that are currently in the early stages of development because we cannot predict which of these products will ultimately reach the commercial market or whether the commercial versions of these products will incorporate proprietary technologies.

Patent positions in our industry are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions.

Patent positions in our industry are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents. For example, we or our licensors might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by our pending patent applications and issued patents, as applicable; we or our licensors might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions; others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies; it is possible that none of our pending patent applications or the pending patent applications of our licensors will result in issued patents; our issued patents and issued patents of our licensors may not provide a basis for commercially viable technologies, or may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be challenged and invalidated by third parties; and, we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable. As a result, our owned and licensed patents may not be valid and we may not be able to obtain and enforce patents and to maintain trade secret protection for the full commercial extent of our technology. The extent to which we are unable to do so could materially harm our business.

We or our licensors have applied for and will continue to apply for patents for certain products. Such applications may not result in the issuance of any patents, and any patents now held or that may be issued may not provide us with adequate protection from competition. Furthermore, it is possible that patents issued or licensed to us may be challenged successfully. In that event, if we have a preferred competitive position because of such patents, any preferred position held by us would be lost. If we are unable to secure or to continue to maintain a preferred position, we could become subject to competition from the sale of generic products. Failure to receive, inability to protect, or expiration of our patents for medical use, manufacture, conjugation and labeling of any of our product candidates may adversely affect our business and operations.

Patents issued or licensed to us may be infringed by the products or processes of others. The cost of enforcing our patent rights against infringers, if such enforcement is required, could be significant, and we do not currently have the financial resources to fund such litigation. Further, such litigation can go on for years and the time demands could interfere with our normal operations. There has been substantial litigation and other proceedings regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry. We may become a party to patent litigation and other proceedings. The cost to us of any patent litigation, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Litigation may also absorb significant management time.

Unpatented trade secrets, improvements, confidential know-how and continuing technological innovation are important to our scientific and commercial success. Although we attempt to and will continue to attempt to protect our proprietary information through reliance on trade secret laws and the use of confidentiality agreements with our corporate partners, collaborators, employees and consultants and other appropriate means, these measures may not effectively prevent disclosure of our proprietary information, and, in any event, others may develop independently, or obtain access to, the same or similar information.

If we are found to be infringing on patents or trade secrets owned by others, we may be forced to cease or alter our product development efforts, obtain a license to continue the development or sale of our products, and/or pay damages.

Our manufacturing processes and potential products may violate proprietary rights of patents that have been or may be granted to competitors, universities or others, or the trade secrets of those persons and entities. As the pharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our processes and potential products may give rise to claims that they infringe the patents or trade secrets of others. These other persons could bring legal actions against us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing of the affected product or process. If any of these actions are successful, in addition to any potential liability for damages, we could be required to obtain a license in order to continue to conduct clinical tests, manufacture or market the affected product or use the affected process. Required licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and the results of litigation are uncertain. If we become involved in litigation or other proceedings, it could consume a substantial portion of our financial resources and the efforts of our personnel.

Our ability to protect and enforce any patents we may obtain does not guaranty that we will secure the right to commercialize such patents.

A patent is a limited monopoly right conferred upon an inventor, and his successors in title, in return for the making and disclosing of a new and non-obvious invention. This monopoly is of limited duration but, while in force, allows the patent holder to prevent others from making and/or using his invention. While a patent gives the holder this right to exclude others, it is not a license to commercialize the invention, where other permissions may be required for permissible commercialization to occur. For example, a drug cannot be marketed without the appropriate authorization from the FDA, regardless of the existence of a patent covering the product. Further, the invention, even if patented itself, cannot be commercialized if it infringes the valid patent rights of another party.

We rely on confidentiality agreements to protect our trade secrets. If these agreements are breached by our employees or other parties, our trade secrets may become known to our competitors.

We rely on trade secrets which we seek to protect through confidentiality agreements with our employees and other parties. If these agreements are breached, our competitors may obtain and use our trade secrets to gain a competitive advantage over us. We may not have any remedies against our competitors and any remedies that may be available to us may not be adequate to protect our business or compensate us for the damaging disclosure. In addition, we may have to expend resources to protect our interests from possible infringement by others.

Related Risks to the Company

We have expanded and may continue to expand, our business through the acquisition of rights to new drug candidates that could disrupt our business, harm our financial condition and may also dilute current shareholders’ ownership interests in our Company.

Our business strategy includes expanding our products and capabilities, and we may seek acquisitions of additional drug candidates or technologies to do so. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including substantial cash expenditures; potentially dilutive issuance of equity securities; incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, some of which may be difficult or impossible to identify at the time of acquisition; difficulties in assimilating the acquired technologies or the operations of the acquired companies; diverting our management’s attention away from other business concerns; risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no direct experience; and the potential loss of our key employees or key employees of the acquired companies.

We cannot assure you that any acquisition will result in short-term or long-term benefits to us. We may misjudge the value or worth of an acquired product, company or business. In addition, our future success would depend in part on our ability to manage the rapid growth associated with acquisitions. We cannot assure you that we will be able to make the combination of our business with that of acquired products, businesses or companies work or be successful. Furthermore, the development or expansion of our business or any acquired products, business or companies may require a substantial capital investment by us. We may not have these necessary funds or they might not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. We may also seek to raise funds by selling shares of our preferred or common stock, which could dilute each current shareholder’s ownership interest in the Company.

Any international operations we undertake may subject us to risks inherent with operations outside of the United States.

We may seek to obtain market clearance for in foreign markets that we deem to generate significant opportunities. However, even with the cooperation of a commercialization partner, conducting drug development in foreign countries involves inherent risks, including, but not limited to: difficulties in staffing, funding and managing foreign operations; unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; export restrictions; tariffs and other trade barriers; difficulties in protecting, acquiring, enforcing and litigating intellectual property rights; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and potentially adverse tax consequences. If we were to experience any of the difficulties listed above, or any other difficulties, our international development activities and our overall financial condition may suffer and cause us to reduce or discontinue our international development and registration efforts.

We may not be successful in hiring and retaining key employees, including executive officers.

Our future operations and successes depend in large part upon the strength of our management team. We rely heavily on the continued service of each member of our management team. Accordingly, if any member of our management team were to terminate their employment with us, such departure may have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, our future success depends on our ability to identify, attract, hire or engage, retain and motivate other well-qualified financial, managerial, technical, clinical and regulatory personnel. There can be no assurance that these professionals will be available in the market, or that we will be able to retain existing professionals or to meet or to continue to meet their compensation requirements. Furthermore, the cost base in relation to such compensation, which may include equity compensation, may increase significantly, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Failure to establish and maintain an effective management team and work force could adversely affect our ability to operate, grow and manage our business.

Managing our growth as we expand operations may strain our resources.

We expect to grow rapidly in order to support additional, larger, and potentially international, pivotal clinical trials of our drug candidates, which will place a significant strain on our financial, managerial and operational resources. In order to achieve and manage growth effectively, we must continue to improve and expand our operational and financial management capabilities. Moreover, we will need to increase staffing and to train, motivate and manage our employees. All of these activities will increase our expenses and may require us to raise additional capital sooner than expected. Failure to manage growth effectively could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If a product liability claim is successfully brought against us for uninsured liabilities, or such claim exceeds our insurance coverage, we could be forced to pay substantial damage awards that could materially harm our business.

The use of any of our existing or future product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any approved pharmaceutical products may expose us to significant product liability claims. We currently do not have product liability insurance coverage but we intend to obtain such insurance. Such insurance coverage may not protect us against any or all of the product liability claims that may be brought against us in the future. We may not be able to acquire or maintain adequate product liability insurance coverage at a commercially reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts or scope to protect us against potential losses. In the event a product liability claim is brought against us, we may be required to pay legal and other expenses to defend the claim, as well as uncovered damage awards resulting from a claim brought successfully against us. In the event our product candidate is approved for sale by the FDA or other regulatory agency and commercialized, we may need to substantially increase the amount of our product liability coverage. Defending any product liability claim or claims could require us to expend significant financial and managerial resources, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our business may be adversely affected by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.

The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) evolved into a global pandemic. The coronavirus has spread to many regions of the world. The extent to which the coronavirus impacts our business and operating results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, among others.

Should the coronavirus continue to spread, our business operations could be delayed or interrupted. For instance, our clinical trials may be affected by the pandemic. Site initiation, participant recruitment and enrollment, participant dosing, distribution of clinical trial materials, study monitoring and data analysis may be paused or delayed due to changes in hospital or university policies, federal, state or local regulations, prioritization of hospital resources toward pandemic efforts, or other reasons related to the pandemic. If the coronavirus continues to spread, some participants and clinical investigators may not be able to comply with clinical trial protocols. For example, quarantines or other travel limitations (whether voluntary or required) may impede participant movement, affect sponsor access to study sites, or interrupt healthcare services, and we may be unable to conduct our clinical trials. Further, if the spread of the coronavirus pandemic continues and our operations are adversely impacted, we risk a delay, default and/or nonperformance under existing agreements which may increase our costs. These cost increases may not be fully recoverable or adequately covered by insurance.

Infections and deaths related to the pandemic may disrupt the United States’ healthcare and healthcare regulatory systems. Such disruptions could divert healthcare resources away from, or materially delay FDA review and/or approval with respect to, our clinical trials. It is unknown how long these disruptions could continue, were they to occur. Any elongation or de-prioritization of our clinical trials or delay in regulatory review resulting from such disruptions could materially affect the development and study of our product candidates.

We currently utilize third parties to, among other things, manufacture raw materials. If either any third-party parties in the supply chain for materials used in the production of our product candidates are adversely impacted by restrictions resulting from the coronavirus outbreak, our supply chain may be disrupted, limiting our ability to manufacture our product candidates for our clinical trials and research and development operations.

In the event of a shelter-in-place order or other mandated local travel restrictions, our employees conducting research and development or manufacturing activities may not be able to access their laboratory or manufacturing space, and our core activities may be significantly limited or curtailed, possibly for an extended period of time.

The spread of the coronavirus, which has caused a broad impact globally, including restrictions on travel and quarantine policies put into place by businesses and governments, may have a material economic effect on our business. While the potential economic impact brought by and the duration of the pandemic may be difficult to assess or predict, it has already caused, and is likely to result in further, significant disruption of global financial markets, which may reduce our ability to access capital either at all or on favorable terms. In addition, a recession, depression or other sustained adverse market event resulting from the spread of the coronavirus could materially and adversely affect our business and the value of our common stock.

The ultimate impact of the current pandemic, or any other health epidemic, is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical trials, our research programs, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to monitor the situation closely.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially.

You should consider an investment in our common stock to be risky, and you should invest in our common stock only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the market value of your investment. Some factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate, in addition to the other risks mentioned in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are:

In addition, if the market for stocks in our industry or industries related to our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management.

We may acquire other companies or technologies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in dilution to our shareholders and otherwise disrupt our operations and adversely affect our operating results.

We may in the future seek to acquire or invest in businesses, applications and services or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our services, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated.

In addition, we do not have any experience in acquiring other businesses. If we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to integrate the acquired personnel, operations and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the acquired business due to a number of factors, including:

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business and financial position may suffer.

Market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition and share price.

Concerns over inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the U.S. mortgage market and a declining real estate market, unstable global credit markets and financial conditions, and volatile oil prices have led to periods of significant economic instability, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence and discretionary spending, diminished expectations for the global economy and expectations of slower global economic growth going forward, increased unemployment rates, and increased credit defaults in recent years. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns, volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. If these conditions continue to deteriorate or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance, and share price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports, or publish unfavorable research or reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume may decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us, our business, our markets and our competitors. We do not control these analysts. If securities analysts do not cover our common stock, the lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary about us or our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the market and interest in our stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and may also impair our ability to expand our business with existing customers and attract new customers.

Because certain of our shareholders control a significant number of shares of our common stock, they may have effective control over actions requiring shareholder approval.

As of March 11, 2021, our directors, executive officers, certain of our shareholders and their respective affiliates, beneficially own approximately 39.88% of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, these shareholders acting together, may have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, these shareholders, acting together, may have the ability to control the management and affairs of our Company. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership might harm the market price of our common stock by:

Future sales and issuances of our securities could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our shareholders and could cause our share price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including research and development, increased marketing, hiring new personnel, commercializing our products, and continuing activities as an operating public company. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our shareholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing shareholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing shareholders.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our shares of common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our shares.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to shareholders will therefore be limited to the increase, if any, of our share price.

We are an “emerging growth company” and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, pursuant to Section 107 of the JOBS Act, as an “emerging growth company” we intend to take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

We may be at risk of securities class action litigation.

We may be at risk of securities class action litigation. In the past, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility, particularly when associated with binary events such as clinical trials and product approvals. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business and results in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

We are currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. If we are unable to maintain listing of our securities on Nasdaq or any stock exchange, our stock price could be adversely affected and the liquidity of our stock and our ability to obtain financing could be impaired and it may be more difficult for our shareholders to sell their securities.

Although our common stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we may not be able to continue to meet the exchange’s minimum listing requirements or those of any other national exchange. If we are unable to maintain listing on Nasdaq or if a liquid market for our common stock does not develop or is sustained, our common stock may remain thinly traded.

The Listing Rules of Nasdaq require listing issuers to comply with certain standards in order to remain listed on its exchange. If, for any reason, we should fail to maintain compliance with these listing standards and Nasdaq should delist our securities from trading on its exchange and we are unable to obtain listing on another national securities exchange, a reduction in some or all of the following may occur, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our shareholders:

Financial reporting obligations of being a public company in the United States are expensive and time-consuming, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance matters.

As a publicly traded company we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. The obligations of being a public company in the United States require significant expenditures and places significant demands on our management and other personnel, including costs resulting from public company reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations regarding corporate governance practices, including those under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the listing requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market. These rules require the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and procedures, internal control over financial reporting and changes in corporate governance practices, among many other complex rules that are often difficult to implement, monitor and maintain compliance with. Moreover, despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, the reporting requirements, rules, and regulations will make some activities more time-consuming and costly, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to ensure that we comply with all of these requirements and to keep pace with new regulations, otherwise we may fall out of compliance and risk becoming subject to litigation or being delisted, among other potential problems.

If we fail to comply with the rules under Sarbanes-Oxley related to internal controls and procedures in the future, or, if we discover material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting, our stock price could decline significantly and raising capital could be more difficult.

Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. If we fail to comply with the rules under Sarbanes-Oxley related to disclosure controls and procedures in the future, or, if we discover material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting, our stock price could decline significantly and raising capital could be more difficult. If material weaknesses or significant deficiencies are discovered or if we otherwise fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to helping prevent financial fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and the trading price of our common stock could drop significantly.

Our Articles of Incorporation, as amended (“Articles of Incorporation”) our Amended and Restated Bylaws, and Nevada law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control, which may cause our stock price to decline.

Our Articles of Incorporation, Amended and Restated Bylaws, and Nevada law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if closing such a transaction would be beneficial to our shareholders. We are authorized to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, none of which are outstanding as of March 11, 2021. This preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our board of directors without further action by shareholders. The terms of any series of preferred stock may include voting rights (including the right to vote as a series on particular matters), preferences as to dividend, liquidation, conversion and redemption rights and sinking fund provisions. As of March 11, 2021, 5,000,000 shares of our preferred stock have been designated as Series A Preferred Stock of which 3,102,480 shares of Series A Preferred Stock which were previously issued were converted into common stock at the time of our initial public offering and 1,897,520 shares of Series A Preferred Stock remain authorized. The issuance of any preferred stock could materially adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock, and therefore, reduce the value of our common stock. In particular, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict our ability to merge with, or sell our assets to, a third party and thereby preserve control by the present management.

Provisions of our Articles of Incorporation, our Amended and Restated Bylaws and Nevada law also could have the effect of discouraging potential acquisition proposals or making a tender offer or delaying or preventing a change in control, including changes a shareholder might consider favorable. Such provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our management. In particular, the Articles of Incorporation, our Amended and Restated Bylaws and Nevada law, as applicable, among other things:

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain disputes which could limit shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or its directors, officers, employees or agents.

Our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada shall be the sole and exclusive forum for state law claims with respect to: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought in the name or right of us or on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim for breach of any fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or agent to us or our shareholders, (iii) any action arising or asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of Nevada Revised Statutes Chapters 78 or 92A or any provision of our Articles of Incorporation or Amended and Restated Bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including, without limitation, any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our Articles of Incorporation or Amended and Restated Bylaws. This exclusive forum provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. To the extent that any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, other employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, other employees and agents. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Amended and Restated Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our executive office is located at 1 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1039, New York, NY 10020. We lease our office for approximately $2,500 per month pursuant to a lease which terminates on July 31, 2022. We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current needs. We intend to add new facilities or expand existing facilities as we add employees, and we believe that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any such expansion of our operations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are currently not aware of any such legal proceedings or claims that will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

On February 15, 2019, our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “HOTH.” Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock.

Shareholders

As of March 11, 2021, there were 157 shareholders of record of our common stock. The actual number of holders of our common stock is greater than this number of record holders, and includes shareholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers or held by other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include shareholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Dividend Policy

We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

On July 21, 2020, the Board of Directors issued officers and directors options to purchase up to 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Company’s 2018 equity incentive plan at an exercise price of $3.05 per share for services rendered.

From October to December 2020, the Company issued an aggregate of 2,082 shares of the Company’s common stock, which shares were subject to a vesting schedule, to members of the Company’s Board of Directors for services rendered. 

The foregoing offers, sales and issuances were exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All amounts in this report are in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company and were formed in May 2017 to initially focus on developing new generation therapies for dermatological disorders. We believe that our pipeline has the potential to improve the quality of life for patients suffering from indications including atopic dermatitis (also known as eczema), chronic wounds, psoriasis, asthma and acne. Since our formation, we have expanded our business to also focus on developing (i) a topical formulation for treating side effects from drugs used for the treatment of cancer; (ii) a treatment for asthma and allergies using inhalational administration; (iii) a topical treatment for patients with lupus; (iv) a treatment for mast-cell derived cancers and anaphylaxis; and (v) a treatment for lung diseases resulting from bacterial infections. We are also focused on potentially developing a COVID-19 treatment as well as a diagnostic device for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 via a mobile device.

Dermatological Disorders

The BioLexa Platform

We have obtained an exclusive license from the University of Cincinnati to make, use, have made, import, offer for sale, and sell products based upon or involving the use of BioLexa Platform which is a proprietary, patented, drug compound platform for the treatment of eczema. It combines an FDA-approved zinc chelator with one or more approved antibiotics in a topical dosage form to address unchecked eczema flare-ups by preventing the formation of infectious biofilms and the resulting clogging of sweat ducts. We intend to initially use the BioLexa Platform to develop two different topical cream products: (i) a product to treat eczema and (ii) a product that reduces post-procedure infections, accelerates healing and improves clinical outcomes for patients undergoing aesthetic dermatology procedures. We intend to develop the BioLexa Platform for use in patients following the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway of the FDA rules which permits us rely upon publicly available data with respect to gentamicin and zinc chelator in our NDA submission to the FDA for marketing approval. Based on our meetings with the FDA, we plan to conduct our first clinical trial for BioLexa in Australia in order to enroll both adult and adolescents to support future clinical development before conducting trials on pediatric patients.

HT-001

On February 1, 2020, we entered into a patent license agreement with GW pursuant to which GW granted us a license to certain patent rights to, among other things, make, use, offer and sell certain licensed products throughout the world with respect to HT-001 which we intend to potentially use for treating dermatological side effects from EGFR inhibitors, and potentially other drugs used for the treatment of cancer.

HT-003

On July 30, 2020, we entered into the Isoprene Sublicense Agreement with Isoprene pursuant to which Isoprene granted us an exclusive sublicense to certain intellectual property (i) to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell and import certain licensed products, (ii) in connection therewith, to use certain inventions and licensed materials and (iii) to practice certain patent rights for the treatment of dermatological conditions or diseases, referred to as HT-003.

In December 2019, we entered into a research collaboration agreement with Weill Cornell Medicine for the completion of pre-clinical studies investigating the mechanism of action of HT-003 that was renewed in January 2021 as a result of positive preclinical results, and on December 22, 2020, we entered into an option agreement to expand the therapeutic indication of the sublicensed RAMBAs from Isoprene. The option agreement includes the investigation of RAMBAs for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

HT-005 Z-Pods™

On August 19, 2019, we entered into a sublicense agreement with Zylö pursuant to which Zylö granted us an exclusive sublicense to certain licensed patent rights and certain licensed technology to, among other things, develop, make and sell certain licensed products and to practice certain licensed technology in the United States and Canada initially with respect to therapeutic uses related to lupus in humans.

Genetic Marker for Food Allergies

On May 18, 2018, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the University of Cincinnati for a patented, novel genetic marker for food allergies. The genetic marker licensed may be used to (i) identify at risk infants in predicting food allergies, including peanut and milk allergies, (ii) identify a person’s predisposition to an allergic reaction and (iii) determine an individual’s propensity to develop atopic dermatitis, such as eczema. We intend to utilize the genetic marker in the future for purposes of determining an individual’s propensity to develop eczema as well as to identify and treat allergies in at-risk infants.

Respiratory Products

HT-004

On November 20, 2019, we entered into a license agreement with NC State pursuant to which NC State granted us an exclusive license to, among other things, develop, make, use, offer and sell certain licensed products throughout the world with respect to HT-004 for treating allergic diseases. HT-004 is currently under investigation for the treatment of asthma and allergies using inhalational administration.

HT-006

On December 22, 2020, we entered into a non-exclusive commercial evaluation license agreement with USAMRDC, as amended, pursuant to which USAMRDC granted us a non-exclusive commercial evaluation license to HT-006 for the treatment of lung diseases resulting from bacterial infections. We will initially target treatment of serious bacterial infections of the lung, such as HAP and VAP. Given the indication, we intend to develop HT-006 for inhalational administration.

Cancer Treatments

HT-KIT

We have obtained from NC State an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to certain intellectual property to, among other things, discover, develop, make, have made, use and sell certain licensed products and sell, use and practice certain licensed services with respect to cancer and anaphylaxis; this is being developed as HT-KIT. We intend to initially target mast cell neoplasms for development of HT-KIT, which is a rare, aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. In addition, we intend pursue the anaphylaxis indication for HT-KIT in parallel to cancer treatment.

COVID-19 Products

HT-002

On May 18, 2020, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with the VCU pursuant to which VCU granted us an exclusive, royalty bearing license to HT-002, a novel peptide developed by researchers at VCU that may be used to slow the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and a non-exclusive royalty bearing, worldwide license with respect to certain licensed technical information patents to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell and import certain licensed products and perform certain licensed services. On June 29, 2020, we entered into a Sponsored Project Agreement with VCU for the development of a potential COVID-19 treatment using the VCU Peptide.

VaxCelerate SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

On March 23, 2020, we entered into the Voltron Agreement with Voltron pursuant to which we formed a joint venture entity named HaloVax to jointly develop potential product candidates for the prevention of COVID-19 based upon certain technology that had been exclusively licensed by Voltron from Mass Gen. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is being developed using VaxCelerate, a self-assembling vaccine platform licensed from Mass Gen by HaloVax. VaxCelerate offers two unique elements to combat SARS-CoV-2: a fixed immune adjuvant and variable immune targeting, the combination which is designed to illicit a robust, protective immune response.

On-the-Go Sars-Cov-2 Testing Device

On August 7, 2020, we entered into the GW Patent License Agreement with GW pursuant to which GW granted us an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to certain intellectual property that can be used to develop a device designed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, the GW Patent License Agreement permits us to make, have made, use, import, offer for sale and sell certain licensed products in the field of virus sensing and detection. On September 17, 2020, we entered into a sponsored research agreement with GW relating to the development of a diagnostic device for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 via a mobile device as an aid in the diagnosis of the COVID-19 infection.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Our Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

Operating Costs and Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

For the year ended December 31, 2020, research and development expenses were approximately $2.9 million, of which approximately $0.6 million was related to licenses acquired and approximately $2.3 million was related to other research and development expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, research and development expenses were approximately $2.1 million which primarily consisted of $50,000 related to the Zylö Sublicense Agreement, $10,000 related to a license acquired from UMB and Isoprene, $25,000 related to a license acquired from the NC State, and approximately $2.0 million related to other research and development expenses.

We expect our research and development activities to increase as we develop our existing product candidates and potentially acquire new product candidates, reflecting increasing costs associated with the following:

Compensation, Professional Fees, Rent and Other (“General and Administrative Expenses”)

For the year ended December 31, 2020, General and Administrative Expenses were approximately $4.4 million, which primarily consisted of approximately $1.5 million related to payroll expenses and stock-based compensation, approximately $2.5 million for professional fees and approximately $0.5 million for other expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, General and Administrative Expenses were approximately $5.6 million, which primarily consisted of approximately $2.9 million related to payroll expenses and stock-based compensation, approximately $2.1 million for professional fees and $0.6 million for other expenses.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in future periods, reflecting continued and increasing costs associated with:

Liquidity and Capital Resources 

We have incurred substantial operating losses since inception and expect to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately $2.6 million in cash, marketable securities of $2.1 million, current liabilities of $0.3 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $19.4 million.

We have entered into certain license, sublicense, sponsored research and option agreements with third parties. Pursuant to such agreements, we may be required make certain: (i) license maintenance fee payments; (ii) out-of-pocket expense payments, including, but not limited to, payments related to intellectual property and research related expenses; (iii) development and commercialization expense payments; (iv) annual and quarterly minimum payments; (v) diligence expense payments; and (vi) revenue interest payments. In addition, subject to the achievement of certain development and/or commercialization events, we may also be required to make certain: (i) minimum royalty payments, ranging from middle to high five figures, (ii) sales-based royalties and running royalties, ranging from low single digits to low double digits; and (iii) milestone payments, of up to approximately $21 million (if all milestones in all of our current agreements are achieved). See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for discussion of our agreements with third parties.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash used in operations was approximately $6.1 million, which primarily resulted from a net loss of approximately $7.2 million and changes in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $0.1 million, partially offset by approximately $0.5 million research and development expense related to license acquisitions and $0.7 million of stock-based compensation.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash used in operations was approximately $4.9 million, which primarily resulted from a net loss of approximately $7.7 million, partially offset by approximately $2.5 million of stock-based compensation and changes in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $0.2 million.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash used in investing activities was approximately $1.8 million, which was primarily related to the purchase of marketable securities of approximately $2.3 million and purchase of investments in HaloVax, LLC and Zylö of approximately $0.4 million, partially offset by the sale of marketable securities of approximately $1.1 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash used in investing activities was approximately $0.9 million, which was related to the purchase of marketable securities of $0.8 million and the purchase of research and development licenses of $0.1 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $8.7 million. The cash provided by financing activities primarily resulted from approximately $8.7 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $7.5 million, including approximately $0.2 million restricted cash. The cash provided by financing activities primarily resulted from approximately $5.8 million in net proceeds from our initial public offering (the “IPO”) and approximately $1.6 million in net proceeds from a private offering of an aggregate of 407,474 units with each unit consisting of one share of our common stock and a warrant to purchase one-half share of our common stock. On February 20, 2019, we closed the IPO pursuant to which we issued 1,250,000 shares of our common stock for net proceeds of approximately $5.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The $0.2 million restricted cash had been deposited into a third-party escrow account in order to provide a source of funding for certain indemnification obligations we had pursuant to our Qualified Independent Underwriter Engagement Agreement.

Our ultimate success is dependent on our ability to obtain additional financing and generate sufficient cash flow to meet our obligations on a timely basis. We will require significant amounts of capital to sustain operations, and we will need to make the investments we need to execute our longer-term business plan to support new technologies and help advance innovation. Absent generation of sufficient revenue from the execution of our long-term business plan, we will need to obtain debt or equity financing, especially if we experience downturns in our business that are more severe or longer than anticipated, or if we experience significant increases in expense levels resulting from being a publicly-traded company or from operations. Such additional debt or equity financing may not be available to us on favorable terms, if at all.

We plan to pursue our plans with respect to the research and development of our pre-clinical products which will require resources beyond those that we currently have, ultimately requiring additional capital from third party sources. We currently do not expect to generate any revenue.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K or any commitments or contractual obligations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. The most significant estimates relate to the valuation of stock options and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. We base our estimates and assumptions on current facts, our limited historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We define our critical accounting policies as those accounting principles that require us to make subjective estimates and judgments about matters that are uncertain and are likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as the specific manner in which we apply those principles. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following are the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements that require significant estimates and judgments:

Stock-based compensation

We expense stock-based compensation to employees and non-employees over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards. Stock-based awards with graded-vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. We record the expense for stock-based compensation awards subject to performance-based milestone vesting over the remaining service period when management determines that achievement of the milestone is probable. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions at each reporting date. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative or research and development costs in the statements of operations based upon the underlying employees’ or non-employees’ roles.

Income taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”) which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between our financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, we recognize the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances.

Significant Accounting Policies

See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting policies.

JOBS Act

On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

We have chosen to take advantage of the extended transition periods available to emerging growth companies under the JOBS Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies provided under the JOBS Act. As a result, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with public company effective dates for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, as an “emerging growth company,” we intend to rely on certain of these exemptions, including, without limitation, (i) providing an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and (ii) complying with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, known as the auditor discussion and analysis. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the IPO; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.
Consolidated Financial Statements

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Hoth Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

Thee consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ WithumSmith+Brown, PC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
New York, New York
March 16, 2021

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1—Organization and description of business operations

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc. (together with its wholly-owned subsidiary, Hoth Therapeutics Australia Pty Ltd., the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on May 16, 2017. The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company which was formed to initially focus on developing new generation therapies for dermatological disorders including atopic dermatitis (also known as eczema), chronic wounds, psoriasis, asthma and acne. Since its formation, the Company expanded its business to also focus on developing a topical formulation for treating side effects from drugs used for the treatment of cancer; a treatment for asthma and allergies using inhalational administration; a topical treatment for patients with lupus; a treatment for mast-cell derived cancers and anaphylaxis; and a treatment for lung diseases resulting from bacterial infections. The Company is focused on potentially developing a COVID-19 treatment as well as a diagnostic device for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 via a mobile device.

Liquidity and capital resources 

Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, requires management to evaluate the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern one year beyond the filing date of the given financial statements. This evaluation requires management to perform two steps. First, management must evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Second, if management concludes that substantial doubt is raised, management is required to consider whether it has plans in place to alleviate that doubt. Disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements are required if management concludes that substantial doubt exists or that its plans alleviate the substantial doubt that was raised.

The Company has funded its operations from proceeds from the sale of equity and debt securities. The Company will require significant additional capital to make the investments it needs to execute its longer-term business plan. The Company’s ability to successfully raise sufficient funds through the sale of debt or equity securities when needed is subject to many risks and uncertainties and, even if it were successful, future equity issuances would result in dilution to its existing stockholders and future debt securities may contain covenants that limit the Company’s operations or ability to enter into certain transactions.

The Company’s current cash is sufficient to fund operations for at least the next 12 months from the date that these financial statements are available to be issued. However, the Company will need to raise additional funding through strategic relationships, public or private equity or debt financings, grants or other arrangements to develop and seek regulatory approvals for the Company’s existing and new product candidates. If such funding is not available, or not available on terms acceptable to the Company, the Company’s current development plan and plans for expansion of its general and administrative infrastructure may be curtailed.

Note 2—Significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Hoth Therapeutics Australia Pty Ltd, which was incorporated under the laws of the State of Victoria in Australia on June 5, 2019. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. The most significant estimates in the Company’s consolidated financial statements relate to stock-based compensation and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition to be cash equivalents. There were no cash equivalents as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.

Restricted cash

In November 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which clarifies the presentation of restricted cash in the statements of cash flows. Under ASU 2016-18, restricted cash is included with cash when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statements of cash flows. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 during the year ended December 31, 2019 on a retrospective basis. The following is a summary of the Company’s cash and restricted cash total as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

The $0.2 million restricted cash was deposited into a third-party escrow account in order to provide a source of funding for certain indemnification obligations the Company has pursuant to its Qualified Independent Underwriter Engagement Agreement. On May 29, 2020, the $0.2 million restricted cash in the escrow account was returned to the Company.

Marketable securities

Marketable securities are classified as trading and are carried at fair value. The Company’s marketable securities consist of a mutual fund which is valued at a quoted market price.

Concentrations of credit risk and off-balance sheet risk

Cash is a financial instrument that is potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk. The Company’s cash is deposited in accounts at large financial institutions, and amounts may exceed federally insured limits. The Company believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial strength of the depository institutions in which the cash is held. The Company has no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk of loss.

Deferred offering costs

Deferred offering costs, which primarily consist of direct, incremental professional fees incurred in connection with the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”) as well as other private equity offerings are capitalized as current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Upon the closing of the offerings, the deferred offering costs are offset against the offering proceeds. Approximately $0 and $30,000 of such offering costs were accrued but unpaid at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Investment in joint venture

Ownership interests in entities for which the Company has significant influence that are not consolidated are accounted for as equity method investments. SEC Staff Announcement: Accounting for Limited Partnership Investments (codified in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 323-30-S99-1) guidance requires the use of the equity method unless the investor’s interest “is so minor that the limited partner may have virtually no influence over partnership operating and financial policies.” The SEC staff’s position is that investments in limited partnerships of greater than 3% to 5% are considered more than minor and, therefore, should be accounted for using the equity method or fair value option. Investments accounted for using the equity method may be reported on a lag up to three months if financial statements of the investee are not available in sufficient time for the investor to apply the equity method as of the current reporting date. The determination of whether an investee’s results are recorded on a lag is made on an investment-by-investment basis. This investment in joint venture is further described in Note of 7 these consolidated financial statements.

Research and development costs

Research and development costs, including acquired in-process research and development expenses for which there is no alternative future use, are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Fair value measurement

FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

In some circumstances, the inputs used to measure fair value might be categorized within different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value at December 31, 2020 and   2019:

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Stock-based compensation

The Company accounts for share-based payment awards exchanged for services at the estimated grant date fair value of the award. Stock options issued under the Company’s long-term incentive plans are granted with an exercise price equal to no less than the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant and expire up to ten years from the date of grant. These options generally vest over a one to five year period.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

Expected Term - The expected term of options represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding based on the simplified method, which is the half-life from vesting to the end of its contractual term.

Expected Volatility - The Company computes stock price volatility over expected terms based on its historical common stock trading prices.

Risk-Free Interest Rate - The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U. S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term.

Expected Dividend - The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common shares and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in its valuation models.

Effective January 1, 2017, the Company elected to account for forfeited awards as they occur, as permitted by ASU 2016-09. Ultimately, the actual expenses recognized over the vesting period will be for those shares that vested. Prior to making this election, the Company estimated a forfeiture rate for awards at 0%, as the Company did not have a significant history of forfeitures.

Income taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances.

Net loss per share

Net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during the period. Since the Company had a net loss in the periods presented, basic and diluted net loss per common share are the same. The following were excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding due to the losses for each period presented, as they would have had an anti-dilutive impact on the Company’s net loss:

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Recent accounting pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes FASB ASC Topic 840, Leases (Topic 840) and provides principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both lessees and lessors. The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying virtually all leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than twelve months regardless of classification. Leases with a term of twelve months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted upon issuance. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures due to the short-term nature of its operating leases.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”). ASU 2018-07 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for nonemployee share-based payment transactions resulting from expanding the scope of Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2018-07, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU No. 2019-12 effective January 1, 2021, and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 3—License agreements

The following summarizes the Company’s research and development expenses for licenses acquired during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

Chelexa Biosciences, Inc. and the University of Cincinnati

On May 14, 2020, the Company entered into an Assignment and Assumption Agreement (the “Assignment Agreement”) with Chelexa Biosciences, Inc. (“Chelexa”) pursuant to which Chelexa assigned to the Company its rights and obligations in and liabilities under its license agreement with the University of Cincinnati dated February 27, 2013, as amended (the “University of Cincinnati License Agreement”). In consideration for the assignment, the Company agreed to forgive all amounts due to it by Chelexa and to pay to Chelexa certain royalty payments.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In connection with the Assignment Agreement, on May 14, 2020, the Company entered into a novation agreement (the “Novation Agreement”) with Chelexa and the University of Cincinnati pursuant to which the parties agreed that the Company would be substituted in place of Chelexa with respect to the rights and obligations of Chelexa set forth in the University of Cincinnati License Agreement.

In connection with the Assignment Agreement, on May 14, 2020, the Company entered into a royalty agreement (the “Royalty Agreement”) with Chelexa pursuant to which the Company shall pay Chelexa sales-based royalties at percentages which range from mid to high single digits, with high sales volumes being subject to lower royalty rates and total milestone payments of $3.5 million.

Pursuant to the University of Cincinnati License Agreement, the Company was granted an exclusive license to make, use, have made, import, offer for sale, and sell products based upon or involving the use of (i) topical compositions comprising a zinc chelator and gentamicin and (ii) zinc chelators to inhibit biofilm formation (the “BioLexa Platform” or “BioLexa”). In addition, the University of Cincinnati granted the Company the right to issue exclusive and nonexclusive sublicenses (with the right to further sublicense to third parties) to make, use, have made, import, offer for sale, and sell products based upon the BioLexa Platform. The term of such agreement will expire on the later of April 16, 2034 and the last to expire patent in the patent rights granted to the Company (the “Term”). The Company shall, in its sole discretion, have the first right of refusal to renew the Term. The Company is subject to total milestone payments of $6,000, royalty payments, annual license maintenance fees, and has agreed to pay the University of Cincinnati for certain out-of-pocket expenses including, but not limited to, payments for patent prosecution.

During the year ended December 31, 2020 the Company paid $5,000 for the annual license maintenance fee and $5,000 for the yearly minimum annual royalty fee.

The George Washington University

Effective as of June 1, 2019, the Company and The George Washington University (“GW”) entered into a sponsored research agreement (the “Sponsored Research Agreement”), as amended on July 29, 2019 and May 29, 2020, with respect to the exploration of the potential use of HT-001 for topical and/or systemic therapy to counter the dermatological related side-effects of Erlotinib therapy in cancer patients. Pursuant to the terms of the Sponsored Research Agreement, GW granted the Company a non-exclusive license to certain of GW’s intellectual property. The Company has agreed to pay GW for all costs incurred in connection with the research; provided, however, such costs shall not exceed approximately $0.5 million. The Sponsored Research Agreement shall terminate on June 30, 2021. The Sponsored Research Agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days written notice.

On June 28, 2019 (the “Effective Date”), the Company and GW entered into a research option agreement (the “Research Option Agreement”) pursuant to which GW granted the Company an option (the “Option”) until April 30, 2020 to acquire an exclusive license to certain products made or used by the Company (the “GW Licensed Product”) that involve certain patents owned by GW (the “Licensed Patents”). On February 1, 2020, the Company exercised the Option and entered into a patent license agreement (the “Patent License Agreement”) with GW. On the Effective Date, the Company paid GW $2,500, and on February 27, 2020, the Company paid GW $10,000 as a license initiation fee. Until the first commercial sale of the GW Licensed Product, the Company shall pay (i) $75,000 per year for the development and commercialization of the GW Licensed Product, (ii) $2,000 for license maintenance fees on the first anniversary of the Effective Date and (iii) $5,000 for license maintenance fees commencing on the second anniversary of the Effective Date and thereafter. Furthermore, the Company shall be required to pay GW a sublicense fee equal to a certain percentage of the sum of payments plus the fair market value of all other consideration of any kind received by the Company from sublicensees during each quarter as follows: a 40% sublicense fee until the first anniversary of the Effective Date, a 30% sublicense fee until the third anniversary of the Effective Date and a 20% sublicense fee after the third anniversary of the Effective Date; provided, however, such sublicense fee shall exclude certain fees paid to the Company such as certain royalties, equity investments, loan proceeds and sponsored research funding. The Company shall also pay GW milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $90,000 and sales-based royalties at a low single digit percentage, subject to certain minimum royalty requirements. In addition, during each Option Exercise Period and Renewal Period (as defined in the Research Option Agreement) the Company shall pay GW, on a quarterly basis, for all costs and expenses related to the Licensed Patents.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

On August 7, 2020 (the “GW Effective Date”), the Company entered into a Patent License Agreement (the “GW Patent License Agreement”) with the GW. Pursuant to the GW Patent License Agreement, GW granted the Company an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to certain intellectual property that can be used to develop a device designed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, the GW Patent License Agreement permits the Company to make, have made, use, import, offer for sale and sell Licensed Products (as defined in the GW Patent License Agreement) in the field of virus sensing and detection. The GW Patent License Agreement shall commence on the GW Effective Date and shall continue until the later of: (a) the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned of the Patent Rights (as defined in the GW Patent License Agreement); or (b) ten years after the first Sale (as defined in the GW Patent License Agreement) of the first Licensed Product if no patent has issued from the Patent Rights, unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Pursuant to the GW Patent License Agreement, the Company shall pay GW: (i) an upfront license initiation fee, (ii) annual maintenance fees commencing on the first anniversary of the GW Effective Date, (iii) milestone payments ranging from the low to mid five figures, (iv) running royalty payments at a middle single digit percentage of Net Sales (as defined in the GW License Agreement), (iv) quarterly minimum payments ranging from the low four figures for the first four quarters after the first sale to low five figures commencing three years after the first sale and (v) an annual diligence fee of high five figures. In addition, the Company has agreed to reimburse GW for certain past and future patent filing and prosecution costs.

On September 17, 2020, the Company entered into a Sponsored Research Agreement (the “Agreement”) with GW effective as of September 1, 2020 (the “Agreement Effective Date”). The Agreement relates to the development of a diagnostic device for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 via a mobile device as an aid in the diagnosis of the COVID-19 infection. The Agreement commences on the Agreement Effective Date and terminates on July 31, 2021 unless such term is extended or terminated by the parties. Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company shall pay GW up to a mid-six figure fee for all research costs.

During the year ended December 31, 2020 the Company paid $10,000 for license initiation fee, $10,000 for option exercise fee and approximately $15,000 patent related expense. The Company also recorded an expense of approximately $134,000 related with warrants granted to GW pursuant to Patent License Agreement.

University of Maryland and Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

On March 8, 2019, the Company entered into a commercial evaluation sublicense and option agreement (the “Commercial Evaluation Sublicense and Option Agreement”) with the University of Maryland, Baltimore (“UMB”) and Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Isoprene”). Pursuant to the agreement, the Company paid an initial option and material access fee of $5,000 to UMB and $5,000 to Isoprene. In the event that Isoprene enters into a master license agreement with UMB (the “MLA”), UMB shall permit Isoprene to grant an exclusive option to the Company to negotiate and obtain an exclusive sublicensable, worldwide royalty-bearing license to the subject technology (the “Isoprene-Hoth Option”); provided, however, in the event Isoprene does not enter into the MLA, UMB may grant the Company an option to negotiate and obtain an exclusive sublicensable, worldwide royalty-bearing license to the subject technology (the “UMB-Hoth Option”). If the Company exercises the Isoprene-Hoth Option, it shall pay Isoprene an option exercise fee of $20,000. If the Company exercises the UMB-Hoth Option, it shall pay UMB an option exercise fee of $20,000.

On July 30, 2020 (the “Isoprene Effective Date”), the Company entered into a Sublicense Agreement (the “Isoprene Sublicense Agreement”) with Isoprene pursuant to the Commercial Evaluation Sublicense and Option Agreement. Pursuant to the Isoprene Sublicense Agreement, Isoprene granted the Company an exclusive sublicense to certain intellectual property (i) to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell and import certain licensed products, (ii) in connection therewith, to use certain inventions and licensed materials and (iii) to practice the Patent Rights (as defined in the Isoprene Sublicense Agreement) for the treatment of dermatological conditions or diseases. The Isoprene Sublicense Agreement will continue on a country-by-country basis until the expiration of the last to expire of the Patent Rights in such country, unless earlier terminated pursuant to the Isoprene Sublicense Agreement (the “Isoprene Term”). Pursuant to the Isoprene Sublicense Agreement, the Company shall pay Isoprene, among other things, (i) a license fee, (ii) a royalty rate at a middle single digit percentage, (iii) milestone payments of up to $1,375,000 and (iv) revenue interest at a low single digit percentage based on the net revenue of covered products sold by Isoprene during the Isoprene Term.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In March 2019, the Company recorded an expense of an aggregate of $10,000 for the initial option and materials access fee. During the year ended 2020, the Company paid a total of $30,000 for the license fee. At December 31, 2020, the Company accrued a $5,000 for an upfront license payment.

On December 2, 2020, Hoth Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into an option agreement (the “Option Agreement”) with Isoprene Pharmaceutics, Inc. (“Isoprene”), pursuant to which the Company will have an exclusive option, until June 2, 2021, to negotiate an exclusive, royalty-bearing and limited term license with respect to certain previously sublicensed intellectual property for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. This Option Agreement is based upon, and potentially expands, the fields of use in which the Company can license certain Isoprene intellectual property that is the subject of the Company’s existing Sublicense Agreement, dated July 30, 2020, with Isoprene, and the Master License Agreement, dated July 8, 2020, by and between Isoprene and the University of Maryland, Baltimore.

During the year ended December 31, 2020 the Company paid $10,000 for license fee and $20,000 for the option exercise fee. As of December 31, 2020, the Company accrued a $5,000 for an upfront license payment.

North Carolina State University

On November 20, 2019 (the “NC State Effective Date”), the Company entered into a license agreement with North Carolina State University (“NC State”) pursuant to which NC State granted the Company an exclusive license to, among other things, develop, make, use, offer and sell certain licensed products throughout the world with respect to HT-004 for treating allergic diseases. The term of the license agreement shall commence on the NC State Effective Date and shall continue until the date of the expiration of the last to expire patent right granted pursuant to the license agreement unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the license agreement, the Company paid NC State a one-time license fee $25,000 and is also required to pay (i) sales-based royalties at a low single digit percentage, (ii) minimum royalties ranging from $0 to $50,000 and (iii) milestone payments of up to $585,000.

University of Cincinnati

On May 18, 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with the University of Cincinnati for a patented, novel genetic marker for food allergies. The genetic marker licensed by the Company from the University of Cincinnati may be used to (i) identify at risk infants in predicting food allergies, including peanut and milk allergies, (ii) identify a person’s predisposition to an allergic reaction, thereby avoiding such reaction and (iii) determine an individual’s propensity to develop atopic dermatitis, such as eczema. The Company intends to utilize the genetic marker for purposes of determining an individual’s propensity to develop eczema as well as to identify and treat allergies in at-risk infants.

Pursuant to the terms of the exclusive license agreement, the Company paid the University of Cincinnati a minimum annual royalty fee of $5,000 and has agreed to pay the University of Cincinnati an annual license fee of $5,000 initially due and payable within 30 days of the one year anniversary of the exclusive license agreement and every year thereafter and milestone payments of up to $120,000. The exclusive license agreement will continue until the later of (i) the date upon which a valid claim pursuant to the terms of the exclusive license agreement expires or (ii) ten years after the first commercial sale or unless earlier terminated pursuant to the terms of the exclusive license agreement.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company paid a total of $2,500 for the annual license maintenance fee, $5,000 for the yearly minimum annual royalty fee and approximately $2,000 for patent expense reimbursement. As of December 31, 2020, the Company accrued a $17,500 for an upfront license payment.

U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command

On December 11, 2020, the Company entered into a commercial evaluation license agreement with U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (“USAMRDC”). This agreement was amended on January 12, 2021 to clarify that the license entered into is with Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, a subsidiary of USAMRDC.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company accrued a $2,000 for an upfront license payment.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Virginia Commonwealth University

On May 18, 2020 (the “VCU Effective Date”), the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “VCU License Agreement”) with the Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation (“VCU”). Pursuant to the VCU License Agreement, VCU granted the Company an exclusive, royalty bearing license to a novel peptide developed by researchers at VCU that may be used to slow the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (the “VCU Licensed Patent”) and a non-exclusive royalty bearing, worldwide license with respect to the Licensed Technical Information Patents (as defined in the VCU License Agreement) to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell and import the Licensed Products (as defined in the VCU License Agreement) and perform the Licensed Services (as defined in the VCU License Agreement). The VCU License Agreement commenced on the VCU Effective Date and shall continue until the expiration of the last to expire VCU Licensed Patent unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Pursuant to the VCU License Agreement, the Company shall pay VCU: (i) an upfront license issue fee, (ii) running royalty payments at a low single digit percentage of Net Sales (as defined in the VCU License Agreement), (iii) annual maintenance fees commencing on the first anniversary of the VCU Effective Date, (iv) annual minimum payments ranging from the mid five figures to low six figures commencing on the second anniversary of the VCU Effective Date and (v) milestone payments ranging from the mid five figures to low six figures. In addition, the Company has agreed to reimburse VCU for certain patent filing and prosecution costs.

On June 29, 2020, the Company entered into a Sponsored Project Agreement (the “VCU Sponsored Project Agreement”) with VCU for the development of a potential COVID-19 treatment using the license to a novel peptide granted to the Company by VCU. The VCU Sponsored Project Agreement shall terminate on January 9, 2021, unless earlier terminated pursuant to the terms thereof.

In May 2020, the Company paid the signing fee of $50,000 upon execution of the VCU License Agreement. The Company also accrued $285,000 for five years of annual minimum payments and $30,000 for annual maintenance fees.

Zylö Therapeutics Inc.

On August 19, 2019 (the “Zylö Effective Date”), the Company entered into an exclusive sublicense agreement (the “Sublicense Agreement”) with Zylö Therapeutics, Inc. (“Zylö”) pursuant to which Zylö granted to the Company an exclusive sublicense to the Licensed Patent Rights (as defined in the Sublicense Agreement) and the Licensed Technology (as defined in the Sublicense Agreement) to, among other things, develop, make and sell the Licensed Products (as defined in the Sublicense Agreement) and to practice the Licensed Technology in the United States and Canada for any and all uses within the Field. “Field” means all therapeutic uses related to lupus in human beings, subject to the Field Expansion Rights (as defined in the Sublicense Agreement). The term of the Sublicense Agreement shall commence on the Zylö Effective Date and shall continue until the latest of (i) ten years from the date of First Commercial Sale (as defined in the Sublicense Agreement) of the Licensed Product in such country and (ii) expiration of the last to expire Valid Claim (as defined in the Sublicense Agreement) of the Licensed Patent Rights that would be infringed by the composition, use or sale of such Licensed Product in such country. Pursuant to the terms of the Sublicense Agreement, the Company and Zylö shall establish a joint development committee to plan, review, coordinate and oversee the Company’s development activities with respect to the Licensed Products in the Field. Pursuant to the Sublicense Agreement, the Company paid Zylö an upfront license fee of $50,000 and is required to pay Zylö (i) sales-based royalties at percentages which range from high single digits to low double digits, with low sales volumes being subject to lower royalty rates; and (ii) total milestone payments of up to $13.5 million. In addition, in connection with the Company’s March 2020 underwritten public offering of shares of its common stock, on May 4, 2020, the Company purchased 30,000 shares of Zylö’s Class B common stock for $60,000. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-01 concerning recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. In adopting this new guidance, the Company has made an accounting policy election to adopt an adjusted cost method measurement alternative for its investment in Zylö.

Note 4—Note Receivable

Pursuant to Isoprene Sublicense Agreement dated July 30, 2020, the Company made an investment of $50,000 in Isoprene in the form of a convertible promissory note (the “Isoprene Note”) on September 10, 2020. The Isoprene Note matures on September 10, 2022 and accrues interest at a rate equal to the lower of: (i) the highest lawful rate permitted under applicable law and (ii) 6% per annum. The Isoprene Note may not be prepaid without the prior written consent of the Company. In the event a Qualified Financing (as defined below) occurs before the Isoprene Note is repaid in full or the conversion of such note pursuant to a Change of Control (as defined in the Isoprene Note) transaction, the Isoprene Note may be converted into such number of convertible preferred stock issued in the Qualified Financing equal to the balance of such note divided by the Capped Conversion Price (as defined below). “Qualified Financing” means the first sale of Isoprene’s convertible preferred in a private financing that results in gross proceeds of at least $5 million. “Capped Conversion Price” means the lesser of (i) the per share or unit price in the Qualified Financing and (ii) an amount determined by dividing (A) $15 million by (B) the fully diluted capitalization Isoprene immediately prior to the conversion of the Isoprene Note. In the event a Change of Control occurs before the Isoprene Note is repaid in full or the conversion of such note pursuant to a Qualified Financing, the Isoprene Note may be converted into such number of shares of Isoprene’s common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the balance of the Isoprene Note by (ii) two times the fair market value of a share of Isoprene common stock as set for in the acquisition agreement pertaining to such Change of Control.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 5—Related Party

A former director of the Company, is also the Executive Chairman of Chelexa. During the year ended December 31, 2020, that director received $22,500 in cash compensation for services provided as a member of the Company’s board of directors. On September 30, 2020, this director resigned as a member of the Company’s board of directors. Options issued to him expired on December 30, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2019, that director received $30,000 in cash compensation for services provided as a board member and $5,000 cash compensation for his services as a member of the Company’s Scientific Advisory Board. The Company also granted him options to purchase up to 35,000 of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Company’s 2018 Equity Incentive Plan.

A former director of the Company, is also the Chief Executive Officer, Principal Accounting and Financial Officer and a member of the board of directors of AIkido Pharma Inc. During the year ended December 31, 2020, that director received $8,736 in cash compensation for services provided as a member of the Company’s board of directors. On April 15, 2020, this director resigned as a member of the Company’s board of directors. Options issued to him expired on July 15, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2019, that director received $30,000 in cash compensation for services provided as a board member. The Company also granted such director options to purchase up to 35,000 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Company’s 2018 Equity Incentive Plan.

Note 6—Investments in Marketable Securities

The realized gain or loss, unrealized gain or loss, and dividend income related to marketable securities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, which are recorded as a component of other income (expenses) on the consolidated statements of operations, are as follows:

Note 7—Investment in HaloVax

On March 23, 2020, the Company entered into a Development and Royalty Agreement (the “Development and Royalty Agreement”) with Voltron Therapeutics, Inc. (“Voltron”) to form a joint venture entity named HaloVax, LLC (“HaloVax”) to jointly develop potential product candidates for the prevention of COVID-19 based upon certain technology that had been exclusively licensed by Voltron from The General Hospital Corporation (d/b/a Massachusetts General Hospital). Pursuant to the Development and Royalty Agreement, the Company is entitled to receive sales-based royalties. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Development and Royalty Agreement, on March 23, 2020, the Company and HaloVax entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement pursuant to which the Company purchased 5% of HaloVax’s outstanding membership interests for $250,000 on March 27, 2020 (the “Initial Closing Date”) and had the option to purchase up to an additional 25% of HaloVax’s membership interests (for $3,000,000 (inclusive of the $250,000)), which option expired 30 days after the Initial Closing Date. On May 28, 2020, the Company entered into a membership interest purchase agreement to purchase 1% of HaloVax’s outstanding membership interest for a purchase price of $100,000. The Company accounts for the foregoing investments under the equity method. There was no significant change in HaloVax’s operations from March 23, 2020 to December 31, 2020.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. This preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, and shall have such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof as shall be determined at the time of issuance by the Company’s board of directors without further action by the Company’s shareholders. As of December 31, 2020, 5,000,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock has been designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of which 3,102,480 shares which were previously issued were converted into common stock at the time of the Company’s IPO.

The shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are not mandatorily redeemable and do not embody an unconditional obligation to settle in a variable number of equity shares. As such, the shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are classified as permanent equity on the balance sheets. The holders’ contingent redemption right in the event of certain deemed liquidation events does not preclude permanent equity classification. Further, the shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are considered an equity-like host for purposes of assessing embedded derivative features for potential bifurcation. The embedded conversion feature is considered to be clearly and closely related to the associated convertible preferred stock host instrument and therefore was not bifurcated from the equity host.

Common Shares

On February 15, 2019, the Company announced the pricing of its IPO of 1,250,000 shares of its common stock at an initial offering price to the public of $5.60 per share. The Company issued an aggregate of 1,250,000 shares of common stock and received net proceeds of $5.8 million from the IPO.

On January 15, 2020, pursuant to the termination and general release agreement between the Company and FON Consulting LLC dated January 7, 2020, 15,000 of the shares of common stock originally issued to FON Consulting LLC were cancelled.

On February 5, 2020, the Company issued 12,500 shares of common stock upon exercise of warrants issued to an investor on January 19, 2018, which resulted in gross proceeds of $12,500.

On March 6, 2020, the Company issued 25,000 shares of common stock upon exercise of warrants issued to an investor on December 14, 2017, which resulted in gross proceeds of $25,000.

On May 18, 2020, the Company issued 6,250 shares of common stock upon exercise of warrants issued to an investor on February 2, 2018, which resulted in gross proceeds of $6,250.

On June 3, 2020, the Company issued 12,500 shares of common stock upon exercise of warrants issued to an investor on November 20, 2017, which resulted in gross proceeds of $12,500.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued an aggregate of 9,984 shares of the Company’s common stock to members of the Company’s Board for services rendered.

Public Offering of Securities

On March 24, 2020 (the “UA Effective Date”), the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Laidlaw & Company (UK) Ltd. (“Laidlaw”), the representative of the underwriters, relating to a best efforts underwritten public offering of 1,449,275 shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s common stock at a public offering price of $3.45 per Share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $4.2 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses.

In connection with the offering, on March 26, 2020, the Company issued Laidlaw warrants to purchase up to 72,464 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from the UA Effective Date at a price per share equal to $4.14, subject to adjustment, and may be exercised on a cashless basis. The Company reimbursed Laidlaw for certain of its out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the offering.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

On May 21, 2020, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with The Benchmark Company, LLC (“Benchmark”), as representative of the several underwriters, relating to the public offering of 1,818,182 shares of the Company’s common stock at a price to the public of $2.75 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $4.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses.

In connection with the offering, on May 27, 2020 (the “Benchmark Issue Date”), the Company issued Benchmark warrants to purchase up to 90,909 shares of the Company’s common stock. The warrants are exercisable for a period of five years commencing six months from the Benchmark Issue Date at a price per share equal to $2.75, subject to adjustment, and may be exercised on a cashless basis.

Private Placement of Securities

On August 16, 2019 (the “Closing Date”), the Company entered into subscription agreements (the “Subscription Agreements”) and unit purchase agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) with certain accredited investors (the “Investors”) pursuant to which it sold units (the “Units”) for aggregate gross proceeds of $2,037,120,   exclusive of placement agent commission and fees and offering and transaction expenses (the “Offering”). Each Unit was sold at an offering price of $5.00 per Unit and consisted of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock and (ii) a warrant (the “2019 Warrant”) to purchase one-half share of common stock.

Each Warrant is exercisable for a period of two years beginning six months from the Closing Date at an exercise price of $8.00 per whole share, subject to adjustment. The Company is prohibited from effecting an exercise of the Warrant to the extent that, as a result of such exercise, the holder together with the holder’s affiliates, would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock upon exercise of the Warrant, which beneficial ownership limitation may be increased by the holder up to, but not exceeding, 9.99%.

In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Offering, the Company issued Laidlaw warrants (the “Placement Agent Warrants”) to purchase up to 61,113 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from the Closing Date (the “Initial Exercise Date”) at an exercise price of $5.00 per share, subject to adjustment. The Warrants may be exercised at any time after the Initial Exercise Date on a cashless basis and contain piggy-back registration rights.

Pursuant to the Offering, the Company received $1.6 million in net proceeds from the issuance of 407,424 Units.

The Company has determined that the 2019 Warrants should be accounted as a component of stockholders’ equity. For the 2019 Warrants issued on August 16, 2019, the Company estimated the relative fair value of the warrants at $0.8 million using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following primary assumptions: fair value of common stock underlying the warrants ranges from $2.55 to $4.33, expected life ranges from 2.0 to 5.0 years, volatility rate ranges from 107.30% to 110.08%, risk-free interest rate ranges from 1.42% to 1.48% and expected dividend rate of 0%.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) was adopted by the Company’s board of directors on May 4, 2018 and by its shareholders on May 4, 2018. The Company has reserved 1,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to the 2018 Plan.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Restricted Stock Awards

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock awards granted under the 2018 Plan during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

As of December 31, 2020, approximately $9,000 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards. The weighted average remaining contractual terms of unvested restricted stock awards is approximately 1.9 years at December 31, 2020.

Stock Options

The fair value of options granted in 2020 and 2019 was estimated using the following assumptions:

A summary of option activity under the Company’s stock option plan for years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is presented below:

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Stock Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $0.7 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and comprised of the following:

Employee and director related stock-based compensation was included in compensation and related expenses, and non-employee related stock-based compensation was included in professional fees on the consolidated statements of operations.

Warrants

Pursuant to the Patent License Agreement between the Company and GW dated February 1, 2020, on February 27, 2020 (the “February Warrant Date of Issuance”), the Company issued GW ten year warrants (the “February Warrants”) to purchase up to 22,988 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $4.35 per share. The February Warrants vest as follows: 20% on the February Warrant Date of Issuance and the balance, or 80% of the February Warrants, vest in four equal annual installments of 20% on each anniversary of the February Warrant Date of Issuance.

Pursuant to the GW Patent License Agreement between the Company and GW dated August 7, 2020, on August 10, 2020 (the “August Warrant Date of Issuance”), the Company issued GW ten year warrants (the “August Warrants”) to purchase up to 72,463 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.76 per share. The August Warrants vest as follows: 20% on the August Warrant Date of Issuance and the balance, or 80% of the August Warrants, shall vest in four equal annual installments of 20% on each anniversary of the August Warrant Date of Issuance.

In connection with the public offering of securities discussed above, the Company granted to Laidlaw and Benchmark warrants to purchase up to 72,464 and 90,909 shares of the Company’s common stock, respectively.

A summary of warrant activity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is presented below:

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 9—Commitments and contingencies

Office lease

The Company leases office space for approximately $2,500 a month. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $25,000 and $32,000, respectively. The Company is not a party to a lease that is in excess of 12 months.

Litigation

The Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings and is not aware of any pending or threatened claims. From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities.

Note 10—Income taxes

The table below presents the components of the provision for taxes:

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the tax effects of the temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets consist of the following:

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

A reconciliation of the statutory income tax rates and the Company’s effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

The Company has determined, based upon available evidence, that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will not be realized and, accordingly, has provided a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $15.9 million available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for Federal and state income tax purposes. Approximately $1.5 million of Federal net operating losses can be carried forward to future tax years and expire in 2037. The Federal net operating loss generated during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 of approximately $14.4 million can be carried forward indefinitely. However, the deduction for net operating losses incurred in tax years beginning after January 1, 2018 is limited to 80% of annual taxable income.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not have any significant uncertain tax positions. The Company will recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and no amounts have been recognized in the Company’s statement of operations. The Company does not anticipate a material change to unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.

All of the Company’s tax years will remain open for examination by the Federal and state tax authorities from the date of utilization of the net operating loss.

Note 10—Risk and Uncertainties

The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) evolved into a global pandemic. The Coronavirus has spread to many regions of the world. The extent to which the Coronavirus impacts the Company’s business and operating results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the Coronavirus and the actions to contain the Coronavirus or treat its impact, among others.

As a result of the continuing spread of the Coronavirus, certain aspects of the Company’s business operations have been delayed, and the Company may be subject to additional delays or interruptions. Specifically, as a result of the shelter-in-place orders and other mandated local travel restrictions, among other things, the research and development activities of certain of the Company’s partners may be affected, which may result in delays to the Company’s clinical trials, and the Company can provide no assurance as to when such trials, if delayed, will resume at this time or the revised timeline to complete trials once resumed.

Furthermore, site initiation, participant recruitment and enrollment, participant dosing, distribution of clinical trial materials, study monitoring and data analysis may be paused or delayed due to changes in hospital or university policies, federal, state or local regulations, prioritization of hospital resources toward pandemic efforts, or other reasons related to the pandemic. If the Coronavirus continues to spread, some participants and clinical investigators may not be able to comply with clinical trial protocols. For example, quarantines or other travel limitations (whether voluntary or required) may impede participant movement, affect sponsor access to study sites, or interrupt healthcare services, and the Company may be unable to conduct its clinical trials. Further, if the spread of the Coronavirus pandemic continues and the Company’s operations are adversely impacted, the Company risks a delay, default and/or nonperformance under existing agreements which may increase its costs. These cost increases may not be fully recoverable or adequately covered by insurance.

Hoth Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Infections and deaths related to the pandemic may disrupt the United States’ healthcare and healthcare regulatory systems. Such disruptions could divert healthcare resources away from, or materially delay FDA review and/or approval with respect to, the Company’s clinical trials. It is unknown how long these disruptions could continue, were they to occur. Any elongation or de-prioritization of the Company’s clinical trials or delay in regulatory review resulting from such disruptions could materially affect the development and study of the Company’s product candidates.

The Company currently utilizes third parties to, among other things, manufacture raw materials. If any third-party party in the supply chain for materials used in the production of the Company’s product candidates are adversely impacted by restrictions resulting from the Coronavirus outbreak, the Company’s supply chain may be disrupted, limiting the Company’s ability to manufacture its product candidates for its clinical trials and research and development.

The spread of the Coronavirus, which has caused a broad impact globally, including restrictions on travel and quarantine policies put into place by businesses and governments, may have a material economic effect on the Company’s business. While the potential economic impact brought by and the duration of the pandemic may be difficult to assess or predict, it has already caused, and is likely to result in further, significant disruption of global financial markets, which may reduce our ability to access capital either at all or on favorable terms. In addition, a recession, depression or other sustained adverse market event resulting from the spread of the Coronavirus could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business and the value of its common stock.

The ultimate impact of the current pandemic, or any other health epidemic, is highly uncertain and subject to change. The Company does not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on its business, its clinical trials, its research programs, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on the Company’s operations, and the Company will continue to monitor the situation closely.

Note 12—Subsequent Events

The compensation committee of the board of directors increased the number of shares reserved pursuant to the Company’s 2018 Plan by 671,926 shares effective as of January 1, 2021 such that as of January 1, 2021, the Company had an aggregate of 1,671,926 shares of common stock reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2018 Plan.

On January 5, 2021, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors identified on the signature pages thereto (the “Purchasers”) pursuant to which the Company offered and sold to the Purchasers an aggregate of 2,475,248 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase up to 1,237,624 shares of common stock in a private placement for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $5 million, before deducting estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The combined purchase price for each share of common stock and accompanying warrant to purchase 0.5 of a share of common stock was $2.02. The closing of the offering occurred on January 7, 2021.Each warrant is immediately exercisable for a period of five years at an exercise price of $2.25 per Warrant Share, subject to adjustment, and may be exercised on a cashless basis. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the offering, the Company issued Benchmark Company, LLC warrants to purchase up to 185,644 shares of common stock. Benchmark’s warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from the closing date of the offering at an exercise price of $2.25 per share, subject to adjustment.

On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license with NC State pursuant to which NC State granted the Company an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license to certain intellectual property to, among other things, discover, develop, make, have made, use and sell certain licensed products and sell, use and practice certain licensed services with respect to cancer and anaphylaxis.

On March 8, 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional and accredited investors pursuant to which it offered and sold to the purchaser 6,826,962 shares of common stock, pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 767,975 shares of common stock and warrants (the “Common Stock Warrants”) to purchase up to 7,594,937 shares of common stock. in a private placement for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $15 million, before deducting estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The combined purchase price for each share of common stock and accompanying warrant was $1.975. The closing of the offering occurred on March 10, 2021. Each warrant is immediately exercisable for a period of five years at an exercise price of $2.25 per warrant share, subject to adjustment, and may be exercised on a cashless basis. Each Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable until exercised in full at an exercise price of $0.001 per share and may be exercised by means of a cashless exercise. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the offering, the Company issued H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC warrants to purchase up to 379,747 shares of common stock. The warrants are exercisable for a period of three years from the issuance date at an exercise price of $2.4688 per share, subject to adjustment and may be exercised by means of a cashless exercise.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls

Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of the Company’s “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2020, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective such that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

As of December 31, 2020, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework - 2013. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on such criteria.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the exemption provided to issuers that are not “large accelerated filers” nor “accelerated filers” under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The following table sets forth the name, age and positions of our executive officers and directors.

The business background and certain other information about our directors and executive officers is set forth below.

Robb Knie

Robb Knie has served as President and Chief Executive Officer and as a director of the Company since May 2017 and served as our principal financial and accounting officer from June 2018 until March 2019. Since October 15, 2020, Mr. Knie has served as the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and chairman of the board of directors of FoxWayne Enterprises Acquisition Corp. (Nasdaq: FOXW). Mr. Knie served as the President of Lifeline Industries Inc. since its inception in 1995. From 2002 to 2010 he was a Semiconductor Analyst for PAW Partners. From 1993 until 1995, Mr. Knie served as Northeast Regional Manager of American Express Financial Advisors. Mr. Knie has served as a board member for Nasdaq-listed companies. He has been featured on Bloomberg, The Wall Street Journal and Forbes Magazine as an Independent Equity Analyst. Mr. Knie has over 20 years of equity markets experience. Mr. Knie has been a member of the American Chemical Society, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, as well as The National Alliance for Youth Sports. We believe that Mr. Knie is qualified to serve as a director because of his business and leadership experience and experience as a board member of public companies in the healthcare industry.

David Briones

David Briones has served as Chief Financial Officer of the Company since March 2019 and has over nineteen years of public accounting and executive level experience. He consults with various public companies in financial reporting, internal control development and evaluation, budgeting and forecasting. Since May 2018, Mr. Briones has served as Executive Chair of Zovis Pharmaceuticals, and since October 2010, he has served as the managing member and founder of Brio Financial Group, LLC, a financial reporting consulting firm. In addition, since August 2013, Mr. Briones shas served as Chief Financial Officer of Petro River Oil Corp., an independent energy company focused on the exploration and development of conventional oil and gas assets. Mr. Briones also served as interim Chief Financial Officer of AdiTx Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: ADTX), a pre-clinical stage, life sciences company with a mission to prolong life and enhance life quality of transplanted patients from January 2018 to July 2020. From October 2017 to May 2018, Mr. Briones served as the Chief Financial Officer of Bitzumi, Inc., a Bitcoin exchange and marketplace. Prior to founding Brio Financial Group, LLC, Mr. Briones was an auditor with Bartolomei Pucciarelli, LLC in Lawrenceville, New Jersey and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in New York, New York. Since May 2020, Mr. Briones has served as a member of the board of directors of Unique Logistics International Inc (OTC Pink: UNQL). Mr. Briones received a bachelors of science degree in accounting from Fairfield University.

Stefanie Johns

Stefanie Johns has served as Chief Scientific Officer of the Company since September 2020. Prior to serving as our Chief Scientific Officer, from February 2019 to September 2020, Dr. Johns served as a member of the Company’s Scientific Advisory Board, and from May 2020 to September 2020, she served as a consultant of the Company. In addition, Dr. Johns has worked in the biopharmaceutical and medical device industries for more than eight years, and has experience spanning drug, biologic, medical device, and in vitro diagnostic device products in US and global markets. From January to September 2020, Dr. Johns served as Director, Regulatory Affairs of Enable Injections, Inc., and from January 2019 until January 2020, she served as Associate Director, Regulatory Affairs of Enable Injections, Inc., an investigational-stage company developing and manufacturing on-body subcutaneous infusion delivery systems. From December 2018 until August 2018, Dr. Johns served as Manager, Regulatory Strategy of Camargo Pharmaceutical Services, LLC (“Camargo”) and from July 2016 until August 2018, she served as Scientific Regulator Specialist of Camargo, a company specializing in complex drug development programs. From June 2013 through June 2016, Dr. Johns served as Regulatory Affairs and Design Assurance Associate of Meridian Bioscience Inc., a producer and distributor of diagnostic test kits. In addition, Dr. Johns previously served as Program Manager, Xavier Health Initiatives for Xavier University and a Graduate Research Assistant for the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Johns received her bachelors of science degree in biological sciences from Wright State University and her Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.

Wayne Linsley

Wayne D. Linsley has served as a director of the Company since April 2020. Since September 2014, Mr. Linsley has served as the Vice President of Operations of CFO Oncall, Inc., and from 2011 to 2014 he served as the Director of Operations of CFO Oncall, Inc., a company that provides financial management and CFO services. Prior to CFO Oncall, Inc., Mr. Linsley served as the Managing Member of Flagship Advisory & Management Group, LLC, a management consulting firm, from 2010 to 2011. In addition, since 2019, Mr. Linsley has served as the Chief Executive Officer and sole owner of Executive Outsource Group, Inc., a company that provides financial reporting services. Mr. Linsley has served in various other capacities including Alternate Channels Manager of Mettel; Director of Channel Sales of Impsat, USA; National Accounts Manager of Venali, Inc; and Director of Sales of Broadview Networks. Since January 2020, Mr. Linsley has served as a member of the board of directors of Silo Pharma, Inc. (OTCQB: SILO). Mr. Linsley received his bachelor of business administration degree in accounting/business administration from Siena College. We believe Mr. Linsley is qualified to serve as a member of the Board because he has over forty years of business management experience including accounting, audit support and financial reporting.

Vadim Mats

Vadim Mats has served as a director of the Company since May 2017. Since March 2018, Mr. Mats has served as the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer of Grand Private Equity, and since February 2018, he has served as the Founder and Managing Member of BESPOKECFO. From June 2010 to December 2016, Mr. Mats was Chief Financial Officer of Whalehaven Capital. Mr. Mats also served as the Assistant Controller at Eton Park Capital Management, LP, a multi-strategy fund, from July 2007 to December 2009. From June 2006 to July 2007, Mr. Mats was a Senior Fund Accountant at The Bank of New York Mellon (NYSE: BK), where he was responsible for over fifteen funds. From 2011 until March 2017, Mr. Mats served as Director and Chair of the Audit Committee of Wizard Entertainment Inc. (OTCQB: WIZD). Mr. Mats holds a master of science degree in accounting and finance and a bachelors degree in business administration specializing in finance and investments from the Zicklin School of Business at Bernard Baruch College. Further, Mr. Mats is a CAIA^© Charterholder and a Certified Public Accountant in the State of New York. We believe that Mr. Mats is qualified to serve as a director because of his experience as a board member of a public company and his knowledge with respect to finance, accounting, tax, and operations matters.

David B. Sarnoff

David Sarnoff has served as a director of the Company since August 2018. Since June 2015, Mr. Sarnoff has served as the founder and Principal of Sarnoff Group, LLC, and since January 2019, he has served as the Director of Strategic Partnerships and Executive Leadership Coach at Loeb Leadership. From October 2003 until June 2015, Mr. Sarnoff served as the co-founder and Principal of Morandi, Taub & Sarnoff LLC, an executive search firm, and from July 1998 until October 2003 he served as a Legal Recruiter for Schneider Legal Search, Inc. From August 1994 until July 1998, Mr. Sarnoff served as a litigation associate attorney at Wachtel Missry LLP (formerly known as Gold & Wachtel LLP). Since July 2018, Mr. Sarnoff has served as a member of the advisory committee of the New Jersey Association of School Resource Officers. From January 2015 until January 2018, Mr. Sarnoff served as board President of Fort Lee Board of Education and served as a board member from January 2013 through January 2019. In September of 2020, Mr. Sarnoff was appointed to a three year term on the Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Committee of the New York City Bar Association. Mr. Sarnoff received his Juris Doctor from Rutgers University School of Law and his bachelor of arts from Hofstra University. Mr. Sarnoff is admitted to the New York and New Jersey (retired status) state bars. Mr. Sarnoff is qualified to serve as a director because of his legal experience as well as his extensive experience in executive leadership and business development.

Graig Springer

Graig Springer has served as a director of the Company since February 2020. Since August 2020, Mr. Springer served as a consultant for Brookfield Asset Management in their legal and regulatory department. From May 2019 to August 2019, Mr. Springer assisted with product development and governance at Invesco U.S., an investment management company, and from December 2013 to May 2019, he served in various capacities at OppenheimerFunds, Inc., an investment management company acquired by Invesco U.S., including distribution compliance and product development. In addition, Mr. Springer served on the Sub-Adviser Oversight Committee at OppenheimerFunds, Inc. Mr. Springer received his bachelor of arts from Columbia University and his Juris Doctor from Fordham University School of Law. Mr. Springer also holds a Series 7 and a Series 24 license. Mr. Springer is qualified to serve as a director because of his fifteen years of experience within the financial services industry overseeing and advising firms’ compliance with federal rules and regulations.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

Arrangements between Officers and Directors

Except as set forth herein, to our knowledge, there is no arrangement or understanding between any of our officers or directors and any other person pursuant to which the officer or director was selected to serve as an officer or director.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

We are not aware of any of our directors or officers being involved in any legal proceedings in the past ten years relating to any matters in bankruptcy, insolvency, criminal proceedings (other than traffic and other minor offenses), or being subject to any of the items set forth under Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K.

Committees of Our Board of Directors

Our board of directors directs the management of our business and affairs, as provided by Nevada law, and conducts its business through meetings of the board of directors and its standing committees. We have a standing audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee. In addition, from time to time, special committees may be established under the direction of the board of directors when necessary to address specific issues.

Our board of directors has determined that all of the members of the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee are independent as defined under the applicable rules of The Nasdaq Capital Market, including, in the case of all of the members of our audit committee, the independence requirements contemplated by Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. In making such determination, the board of directors considered the relationships that each director has with our Company and all other facts and circumstances that the board of directors deemed relevant in determining director independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each director.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

Our audit committee consists of Wayne Linsley, David Sarnoff and Graig Springer, with Wayne Linsley serving as chair. Each member of our audit committee meets the financial literacy requirements of the Nasdaq rules. In addition, our board of directors has determined that Wayne Linsley qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as such term is defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K.

Our board of directors adopted a written charter for the audit committee, which is available on our principal corporate website at www.hoththerapeutics.com.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee is responsible for, among other things: