INNODATA INC - Annual Report: 2016 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

Commission file number 0-22196

INNODATA INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ¨   No þ

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ¨   No þ

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the past twelve months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  þ    No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers in response to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ¨   No þ

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based on the closing price reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market on June 30, 2016) was $59,244,244.

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, $.01 par value, as of March 10, 2017 was 25,623,832.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Items 10,11,12,13 and 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K.

INNODATA INC

Form 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

Disclosures in this Form 10-K contain certain forward-looking statements, including without limitation, statements concerning our operations, economic performance, and financial condition. These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “project,” “head start,” "believe," "expect," “should,” "anticipate," "indicate," "point to," “forecast,” “likely,” “goals,” “optimistic,” “foster,” “estimate” and other similar expressions generally identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates.

These forward-looking statements are based largely on our current expectations and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including without limitation, that contracts may be terminated by clients; projected or committed volumes of work may not materialize; our Innodata Advanced Data Solutions ("IADS") segment is a venture formed in 2011 that has incurred losses since inception and has recorded impairment charges for all of its fixed assets; we currently intend to continue to invest in IADS; the primarily at-will nature of contracts with our Digital Data Solutions clients and the ability of these clients to reduce, delay or cancel projects; continuing Digital Data Solutions segment revenue concentration in a limited number of clients; continuing Digital Data Solutions segment reliance on project-based work; inability to replace projects that are completed, canceled or reduced; our dependency on content providers in our Media Intelligence Solutions segment; difficulty in integrating and deriving synergies from acquisitions, joint venture and strategic investments; potential undiscovered liabilities of companies and businesses that we may acquire; depressed market conditions; changes in external market factors; the ability and willingness of our clients and prospective clients to execute business plans which give rise to requirements for our services; changes in our business or growth strategy; the emergence of new or growing competitors; various other competitive and technological factors; and other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and other risks and uncertainties set forth in “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K or indicated from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Our actual results could differ materially from the results referred to in the forward-looking statements. In light of these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurance that the results referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K will occur.

We undertake no obligation to update or review any guidance or other forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Item 1. Business.

Business Overview

Innodata (NASDAQ: INOD) is a global digital services and solutions company. Our technology and services power leading information products and online retail destinations around the world. Our solutions help prestigious enterprises harness the power of digital data to re-imagine how they operate and drive performance. We serve publishers, media and information companies, digital retailers, banks, insurance companies, government agencies and many other industries. Founded in 1988, we comprise a team of 5,000 diverse people in eight countries who are dedicated to delivering services and solutions that help the world embrace digital data as a means of enhancing our lives and transforming our businesses. ​​

The Company operates in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions (DDS), Innodata Advanced Data Solutions (IADS) and Media Intelligence Solutions (MIS).

Digital Data Solutions (DDS) Segment

Our DDS segment provides solutions to digital retailers, information services companies, publishers and enterprises that have one or more of the following broad business requirements: development of digital content (including e-books); development of new digital information products; and operational support of existing digital information products and systems. The DDS segment was formerly known as Content Services.

Many of our clients are driving or are responding to rapid and fundamental changes in the way end users discover, consume and create published information. For some of our publishing and information services clients, this means transforming information products from print to digital; for others, it means migrating already-digital products from web-only distribution to multiple-channel distribution that includes mobile and tablet devices and incorporates mobility, social platform and semantic search; and for others still, it means re-tooling pure search-based information products into workflow-embedded analytical tools that combine content with software to enable context-aware decision-making; and for a select number of our information services clients, it means embracing the content-as-a-service model to integrate content with other tools, applications and data. Each of these transformations requires shifts in products, as well as the technology and the operations that support them.

For our enterprise publishing clients, changes in the way end users discover, consume and create published information often necessitates replacing old processes and technologies that generated static, whole documents with new processes and technologies that enable content to reside as modular components which are re-combined dynamically to create up-to-date, product-specific assembly guides, engineering diagrams/schematics, compliance documentation, field operations guides and clinical documentation destined for simultaneous access on the web, from PCs, tablets and smartphones.

By blending consulting, technology and operations sourcing with deep domain expertise, we provide measurable outcomes for publishing companies, information services companies and enterprises through business transformation, accelerating innovation and efficient operations.

Information Product Development

We help our clients develop high-value information products. Our clients include four of the ten largest information industry companies in the world, spanning financial, legal, healthcare and scientific information. Information and publishing is a $1.5 trillion industry consisting of more than 7,000 publishers, information providers and software service firms worldwide. Many of our clients specialize in the scientific, technical and medical (STM) segment (estimated revenues of $125.8 billion) and the legal and regulatory (L&R) segment (estimated revenues of $22 billion)¹.

¹ Outsell Inc. (October 5, 2016). “Information Industry Outlook 2016 – All Data, Nothing But Data.”

Both STM and L&R publishers make some or all of their revenues from the sale of information products created from the primary and secondary data produced by professionals and researchers (in the case of STM) or courts, legislatures, administrative bodies and rule-making institutions (in the case of L&R).

We enable our clients to rapidly develop new digital products without direct investments in staff, facilities and technology. We embrace agile development methodologies that provide the benefits of early solution visualization and an iterative development process that spans content, technology and user interface development. We use a combination of onsite project management, onshore solutions architecture and offshore globally distributed teams of developers, analysts and subject-matter experts.

For example, a leading legal publisher sought to develop a new digital product that would provide lawyers and compliance officers a workflow tool for rule checking, rapid research and fact checking. The new digital tool needed to be accessible via laptops, smart phones and tablet devices. Moreover, it needed to be updated daily to maintain pace with rapid regulatory developments (it was destined to replace a printed loose leaf series that was updated only monthly). Our technology architects, developers and content analysts designed and implemented the new digital tool within budget and on schedule. Using the new digital tool, lawyers and compliance officers can now confidently react faster to their clients’ increased regulatory burdens with up-to-date information.

For another leading global publisher, we developed an eReader application designed specifically for complex professional reference material. The publisher saw an opportunity to increase sales by re-publishing its printed reference works as e-books, but was unable to market them as e-books because existing eReader applications were built for simple fiction and trade books. We developed an eReader application for the client that changed this – it enabled advanced search, linking and cross-references to external sources, subscriber annotations, frequent textual updates and a host of other functions the publisher required in order to distribute its complex reference books as e-books over the iPad^® as well as Android^® and Windows-enabled mobile devices.

Operational Support

We help our clients significantly lower the cost of maintaining their high-value information products, applications and systems. Clients for which we perform such services include five of the top ten leading legal, tax and regulatory information providers, three of the top ten credit and financial information providers, and four of the top ten scientific, technical and medical information providers. Relative to information products, our focus is on the underlying “content supply chain” activities that are necessary to maintain the product. These activities often include content aggregation; extraction; encoding; indexing and abstracting; fabrication; and distribution. We deliver these activities on an outsourced basis.

For example, for an $8 billion leading provider of financial and news information, we aggregate public source documentation from a variety of government agencies, which we transform, analyze and extract in order to support a real-time, high-value information product.

For a leading wholesale textbook distributor, we provided support and maintenance for its digital book platform, including its customizable bookshelf and eReader applications and its conversion and fulfillment processes.

Digital Content Supply Chain Strategy

We work with clients at a strategic business and technology level to address business process and technology challenges related to digital content supply chain optimization and strategy. By aligning operations and technology with business goals, we help businesses accelerate new product development and introduction; control cost; consolidate and leverage technology investment; and obtain benefits of scale.

For a multinational information services company, we worked in conjunction with the client’s internal teams to design new content architectures and implement new content technologies that enabled the client to migrate its operations away from process and technologies designed primarily for print output to new processes and technologies that were designed around the nature of the content itself and supported multiple simultaneous delivery channels.

A global information company had acquired two businesses that each collected, processed and managed some of the same public law content. The company recognized the opportunity to reduce cost by consolidating the processing of this overlapping content. To accomplish this cost savings, we implemented a new, consolidated workflow system using Alfresco and jBPM which provided a common framework for content reuse, while enabling content enrichment processes to be performed by external and internal resources in a fully managed environment.

For a publisher of legal treatises and practice guides and provider of on-demand learning, we created a future-state vision of operational workflows required to support an increasing array of technologies and online products. This future-state vision included recommendations regarding process improvements and new technologies.

E-Book Production and Distribution

We manufacture both standard e-books and interactive e-books in a variety of formats (including EPUB, Mobi and Kindle) and in 12 major languages (including Japanese and Chinese). In addition, we distribute e-books on behalf of publishers and authors to more than 25 e-book retailers across North America, the United Kingdom, Australia and 24 countries in the European Union. Since the fall of 2011, we have produced over 1.3 million e-book titles.

Innodata Advanced Data Solutions (IADS) Segment

Many enterprises are embracing new digital information technologies and workflow processes within their operations in order to improve internal decision-support systems. We formed our IADS segment in mid-2011 to design and develop new capabilities to enable clients in the financial services, insurance, medical and healthcare sectors to improve decision-support through digital technologies. We believe that by creating and commercializing innovative business strategies and technology solutions we will be able to accelerate our growth and reduce our revenue volatility.

IADS operates through two subsidiaries: Synodex and docGenix. As of December 31, 2016, we owned 91% of Synodex and 94% of docGenix.

The main focus of the Synodex business is the extraction and classification of data from unstructured medical records in an innovative way to provide improved data service capabilities for insurance underwriting, insurance claims, medical records management and clinical trial support services. Synodex has developed and deployed its APS.Extract^® product for specific use with life insurance underwriting and claims.

At the end of 2016, Synodex had 11 clients, including RGA Reinsurance Company, the principal operating subsidiary of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (NYSE: RGA), one of the top 10 largest providers of life reinsurance in the world according to A.M. Best, and John Hancock Insurance, the insurance operating unit of John Hancock Financial (a division of Manulife) and one of the largest life insurers in the United States. Synodex is engaged in business discussions with other reinsurance companies and insurance carriers that have expressed interest in utilizing its services.

The main focus of the docGenix business is the extraction and classification of data from unstructured legal documents in order to improve an organization’s ability to analyze documentation and feed actionable data to downstream applications.

We offer docGenix services to banks and hedge funds. One of our clients, a large New York-based global investments company party to more than 5,000 derivative contracts, utilizes the docGenix service and software platforms to monitor and react to market changes and counterparty and collateral changes and to comply with increasing regulatory requirements. Prior to utilizing docGenix, these were slow and resource-intensive activities because contract creation, storage and retrieval processes were all still paper or image based. Using docGenix’s system, complex derivative contracts are transformed into machine readable, computer-addressable data that is down-streamed to risk collateral and other mission-critical systems, and users can perform multi-dimensional, complex queries instantaneously.

In 2016, our investment net of revenues in these subsidiaries was approximately $1.8 million. In the immediate future, we intend to continue to invest in these subsidiaries at the combined rate of $0.1 to $0.4 million per quarter.

Media Intelligence Solutions (MIS) Segment

Our MIS segment operates through our MediaMiser, Bulldog Reporter and the Agility PR Solutions subsidiaries. In December 2016, we rebranded the MediaMiser and Agility PR Solutions products under the name Agility PR Solutions.

Agility Enterprise (formerly known as MediaMiser Enterprise) provides media monitoring and analysis solutions and professional services to several Fortune 500 companies and Canadian government institutions, as well as small- and medium-sized businesses. Agility Enterprise enables companies to reduce the time and effort required to extract, analyze and share valuable business intelligence from traditional and online media sources.

Agility Enterprise’s proprietary technology platform monitors, aggregates, analyzes and distributes summaries of coverage from more than 200,000 content sources including traditional and digital media. The platform includes a powerful sentiment analysis engine that identifies whether opinions expressed in a particular document are positive, negative or neutral.

Increasingly, organizations seek to quantify the impact of public relations (PR) and communications activities and to understand what is being said about them across traditional and digital media. Social media has also dramatically changed how organizations manage and respond to crisis. Organizations need to respond quickly to negative customer feedback or coverage and track ongoing conversations in order to protect their brand and reputation. Agility Enterprise, with its powerful analytics and human augmented analysis and reporting, is designed to fit these needs.

We acquired the Agility business from PR Newswire in July 2016. The acquisition included close to 1,400 customers and approximately 50 employees in the US and the UK. Agility’s business consists of two products - Agility which is a global media contact database and email distribution platform, and Agility Plus which provides additional self-service media monitoring and analytics capabilities. This acquisition fostered growth in North America and Europe and expanded our suite of products for the PR marketplace. With this acquisition, Agility PR Solutions can now offer self and full-service solutions that address the entire communications life cycle – from identifying influencers, amplifying messages, monitoring coverage, to measuring impact.

In 2016 we entered into an agreement with BusinessWire, a Berkshire Hathaway company, to offer Agility media database and monitoring products to its customers worldwide.

Bulldog Reporter is a news aggregation service for the PR and corporate communications professionals. Bulldog Reporter publishes a well-known daily e-newsletter, the Daily Dog. In addition, it offers a paid subscription service focused specifically on the health industry, a daily e-newsletter—Inside Health Media—that provides a health related media list and media intelligence services by leveraging the data from Agility platform. Bulldog Reporter also manages a PR industry awards program—the Bulldog Awards—which recognizes PR and communications professionals in categories including corporate social responsibility, media relations, digital and social marketing, not-for-profit activity and overall outstanding PR performance.

With considerable consolidation and slowing growth in the overall media intelligence market, Agility PR Solutions is carving out a niche with a focus on influencer targeting, advanced media analytics and editorially enriched full-service options that provide context and clarity that automated solutions alone cannot provide. This focus on technology as well as customer service differentiates Agility PR Solutions from the clippings-origin and self-service monitoring competitors in the market.

Our Global Operations

We provide our services using a globally distributed workforce utilizing advanced technologies that automate portions of our process and help ensure that our work product is highly accurate and consistent.

Our delivery centers in Asia are ISO 27001 certified. In addition, we comply with the requirements of the United States Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 as amended (HIPAA) (including by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Data (HITECH)) and the United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA), as applicable. Innodata is certified to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework, which certification includes Synodex, docGenix, Agility PR Solutions and Bulldog Reporter as covered entities, and Innodata and Synodex are U.S. Safe Harbor registered entities that adhere to the Switzerland Safe Harbor Frameworks on the protection of personal data. We encrypt all individual protected health information, both at rest and in motion, to the AES 256 or similar standard, and we employ a range of security features including monitored firewalls and intrusion detection devices.

For our data extraction services, we maintain staff in a wide spectrum of disciplines, including medicine, law, engineering, management, finance, science and the humanities.

Our services are organized and managed around three vectors: a vertical industry focus, a horizontal service/process focus, and a supportive operations focus.

The vertically-aligned groups understand our clients’ businesses and strategic initiatives. The vertical group for each particular industry includes experts hired from that industry.

Our service/process-aligned groups include engineering personnel and delivery personnel. Our engineering teams are responsible for creating secure and efficient custom workflows and integrating proprietary and third-party technologies to automate manual processes and improve the consistency and quality of our work product. These tools include categorization engines that utilize pattern recognition algorithms based on comprehensive rule sets and related heuristics, data extraction tools that automatically retrieve specific types of information from large data sources, and workflow systems that enable various tasks and activities to be performed across our multiple facilities.

Our globally distributed delivery personnel are responsible for executing our client engagements in accordance with service-level agreements. We deliver services from facilities in the United States, the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Israel, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada.

Other support groups are responsible for managing diverse enabling functions including human resources, organizational development, network and communications technology infrastructure support and physical infrastructure and facilities management.

Our sales staff, program managers and consultants operate primarily from our North American and European locations, as well as from client sites.

Our Opportunity

Rapid changes in digital content technologies have created the need for all sorts of companies to refashion their product offerings and their operations. Media, publishing and information services companies contend with new monetization models, delivery platforms, and channels. They seek to develop new digital products as print product revenue wanes; to broaden their markets by distributing content over the iPad®, iPhone®, Android and other portable devices; and to monetize existing content in new, highly targeted custom products through flexible reuse and repurposing.

Meanwhile, for enterprises that rely on content to support operations, this shift to digital technology offers opportunities to improve internal decision support and risk mitigation in complex data operations by harnessing the power of machine-readable, digital data to drive improved decision support. For enterprises that rely on content to support products, this shift to digital technology offers opportunities to create and manage content more efficiently, while at the same time distributing content through an increased number of channels.

As a result, media, publishing and information services companies, and content-intensive enterprises, are increasingly relying on service providers, such as Innodata, to provide digital content-related services. These services increasingly involve using advanced technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to extract meaningful data from unstructured data in cost efficient ways.

Clients

Two clients in our DDS segment each generated more than 10% of our total revenues in the fiscal year ended 2016. Revenues from Wolters Kluwer affiliated companies (the “WK Clients”) were approximately $10.9 million or 17% of total revenues, and revenues from Reed Elsevier affiliated companies (the “RE Clients”) were approximately $8.5 million, or 14% of total revenues. No other client generated more than 10% of our total revenues in 2016. These two clients together generated approximately 31%, 33% and 31% of our total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Revenues from clients located in foreign countries (principally in Europe) accounted for 49%, 51% and 47% of our total revenues for these respective fiscal years.

We have long-standing relationships with many of our clients, and we have provided services to the two clients mentioned in the preceding paragraph for over ten years. Our track record of delivering high-quality services helps us to solidify client relationships. Many of our clients are recurring clients, meaning that they have continued to provide additional projects to us after our initial engagement with them.

Our contractual arrangements with the RE Clients during 2016 consisted of four master services agreements (“MSAs”) and separately agreed to statements of work (“SOWs”) for specific services. Two of the MSAs have indefinite terms, one MSA has a term that ends on October 31, 2019 and the fourth MSA had a term that ended on October 31, 2016. RE Clients may terminate the MSAs on notice periods ranging from zero to six months, and they may terminate certain individual SOWs on notice periods of up to 180 days. They may also terminate certain of the MSAs and SOWs on notice periods of three months or less for “cause” and for insolvency related events, and on changes of control, force majeure and the imposition of certain price increases by the Company that are not acceptable to them. We may terminate two of the MSAs on notice periods of 180 days, and we may also terminate certain MSAs and SOWs for “cause”, insolvency related events affecting the RE Clients, and other defined events. The MSAs contain confidentiality, limitation of liability, indemnification and other standard provisions.

 Our contractual arrangements with the WK Clients during calendar year 2016 consisted of five MSAs and separately agreed to SOWs for specific services. Three MSAs have indefinite terms, one MSA continues in effect until the completion of all services performed under the MSA, and the fifth MSA has a term that ends on the later of March 1, 2017 or the expiration date of all SOWs issued under the MSA. WK Clients may terminate certain MSAs on notice periods ranging from 30 days to three months, and they may terminate certain individual SOWs on notice periods ranging from 10 days to six months. WK Clients may also terminate certain of the MSAs and SOWs on notice periods of 60 days or less for “cause” and for insolvency related events, and on changes of control, force majeure and the imposition of certain price increases by the Company that are not acceptable to them. We may terminate certain of the MSAs on notice periods ranging from 30 days to three months, and we may also terminate certain MSAs and SOWs for “cause”, insolvency related events affecting the WK Clients, and other defined events. The MSAs contain confidentiality, limitation of liability, indemnification and other standard provisions.

Our agreements with our other clients are in many cases terminable on 30 to 90 days' notice. A substantial portion of the services we provide to our clients is subject to their requirements.

Competitive Strengths

Our expertise in digital data.  We are primarily focused on helping clients across multiple vertical industries by supplying enriched digital data at a lower cost which is either incorporated in clients’ information products or used for enhancing decision-support systems. We also help clients build new information or data products.

Our focus on quality.   We have achieved a reputation with our clients for consistent high-quality. We maintain independent quality assurance capabilities in all geographies where we have delivery centers. Our quality assurance teams in Asia are compliant and certified to the ISO 9001:2008 quality management system standards.

Our global delivery model.   We have operations in eight countries in North America, Europe and Asia. We provide services to our clients through a comprehensive global delivery model that integrates both local and global resources to obtain the best economic results.

Our proven track record and reputation.   By consistently providing high-quality services, we have achieved a track record of client successes. This track record is reflected in our reputation as a leading service provider within the media, publishing and information services sector. Our reputation and brand connote an assurance of expertise, quality execution and risk mitigation.

Our focus on technology and engineering innovation.   Our engineering and IT teams integrate proprietary and best-in-class third party tools into our workflows to drive as much automation as possible. In addition, our engineering and IT teams provide services directly to our clients, helping them achieve improved efficiencies within their own operations.

Our long-term relationships with clients.   We have long-term relationships with many of our clients, who frequently retain us for additional projects after a successful initial engagement. We believe there are significant opportunities for additional growth with our existing clients, and we seek to expand these relationships by increasing the depth and breadth of the services we provide. This strategy allows us to use our in-depth client-specific knowledge to provide more fully integrated services and develop closer relationships with those clients.

Our ability to scale.   We have demonstrated the ability to expand our teams and facilities to meet the needs of our clients. By virtue of the significant numbers of professional staff working on projects, we are able to build teams for new engagements quickly. We have also demonstrated the ability to hire and train staff quickly in order to service diverse and often large-scale needs of our clients.

Our internal infrastructure.   We own and operate some of the most advanced content delivery centers in the world, which are linked by multi-redundant data connections. Our Wide Area Network – along with our Local Area Networks, Storage Area Networks and data centers – is configured with industry standard redundancy, often with more than one backup to help ensure 24x7 availability.  Our infrastructure is built to accommodate advanced tools, processes and technologies that support our content and technical experts. We encrypt all individual protected health information, both at rest and in motion, to the AES 256 or similar standard, and we employ a range of security features including managed firewalls and intrusion services.

Sales and Marketing

For our DDS and IADS segments we market and sell our services directly through our professional staff, senior management and direct sales personnel operating primarily from various locations in the U.S., and for our MIS segment we market and sell our services primarily from our offices in Canada and the United Kingdom and through our personnel in the U.S. Our corporate headquarters is located at Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, just outside New York City. During 2016, we had four executive-level business development and marketing professionals and approximately 34 sales and marketing personnel. We also deploy solutions architects, technical support experts and consultants who support the development of new clients and new client engagements. These resources work within teams (both permanent and ad hoc) that provide support to clients.

Our marketing department and sales professionals work together to generate leads. Our sales professionals identify and qualify prospects, securing direct personal access to decision makers at existing and prospective clients. They facilitate interactions between client personnel and our service teams to define ways in which we can assist clients with their goals. For each prospective client engagement, we assemble a team of our senior employees drawn from various disciplines within our Company. The team members assume assigned roles in a formalized process, using their combined knowledge and experience to understand the client’s goals and collaborate with the client on a solution.

Our marketing organization is responsible for developing and increasing the visibility and awareness of our brand and our service offerings, defining and communicating our value proposition, generating qualified, early-stage leads and furnishing effective sales support tools

As part of our marketing strategy we partner with media organizations to build awareness, establish a reputation as an industry thought leader, and generate leads. Media partners include trade associations and publications, trade show producers and consulting organizations. These partnerships are particularly valuable in enterprise industries as we build our presence among digital content leaders and decision makers.

Primary marketing outreach activities include content marketing, event marketing (including exhibiting at trade shows, conferences and seminars), direct and database marketing, public and media relations (including speaking engagements), and web marketing (including integrated marketing campaigns, search engine optimization, search engine marketing and the maintenance and continued development of external websites).

Sales activities include lead generation, nurturing leads, engaging in discussions with prospective customers to understand their needs, demonstrating our products, designing solutions, responding to requests for proposals, and managing account and client relationships and activities.

Personnel from our solutions analysis group, our client services group and our engineering services group closely support our direct sales effort. These individuals assist the sales force in understanding the technical needs of clients and providing responses to these needs, including demonstrations, prototypes, pricing quotations and time estimates. In addition, account managers from our customer service group support our direct sales effort by providing ongoing project-level support to our clients.

Research and Development

We incurred $0.1 million in research and development costs in our DDS segment for the year ended December 31, 2016 and none for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. We did not incur any research and development costs for our IADS segment in any of the three years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 or 2014. Our MIS segment incurred research and development costs of $0.9 million, $1.0 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and during the period from the date of acquisition (July 28, 2014) to December 31, 2014, respectively.

Competition

Our Digital Data Solutions segment operates in a highly competitive, fragmented and intense market. Major competitors include Apex CoVantage, Aptara, Cenveo, Infosys, HCL Technologies, Macmillan India, SPI Technologies, JSI S.A.S. Groupe Jouve and Thomson Digital.

We compete in this market by offering high-quality services and competitive pricing that leverage our technical skills, IT infrastructure, offshore model and economies of scale. Our competitive advantages are especially attractive to clients for undertakings that are technically challenging, are sizable in scope or scale, are continuing, or that require a highly fail-safe environment with technology redundancy.

The Synodex subsidiary of our IADS segment competes in the insurance data analysis industry with an initial focus on applying innovative technology to speed accurate decision making and to improve productivity in the processing of medical files for the life insurance industry. Major competitors are Risk Righter, EMSI, Parameds, and other BPO companies all of whom are large firms with established client bases. We also compete with in-house personnel at existing or prospective clients who may attempt to duplicate our services in-house or use alternative approaches to fulfill their needs.

For our MIS segment, our primary competitors are companies such as Meltwater, Cision, Kantar, Infomart, Nasdaq, Intelligent I.Q., Trendkite and Custom Scoop, several of which are large firms with established customer bases, as well as PR firms that provide media monitoring and analysis services and journalist and influencer databases. Our competitors also include social media listening companies and start-ups offering platforms to amplify messages by targeting social media influencers.

Locations

We are headquartered in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, just outside New York City. Our MIS business is headquartered in Ottawa, Canada and we have an additional location in London, United Kingdom. We have ten delivery centers in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom and Israel.

Employees

As of December 31, 2016, we employed approximately 150 persons in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom, and over 4,600 persons in ten global delivery centers in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom and Israel. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 260 of our employees were dedicated to the IADS segment, and approximately 190 of our employees were dedicated to the MIS segment. Most of our employees have graduated from at least a two-year college program. Many of our employees hold advanced degrees in law, business, technology, medicine and social sciences. No employees are currently represented by a labor union, and we believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 55 Challenger Road, Ridgefield Park, New Jersey 07660, and our telephone number is (201) 371-8000. Our website is www.innodata.com; information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There we make available, free of charge, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Our SEC reports can be obtained through the Investor Relations section of our website or from the Securities and Exchange Commission at www.sec.gov.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

We have historically relied on a very limited number of clients that have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues, and our results of operations could be adversely affected if we were to lose one or more of these significant clients.

We have historically relied on a very limited number of clients that have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues. Two clients in our DDS segment generated approximately 31%, 33% and 31% of our total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Another client in the DDS segment accounted for less than 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 but accounted for 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2014. No other client accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, revenues from non-US clients accounted for 49%, 51% and 47%, respectively, of our revenues. We may lose any of these clients, or our other major clients, as a result of our failure to meet or satisfy our client’s requirements, the completion or termination of a project or engagement, or the client’s selection of another service provider.

In addition, the volume of work performed for our major clients may vary from year to year, and services they require from us may change from year to year. They may also request that we modify certain key terms of our agreements with them as a condition of continuing to do business with us. If the volume of work performed for our major clients varies, if the services they require from us change, or if they require price concessions (as was required by a major customer in 2016 (see “Management Discussion and Analysis”), our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected, and we may incur a loss from operations. If certain key terms of our agreements with our major clients are modified, our revenues and results of operations may be adversely affected. Our services are typically subject to client requirements, and in many cases are terminable upon 30 to 90 days’ notice.

A portion of our services is provided on a non-recurring basis for specific projects, and our inability to replace large projects when they are completed or otherwise terminated has adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect, our revenues and results of operations.

We provide a portion of our services for specific projects that generate revenues that terminate on completion of a defined task. While we seek, wherever possible, on completion or termination of large projects, to counterbalance periodic declines in revenues with new arrangements to provide services to the same client or others, our inability to obtain sufficient new projects to counterbalance any decreases in such work may adversely affect our future revenues and results of operations.

A portion of our revenue is generated from projects which we characterize as recurring in nature. Projects that we characterize as recurring are nevertheless subject to termination.

Our operating performance is materially dependent on the continuation of these projects. However, we are exposed to risks where these projects could be terminated by our clients and we may not be able to replace these terminated projects with new recurring projects with similar profitability or clients may ask for a price reduction which could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

Our solutions for the MIS segment are sold pursuant to subscription agreements, and if subscription clients elect either not to renew these agreements, or to renew these agreements for less expensive services, our revenues and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Our MIS segment derives its revenues primarily from subscription arrangements. Our clients may choose not to renew subscription agreements when they expire or may renew them at lower prices or for a significantly narrower scope of work. If large numbers of existing subscription clients do not renew these agreements, or renew these agreements on terms less favorable to us, and if we cannot replace or supplement those non-renewals with new subscription agreements generating the same or greater level of revenue, our revenues and results of operations will be adversely affected.

The Synodex and docGenix subsidiaries in our IADS segment have incurred significant losses since their inception in 2011.

We have invested significant amounts in the Synodex and docGenix subsidiaries of our IADS segment. Our cumulative investment net of revenues in these subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 was $33.0 million, consisting of $26.0 million in operating expenses and $7.0 million in capital expenditures. In the third quarter of 2013 we wrote off all the fixed assets of IADS, and we have expensed all investments in IADS since that date. During 2016, these subsidiaries generated approximately $4.3 million in revenues and incurred a net loss of $1.8 million net of inter-segment profits. Our operations and financial condition will be adversely affected if IADS fails to generate meaningful revenues and margins.

Our liquidity could be affected if our losses continue.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and internally generated funds will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to satisfy our financial needs for the next 12 months.  However, we have no bank facilities or lines of credit, and continuing material reductions in our cash and cash equivalents from operating losses, capital expenditures, acquisitions or otherwise could materially and adversely affect the Company. See “Management Discussion and Analysis – Liquidity and Capital Resources” for information on (i) our cash and cash equivalents that declined to $14.2 million at December 31, 2016 from $24.9 million at December 31, 2015, (ii) the portion of our cash and cash equivalents that at December 31, 2016 was held by our foreign subsidiaries and that can be repatriated to the United States (as deemed dividends or otherwise) only subject to United States federal income taxes, (iii) the cash used in 2016 in our operating activities as a result of our net loss in 2016, (iv) the cash used in 2016 in our investing activities for the acquisition and integration of Agility and capital expenditures and (v) our current plans for the use of our cash and cash equivalents.

New acquisitions, joint ventures or strategic investments or partnerships could harm our operating results.

In July 2016, we acquired the Agility business from PR Newswire, comprised of the Agility and Agility Plus products, pursuant to an asset purchase agreement. Agility is a global media contact database and email distribution platform and Agility Plus provides additional self-service media monitoring and analytics capabilities. In July 2014, we acquired MediaMiser Ltd., a Canada-based provider of automated, real-time traditional and social media monitoring services, and in December 2014, we acquired intellectual property and related assets of Bulldog Reporter from Sirius Information, Inc.

We may pursue additional acquisitions, joint ventures or engage in strategic investments or partnerships to grow and enhance our capabilities. We cannot assure that we will successfully consummate any acquisitions or joint ventures, or profit by strategic investments, or achieve desired financial and operating results. Further, such activities involve a number of risks and challenges, including proper evaluation, diversion of management’s attention and proper integration with our current business. Accordingly, we might fail to realize the expected benefits or strategic objectives of any such venture we undertake. If we are unable to complete the kind of acquisitions for which we plan, we may not be able to achieve our planned rates of growth, profitability or competitive position in specific markets or services.

A large portion of our accounts receivable is payable by a limited number of clients; the inability of any of these clients to pay its accounts receivable would adversely affect our results of operations.

Several significant clients account for a large percentage of our accounts receivable. If any of these clients were unable, or refused, for any reason, to pay our accounts receivable, our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2016, 52% or $5.2 million, of our accounts receivable was due from three clients. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources.” In 2016 we deferred $750,000 of revenue from one client that will be accounted for on a cash basis and we also recorded a $150,000 allowance for accounts receivable from this client.

In addition, we evaluate the financial condition of our clients and usually bill and collect on relatively short cycles. We maintain specific allowances against doubtful receivables. Actual losses on client balances could differ from those that we currently anticipate and, as a result, we might need to adjust our allowances. There is no guarantee that we will accurately assess the creditworthiness of our clients. Macroeconomic conditions could also result in financial difficulties, including limited access to the credit markets, insolvency or bankruptcy, for our clients, and, as a result, could cause clients to delay payments to us, request modifications to their payment arrangements that could increase our receivables balance, or default on their payment obligations to us. If we are unable to collect timely from our clients, our cash flows could be adversely affected.

Quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations could make financial forecasting difficult and could negatively affect our stock price.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant fluctuations in our quarterly revenues and results of operations. During the past eight quarters, our net income ranged from a profit of approximately $0.4 million in the third quarter of 2015 to a loss of approximately $2.8 million in the third quarter of 2016.

We experience fluctuations in our revenue and earnings as we replace and begin new projects, which may have some normal start-up delays, or we may be unable to replace a project entirely or on terms that are as attractive to us as the project that is being replaced. These and other factors may contribute to fluctuations in our results of operations from quarter to quarter.

A high percentage of our operating expenses, particularly personnel and rent, are relatively fixed in advance of any particular quarter. As a result, unanticipated variations in the number and timing of our projects, or in employee wage levels and utilization rates, may cause us to significantly underutilize our production capacity and employees, resulting in significant variations in our operating results in any particular quarter, and have resulted in losses.

The economic environment and pricing pressures could negatively impact our revenues and operating results.

Due to the intense competition involved in outsourcing and information technology services, we generally face pricing pressures from our clients. Our ability to maintain or increase pricing is restricted as clients generally expect to receive volume discounts or special pricing incentives as we do more business with them; moreover, our large clients may exercise pressure for discounts outside of agreed terms.

Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to maintain pricing on our existing projects and win new projects at appropriate margins.

Our profit margin, and therefore our profitability, is dependent on the rates we are able to recover for our services. If we are not able to maintain pricing on our existing services and win new projects at profitable margins, or if we underestimate the costs or complexities of new projects and incur losses, our profitability could suffer. The rates we are able to recover for our services are affected by a number of factors, including competition, volume fluctuations, productivity of employees and processes, the value our client derives from our services and general economic and political conditions.  

If our pricing structures do not accurately anticipate the cost and complexity of performing our work, then our contracts could be unprofitable.

We provide services either on a time-and-materials basis or on a fixed-price basis. Our pricing is highly dependent on our internal forecasts and predictions about our projects, which might be based on limited data and could turn out to be inaccurate. If we do not accurately estimate the costs and timing for completing projects, our contracts could prove unprofitable for us or yield lower profit margins than anticipated.

We may not be able to obtain price increases that are necessary to offset the effect of wage inflation and other government mandated cost increases.

We have experienced wage inflation and other government mandated cost increases in the Asian countries where we have the majority of our operations. In addition, we may experience adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. These global events have put pressure on our profitability and our margins. Although we have tried to partially offset wage increases, foreign currency fluctuations and other such increases through price increases and improving our efficiency, we cannot ensure that we will be able to continue to do so in the future, which would negatively impact our results of operations.

If our clients are not satisfied with our services, they may terminate our contracts with them or our services, which could have an adverse impact on our business.

Our business model depends in large part on our ability to attract additional work from our base of existing clients. Our business model also depends on relationships our account teams develop with our clients so that we can understand our clients’ needs and deliver solutions and services that are tailored to those needs. If a client is not satisfied with the quality of work performed by us, or with the type of services or solutions delivered, then we could incur additional costs to address the situation, the profitability of that work might be impaired, and the client’s dissatisfaction with our services could damage our ability to obtain additional work from that client. In particular, clients that are not satisfied might seek to terminate existing contracts, which would mean that we could incur costs for the services performed with no associated revenue upon termination of a contract. This could also direct future business to our competitors. In addition, negative publicity related to our client services or relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may further damage our business by affecting our ability to compete for new contracts with current and prospective clients.

Our new clients may sunset their products because of lack of sufficient revenues or declining revenues, and this may result in termination of our work for these clients.

As we obtain new opportunities and win new business, our clients may not generate the level of revenues that we initially anticipated at the time of signing a contract with them, or our clients may experience declining revenues with their existing products. This could be due to various reasons beyond our control, and it could lead to termination of projects or contracts. As we normally invest in people or technology and incur other costs in anticipation of revenues, any such deviation from our expected plan would impact our margins and earnings.

Our business will suffer if we fail to develop new services and enhance our existing services in order to keep pace with the rapidly evolving technological environment or provide new service offerings, which may not succeed.

The information technology and consulting services industries are characterized by rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, changing client preferences, new product and service introductions and the emergence of new vendors with lean cost and flexible cost models. Our future success will depend on our ability to develop solutions that keep pace with changes in the markets in which we provide services. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in developing new services, addressing evolving technologies on a timely or cost-effective basis or, if these services are developed, that we will be successful in the marketplace. We also cannot guarantee that we will be able to compete effectively with new vendors offering lean cost and flexible cost models, or that products, services or technologies developed by others will not render our services non-competitive or obsolete. Our failure to address these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We invest in developing and pursuing new service offerings from time to time. Our profitability could be reduced if these services do not yield the profit margins we expect, or if the new service offerings do not generate the planned revenues.

We have made and continue to make significant investments towards building-out new capabilities to pursue growth. These investments increase our costs, and if these services do not yield the revenues or profit margins we expect, and we are unable to grow our business and revenue proportionately, our profitability may be reduced, or we may incur losses.

We depend on third-party technology in the provision of our services.

We rely upon certain software that we license from third parties, including software integrated with our internally developed software used in the provision of our services. These third-party software licenses may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable or competitive terms, if at all. The loss of, or inability to maintain or obtain any of these software licenses, could result in delays in the provision of our services until we develop, identify, license and integrate equivalent software. Any delay in the provision of our services could damage our business and adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, for our Synodex and docGenix subsidiaries of our IADS segment, we utilize third party data centers to serve our clients and generate revenue. Any disruption in provision of services from these data centers could result in loss of revenue, client dissatisfaction and loss of clients.

Our MIS segment relies on third parties to provide certain content and data for our solutions, and if those third-parties discontinue providing their content, our revenue and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our MIS segment relies on third parties to provide or make available certain data for our information databases and our news and social media monitoring service. These third parties may not renew agreements to provide content to us or may increase the price they charge for their content. Additionally, the quality of the content provided to us may not be acceptable to us and we may need to enter into agreements with additional third parties. In the event we are unable to use such third-party content or are unable to enter into agreements with new third parties, current clients may discontinue their relationship with us, and it may be difficult to acquire new clients.

Our businesses are reliant on key employees, and we may face high attrition in our talent. We may not be able to replace displaced talent with new talent on a timely basis or with equivalent skill sets.

We are reliant to a considerable degree on the continuing leadership of our Chief Executive Officer and would be materially and adversely affected should he unexpectedly not be employed by us. In addition, our businesses are subject to fierce competition for talent which could result in high attrition of our employees, or we may not be able to find the requisite talent to operate our businesses. A significant increase in the attrition rate among employees with specialized skills could decrease our operating efficiency and productivity. Our failure to attract, train and retain personnel with the qualifications necessary to fulfill the needs of our existing and future clients or to assimilate new employees successfully could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, fluctuations in our business may require that we lay off employees with possible negative effects on employee morale. We try to minimize these risks by actively promoting employee relationships and offering competitive salaries, but if we cannot mitigate these risks, our business and our operating performance could be adversely affected.

We compete in highly competitive markets.

The markets for our services are highly competitive. Some of our competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, human, technical and other resources and greater name recognition than we do. If we fail to be competitive with these companies in the future, we may lose market share, which could adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.

There are relatively few barriers preventing companies from competing. As a result, new market entrants also pose a threat to our business. We also compete with in-house personnel at current and prospective clients, who may attempt to duplicate our services using their own personnel. If we are not able to compete effectively, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We operate from multiple locations and our employees are very diverse so we have significant coordination risks.

We are headquartered in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, just outside New York City, and our Media Intelligence business is headquartered in Ottawa, Canada and has an additional location in London, United Kingdom. We have ten delivery centers in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom and Israel. Our employees are geographically dispersed as well as culturally diverse. Our personnel need to work together to successfully execute our business plans and we invest in various measures to improve coordination and teamwork. Should we fail in these efforts our ability to execute our business plans may be adversely affected.

Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and if we are unable to protect them or are subject to intellectual property rights claims, our business may be harmed.

Our intellectual property rights include certain trademarks, trade secrets, domain name registrations, a patent and patent applications. Although we take precautions to protect our intellectual property rights, these efforts may not be sufficient or effective. In addition, various events outside of our control pose a threat to our intellectual property rights as well as to our business.  If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, we may experience difficulties in achieving and maintaining brand recognition.

Disruptions in telecommunications, system failures, data corruption or virus attacks could harm our ability to execute our global resource model, which could result in client dissatisfaction and a reduction of our revenues.

We use a distributed global resource model. Our onshore workforce provides services from our United States and Canada offices, as well as from client sites; and our offshore workforce provides services from our nine offshore delivery centers in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, United Kingdom and Israel. Our global facilities are linked with a telecommunications network that uses multiple service providers. We may not be able to maintain active voice and data communications between our various facilities and our clients' sites at all times due to disruptions in these networks, system failures, data corruption or virus attacks. Any significant failure in our ability to communicate, or the availability of our platforms, could result in a disruption in our business, which could hinder our performance, or our ability to complete client projects on time, or provide services to our clients. This, in turn, could lead to client dissatisfaction and an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A material breach in security relating to our information systems could adversely affect us.

Even though we have implemented network security measures, our servers may be vulnerable to computer viruses, cyber-attacks, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering. The occurrence of any of the events described above could result in interruptions, delays, the loss or corruption of data, cessations in the availability of systems or liability under privacy laws or contracts, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Governmental and client focus on data security could increase our costs of operations. In addition, any incident in which we fail to protect our client’s information against security breaches may result in monetary damages against us, and termination of our engagement by our client, and may adversely impact our results of operations.

Certain laws and regulations regarding data privacy and security affecting our clients impose requirements regarding the privacy and security of information maintained by these clients, as well as notification to persons whose personal information is accessed by an unauthorized third party. As a result of any continuing legislative initiatives and client demands, we may have to modify our operations with the goal of further improving data security. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations is high and is likely to increase in the future. Any such modifications may result in increased expenses and operating complexity, and we may be unable to increase the rates we charge for our services sufficiently to offset these increases. In addition, as part of the service we perform, we have access to confidential client data, including sensitive personal data. As a result, we are subject to numerous laws and regulations designed to protect this information. We may also be bound by certain client agreements to use and disclose the confidential client information in a manner consistent with the privacy standards under regulations applicable to such client. Any failure on our part to comply with these laws and regulations can result in negative publicity and diversion of management time and effort and may subject us to significant liabilities and other penalties.

If client confidential information is inappropriately disclosed due to a breach of our computer systems, system failures or otherwise, or if any person, including any of our employees, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches controls or procedures with which we are responsible for complying with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, we may have substantial liabilities to our clients. Any incidents with respect to the handling of such information could subject us to litigation or indemnification claims with our clients and other parties. In addition, any breach or alleged breach of our confidentiality agreements with our clients may result in termination of their engagements, resulting in associated loss of revenue and increased costs.

Our international operations subject us to risks inherent in doing business on an international level, any of which could increase our costs and hinder our growth.

The major part of our operations is carried on in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Israel, United Kingdom, Canada and Germany, while our headquarters are in the United States, and our clients are primarily located in North America and Europe. While we do not depend on significant revenues from sources internal to the Asian countries in which we operate, we are nevertheless subject to certain adverse economic factors relating to overseas economies generally, including inflation, external debt, a negative balance of trade and underemployment. In certain of the countries in which we operate tax authorities may exercise significant discretionary and arbitrary powers to make tax demands or decline to refund payments that may be due to us as per tax returns. Other risks associated with our international business activities include:

One or more of these factors could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our international business is subject to applicable laws and regulations relating to foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.

We must comply with all applicable anti-bribery laws and regulations of the U.S. and other jurisdictions where we operate. For example, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act relating to corrupt and illegal payments to government officials and others. Although we have policies and controls in place that are designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, it is possible that an employee or an agent acting on our behalf could fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, and due to the complex nature of the risks, it may not always be possible for us to ascertain compliance with such laws and regulations. In such event, we could be exposed to civil penalties, criminal penalties and other sanctions, including fines or other unintended punitive actions, and we could incur substantial legal fees and related expenses. In the now completed internal investigations referred to under “Recent Development” we incurred approximately $1.6 million in legal fees and related expenses. In addition, such violations could damage our business and/or our reputation. All of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

Our international operations subject us to currency exchange fluctuations, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Although most of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our revenues is denominated in Canadian dollars, Pound Sterling and Euros. In addition, a significant portion of our expenses, primarily labor expenses in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Canada, United Kingdom and Israel, is incurred in the local currencies of the countries in which we operate. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. denominated transactions into U.S. dollars in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. As a result, we are exposed to the risk that fluctuations in the value of these currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could have a direct impact on our revenues and our results of operations.

By way of example, the value of the Euro and the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar declined significantly in 2015. Similarly, the Philippines and India have at times experienced high rates of inflation as well as major fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Philippine peso and the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar. Although we selectively undertake hedging activities to mitigate certain of these risks, our hedging activities may not be effective and may result in losses.

Fluctuations in exchange rates also affect the value of funds held by our foreign subsidiaries. We do not currently intend to hedge these assets.

In the event that the government of India, the Philippines or the government of another country changes its tax policies, rules and regulations, our tax expense may increase and affect our effective tax rates.

We are subject to income taxes in both the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. We are subject to the continual examination by tax authorities in India and in the Philippines, and the Company assesses the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits could be materially different from what is reflected in historical income tax and indirect tax provisions and accruals, and could result in a material effect on the Company’s income tax provision, indirect tax expenses, net income or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made. If additional taxes are assessed, it could have an adverse impact on our financial results.

In addition, changes in the tax rates, tax laws or the interpretation of tax laws in the jurisdiction where we operate, could affect our future results of operations.

In 2015, our Indian subsidiary was subject to an inquiry by the Service Tax Bureau in India regarding the classification of services provided by this subsidiary, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of online information and database access or retrieval services (OID Services), and not under the category of business support services (BS Services) that are exempt from service tax as historically indicated in our service tax filings. In the event the Service Tax Bureau is successful in proving that our services fall under the category of OID Services, the revenue earned by our Indian subsidiary would be subject to a service tax of approximately 14.5% and this would increase our operating costs. The revenues of our Indian subsidiary in 2016 were $16.8 million. We disagree with the Service Tax Bureau’s position and contest these assertions vigorously.

In 2016, our Indian subsidiary received notices of appeal from the Commissioner, Service Tax, seeking to reverse service tax refunds previously granted to us for certain quarters in 2014, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of OID Services and not BS Services. We disagree with the basis of these appeals and are contesting them vigorously. We expect delays in receiving service tax refunds until the appeals are adjudicated with finality.

Our operating results may be adversely affected by our use of derivative financial instruments.

We have entered into a series of foreign currency forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges. These contracts are intended to partially offset the impact of the movement of the exchange rates on future operating costs of our Asian subsidiaries. The hedging strategies that we have implemented or may implement to mitigate foreign currency exchange rate risks may not reduce or completely offset our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and may expose our business to unexpected market, operational and counterparty credit risks. Accordingly, we may incur losses from our use of derivative financial instruments that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Regulations of the Internal Revenue Service may impose significant U.S. income taxes on our subsidiaries in the Philippines.

Our subsidiaries incorporated in the Philippines were domesticated in Delaware as limited liability companies. In August 2004, the Internal Revenue Service promulgated regulations, effective August 12, 2004, that treat certain companies incorporated in foreign jurisdictions and also domesticated as Delaware limited liability companies as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We have effected certain filings with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to ensure that these subsidiaries are no longer domesticated in Delaware. As a result, commencing January 1, 2005, these subsidiaries are no longer treated as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the regulations, and furthermore, are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes commencing as of such date.

In the preamble to such regulations, the IRS expressed its view that dual-registered companies described in the preceding paragraph are also treated as U.S. corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes for periods prior to August 12, 2004. In 2006, the IRS issued its final regulations, stating that neither the temporary regulations nor these final regulations are retroactive. Further, additional guidance was released by the IRS which clarified that the regulations upon which we relied were not binding on pre-existing entities until May 2006. For periods prior to this date (i.e., prior to August 12, 2004) these final regulations apply, and the classification of dually chartered entities is governed by the pre-existing regulations. As such, we believe that our historic treatment of these subsidiaries as not having been required to pay taxes in the United States for the period prior to August 12, 2004 is correct, and we have made no provision for U.S. taxes in our financial statements for these entities for the periods prior to August 12, 2004.

However, we cannot guarantee that the Internal Revenue Service will not assert other positions with respect to the foregoing matters, including positions with respect to our treatment of the tax consequences of the termination of the status of our Philippine subsidiaries as Delaware limited liability companies that, if successful, could increase materially our liability for U.S. federal income taxes.

If tax authorities in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate contest the manner in which we allocate our profits, our net income could decrease.

A significant portion of the services we provide to our clients are provided by our Asian subsidiaries located in different jurisdictions. Tax authorities in some of these jurisdictions have from time to time challenged the manner in which we allocate our profits among our subsidiaries, and we may not prevail in this type of challenge. If such a challenge were successful, our worldwide effective tax rate could increase, thereby decreasing our net income.

An expiration or termination of our preferential tax rate incentives could adversely affect our results of operations.

Certain of our foreign subsidiaries are subject to preferential tax rates or enjoy tax subsidies from the government. In addition, one of our foreign subsidiaries enjoys a tax holiday. These tax incentives provide that we pay reduced income taxes in those jurisdictions for a fixed period of time that varies depending on the jurisdiction, or they may result in lowering our expenses. An expiration or termination of these incentives could substantially increase our worldwide effective tax rate, or increase our tax expense, thereby decreasing our net income and adversely affecting our results of operations.

Our earnings may be adversely affected if we change our intent not to repatriate our foreign earnings or if such earnings become subject to U.S. tax on a current basis.

Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries that aggregated $31.6 million at December 31, 2016, except for $4.2 million in projected deemed dividend described below, have been included in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to United States income taxes because as of December 31, 2016 we have no intent to remit these earnings to the United States. If we change our intent, we would be subject to United States income taxes on these earnings to the extent not offset by foreign tax credits.

In order to preserve cash in the United States, for the year 2016 the U.S. entity deferred $4.2 million in payments due to its Asian operating subsidiaries, which resulted in a deemed dividend that is taxable income for U.S. tax purposes under Section 956 of the Internal Revenue Code. The taxable income was set off against the net operating loss carryforwards of the U.S. entity.

The Company projects that during the period from 2017 through 2018 the U.S. entity may not have sufficient cash to pay in full amounts that will be payable by it to the Company’s Asian operating subsidiaries and that the cash deficit will amount to approximately $7.0 million. The resulting deferral in payments would result in a deemed dividend that would be taxable income to the U.S. entity and would be set off against its net operating loss carryforwards. The Company adjusted its deferred tax assets and the corresponding valuation allowance as of December 31, 2016 to reflect the projected deferral in payments.

Anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service our clients.

The issue of outsourcing of services abroad by U.S. companies is a topic of political discussion in the United States. Measures aimed at limiting or restricting outsourcing by U.S. companies are under discussion in Congress and in numerous state legislatures. While no substantive anti-outsourcing legislation has been introduced to date, given the ongoing debate over this issue, the introduction of such legislation is possible. If introduced, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected and our ability to service our clients could be impaired.

Our growth could be hindered by visa restrictions.

Occasionally, we have employees from our other facilities visit or transfer to the United States to meet our clients or work on projects at a client’s site. Any visa restrictions or new legislation putting a restriction on issuing visas could affect our business.

Immigration and visa laws and regulations in the United States and other countries are subject to legislative and administrative changes as well as changes in the application of standards. Immigration and visa laws and regulations can be significantly affected by political forces and levels of economic activity. Our international expansion strategy and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected if legislative or administrative changes to immigration or visa laws and regulations impair our ability to staff projects with our professionals who are not citizens of the country where the work is to be performed.

Political uncertainty, political unrest, terrorism, and natural calamities in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel could adversely affect business conditions in those regions, which in turn could disrupt our business and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We conduct the majority of our production operations in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel. These countries and regions remain vulnerable to disruptions from political uncertainty, political unrest, terrorist acts, and natural calamities.

Any damage to our network and/or information systems would damage our ability to provide services, in whole or in part, and/or otherwise damage our operations and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, political tensions and escalation of hostilities in any of these countries could adversely affect our operations in these countries and therefore adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.

We have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents and short term investments that are held by our operating foreign subsidiaries located in Asia. Any political uncertainly, unrest, disruption or natural calamities in any of these countries may restrict our access to these assets, which in turn could disrupt our business and financial condition.

Terrorist attacks or a war could adversely affect our results of operations.

Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war could affect us or our clients by disrupting normal business practices for extended periods of time and reducing business confidence. In addition, acts of violence or war may make travel more difficult and may effectively curtail our ability to serve our clients' needs, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may face various risks associated with shareholder activists or shareholder demands for better performance.

There is no assurance that we will not be subject to shareholder activism or demands. Such activities could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations, and divert the attention of management and our employees.

We are the subject of continuing litigation, including litigation by certain of our former employees.

In 2008, the Supreme Court of the Republic of the Philippines refused to review a decision of the Court of Appeals in Manila against a Philippines subsidiary of the Company that is inactive and has no material assets, and purportedly also against Innodata Inc. that orders the reinstatement of certain former employees of the subsidiary to their former positions and also orders the payment of back wages and benefits that aggregate approximately $8.0 million. Based on consultation with legal counsel, we believe that financial recovery against Innodata Inc. is nevertheless unlikely.

We are also subject to various other legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business.

While we currently believe that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or overall trends in results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against us in the above-referenced Philippines action could have a material adverse impact on us, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedings could have a material adverse impact on the operating results of the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs. In addition, our estimate of potential impact on our financial position or overall results of operations for the above legal proceedings could change in the future. See “Legal Proceedings.”

Our reputation could be damaged or our profitability could suffer if we do not meet the controls and procedures in respect of the services and solutions we provide to our clients, or if we contribute to our clients’ internal control deficiencies.

Our clients may perform audits or require us to perform audits, provide audit reports or obtain certifications with respect to the controls and procedures that we use in the performance of services for such clients, especially when we process data or information belonging to them. Our ability to acquire new clients and retain existing clients may be adversely affected and our reputation could be harmed if we receive a qualified opinion, or if we cannot obtain an appropriate certification or opinion with respect to our controls and procedures in connection with any such audit in a timely manner. Additionally, our profitability could suffer if our controls and procedures were to fail or to impair our client’s ability to comply with its own internal control requirements.

New and changing corporate governance and public disclosure requirements add uncertainty to our compliance policies and increase our costs of compliance.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to accounting, corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, other SEC regulations, and the NASDAQ Stock Market rules, are creating uncertainty for companies like ours. These laws, regulations and standards may lack specificity and are subject to varying interpretations. Their application in practice may evolve over time, as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs of compliance as a result of ongoing revisions to such corporate governance standards.

Although we are committed to maintaining high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure, and complying with evolving laws, regulations and standards, if we fail to comply with new or changed laws, regulations or standards of corporate governance, our business and reputation may be harmed.

It is unlikely that we will pay dividends.

We have not paid any cash dividends since our inception and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We expect that our earnings, if any, will be used to finance our growth.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Our services are primarily performed from our Ridgefield, New Jersey headquarters and ten overseas delivery centers in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom and Israel, all of which are leased. The square footage of all our leased properties totals approximately 308,000.

In addition, we may need to lease additional property in the future. We believe that we will be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms on an “as needed” basis.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

In 2008, the Supreme Court of the Republic of the Philippines refused to review a decision of the Court of Appeals in Manila against a Philippine subsidiary of the Company that is inactive and has no material assets, and purportedly also against Innodata Inc. that orders the reinstatement of certain former employees of the subsidiary to their former positions and also orders the payment of back wages and benefits that aggregate approximately $8.0 million. Based on consultation with legal counsel, we believe that financial recovery against Innodata Inc. is nevertheless unlikely.

The Court of Appeals decision was rendered in Case Nos. CA-G.R. SP No. 93295 Innodata Employees Association (IDEA), Eleanor Tolentino, et al. vs. Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al., and CA-G.R. SP No. 90538 Innodata Philippines, Inc. vs. Honorable Acting Secretary Manuel G. Imson, et al. 28 June 2007). Matters relating to execution of this decision are on file with the Department of Labor and Employment National Labor Relations Commission, Republic of the Philippines (NLRC-NCR-Case No.07-04713-2002, et al., Innodata Employees Association (IDEA) and Eleanor A. Tolentino, et al. vs. Innodata Philippines, Inc., et al), and the Department of Labor and Employment Office of the Secretary of Labor and Employment, Republic of the Philippines (Case No. OS-AJ-0015-2001, In Re: Labor Dispute at Innodata Philippines, Inc.).

We are also subject to various other legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. 

While management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or overall trends in results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against us in the above referenced Philippines action could have a material adverse impact on us, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedings could have a material adverse impact on the operating results of the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Innodata Inc. (the “Company”) Common Stock is quoted on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “INOD.” On February 14, 2017, there were 78 stockholders of record of the Company’s Common Stock based on information provided by the Company's transfer agent.  Virtually all of the Company’s publicly held shares are held in “street name” and the Company believes the actual number of beneficial holders of its Common Stock to be 2,210.

The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices on a quarterly basis for the Company's Common Stock, as reported on Nasdaq, for the two years ended December 31, 2016.

Dividends

The Company has never paid cash dividends on its Common Stock and does not anticipate that it will do so in the foreseeable future. The future payment of dividends, if any, on the Common Stock is within the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on the Company's earnings, its capital requirements and financial condition and other relevant factors.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth the aggregate information for the Company's equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2016:

⁽¹⁾ 2013 Stock Plan, approved by the stockholders, see Note 10 to Consolidated Financial Statements, contained elsewhere herein.

Purchase of Equity Securities

In September 2011, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 million of our common stock in open market or private transactions. There is no expiration date associated with the program.

We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the fourth quarter of 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we had repurchased approximately 137,000 shares of our common stock under this authorization, for a total cost of approximately $0.3 million.

We did not have any sales of unregistered equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2016.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated historical financial data as of the dates and for the periods indicated. Our selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 has been derived from the audited financial statements included elsewhere herein. Our selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 are derived from our audited financial statements not included elsewhere herein. Our selected consolidated financial information for 2016, 2015 and 2014 should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical information, this discussion includes forward-looking information that involves risks and assumptions which could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. See “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this report.

Executive Overview

We are a global digital services and solution company. We operate in three reporting segments: Digital Data Solutions (DDS), Innodata Advanced Data Solutions (IADS) and Media Intelligence Solutions (MIS).

The following table sets forth, for the period indicated, certain financial data expressed for the three years ended December 31, 2016:

(Dollars in millions)

Revenues

In our DDS segment, we recognize revenues based on the quantity delivered or resources utilized and in the period in which the services are performed and delivery has occurred. Revenues for contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as services are performed. Revenues under fixed-fee contracts, which are not significant to the overall revenues, are recognized on the percentage of completion method of accounting, as services are performed or milestones are achieved.

In our IADS segment we recognize revenues primarily based on the quantity delivered, and the period in which services are performed and deliverables are made as per contracts. A portion of our IADS segment revenue is derived from licensing our software and providing access to our hosted software platform. Revenue from such services are recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user and there are no significant remaining obligations, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fees are fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured.

Our MIS segment derives its revenues primarily from subscription arrangements and provision of enriched media analysis services. Revenue from subscriptions are recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user and there are no significant remaining obligations, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fees are fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. Revenues from enriched media analysis services are recognized when the services are performed and delivered to the client.

We consider US GAAP standard accounting criteria for determining whether to report revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent.  Factors considered include whether we are the primary obligor, have risks and rewards of ownership, and bear the risk that a client may not pay for the services performed.  If there are circumstances where the above criteria are not met and therefore we are not the principal in providing services, amounts received from clients are presented net of payments in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Revenues include reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses, with the corresponding out-of-pocket expenses included in direct operating costs.

Direct Operating Costs

Direct operating costs consist of direct payroll, occupancy costs, data center hosting fees, content acquisition costs, depreciation and amortization, travel, telecommunications, computer services and supplies, realized gain (loss) on forward contracts, foreign currency revaluation gain (loss), and other direct expenses that are incurred in providing services to our clients.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses consist of management and administrative salaries, sales and marketing costs including commissions, new services research and related software development, third-party software, advertising and trade conferences, professional fees and consultant costs, and other administrative overhead costs.

Adjusted EBITDA Performance Metric

In addition to measures of financial performance presented in our consolidated financial statements, we monitor “Adjusted EBITDA” to help us evaluate our ongoing operating performance including our ability to operate the business effectively.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to Innodata Inc. and subsidiaries in accordance with GAAP before income taxes, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, impairment charges, changes in fair value of contingent consideration, stock-based compensation, loss attributable to non-controlling interests and interest income (expense).

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to our management and investors in evaluating our operating performance and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. In particular, it facilitates comparisons of the core operating performance of our Company from period to period on a consistent basis and helps us to identify underlying trends in our business. We believe it provides useful information about our operating results, enhances the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects and allows for greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by the management in our financial and operational decision-making. We use this measure to establish operational goals for managing our business and evaluating our performance. 

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for results reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

Adjusted EBITDA should be considered as a supplement to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, GAAP net income.

The following table shows reconciliation from net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented (in thousands):

Recent Development

As previously reported, during the first quarter of 2016 the Company became aware of certain potentially improper payments and related transactions made by or at the direction of certain foreign employees of a foreign subsidiary in connection with the inspection of the subsidiary’s compliance with local employment-related tax requirements. The Audit Committee conducted an internal investigation into this matter with the assistance of independent counsel and other professionals, and voluntarily contacted the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to advise them of the internal investigation. The DOJ and the SEC have advised the Company that they have closed their inquiry into the matter.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2015

Revenues

Total revenues were $63.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an 8% increase from $58.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Revenues from the DDS segment were $50.7 million and $51.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, a decline of $1.0 million or approximately 2%. The decline was on account of reduced volume from a key e-book client and a combination of lower volume and pricing concessions extended to another key client for certain projects. The decline was partially offset by an increase in revenue primarily attributable to a ramp-up on new projects for a European publisher and a ramp-up for two new customers, one for whom services began in the fourth quarter of 2015 and for other services began in the fourth quarter of 2016. In 2016 we deferred $750,000 of revenue from one client that will be accounted for on a cash basis. No revenue was deferred for this client in 2015.

Revenues from the IADS segment were $4.3 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, an increase of $2.2 million or approximately 105%. The increase primarily reflects additional volume from Synodex clients.

Revenues from the MIS segment were $8.1 million and $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, an increase of $3.4 million or approximately 72%. The increase is attributable to revenue of Agility from the date of its acquisition in July 2016.

Two clients in the DDS segment generated approximately 31%, 33% and 31% of the Company’s total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Another client in the DDS segment accounted for less than 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 but accounted for 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2014. No other client accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, revenues from non-US clients accounted for 49%, 51% and 47%, respectively, of the Company's revenues.

Direct Operating Costs

Direct operating costs were approximately $47.2 million and $43.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, an increase of $3.3 million or approximately 8%.

Direct operating costs for the DDS segment were $37.9 million and $37.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, an increase of $0.9 million or approximately 2%. The increase in direct operating costs primarily reflects $150,000 of costs incurred in connection with the now completed internal investigation referred to under “Recent Development”, an increase in labor costs and the impact of foreign exchange losses on account of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar. Direct operating costs for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were 75% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 72% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in direct operating costs as a percentage of DDS segment revenues primarily reflects an increase in DDS segment direct operating costs relative to an increase in revenues.

Direct operating costs for the IADS segment were approximately $4.9 million and $4.3 million for the respective periods, net of intersegment profits, an increase of $0.6 million or 14%. The increase in direct operating costs for the IADS segment primarily reflects an increase in production headcount. Direct operating costs for the IADS segment as a percentage of IADS segment revenues were 113% and 201% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in direct operating costs as a percentage of IADS segment revenues was principally attributable to the 106% increase in IADS revenues.

Direct operating costs for the MIS segment were approximately $4.4 million and $2.6 million, net of intersegment profit, for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, an increase of $1.8 million, or 69%. The increase in direct operating costs was on account of new hire costs, an increase in content acquisition costs, and costs of Agility recorded from the date of its acquisition in July 2016. Included in Agility related costs are one-time restructuring and integration costs amounting to $150,000. Direct operating costs for the MIS segment as a percentage of MIS segment revenues were 55% for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses were $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $2.7 million or approximately 16%. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues were 31% and 29% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment were $13.5 million and $11.9 million in these respective periods, an increase of $1.6 million or 13%. The increase primarily reflects $1.5 million of legal, professional and other costs in connection with the now completed internal investigation referred to under “Recent Development”, new hire costs and a $150,000 allowance for accounts receivable from the client mentioned in the second paragraph under “Revenues”. Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues increased to 26% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 23% for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase as a percentage of revenues was caused by the increase in selling and administrative expense relative to the increase in DDS segment revenues.

Selling and administrative expenses for the IADS segment for the respective periods were $1.2 million and $1.6 million, net of intersegment profits, a decline of $0.4 million or 25%. The decrease in selling and administrative expenses is on account of cost optimization. Selling and administrative expenses for the IADS segment as a percentage of IADS segment revenues decreased to 28% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 73% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of IADS segment revenues was principally attributable to the 106% increase in IADS revenues.

Selling and administrative costs for the MIS segment were $4.8 million and $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase reflects selling and administrative costs of Agility including $250,000 of one–time restructuring and integration costs, new hire costs in MediaMiser and $150,000 of one-time legal and other expenses for the Agility acquisition. Selling and administrative expenses for the MIS segment as a percentage of MIS segment revenues declined to 60% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 71% for the year ended December 31, 2015. This decline reflects synergies from the acquisition and integration of the Agility business with that of MediaMiser.

Contingent Consideration

On September 30, 2016, we and the other parties involved in the acquisition of MediaMiser amended the terms on which one of our subsidiaries is required to make a supplemental purchase price payment for MediaMiser. Prior to the amendment, the amount of the supplemental purchase price payment was to be determined by the achievement of certain financial thresholds and was in no event to exceed $3.8 million (C$5 million). The amendment fixed the amount of the supplemental purchase price payment at $1.5 million (C$2 million) payable in two equal installments on March 31, 2017 and 2018 to designated recipients, except that no payments will be made to designated recipients who fail to satisfy specified conditions. We have the option to pay up to 70% of the supplemental amount in shares of Innodata Inc. stock. We recorded a $1.0 million charge in our statement of operations for the third quarter of 2016 to reflect the amendment.

Taxes

We recorded a provision for income taxes of approximately $1.1 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Taxes primarily consist of a provision for foreign taxes recorded in accordance with the local tax regulations by our foreign subsidiaries. Effective income tax rates are disproportionate due to the losses incurred by our U.S. entity and our Canadian subsidiary and a valuation allowance recorded on deferred taxes on these entities. Some of our foreign subsidiaries are subject to tax holidays or preferential tax rates which reduce our overall effective tax rate when compared to the U.S. statutory tax rate. In addition, the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are not subject to tax in the U.S. unless the earnings are repatriated.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the provision for income taxes recorded by our foreign subsidiaries was partially offset by a reversal of a tax provision on account of a favorable outcome in one of the tax proceedings of our Indian subsidiary. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the provision for income taxes recorded by our foreign subsidiaries was partially offset by a reversal of a tax provision on account of a favorable outcome in two of the tax proceedings of our Indian subsidiary.

We have a valuation allowance on all of our U.S. deferred tax assets on account of continuing losses incurred by our U.S. entity. In addition, we also have a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets of our MediaMiser subsidiary on account of continuing losses.

At December 31, 2016, MediaMiser had available net operating loss carryforwards in Canada which will begin to expire in 2028. In addition, MediaMiser also has research and development expenditures available to reduce taxable income in future years, which may be carried forward indefinitely. The potential benefits from these balances have not been recognized for financial statement purposes.

We indefinitely reinvest the foreign earnings in our foreign subsidiaries. Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries have been included in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxes that may be payable on distribution to the United States, because such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States. Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries amount to approximately $31.6 million at December 31, 2016. These earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested except for the amount described below and, accordingly, no provision for U.S. federal or state income taxes has been made. When such earnings are repatriated in the future, or are no longer deemed to be indefinitely reinvested, we will accrue the applicable amount of taxes associated with such earnings, net of foreign tax credits.

In order to preserve cash in the United States, for the year 2016 the U.S. entity deferred $4.2 million in payments due to its Asian operating subsidiaries, which resulted in a deemed dividend that is taxable income for U.S. tax purposes under Section 956 of the Internal Revenue Code. The taxable income was offset against the net operating loss carryforwards of the U.S. entity.

We project that during the period from 2017 through 2018 the U.S. entity may not have sufficient cash to pay in full amounts that will be payable by it to its Asian operating subsidiaries and that the cash deficit will amount to approximately $7.0 million. The resulting deferral in payments would result in a deemed dividend that would be taxable income to the U.S. entity and would be offset against its net operating loss carryforwards. We adjusted our deferred tax assets and the corresponding valuation allowance as of December 31, 2016 to reflect the projected deferral in payments.

Pursuant to an income tax audit by the Indian Bureau of Taxation in 2009, our Indian subsidiary received a tax assessment approximating $309,000 including interest, through December 31, 2016 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2006. We disagreed with the basis of these tax assessments, have filed an appeal against the assessments and are contesting them vigorously. In January 2012, the Indian subsidiary received a final tax assessment of approximately $1.0 million, including interest, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2008, from the Indian Bureau of Taxation. We disagree with the basis of this tax assessment, and have filed an appeal against it. Due to this assessment, we recorded a tax provision amounting to $493,000 including interest through December 31, 2016. In April 2015, we received a favorable judgment whereby the Appeal Officer reduced the tax assessment to $0.3 million. Under the Indian Income Tax Act, however, the income tax assessing officer has the right to appeal against the judgment passed by the Appeal Officer. In the third quarter of 2015, the income tax assessing officer exercised this right and filed an appeal. Based on recent experience, we believe that the tax provision of $493,000 including interest is adequate. As we are continually subject to tax audits by the Indian Bureau of Taxation, we continuously assess the likelihood of an unfavorable assessment for all fiscal years for which we have not been audited and, as of December 31, 2016, we recorded a tax provision amounting to $158,000 including interest, through December 31, 2016.

In 2015, our Indian subsidiary was subject to an inquiry by the Service Tax Bureau in India regarding the classification of services provided by this subsidiary, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of online information and database access or retrieval services (OID Services), and not under the category of business support services (BS Services) that are exempt from service tax as historically indicated in our service tax filings. In the event the Service Tax Bureau is successful in proving that our services fall under the category of OID Services, the revenue earned by our Indian subsidiary would be subject to a service tax of approximately 14.5% and this would increase our operating costs. The revenues of our Indian subsidiary in 2016 were $16.8 million. We disagree with the Service Tax Bureau’s position and contest these assertions vigorously.

In 2016, our Indian subsidiary received notices of appeal from the Commissioner, Service Tax, seeking to reverse service tax refunds previously granted to us for certain quarters in 2014, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of OID Services and not BS Services. We disagree with the basis of these appeals and are contesting them vigorously. We expect delays in receiving service tax refunds until the appeals are adjudicated with finality.

From time to time we are also subject to various tax proceedings and claims for our Philippines subsidiaries. We have recorded a tax provision amounting to $224,000 including interest through December 31, 2016, for several ongoing tax proceedings in the Philippines. Although the ultimate outcome cannot be determined at this time, we continue to contest these claims vigorously.

We have unrecognized tax benefits of $1.2 million at both December 31, 2016 and 2015. The portion of unrecognized tax benefits relating to interest and penalties was $0.5 million for both December 31, 2016 and 2015. The unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, if recognized, would have an impact on our effective tax rate.

We are subject to various tax audits and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business.  Management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these audits and claims will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Net Loss

We incurred a net loss of $5.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to a net loss of $2.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Net loss for the DDS segment was $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to net income of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, net of intersegment profits. The change was due to the decline in revenues, the increase in direct operating costs and selling and administrative expenses that was mentioned above, and to the charge to our operations referred to under “Contingent Consideration.”

Net loss for the IADS segment was $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to a net loss of $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, net of intersegment profits. The decline in net loss is primarily due to an increase in revenues.

Net loss for the MIS segment was $1.2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2016 was income of $0.7 million compared to income of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decline of $1.2 million. Adjusted EBITDA for the DDS segment was $2.8 million and $6.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, a decrease of $3.4 million or approximately 55%. Adjusted EBITDA for the IADS segment was a loss of $1.8 million and a loss of $3.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA for the MIS segment was a loss of $0.3 million compared to a loss of $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014

Revenues

Total revenues were $58.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a 1% decline from $59.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Revenues from the DDS segment were $51.7 million and $56.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, a decline of $5.1 million or approximately 9%. This decline is primarily attributable to a decline in e-book related services from one client, lower volumes in several projects and project completions. The decline was partially offset by an increase in revenues from other clients including ramp-up on a new project for a European publisher.

Revenues from the IADS segment were $2.1 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, an increase of $1.5 million or approximately 250%. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in the volume of work from Synodex clients.

Revenues from the MIS segment were $4.7 million and $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2014, respectively, an increase of $3.0 million or approximately 176%. The increase is primarily due to the recognition of revenue for a full year in 2015 compared to the recognition of revenue for 2014 from the date of acquisition of MediaMiser to December 31, 2014, in 2014. The increase also reflects the addition in 2015 of 21 net new subscriber customers for MediaMiser’s Enterprise products and services, and $0.5 million in 2015 from sales of Bulldog Reporter products.

Two clients in our DDS segment generated approximately 33%, 31% and 26% of the Company’s total revenues in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Another client in our DDS segment accounted for less than 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 but accounted for 10% and 11% of the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. A fourth client in our DDS segment accounted for less than 10% of the Company’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 but accounted for 15% of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013. No other client accounted for 10% or more of total revenues during these periods. Further, in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, revenues from non-US clients accounted for 51%, 47% and 35%, respectively, of the Company's revenues.

Direct Operating Costs

Direct operating costs were approximately $43.9 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Direct operating costs for the DDS segment were $37.0 million and $38.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, a decrease of $1.4 million or approximately 4%. The decline reflects efficiencies of approximately $1.8 million in technology and facility costs, favorable foreign exchange benefits of $0.3 million, a reduction in labor costs as a result of the decrease in 2015 DDS revenues, offset in part by approximately $0.9 million in ramp-up costs on a new project for a European publisher and a $0.4 million expense accrual for retroactive bonuses required to be paid in India under recent legislation.

Direct operating costs for the IADS segment were approximately $4.3 million and $4.5 million for the respective periods, net of intersegment profits.

Direct operating costs for the MIS segment were approximately $2.6 million and $1.0 million, net of intersegment profit, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase is because costs in 2015 were recorded for the full year while costs for 2014 were recorded only from the date of acquisition. The increase also reflects additional overhead costs incurred in 2015.

Direct operating costs as a percentage of total revenues increased to 75% for the year ended December 31, 2015 from 74% for the year ended December 31, 2014. Direct operating costs for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were 72% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 68% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in direct operating costs for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues was principally attributable to the increase in expenses referred to above and the fixed costs-of-sales being apportioned over lower revenues.

Direct operating costs for the IADS segment as a percentage of IADS segment revenues were approximately 200% and 725% for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Direct operating costs for the MIS segment as a percentage of MIS segment revenues were 55% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 60% for the period from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2014. The decrease in direct operating costs for the MIS segment as a percentage of MIS segment revenues was primarily attributable to the fixed costs-of-sales being apportioned over higher revenues.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses were $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $16.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $0.4 million or approximately 2%. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues increased to 29% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 28% for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment were $11.9 million and $13.8 million in these respective periods. Selling and administrative expenses for the IADS segment for both the periods were $1.6 million, net of intersegment profits. Selling and administrative expenses for the MIS segment were $3.3 million and $1.0 million, net of intersegment profits.

The decline in selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 is primarily due to the following; approximately $1.3 million of cost optimization; a provision for doubtful accounts and professional fees for the acquisition of MediaMiser and Bulldog Reporter businesses amounting to $0.2 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2014; a reversal in 2015 of an accrual for incentive compensation payments to executive officers and other key employees; and a decline in other administrative costs.

Selling and administrative expenses for the DDS segment as a percentage of DDS segment revenues were approximately 23% and 24% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Selling and administrative expenses for the IADS segment as a percentage of IADS segment revenues were approximately 73% and 262% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Selling and administrative expenses for the MIS segment increased because costs for 2015 were recorded for the full year while costs for 2014 were recorded only from the date of acquisition of MediaMiser, and also because of approximately $0.7 million increase in sales and marketing spend to drive growth of customer acquisition. Selling and administrative expenses for the MIS segment as a percentage of MIS segment revenues were approximately 71% and 58% for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2014, respectively.

Taxes

We recorded a provision for income taxes of approximately $1.2 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Taxes primarily consist of a provision for foreign taxes recorded in accordance with the local tax regulations by our foreign subsidiaries. Effective income tax rates are disproportionate due to the losses incurred by our U.S. entity and our Canadian subsidiary and a valuation allowance recorded on deferred taxes on these entities. Some of our foreign subsidiaries are subject to tax holidays or preferential tax rates which reduce our overall effective tax rate when compared to the U.S. statutory tax rate. In addition, the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are not subject to tax in the U.S. unless the earnings are repatriated.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, the provision for income taxes recorded by our foreign subsidiaries was partially offset by a reversal of a tax provision on account of a favorable outcome in two of the tax proceedings of our Indian subsidiary. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the provision for income taxes recorded by our foreign subsidiaries was partially offset by a reversal of a tax provision on account of a favorable outcome in one of the tax proceedings of our Indian subsidiary.

Our U.S. entity incurred losses primarily on account of the losses of Synodex. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, we considered whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the U.S. deferred tax assets will not be realizable. As the expectation of future taxable income resulting from Synodex could not be predicted with certainty, in the third quarter of 2013 we created a $7.1 million valuation allowance against all of the U.S. deferred tax assets then outstanding. As a result of losses incurred thereafter through December 31, 2015 and the resulting increase in our deferred tax assets, as of December 31, 2015 we maintained a valuation allowance of $10.9 million against all of our U.S. deferred tax assets.

At December 31, 2015, MediaMiser had available net operating loss carryforwards in Canada which will begin to expire in 2028. In addition, MediaMiser also has research and development expenditures available to reduce taxable income in future years, which may be carried forward indefinitely. The potential benefits from these balances have not been recognized for financial statement purposes.

Beginning in 2002, unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries have been included in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxes that may be payable on distribution to the United States, because such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States. Unremitted earnings aggregated $35.4 million at December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015 we had no plans to repatriate the earnings except for $3 million in projected deemed dividend, if such earnings were to be remitted, we could be subject to United States income taxes that may not be fully offset by foreign tax credits.

In order to preserve cash in the United States, in the fourth quarter of 2015 the U.S. entity deferred $4.0 million in payments due to its Asian operating subsidiaries, which resulted in a deemed dividend of approximately $1.0 million that is taxable income for U.S. tax purposes under Section 956 of the Internal Revenue Code. The taxable income was set off against the net operating loss carryforwards of the U.S. entity. We adjusted the 2015 tax provision, deferred tax assets and the corresponding valuation allowance as of December 31, 2015 to reflect this transaction.

Pursuant to an income tax audit by the Indian Bureau of Taxation in March 2006, our Indian subsidiary received a tax assessment approximating $260,000, including interest, through December 31, 2015, for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2003. We disagreed with the basis of the tax assessment and filed an appeal with the Appeal Officer against the assessment. In October 2010, the matter was resolved with a judgment in the Company’s favor. Under the Indian Income Tax Act, however, the income tax assessing officer has the right to appeal against the judgment passed by the Appeal Officer. In December 2010, the income tax assessing officer exercised this right. In June 2015, the Indian Bureau of Taxation completed the audit, and the ultimate outcome was favorable. There was no tax assessment imposed for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2003. We had previously recorded a tax provision amounting to $260,000 including interest through June 30, 2015. As the ultimate outcome was favorable, we reversed this amount in the second quarter of 2015. In 2008 and 2009, our Indian subsidiary received a final tax assessment for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2005 and 2006 from the Indian Bureau of Taxation. The tax assessment amounted to $284,000 and $300,000, including interest, through December 31, 2015, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2005 and 2006, respectively. We disagree with the basis of these tax assessments, have filed an appeal against the assessments and are contesting them vigorously. In June 2015, the Indian Bureau of Taxation completed the audit for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2005 and the ultimate outcome was favorable. There was no tax assessment imposed for the fiscal tax year ended March 31, 2005. We had previously recorded a tax provision amounting to $284,000 including interest through June 30, 2015. As the ultimate outcome was favorable, we reversed this amount in the second quarter of 2015. In January 2012, our Indian subsidiary received a final tax assessment of approximately $1.0 million, including interest, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2008, from the Indian Bureau of Taxation. We disagree with the basis of this tax assessment, and have filed an appeal against it. Due to this assessment, we recorded a tax provision amounting to $477,000 including interest through December 31, 2015. In April 2015, we received a favorable judgment whereby the Appeal Officer reduced the tax assessment to $0.3 million. Under the Indian Income Tax Act, however, the income tax assessing officer has the right to appeal against the judgment passed by the Appeal Officer. In the third quarter of 2015, the income tax assessing officer exercised this right and filed an appeal. Based on recent experience, we believe that the tax provision of $477,000 including interest is adequate. The Indian Bureau of Taxation commenced an audit of this subsidiary’s income tax return for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012. The ultimate outcome for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012 cannot be determined at this time. As we are continually subject to tax audits by the Indian Bureau of Taxation, we continuously assess the likelihood of an unfavorable assessment for all fiscal years for which we have not been audited and, as of December 31, 2015, we recorded a tax provision amounting to $152,000 including interest for such year.

In 2015, our Indian subsidiary was subject to an inquiry by the Service Tax Bureau in India regarding the classification of services provided by this subsidiary, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of online information and database access or retrieval services (OID Services), and not under the category of business support services (BS Services) that are exempt from service tax as historically indicated in our service tax filings. In the event the Service Tax Bureau is successful in proving that our services fall under the category of OID Services, the revenue earned by our Indian subsidiary would be subject to a service tax of approximately 14.5% and this would increase our operating costs. The revenues of our Indian subsidiary in 2015 were $16.5 million. We disagree with the Service Tax Bureau’s position and contest these assertions vigorously.

In 2016, our Indian subsidiary received notices of appeal from the Commissioner, Service Tax, seeking to reverse service tax refunds previously granted to us for certain quarters in 2014, asserting that the services provided by this subsidiary fall under the category of OID Services and not BS Services. We disagree with the basis of these appeals and are contesting them vigorously. We expect delays in receiving service tax refunds until the appeals are adjudicated with finality.

From time to time we are also subject to various tax proceedings and claims for our Philippines subsidiaries. We have recorded a tax provision amounting to $0.3 million including interest through December 31, 2015, for several ongoing tax proceedings in the Philippines. Although the ultimate outcome cannot be determined at this time, we continue to contest these claims vigorously.

We had unrecognized tax benefits in India and the Philippines totaling $1.2 million and $1.8 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The portion of unrecognized tax benefits relating to interest and penalties was $0.5 million and $0.6 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, if recognized, would have an impact on our effective tax rate.

We are subject to various tax audits and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business.  Management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these audits and claims will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Net Loss

We generated a net loss of $2.8 million in the year December 31, 2015 compared to a net loss of $1.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2014.

Net income for the DDS segment was $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to net income of $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, net of intersegment profits. Of the total decline in net income for the DDS segment, $1.6 million is on account of the decline in revenues, offset in part by the above mentioned decrease in direct operating costs and selling and administrative expenses; a $0.8 million increase in the provision for foreign income taxes and a $0.4 million decline in losses attributable to non-controlling interests.

Net loss for the IADS segment was $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, net of intersegment profits. The decline in net loss is primarily due to an increase in revenues.

Net loss for the MIS segment was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and $0.3 million for the period from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2014in, in 2014. The net loss was higher primarily due to an increased spend on sales and marketing partially offset by margins from higher revenues.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $1.9 million compared to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of $1.1 million or 36%. Adjusted EBITDA for the DDS segment was $6.2 million and $8.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, a decrease of $2.3 million or approximately 27%. Adjusted EBITDA for the IADS segment was a loss of $3.7 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA for the MIS segment was a loss of $0.6 million and $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and the period from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2014, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Selected measures of liquidity and capital resources, expressed in thousands, are as follows:

At December 31, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents of $14.2 million, of which $11.7 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries, and the $2.5 million balance was held in the United States. If needed, amounts held by foreign subsidiaries could be repatriated to the United States to satisfy working capital needs of the U.S. entity, but under current law, they would be subject to United States federal income taxes. As of December 31, 2016, our intent is to permanently reinvest these funds outside the United States, except for $7.0 million in projected deemed dividends described below.

We have used, and plan to use, our cash and cash equivalents for (i) investments in IADS which are expected to be at the rate of $0.1-0.4 million per quarter in the immediate future; (ii) the expansion of our other operations; (iii) general corporate purposes, including working capital; and (iv) possible business acquisitions. As of December 31, 2016, we had working capital of approximately $14.4 million, as compared to working capital of approximately $25.0 million as of December 31, 2015.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and internally generated funds will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to satisfy our financial needs for the next 12 months. However, we have no bank facilities or lines of credit, and continuing material reductions in our cash and cash equivalents from operating losses, capital expenditures, acquisitions or otherwise could materially and adversely affect the Company.

On July 14, 2016, our MediaMiser subsidiary completed the acquisition of Agility from PR Newswire under an asset purchase agreement for cash consideration of $4.2 million.

In 2016, our U.S. entity deferred $4.2 million in payments due to its Asian operating subsidiaries. The deferral in payments resulted in a deemed dividend that is taxable income to the U.S. entity and is set off against its net operating loss carryforwards. We project that during 2017 through 2018 our U.S. entity may not have sufficient cash to pay in full amounts that will be payable by it to its Asian operating subsidiaries and that the cash deficit will amount to approximately $7.0 million. The resulting deferral in payments would similarly result in a deemed dividend that would be taxable income to the U.S. entity and would be set off against its net operating loss carryforwards. We adjusted our deferred tax assets and the corresponding valuation allowance as of December 31, 2016 to reflect the projected deferral in payments.

In October 2015, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which will give us the ability to offer from time to time up to an aggregate of $70 million of securities, which may consist of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, or units consisting of any of the foregoing. The registration is intended to give us flexibility should financing opportunities arise.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities

Cash used in our operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $2.7 million, resulting from a net loss of $5.9 million and adjustments for non-cash items of $5.5 million and uses of working capital of $2.3 million. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $3.2 million for depreciation and amortization, a change in fair value of contingent consideration of $1.0 million and stock option expense of $1.2 million.

Cash provided by our operating activities in 2015 was $2.7 million, resulting from a net loss of $3.4 million, adjustments for non-cash items of $4.4 million, and $1.7 million from working capital. Adjustments for non-cash items principally consisted of $2.8 million for depreciation and amortization, stock compensation expense of $1.3 million and pension costs of $0.4 million. Working capital activities primarily consisted of a source of cash of $1.0 million as a result of a decrease in accounts receivable and $0.7 million provided by other working capital accounts.

Cash provided by our operating activities in 2014 was $4.6 million, resulting from a net loss of $1.9 million, adjustments for non-cash items of $4.9 million, and $1.6 million from working capital. Adjustments for non-cash items principally consisted of $3.0 million for depreciation and amortization, stock compensation expense of $1.2 million, pension costs of $0.7 million and an impairment charge of approximately $0.4 million. Working capital activities primarily consisted of a source of cash of $1.9 million as a result of a decrease in accounts receivable and $0.7 million used for other working capital accounts.

At December 31, 2016, our days’ sales outstanding were 55 days as compared to 61 days as of December 31, 2015 and 69 days as of December 31, 2014. We calculate DSO by first dividing the total revenues for the period by average net accounts receivable, which is the sum of net accounts receivable at the beginning of the period and net accounts receivable at the end of the period, to yield an amount we refer to as the “accounts receivable turnover.” Then we divide the total number of days within the period reported by the accounts receivable turnover to yield DSO expressed in number of days.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2016, cash used in our investing activities was $7.0 million. These expenditures consisted of $4.2 million paid to acquire Agility in July 2016 and capital expenditures of $2.7 million principally for the purchase of technology equipment including servers, network infrastructure and workstations. Capital expenditures of $2.7 million consisted of $2.2 million for the DDS segment and $0.5 million for the MIS segment.

Capital expenditures in 2015 amounted to $0.7 million consisting of $0.5 million for the DDS segment and $0.2 million for the MIS segment. Capital expenditures for the IADS segment amounted to $0.3 million in 2015 which has been expensed, as we continue to expense all capital expenditures for the IADS segment since we recorded the impairment in 2013. A significant portion of the capital expenditures incurred during the year was for the purchase of new servers, storage and software upgrades.

Capital expenditures in 2014 for the DDS segment amounted to $2.0 million primarily for the purchase of technology equipment and computer software. Capital expenditures for the IADS segment amounted to $0.2 million in 2014 which has been expensed. In addition, we paid $3.2 million to acquire MediaMiser in July 2014 and approximately $0.2 million to acquire intellectual property and related assets of Bulldog Reporter in December 2014.

For the year 2017, we anticipate that capital expenditures for ongoing technology, equipment and infrastructure upgrades will approximate $2.0 to $3.0 million, a portion of which we may finance.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

Payment of long-term obligations approximated $0.7 million, $0.9 million and $0.8 million for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Cash from financing activities represents the net proceeds from a capital lease transaction we entered into during the first quarter of 2014 amounting to $0.9 million. Proceeds from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $0.4 million. There were no stock option exercises during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we repurchased 57,000 and 80,000 shares of our common stock for approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively.  

Although most of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our revenues is denominated in Canadian dollars, Pound Sterling and Euros. In addition, a significant portion of our expenses, primarily labor expenses in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Canada and Israel, is incurred in the local currencies of the countries in which we operate. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. denominated transactions into U.S. dollars in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. As a result, we are exposed to the risk that fluctuations in the value of these currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could have a direct impact on our revenues and our results of operations.

The value of the Euro and the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar declined significantly during the fourth quarter of 2014 and in 2015. Similarly, the Philippines and India have at times experienced high rates of inflation as well as major fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Philippine peso and the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar. Although we selectively undertake hedging activities to mitigate certain of these risks, our hedging activities may not be effective and may result in losses.

Fluctuations in exchange rates also affect the value of funds held by our foreign subsidiaries. We do not currently intend to hedge these assets.

Contractual Obligations

The table below summarizes our contractual obligations (in thousands) at December 31, 2016, and the effect that those obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods.

Future expected obligations under our pension benefit plans have not been included in the contractual cash obligations table above.

Inflation, Seasonality and Prevailing Economic Conditions

Our most significant costs are the salaries and related benefits of our employees in Asia. We are exposed to higher inflation in wage rates in the countries in which we operate. We generally perform work for our clients under project-specific contracts, requirements-based contracts or long-term contracts. We must adequately anticipate wage increases, particularly on our fixed-price contracts. There can be no assurance that we will be able to recover cost increases through increases in the prices that we charge for our services to our clients.

Our quarterly operating results are subject to certain fluctuations. We experience fluctuations in our revenue and earnings as we replace and begin new projects, which may have some normal start-up delays, or we may be unable to replace a project entirely. These and other factors may contribute to fluctuations in our operating results from quarter to quarter. In addition, as some of our Asian facilities are closed during holidays in the fourth quarter, we typically incur higher wages, due to overtime, that reduce our margins.

Our Synodex subsidiary experiences seasonal fluctuations in revenues. Typically, revenue is lowest in the third quarter of the calendar year and highest in the fourth quarter of the calendar year. The seasonality is directly linked to the number of life insurance applications received by the insurance companies.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations, liquidity and capital resources is based on our consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts and billing adjustments, long-lived assets, intangible assets, goodwill, valuation of deferred tax assets, value of securities underlying stock-based compensation, litigation accruals, pension benefits, purchase price allocation of Agility, valuation of derivative instruments and estimated accruals for various tax exposures. We base our estimates on historical and anticipated results and trends and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Actual results may differ from our estimates and could have a significant adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations and financial position. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant estimates and judgments in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We establish credit terms for new clients based upon management’s review of their credit information and project terms, and perform ongoing credit evaluations of our clients, adjusting credit terms when management believes appropriate, based upon payment history and an assessment of the client’s current credit worthiness. We record an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our clients to make required payments. We determine this allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due, our previous loss history, our estimate of the client’s current ability to pay its obligation to us, and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. While credit losses have generally been within expectations and the provisions established, in 2016 we deferred $750,000 of revenue from one client that will be accounted for on a cash basis and we also recorded a $150,000 allowance for accounts receivables from this client. We cannot guarantee that credit loss rates in the future will not be greater that those experienced in the past. In addition, we would have credit exposure if the financial condition of one of our major clients were to deteriorate. In the event that the financial condition of our clients was to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances might be necessary.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our production operations located in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel is the U.S. dollar. Transactions denominated in the Philippine pesos, Indian and Sri Lankan rupees or Israeli shekels are translated to U.S. dollars at rates which approximate those in effect on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are translated at the exchange rate in effect as of those dates. Nonmonetary assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity were translated at the appropriate historical rates. Included in direct operating costs are exchange losses (gains) resulting from such transactions of approximately $486,000, $(134,000) and $246,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The functional currency for our subsidiaries in Germany, United Kingdom and Canada are the Euro, the Pound Sterling and the Canadian dollar, respectively. The financial statements of these subsidiaries are reported in these respective currencies. Financial information is translated from the applicable functional currency to the U.S. dollar (the reporting currency) for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Income, expenses and cash flows are translated at weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the fiscal period, and assets and liabilities are translated at fiscal period-end exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders' equity. Foreign exchange transaction gains or losses are included in direct operating costs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The amount of foreign currency translation adjustment was $1,393,000, $1,442,000 and $447,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

For the DDS segment, revenue is recognized based on the quantity delivered or resources utilized and in the period in which services are performed and delivery has occurred. Revenues for contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as services are performed. Revenues under fixed-fee contracts, which are not significant to the overall revenues, are recognized on the percentage of completion method of accounting, as services are performed or milestones are achieved.

For the IADS segment, revenue is recognized primarily based on the quantity delivered and the period in which services are performed and deliverables are made as per contracts. A portion of our IADS segment revenue is derived from licensing our software and providing access to our hosted software platform. Revenue from such services are recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user and there are no significant remaining obligations, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fees are fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured.

The MIS segment derives its revenues primarily from subscription arrangements and provision of enriched media analysis services. Revenue from subscriptions is recognized monthly when access to the service is provided to the end user and there are no significant remaining obligations, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fees are fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Revenue from enriched media analysis services is recognized when the services are performed and delivered to the client.

Revenues include reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses, with the corresponding out-of-pocket expenses included in direct operating costs.

Long-lived Assets

We assess the recoverability of long-lived assets, which consist primarily of fixed assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The following factors, if present, may trigger an impairment review: (i) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (ii) significant negative industry or economic trends; (iii) a significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period; and (iv) a change in our market capitalization relative to net book value. If the recoverability of these assets is unlikely because of the existence of one or more of the above-mentioned factors, an impairment analysis is performed, initially using a projected undiscounted cash flow method.  We make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of these respective assets. An impairment loss will be recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value, and is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

During the fourth quarter of 2014 we recorded an impairment charge of $0.4 million representing the write-off of certain long lived assets on account of the consolidation of two India-based delivery centers.

Income Taxes

We determine our deferred taxes based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates, as well as any net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards expected to reduce taxes payable in future years. We provide a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. While we consider future taxable income in assessing the need for the valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize the deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would increase income in the period such determination was made. Similarly, in the event we were to determine that we would not be able to realize the deferred tax assets in the future considering the future taxable income, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would decrease income in the period such determination was made. Changes in the valuation allowance from period to period are included in our tax provision in the period of change. As of December 31, 2016, we intend to indefinitely reinvest the foreign earnings in our foreign subsidiaries. Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries have been included in the consolidated financial statements without giving effect to the United States taxes that may be payable on distribution to the United States, because such earnings are not anticipated to be remitted to the United States. However, if we change our intent and repatriate such earnings, we will have to accrue the applicable amount of taxes associated with such earnings.

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considered whether it was more likely than not that all or some of the U.S. deferred tax assets would not be realizable. As of December 31, 2016, we continue to maintain a valuation allowance on all U.S. deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2016, MediaMiser has available net operating loss carryforwards and research and development expenditures available to reduce taxable income of future years. The potential benefits from balances have not been recognized for financial statement purposes.

We account for income taxes regarding uncertain tax positions, and recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions under “Income Tax Expense” in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price paid over the fair value of net assets acquired. We test our goodwill on an annual basis using a two-step fair value based test. The first step of the goodwill impairment test, used to identify potential impairment, compares the fair value of a reporting unit, with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test must be performed to measure the amount of the impairment loss, if any. If impairment is determined, we will recognize additional charges to operating expenses in the period in which they are identified, which would result in a reduction of operating results and a reduction in the amount of goodwill.

In the annual impairment test conducted by us as of September 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount, including goodwill. As such, no impairment was identified or recorded.

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

We are authorized to grant stock options to officers, directors, employees and others who render services to us under the 2013 Stock Plan approved by the stockholders.

We measure and recognize stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on estimated fair value at the grant date and recognized over the requisite service period. Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires judgment, including estimating the expected term of stock options and the expected volatility of our stock. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. We recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.2 million, $1.3 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Legal Proceedings

We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. Our legal reserves related to these proceedings and claims are based on a determination of whether or not a loss is probable. We review outstanding claims and proceedings with external counsel to assess probability and estimates of loss. The reserves are adjusted if necessary. If circumstances change, we may be required to record adjustments that could be material to our reported financial condition and results of operations.

Pensions

Most of our non-U.S. subsidiaries provide for government mandated defined pension benefits covering those employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. Pension assumptions are significant inputs to actuarial models that measure pension benefit obligations and related effects on operations. Two critical assumptions – discount rate and rate of increase in compensation levels – are important elements of plan expense and asset/liability measurements. These critical assumptions are evaluated at least annually on a plan and a country-specific basis. Other assumptions involving demographic factors such as retirement age, mortality and turnover are evaluated periodically and are updated to reflect actual experience and expectations for the future. Actual results in any given year will often differ from actuarial assumptions because of economic and other factors, and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the impact of these differences is accumulated and amortized over future periods.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance on revenue from contracts with clients. This update is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. It also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. This accounting guidance is effective prospectively for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted starting from the first quarter of 2017. Companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt the new standard when it takes effect. We do not anticipate that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued guidance related to balance sheet classification of deferred taxes. This new guidance requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent in the balance sheet. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted this standard and there was no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance related to leases. This new guidance requires lessees to recognize on the balance sheet a right-of-use asset, representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and a lease liability for all leases with terms greater than 12 months.  The guidance also requires qualitative and quantitative disclosures designed to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.  The standard requires the use of a modified retrospective transition approach, which includes a number of optional practical expedients that entities may elect to apply.  This new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018.  Early application is permitted.  We have not yet determined the potential effects of the adoption of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance relating to share-based compensation. This new guidance is intended to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows.  The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016.  Early application is permitted.  We adopted this standard and there was no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest rate risk

Our equipment sales leaseback financing and capital lease transactions carry a fixed interest rate. Thus, as of December 31, 2016 we are not exposed to any market risk due to interest rate fluctuations.

Foreign currency risk

Although most of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our revenues is denominated in Canadian dollars, Pound Sterling and Euros. In addition, a significant portion of our expenses, primarily labor expenses in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Canada and Israel, is incurred in the local currencies of the countries in which we operate. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. denominated transactions into U.S. dollars in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. As a result, we are exposed to the risk that fluctuations in the value of these currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could have a direct impact on our revenues and our results of operations.

To mitigate the exposure of fluctuating future cash flows due to changes in foreign exchange rates, we entered into foreign currency forward contracts in 2015. These foreign currency forward contracts were entered into with a maximum term of twelve months and have an aggregate notional amount of approximately $19.3 million as of December 31, 2016. The total unrealized loss on the outstanding hedges were $0.3 million as of December 31, 2016.

The impact of foreign currency fluctuations will continue to present economic challenges to us and could negatively impact our overall results of operations. A 10% appreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relating to the hedged currencies would decrease the forward contracts’ fair value by approximately $1.7 million as of December 31, 2016. Similarly, a 10% depreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relative to the hedged currencies would increase the forward contracts’ fair value by approximately $2.1 million as of December 31, 2016. Any increase or decrease in the fair value of our currency exchange rate sensitive forward contracts, if utilized, would be substantially offset by a corresponding decrease or increase in the fair value of the hedged underlying cash flows.

We may continue to enter into these, or other such instruments, in the future to reduce foreign currency exposure to appreciation or depreciation in the value of these foreign currencies.

Other than the forward contracts mentioned above, we have not in 2016 engaged in any hedging activities or entered into off-balance-sheet transactions or arrangements. As of December 31, 2016, our foreign locations held cash and cash equivalents totaling approximately $11.7 million. These assets are exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from changes in foreign exchange rates. At present, we do not enter into any hedging instruments to mitigate foreign exchange risk on such assets; however, we may do so in the future.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

See Financial Statement Index, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data commencing on page F-1 herein.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision, and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2016, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

In response to the investigation by the Audit Committee described under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Recent Development, the Company created a Compliance Committee composed of senior managers from various functions, reviewed and updated certain of its policies, including its Anti-Bribery and Corruption Policy, and instituted additional employee trainings on these updated policies and related subject areas.

Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of company assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of company assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected.

Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) - issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016,

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, was audited by CohnReznick LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing below.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Innodata Inc.:

We have audited Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries (“Innodata”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Innodata’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on Innodata’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, and the related financial statement schedule of Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries and our report dated March 15, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/CohnReznick LLP

Roseland, New Jersey

March 15, 2017

Item 9B. Other information.

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information called for by Item 10 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year.

The Company has a code of ethics that applies to all of its employees, officers, and directors, including its principal executive officer, principal financial and accounting officer, and controller. The text of the Company’s code of ethics is posted on its website at www.innodata.com. The Company intends to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of the code of ethics for executive officers and directors in accordance with applicable Nasdaq and SEC requirements.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information called for by Item 11 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information called for by Item 12 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information called for by Item 13 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information called for by Item 14 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2016 fiscal year.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Item 8. Financial Statements.

INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Innodata Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15. Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries’ management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and their results of operations and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Innodata Inc. and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 15, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/ CohnReznick LLP

Roseland, New Jersey

March 15, 2017

INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016, 2015 AND 2014

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016, 2015 AND 2014

(In thousands)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

INNODATA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016, 2015 AND 2014

(In thousands)