INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS & SUPPORT INC - Quarter Report: 2016 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

[For the transition period from to ]

Commission File No. 000-31157

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

PENNSYLVANIA		23-2507402
(State or Other Jurisdiction		(I.R.S. Employer
of Incorporation or Organization)		Identification No.)

720 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania		19341
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(610) 646-9800

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o				Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated filer o				Smaller reporting company x
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of April 29, 2016, there were 16,966,014 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock, with par value of $.001 per share, outstanding.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

FORM 10-Q March 31, 2016

INDEX

		Page No.

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets – March 31, 2016 (unaudited) and September 30, 2015	1

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations – Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 (unaudited)	2

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Six Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 (unaudited)	3

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	4 – 16

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	17 – 24

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	24

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	24

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	25

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	25

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	25

Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	25

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	25

Item 5.	Other Information	26

Item 6.	Exhibits	26

SIGNATURES		27

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1- Financial Statements

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	March 31,			September 30,
	2016			2015
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	17,207,882		$	16,282,039
Accounts receivable	6,584,316			2,394,695
Unbilled receivables, net	1,725,273			3,920,209
Inventories	4,071,347			4,597,316
Deferred income taxes	479,320			933,499
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,429,040			1,221,717

Total current assets	31,497,178			29,349,475

Property and equipment, net	6,943,414			7,095,330
Other assets	164,148			168,948

Total assets	$	38,604,740		$	36,613,753

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	2,262,903		$	1,435,981
Accrued expenses	2,582,274			2,568,531
Deferred revenue	342,001			756,745

Total current liabilities	5,187,178			4,761,257

Non-current deferred income taxes	457,943			507,184
Other liabilities	2,865			2,826

Total liabilities	5,647,986			5,271,267

Commitments and contingencies (See Note 6)

Shareholders’ equity

Preferred stock, 10,000,000 shares authorized, $.001 par value, of which 200,000 shares are authorized as Class A Convertible stock. No shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015	—			—

Common stock, $.001 par value: 75,000,000 shares authorized, 18,812,465 and 18,756, 089 issued at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively	18,813			18,756

Additional paid-in capital	51,400,058			51,148,722
Retained earnings	2,181,643			818,768
Treasury stock, at cost, 1,846,451 shares at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015	(20,643,760		)	(20,643,760		)

Total shareholders’ equity	32,956,754			31,342,486

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	38,604,740		$	36,613,753

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015			2016		2015
Net sales:
Product	$	8,455,235		$	3,487,933		$	14,395,646	$	8,037,453
Engineering development contracts	205,747			1,798,117			848,915		3,972,853
Total net sales	8,660,982			5,286,050			15,244,561		12,010,306

Cost of sales:
Product	3,061,780			2,376,434			5,970,738		4,617,987
Engineering development contracts	(304,145		)	1,326,220			54,665		3,047,118
Total cost of sales	2,757,635			3,702,654			6,025,403		7,665,105

Gross profit	5,903,347			1,583,396			9,219,158		4,345,201

Operating expenses:
Research and development	1,337,616			647,473			2,269,216		1,302,472
Selling, general and administrative	2,592,615			1,573,888			5,285,559		3,514,379
Total operating expenses	3,930,231			2,221,361			7,554,775		4,816,851

Operating income (loss)	1,973,116			(637,965		)	1,664,383		(471,650		)

Interest income	8,340			6,013			15,366		11,898
Other income	26,623			9,407			59,032		20,229
Income (loss) before income taxes	2,008,079			(622,545		)	1,738,781		(439,523		)

Income tax expense (benefit)	429,766			(258,454		)	375,906		(669,174		)

Net income (loss)	$	1,578,313		$	(364,091	)	$	1,362,875	$	229,651

Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic	$	0.09		$	(0.02	)	$	0.08	$	0.01
Diluted	$	0.09		$	(0.02	)	$	0.08	$	0.01

Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	16,925,719			16,925,028			16,917,679		16,940,377
Diluted	17,018,161			16,925,028			17,009,299		17,043,735

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31 ,
	2016			2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	1,362,875		$	229,651
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	232,265			287,874
Share-based compensation expense:
Stock options	68,172			200,230
Stock awards	183,222			149,952
Tax adjustment from share-based compensation	—			(47,221		)
Recovery of loss on unbilled receivables	—			(62,159		)
(Gain) loss on disposal of property and equipment	(563		)	(15,723		)
Excess and obsolete inventory cost	—			217,832
Deferred income taxes	404,938			(575,614		)
(Increase) decrease in:
Accounts receivable	(4,190,166		)	1,028,911
Unbilled receivables, net	2,194,936			1,627,931
Inventories	525,969			633,713
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(207,323		)	(74,417		)
Other non-current assets	—			(71,800		)
Increase (decrease) in:
Accounts payable	826,922			(1,363,070		)
Accrued expenses	13,743			(1,400,897		)
Income taxes payable/receivable	39			(236,339		)
Deferred revenue	(414,744		)	234,527
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,000,285			763,381

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment	(75,550		)	(171,474		)
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment	1,108			15,900
Net cash (used in) investing activities	(74,442		)	(155,574		)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of Company’s stock	—			(254,170		)
Net cash (used in) financing activities	—			(254,170		)

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	925,843			353,637
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	16,282,039			15,214,584

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	17,207,882		$	15,568,221

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid for income tax	$	—		$	190,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of the Company

Innovative Solutions and Support, Inc. (the “Company” or “IS&S”) was incorporated in Pennsylvania on February 12, 1988. The Company operates in one business segment as a systems integrator that designs, manufactures, sells, and services air data equipment, engine display systems, standby equipment, primary flight guidance, and cockpit display systems for retrofit applications and original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). The Company supplies integrated Flight Management Systems (“FMS”), Flat Panel Display Systems (“FPDS”), Integrated Standby Units (“ISU”) and advanced Global Positioning System (“GPS”) receivers that enable reduced carbon footprint navigation.

The Company has continued to position itself as a system integrator, which capability provides the Company with the potential to generate more substantive orders over a broader product base. The strategy, as both a manufacturer and integrator, is designed to leverage the latest technologies developed for the computer and telecommunications industries into advanced and cost-effective solutions for the general aviation, commercial air transport, United States Department of Defense (“DoD”)/governmental, and foreign military markets. This approach, combined with the Company’s industry experience, is designed to enable IS&S to develop high-quality products and systems, to reduce product time to market, and to achieve cost advantages over products offered by its competitors. Customers include commercial air transport carriers and corporate/general aviation companies, the DoD and its commercial contractors, aircraft operators, aircraft modification centers, foreign militaries, and various OEMs.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are presented pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) in accordance with the disclosure requirements for the quarterly report on Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for complete annual financial statements. In the opinion of Company management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to state fairly the results for the interim periods presented. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2015 is derived from the audited financial statements of the Company. Operating results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2016. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes of the Company included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015.

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other items, long term contracts, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory obsolescence, product warranty cost liabilities, income taxes, engineering and material costs on Engineering Development Contracts (“EDC”) programs, percentage-of-completion on EDC, recoverability of long-lived assets, stock-based compensation expense self-insurance reserves, and contingencies. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Highly liquid investments, purchased with an original maturity of three months or less, are classified as cash equivalents. Cash equivalents at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 consist of funds invested in money market funds with financial institutions.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is provided using an accelerated method over the estimated useful lives of the assets (the lesser of three to seven years or over the related lease term), except for the manufacturing facility and the corporate airplane. The building is being depreciated on a straight line basis over 39 years. Major additions and improvements are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of assets are charged to expense as incurred. The airplane was depreciated on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of ten years; however, because the airplane had been depreciated previously to its estimated salvage value, no depreciation expense was recorded for this asset during the six months ended March 31, 2016 or 2015, respectively.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The net carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. For financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, fair value is the price the Company would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2 — Other observable inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, either directly or indirectly, including:

· Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

· Quoted prices for identical or similar assets in non-active markets;

· Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and

· Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by other observable market data.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management’s estimates of market participant assumptions.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, according to the valuation techniques the Company used to determine their fair values.

	Fair Value Measurement on March 31, 2016
	Quoted Price in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	15,916,083	$	—	$	—

	Fair Value Measurement on September 30, 2015
	Quoted Price in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	14,410,806	$	—	$	—

Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360-10, “Property, Plant and Equipment” (“ASC Topic 360-10”). This statement requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In addition, long-lived assets to be disposed of must be reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. The Company considers historical performance and future estimated results in its evaluation of potential impairment and compares the carrying amount of the asset to estimated future cash flows expected from use of the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the estimated expected undiscounted future cash flows, the Company measures the amount of the impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to its fair value. The estimation of fair value is measured by discounting expected future cash flows. No impairment charges were recorded during the six months ended March 31, 2016 or 2015.

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Revenue Recognition

The Company enters into sales arrangements with customers that, in general, provide for the Company to design, develop, manufacture, and deliver large flat-panel display systems, flight information computers and advanced monitoring systems that measure and display critical flight information, including data relative to aircraft separation, airspeed, altitude, and engine and fuel data measurements. The Company’s sales arrangements include multiple deliverables as defined in FASB ASC Topic 605-25 “Multiple-Element Arrangements” (“ASC Topic 605-25”), which typically include design and engineering services, and the production and delivery of the flat panel display and related components. The Company includes any design and engineering services elements in EDC sales and any functional upgrade and product elements in product sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

To the extent that an arrangement contains software elements that are essential to the functionality of tangible products sold in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue for the deliverables in accordance with the guidance included in FASB Accounting Standards Update 2009-14, “Revenue Arrangements That Include Software Elements” (“ASU 2009-14”), FASB Accounting Standards Update 2009-13, “Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements—a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force” (“ASU 2009-13”), and FASB ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition” (“ASC Topic 605”).

To the extent that an arrangement contains software components, which may include functional upgrades, that the Company sells on a standalone basis and which it has deemed outside the scope of the exception defined by ASU 2009-14, the Company recognizes software revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 985, “Software” (“ASC Topic 985”).

Multiple Element Arrangements -

The Company identifies all goods and/or services that are to be delivered separately under such a sales arrangement and allocates sales to each deliverable (if more than one) based on that deliverable’s fair value. The Company then considers the appropriate recognition method for each deliverable. The Company’s multiple element arrangements can include defined design and development activities, functional upgrades, and product sales.

The Company utilizes the selling price hierarchy that has been established by ASU 2009-13, which requires that the selling price for each deliverable be based on vendor-specific objective evidence if available, third-party evidence if vendor-specific objective evidence is not available, or estimated selling price if neither vendor-specific objective evidence nor third-party evidence is available. To the extent that an arrangement includes a deliverable for which estimated selling price is used, the Company determines the best estimate of selling price by applying the same pricing policies and methodologies that would be used to determine the price to sell the deliverable on a standalone basis.

To the extent that an arrangement contains defined design and EDC activities as identified deliverables and products (resulting in a multiple element arrangement), the Company recognizes as EDC sales amounts earned during the design and development phase of the contract following the guidance included in FASB ASC Topic 605-35, “Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts” (“ASC Topic 605-35”) under the percentage of completion method. To the extent that multiple element arrangements include product sales, sales are generally recognized once revenue recognition criteria for the product deliverables have been met based on the provisions of ASC Topic 605. The Company includes any design and engineering services elements in EDC sales, and any functional upgrade and product elements in “product” sales on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Single Element Arrangements —

Products -

To the extent that a single element arrangement provides for product sales and repairs, the Company recognizes sales when revenue recognition criteria for the product deliverables have been met based on the provisions of ASC Topic 605. In addition, the Company receives orders for equipment and parts. Generally, revenue from the sale of such products is recognized upon shipment to the customer.

The Company offers its customers extended warranties for additional fees. These warranty sales are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as sales on a straight-line basis over the warranty period.

Engineering Development Contracts

The Company may enter into contracts to perform specified design and EDC services related to its products. The Company recognizes revenue from these arrangements as EDC sales, following the guidance included in ASC Topic 605-35, and considers the nature of these contracts (including term, size of contract, and level of effort) when determining the appropriate accounting treatment for a particular contract. Certain of these contracts are accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting when

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the Company determines that progress toward completion is reasonable and reliably estimable, and the contract is long-term in nature. The Company uses the completed contract method for all other contracts because these contracts are short-term in nature and meet the criteria set forth in ASC Topic 605-35. Sales and profit margins under the percentage-of-completion method are recorded based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to total estimated costs expected to be incurred related to the contract under the cost-to-cost method (for development effort).

The percentage-of-completion method of accounting requires the Company to estimate the profit margin for each individual contract, and to apply that profit margin on a uniform basis as sales are recorded under the contract. The estimation of profit margin requires the Company to make projections of the total sales to be generated and the total costs that will be incurred under each contract. The projections require the Company to make numerous assumptions and estimates relating to items, such as the complexity of design and related development costs, performance of subcontractors, availability and cost of materials, engineering productivity and cost, overhead, and capital costs. Contracts sometimes include purchase options for additional quantities and customer change orders for additional or revised product functionality. Sales and costs related to profitable purchase options are included in the Company’s estimates only when the options are exercised, while sales and costs related to unprofitable purchase options are included in the Company’s estimates when exercise is determined to be probable. Sales related to change orders are included in profit estimates only if they can be reliably estimated and collectability is reasonably assured. Purchase options and change orders are accounted for, either as an integral part of the original contract or separately, depending upon the nature and value of the item. Anticipated losses on contracts are recognized in full in the period in which losses become probable and estimable.

The Company reviews estimates of profit margins for contracts on a quarterly basis. The percentage-of-completion method results in the profit margin being recorded evenly as revenue is recognized under the contract. Changes in these underlying estimates because of revisions in revenue and cost estimates or to the exercise of contract options may result in profit margins being recognized unevenly over a contract as such changes are accounted for on a cumulative basis in the period estimates are revised. Significant changes in estimates related to accounting for long-term contracts may have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the revised estimate is made. Cumulative catch-up adjustments resulting from changes in estimates are disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

Customer Service Revenue

The Company enters into sales arrangements with customers for the repair or upgrade of its various products that are not under warranty. The Company’s customer service revenue and cost of sales for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively are as follows:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015		2016		2015

Customer Service Sales	$	981,764	$	652,401	$	1,679,654	$	1,156,581
Customer Service Cost of Sales	306,135		255,284		578,605		556,401
Gross Profit	$	675,629	$	397,117	$	1,101,049	$	600,180

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC Topic 740”), which utilizes a balance sheet approach to provide for income taxes. Under this method, the Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets, liabilities, and expected benefits of utilizing net operating losses (“NOL”) and tax credit carry-forwards. The impact on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates and laws, if any, are applied to the years during which temporary differences are expected to be settled and are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period of enactment. At the end of each interim reporting period, the Company prepares an estimate of the annual effective income tax rate and applies that annual effective income tax rate to ordinary year-to-date pre-tax income or loss for the interim period. Specific tax items discrete to a particular quarter are recorded in income tax expense for that quarter. The estimated annual effective tax rate used in providing for income taxes on a year-to-date basis may change in subsequent interim periods.

Deferred tax assets are reduced by valuation allowances if, based on the consideration of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified, and significant management judgment is required in determining any valuation allowances recorded against net deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates deferred income taxes on a quarterly basis to determine if valuation allowances are required by considering available evidence. Deferred tax assets are recognized when expected future taxable income is sufficient to allow the

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related tax benefits to reduce taxes that would otherwise be payable. The sources of taxable income that may be available to realize the benefit of deferred tax assets are future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and credit carry-forwards, taxable income in carry-back years, and tax planning strategies.

In the period ended June 30, 2015, a valuation allowance was recorded on a majority of the Company’s federal and state deferred tax assets, net of liabilities, due to uncertainty with respect to the Company’s ability to generate sufficient future taxable income to realize such deferred tax assets. The remaining amount of the Company’s recognized deferred tax assets were related to tax planning strategies and the ability to carry-back federal tax losses to claim a tax refund.

For the six months ended March 31, 2016, the valuation allowance was reduced due to the current year profitability of the Company which represents an additional source of taxable income to realize certain federal and state deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to maintain a valuation allowance until the Company generates a sufficient level of profitability to warrant a conclusion that it no longer is more likely than not that these net federal and state deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods.

The accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company records a liability for the difference between the (i) benefit recognized and measured for financial statement purposes and (ii) the tax position taken or expected to be taken on the Company’s tax return. To the extent that the Company’s assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. The Company has elected to record any interest or penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.

The Company files a consolidated United States federal income tax return. The Company prepares and files tax returns based on the interpretation of tax laws and regulations, and records estimates based on these judgments and interpretations. In the normal course of business, the tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in future tax and interest assessments by these taxing authorities, and the Company records a liability when it is probable that there will be an assessment. The Company adjusts the estimates periodically as the result of ongoing examinations by and settlements with the various taxing authorities and changes in tax laws, regulations and precedent. The consolidated tax provision of any given year includes adjustments to prior years’ income tax accruals that are considered appropriate and any related estimated interest. Management believes that adequate accruals have been made for income taxes. Differences between estimated and actual amounts determined upon ultimate resolution, individually or in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position but could possibly be material to its consolidated results of operations or cash flow of any one period.

Engineering Development

The Company invests a large percentage of its sales in engineering development, both research and development (“R&D”) and EDC. At March 31, 2016, approximately 35% of the Company’s employees were engaged in various engineering development projects. Total engineering development expense is comprised of both design and EDC related to specific customer contracts and R&D. EDC expense consists primarily of payroll-related expenses of employees engaged in EDC projects, engineering related product materials and equipment, and subcontracting costs. R&D charges incurred for product design, product enhancements and future product development are expensed as incurred. EDC and design charges related to specific customer arrangements are charged to cost of sales-EDC based on the method of contract accounting (either percentage-of-completion or completed-contract) applicable to such contracts.

Treasury Stock

Treasury stock is recorded at acquisition cost. Gains and losses on disposition are recorded as increases or decreases to additional paid-in capital with losses in excess of previously recorded gains charged directly to retained earnings. When treasury shares are retired and returned to authorized but unissued status, the carrying value in excess of par is allocated to additional paid-in capital and retained earnings on a pro rata basis.

Comprehensive Income

Pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 220, “Comprehensive Income” (“ASC Topic 220”), the Company is required to classify items of other comprehensive income by their nature in the balance sheet and to display the accumulated balance of other comprehensive income separately from retained earnings and additional paid-in capital in the equity section of its condensed consolidated balance sheets. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, comprehensive income consisted of net income only. There were no items of other comprehensive income or accumulated other comprehensive income balances in the equity accounts for any of the periods presented.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation under FASB ASC Topic 505-50, “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” (“ASC Topic 505-50”), and FASB ASC Topic 718, “Stock Compensation” (“ASC Topic 718”), which require the Company to measure the cost of employee or non-employee director services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award using an option pricing model. That cost is recognized over the period during which an employee or non-employee director is required to provide service in exchange for the award.

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Warranty

The Company offers warranties of various lengths. At the time of shipment, the Company establishes a reserve for estimated costs of warranties based on its best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle future and existing claims using historical data on products sold as of the balance sheet date. The length of the warranty period, the product’s failure rates, and the customer’s usage affect warranty cost. If actual warranty costs are higher than the Company’s estimated amounts, future results of operations could be affected adversely. Warranty cost is recorded as cost of sales, and the reserve balance is recorded as an accrued expense. Although the Company maintains product quality programs and processes, its warranty obligations are affected by product failure rates and the related corrective costs. If actual product failure rates and/or corrective costs differ from the estimates, the Company revises the estimated warranty liability accordingly.

Self-Insurance Reserves

Beginning January 1, 2014, the Company began self-insuring a significant portion of its employee medical insurance. The Company maintains a stop-loss insurance policy that limits its losses both on a per employee basis and an aggregate basis. Liabilities associated with the risks that are retained by the Company are estimated based upon actuarial assumptions including historical claim experience and demographic factors. The Company has estimated the total medical claims incurred but not reported and the Company believes that it has adequate reserves for these claims at March 31, 2016. However, the actual value of such claims could be significantly affected if future occurrences and claims differ from these assumptions. At March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, the estimated liability for medical claims incurred but not reported was $65,000 and $80,000 respectively. The Company has recorded the excess of funded premiums over estimated claims incurred but not reported in the amounts of $229,000 and $119,000 as a current asset in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively.

Concentrations

Major Customers and Products

For the three months ended March 31, 2016, three customers, Jet2.com Limited, a subsidiary of Dart Group PLC (“Jet2”), DHL Aviation Services (“DHL”) and FedEx Corporation (“Fed Ex”), accounted for 29%, 16% and 15% of net sales, respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2016, two customers, Jet2 and DHL accounted for 20% and 19% of net sales, respectively.

For the three months ended March 31, 2015, four customers, Pilatus Aircraft Limited (“Pilatus”), Eclipse Aerospace, Inc. (“Eclipse”), iAccess Technologies, Inc. (“iAccess”) and Icelandair, Inc. accounted for 33%, 22%, 12% and 10% of net sales, respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2015, four customers, Pilatus, Eclipse, the DoD and iAccess accounted for 28%, 16%, 14% and 11% of net sales, respectively.

Major Suppliers

The Company buys several components from sole source suppliers. Although there are a limited number of manufacturers of particular components, the Company believes other suppliers could provide similar components on comparable terms.

For the three and six months ended March 31, 2016, the Company had two suppliers and one supplier respectively that were individually responsible for greater than 10% of the Company’s total inventory related purchases.

For the three and six months ended March 31, 2015, the Company had three and two suppliers respectively that were individually responsible for greater than 10% of the Company’s total inventory related purchases.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash balances and accounts receivable. The Company invests its excess cash where preservation of principal is the primary consideration. Cash balances are maintained with two major banks. Balances on deposit with certain money market accounts and operating accounts may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. The Company’s customer base consists principally of companies within the aviation industry. The Company requests advance payments and/or letters of credit from customers that it considers to be credit risks.

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had allowances for doubtful accounts for unbilled receivables in the amount of $3.6 million related to the Delta contract (see “Note 6, Contingencies” for a description of the Delta contract). As of September 30, 2015, the Company had allowances for doubtful accounts for unbilled receivables of $1.3 million related to a certain customer contract and $3.6 million related to the Delta contract. In January 2016, the Company negotiated changes to its agreement with a customer whereby $1.3 million of unbilled receivables previously charged to bad debt expense in the quarter ended September 30, 2015 were cancelled. (See Unbilled Receivables below under Note 2. Supplemental Balance Sheet Disclosures).

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation - Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” (“ASU 2016-09”), which involves several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. Under the new standard, income tax benefits and deficiencies are to be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement and the tax effects of exercised or vested awards should be treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. An entity should also recognize excess tax benefits regardless of whether the benefit reduces taxes payable in the current period. Excess tax benefits should be classified along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity. In regards to forfeitures, the entity may make an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or account for forfeitures when they occur. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is assessing the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-09 will have on its financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (“ASU 2016-02”). The new standard establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record an ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is assessing the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on its financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued guidance regarding Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. Current guidance requires an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in a classified statement of financial position. However, the new guidance requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance on its financial statements disclosure.

In July 2015, the FASB issued guidance regarding Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. This guidance requires entities to measure most inventory “at the lower of cost and net realizable value,” thereby simplifying the current guidance under which an entity must measure inventory at the lower of cost or market (market in this context is defined as one of three different measures). The guidance will not apply to inventories that are measured by using either the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method or the retail inventory method (“RIM”). The guidance is effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance on its financial statements disclosure.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40)” (“ASU 2014-15”). The objective of ASU 2014-15 is to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and provide related disclosures. Currently, GAAP does not provide guidance to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt regarding an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions to reduce diversity in the timing and content of financial statement disclosures commonly provided by organizations. ASU 2014-15 is effective for periods ending after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted.

In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (ASC Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period” (“ASU 2014-12”). The amendments in ASU 2014-12 require that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period to be treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant date fair value of the award. This ASU further clarifies that compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the period(s) for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The amendments in ASU 2014-12 are effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 will supersede existing revenue recognition guidance and require revenue to be recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard was scheduled to be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is not permitted. However, on July 9, 2015, the FASB decided to delay the effective date of the new revenue standard by one year, but reporting entities may choose to adopt the standard as of the original effective date. Adoption of the new rules could affect the timing of revenue recognition for certain transactions. The guidance permits two implementation approaches, one requiring retrospective application of the new standard with restatement of prior years and one requiring retrospective application of the new standard with the cumulative effect of applying the new standard as of the date of initial application recognized and disclosure of results under old standards. The FASB has recently issued an Exposure Draft of a proposed ASU that would delay by one year the effective date of this standard. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of adoption and the implementation approach to be used.

The Company does not believe that recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards listed above will have a material effect on the accompanying financial statements. As new accounting pronouncements are issued, the Company will adopt those that are applicable under the circumstances.

2. Supplemental Balance Sheet Disclosures

Unbilled Receivables

Unbilled receivables principally represent sales recorded under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting that, in accordance with applicable contract terms, have not been billed to customers. Unbilled receivables, net of progress payments and an impairment of $3.6 million related to the Delta contract at March 31, 2016 were $1.7 million. Unbilled receivables, net of progress payments and an impairment of $1.3 million related to a certain customer and an impairment of $3.6 million related to the Delta contract at September 30, 2015 were $3.9 million. The Company negotiated changes to its agreement with a customer in January 2016 whereby the $1.3 million of unbilled receivables previously charged to bad debt expense in the quarter ended September 30, 2015

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were cancelled.

Significant changes in estimates related to accounting for long-term contracts under the percentage-of-completion method may have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the revised estimates are made. Cumulative catch-up adjustments resulting from changes in estimates increased operating income by $398,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and increased operating income by $352,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2016. These increases to operating income are primarily related to reversals of loss accruals due to the cancellation of certain product deliverables as negotiated with a certain customer in January, 2016. Cumulative catch-up adjustments resulting from changes in estimates increased operating income by $354,000 and $720,000 for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015, respectively.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or market, net of reserve for excess and obsolete inventory, and consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2016		2015

Raw materials	$	3,231,876	$	3,346,778
Work-in-process	610,246		745,311
Finished goods	229,225		505,227
	$	4,071,347	$	4,597,316

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2016		2015

Prepaid insurance	$	431,238	$	290,543
Income tax refund receivable	415,940		386,869
Other	581,862		544,305
	$	1,429,040	$	1,221,717

Property and equipment

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

	March 31,			September 30,
	2016			2015

Land	$	1,021,245		$	1,021,245
Computer equipment	2,265,689			2,270,799
Corporate airplane	3,194,571			3,128,504
Furniture and office equipment	1,052,284			1,056,486
Manufacturing facility	5,733,313			5,733,313
Equipment	5,170,627			5,165,190
	18,437,729			18,375,537
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(11,494,315		)	(11,280,207		)
	$	6,943,414		$	7,095,330

Depreciation related to property and equipment was approximately $113,000 and $140,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The corporate airplane is utilized primarily in support of product development and has been depreciated to its estimated salvage value.

Depreciation related to property and equipment was approximately $227,000 and $275,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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Other assets

Other assets consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2016		2015
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $521,837 and $517,037 at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015	$	78,400	$	83,200
Other non-current assets	85,748		85,748
	$	164,148	$	168,948

Intangible assets consist of licensing and certification rights which are amortized over a defined number of units. No impairment charges were recorded in the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

Total amortization expense was approximately $4,800 and $8,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Total amortization expense was approximately $4,800 and $12,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Accrued expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2016		2015

Warranty	$	996,660	$	878,901
Salary, benefits and payroll taxes	546,722		537,451
Professional fees	707,604		353,012
Other, including losses on contracts	331,288		799,167
	$	2,582,274	$	2,568,531

Other accrued expense at March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 includes $0 and $0.6 million of EDC program costs, respectively.

Warranty cost and accrual information for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 is highlighted below:

	Three Months Ending			Six Months Ending
	March 31, 2016			March 31, 2016

Warranty accrual, beginning of period	$	987,947		$	878,901
Accrued expense	49,948			272,310
Warranty cost	(41,235		)	(154,551		)
Warranty accrual, end of period	$	996,660		$	996,660

3. Income Taxes

The income tax benefit for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 was $430,000 and $376.000, respectively, as compared to an income tax benefit of $258,000 and $669,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended March 31, 2015.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was 21.4%. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 differs from the statutory rate primarily due to a reduction in the valuation allowance of approximately $306,000 included in our current year estimated annual effective tax rate that is attributable to the anticipated profitability in the current year.

The effective tax benefit rate for the three months ended March 31, 2015 was 42%. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2015 differs from the statutory rate primarily because of the favorable impact of the Federal Research and Development Tax Credit (“R&D Tax Credit”). The current year estimated annual effective income tax rate reflects the benefit from the R&D Tax Credit for only the three months ended December 31, 2014, as permitted by ASC Topic 740, because the R&D Tax Credit expired as of December 31, 2014.

The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2016 was 21.6%. The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2016 differs from the statutory rate primarily due to a reduction in the valuation allowance of approximately $306,000 included in our current year estimated annual effective tax rate that is attributable to the anticipated profitability in the current year.

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The effective tax benefit rate for the six months ended March 31, 2015 was 152%. The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2015 differs from the statutory rate primarily because of the retroactive extension of the R&D Tax Credit. The retroactive extension of the R&D Tax Credit was effective January 1, 2014. The current year estimated annual effective income tax rate reflects the benefit from the R&D Tax Credit only for the three months ended December 31, 2014, as permitted by ASC Topic 740, because the R&D Tax Credit expired as of December 31, 2014. In addition, the retroactive benefit for the period from January 1, 2014 to September 30, 2014 was reflected as a discrete item which further reduced the Company’s income tax expense for the six months ended March 31, 2015.

On December 18, 2015, the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes (PATH) Act of 2015 was enacted. This legislation retroactively extended various temporary tax provisions which expired on December 31, 2014, including the permanent extension of the R&D Tax Credit. No income tax benefit was recorded in the period on the retroactive benefit for the period from January 1, 2015 to September 30, 2015 due to the uncertainty on the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income.

In the period ended June 30, 2015, a valuation allowance was recorded on a majority of the Company’s federal and state deferred tax assets, net of liabilities, due to the uncertainty on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient future taxable income to realize such deferred tax assets. The remaining amount of the deferred tax assets recognized were attributable to tax planning strategies and the ability to carry-back federal tax losses to claim a tax refund.

For the six months ended March 31,2016, the valuation allowance was reduced due to the current year profitability of the Company which represented an additional source of taxable income to realize certain federal and state deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to maintain a valuation allowance until the Company generates a sufficient level of profitability to warrant a conclusion that it no longer is more likely than not that these net federal and state deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods.

On September 13, 2014, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS issued final regulations that addressed cost incurred in acquiring, producing, or improving tangible property (the “tangible property regulations”). The tangible property regulations were generally effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2014 and required the Company to make additional tax accounting method changes as of October 1, 2014. However, the impact of these changes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements was immaterial as of and for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

4. Shareholders’ Equity and Share-based Payments

At March 31, 2016, the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation provides the Company authority to issue 75,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

Share-based compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation under the provisions of ASC Topic 505-50 and ASC Topic 718 by using the fair value method for expensing stock options and stock awards.

Total share-based compensation expense was approximately $13,000 and $146,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The income tax effect recognized as a (charge) to additional paid-in capital related to share-based compensation arrangements was ($0) and ($5,000) for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Total share-based compensation expense was approximately $68,000 and $350,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The income tax effect recognized as a (charge) to additional paid-in capital related to share-based compensation arrangements was approximately ($0) and ($47,000) for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Compensation expense related to share-based awards is recorded as a component of general and administrative expense.

The Company maintains three share-based compensation plans, the 1998 Stock Option Plan (the “1998 Plan”), the 2003 Restricted Stock Plan (the “Restricted Plan”), and the 2009 Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2009 Plan”). The Company’s shareholders approved each of these plans. The 1998 Plan expired on November 13, 2008. The last awards under the Restricted Plan were made in 2010, and no further shares remain to be awarded under the Restricted Plan.

1998 Stock Option Plan

The 1998 Plan authorized the grant of incentive and nonqualified stock options to employees, officers, directors, and independent contractors and consultants. No stock options were granted to independent contractors or consultants under this Plan. There was no compensation expense associated with awards under the 1998 Plan for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

Incentive stock options granted under the 1998 Plan have exercise prices that must be at least equal to the fair value of the common stock on the grant date. Nonqualified stock options granted under the 1998 Plan have exercise prices that may be less than, equal to, or greater than the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant. The Company reserved 3,389,000 shares of common stock for awards under the 1998 Plan. On November 13, 2008, the 1998 Plan expired, and no additional shares were granted under the Plan after that date.

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2003 Restricted Stock Plan

The Restricted Plan for non-employee directors was approved by shareholders at the Company’s February 26, 2004 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. It provided for an annual award of non-vested shares of common stock having a fair market value of $40,000 at close of business on October 1 of each year for each eligible non-employee director. The shares of common stock were awarded in four quarterly installments during the fiscal year if the director was still serving on the board on the quarterly issue date. The last awards under the Restricted Plan were made in 2010, and the Company has awarded all available shares under the Restricted Plan. However, the Company has continued to make an annual grant of shares to eligible non-employee directors under the 2009 Plan.

There was no compensation expense under the Restricted Plan for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

2009 Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan

The 2009 Plan authorizes the grant of Stock Appreciation Rights (“SARs”), Restricted Stock, Options, and other equity-based awards (collectively referred to as “Awards”). Options granted under the 2009 Plan may be either “Incentive Stock Options” as defined in section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or “Nonqualified Stock Options” as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”).

Subject to an adjustment required because of a stock dividend, recapitalization, forward split or reverse split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, spin-off, combination, repurchase or share exchange, extraordinary or unusual cash distribution, or other similar corporate transaction or event, the maximum number of shares of common stock available for Awards under the 2009 Plan is 1,200,000, all of which may be issued pursuant to Awards of Incentive Stock Options. In addition, the 2009 Plan provides that no more than 300,000 shares of common stock per year may be awarded to any employee as a performance-based Award under Section 162(m) of the Code. At March 31, 2016, there were 324,379 shares of common stock available for Awards under the 2009 Plan.

If any Award is forfeited, or if any Option terminates, expires, or lapses without being exercised, the shares of common stock subject to such Award will again be available for future grant. Any shares tendered by a participant in payment of the exercise price of an Option or the tax liability with respect to an Award (including, in any case, shares withheld from any such Award) will not be available for future grant under the 2009 Plan. If there is any change in the Company’s corporate capitalization, the Compensation Committee must adjust proportionately and equitably the number and kind of shares of common stock which may be issued in connection with future Awards, the number and type of shares of common stock covered by Awards then outstanding under the 2009 Plan, the number and type of shares of common stock available under the 2009 Plan, the exercise or grant price of any Award, or, if deemed appropriate, make provision for a cash payment with respect to any outstanding Award, provided that no adjustment may be made that would affect adversely the status of any Award that is intended to be a performance-based Award under Section 162(m) of the Code, unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee. In addition, the Compensation Committee may make adjustments in the terms and conditions of any Awards, including any performance goals, in recognition of unusual or nonrecurring events affecting the Company or any subsidiary, or in response to changes in applicable laws, regulations or accounting principles, provided that no adjustment may be made that would affect adversely the status of any Award that is intended to be a performance-based Award under Section 162(m) of the Code, unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee.

On April 17, 2014, the Board of Directors resolved to revise the valuation date and the timing of the issuance of the awards of non-vested shares of common stock to each eligible non-employee director under the 2009 Plan. Effective January 1, 2015, the awards had a fair market value of $40,000 each at the close of business on the first business day after January 1 of each calendar year and will be issued on the first business day after January 1 of the following year. If any non-employee director resigns from the Board of Directors prior to December 31 of such calendar year, the Company will issue to such non-employee director a pro-rata number of shares through the date of resignation.

Total compensation expense related to Options issued to employees under the 2009 Plan was approximately $13,000 and $96,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively; and $68,000 and $200,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The expense under the 2009 Plan related to shares issued to non-employee members of the Company’s Board of Directors as compensation was $183,000 and $0 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $183,000 and $150,000 for each of the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Total compensation expense associated with the 2009 Plan was $196,000 and $96,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively; and $251,000 and $350,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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Stock repurchase program

On April 14, 2016, after the date of this report, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the extension of the current share repurchase program (originally approved on April 29, 2013 and previously extended in each of April 2014 and April 2015) which allows the Company to acquire up to 250,000 shares of its outstanding common stock for one year beginning May 1, 2016. Under the share repurchase program, the Company may purchase shares of its common stock through open market transactions, in privately negotiated block purchases, or in other private transactions (either solicited or unsolicited). The timing and amount of repurchase transactions under this program will depend on market conditions, and corporate and regulatory considerations. The program may be discontinued or suspended at any time. The Company anticipates funding for this program to come from available corporate funds, including cash on hand and future cash flow. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company did not purchase any shares of its common stock under the program.

5. Earnings Per Share

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Six Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015			2016		2015
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	1,578,313	$	(364,091	)	$	1,362,875	$	229,651
Denominator:
Basic weighted average shares	16,925,719		16,925,028			16,917,679		16,940,377
Dilutive effect of share-based awards	92,442		—			91,620		103,358
Diluted weighted average shares	17,018,161		16,925,028			17,009,299		17,043,735

Earnings per common share:
Basic EPS	$	0.09	$	(0.02	)	$	0.08	$	0.01
Diluted EPS	$	0.09	$	(0.02	)	$	0.08	$	0.01

Earnings per share (“EPS”) are calculated pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC Topic 260”). Basic EPS excludes potentially dilutive securities and is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed assuming the conversion or exercise of all dilutive securities such as employee stock options.

The number of incremental shares from the assumed exercise of stock options is calculated by using the treasury stock method. As of March 31, 2016 and 2015, there were 591,168 and 671,168 options to purchase common stock outstanding, respectively. The average outstanding diluted shares calculation excludes options with an exercise price that exceeds the average market price of shares during the period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, 343,585 and 671,168 diluted weighted —average- shares outstanding were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the effect would be anti-dilutive.

For the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, 369,333 and 402,774 diluted weighted- average- shares outstanding were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the effect would be anti-dilutive.

6. Contingencies

The Company previously announced that Delta Airlines (“Delta”) purported to terminate its contract with the Company to develop, manufacture and install new cockpit displays and certain navigation capabilities on Delta’s fleet of approximately 182 MD88 and MD90 aircraft. The Company initiated and engaged in a non-binding mediation with Delta on February 25, 2015. The mediation session did not resolve the dispute. On February 25, 2015, the Company filed a complaint against Delta in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for breach of contract. The Company has alleged in the case, captioned Innovative Solutions & Support, Inc. v. Delta Airlines, Inc. E.D. Pa. Civ. No. 15-959, that Delta’s purported termination of the contract was wrongful and in breach of the terms of the contract, and is seeking monetary damages. On March 20, 2015, Delta answered the Company’s complaint and filed counterclaims against the Company for breach of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, also seeking monetary damages. The parties have completed discovery and have each filed motions for summary judgment. The outcome of the litigation is not determinable at this time. The Company had $3.6 million of unbilled receivables and $0.2 million of inventory on its balance sheet relating to the Delta program at September 30, 2015 both of which are fully reserved.

On January 17, 2007 the Company filed suit in the Court of Common Pleas for Delaware County, Pennsylvania against Strathman Associates, a former software consultant for IS&S, alleging that Strathman had improperly used IS&S trade secrets and proprietary information in assisting J2 and Kollsman in developing the J2/Kollsman Air Data Computer. The case has not been resolved as of the

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date of the filing of this Form 10-Q.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements are based largely on current expectations and projections about future events and trends affecting the business. In this report, the words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “forecast,” “expect,” “plan,” “should,” “is likely,” and similar expressions, as they relate to the business or to its management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but they are not exclusive means of identifying them.

The forward-looking statements in this report are only predictions, and actual events or results may differ materially. In evaluating such statements, a number of risks, uncertainties, and other factors could cause actual results, performance, financial condition, cash flows, prospects, and opportunities to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors include those set forth in Item 1A (Risk Factors) of Innovative Solutions and Support, Inc.’s (the “Company” or “IS&S”) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015 filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on January 14, 2016 and the following factors:

· the availability of government funding;

· the impact of general economic trends on the Company’s business;

· the deferral or termination of programs or contracts for convenience by customers;

· difficulties in developing and producing the Company’s COCKPIT/IP® Flat Panel Display System or other planned products or product enhancements;

· market acceptance of the Company’s flat panel display systems, or COCKPIT/IP® or other planned products or product enhancements;

· continued market acceptance of the Company’s air data systems and products;

· the loss, bankruptcy or insolvency of one or more key customers;

· the loss of, or a dispute or litigation with, any of our key customers;

· the ability to gain regulatory approval of products in a timely manner;

· failure to retain/recruit key personnel;

· delays in receiving components from third-party suppliers;

· the competitive environment and new product offerings from competitors;

· protection of intellectual property rights;

· a cyber security incident;

· the ability to service the international market;

· potential future acquisitions; and

· other factors disclosed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the SEC.

Except as expressly required by the federal securities laws, the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise after the date of this report. Results of operations in any past period should not be considered indicative of the results to be expected for future periods. Fluctuations in operating results may result also in fluctuations in the price of the Company’s common stock.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances, or changes in expectations after the date of this Form 10-Q, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. The forward-looking statements in this document are intended to be subject to the safe harbor protection provided by Sections 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and 21E of the Exchange Act.

Investors should be aware that while the Company, from time to time, communicates with securities analysts, it is against its policy to disclose any material non-public information or other confidential commercial information. Accordingly, shareholders should not assume that the Company agrees with any statement or report issued by any analyst irrespective of the content of the statement or report. Furthermore, the Company has a policy against issuing or confirming financial forecasts or projections issued by others. Thus, to the extent that reports issued by securities analysts contain any projections, forecasts or opinions, such reports are not the responsibility of the Company.

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Company Overview

For several years the Company has been working with advances in technology to provide pilots with more information to enhance both the safety and efficiency of flying, and has developed its COCKPIT/IP® Cockpit Information Portal (“CIP”) product line that incorporates proprietary technology, low cost, reduced power consumption, decreased weight, and increased functionality. The Company believes the CIP product line is suited to address market demand that will be driven by regulatory mandates, new technologies, and the high cost of maintaining aging/obsolete equipment on airplanes that have been in service for up to fifty years. The Company has also incorporated Electronic Flight Bag (“EFB”) functionality, such as charting and mapping systems, in its FPDS product line.

More recently, the Company has developed an FMS that combines the savings long associated with in flight fuel optimization in enroute flight management combined with the precision of satellite-based navigation required to comply with the regulatory environments of both domestic and international markets. The Company believes that the FMS coupled with its FPDS product line is well suited to address market demand driven by further regulatory mandates, new technologies, and the high cost of maintaining aging and obsolete equipment on aircraft that will be in service for up to fifty years. The shift in the regulatory and technological environment is illustrated by the dramatic increase in the number of Space Based Augmentation System (“SBAS”) or Wide Area Augmentation System (“WAAS”) approach qualified airports, particularly as realized through Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance (“LPV”) navigation procedures. Aircraft equipped with the Company’s FMS and FPDS product line (equipped with a SBAS/WAAS/LPV enabled navigator) will be qualified to land at such airports and to comply with upcoming Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) mandates for Required Navigation Performance (“RNP”) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (“ADS-B”) navigation, a fact which IS&S believes will further increase the demand for the Company’s products. The Company’s FMS/FPDS product line is designed for new production and retrofit applications into general aviation, commercial air transport and military transport aircraft. In addition, the Company offers an innovative ISU, integrating the full functionality of the primary and navigation displays into a small backup-powered unit. This ISU builds on the Company’s legacy air data computer to form a complete next-generation cockpit display and navigation upgrade offering to the commercial and military markets.

IS&S sells to both the OEM and retrofit market. Customers include various OEMs, commercial air transport carriers and corporate/general aviation companies, DoD and its commercial contractors, aircraft operators, aircraft modification centers and foreign militaries. Occasionally, IS&S sells its products directly to DoD; however, the Company sells its products primarily to commercial customers for end use in DoD programs. Sales to defense contractors are generally made on commercial terms, although some of the termination and other provisions of government contracts are applicable to these contracts.

Customers have been and may continue to be affected by the uncertain economic conditions that currently exist both in the United States and abroad. Such conditions may cause customers to curtail or delay their spending on both new and existing aircraft. Factors that can impact general economic conditions and the level of spending by customers include, but are not limited to, general levels of consumer spending, increases in fuel and energy costs, conditions in the real estate and mortgage markets, labor and healthcare costs, access to credit, consumer confidence, and other macroeconomic factors that affect spending behavior. In addition, the Budget Control Act of 2011 (the “Budget Act”) triggered substantial, automatic reductions in both defense and discretionary spending. The automatic across-the-board sequestration cuts are in addition to reductions already reflected in defense funding over a ten-year period. Furthermore, spending by government agencies may be reduced in the future if tax revenues decline. If customers curtail or delay their spending or are forced to declare bankruptcy or liquidate their operations because of adverse economic conditions, the Company’s revenues and results of operations would be affected adversely. However, the Company believes that, in an uncertain economic environment, customers that may have otherwise elected to purchase newly manufactured aircraft may be interested instead in retrofitting existing aircraft as a cost-effective alternative, thereby creating a market opportunity for IS&S.

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Cost of sales related to product sales is comprised of material components and third-party avionics purchased from suppliers, direct in-house assembly labor, and overhead costs. Many of the components are standard, although certain parts are manufactured to meet IS&S specifications. The overhead portion of cost of sales is comprised primarily of salaries and benefits, building occupancy, supplies, and outside service costs related to production management, purchasing, material control, and quality control. Cost of sales includes warranty costs.

Cost of sales related to engineering development contracts (“EDC”) is comprised of engineering labor, consulting services, and other costs associated with specific design and development projects. These costs are incurred pursuant to contractual arrangements and are accounted for typically as contract costs within cost of sales with the payment from customers under such contracts accounted for as a sale in accordance with the percentage-of-completion method of accounting. Company funded research and development (“R&D”) expenditures relate to internally-funded efforts towards the development of new products and the improvement of existing products, and these costs are expensed as incurred. The Company intends to continue investing in the development of new products that complement current product offerings and will continue to expense associated R&D costs as they are incurred.

Selling, general and administrative expense consists of sales, marketing, business development, professional services, salaries and benefits for executive and administrative personnel, facility costs, recruiting, legal, accounting, and other general corporate expenses.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of financial condition and consolidated results of operations are based upon the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, IS&S management evaluates its estimates based upon historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The Company believes that its critical accounting policies affect its more significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements. The Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015 contains a discussion of these critical accounting policies. There have been no significant changes in the Company’s critical accounting policies since September 30, 2015. See also Note 1 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six month periods ending March 31, 2016 as set forth herein.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED
March 31, 2016 AND 2015

The following table sets forth the statement of operations data expressed as a percentage of total net sales for the periods indicated (some items may not add due to rounding):

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
Net sales:
Product	97.6	%	66.0	%	94.4	%	66.9	%
Engineering development contracts	2.4	%	34.0	%	5.6	%	33.1	%
Total net sales	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Cost of sales:
Product	35.4	%	45.0	%	39.2	%	38.5	%
Engineering development contracts	(3.5	)%	25.1	%	0.4	%	25.4	%
Total cost of sales	31.8	%	70.0	%	39.5	%	63.8	%

Gross profit	68.2	%	30.0	%	60.5	%	36.2	%

Operating expenses:
Research and development	15.4	%	12.2	%	14.9	%	10.8	%
Selling, general and administrative	29.9	%	29.8	%	34.7	%	29.3	%
Total operating expenses	45.4	%	42.0	%	49.6	%	40.1	%

Operating income (loss)	22.8	%	(12.1	)%	10.9	%	(3.9	)%

Interest income	0.1	%	0.1	%	0.1	%	0.1	%
Other income	0.3	%	0.1	%	0.4	%	0.2	%
Income (loss) before income taxes	23.2	%	(11.9	)%	11.4	%	(3.5	)%

Income tax (benefit)	5.0	%	(4.9	)%	2.5	%	(5.6	)%

Net income (loss)	18.2	%	(7.0	)%	8.9	%	2.1	%

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2015

Net sales. Net sales were $8.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to $5.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015, an increase of 64%. Product sales increased $5.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2016 to $8.5 million, compared to $3.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2015, and EDC sales decreased $1.6 million, from $1.8 million to $0.2 million, from the same period in the prior year. Product sales increased from the same period in the prior year primarily because of increased shipments of displays for retrofit programs to commercial transport customers and the DoD, which were partially offset by reduced general aviation business. Net product sales includes $0.7 million of previously deferred revenue as the Company negotiated changes in January 2016 to its arrangements with a certain customer whereby the Company’s obligation associated with certain product deliverables were cancelled. The decrease in EDC sales was primarily the result of less revenue being recognized from multi-year EDC projects nearing completion.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales decreased $0.9 million, or 25%, to $2.8 million, or 32% of net sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2016, compared to $3.7 million, or 70% of net sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2015. The decrease in cost of sales was the result of a decrease in EDC sales volume for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015. The Company’s overall gross margin was 68.2% and 30% for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. This increase was primarily due to a gross margin on the EDC programs of 248% for the three months ended March 31, 2016 versus a gross margin on EDC programs of 26% for the three months ended March 31, 2015. The EDC gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2016 reflects a reversal of a loss accrual in the amount of $0.5 million as the Company negotiated changes in January, 2016 to its arrangements with a certain customer whereby the Company’s obligation associated with certain product deliverables were cancelled. The improvement in product sales gross margin is also due to lower material costs, the recognition of deferred revenue and increased production volume relative to fixed costs.

Research and development. R&D expense increased by $0.7 million to $1.3 million for the three month period ended March 31, 2016 from $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015. R&D expense represented 15% and 12% of net sales in such periods, respectively. The increase in R&D expense as a percentage of net sales resulted primarily from a higher proportion of efforts focused upon internal projects rather than EDC programs, whose costs are reflected in cost of sales rather than as R&D expense.

Selling, general, and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $1.0 million to $2.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2016 from $1.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2015. The increase in selling, general, and administrative expense in the three month period was primarily the result of higher legal fees related to the litigation arising from the purported termination of the Delta contract and increased audit fees relative to the prior year period. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses remained constant at 30% of net sales in each of the three month periods ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015.

Interest income. Interest income increased to $8,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2016 from $6,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2015, mainly a result of higher average cash balances during the 2016 period.

Other income. Other income was $27,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2016 and $9,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2015. Other income in each period is mainly composed of royalties earned.

Income tax expense (benefit). The income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $430,000 compared to tax benefit of $258,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2015. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was 21.4%. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 differs from the statutory rate primarily due to a reduction in the valuation allowance of approximately $306.000 included in our current year estimated annual effective tax rate that is attributable to the anticipated profitability in the current year.

Net income (loss). The Company reported net income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 of $1.6 million compared to a net loss of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015. On a diluted basis, the income per share was $0.09 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to a loss per share of $0.02 for the three months ended March 31, 2015.

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Six Months Ended March 31, 2016 Compared to the Six Months Ended March 31, 2015

Net sales. Net sales were $15.2 million for the six months ended March 31, 2016, an increase of 27% from $12.0 million in the six months ended March 31, 2015. For the six months ended March 31, 2016, product sales increased $6.4 million and EDC sales decreased $3.1 million compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in product sales resulted primarily from increased shipments of displays for retrofit programs to commercial transport customers and was partially offset by reduced DoD and general aviation business. Net product sales includes $0.7 million of previously deferred revenue as the Company negotiated changes in January 2016 to its arrangements with a certain customer whereby the Company’s obligation associated with certain product deliverables were cancelled. The decrease in EDC sales was primarily the result of less revenue being recognized as less cost was incurred on multi-year EDC projects nearing completion.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales was $6.0 million, or 40% of net sales, in the six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to $7.7 million, or 64% of net sales, in the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily the result of the decrease in EDC sales volume for the six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2015. The Company’s overall gross margin was 60% and 36% for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. This increase was primarily due to a gross margin on the EDC programs of 94% for the six months ended March 31, 2016 versus a gross margin of 23% for the six months ended March 31, 2015. The EDC gross margin for the six months ended March 31, 2016 reflects a reversal of a loss accrual in the amount of $0.5 million as the Company negotiated changes in January, 2016 to its arrangements with a certain customer whereby the Company’s obligation associated with certain product deliverables were cancelled. The improvement in product sales gross margin is due to the recognition of deferred revenue and increased production volume relative to fixed costs.

Research and development. R&D expenses were $2.3 million and $1.3 million for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, respectively. R&D expense increased to 15% of net sales in the six months ended March 31, 2016 from 11% of net sales in the same period a year ago. The increase in R&D expense in the six months ended March 31, 2016, as a percentage of net sales, was primarily the result of a higher proportion of engineering hours incurred on internal R&D projects as certain EDC programs are nearing completion.

Selling, general, and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $5.3 million and $3.5 million in the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in selling, general, and administrative expense in the 2016 period was primarily the result of higher legal fees related to the litigation arising from the purported termination of the Delta contract and increased audit fees relative to the prior year period. However, as a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses increased to 35% of net sales in the six months ended March 31, 2016 from 29% of net sales in the six months ended March 31, 2015.

Interest income. Interest income was $15,000 in the six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to $12,000 in the six months ended March 31, 2015. The increase in interest income was primarily because of higher cash balances during the six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period.

Other income. Other income for the six month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 was $59,000 and $20,000, respectively. The increase in other income was primarily a result of higher royalties earned in the six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period.

Income tax expense (benefit). The income tax expense for the six months ended March 31, 2016 was $376,000 compared to income tax benefit of $669,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2015.

The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2016 was 21.6%. The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2016 differs from the statutory rate primarily due to a reduction in the valuation allowance of approximately $306.000 included in our current year estimated annual effective tax rate that is attributable to the anticipated profitability in the current year.

The effective tax rate benefit for the six months ended March 31, 2015 was 152%. The effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily because of the R&D Tax Credit. The retroactive extension of the R&D Tax Credit was effective January 1, 2014. The current year estimated annual effective income tax rate reflects the benefit from the R&D Tax Credit for only the three months ended December 31, 2014, as permitted by ASC Topic 740, because the R&D Tax Credit expired as of December 31, 2014.

In addition, the retroactive benefit for the period from January 1, 2014 to September 30, 2014 was reflected as a discrete item which further reduced the Company’s income tax expense for the six months ended March 31, 2015.

Net income. The Company reported net income for the six months ended March 31, 2016 of $1.4 million compared to net income of $0.2 million for the six months ended March 31, 2015. Net income per share was $0.08 on a diluted basis for the six months ended March 31, 2016 compared to net income of $0.1 per share for the six months ended March 31, 2015.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table highlights key financial measurements of the Company:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2016		2015
Cash and cash equivalents	$	17,207,882	$	16,282,039
Accounts receivable	6,584,316		2,394,695
Current assets	31,497,178		29,349,475
Current liabilities	5,187,178		4,761,257
Deferred revenue	342,001		756,745
Other non-current liabilities (1)	460,808		510,010
Quick ratio (2)	4.59		3.92
Current ratio (3)	6.07		6.16

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2016			2015
Cash flow activites:
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activites	$	1,000,285		$	763,381
Net cash (used in) investing activites	(74,442		)	(155,574		)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activites	—			(254,170		)

(1) Excludes deferred revenue

(2) The sum of cash and cash equivalents plus accounts receivable, divided by current liabilities

(3) Current assets divided by current liabilities

The Company’s principal source of liquidity has been from cash flows generated from current year operations and cash accumulated from prior years’ operations. Cash is used principally to finance inventory, accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, and payroll, which are all collectively leveraged to execute the Company’s growth strategies and to return value to its shareholders.

Operating activities

Cash generated for the six months ended March 31, 2016 resulted primarily from net income of $1.4 million, the decreases of unbilled receivables of $2.2 million, which principally represent sales recorded under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting that have been billed to customers in accordance with applicable EDC terms, lower inventories of $0.5 million an increase in accounts payable of $0.8 million partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $4.2 million.

Cash generated for the six months ended March 31, 2015 resulted primarily from the net effect of decreases in unbilled receivables of $1.6 million which principally represent sales recorded under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting that have been billed to customers in accordance with applicable EDC terms, the collection of accounts receivable of $1.0 million, and lower inventories of $0.9 million, offset partially by decreases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $2.8 million in the aggregate.

Investing activities

Cash used in investing activities was $0.1 and $0.2 million for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and consisted primarily of the purchase of production and laboratory test equipment.

Financing activities

Net cash used by financing activities was $0 and $0.3 million for the six months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and consisted of the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock under the Company’s share repurchase program.

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Summary

Future capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including market acceptance of the Company’s products, the timing and rate of expansion of business, acquisitions, joint ventures, and other factors. IS&S has experienced increases in expenditures since its inception and anticipates that expenditures will continue in the foreseeable future. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents will provide sufficient capital to fund operations for at least the next twelve months. However, IS&S may need to develop and introduce new or enhanced products, respond to competitive pressures, invest in or acquire businesses or technologies, or respond to unanticipated requirements or developments. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of equity securities, dilution to existing shareholders may result. If insufficient funds are available, the Company may not be able to introduce new products or compete effectively.

Backlog

Backlog activity for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended
	March 31, 2016

Backlog, beginning of period	$	13,307		$	7,601
Bookings, net	2,955			15,245
Recognized in revenue	(8,661		)	(15,245		)
Backlog, end of period	$	7,601		$	7,601

At March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015, the Company’s backlog was $7.6 million and $7.6 million, respectively. Backlog represents the value of contracts and purchase orders received, less sales recognized to date on those contracts and purchase orders. The balance in backlog was the result of $15.2 million in new business orders, offset by $15.2 million of sales recognized for the six months ended March 31, 2016. Backlog includes large contracts with Pilatus and Eclipse but excludes potential future sole-source production orders from products currently in development under the Company’s EDC projects. At March 31, 2016, approximately 100% of the Company’s backlog is expected to be filled within the next twelve months. To the extent new business orders do not continue to equal or exceed sales recognized in the future from the Company’s existing backlog, future operating results may be impacted negatively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

IS&S has no relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as Special Purpose Entities or Variable Interest Entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other limited purposes.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The Company’s operations are exposed to market risks primarily as a result of changes in interest rates. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. The Company’s exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates to its cash equivalents. The Company’s cash equivalents consist of funds invested in money market accounts, which bear interest at a variable rate. The Company does not participate in interest rate hedging. Cash balances are maintained with two major banks. Balances on deposit with certain money market accounts and operating accounts may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. A change in interest rates earned on the cash equivalents would impact interest income and cash flows, but would not impact the fair market value of the related underlying instruments. Assuming that the balances during the three and six months ended March 31, 2016 were to remain constant and the Company did not act to alter the existing interest rate sensitivity, a hypothetical 1% increase in variable interest rates would have affected interest income by approximately $39,000 and $78,000, respectively, with a resulting impact on cash flows of approximately $39,000 and $78,000 for the three and six months ended March 31, 2016, respectively.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a) An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its

Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15e under the Exchange Act as of March 31, 2016. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2016 due to the existence of a material weakness as described below. In response management, performed additional analyses and other procedures to ensure that the Company’s financial statements included herein were prepared in accordance with GAAP. These measures included, among other things, the remediation steps

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with respect to the material weakness identified as described below under “Item 4. Control Procedures (b).”

(b) As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015, management had concluded that there was a material weakness in its control over financial reporting attributable to a lack of adequate controls over the percentage-of-completion accounting of fixed price contracts and allocation of related costs. Specifically, the Company did not design, implement and maintain effective controls to support the accurate reporting of revenue, receivables and project related costs with respect to revenue recognized using the percentage-of-completion method.

In response to this issue, management (i) implemented procedures and controls to identify and evaluate customer contracts to ensure the accurate and timely reporting of revenue receivables and related project costs, (ii) strengthened the quarterly review processes to ensure proper recognition of revenue and (iii) utilize third-party accounting experts to assist the Company in the proper application of accounting principles to percentage-of-completion customer contracts. However, the Company cannot assure you that it will be successful in pursuing these measures or that these measures will significantly improve or remediate the material weaknesses described above. The Company also cannot assure that it has identified all of its existing material weaknesses, or that it will not in the future have additional material weaknesses.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, IS&S is at times subject to various legal proceedings and claims. Except as set forth below, the Company does not believe any such matters that are currently pending will, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect on the results of operations or financial position.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There are no material changes to the risk factors described under Item 1A of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2015.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

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Item 5. Other Information

None

Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits

31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) (2)

31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) (2)

32.1 Certification Pursuant to U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (2)

101.INS XBRL Instance Document (1)

101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme Document (1)

101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (1)

101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (1)

101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (1)

101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (1)

(1) Filed herewith

(2) Furnished herewith

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.


Date: May 16, 2016	By:	/S/ RELLAND WINAND
		RELLAND WINAND
		CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER