INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS & SUPPORT INC - Quarter Report: 2019 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

[For the transition period from to ]

Commission File No. 000-31157

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

PENNSYLVANIA		23-2507402
(State or Other Jurisdiction		(I.R.S. Employer
of Incorporation or Organization)		Identification No.)

720 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania		19341
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(610) 646-9800

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share		ISSC		NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

o Large accelerated filer	o Accelerated filer
o Non-accelerated filer	x Smaller reporting company
o Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of April 30, 2019, there were 16,909,036 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock, with par value of $.001 per share, outstanding.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

FORM 10-Q March 31, 2019

INDEX

		Page No.

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets — March 31, 2019 (unaudited) and September 30, 2018	1

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations — Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited)	2

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity — Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited)	3

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Six Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (unaudited)	5

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	6 – 18

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19 – 26

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	26

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	26

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	27

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	27

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	27

Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	27

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	27

Item 5.	Other Information	27

Item 6.	Exhibits	27

SIGNATURES		28

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1- Financial Statements

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	March 31,			September 30,
	2019			2018
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,241,196		$	20,390,713
Accounts receivable	2,620,448			3,449,893
Inventories	4,570,812			4,280,108
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	561,791			544,234

Total current assets	28,994,247			28,664,948

Property and equipment, net	8,640,532			8,786,737
Other assets	165,547			181,993

Total assets	$	37,800,326		$	37,633,678

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	985,935		$	1,529,792
Accrued expenses	1,459,089			1,463,021
Contract liability	525,899			356,801

Total current liabilities	2,970,923			3,349,614

Deferred income taxes	129,627			129,594

Total liabilities	3,100,550			3,479,208

Commitments and contingencies (See Note 6)

Shareholders’ equity

Preferred stock, 10,000,000 shares authorized, $.001 par value, of which 200,000 shares are authorized as Class A Convertible stock. No shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018	$	—		$	—

Common stock, $.001 par value: 75,000,000 shares authorized, 19,005,487 and 18,937,050 issued at March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018	19,006			18,937

Additional paid-in capital	51,987,096			51,783,779
Retained earnings	4,062,211			3,720,291
Treasury stock, at cost, 2,096,451 shares at March 31, 2019 and
September 30, 2018	(21,368,537		)	(21,368,537		)

Total shareholders’ equity	34,699,776			34,154,470

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	37,800,326		$	37,633,678

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Six Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018			2019		2018
Sales:
Product	$	3,706,910	$	3,685,702		$	7,482,419	$	6,773,686
Engineering development contracts	496,217		41,502			698,358		41,502
Total net sales	4,203,127		3,727,204			8,180,777		6,815,188

Cost of sales:
Product	1,567,861		2,072,124			3,291,142		3,665,393
Engineering development contracts	289,060		10,223			377,626		10,223
Total cost of sales	1,856,921		2,082,347			3,668,768		3,675,616

Gross profit	2,346,206		1,644,857			4,512,009		3,139,572

Operating expenses:
Research and development	648,482		1,031,622			1,244,854		1,955,343
Selling, general and administrative	1,524,657		1,756,746			2,998,073		3,379,301
Total operating expenses	2,173,139		2,788,368			4,242,927		5,334,644

Operating income (loss)	173,067		(1,143,511		)	269,082		(2,195,072		)

Interest income	26,480		11,681			48,032		21,305
Other income	10,746		15,664			32,600		37,096
Income (loss) before income taxes	210,293		(1,116,166		)	349,714		(2,136,671		)

Income tax expense	7,794		200,705			7,794		61,819

Net income (loss)	$	202,499	$	(1,316,871	)	$	341,920	$	(2,198,490	)

Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic	$	0.01	$	(0.08	)	$	0.02	$	(0.13	)
Diluted	$	0.01	$	(0.08	)	$	0.02	$	(0.13	)

Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	16,860,568		16,800,244			16,850,584		16,791,687
Diluted	16,875,720		16,800,244			16,858,160		16,791,687

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended March 31, 2019
			Additional
	Common		Paid-In		Retained		Treasury
	Stock		Capital		Earnings		Stock			Total

Balance, September 30, 2018	$	18,937	$	51,783,779	$	3,720,291	$	(21,368,537	)	$	34,154,470

Net income	—		—		139,421		—			139,421

Balance, December 31, 2018	$	18,937	$	51,783,779	$	3,859,712	$	(21,368,537	)	$	34,293,891

Issuance of stock to directors	69		203,317		—		—			203,386
Net income	—		—		202,499		—			202,499

Balance, March 31, 2019	$	19,006	$	51,987,096	$	4,062,211	$	(21,368,537	)	$	34,699,776

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended March 31, 2018
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Total
Balance, September 30, 2017	$	18,880	$	51,573,841	$	7,374,196		$	(21,368,537	)	$	37,598,380
Net income	—		—		(881,619		)	—			(881,619		)
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	18,880	$	51,573,841	$	6,492,577		$	(21,368,537	)	$	36,716,761
Issuance of stock to directors	57		199,938		—			—			199,995
Net income	—		—		(1,316,871		)	—			(1,316,871		)
Balance, March 31, 2018	$	18,937	$	51,773,779	$	5,175,706		$	(21,368,537	)	$	35,599,885

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

	For the Six Months Ended March 31 ,
	2019			2018
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)	$	341,920		$	(2,198,490	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	234,846			210,549
Share-based compensation expense:
Stock awards	203,386			199,996
Deferred income taxes	33			61,832
(Increase) decrease in:
Accounts receivable	829,445			374,970
Unbilled receivables, net	—			554,193
Inventories	(290,704		)	(260,889		)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(19,134		)	149,285
Income taxes receivable/payable	7,305			(8,469		)
Increase (decrease) in:
Accounts payable, net	(543,857		)	69,284
Accrued expenses	(9,660		)	(205,178		)
Contract liability	169,098			(60,109		)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	922,678			(1,113,026		)

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment	(72,195		)	(128,732		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(72,195		)	(128,732		)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Net cash provided by financing activities	—			—

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	850,483			(1,241,758		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	20,390,713			24,680,301

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	21,241,196		$	23,438,543

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid for income tax	$	—		$	8,469

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of the Company

Innovative Solutions and Support, Inc. (the “Company,” “IS&S,” “we” or “us”) was incorporated in Pennsylvania on February 12, 1988. The Company operates in one business segment as a systems integrator that designs, develops, manufactures, sells, and services air data equipment, engine display systems, standby equipment, primary flight guidance, autothrottles and cockpit display systems for retrofit applications and original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). The Company supplies integrated Flight Management Systems (“FMS”), Flat Panel Display Systems (“FPDS”), FPDS with Autothrottle, air data equipment, Integrated Standby Units (“ISU”), ISU with Autothrottle and advanced Global Positioning System (“GPS”) receivers that enable reduced carbon footprint navigation.

The Company has continued to position itself as a system integrator, which capability provides the Company with the potential to generate more substantive orders over a broader product base. The strategy, as both a manufacturer and integrator, is designed to leverage the latest technologies developed for the computer and telecommunications industries into advanced and cost-effective solutions for the general aviation, commercial air transport, United States Department of Defense (“DoD”)/governmental, and foreign military markets. This approach, combined with the Company’s industry experience, is designed to enable IS&S to develop high-quality products and systems, to reduce product time to market, and to achieve cost advantages over products offered by its competitors.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are presented pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) in accordance with the disclosure requirements for the quarterly report on Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for complete annual financial statements. In the opinion of Company management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to state fairly the results for the interim periods presented. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 is derived from the audited financial statements of the Company. Operating results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2019. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes of the Company included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2018.

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The Company prepares its condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other items, long term contracts, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory obsolescence, product warranty cost liabilities, income taxes, engineering and material costs on Engineering Development Contracts (“EDC”) programs, percentage-of-completion on EDC, recoverability of long-lived assets, stock-based compensation expense, self-insurance reserves, and contingencies. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Highly liquid investments, purchased with an original maturity of three months or less, are classified as cash equivalents. Cash equivalents at March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018 consist of cash on deposit and cash invested in money market funds with financial institutions.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is provided using an accelerated method over the estimated useful lives of the assets (the lesser of three to seven years or over the lease term), except for the manufacturing facility and the corporate airplanes, which are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of thirty-nine years and ten years, respectively. Major additions and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of assets are charged to expense as incurred.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The net carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. For financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, fair value is the price the Company would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2 — Other observable inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, either directly or indirectly, including:

· Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

· Quoted prices for identical or similar assets in non-active markets;

· Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and

· Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by other observable market data.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management’s estimates of market participant assumptions.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018, according to the valuation techniques the Company used to determine their fair values.

	Fair Value Measurement on March 31, 2019
	Quoted Price in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	20,758,798	$	—	$	—

	Fair Value Measurement on September 30, 2018
	Quoted Price in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	19,725,474	$	—	$	—

Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360-10, “Property, Plant and Equipment.” This statement requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In addition, long-lived assets to be disposed of should be reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. The Company considers historical performance and future estimated results in its evaluation of potential impairment and then compares the carrying amount of the asset to estimated future cash flows expected to result from use of the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the estimated expected undiscounted future cash flows, the Company measures the amount of the impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to its fair value. The estimation of fair value is generally measured by discounting expected future cash flows. No impairment charges were recorded during the six months ended March 31, 2019 or 2018.

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Revenue Recognition

The Company enters into sales arrangements with customers that, in general, provide for the Company to design, develop, manufacture and deliver large flat-panel display systems, flight information computers and advanced monitoring systems that measure and display critical flight information, including data relative to aircraft separation, airspeed, altitude, and engine and fuel data measurements.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company adopted ASC 606 on October 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. The reported results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 reflect the application of ASC 606 guidance while the reported results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 were prepared under the guidance of ASC 605, Revenue Recognition (ASC 605), which is also referred to herein as “legacy GAAP” or the “previous guidance.” The adoption of ASC 606 represents a change in accounting principle. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these goods or services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps:

1) Identify the contract with a customer

The Company’s contract with its customers typically is the form of a purchase order issued to the Company by its customers and, to a lesser degree, in the form of purchase order issued in connection with a formal contract executed with a customer. For purpose of accounting for revenue under ASC 606, a contract with a customer exists when (i) the Company enters into an enforceable contract with a customer that defines each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred and identifies the payment terms related to these goods or services, (ii) the contract has commercial substance and, (iii) the Company determines that collection of substantially all consideration for goods or services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, published credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.

2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the goods or services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Most of our revenue is derived from purchases under which we provide a specific product or service and, as a result, there is only one performance obligation. In the event that a contract includes multiple promised goods or services, such as an EDC contract which includes both engineering services and a resulting product shipment, the Company must apply judgment to determine whether promised goods or services are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. In these cases, the Company considers whether the customer could, on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties, produce the physical product using only the output resulting from the Company’s completion of engineering services. If the customer cannot produce the physical product, then the promised goods or services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.

3) Determine the transaction price

The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. None of the Company’s contracts as of March 31, 2019 included variable consideration.

4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract

If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. The Company determines standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions as well as the cost of the goods or services and the Company’s normal margins for similar performance obligations.

5) Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation

The Company satisfies performance obligations either over time or at a point in time as discussed in further detail below. Revenue is

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recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. Revenue from products transferred to customers at a point in time accounted for 88 percent of our revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, and is typically recognized at the time of shipment of products to the customer. The remaining revenue results from EDC contracts and is recognized over time using an input measure (e.g., costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion) to measure progress. Contract costs include material, components and third party avionics purchased from suppliers, direct labor, and overhead costs.

At March 31, 2019, we had approximately $5,353,000 of remaining performance obligations, which we also refer to as total backlog. We expect to recognize the majority of our remaining performance obligations as revenue over the next 12 months with the remaining balance recognized thereafter.

Contract Estimates

Accounting for performance obligations in long-term contracts that are satisfied over time involves the use of various techniques to estimate progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company typically measures progress based on costs incurred compared to estimated total contract costs. Contract cost estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that often span more than a single year. These assumptions include the amount of labor and labor costs, the quantity and cost of raw materials used in the completion of the performance obligation, and the complexity of the work to be performed.

As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our contract-related estimates regularly. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance is recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize the total loss in the quarter it is identified.

The impact of adjustments in contract estimates on our operating earnings can be reflected in either operating costs and expenses or revenue. The aggregate impact of adjustments in contract estimates did not change our revenue and operating earnings (and diluted earnings per share) for the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2019. Therefore, no adjustment on any contract was material to our unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2019.

Financial Statement Impact of Adopting ASC 606

The Company adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method, and the adoption resulted in no adjustment to the Company’s accumulated deficit as of the adoption date and there were no significant changes in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 as a result of the adoption of ASC 606 on October 1, 2018 compared to if the Company had continued to recognize revenues under ASC 605. Additionally, there was no change to the Company’s assets or liabilities as of March 31, 2019 as a result of the adoption of ASC 606 on October 1, 2018 compared to if the Company had continued to recognize revenues under ASC 605. The adoption of ASC 606 had no impact on the Company’s cash flows from operations.

Contract Balances

Contract liabilities primarily relate to consideration received in advance of performance under the contract. The Company does not have significant contract assets as of March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018. Below is a summary of our contract liabilities balance:

	March 31,
	2019

Balance as of beginning of fiscal year	$	356,801
Balance as of end of period	525,899

As of March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018, the Company had contract liabilities of $525,899 and $356,801, respectively. The $169,098 increase in contract liabilities was primarily due to billings of approximately $1,045,692 that were paid in advance, offset by approximately $876,594 of revenue recognized in the six months ended March 31, 2019.

Customer Service Revenue

The Company enters into sales arrangements with customers for the repair or upgrade of its various products that are not under warranty. The Company’s customer service revenue and cost of sales are included in product sales and product cost of sales, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s customer service revenue and cost of sales for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 respectively are as follows:

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	For the Three Months Ended March 31,				For the Six Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018

Customer Service Sales	$	813,955	$	1,185,460	$	1,476,048	$	2,224,307
Customer Service Cost of Sales	303,813		488,221		628,965		1,001,578
Gross Profit	$	510,142	$	697,239	$	847,083	$	1,222,729

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC Topic 740”), which utilizes a balance sheet approach to provide for income taxes. Under this method, the Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets, liabilities, and expected benefits of utilizing net operating losses (“NOL”) and tax credit carry-forwards. The impact on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates and laws, if any, are applied to the years during which temporary differences are expected to be settled, and are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period of enactment. At the end of each interim and year-end reporting period, the Company prepares an estimate of the annual effective income tax rate and applies that annual effective income tax rate to ordinary year-to-date pre-tax income for the interim period. Specific tax items discrete to a particular quarter are recorded in income tax expense for that quarter. The estimated annual effective tax rate used in providing for income taxes on a year-to-date basis may change in subsequent periods.

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the consideration of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Significant weight is given to evidence that can be verified objectively, and significant management judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against net deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates deferred income taxes on a quarterly basis to determine if a valuation allowance is required by considering available evidence. Deferred tax assets are recognized when expected future taxable income is sufficient to allow the related tax benefits to reduce taxes that would otherwise be payable. The sources of taxable income that may be available to realize the benefit of deferred tax assets are future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and credit carryforwards, taxable income in carry-back years, and tax planning strategies which are both prudent and feasible. The Company’s current balance of the deferred tax valuation allowance is recorded against all of its federal and state deferred tax assets. The Company will continue to assess all available evidence during future periods to evaluate any changes to the realization of its deferred tax assets. If the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize additional federal or state deferred tax assets in the future, it would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company records a liability for the difference between the (i) benefit recognized and measured for financial statement purposes and (ii) the tax position taken or expected to be taken on the Company’s tax return. To the extent that the Company’s assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. The Company has elected to record any interest or penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.

The Company files a consolidated United States federal income tax return. The Company prepares and files tax returns based on the interpretation of tax laws and regulations, and records estimates based on these judgments and interpretations. In the normal course of business, the tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in future tax and interest assessments by these taxing authorities, and the Company records a liability when it is probable that there will be an assessment. The Company adjusts the estimates periodically as a result of ongoing examinations by and settlements with the various taxing authorities, and changes in tax laws, regulations and precedent. The consolidated tax provision of any given year includes adjustments to prior years’ income tax accruals that are considered appropriate, and any related estimated interest. Management believes that it has made adequate accruals for income taxes. Differences between estimated and actual amounts determined upon ultimate resolution, individually or in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, but could possibly be material to its consolidated results of operations or cash flow of any one period.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 34 percent to 21 percent; (2) bonus depreciation that will allow for full expensing of qualified property; (3) elimination of the corporate alternative minimum tax (AMT) and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized; (4) a new limitation on deductible interest expense; (5) the repeal of the domestic production activity deduction; and (6) limitations on net operating losses (NOLs) generated after December 31, 2017, to 80 percent of taxable income.

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The Tax Act reduced the corporate tax rate to 21 percent, effective January 1, 2018. Consequently, we recorded a decrease related to deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities with a corresponding net adjustment to deferred income tax expense of $321,038 for the year ended December 31, 2017. This expense is offset fully by a change in the valuation allowance. We completed, in fiscal year ended September 30, 2018, our accounting for the income tax effects of certain elements of the Tax Act.

Engineering Development

The Company invests a large percentage of its sales on engineering development, both Research and Development (“R&D”) and EDC. At March 31, 2019, approximately 21% of the Company’s employees were engineers engaged in various engineering development projects. Total engineering development expense is comprised of both internally funded R&D and product development and design charges related to specific customer contracts. Engineering development expense consists primarily of payroll-related expenses of employees engaged in EDC projects, engineering related product materials and equipment, and subcontracting costs. R&D charges incurred for product design, product enhancements, and future product development are expensed as incurred. Product development and design charges related to specific customer contracts are charged to cost of sales-EDC based on estimated progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation under ASC 606.

Treasury Stock

We account for treasury stock purchased under the cost method and include treasury stock as a component of stockholder’s equity. Treasury stock purchased with intent to retire (whether or not the retirement is actually accomplished) is charged to common stock.

Comprehensive Income

Pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 220, “Comprehensive Income” (“ASC Topic 220”), the Company is required to classify items of other comprehensive income by their nature in a financial statement and display the accumulated balance of other comprehensive income separately from retained earnings and additional paid-in capital in the equity section of its condensed consolidated balance sheets. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, comprehensive income consisted of net income only, and there were no items of other comprehensive income for any of the periods presented.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation under FASB ASC Topic 718, “Stock Compensation” (“ASC Topic 718”), which require the Company to measure the cost of employee or non-employee director services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award using an option pricing model. The Company recognizes such cost over the period during which an employee or non-employee director is required to provide service in exchange for the award.

Warranty

The Company offers warranties on some products of various lengths, however the standard warranty is twenty-four months. Our standard warranties typically only cover repairs of product defects and, although the Company offers extended warranties, there have been no sales of extended warranties. As a result, none of the Company’s warranties represent performance obligations under ASC 606. At the time of shipment, the Company establishes a reserve for estimated costs of warranties based on its best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle future and existing claims using historical data on products sold as of the balance sheet date. The length of the warranty period, the product’s failure rates, and the customer’s usage affect warranty cost. If actual warranty costs differ from the Company’s estimated amounts, future results of operations could be affected adversely. Warranty cost is recorded as cost of sales, and the reserve balance recorded as an accrued expense. While the Company maintains product quality programs and processes, its warranty obligation is affected by product failure rates and the related corrective costs. If actual product failure rates and/or corrective costs differ from the estimates, the Company revises the estimated warranty liability accordingly.

Self-Insurance Reserves

Since January 1, 2014, the Company has self-insured a significant portion of its employee medical insurance. The Company maintains a stop-loss insurance policy that limits its losses both on a per employee basis and an aggregate basis. Liabilities associated with the risks that are retained by the Company are estimated based upon actuarial assumptions such as historical claims experience, demographic factors and other actuarial assumptions. The Company estimated the total medical claims incurred but not reported and the Company believes that it has adequate reserves for these claims at March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively. However, the actual value of such claims could be significantly affected if future occurrences and claims differ from these assumptions. At March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018, the estimated liability for medical claims incurred but not reported was approximately $59,000 and $60,000 respectively. The Company has recorded the excess of funded premiums over estimated claims incurred but not reported of approximately $109,000 and $102,000 as a current asset in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively.

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Concentrations

Major Customers and Products

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, four customers, Pilatus Aircraft Ltd (“Pilatus”), Air Transport Services Group Inc. (“ATSG”), Cargojet Inc. (“Cargojet”), and Dayton T. Brown, Inc. (“DTB”), accounted for 32%, 15%, 12% and 12% of net sales, respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2019, two customers, Pilatus, and ATSG accounted for 27% and 23%, respectively, of net sales.

For the three months ended March 31, 2018, one customer, Pilatus, accounted for 17% of net sales. During the six months ended March 31, 2018, one customer, Pilatus, accounted for 12% of net sales.

Major Suppliers

The Company buys several of its components from sole source suppliers. Although there are a limited number of suppliers of particular components, management believes other suppliers could provide similar components on comparable terms.

For the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2019, the Company had three and one supplier, respectively, that were individually responsible for greater than 10% of the Company’s total inventory related purchases.

For the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2018, the Company had two and one supplier, respectively, that were individually responsible for greater than 10% of the Company’s total inventory related purchases.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash balances and accounts receivable. The Company invests its excess cash where preservation of principal is the major consideration. Cash balances are maintained with two major banks. Balances on deposit with certain money market accounts and operating accounts may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. The Company’s customer base consists principally of companies within the aviation industry. The Company requests advance payments and/or letters of credit from customers that it considers to be credit risks.

Basis of Presentation

Certain prior year financial statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employer Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies the tax treatment of stock “shortfalls” and “windfalls.” Previous guidance required excess tax benefits (“windfalls”) to be recorded in equity. Tax deficiencies (“shortfalls”) were recorded in equity to the extent of previous windfalls then to the income statement. The new guidance simplifies this treatment by having all “windfalls” and “shortfalls” recorded through the income statement. This guidance became effective for us beginning on October 1, 2017. Adoption of this standard did not have a material effect upon the consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). Under this guidance, an entity is required to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. This guidance offers specific accounting guidance for a lessee, a lessor and sale and leaseback transactions. Lessees and lessors are required to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements to enable a user of the financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period, and requires a modified retrospective adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of adoption of this guidance.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which simplifies balance sheet presentation of deferred income taxes. Previous guidance required an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in a classified statement of financial position; however, the new guidance requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The updated standard is effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2017, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of any interim or annual reporting period. The Company early adopted this standard retrospectively and reclassified its current deferred tax balances to noncurrent deferred tax for all periods presented. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. ASU 2015-11 simplifies the subsequent measurement of inventory by requiring inventory to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. ASU 2015-11 applies only to inventories for which cost is determined by methods other than last-in first-out and the retail inventory method. ASU 2015-11 is effective for public companies for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted ASU 2015-11 effective October 1, 2017 and the implementation had no material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) (ASU 2014-15). The objective of ASU 2014-15 is to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and provide related disclosures. Previously, GAAP did not provide guidance to evaluate whether there was substantial doubt regarding an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern. This ASU provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions to reduce diversity in the timing and content of financial statement disclosures commonly provided by organizations. This standard was adopted by the Company at September 30, 2017, and the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which provides a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers, and contains principles to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The model will supersede most existing revenue recognition guidance, and also requires enhanced revenue-related disclosures. Under the new standard and its related amendments (collectively known as ASC 606), revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized will reflect the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.

The guidance permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We adopted this guidance on October 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. See Note 1 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the impact resulting from the adoption of this guidance.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Stock-based Compensation: Improvements to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting, which amends the existing accounting standards for share-based payments to nonemployees. This ASU aligns much of the guidance on measuring and classifying nonemployee awards with that of awards to employees. Under the new guidance, the measurement of nonemployee equity awards is fixed on the grant date. This ASU becomes effective in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019 and early adoption is permitted but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. Entities will apply the ASU by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual period of adoption. We adopted ASU 2018-07 effective October 1, 2018 and the implementation had no material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement which modifies the disclosures on fair value measurements by removing the requirement to disclose the amount and reason for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and the policy for timing of such transfers. The ASU expands the disclosure requirements for Level 3 fair value measurements, primarily focused on changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income. For public entities, the standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for any removed or modified disclosures and adoption of the additional disclosures can be delayed until the effective date. The Company does not currently expect the adoption of ASU 2018-13 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

As new accounting pronouncements are issued, we will adopt those that are applicable.

2. Supplemental Balance Sheet Disclosures

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value, net of write-downs for excess and obsolete inventory, and consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2019		2018

Raw materials	$	3,280,858	$	2,892,366
Work-in-process	842,986		817,051
Finished goods	446,968		570,691
	$	4,570,812	$	4,280,108

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Prepaid expenses and other current assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2019		2018

Prepaid insurance	$	320,407	$	258,015
Other	241,384		286,219
	$	561,791	$	544,234

Property and equipment

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

	March 31,			September 30,
	2019			2018

Land	$	1,021,245		$	1,021,245
Computer equipment	2,291,809			2,268,969
Corporate airplanes	5,601,039			5,601,039
Furniture and office equipment	1,033,779			1,033,779
Manufacturing facility	5,733,313			5,733,313
Equipment	5,629,438			5,580,083
	21,310,623			21,238,428
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(12,670,091		)	(12,451,691		)
	$	8,640,532		$	8,786,737

Depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment was approximately $111,000 and $106,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The corporate airplanes are utilized primarily in support of product development. The Pilatus PC-12 airplane, one of the Company’s two corporate airplanes, has been depreciated to its estimated salvage value.

Depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment was approximately $218,000 and $209,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Other assets

Other assets consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2019		2018
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $543,837 and $531,637 at March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively	$	56,400	$	68,600
Other non-current assets	109,147		113,393
	$	165,547	$	181,993

Intangible assets consist of licensing and certification rights which are amortized over a defined number of units. No impairment charges were recorded in the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Intangible asset amortization expense was approximately $5,000 and $0 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Intangible asset amortization expense was approximately $12,000 and $0 for the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The timing of future amortization expense is not determinable because the intangible assets are being amortized over a defined number of units.

Other non-current assets as of March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018 include the security deposit for an airplane hangar, and a deposit for medical claims required under the Company’s medical plan. In addition, other non-current assets as of March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018 includes $34,000 and $38,000, respectively, of prepaid software licenses that will be earned upon the shipment of a certain product to a customer. Other non-current assets amortization expense was approximately $2,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Other non-current assets amortization expense was approximately $4,000 and $2,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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Accrued expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2019		2018

Warranty	$	745,896	$	854,952
Salary, benefits and payroll taxes	179,417		143,183
Professional fees	122,137		203,823
Other	411,639		261,063
	$	1,459,089	$	1,463,021

Warranty cost and accrual information for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 is highlighted below:

	Three Months Ending			Six Months Ending
	March 31, 2019			March 31, 2019

Warranty accrual, beginning of period	$	837,317		$	854,952
Accrued expense	(66,058		)	(63,458		)
Warranty cost	(25,363		)	(45,598		)
Warranty accrual, end of period	$	745,896		$	745,896

3. Income Taxes

During the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2019, income taxes were impacted relative to the prior year period by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”), which was enacted into law on December 22, 2017. Income tax effects resulting from changes in tax laws are accounted for by the Company in accordance with the authoritative guidance, which requires that these tax effects be recognized in the period in which the law is enacted and the effects are recorded as a component of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations.

The Tax Act includes significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system which reduces the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35.0% to 21.0% as of January 1, 2018. The decrease in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35.0% to 21.0% results in a blended statutory tax rate of 24.5% for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018. The Tax Act also eliminates for NOLs the previous carryback period of two years and permits an indefinite carryforward period.

The income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $7,794 as compared to an income tax expense of $200,705 for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was 3.7% and differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to net operating loss usage. This loss usage both decreased the deferred tax asset and the valuation allowance. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the valuation allowance decreased by approximately $84,000.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was (18.0%) and differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to an increase in the valuation allowance of approximately $2,300,000. This change is primarily a result of the tax benefit related to pre-tax losses not being currently realizable in future periods.

The income tax expense for the six months ended March 31, 2019 was $7,794 as compared to an income tax expense of $61,819 for the six months ended March 31, 2018.

The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2019 was 2.2% and differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to net operating loss usage. This loss usage both decreased the deferred tax asset and the valuation allowance. For the six months ended March 31, 2019, the valuation allowance decreased by approximately $246,000.

The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2018 was (2.9%) and differs from the statutory tax rate mostly due to an increase in the valuation allowance of approximately $2,300,000. This change is primarily a result of the tax benefit related to pre-tax losses not being currently realizable in future periods.

4. Shareholders’ Equity and Share-based Payments

At March 31, 2019, the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation provides the Company authority to issue 75,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

Share-based compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation under the provisions of ASC Topic 718 by using the fair value method for expensing stock options and stock awards.

There was no total share-based compensation expense for each of the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. There was no

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income tax effect recognized as a credit to additional paid-in capital related to share-based compensation arrangements for each of the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company currently maintains a share-based compensation plan, the 2009 Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2009 Plan”), which the shareholders approved.

2009 Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan

The 2009 Plan authorizes the grant of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, options, RSUs and other equity-based awards (collectively referred to as “Awards”). Options granted under the 2009 Plan may be either “incentive stock options” as defined in section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or nonqualified stock options, as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”).

Subject to an adjustment necessary upon a stock dividend, recapitalization, forward split or reverse split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, spin-off, combination, repurchase or share exchange, extraordinary or unusual cash distribution, or similar corporate transaction or event, the maximum number of shares of common stock available for awards under the 2009 Plan is 1,200,000, all of which may be issued pursuant to Awards of incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options. In addition, the 2009 Plan provides that no more than 300,000 shares may be awarded in any calendar year to any employee as a performance-based award under Section 162(m) of the Code. At March 31, 2019, there were 139,691 shares of common stock available for Awards under the 2009 Plan.

If any Award is forfeited, or if any option terminates, expires, or lapses without being exercised, the related shares of common stock subject to such Award will again be available for future grant. Any shares tendered by a participant in payment of the exercise price of an option or the tax liability with respect to an Award (including, in any case, shares withheld from any such Award) will not be available for future grant under the 2009 Plan. If there is any change in the Company’s corporate capitalization, the Compensation Committee must proportionately and equitably adjust the number and kind of shares of common stock which may be issued in connection with future Awards, the number and type of shares of common stock covered by Awards then outstanding under the 2009 Plan, the number and type of shares of common stock available under the 2009 Plan, the exercise or grant price of any Award, or if deemed appropriate, make provision for a cash payment with respect to any outstanding Award, provided that no adjustment may be made that would adversely affect the status of any Award that is intended to qualify for an exemption from the deductibility limitation under Section 162(m) of the Code, unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee. In addition, the Compensation Committee may make adjustments in the terms and conditions of any Awards, including any performance goals, in recognition of unusual or nonrecurring events affecting the Company or any subsidiary, or in response to changes in applicable laws, regulations, or accounting principles, provided that no adjustment may be made that would adversely affect the status of any Award that is intended to qualify for an exemption from the deductibility limitation under Section 162(m) of the Code, unless otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee.

Total compensation expense related to Options issued to employees under the 2009 Plan was $0 for each of the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. The expense under the 2009 Plan related to shares issued to non-employee members of the Company’s Board of Directors as compensation was approximately $203,000 and $200,000 for the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Total compensation expense associated with the 2009 Plan was approximately $203,000 and $200,000 for the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

During fiscal 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved grants of RSUs to the non-employee directors on the Board as compensation for their services during calendar year 2016. Under the terms of the awards, at the conclusion of the vesting period on January 2, 2017, the grants of RSUs were settled in shares of the Company’s common stock at a rate of one share of stock for each unit. Directors that did not serve for the entirety of calendar year 2016 received a pro rata portion of such award for time served. As of March 31, 2019, there were no unvested restricted stock units outstanding under the 2009 Plan.

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5. Earnings Per Share

	Three Months Ended March 31,					Six Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018			2019		2018
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	202,499	$	(1,316,871	)	$	341,920	$	(2,198,490	)
Denominator:
Basic weighted average shares	16,860,568		16,800,244			16,850,584		16,791,687
Dilutive effect of share-based awards	15,152		—			7,576		—
Diluted weighted average shares	16,875,720		16,800,244			16,858,160		16,791,687

Earnings per common share:
Basic EPS	$	0.01	$	(0.08	)	$	0.02	$	(0.13	)
Diluted EPS	$	0.01	$	(0.08	)	$	0.02	$	(0.13	)

Earnings per share (“EPS”) are calculated pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share” (“ASC Topic 260”). Basic EPS excludes potentially dilutive securities and is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed assuming the conversion or exercise of all dilutive securities such as employee stock options.

The number of incremental shares from the assumed exercise of stock options is calculated by using the treasury stock method. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 550,834 and 556,834 options to purchase common stock outstanding, respectively. The average outstanding diluted shares calculation excludes options with an exercise price that exceeds the average market price of shares during the period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, 300,834 and 574,167 diluted weighted-average shares outstanding were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the effect would be anti-dilutive.

For the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, 425,834 and 580,501 diluted weighted-average shares outstanding were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the effect would be anti-dilutive.

6. Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is at times subject to various legal proceedings and claims. The Company does not believe any such matters that are currently pending will, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect on the results of operations or financial position.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward looking statements are based largely on current expectations and projections about future events and trends affecting the business, are not guarantees of future performance, and involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. In this report, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “may,” “will,” “estimates,” “continues,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “forecasts,” “expects,” “plans,” “could,” “should,” “would,”“is likely” and similar expressions, as they relate to the business or to its management, are intended to identify forward looking statements, but they are not exclusive means of identifying them. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references herein to “IS&S,” “the Registrant,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” are to Innovative Solutions and Support, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The forward looking statements in this report are only predictions, and actual events or results may differ materially. In evaluating such statements, a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results, performance, financial condition, cash flows, prospects and opportunities to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include those set forth in Item 1A (Risk Factors) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K and the following factors:

· market acceptance of the Company’s ThrustSense® Integrated PT6 Autothrottle, flat panel display systems, NextGen Flight Deck and COCKPIT/IP® or other planned products or product enhancements;

· continued market acceptance of the Company’s air data systems and products;

· the competitive environment and new product offerings from competitors;

· difficulties in developing and producing the Company’s ThrustSense® Integrated PT6 Autothrottle, NextGen Flight Deck, COCKPIT/IP® Flat Panel Display System or other planned products or product enhancements;

· the deferral or termination of programs or contracts for convenience by customers;

· the ability to service the international market;

· the availability of government funding;

· the impact of general economic trends on the Company’s business;

· the ability to gain regulatory approval of products in a timely manner;

· delays in receiving components from third party suppliers;

· the bankruptcy or insolvency of one or more key customers;

· protection of intellectual property rights;

· the ability to respond to technological change;

· failure to retain/recruit key personnel;

· a cyber security incident;

· risks related to our self-insurance program;

· potential future acquisitions;

· changes in law, including changes to corporate tax laws in the United States and the availability of certain tax credits; and

· other factors disclosed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Except as expressly required by the federal securities laws, the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise after the date of this report. Results of operations in any past period should not be considered indicative of the results to be expected for future periods. Fluctuations in operating results may result in fluctuations in the price of the Company’s common stock.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances, or changes in expectations after the date of this Form 10-Q, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. The forward-looking statements in this document are intended to be subject to the safe harbor protection provided by Sections 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and 21E of the Exchange Act.

Investors should also be aware that while the Company, from time to time, communicates with securities analysts, it is against its policy to disclose any material non-public information or other confidential commercial information. Accordingly, shareholders should not assume that the Company agrees with any statement or report issued by any analyst irrespective of the content of the statement or report. Furthermore, the Company has a policy against issuing or confirming financial forecasts or projections issued by others. Thus, to the extent that reports issued by securities analysts contain any projections, forecasts or opinions, such reports are not the responsibility of the Company.

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Company Overview

For several years the Company has been working with advances in technology to provide pilots with more information to enhance both the safety and efficiency of flying, and has developed its COCKPIT/IP® Cockpit Information Portal (“CIP”) product line, that incorporates proprietary technology, low cost, reduced power consumption, decreased weight, and increased functionality. The Company believes the CIP product line is suited to address market demand that will be driven by regulatory mandates, new technologies, and the high cost of maintaining aging/obsolete equipment on airplanes that have been in service for up to fifty years. The Company has incorporated Electronic Flight Bag (“EFB”) functionality, such as charting and mapping systems, into its FPDS product line.

The Company has developed an FMS that combines the savings long associated with in flight fuel optimization in enroute flight management combined with the precision of satellite-based navigation required to comply with the regulatory environments of both domestic and international markets. The Company believes that the FMS coupled with its FPDS product line is well suited to address market demand driven by certain regulatory mandates, new technologies, and the high cost of maintaining aging and obsolete equipment on aircraft that will be in service for up to fifty years. The shift in the regulatory and technological environment is illustrated by the dramatic increase in the number of Space Based Augmentation System (“SBAS”) or Wide Area Augmentation System (“WAAS”) approach qualified airports, particularly as realized through Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance (“LPV”) navigation procedures. Aircraft equipped with the Company’s FMS and FPDS product line (equipped with a SBAS/WAAS/LPV enabled navigator) will be qualified to land at such airports and to comply with upcoming Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) mandates for Required Navigation Performance (“RNP”), and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (“ADS-B”) navigation, a fact which IS&S believes will further increase the demand for the Company’s products. The Company’s FMS/FPDS product line is designed for new production and retrofit applications into general aviation, commercial air transport and military transport aircraft. In addition, the Company offers a state of the art ISU, integrating the full functionality of the primary and navigation displays into a small backup-powered unit. This ISU builds on the Company’s legacy air data computer to form a complete next-generation cockpit display and navigation upgrade offering to the commercial and military markets.

The Company has developed and received certification on its NextGen Flight Deck featuring its ThrustSense® Integrated PT6 Autothrottle (“ThrustSense® Autothrottle”) for retrofit in the Pilatus PC-12. The NextGen Flight Deck features Primary Flight and Multi-Function Displays, ISUs as well as an Integrated FMS and Electronic Flight Bag System. The innovative avionics suite includes dual flight management systems, autothrottles, synthetic vision and enhanced vision. The NextGen enhanced avionics suite is available for integration into other business aircraft with Non-FADEC and FADEC engines.

More recently, the Company has developed and received in April certification for its Thrustsense Autothrottle for retrofit in the King Air, dual turbo prop PT6 powered aircraft. The autothrottle is designed to automate the power management for speed and power control. ThrustSense also ensures aircraft envelop protection and engine protection during all phases of flight reducing pilot work load and increasing safety.

We believe the ThrustSense® Autothrottle is innovative in that it is the first autothrottle developed for a turbo prop that allows a pilot to automatically control the power setting of the engine. The autothrottle computes and controls appropriate power levels reducing overall pilot workload. The system computes thrust, holds selected speed/torque, and implements appropriate speed and engine limit protection. When engaged by the pilot, the autothrottle system adjusts the throttles automatically to achieve and hold the selected airspeed guarded by a torque/temperature limit mode. The autothrottle system takes full advantage of the integrated cockpit utilizing Weight and Balance information for optimal control settings and enabling safety functions like a Turbulence control mode.

The Company sells to both the OEM and the retrofit markets. Customers include various OEMs, commercial air transport carriers and corporate/general aviation companies, DoD and its commercial contractors, aircraft operators, aircraft modification centers, and foreign militaries. Occasionally, IS&S sells its products directly to DoD; however, the Company sells its products primarily to commercial customers for end use in DoD programs. Sales to defense contractors are generally made on commercial terms, although some of the termination and other provisions of government contracts are applicable to these contracts.

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Customers have been and may continue to be affected by the uncertain economic conditions that currently exist both in the United States and abroad. Such conditions may cause customers to curtail or delay their spending on both new and existing aircraft. Factors that can impact general economic conditions and the level of spending by customers include, but are not limited to, general levels of consumer spending, increases in fuel and energy costs, conditions in the real estate and mortgage markets, labor and healthcare costs, access to credit, consumer confidence, and other macroeconomic factors that affect spending behavior. Furthermore, spending by government agencies may be reduced in the future if tax revenues decline, including as a result of recently enacted tax reform legislation in the United States. If customers curtail or delay their spending or are forced to declare bankruptcy or liquidate their operations because of adverse economic conditions, the Company’s revenues and results of operations would be affected adversely. However, the Company believes that, in an uncertain economic environment, customers that may have otherwise elected to purchase newly manufactured aircraft may be interested instead in retrofitting existing aircraft as a cost-effective alternative, thereby creating a market opportunity for IS&S.

Cost of sales related to product sales is comprised of material components and third-party avionics purchased from suppliers, direct labor, and overhead costs. Many of the components are standard, although certain parts are manufactured to meet IS&S specifications. The overhead portion of cost of sales is comprised primarily of salaries and benefits, building occupancy costs, supplies, and outside service costs related to production, purchasing, material control, and quality control. Cost of sales includes warranty costs.

Cost of sales related to engineering development contracts (“EDC”) sales is comprised of engineering labor, consulting services, and other costs associated with specific design and development projects. These costs are incurred pursuant to contractual arrangements and are accounted for typically as contract costs within cost of sales with the reimbursement accounted for as a sale in accordance with the percentage-of-completion method of accounting. Company funded research and development (“R&D”) expenditures relate to internally-funded efforts towards the development of new products and the improvement of existing products. These costs are expensed as incurred and reported as R&D expenses. The Company intends to continue investing in the development of new products that complement current product offerings and to expense associated R&D costs as they are incurred.

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of sales, marketing, business development, professional services, salaries and benefits for executive and administrative personnel, facility costs, recruiting, legal, accounting, bad debt expense and other general corporate expenses.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of financial condition and consolidated results of operations are based upon the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, IS&S management evaluates its estimates based upon historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The Company believes that its critical accounting policies affect its more significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements. The Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2018 contains a discussion of these critical accounting policies. There have been no significant changes in the Company’s critical accounting policies since September 30, 2018. See also Note 1 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months period ending March 31, 2019 as set forth herein.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED
MARCH 31, 2019 AND 2018

The following table sets forth the statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of total net sales for the periods indicated (some items may not add due to rounding):

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Net sales:
Product	88.2	%	98.9	%	91.5	%	99.4	%
Engineering development contracts	11.8	%	1.1	%	8.5	%	0.6	%
Total net sales	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Cost of sales:
Product	37.3	%	55.6	%	40.2	%	53.8	%
Engineering development contracts	6.9	%	0.3	%	4.6	%	0.2	%
Total cost of sales	44.2	%	55.9	%	44.8	%	53.9	%

Gross profit	55.8	%	44.1	%	55.2	%	46.1	%

Operating expenses:
Research and development	15.4	%	27.7	%	15.2	%	28.7	%
Selling, general and administrative	36.3	%	47.1	%	36.6	%	49.6	%
Total operating expenses	51.7	%	74.8	%	51.9	%	78.3	%

Operating income (loss)	4.1	%	(30.7	)%	3.3	%	(32.2	)%

Interest income	0.6	%	0.3	%	0.6	%	0.3	%
Other income	0.3	%	0.4	%	0.4	%	0.5	%
Income (loss) before income taxes	5.0	%	(29.9	)%	4.3	%	(31.4	)%

Income tax expense (benefit)	0.2	%	5.4	%	0.1	%	0.9	%

Net income (loss)	4.8	%	(35.3	)%	4.2	%	(32.3	)%

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018

Net sales. Net sales were $4,203,127 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $3,727,204 for the three months ended March 31, 2018, an increase of 12.8%. Product sales increased $21,208 in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily due to increased shipments of displays for retrofit programs to general aviation customers. EDC sales increased $454,715 from the same period in the prior year and was primarily the result of a development contract for a new F-5 air data computer for the U.S. Navy.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales decreased $225,426, or 10.8%, to $1,856,921, or 44.2% of net sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $2,082,347 or 55.9% of net sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily the result of a decrease in direct material costs and reduced payroll and related benefits for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018. The Company’s overall gross margin was 55.8% and 44.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Research and development. R&D expense decreased $383,140, or 37.1%, to $648,482, or 15.4% of net sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2019 from $1,031,622, or 27.7% of net sales, in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in R&D expense in the quarter compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2018 was primarily the result of reduced payroll and related benefits.

Selling, general, and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense decreased by $232,089 to $1,524,657 in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $1,756,746 in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in selling, general, and administrative expense in the three month period compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily the result of reduced payroll and related benefits. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to 36.3% of net sales in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 47.1% of net sales in the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Interest income. Interest income increased to $26,480 in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $11,681 in the three months ended March 31, 2018, primarily a result of higher interest rates in the current year period compared to the same period in the prior year.

Other income. Other income is primarily composed of royalties earned and decreased marginally by $4,918, to $10,746 in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in the prior year.

Income tax expense. The income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $7,794 as compared to $200,705 for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Net income. The Company reported net income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 of $202,499 compared to a net loss of $1,316,871 for the three months ended March 31, 2018. On a diluted basis, the income per share was $0.01 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to a loss per share of $0.08 for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

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Six Months Ended March 31, 2019 Compared to the Six Months Ended March 31, 2018

Net sales. Net sales were $8,180,777 for the six months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $6,815,188 for the six months ended March 31, 2018, an increase of 20.0%. Product sales increased $708,733 in the six months ended March 31, 2019 from the six months ended March 31, 2018, and EDC sales increased $656,826 from the same period in the prior year. Product sales for the six months ended March 31, 2019 increased from the same period in the prior year primarily because of increased shipments of displays for retrofit programs to commercial air transport carriers and general aviation customers. The increase in EDC sales in the current year period compared to the same period in fiscal year 2018 was primarily the result of a development contract for a new F-5 air data computer for the U.S. Navy.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales decreased $6,848, or 0.2%, to $3,668,768, or 44.8% of net sales, in the six months ended March 31, 2019, compared to $3,675,616, or 53.9% of net sales, in the six months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily the result of a decrease in direct material costs and reduced payroll and related benefits for the six months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the six months ended March 31, 2018. The Company’s overall gross margin was 55.2% and 46.1% for the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Research and development. R&D expense decreased $710,489, or 36.3%, to $1,244,854, or 15.2% of net sales, in the six months ended March 31, 2019 from $1,955,343, or 28.7% of net sales, in the six months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in R&D expense in the six month period in 2019 compared to the same six month period in 2018 was primarily the result of reduced payroll and related benefits.

Selling, general, and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense decreased by $381,228 to $2,998,073 in the six months ended March 31, 2019 from $3,379,301 in the six months ended March 31, 2018. The decrease in selling, general, and administrative expense in the six month period in 2019 compared to the same six month period in 2018 was primarily the result of reduced payroll and related benefits. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to 36.6% of net sales in the six months ended March 31, 2019 from 49.6% of net sales in the six months ended March 31, 2018.

Interest income. Interest income increased $26,727 to $48,032 in the six months ended March 31, 2019 from $21,305 in the six months ended March 31, 2018, primarily a result of higher interest rates in the current year period compared to the same period in the prior year.

Other income. Other income is primarily composed of royalties earned and decreased marginally by $4,496, to $32,600 in the six months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in the prior year.

Income tax expense. The income tax expense for the six months ended March 31, 2019 was $7,794 as compared to $61,819 for the six months ended March 31, 2018.

The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2018 was (2.9%) and differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to an increase in the valuation allowance of approximately $2,300,000. This change is a result of the tax benefit related to pre-tax losses not being currently realizable in future periods. As it pertains to net operating losses, the Tax Act permits an indefinite carryforward period.

Net income. The Company reported net income for the six months ended March 31, 2019 of $341,920 compared to a net loss of $2,198,490 for the six months ended March 31, 2018. On a diluted basis, the income per share was $0.02 for the six months ended March 31, 2019 compared to a loss per share of $0.13 for the six months ended December 31, 2018.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table highlights key financial measurements of the Company:

	March 31,		September 30,
	2019		2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,241,196	$	20,390,713
Accounts receivable	2,620,448		3,449,893
Current assets	28,994,247		28,664,948
Current liabilities	2,970,923		3,349,614
Deferred revenue	525,899		356,801
Total debt and other non-current liabilities (1)	129,627		129,594
Quick ratio (2)	8.03		7.12
Current ratio (3)	9.76		8.56

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Cash flow activites:
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activites	$	922,678		$	(1,113,026	)
Net cash used in investing activites	(72,195		)	(128,732		)

(1) Excludes contract liabilities

(2) The sum of cash and cash equivalents plus accounts receivable, divided by current liabilities

(3) Current assets divided by current liabilities

The Company’s principal source of liquidity for the six months ended March 31, 2019 has been from cash flows generated from current year operations and cash accumulated from prior years’ operations. Cash during any fiscal year is used principally to finance inventory, accounts receivable, and payroll, which are all collectively leveraged to execute the Company’s growth strategies and to return value to its shareholders.

Operating activities

Cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended March 31, 2019 resulted primarily from a decreases in accounts receivable of $829,000, and funding from net income of $342,000, offset by a decrease in accounts payable of $544,000.

Cash used in operating activities for the six months ended March 31, 2018 resulted primarily from the net effect of a net loss of $2.2 million, offset by decreases of accounts receivable of $0.4 million and unbilled receivables of $0.6 million, which principally represent sales previously recorded under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting that have been billed to customers in accordance with applicable EDC terms.

Investing activities

Cash used in investing activities was approximately $72,000 and $129,000 for the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and consisted primarily of the purchase of production and laboratory test equipment.

Financing activities

There was no net cash used by financing activities for each of the six months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Summary

Future capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including market acceptance of the Company’s products, the timing and rate of expansion of business, acquisitions, joint ventures, and other factors. IS&S has experienced increases in expenditures since its inception and anticipates that expenditures will continue in the foreseeable future. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents will provide sufficient capital to fund operations for at least the next twelve months. However, the Company may need to develop and introduce new or enhanced products, respond to competitive pressures, invest in or acquire businesses or technologies, or respond to unanticipated requirements or developments. If insufficient funds are available, the Company may not be able to introduce new products or compete effectively.

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Backlog

Backlog represents the value of contracts and purchase orders received, less sales recognized to date on those contracts and purchase orders. Backlog activity for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended			Six Months Ended
	March 31, 2019

Backlog, beginning of period	$	4,298		$	3,599
Bookings, net	5,258			9,935
Recognized in revenue	(4,203		)	(8,181		)
Backlog, end of period	$	5,353		$	5,353

At March 31, 2019 and September 30, 2018, the Company’s backlog was $5,353,000 and $3,599,000, respectively. The $1,754,000 increase in backlog was the result of $9,935,000 in net new business orders, offset by $8,181,000 of sales recognized for the six months ended March 31, 2019. At March 31, 2019, the majority of the Company’s backlog is expected to be filled within the next twelve months. To the extent new business orders do not continue to equal or exceed sales recognized in the future from the Company’s existing backlog, future operating results may be impacted negatively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has no relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as Special Purpose Entities or Variable Interest Entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other limited purposes.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The Company’s operations are exposed to market risks primarily as a result of changes in interest rates. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. The Company’s exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates to its cash equivalents. The Company’s cash equivalents consist of funds invested in money market accounts, which bear interest at a variable rate. The Company does not participate in interest rate hedging. Cash balances are maintained with two major banks. Balances on deposit with certain money market accounts and operating accounts may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limits. A change in interest rates earned on the cash equivalents would impact interest income and cash flows, but would not impact the fair market value of the related underlying instruments. Assuming that the balances during the three and six months ended March 31, 2019 were to remain constant and the Company did not act to alter the existing interest rate sensitivity, a hypothetical 1% increase in variable interest rates would have affected interest income by approximately $51,000 and $101,000 with a resulting impact on cash flows of approximately $51,000 and $101,000 for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019, respectively.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a) We carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of March 31, 2019. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that these controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There are no material changes to the risk factors described under Item 1A of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2018.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable

Item 5. Other Information

None

Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) (1)

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) (1)

32.1		Certification Pursuant to U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (2)

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document (1)
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme Document (1)
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (1)
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (1)
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (1)
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (1)

(1) Filed herewith

(2) Furnished herewith

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SUPPORT, INC.

Date: May 10, 2019	By:	/s/ RELLAND WINAND
		RELLAND WINAND
		CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER