Installed Building Products, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2017 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017

OR

For the Transition Period From                      To                     

Commission File Number: 001-36307

Installed Building Products, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(614) 221-3399

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒     No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by a check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

On October 30, 2017 the registrant had 31,862,561 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE

INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION

Installed Building Products, Inc. (“IBP”), a Delaware corporation formed on October 28, 2011, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company” and “we,” “us” and “our”) primarily install insulation, waterproofing, fire-stopping, fireproofing, garage doors, rain gutters, shower doors, closet shelving and mirrors and other products for residential and commercial builders located in the continental United States. The Company operates in over 100 locations and its corporate office is located in Columbus, Ohio.

We have one operating segment and a single reportable segment. We offer our portfolio of services for new and existing single-family and multi-family residential and commercial building projects from our national network of branch locations. Commercial sales have increased primarily due to the acquisition of Trilok Industries, Inc., Alpha Insulation & Waterproofing, Inc. and Alpha Insulation & Waterproofing Company (collectively, “Alpha”). See Item 2, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for more information. The following table sets forth the percentage of our net revenue by end market:

NOTE 2 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The information furnished in the condensed consolidated financial statements includes normal recurring adjustments and reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations and statements of financial position for the interim periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. We believe that the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading when read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 (the “2016 Form 10-K”), as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2017. The December 31, 2016 condensed consolidated balance sheet data herein was derived from the audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

Our interim operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in future operating quarters. See Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our 2016 Form 10-K for additional information regarding risk factors that may impact our results.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements in our 2016 Form 10-K describes the significant accounting policies and estimates used in preparation of the consolidated financial statements. There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2017 except in the areas of derivative and hedging activities, revenue and cost recognition, investments, accounts receivable, share-based compensation and use of estimates as described below.

Accounting Policy for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

We record all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether we have elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. We may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of our risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or we elect not to apply hedge accounting.

Revenue and Cost Recognition

Revenue from the sale and installation of products is recognized when all of the following have occurred: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) the ability to collect is reasonably assured. We recognize revenue using either the completed contract method or the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, depending primarily on length of time required to complete the contract. The completed contract method is used for short-term contracts for which financial position and results of operations reported on the completed-contract basis would not vary materially from those resulting from use of the percentage-of-completion method. Revenue from the sale and installation of products is recognized net of adjustments and discounts and, for revenue using the completed contract method of accounting, at the time the installation is complete. When the percentage-of-completion method is used, we estimate the costs to complete individual contracts and record as revenue that portion of the total contract price which is considered complete based on the relationship of costs incurred to date to total anticipated costs. The costs of earned revenue include all direct material and labor costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tools and repairs. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined.

Investment Policy

Marketable securities with original maturities longer than three months but less than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as investments within current assets. These investments consist of highly liquid instruments including corporate bonds and commercial paper. Investments for which we have the ability and positive intent to hold to maturity are carried at amortized cost. The difference between the acquisition costs and face values of held-to-maturity investments is amortized over the remaining term of the investments and added to or subtracted from the acquisition cost and interest income. As of September 30, 2017, all of our investments were classified as held-to-maturity.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Accounts Receivable

We account for trade receivables based on amounts billed to customers. Past due receivables are determined based on contractual terms. We do not accrue interest on any of our trade receivables.

Retainage receivables represent the amount retained by our customers to ensure the quality of the installation and is received after satisfactory completion of each installation project. Management regularly reviews aging of retainage receivables and changes in payment trends and records an allowance when collection of amounts due are considered not probable. Amounts retained by project owners under construction contracts and included in accounts receivable and other non-current assets were $22.1 million and $0.6 million as of September 30, 2017, respectively. Amounts retained by project owners under construction contracts and included in accounts receivable as of December 31, 2016 were $10.3 million.

Share-Based Compensation

Our share-based compensation program is designed to attract and retain employees while also aligning employees’ interests with the interests of our stockholders. Restricted stock awards are periodically granted to certain employees, officers and non-employee members of our board of directors under the stockholder-approved 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

Equity-based awards: Certain of our stock awards are deemed to be equity-based with a service condition and do not contain a market or performance condition with the exception of performance-based awards granted to certain officers and performance-based restricted stock units. Fair value of the non-performance-based awards to employees and officers is measured at the grant date and amortized to expense over the vesting period of the awards using the straight-line attribution method for all service-based awards with a graded vesting feature. This fair value is reduced by assumed forfeitures and adjusted for actual forfeitures until vesting. We also issue performance stock-based awards to certain officers under our 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan. The performance-based compensation expense is recorded over the requisite service period using the graded-vesting method for the entire award. Performance-based stock awards are accounted for at fair value at date of grant. We also periodically grant restricted stock units to certain employees under the stockholder-approved 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan. These units convert to shares upon meeting time- and performance-based requirements.

Liability-based awards: Certain of our stock awards represent a predominately-fixed monetary amount that is to be settled with a variable number of shares. These awards contain both time and performance requirements, and are deemed to be liability-based, which requires that we re-measure to reflect the fair value at the end of each reporting period. The change in fair value each reporting period is recorded as compensation cost, with a corresponding increase or decrease in the share-based liability, either immediately or over the remaining service period depending on the vested status of the award.

Compensation expense for both equity and liability-based restricted stock units is recorded based on an assessment each reporting period of the probability that certain performance goals will be met during the contingent vesting period. If performance goals are not probable of occurrence, no compensation expense will be recognized. If performance goals that were previously deemed probable are not or are not expected to be met, the previously recognized compensation cost related to such performance goals will be reversed. Employees and officers are subject to tax at the vesting date based on the market price of the shares on that date, or on the grant date if an election is made.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Use of Estimates

Preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include the revenue, costs and reserves established under the percentage-of-completion method, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, valuation of the reporting unit, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, share-based compensation, fair value of derivative instruments and reserves for general liability, workers’ compensation and medical insurance. Management believes the accounting estimates are appropriate and reasonably determined; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in making these estimates, actual amounts could differ from such estimates.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are generally expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was approximately $0.8 million and $2.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.8 million and $2.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, and is included in selling expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In July 2015, the Federal Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-11, “Inventory (Topic 330).” This update requires an entity to measure inventory within the scope of the update at the lower of cost and net realizable value. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. This ASU did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-06, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments.” This ASU clarifies the requirement for assessing whether contingent call/put options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. An entity performing the assessment under this amendment is required to assess the embedded call/put options solely in accordance with the four-step decision sequence. Consequently, when a call/put option is contingently exercisable, an entity does not have to assess whether the event that triggers the ability to exercise a call/put option is related to interest rates or credit risks. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years. This ASU did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-03, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323).” The portion of this ASU related to Topic 250 states that when a registrant does not know or cannot reasonably estimate the impact that future adoption of certain ASUs (ASU 2014-09, 2016-02 and 2016-13) are expected to have on the financial statements, then in addition to making a statement to that effect, that registrant should consider additional qualitative financial statement disclosures to assist the reader in assessing the significance of the impact that the standard will have on the financial statements of the registrant when adopted. We have included such disclosures for ASU 2014-09 but not for ASU 2016-02 or ASU 2016-13 since we have not yet performed sufficient analysis on future effects upon implementation of the new standards. We have concluded that the portion of this ASU related to Topic 323 is not applicable and, therefore, did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. This ASU is effective upon issuance.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 and related subsequently issued amendments set forth a new revenue recognition model that requires identifying the contract(s) with a customer, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations and recognizing the revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. In July 2015, the FASB voted to defer the application of the provisions of this standard for public companies until annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those reporting periods. We have substantially completed our assessment on the applicability of the standard on accounting for contracts with customers with the exception of certain 2017 business combinations which we are currently assessing. The standard is expected to result in the disaggregation of certain of our insulation contracts into multiple separately identifiable performance obligations as well as additional revenue recognition disclosures. Under current accounting standards, we consider the installation service to represent one performance obligation, whereas in accordance with this ASU, we have identified multiple phases to certain of our insulation projects that should be considered separate performance obligations. Currently, we intend to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective approach, which would allow us to recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This update amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. ASU 2016-02 requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. For public business entities, this update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted as of the standard’s issuance date. We are evaluating whether this ASU will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-11, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 pursuant to Staff announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting.” This ASU rescinds from the FASB Accounting Standards Codification certain SEC paragraphs as a result of two SEC Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 meeting. For public entities, the amendments related to Topic 605 are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and amendments related to Topic 815 are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. We have evaluated the applicability of this ASU and have determined it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. In addition, these amendments require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets, including trade accounts receivable, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We are evaluating whether this ASU will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows: Clarification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (Topic 230).” This ASU addresses the diversity in practice related to the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows by adding or clarifying guidance on eight specific cash flow issues. We have determined that this update addresses one issue that specifically impacts us, which is the classification of contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, and we are evaluating whether it will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory.” This ASU aligns the recognition of income tax consequences for intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We have evaluated the applicability of this ASU and have determined it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash.” This ASU provides guidance on the presentation of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. This standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We will adopt this standard effective January 1, 2018 as we expect it to be applicable to us at that time.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business.” This ASU clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We have evaluated the applicability of this ASU and have determined it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting.” This ASU provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The amendments should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We have evaluated the applicability of this ASU and have determined it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” This ASU better aligns a company’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships and makes certain improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We are evaluating whether this ASU will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 3 – INVESTMENTS

Cash and cash equivalents includes investments in money market funds that are valued based on the net asset value of the funds. The cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds that are Level 1 measurements. The investments in these funds were $58.8 million as of September 30, 2017. We had no such investments as of December 31, 2016.

All other investments are classified as held-to-maturity and consist of highly liquid instruments including corporate bonds and commercial paper. As of September 30, 2017, the amortized cost of these investments equaled the net carrying value, which was $25.1 million. We had no such investments as of December 31, 2016. All held-to-maturity securities as of September 30, 2017 mature in one year or less and are Level 2 measurements. See Note 7, Fair Value Measurements, for additional information.

NOTE 4 – GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLES

Goodwill

The change in carrying amount of goodwill was as follows (in thousands):

Other changes included in the above table represent minor adjustments for the allocation of certain acquisitions still under measurement and three immaterial acquisitions completed during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

We test goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year or earlier if there is an impairment indicator. No impairment was recognized during either of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Intangibles, net

The following table provides the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for each major class of intangibles (in thousands):

The gross carrying amount of intangibles increased approximately $73.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to business combinations. See Note 13, Business Combinations, for more information. Remaining estimated aggregate annual amortization expense is as follows (amounts, in thousands, are for the fiscal year ended):

NOTE 5 – LONG-TERM DEBT

Debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Senior Secured Credit Agreements

On April 13, 2017, we entered into a term loan credit agreement (the “Term Loan Agreement”) which provides for a seven-year $300.0 million term loan facility (the “Term Loan”) and an asset-based lending credit agreement (the “ABL Credit Agreement” and together with the Term Loan Agreement, the “Senior Secured Credit Agreements”) which provides for up to approximately $100.0 million with a sublimit up to $50.0 million for the issuance of letters of credit (the “ABL Revolver” and together with the Term Loan, the “Senior Secured Facilities”), which may be reduced or increased pursuant to the ABL Credit Agreement. The borrowing base for the ABL Revolver, which determines availability under the facility, is based on a percentage of the value of certain assets securing the obligations of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors under the ABL Credit Agreement.

Proceeds from the Senior Secured Credit Facilities were used to repay in full all amounts outstanding under the credit and security agreement, dated as of February 29, 2016, by and among the Company and the lenders named therein (the “Credit and Security Agreement”).

The Term Loan amortizes in quarterly principal payments of approximately $0.8 million starting on September 30, 2017, with any remaining unpaid balances due on April 15, 2024, which is the maturity date. Loans incurred under the ABL Revolver will have a final maturity of April 13, 2022.

Subject to certain exceptions, the Term Loan will be subject to mandatory pre-payments equal to (i) 100% of the net cash proceeds from issuances or incurrence of debt by the Company or any of its restricted subsidiaries (other than with respect to certain permitted indebtedness); (ii) 100% of the net cash proceeds from certain sales or dispositions of assets by the Company or any of its restricted subsidiaries in excess of a certain amount and subject to customary reinvestment provisions and certain other expenses; and (iii) 50% (with step-downs to 25% and 0% based upon achievement of specified net leverage ratios) of excess cash flow of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries in excess of $5.0 million, subject to customary exceptions and limitations.

Loans under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities bear interest based on, at the Company’s election, either the base rate or the Eurodollar rate plus, in each case, an applicable margin (the “Applicable Margin”). The Applicable Margin in respect of loans under (i) the Term Loan Agreement will be (A) 3.00% in the case of Eurodollar rate loans and (B) 2.00% in the case of base rate loans, and (ii) the ABL Facility will be (A) 1.25%, 1.50% or 1.75% in the case of Eurodollar rate loans (based on a measure of availability under the ABL Facility) and (B) 0.25%, 0.50% or 0.75% in the case of base rate loans (based on a measure of availability under the ABL Facility).

In addition, we will pay customary commitment fees and letter of credit fees under the ABL Credit Agreement. The commitment fees will vary based upon a measure of our utilization under the ABL Revolver.

The Senior Secured Credit Agreements each contain a number of customary affirmative and negative non-financial covenants, and the ABL Credit Agreement also contains a financial covenant requiring the satisfaction of a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00 to 1.00 in the event that we do not meet a minimum measure of availability under the ABL Revolver.

Vehicle and Equipment Notes

We are party to a Master Loan and Security Agreement (“Master Loan and Security Agreement”), a Master Equipment Lease Agreement (“Master Equipment Agreement”) and one or more Master Loan Agreements (“Master Loan Agreements”) with various lenders to provide financing for the purpose of purchasing or leasing vehicles and equipment used in the normal course of business. Each financing

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

arrangement under these agreements constitutes a separate note and obligation. Vehicles and equipment purchased or leased under each financing arrangement serve as collateral for the note applicable to such financing arrangement. Regular payments are due under each note for a period of typically 60 consecutive months after the incurrence of the obligation. The specific terms of each note are based on specific criteria, including the type of vehicle or equipment and the market interest rates at the time. No termination date applies to these agreements.

Total gross assets relating to our master loan and equipment agreements were $66.8 million and $48.7 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, none of which were fully depreciated as of September 30, 2017 or December 31, 2016, respectively. The net book value of assets under these agreements was $47.3 million and $38.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Depreciation of assets held under these agreements is included within cost of sales on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

NOTE 6 – COSTS AND ESTIMATED EARNINGS ON UNCOMPLETED CONTRACTS

Uncompleted contracts were as follows for the nine months ended September 30 (in thousands):

Net under (over) billings were as follows as of September 30 (in thousands):

The asset, costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts, represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts billed and is included in other current assets in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The liability, billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts, represents billings in excess of revenues recognized and is included in other current liabilities in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

NOTE 7 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair Values

Fair value is the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of these financial instruments. The carrying amounts of our long-term debt, including the Term Loan and ABL Revolver as of September 30, 2017 and the term loan, delayed draw term loan and revolving line of credit as of December 31, 2016, approximate fair value due to the variable rate nature of the agreements. The carrying amounts of the obligations associated with our capital leases and vehicle and equipment notes approximate fair value as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 because we have incurred the obligations within recent fiscal years when the interest rate markets have been low and stable. All debt classifications represent Level 2 fair value measurements.

The fair values of financial assets and liabilities were as follows as of September 30 (in thousands):

We had no such items upon which to report fair value as of December 31, 2016. See Note 3, Investments, for more information on cash equivalents and investments included in the table above. Also see Note 8, Derivatives and Hedging Activities, for more information on derivative financial instruments.

NOTE 8 – DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

We are exposed to certain risks arising from both our business operations and economic conditions. We manage exposure to a wide variety of business and operational risks through our core business activities.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

We manage economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity and credit risk primarily by overseeing the amount, sources and duration of debt funding and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, we have entered into derivative financial instruments to manage exposure to interest rate movements that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Our derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of our known or expected cash receipts and known or expected cash payments principally related to our investments and borrowings.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

Our purpose for using interest rate derivatives is to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, we primarily use interest rate swaps as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. As of September 30, 2017, we have two interest rate swaps with a beginning notional of $100.0 million that amortize quarterly to $95.3 million at a maturity date of May 31, 2022.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. During 2017, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate debt. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives, when present, is recognized directly in earnings. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we did not record any hedge ineffectiveness in earnings.

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. Over the next twelve months, we estimate that an additional $0.5 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense.

Additionally, we do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and we currently do not have any derivatives that are not designated as hedges. As of September 30, 2017, the Company has not posted any collateral related to these agreements.

NOTE 9 – EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

Healthcare

Our healthcare benefit expense (net of employee contributions) for all plans was approximately $4.1 million and $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $12.4 million and $11.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. An accrual for estimated healthcare claims incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) is included within accrued compensation on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and was $1.9 million and $1.7 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Workers’ Compensation

Workers’ compensation expense totaled $3.1 million and $3.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $9.8 million and $9.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Workers’ compensation known claims and IBNR reserves included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows (in thousands):

We also had an insurance receivable for claims that exceeded the stop loss limit included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. That receivable offsets an equal liability included within other long-term liabilities noted above and was as follows (in thousands):

Share-Based Compensation

Directors

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we granted approximately six thousand and nine thousand shares of our common stock, respectively, under our 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan to non-employee members of our Board of Directors. Accordingly, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recorded $0.3 million in compensation expense within administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income at the time of the grant.

Employees – Common Stock Awards

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we granted approximately 0.1 million shares of our common stock under our 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan to our employees, which vest in three equal installments (rounded to the nearest whole share) on each of April 20, 2018, April 20, 2019 and April 20, 2020. These awards have a time-based requirement but are not classified as performance-based.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, our employees surrendered approximately ten thousand shares of our common stock to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising in connection with the vesting of common stock awards issued under our 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Share-based compensation expense associated with common stock awards was $0.8 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.4 million and $1.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. We recognized excess tax benefits of $0.6 million and $0.3 million within the income tax provision in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We did not recognize any such excess tax benefits in the three months ended September 30, 2017 or 2016.

As of September 30, 2017, there was $6.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these nonvested common stock awards. This expense is subject to future adjustments for forfeitures and is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining weighted-average period of 2.2 years. Shares forfeited are returned as treasury shares and available for future issuances. See the table below for changes in shares and related weighted average fair market value per share.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Employees – Performance-Based Stock Awards

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we established, and our Board of Directors approved, performance-based targets in connection with common stock awards to be issued to certain officers in 2018 contingent upon achievement of these targets. Share-based compensation expense associated with these performance-based awards was $0.3 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

As of September 30, 2017, there was $2.4 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested performance-based common stock awards. This expense is subject to future adjustments for forfeitures and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average period of 2.1 years using the graded-vesting method. See the table below for changes in shares and related weighted average fair market value per share.

Employees – Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we established, and our Board of Directors approved, performance-based restricted stock units in connection with common stock awards to be issued to certain employees in 2018 contingent upon achievement of a performance target. These units will be accounted for as equity-based awards that will be settled with a fixed number of common shares. Share-based compensation expense associated with these performance-based awards was $1.0 million and $1.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

As of September 30, 2017, there was $2.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested performance-based common stock units. This expense is subject to future adjustments for forfeitures and is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining weighted-average period of 0.6 years. See the table below for changes in shares and related weighted average fair market value per share.

In addition, during the three months ended September 30, 2017, we established, and our Board of Directors approved, performance-based restricted stock units in connection with common stock awards to be issued to certain employees between 2018 and 2022 contingent upon achievement of certain performance targets. These units will be accounted for as liability-based awards since they represent a predominantly-fixed monetary amount that will be settled with a variable number of common shares and as such are included in other long-term liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Share-based compensation expense associated with these performance-based awards was $0.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. The unrecognized compensation expense associated with the liability-based awards is subject to fair value adjustment each reporting period, and is expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining vesting period of 4.25 years.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Share-Based Compensation Summary

Amounts for each category of equity-based award for employees as of December 31, 2016 and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were as follows:

As of September 30, 2017, approximately 2.6 million shares of common stock were available for issuance under the 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

NOTE 10 – INCOME TAXES

Our provision for income taxes as a percentage of pretax earnings is based on a current estimate of the annual effective income tax rate adjusted to reflect the impact of discrete items.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the effective tax rate was 32.3% and 33.8%, respectively. These rates were favorably impacted by deductions related to domestic production activities, usage of net operating losses for a tax filing entity which previously had a full valuation allowance, excess tax benefits from share-based compensation arrangements and the statute expiring for various uncertain tax positions. The favorable impact was partially offset by the tax effect of losses incurred by separate companies to which no benefit can be recognized due to a full valuation allowance against the losses.

NOTE 11 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

We sell installation services to other companies related to us through common or affiliated ownership and/or Board of Directors and/or management relationships. We also purchase services and materials and pay rent to companies with common or affiliated ownership.

We lease our headquarters and certain other facilities from related parties. See Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, for future minimum lease payments to be paid to these related parties.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the amount of sales to related parties as well as the purchases from and rent expense paid to related parties were as follows (in thousands):

As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had related party balances of approximately $2.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively, included in accounts receivable on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. These balances primarily represent trade accounts receivable arising during the normal

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

course of business with various related parties. M/I Homes, Inc., a customer whose Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer is a member of our Board of Directors, accounted for $1.0 million and $0.8 million of these balances as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

NOTE 12 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Accrued General Liability

Accrued general insurance reserves included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows (in thousands):

We also had insurance receivables included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets that, in aggregate, offset an equal liability included within the reserve amounts noted above. The amounts were as follows (in thousands):

Leases

We are obligated under capital leases covering vehicles and certain equipment. The vehicle and equipment leases generally have initial terms ranging from four to six years. Total gross assets relating to capital leases were approximately $64.2 million and $64.2 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and a total of approximately $23.7 million and $22.8 million were fully depreciated as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The net book value of assets under capital leases was approximately $14.4 million and $16.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Amortization of assets held under capital leases is included within cost of sales on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

We also have several noncancellable operating leases, primarily for buildings, improvements, equipment and certain vehicles. These leases generally contain renewal options for periods ranging from one to five years and require us to pay all executory costs such as property taxes, maintenance and insurance.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Future minimum lease payments under noncancellable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) with related parties as of September 30, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

Other Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time, various claims and litigation are asserted or commenced against us principally arising from contractual matters and personnel and employment disputes. In determining loss contingencies, management considers the likelihood of loss as well as the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of such loss or liability. An estimated loss is recorded when it is considered probable that such a liability has been incurred and when the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. As litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, we cannot be certain that we will prevail in these matters. However, we do not believe that the ultimate outcome of any pending matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

NOTE 13 – BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

As part of our ongoing strategy to increase market share in certain markets, we completed seven business combinations during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and six business combinations during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 in which we acquired 100% of the voting equity interests in each. The largest of these acquisitions were Alpha, Columbia Shelving & Mirror Inc. and Charleston Shelving & Mirror, Inc. (collectively, “Columbia”) and All In Insulation, LLC d/b/a Astro Insulation (collectively, “Astro”). The remaining acquisitions were individually insignificant but material in the aggregate, as follows (in thousands):

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Acquisition-related costs recorded within administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income amounted to $0.9 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $2.3 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The goodwill recognized in conjunction with these business combinations is attributable to expected improvement in the business of these acquired companies. We expect to deduct approximately $45.6 million of goodwill for tax purposes as a result of 2017 acquisitions.

Purchase Price Allocations

The estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the acquisitions, as well as total purchase prices and cash paid, approximated the following as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 and may be adjusted during the valuation period since acquisition (in thousands):

Further adjustments to the allocation for each acquisition still under its measurement period are expected as third-party and internal valuations are finalized, certain tax aspects of the transaction are completed and customary post-closing reviews are concluded during the measurement period attributable to each individual business combination. As a result, insignificant adjustments to the fair value of assets acquired, and in some cases total purchase price, have been made to certain business combinations since the date of acquisition and future adjustments may be made through the end of each measurement period. Goodwill and intangibles per the above table do not agree to the total gross increases of these assets as shown in Note 4, Goodwill and Intangibles, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due to minor adjustments to goodwill for the allocation of certain acquisitions still under measurement as well as other immaterial intangible assets added and written off during the ordinary course of business. In addition, goodwill and intangibles increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due to three immaterial tuck-in acquisitions that do not appear in the above table.

The provisional amounts for Alpha originally reported in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2017 were adjusted to reflect the review and ongoing analysis of the fair value measurements. As a result of our continued evaluation during the measurement period, we increased goodwill by approximately $2.2 million, offset by a corresponding net reduction in various working capital accounts.

The provisional amounts for Columbia originally reported in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2017 were adjusted to reflect the review and ongoing analysis of the fair value measurements. As a result of an independent appraisal, we increased goodwill by approximately $0.5 million and our seller obligations by approximately $0.4 million for an adjustment to the fair value of a working capital contingent liability. These adjustments, as well as various other insignificant adjustments, resulted in a total purchase price increase for Columbia of approximately $0.6 million as reflected within the above table and were within applicable measurement period guidelines.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Estimates of acquired intangible assets related to the acquisitions are as follows for the nine months ended September 30 (dollars in thousands):

Pro Forma Information

The unaudited pro forma information for the combined results of the Company has been prepared as if the 2017 acquisitions had taken place on January 1, 2016 and the 2016 acquisitions had taken place on January 1, 2015. The unaudited pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results that we would have achieved had the transactions actually taken place on January 1, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and the unaudited pro forma information does not purport to be indicative of future financial operating results. See Note 12, Business Combinations, to our audited financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of our 2016 Form 10-K for additional information on 2016 acquisitions included in the table below (in thousands, except per share data):

Unaudited pro forma net income reflects additional intangible asset amortization expense of $0.1 million and $0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and $4.2 million and $13.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, as well as additional income tax (benefit) expense of ($0.1) million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, and $0.5 million and $2.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, and additional interest expense of $0.5 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, that would have been recorded had the 2017 acquisitions taken place on January 1, 2016 and the 2016 acquisitions taken place on January 1, 2015. There was no additional interest expense for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2017. In addition, we included 282,577 shares of our common stock issued upon acquisition of Alpha in the weighted average shares used to calculate unaudited basic and diluted net income per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 that would have been recorded had the acquisition taken place on January 1, 2016.

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INSTALLED BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 14 – INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

Basic net income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents.

Diluted net income per share is calculated by adjusting weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury stock method. Potential common stock is included in the diluted income per share calculation when dilutive. Diluted net income per share was as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data):

None of the non-vested common stock awards had an antidilutive effect on diluted net income per share for either of the three or nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

NOTE 15 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 30, 2017, we acquired substantially all of the assets of A+ Insulation, LLC for total consideration of approximately $2.4 million, subject to a working capital adjustment. The initial accounting for the business combination was not complete at the time the financial statements were issued due to the timing of the acquisition and the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. As a result, disclosures required under ASC 805-10-50, Business Combinations, cannot be made at this time.

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This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes in “Item 1. Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q, as well as our 2016 Form 10-K.

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We are one of the nation’s largest insulation installers for the residential new construction market and are also a diversified installer of complementary building products, including waterproofing, fire-stopping and fireproofing, garage doors, rain gutters, shower doors, closet shelving and mirrors, throughout the United States. Our acquisition of Alpha in January 2017 expanded our market position in commercial insulation installation and strengthens our complementary installed product offerings in waterproofing, fire-stopping and fireproofing. We offer our portfolio of services for new and existing single-family and multi-family residential and commercial building projects from our national network of branch locations.

A large portion of our net revenue comes from the U.S. residential new construction market, which depends upon a number of economic factors, including demographic trends, interest rates, consumer confidence, employment rates, housing inventory levels, foreclosure rates, the health of the economy and availability of mortgage financing.

We believe our business is well positioned to continue to profitably grow during the housing recovery due to our strong balance sheet, liquidity and continuing acquisition strategy. We may adjust our strategies based on housing demand and our performance in each of our markets. Nevertheless, the pace of the housing recovery and our future results could be negatively affected by weakening economic conditions and decreases in housing demand and affordability as well as increases in interest rates and tightening of mortgage lending practices.

We manage all aspects of the installation process for our customers, from our direct purchase and receipt of materials from national manufacturers, to our timely supply of materials to job sites and quality installation. Installation of insulation is a critical phase in the construction process, as certain interior work cannot begin until the insulation phase passes inspection. We benefit from our national scale, long-standing supplier relationships and a broad customer base that includes production and custom homebuilders, multi-family and commercial construction firms and homeowners.

Contracts fulfilled by Alpha are primarily accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting. When the percentage-of-completion method is used, we estimate the costs to complete individual contracts and record as revenue that portion of the total contract price that is considered complete based on the relationship of costs incurred to date to total anticipated costs. The costs of earned revenue include all direct material and labor costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tools and repairs. As a result of the acquisition of Alpha, we currently estimate backlog to be $81.4 million as of September 30, 2017. Backlog represents expected revenue on uncompleted contracts, including the amount of revenue on contracts for which our work has not yet commenced, less the revenue recognized under these contracts.

As a result of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, we closed our locations in Texas and Florida during and in the days immediately following the storms. This negatively impacted our revenue and gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016

Net revenue

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net revenue increased $69.8 million, or 31.0%, to $295.2 million from $225.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in net revenue included revenue from acquisitions of approximately $48.7 million. Approximately $8.3 million was predominantly attributable to organic growth in the volume of completed jobs in all of our end markets. The remaining increase in net revenue of $12.8 million resulted from a variety of factors, including customer and product mix, market pricing variations and insulation volumes driven by building code requirements. None of these additional factors was more significant than any other. Partially offsetting the increase in revenue were the effects of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma that negatively impacted our productivity during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

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Cost of sales

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, cost of sales increased $51.5 million, or 32.6%, to $209.6 million from $158.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, cost of sales increased to 71.0% during the three months ended September 30, 2017 from 70.2% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. On a dollar basis, cost of sales included increases from acquired businesses of approximately $34.8 million. Approximately $5.5 million was predominantly attributable to organic growth in the volume of completed jobs in the residential new construction end market. Additionally, cost of sales increased $11.2 million as a result of a variety of factors including customer and product mix, market pricing variations and insulation volumes driven by building code requirements, as well as expense associated with our recently introduced share-based compensation program for certain of our installers. None of these additional factors was more significant than any other.

Gross Profit

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, gross profit increased $18.3 million to $85.6 million from $67.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, gross profit decreased to 29.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from 29.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 due to the factors discussed above.

Operating expenses

Selling

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, selling expenses increased $1.9 million, or 14.1%, to $14.9 million from $13.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, selling expenses decreased to 5.0% during the three months ended September 30, 2017 from 5.8% during the three months ended September 30, 2016. On a dollar basis, the increase in selling expenses was primarily due to higher wages, benefits and commissions which supported both organic and acquisition-related growth.

Administrative

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, administrative expenses increased $10.2 million, or 32.2%, to $41.7 million from $31.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in administrative expenses is generally related to the cost of completing acquisitions, the ongoing costs associated with these newly-acquired entities and costs to support our growth. Wages and benefits increased $6.7 million, of which $4.0 million was attributable to acquisitions and $2.7 million was to support our growth. In addition, facility costs increased $1.2 million to support both organic and acquisition related growth and accounting, legal and consulting fees increased $0.5 million primarily to facilitate our transition into large accelerated filer status. The remaining increase in administrative expenses of $1.8 million included individually minor increases in several categories necessary to support our growing business, such as supplies and information technology costs.

Amortization

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, amortization expense increased $3.9 million to $6.8 million from $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in amortization expense was attributable to the additional finite-lived intangible assets recorded as a result of acquisitions.

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Other expense

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, other expense increased $2.9 million to $4.5 million from $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 due to increased interest expense on our new Term Loan to support our growth related to acquisitions.

Income tax provision

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded an income tax provision of $5.7 million on our income before income taxes of $17.7 million, or an effective tax rate of 32.3%. This rate was favorably impacted by deductions related to domestic production activities, usage of net operating losses for a tax filing entity which previously had a full valuation allowance, excess tax benefits from share-based compensation arrangements and the statute expiring for various uncertain tax positions. The favorable impact was partially offset by the tax effect of losses incurred by separate companies to which no benefit can be recognized due to a full valuation allowance against the losses.

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we recorded an income tax provision of $6.7 million on our income before income taxes of $18.3 million, or an effective tax rate of 36.8%. This rate was favorably impacted by deductions related to domestic production activities and the release of a valuation allowance due to utilization of net operating losses. The favorable impact was partially offset by separate tax filing entities in a loss position for which a full valuation allowance will be accounted for against the losses, causing no tax benefit to be recognized on the losses.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016

Net revenue

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net revenue increased $204.1 million, or 32.4%, to $833.1 million from $629.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in net revenue included revenue from acquisitions of approximately $141.8 million. Approximately $35.8 million was predominantly attributable to organic growth in the volume of completed jobs in all of our end markets. The remaining increase in net revenue of $26.5 million resulted from a variety of factors, including customer and product mix, market pricing variations and insulation volumes driven by building code requirements. None of these additional factors was more significant than any other. Partially offsetting the increase in revenue were the effects of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma that negatively impacted our productivity during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Cost of sales

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, cost of sales increased $145.5 million, or 32.7%, to $590.4 million from $444.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, cost of sales increased to 70.9% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from 70.7% during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. On a dollar basis, cost of sales included increases from acquired businesses of approximately $100.2 million. Approximately $24.4 million was predominantly attributable to organic growth in the volume of completed jobs in the residential new construction end market. Additionally, cost of sales increased $20.9 million as a result of a variety of factors including customer and product mix, market pricing variations and insulation volumes driven by building code requirements, as well as expense associated with our recently introduced share-based compensation program for certain of our installers. None of these additional factors was more significant than any other.

Gross Profit

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, gross profit increased $58.6 million to $242.7 million from $184.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, gross profit decreased to 29.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from 29.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 due to the factors discussed above.

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Operating expenses

Selling

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, selling expenses increased $6.3 million, or 17.4%, to $42.5 million from $36.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, selling expenses decreased to 5.1% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from 5.8% during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. On a dollar basis, the increase in selling expenses was primarily due to higher wages, benefits and commissions of $5.8 million which supported both organic and acquisition-related growth. The remaining increase of $0.5 million included individually minor increases in several categories necessary to support our growing business.

Administrative

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, administrative expenses increased $30.0 million, or 32.4%, to $122.7 million from $92.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in administrative expenses is generally related to the cost of completing acquisitions, the ongoing costs associated with these newly-acquired entities and costs to support our growth. Wages and benefits increased $18.9 million, of which $11.8 million was attributable to acquisitions and $7.1 million was to support our growth. In addition, facility costs increased $3.7 million to support both organic and acquisition-related growth and accounting, legal and consulting fees increased $2.3 million primarily to facilitate our transition into accelerated filer status. We also incurred $1.1 million of increased general liability insurance costs due to claims development and to support growth and $0.9 million of increased information technology-related expenses. The remaining increase in administrative expenses of $3.1 million included individually minor increases in several categories necessary to support our growing business.

Amortization

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, amortization expense increased $11.6 million to $19.8 million from $8.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in amortization expense was attributable to the additional finite-lived intangible assets recorded as a result of acquisitions.

Other expense

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, other expense increased $6.9 million to $11.8 million from $4.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 due to increased interest expense on higher debt levels to support our growth related to acquisitions.

Income tax provision

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded an income tax provision of $15.5 million on our income before income taxes of $45.8 million, or an effective tax rate of 33.8%. This rate was favorably impacted by deductions related to domestic production activities, usage of net operating losses for a tax filing entity which previously had a full valuation allowance, excess tax benefits from share-based compensation arrangements and the statute expiring for various uncertain tax positions. The favorable impact was partially offset by the tax effect of losses incurred by separate companies to which no benefit can be recognized due to a full valuation allowance on the losses.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we recorded an income tax provision of approximately $14.8 million on our income before income taxes of approximately $42.1 million, or an effective tax rate of 35.1%. This rate was favorably impacted by deductions related to domestic production activities, the early adoption of ASU 2016-09 and the release of a valuation allowance due to utilization of net operating losses. The favorable impact was partially offset by separate tax filing entities in a loss position for which a full valuation allowance will be accounted for against the losses, causing no tax benefit to be recognized on the losses.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, our marketable securities and the cash generated by our operations. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had $92.1 million and $14.5 million, respectively, in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Our marketable securities consist primarily of commercial paper, corporate bonds and money market funds. Our investment policy requires the purchase of high grade investment securities and the diversification of asset types and includes certain limits to avoid over-concentration into specific maturities, a specific issuer or a specific class of securities. As of September 30, 2017, we are in compliance with our investment policy. As of September 30, 2017, the financial sector accounted for 100% of our total investment portfolio.

Our primary capital requirements are to fund working capital needs, operating expenses, acquisitions and capital expenditures and meet required principal and interest payments. Our capital resources primarily consist of cash from operations and borrowings under our credit agreements and capital equipment leases and loans.

Since 2012, when housing completions began to increase meaningfully after a previous significant downturn in the residential construction industry, we have experienced improved profitability and liquidity and invested significantly in acquisitions, supported by our cash from operations and our credit agreements. Additionally, we have utilized capital leases and loans to finance the increase in the number of our vehicles and equipment.

In addition, our acquisition of Alpha, which was completed on January 5, 2017, requires us to commit significant resources to the acquisition and ongoing support of Alpha’s business. This acquisition was funded by drawing on our previous credit facility.    

As of September 30, 2017, we had no outstanding borrowings under our ABL Revolver and our borrowing availability was $82.1 million after being reduced by outstanding letters of credit of $17.9 million.

We believe that our cash flows from operations, combined with our current cash levels and available borrowing capacity, will be adequate to support our ongoing operations and to fund our debt service requirements, capital expenditures and working capital for at least the next 12 months.

Senior Secured Credit Agreements

Our Term Loan Agreement provides for a seven-year $300.0 million Term Loan. Our ABL Credit Agreement provides for the ABL Revolver of up to approximately $100.0 million with a sublimit up to $50.0 million for the issuance of letters of credit, which may be reduced or increased pursuant to the ABL Credit Agreement. The borrowing base for the ABL Revolver, which determines availability under the facility, is based on a percentage of the value of certain assets securing the obligations of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors under the ABL Credit Agreement.

Proceeds from the Senior Secured Credit Facilities were used to repay in full all amounts outstanding under the Credit and Security Agreement.

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The Term Loan amortizes in quarterly principal payments of approximately $0.8 million starting on September 30, 2017, with any remaining unpaid balances due on April 15, 2024, which is the maturity date. Loans incurred under the ABL Revolver will have a final maturity of April 13, 2022.

Subject to certain exceptions, the Term Loan will be subject to mandatory pre-payments equal to (i) 100% of the net cash proceeds from issuances or incurrence of debt by the Company or any of its restricted subsidiaries (other than with respect to certain permitted indebtedness); (ii) 100% of the net cash proceeds from certain sales or dispositions of assets by the Company or any of its restricted subsidiaries in excess of a certain amount and subject to customary reinvestment provisions and certain other expenses; and (iii) 50% (with step-downs to 25% and 0% based upon achievement of specified net leverage ratios) of excess cash flow of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries in excess of $5.0 million, subject to customary exceptions and limitations.

Loans under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities bear interest based on, at the Company’s election, either the base rate or the Eurodollar rate plus, in each case, the Applicable Margin. The Applicable Margin in respect of loans under (i) the Term Loan Agreement will be (A) 3.00% in the case of Eurodollar rate loans and (B) 2.00% in the case of base rate loans, and (ii) the ABL Facility will be (A) 1.25%, 1.50% or 1.75% in the case of Eurodollar rate loans (based on a measure of availability under the ABL Facility) and (B) 0.25%, 0.50% or 0.75% in the case of base rate loans (based on a measure of availability under the ABL Facility).

In addition, we will pay customary commitment fees and letter of credit fees under the ABL Credit Agreement. The commitment fees will vary based upon a measure of our utilization under the ABL Revolver.

The Senior Secured Credit Agreements each contain a number of customary affirmative and negative non-financial covenants, and the ABL Credit Agreement also contains a financial covenant requiring the satisfaction of a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00 to 1.00 in the event that we do not meet a minimum measure of availability under the ABL Revolver. At September 30, 2017, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Senior Secured Credit Agreements.

Vehicle and Equipment Notes

We are party to a Master Loan and Security Agreement, a Master Equipment Lease Agreement and one or more Master Loan Agreements with various lenders to provide financing for the purpose of purchasing or leasing vehicles and equipment used in the normal course of business. Each financing arrangement under these agreements constitutes a separate note and obligation. Vehicles and equipment purchased or leased under each financing arrangement serve as collateral for the note applicable to such financing arrangement. Regular payments are due under each note for a period of typically 60 consecutive months after the incurrence of the obligation. The specific terms of each note are based on specific criteria, including the type of vehicle or equipment and the market interest rates at the time. No termination date applies to these agreements.

Total gross assets relating to our master loan and equipment agreements were $66.8 million and $48.7 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, none of which were fully depreciated as of September 30, 2017 or December 31, 2016, respectively. The net book value of assets under these agreements was $47.3 million and $38.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Depreciation of assets held under these agreements is included within cost of sales on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

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Letters of Credit and Bonds

We use letters of credit to secure our performance under our general liability and workers’ compensation insurance programs. Our largest workers’ compensation insurance program is considered a high deductible program whereby we are responsible for the cost of claims under approximately $0.8 million. If we do not pay these claims, our workers’ compensation insurance carriers are required to make these payments to the claimants on our behalf. Effective with the plan year beginning October 1, 2015, our largest general liability insurance program is considered a high retention program whereby we are responsible for the cost of claims up to approximately $2.0 million, subject to an aggregate cap of $8.0 million. If we do not pay these claims, our general liability insurance carrier is required to make these payments to the claimants on our behalf. Prior to the claim year beginning October 1, 2015, our largest general liability insurance program has a self-insured retention (“SIR”) of $0.35 million whereby we continue to be responsible for all claims below the SIR and the insurance company continues to be responsible for all liabilities above the SIR. As of September 30, 2017, we had $17.9 million of outstanding letters of credit and $0.3 million in cash securing our performance under these insurance programs. We expect to increase the collateral for these programs by approximately $10.0 million during the fourth quarter of 2017.

We occasionally use performance bonds to ensure completion of our work on certain larger customer contracts that can span several months. As of September 30, 2017, we had 56 performance bonds outstanding, totaling approximately $24.1 million. The acquisition of Alpha resulted in a significant increase in the level of contracts in the commercial end market, which typically require a greater value of performance bonds. Performance bonds generally do not have stated expiration dates; rather, we are released from the bonds as the contractual performance is completed. As of September 30, 2017, we had 358 permit and license bonds outstanding, totaling approximately $5.9 million. Permit and license bonds are typically issued for one year and are required by certain municipalities when we obtain licenses and permits to perform work in their jurisdictions.

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Financial Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives

We have various borrowing facilities which charge interest based on the one month U.S. dollar LIBOR rate plus an interest spread. On May 8, 2017, we entered into two interest rate swaps with a notional amount of $100.0 million. During the second quarter of 2017, we began to receive variable rate interest payments based upon one month U.S. dollar LIBOR and in return were obligated to pay interest at a fixed rate of 1.9%. This effectively converted the borrowing rate on $100.0 million of debt from a variable rate to a fixed rate. These derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, any effective portion of the unrealized gain or loss on these derivative instruments is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transactions and in the same period during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. Any ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recognized into earnings. For additional disclosures of the gain or loss included with other comprehensive income, see Note 8, Derivative and Hedging Activities, included in Item 1 of Part I of this Form 10-Q. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of the interest rate derivatives are considered level 2 inputs, which are based upon LIBOR and interest paid based upon a designated fixed rate over the life of the swap agreements.

Historical cash flow information

Cash flow from operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities of $53.3 million and $54.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, consisted primarily of net income of $30.3 million and $27.4 million, respectively, adjusted for non-cash and certain other items. Included in the net cash provided in 2017 were non-cash adjustments for depreciation and amortization expense on our expanded base of property, plant and equipment to support our growth totaling $20.7 million as well as for amortization on our growing intangible asset base from acquisitions totaling $19.8 million. These increases were offset by changes to certain assets and liabilities, excluding effects of acquisitions, most notably additional accounts receivable resulting from our growth and additional income tax receivables due to changes in estimated tax payments.

Included in the net cash provided in 2016 were non-cash adjustments for depreciation and amortization expense on our expanded base of property, plant and equipment to support our growth totaling $17.2 million as well as for amortization on our growing intangible asset base from acquisitions totaling $8.2 million. These increases were coupled with other changes in working capital, most notably $6.0 million of additional other liabilities primarily driven by higher accrued wages due to an increase in number of days in the pay cycle to accrue, a $4.7 million change in other assets due primarily to a reduction of various prepaid assets and other receivables and $3.9 million of additional accounts payable resulting from the increase in purchases to support our growth, offset by a reduction of cash of $17.9 million due to increased accounts receivable resulting from our growth.

Cash flows from investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $180.3 million and $55.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, we made cash payments, net of cash acquired, of $131.0 million on business combinations, $25.2 million on purchases of short-term investments and $22.9 million primarily to purchase fleet to support our growing business.

In 2016, we made cash payments, net of cash acquired, of $36.4 million on business combinations and $19.2 million primarily to purchase fleet to support our growing business.

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Cash flows from financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $179.5 million and $12.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Net cash provided in 2017 was primarily due to net proceeds of $190.5 million from our current and prior credit agreements to support continuing acquisitions and $15.8 million of proceeds from notes payable to finance our vehicle purchases. This increase in cash was offset by $8.2 million in debt issuance costs, $7.2 million in principal payments on other long term debt, $5.6 million in principal payments on capital lease obligations and $3.4 million in principal payments on acquisition-related obligations.

Net cash provided in 2016 was primarily due to net proceeds of $11.9 million as a result of amending our credit agreement, resulting in increased borrowing capacity to support operations and continuing acquisitions and $16.3 million of proceeds from notes payable to finance our vehicle purchases. This increase in cash was offset by $6.6 million in principal payments on capital lease obligations, $1.2 million in costs related to amending our credit agreement and $4.1 million in principal payments on other long term debt.

Capital expenditures

Capital expenditures vary depending on prevailing business factors, including current and anticipated market conditions. Total capital expenditures, including unpaid purchases as of each balance sheet date, were $23.3 million and $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and primarily related to purchases of vehicles and various equipment to support our operations and increased net revenue. We finance a significant portion of our capital expenditures under the Master Loan and Security Agreement, the Master Equipment Agreement or the Master Loan Agreement, which allow us to benefit from depreciation for tax purposes. These arrangements require us to pay cash up front for vehicles and equipment. We are reimbursed for the upfront cash payments after the assets are financed under the agreements. Of the $23.3 million in capital expenditures during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, $15.8 million was converted to a financing arrangement by September 30, 2017 under the Master Loan and Security Agreement, Master Equipment Agreement and one or more Master Loan Agreements.

Capped Call Agreement

Certain of our stockholders entered into a capped call agreement with the underwriters of the secondary offering of our common stock completed on June 17, 2014. This agreement provided these stockholders with an option to call from the underwriters a total of approximately 1.0 million shares of our common stock at a capped price, with settlement required to be made in cash. During 2016, these stockholders exercised the call option with respect to approximately 0.7 million of the shares. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2016, these stockholders simultaneously cancelled the remaining portion of the call option and purchased a new call option from the underwriters. This new capped call agreement provides these stockholders with the option to call from the underwriters a total of approximately 0.4 million shares of our common stock at a capped price. The option becomes exercisable and expires on April 16, 2018 and will be settled in cash. The capped call agreement is between these stockholders and the underwriters and does not represent compensation to the stockholders for services rendered to us. The price paid for the option represents the fair value of that transaction and we are not a party to the agreement. Accordingly, we have not recorded any expense related to this transaction.

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Contractual Obligations

Our enforceable and legally binding obligations as of September 30, 2017, included in the table below are based on management’s estimates and assumptions about these obligations, including their duration, the possibility of renewal, anticipated actions by third parties and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are necessarily subjective, our actual payments may vary from those reflected in the table: