IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC - Quarter Report: 2017 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)



QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2017

OR



TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 0-19125

Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

760-931-9200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $.001 Par Value

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12(b)-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes  No 

The number of shares of voting common stock outstanding as of May 2, 2017 was 123,965,560.

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IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

TRADEMARKS

Ionis Pharmaceuticals^TM is a trademark of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Akcea Therapeutics^TM is a trademark of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Regulus Therapeutics^® is a registered trademark of Regulus Therapeutics Inc.

SPINRAZA^TM is a trademark of Biogen, Inc.

KYNAMRO^® is a registered trademark of Kastle Therapeutics LLC

IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share data)

See accompanying notes.

IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except for per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes.

IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes.

IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes.

IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

March 31, 2017

(Unaudited)

1.

Basis of Presentation

We prepared the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 on the same basis as the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016. We included all normal recurring adjustments in the financial statements, which we considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position at such dates and our operating results and cash flows for those periods. Results for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire year. For more complete financial information, these financial statements, and notes thereto, should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.

In the condensed consolidated financial statements we included the accounts of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiary, Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., which we formed in December 2014 and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Akcea Therapeutics UK Ltd, which Akcea formed in August 2016 and Akcea Intl Ltd., which Akcea formed in February 2017. Unless the context requires otherwise, “Ionis”, “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refers to Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Akcea Therapeutics, Inc.

2.

Significant Accounting Policies

Revenue Recognition

We generally recognize revenue when we have satisfied all contractual obligations and are reasonably assured of collecting the resulting receivable. We are often entitled to bill our customers and receive payment from our customers in advance of recognizing the revenue. In the instances in which we have received payment from our customers in advance of recognizing revenue, we include the amounts in deferred revenue on our consolidated condensed balance sheet.

We often enter into agreements to license and sell our proprietary patent rights on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis in exchange for upfront fees, milestone payments and/or royalties. We generally recognize as revenue immediately license payments with stand-alone value when the license is delivered and for which we are reasonably assured of collecting the resulting receivable. We recognize royalty revenue in the period in which the counterparty sells the related product, unless we are unable to obtain information to estimate the royalty. For example, for the first quarter of 2017 we recorded SPINRAZA royalty revenue of $5.2 million.

Arrangements with multiple deliverables

Our collaboration agreements typically contain multiple elements, or deliverables, including technology licenses or options to obtain technology licenses, research and development services, and in certain cases manufacturing services, and we allocate the consideration to each unit of accounting based on the relative selling price of each deliverable.

Amendments to agreements

From time to time we amend our collaboration agreements. For these agreements, before we identify our deliverables and allocate consideration to each unit of accounting, we must determine if the amendment should be accounted for as a separate agreement, or if the amendment and any undelivered elements for the original agreement should be accounted for as a single new arrangement.

For example, in May 2015, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Bayer to develop and commercialize IONIS-FXI_Rx for the prevention of thrombosis. As part of the agreement, Bayer paid us a $100 million upfront payment in the second quarter of 2015. At the onset of the agreement, we were responsible for completing a Phase 2 study of IONIS-FXI_Rx in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and for providing an initial supply of active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API. In February 2017, we amended our agreement with Bayer to advance IONIS-FXI_Rx and to initiate development of IONIS-FXI-L_Rx, which Bayer licensed. As part of the 2017 amendment, Bayer paid us $75 million, which we received in April 2017. We are also eligible to receive milestone payments and tiered royalties on gross margins of IONIS-FXI_Rx and IONIS-FXI-L_Rx.

We concluded that the February 2017 amendment should be evaluated with the undelivered elements of the original agreement as a single new arrangement. Under the amendment, there was a substantial increase in the consideration we are eligible to receive and it included a significant change in the deliverables we will provide. As a result, we evaluated our original and 2017 amended agreements with Bayer together to determine our deliverables. We concluded that the 2017 amendment did not impact the items we already delivered to Bayer.

Identifying deliverables and units of accounting

We evaluate the deliverables in our collaboration agreements to determine whether they meet the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting or whether they should be combined with other deliverables and accounted for as a single unit of accounting. When the delivered items in an arrangement have "stand-alone value" to our customer, we account for the deliverables as separate units of accounting. Delivered items have stand-alone value if they are sold separately by any vendor or the customer could resell the delivered items on a stand-alone basis. For example, our 2017 amended agreement with Bayer has multiple elements. We evaluated the deliverables in this arrangement when we entered into the 2017 amended agreement and determined that certain deliverables have stand-alone value. Below is a list of the three units of accounting under our 2017 amended agreement:

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The exclusive license we granted to Bayer to develop and commercialize IONIS-FXI-LRx for the treatment of thrombosis;

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The development services we agreed to perform for IONIS-FXI-LRx and IONIS-FXIRx; and

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The remaining undelivered IONIS-FXIRx API that was part of the original agreement.

We determined that each of these three units of accounting have stand-alone value. The license we granted to Bayer has stand-alone value because it gives Bayer the exclusive right to develop IONIS-FXI-L_Rx or to sublicense its rights. The development services and the remaining undelivered supply of API each have stand-alone value because Bayer or another third party could provide these items without our assistance.

Measurement and allocation of arrangement consideration

Our collaborations may provide for various types of payments to us including upfront payments, funding of research and development, milestone payments, licensing fees and royalties on product sales. We initially allocate the amount of consideration that is fixed and determinable at the time the agreement is entered into and exclude contingent consideration. We allocate the consideration to each unit of accounting based on the relative selling price of each deliverable. We use the following hierarchy of values to estimate the selling price of each deliverable: (i) vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value; (ii) third-party evidence of selling price; and (iii) best estimate of selling price, or BESP. BESP reflects our best estimate of what the selling price would be if we regularly sold the deliverable on a stand-alone basis. We recognize the revenue allocated to each unit of accounting as we deliver the related goods or services. If we determine that we should treat certain deliverables as a single unit of accounting, then we recognize the revenue ratably over our estimated period of performance.

We determined that the allocable arrangement consideration for the 2017 amended Bayer collaboration was $76.3 million, comprised of the $75 million we received as part of the amendment and the remaining amount of the $100 million upfront payment we had not yet recognized into revenue, related to the undelivered API. We allocated the consideration based on the relative BESP of each unit of accounting. We engaged a third party, independent valuation specialist to assist us with determining BESP. We estimated the selling price of the license granted for IONIS-FXI-L_Rx by using the relief from royalty method. Under this method, we estimated the amount of income, net of taxes, for IONIS-FXI-L_Rx. We then discounted the projected income to present value. The significant inputs we used to determine the projected income of the license included:

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Estimated future product sales;

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Estimated royalties on future product sales;

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Contractual milestone payments;

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Expenses we expect to incur;

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Income taxes; and

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An appropriate discount rate.

We estimated the selling price of the development services by using our internal estimates of the cost to perform the specific services and estimates of expected cash outflows to third parties for services and supplies over the expected period that we will perform the development services. The significant inputs we used to determine the selling price of the development services included:

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The number of internal hours we will spend performing these services;

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The estimated cost of work we will perform;

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The estimated cost of work that we will contract with third parties to perform; and

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The estimated cost of API we will use.

For purposes of determining BESP of the services we will perform and the API we will deliver in our 2017 amended Bayer transaction, accounting guidance required us to include a markup for a reasonable profit margin.

Based on the units of accounting under the 2017 amended agreement, we allocated the $76.3 million of allocable consideration as follows:

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$64.9 million to the IONIS-FXI-LRx exclusive license;

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$11.0 million for development services for IONIS-FXI-LRx and IONIS-FXIRx; and

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$0.4 million for the remaining delivery of IONIS-FXIRx API.

Assuming a constant selling price for the other elements in the arrangement, if there was an assumed ten percent increase or decrease in the estimated selling price of the IONIS-FXI-L_Rx license, we determined that the revenue we would have allocated to the IONIS-FXI-L_Rx license would change by approximately one percent, or $0.7 million, from the amount we recorded.

Timing of revenue recognition

We recognize revenue as we deliver each item under the arrangement and the related revenue is realizable and earned. For example, we recognized revenue for the exclusive license we granted Bayer for IONIS-FX-L_Rx in the first quarter of 2017 because that was when we delivered the license. We also recognize revenue over time as we provide services. Our collaborative agreements typically include a research and/or development project plan outlining the activities the agreement requires each party to perform during the collaboration. We estimate our period of performance at the inception of the agreement when the agreements we enter into do not clearly define such information. We then recognize revenue from development services ratably over such period. In certain instances, the period of performance may change as the development plans for our drugs progress. If our estimates and judgments change over the course of our collaboration agreements, it may affect the timing and amount of revenue that we recognize in future periods. Any changes in estimates are recognized on a prospective basis.

The following are the periods over which we are recognizing revenue for each of our units of accounting under our 2017 amended Bayer agreement:

●

We recognized the portion of the consideration attributed to the IONIS-FXI-LRx license in the first quarter of 2017 because we delivered the license and earned the revenue;

●

We are recognizing the amount attributed to the development services for IONIS-FXI-LRx and IONIS-FXIRx over the period of time we are performing the services; and

●

We are recognizing the amount attributed to the remaining API supply as we deliver it to Bayer.

Multiple agreements

From time to time, we may enter into separate agreements at or near the same time with the same partner. We evaluate such agreements to determine whether they should be accounted for individually as distinct arrangements or whether the separate agreements are, in substance, a single multiple element arrangement. We evaluate whether the negotiations are conducted jointly as part of a single negotiation, whether the deliverables are interrelated or interdependent, whether fees in one arrangement are tied to performance in another arrangement, and whether elements in one arrangement are essential to another arrangement. Our evaluation involves significant judgment to determine whether a group of agreements might be so closely related that they are, in effect, part of a single arrangement. For example, in the first quarter of 2017, we and our wholly owned subsidiary, Akcea, entered into two separate agreements with Novartis at the same time: a collaboration agreement and a stock purchase agreement, or SPA.

Akcea entered into a collaboration agreement with Novartis to develop and commercialize AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx and AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx. Under the collaboration agreement, Akcea received a $75 million upfront payment. For each drug, Akcea is responsible for completing a Phase 2 program, conducting an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA and delivering API. Under the collaboration agreement, Novartis has an exclusive option to develop and commercialize AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx and AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx. If Novartis exercises an option for one of these drugs, Novartis will pay us a license fee and will assume all further global development, regulatory and commercialization activities for the licensed drug. Akcea is also eligible to receive a development milestone payment, milestone payments if Novartis achieves pre-specified regulatory milestones, commercial milestones and tiered royalties on net sales from each drug under the collaboration.

Under the SPA, Novartis purchased 1.6 million shares of Ionis’ common stock for $100 million in the first quarter of 2017 and paid a premium over the weighted average trading price at the time of purchase. Additionally, the SPA requires Novartis to purchase an additional $50 million of common stock in the future.

We evaluated the Novartis agreements to determine whether we should treat the agreements separately or as a single arrangement. We considered that the agreements were negotiated concurrently and in contemplation of one another. Additionally, the same individuals were involved in the negotiations of both agreements. Based on these facts and circumstances, we concluded that we should treat both agreements as a single arrangement and evaluate the provisions of the agreements on a combined basis. Refer to Note 6, Collaborative Arrangements and Licensing Agreements for further discussion of the accounting treatment for the Novartis collaboration.

Milestone payments

Our collaborations often include contractual milestones, which typically relate to the achievement of pre-specified development, regulatory and/ or commercialization events. These three categories of milestone events reflect the three stages of the life-cycle of our drugs, which we describe in more detail in the following paragraphs.

Prior to the first stage in the life-cycle of our drugs, we perform a significant amount of work using our proprietary antisense technology to design chemical compounds that interact with specific genes that are good targets for drug discovery. From these research efforts, we hope to identify a development candidate. The designation of a development candidate is the first stage in the life-cycle of our drugs. A development candidate is a chemical compound that has demonstrated the necessary safety and efficacy in preclinical animal studies to warrant further study in humans.

During the first step of the development stage, we or our partners study our drugs in Investigational New Drug, or IND,-enabling studies, which are animal studies intended to support an IND application and/or the foreign equivalent. An approved IND allows us or our partners to study our development candidate in humans. If the regulatory agency approves the IND, we or our partners initiate Phase 1 clinical trials in which we typically enroll a small number of healthy volunteers to ensure the development candidate is safe for use in patients. If we or our partners determine that a development candidate is safe based on the Phase 1 data, we or our partners initiate Phase 2 studies that are generally larger scale studies in patients with the primary intent of determining the efficacy of the development candidate.

The final step in the development stage is Phase 3 studies to gather the necessary safety and efficacy data to request marketing authorization from the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and/or foreign equivalents. The Phase 3 studies typically involve larger numbers of patients and can take up to several years to complete. If the data gathered during the trials demonstrates acceptable safety and efficacy results, we or our partner will submit an application to the FDA and/or its foreign equivalents for marketing authorization. This stage of the drug’s life-cycle is the regulatory stage.

If a drug achieves marketing authorization, it moves into the commercialization stage, during which our partner will market and sell the drug to patients. Although our partner will ultimately be responsible for marketing and selling the partnered drug, our efforts to discover and develop a drug that is safe, effective and reliable contributes significantly to our partner’s ability to successfully sell the drug. The FDA and its foreign equivalents have the authority to impose significant restrictions on an approved drug through the product label and on advertising, promotional and distribution activities. Therefore, our efforts designing and executing the necessary animal and human studies are critical to obtaining claims in the product label from the regulatory agencies that would allow us or our partner to successfully commercialize our drug. Further, the patent protection afforded our drugs as a result of our initial patent applications and related prosecution activities in the United States and foreign jurisdictions are critical to our partner’s ability to sell our drugs without competition from generic drugs. The potential sales volume of an approved drug is dependent on several factors including the size of the patient population, market penetration of the drug, and the price charged for the drug.

Generally, the milestone events contained in our partnership agreements coincide with the progression of our drugs from development, to marketing authorization and then to commercialization. The process of successfully discovering a new development candidate, having it approved and ultimately sold for a profit is highly uncertain. As such, the milestone payments we may earn from our partners involve a significant degree of risk to achieve. Therefore, as a drug progresses through the stages of its life-cycle, the value of the drug generally increases.

Development milestones in our partnerships may include the following types of events:

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Designation of a development candidate. Following the designation of a development candidate, IND-enabling animal studies for a new development candidate generally take 12 to 18 months to complete;

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Initiation of a Phase 1 clinical trial. Generally, Phase 1 clinical trials take one to two years to complete;

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Initiation or completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial. Generally, Phase 2 clinical trials take one to three years to complete;

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Initiation or completion of a Phase 3 clinical trial. Generally, Phase 3 clinical trials take two to four years to complete.

Regulatory milestones in our partnerships may include the following types of events:

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Filing of regulatory applications for marketing authorization such as a New Drug Application, or NDA, in the United States or a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, in Europe. Generally, it takes six to twelve months to prepare and submit regulatory filings.

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Marketing authorization in a major market, such as the United States, Europe or Japan. Generally it takes one to two years after an application is submitted to obtain authorization from the applicable regulatory agency.

Commercialization milestones in our partnerships may include the following types of events:

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First commercial sale in a particular market, such as in the United States or Europe.

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Product sales in excess of a pre-specified threshold, such as annual sales exceeding $1 billion. The amount of time to achieve this type of milestone depends on several factors including but not limited to the dollar amount of the threshold, the pricing of the product and the pace at which customers begin using the product.

We assess whether a substantive milestone exists at the inception of our agreements. When a substantive milestone is achieved, we recognize revenue related to the milestone payment immediately. For our existing licensing and collaboration agreements in which we are involved in the discovery and/or development of the related drug or provide the partner with access to new technologies we discover, we have determined that the majority of future development, regulatory and commercialization milestones are substantive. For example, we consider most of the milestones associated with our strategic alliance with Biogen substantive because we are using our antisense drug discovery platform to discover and develop new drugs against targets for neurological diseases. In evaluating if a milestone is substantive we consider whether:

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Substantive uncertainty exists as to the achievement of the milestone event at the inception of the arrangement;

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The achievement of the milestone involves substantive effort and can only be achieved based in whole or in part on our performance or the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from our performance;

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The amount of the milestone payment appears reasonable either in relation to the effort expended or to the enhancement of the value of the delivered items;

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There is no future performance required to earn the milestone; and

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The consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement.

If any of these conditions are not met, we do not consider the milestone to be substantive and we defer recognition of the milestone payment and recognize it as revenue over our estimated period of performance, if any. Further information about our collaborative arrangements can be found in Note 6, Collaborative Arrangements and Licensing Agreements.

Option to license

In several of our collaboration agreements, we provide our partner with an option to obtain a license to one or more of our drugs. When we have a multiple element arrangement that includes an option to obtain a license, we evaluate if the option is a deliverable at the inception of the arrangement. We do not consider the option to be a deliverable if we conclude that it is substantive and not priced at a significant and incremental discount. We consider an option substantive if, at the inception of the arrangement, we are at risk as to whether our collaborative partner will choose to exercise its option to obtain the license. In those circumstances, we do not include the associated license fee in the allocable consideration at the inception of the agreement. Rather, we account for the license fee when our partner exercises its option. For example, during 2016, we earned license fee revenue when three of our partners, AstraZeneca, Biogen and Janssen, exercised their option to license three of our drugs, which under the respective agreements we concluded to be substantive options at inception. As a result, in 2016 we recognized the related revenue immediately in research and development revenue under collaborative agreements on our statement of operations as these amounts relate to drugs in development under research and collaboration arrangements.

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

We consider all liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when we purchase them to be cash equivalents. Our short-term investments have initial maturities of greater than three months from date of purchase. We classify our short-term investments as “available-for-sale” and carry them at fair market value based upon prices for identical or similar items on the last day of the fiscal period. We record unrealized gains and losses as a separate component of comprehensive income (loss) and include net realized gains and losses in gain (loss) on investments. We use the specific identification method to determine the cost of securities sold.

We have equity investments in privately and publicly held biotechnology companies that we have received as part of a technology license or partner agreement. At March 31, 2017, we held ownership interests of less than 20 percent in each of the respective companies.

We account for our equity investments in publicly held companies at fair value and record unrealized gains and losses related to temporary increases and decreases in the stock of these publicly-held companies as a separate component of comprehensive income (loss). At March 31, 2017, we held equity investments in one publicly held company, Antisense Therapeutics Limited. We account for equity investments in privately held companies under the cost method of accounting because we own less than 20 percent and do not have significant influence over their operations. At March 31, 2017, we held cost method investments in three companies, Atlantic Pharmaceuticals Limited, Kastle Therapeutics and Dynacure SAS. Realization of our equity position in these private companies is uncertain. When realization of our investment is uncertain, we record a full valuation allowance. In determining if and when a decrease in market value below our cost in our equity positions is temporary or other-than-temporary, we examine historical trends in the stock price, the financial condition of the company, near term prospects of the company and our current need for cash. If we determine that a decline in value in either a public or private investment is other-than-temporary, we recognize an impairment loss in the period in which the other-than-temporary decline occurs.

Inventory valuation

We capitalize the costs of raw materials that we purchase for use in producing our drugs because until we use these raw materials they have alternative future uses. We include in inventory raw material costs for drugs that we manufacture for our partners under contractual terms and that we use primarily in our clinical development activities and drug products. We can use each of our raw materials in multiple products and, as a result, each raw material has future economic value independent of the development status of any single drug. For example, if one of our drugs failed, we could use the raw materials for that drug to manufacture our other drugs. We expense these costs when we deliver the drugs to our partners, or as we provide these drugs for our own clinical trials. We reflect our inventory on the balance sheet at the lower of cost or market value under the first-in, first-out method, or FIFO. We review inventory periodically and reduce the carrying value of items we consider to be slow moving or obsolete to their estimated net realizable value. We consider several factors in estimating the net realizable value, including shelf life of raw materials, alternative uses for our drugs and clinical trial materials, and historical write-offs. We did not record any inventory write-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. Total inventory was $6.8 million and $7.5 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Research, development and patent expenses

Our research and development expenses include wages, benefits, facilities, supplies, external services, clinical trial and manufacturing costs and other expenses that are directly related to our research and development operations. We expense research and development costs as we incur them. When we make payments for research and development services prior to the services being rendered, we record those amounts as prepaid assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet and we expense them as the services are provided.

We capitalize costs consisting principally of outside legal costs and filing fees related to obtaining patents. We amortize patent costs over the useful life of the patent, beginning with the date the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or foreign equivalent, issues the patent. We review our capitalized patent costs regularly to ensure that they include costs for patents and patent applications that have future value. We evaluate patents and patent applications that we are not actively pursuing and write off any associated costs.

Long-lived assets

We evaluate long-lived assets, which include property, plant and equipment and patent costs acquired from third parties, for impairment on at least a quarterly basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that we may not be able to recover the carrying amount of such assets.

Use of estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share

We compute basic net income (loss) per share by dividing the net income or loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. For the three months ended March 31, 2017, we had net income. As a result, we computed diluted net income per share using the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding during those periods. Diluted common equivalent shares for the three months ended March 31, 2017, consisted of the following (in thousands except per share amounts):

For the three months ended March 31, 2017, the calculation excludes the 1 percent and 2¾ percent notes because the effect on diluted earnings per share was anti-dilutive.

For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we incurred a net loss; therefore, we did not include dilutive common equivalent shares in the computation of diluted net loss per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive. Common stock from the following would have had an anti-dilutive effect on net loss per share:

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1 percent convertible senior notes;

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2¾ percent convertible senior notes;

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Dilutive stock options;

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Unvested restricted stock units; and

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Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss is primarily comprised of unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of taxes and adjustments we made to reclassify realized gains and losses on investments from other accumulated comprehensive income (loss) to our condensed consolidated statement of operations. The following table summarizes changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

(1)

There was no tax benefit for other comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

(2)

Amounts are included in investment income on our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Convertible debt

We account for convertible debt instruments, including our 1 percent and 2¾ percent notes, that may be settled in cash upon conversion (including partial cash settlement) by separating the liability and equity components of the instruments in a manner that reflects our nonconvertible debt borrowing rate. We determine the carrying amount of the liability component by measuring the fair value of similar debt instruments that do not have the conversion feature. If no similar debt instrument exists, we estimate fair value by using assumptions that market participants would use in pricing a debt instrument, including market interest rates, credit standing, yield curves and volatilities. Determining the fair value of the debt component requires the use of accounting estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are judgmental in nature and could have a significant impact on the determination of the debt component, and the associated non-cash interest expense.

We assigned a value to the debt component of our convertible notes equal to the estimated fair value of similar debt instruments without the conversion feature, which resulted in us recording our debt at a discount. We are amortizing our debt issuance costs and debt discount over the life of the convertible notes as additional non-cash interest expense utilizing the effective interest method.

Segment information

We have two operating segments, our Ionis Core segment and Akcea Therapeutics, which includes the operations of our wholly owned subsidiary, Akcea Therapeutics, Inc. We formed Akcea to develop and commercialize drugs for patients with serious cardiometabolic diseases caused by lipid disorders. We provide segment financial information and results for our Ionis Core segment and our Akcea Therapeutics segment based on the segregation of revenues and expenses that our chief decision maker reviews to assess operating performance and to make operating decisions. We use judgments and estimates in determining the allocation of shared expenses to the two segments.

Stock-based compensation expense

We measure stock-based compensation expense for equity-classified awards, principally related to stock options, restricted stock units, or RSUs, and stock purchase rights under our ESPP, based on the estimated fair value of the award on the date of grant. We recognize the value of the portion of the award that we ultimately expect to vest as stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. We reduce stock-based compensation expense for estimated forfeitures at the time of grant and revise in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

We use the Black-Scholes model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted and stock purchase rights under our ESPP. The expected term of stock options granted represents the period of time that we expect them to be outstanding. We estimate the expected term of options granted based on historical exercise patterns. For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, we used the following weighted-average assumptions in our Black-Scholes calculations:

Employee Stock Options:

ESPP:

The fair value of RSUs is based on the market price of our common stock on the date of grant. RSUs vest annually over a four-year period. The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted to employees for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $48.09 per share.

We did not grant stock options or RSUs to our Board of Directors during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands). Our consolidated non-cash stock-based compensation expense includes $3.2 million of stock-based compensation expense for Akcea employees for each of the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

As of March 31, 2017, total unrecognized estimated non-cash stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock options and RSUs was $91.8 million and $25.6 million, respectively. We will adjust total unrecognized compensation cost for future forfeitures. We expect to recognize the cost of non-cash stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock options and RSUs over a weighted average amortization period of 1.5 years and 1.8 years, respectively.

Impact of recently issued accounting standards

In May 2014, the FASB issued accounting guidance on the recognition of revenue from customers. Under this guidance, an entity will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects what the entity expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services. Under the current accounting guidance, we recognize revenue from milestone payments we earn under the milestone method. Under the new guidance, the milestone method of revenue recognition is eliminated. This new guidance also requires more detailed disclosures to enable users of the financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The guidance as originally issued is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within that year, beginning after December 15, 2016. In July 2015, the FASB issued updated accounting guidance to allow for an optional one year deferral from the original effective date. As a result, we will adopt this guidance beginning on January 1, 2018. The guidance allows us to select one of two methods of adoption, either the full retrospective approach, meaning the guidance would be applied to all periods presented, or modified retrospective approach, meaning the cumulative effect of applying the guidance would be recognized as an adjustment to our opening accumulated deficit balance. As we have a significant number of collaborations that span several years with associated revenue, we are currently evaluating which adoption method we will use and assessing the impact the adoption will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In January 2016, the FASB issued amended accounting guidance related to the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of certain financial instruments. The amended guidance requires us to measure and record equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting that have a readily determinable fair value, at fair value and for us to recognize the changes in fair value in our net income (loss), instead of recognizing unrealized gains and losses through accumulated other comprehensive income, as we currently do under the existing guidance. The amended guidance also changes several disclosure requirements for financial instruments, including the methods and significant assumptions we use to estimate fair value. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within that year, beginning after December 15, 2017. We will adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018 and we will make any adjustments to beginning balances through a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit on that date. We are currently determining the effects the adoption will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In February 2016, the FASB issued amended accounting guidance related to lease accounting, which requires us to record all leases with a term longer than one year on our balance sheet. When we record leases on our balance sheet under the new guidance, we will record a liability with a value equal to the present value of payments we will make over the life of the lease and an asset representing the underlying leased asset. The new accounting guidance requires us to determine if our leases are operating or financing leases, similar to current accounting guidance. We will record expense for operating type leases on a straight-line basis as an operating expense and we will record expense for finance type leases as interest expense. The new lease standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We must adopt the new standard on a modified retrospective basis, which requires us to reflect our leases on our consolidated balance sheet for the earliest comparative period presented. We are currently assessing the timing of adoption as well as the effects it will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance that changes the measurement of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. If we have credit losses, this updated guidance requires us to record allowances for these instruments under a new expected credit loss model. This model requires us to estimate the expected credit loss of an instrument over its lifetime, which represents the portion of the amortized cost basis we do not expect to collect. This change will result in us remeasuring our allowance in each reporting period we have credit losses. The new standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for periods beginning after December 15, 2018. When we adopt the new standard, we will make any adjustments to beginning balances through a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit on that date. We are currently assessing the timing of adoption as well as the effects it will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

3.

Investments

As of March 31, 2017, we had primarily invested our excess cash in debt instruments of the U.S. Treasury, financial institutions, corporations, and U.S. government agencies with strong credit ratings and an investment grade rating at or above A-1, P-1 or F-1 by Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, or S&P, or Fitch, respectively. We have established guidelines relative to diversification and maturities that maintain safety and liquidity. We periodically review and modify these guidelines to maximize trends in yields and interest rates without compromising safety and liquidity.

The following table summarizes the contract maturity of the available-for-sale securities we held as of March 31, 2017:

As illustrated above, at March 31, 2017, 88 percent of our available-for-sale securities had a maturity of less than two years.

All of our available-for-sale securities are available to us for use in our current operations. As a result, we categorize all of these securities as current assets even though the stated maturity of some individual securities may be one year or more beyond the balance sheet date.

At March 31, 2017, we had an ownership interest of less than 20 percent in three private companies and one public company with which we conduct business. The privately-held companies are Atlantic Pharmaceuticals Limited, Kastle and Dynacure and the publicly-traded company is Antisense Therapeutics Limited. We account for equity investments in the privately-held companies under the cost method of accounting and we account for equity investments in the publicly-traded company at fair value. We record unrealized gains and losses as a separate component of comprehensive income (loss) and include net realized gains and losses in gain (loss) on investments.

The following is a summary of our investments (in thousands):

(1)

Our available-for-sale securities are held at amortized cost.

(2)

Includes investments classified as cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Investments we consider to be temporarily impaired at March 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

We believe that the decline in value of these securities is temporary and is primarily related to the change in market interest rates since purchase. We believe it is more likely than not that we will be able to hold our debt securities to maturity. Therefore, we anticipate full recovery of our debt securities’ amortized cost basis at maturity.

4.

Fair Value Measurements

We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to prioritize the inputs used in our fair value measurements. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, which includes our money market funds and treasury securities classified as available-for-sale securities and our investment in equity securities in publicly-held biotechnology companies; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable, which includes our fixed income securities and commercial paper classified as available-for-sale securities; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring us to develop our own assumptions. We classify the majority of our securities as Level 2. We obtain the fair value of our Level 2 investments from our custodian bank or from a professional pricing service. We validate the fair value of our Level 2 investments by understanding the pricing model used by the custodian banks or professional pricing service provider and comparing that fair value to the fair value based on observable market prices. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, there were no transfers between our Level 1 and Level 2 investments. When we recognize transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy, we recognize the transfer on the date the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs.

The following tables present the major security types we held at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 that are regularly measured and carried at fair value. The tables segregate each security type by the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques we utilized to determine the respective securities’ fair value (in thousands):

(1)

Included in cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(2)

At March 31, 2017, $6.8 million was included in cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, with the difference included in short-term investments on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(3)

Included in short-term investments on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(4)

At March 31, 2017, $1.0 million was included in cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, with the difference included in short-term investments on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(5)

At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, $2.7 million and $9.3 million, respectively, were included in cash and cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, with the difference included in short-term investments on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Other Fair Value Disclosures

Novartis Future Stock Purchase

In January 2017, we and Akcea entered into a SPA with Novartis. As part of the SPA, Novartis is required to purchase $50 million of common stock in the future. Novartis will make this purchase either in Akcea’s common stock at the IPO price if an IPO occurs under certain conditions, in our common stock at a premium if an IPO does not occur by April 2018, or in a combination of both of these under certain conditions. If an IPO does not occur within the required timeframe, Novartis is required to purchase our common stock at a premium calculated in the same manner as Novartis’ initial investment. Therefore, at the inception of the SPA, we recorded a $5.0 million asset representing the fair value of the potential future premium we will receive if Novartis purchases our common stock. We determined the fair value of the future premium by calculating the value based on the stated premium in the SPA and estimating the probability of an Akcea IPO. We also included a lack of marketability discount when we determined the fair value of the premium because we will issue unregistered shares to Novartis if they purchase our common stock. We measured this asset using Level 3 inputs and recorded it in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. At the end of each period prior to an Akcea IPO or the purchase by Novartis of our common stock, we will remeasure the fair value of this asset and record an adjustment to other income/expense on our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the change in value.

The following is a reconciliation of the potential premium we may receive measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three months ended March 31, 2017 (in thousands):

At December 31, 2016 we did not have any financial instruments that were valued using Level 3 inputs.

Convertible Notes

Our 1 percent notes had a fair value of $661.9 million at March 31, 2017. We determine the fair value of our notes based on quoted market prices for these notes, which are Level 2 measurements because the notes do not trade regularly.

In June 2015, we entered into a five-year revolving line of credit agreement with Morgan Stanley Private Bank, National Association, or Morgan Stanley. We amended the credit agreement in February 2016 to increase the amount available for us to borrow. Under the amended credit agreement, we can borrow up to a maximum of $30 million of revolving credit for general working capital purposes. Under the credit agreement interest is payable monthly in arrears on the outstanding principal at a borrowing rate based on our option of:

(i)	a floating rate equal to the one-month London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, in effect plus 1.25 percent per annum;

(ii)	a fixed rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25 percent for a period of one, two, three, four, six, or twelve months as elected by us; or

(iii)

a fixed rate equal to the LIBOR swap rate during the period of the loan.

Additionally, we pay 0.25 percent per annum, payable quarterly in arrears, for any amount unused under the credit facility. As of March 31, 2017 we had $12.5 million in outstanding borrowings under the credit facility with a 2.31 percent fixed interest rate and a maturity date of September 2019, which we used to fund our capital equipment needs consistent with our historical practice to finance these costs.

The credit agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants and restrictions. We are in compliance with all covenants of the credit agreement.

6. Collaborative Arrangements and Licensing Agreements

Below, we have included our collaborations with substantive changes during the first three months of 2017 from those included in Note 6 of our audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Strategic Partnership

Biogen

We have several strategic collaborations with Biogen focused on using antisense technology to advance the treatment of neurological disorders. These collaborations combine our expertise in creating antisense drugs with Biogen's expertise in developing therapies for neurological disorders. We developed and licensed to Biogen SPINRAZA, our approved drug to treat pediatric and adult patients with SMA. Additionally, we and Biogen are currently developing four other drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases under these collaborations, including IONIS-SOD1_Rx, IONIS-MAPT_Rx (formerly IONIS-BIIB4_Rx) and two drugs to treat undisclosed neurodegenerative diseases, IONIS-BIIB5_Rx and IONIS-BIIB6_Rx. In addition to these drugs, we and Biogen are evaluating numerous additional targets to develop drugs to treat neurological diseases. From inception through March 2017, we have received over $550 million from our Biogen collaborations.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, we earned revenue of $20.4 million from our relationship with Biogen, including $5 million we earned in the first quarter of 2017 for validation of an undisclosed neurological disease target and SPINRAZA royalties. Our revenue from Biogen represented 18 percent of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2017. In comparison, we earned revenue of $21.3 million for the same period in 2016, which represented 58 percent of our total revenue for that period. Our condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2017 included deferred revenue of $57.7 million related to our relationship with Biogen.

Research, Development and Commercialization Partners

Bayer

In May 2015, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with Bayer to develop and commercialize IONIS-FXI_Rx for the prevention of thrombosis. We were responsible for completing a Phase 2 study of IONIS-FXI_Rx in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Under the terms of the agreement, we received a $100 million upfront payment in the second quarter of 2015. We recorded revenue of $91.2 million related to the license for IONIS-FXI_Rx in June 2015 and we recognized the majority of the remaining amount related to development activities for IONIS-FXI_Rx through November 2016.

In February 2017, we amended our agreement with Bayer to advance IONIS-FXI_Rx and to initiate development of IONIS-FXI-L_Rx, which Bayer licensed. In conjunction with the decision to advance these programs, we received a $75 million payment from Bayer in April 2017. We recorded revenue of $64.9 million related to the license for IONIS-FXI-L_Rx in February 2017 and we are recognizing the remaining amount over the period we are performing the ongoing development activities for IONIS-FXI-L_Rx and IONIS-FXI_Rx through May 2019. We plan to conduct a Phase 2b study evaluating IONIS-FXI_Rx in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis to finalize dose selection. Additionally, we plan to rapidly develop IONIS-FXI-L_Rx through Phase 1. Following these studies and Bayer's decision to further advance these programs, Bayer will be responsible for all global development, regulatory and commercialization activities for both drugs. We are eligible to receive additional milestone payments as each drug advances toward the market. In total over the term of our collaboration, we are eligible to receive up to $385 million in license fees, substantive milestone payments and other payments, including up to $125 million for the achievement of development milestones and up to $110 million for the achievement of commercialization milestones. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in the low to high 20 percent range on gross margins of both drugs combined. We will earn the next milestone payment of $10 million if we advance a program under this collaboration.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, we earned revenue of $65.5 million from our relationship with Bayer, which represented 59 percent of our total revenue for that period. In comparison, we earned revenue of $1.3 million for the same period in 2016, which represented three percent of our total revenue for that period. Our condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2017 included no deferred revenue related to our relationship with Bayer because we received the $75 million payment in April 2017.

Novartis

In January 2017, we and Akcea initiated a collaboration with Novartis to develop and commercialize AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx and AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx. Under the collaboration agreement, Novartis has an exclusive option to develop and commercialize AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx and AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx. Akcea is responsible for completing a Phase 2 program, conducting an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA and providing API for each drug. If Novartis exercises an option for one of these drugs, Novartis will be responsible for all further global development, regulatory and commercialization activities for such drug.

Akcea received a $75 million upfront payment in the first quarter of 2017, of which it will retain $60 million and will pay us $15 million as a sublicense fee. If Novartis exercises its option for a drug, Novartis will pay Akcea a license fee equal to $150 million for each drug it licenses. In addition, for AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx, Akcea is eligible to receive up to $600 million in substantive milestone payments, including $25 million for the achievement of a development milestone, up to $290 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $285 million for the achievement of commercialization milestones. In addition, for AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx, Akcea is eligible to receive up to $530 million in substantive milestone payments, including $25 million for the achievement of a development milestone, up to $240 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $265 million for the achievement of commercialization milestones. Akcea plans to co-commercialize any licensed drug commercialized by Novartis in selected markets, under terms and conditions that it plans to negotiate with Novartis in the future, through the specialized sales force Akcea is building to commercialize volanesorsen. Following Novartis’ exercise of its option for either drug, Akcea will earn the next milestone payment of $25 million if Novartis advances the Phase 3 study for either drug. Akcea is also eligible to receive tiered royalties in the mid-teens to low 20 percent range on net sales of AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx and AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx. Akcea will pay 50 percent of these license fees, milestone payments and royalties to us as a sublicense fee.

The agreement with Novartis will continue until the earlier of the date that all of Novartis’ options to obtain the exclusive licenses under the agreement expire unexercised or, if Novartis exercises its options, until the expiration of all payment obligations under the agreement. In addition, the agreement as a whole or with respect to any drug under the agreement, may terminate early under the following situations:

●

Novartis may terminate the agreement as a whole or with respect to any drug at any time by providing written notice to us;

●

Either we or Novartis may terminate the agreement with respect to any drug by providing written notice to the other party in good faith that we or Novartis has determined that the continued development or commercialization of the drug presents safety concerns that pose an unacceptable risk or threat of harm in humans or would violate any applicable law, ethical principles, or principles of scientific integrity;

●

Either we or Novartis may terminate the agreement for a drug by providing written notice to the other party upon the other party’s uncured failure to perform a material obligation related to the drug under the agreement, or the entire agreement if the other party becomes insolvent; and

●

We may terminate the agreement if Novartis disputes or assists a third party to dispute the validity of any of our patents.

In conjunction with this collaboration, we and Akcea entered into a SPA with Novartis. As part of the SPA, Novartis purchased 1.6 million shares of our common stock for $100 million in the first quarter of 2017. Additionally, the SPA requires Novartis to purchase an additional $50 million of common stock in the future. Subject to the terms of the SPA, Novartis will make this purchase either in Akcea’s common stock at the IPO price if an IPO occurs under certain conditions, in our common stock at a premium if an IPO does not occur by April 2018, or in a combination of both of these under certain conditions. If an IPO does not occur within the required timeframe, Novartis is required to purchase our common stock at a premium calculated in the same manner as Novartis' initial investment.

To determine the amount of revenue to recognize under our agreements with Novartis, we first concluded that we would account for the collaboration and SPA agreements as a single multiple element arrangement. We next identified four separate units of accounting under the arrangement, each with stand-alone value.:

●

Development services for AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx;

●

Development services for AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx;

●

API for AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx; and

●

API for AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx.

We then determined the total consideration under the arrangement was $180.0 million, which included the following:

●

$75 million from the upfront payment;

●

$100 million our common stock Novartis purchased under the SPA, including $28.4 million for the premium paid by Novartis for its purchase of our common stock at a premium in the first quarter of 2017; and

●

$5.0 million for the potential premium Novartis will pay if they purchase our common stock in the future.

We first allocated $71.6 million of the consideration to equity based on the fair value of our common stock Novartis purchased. Next, we allocated the remaining consideration of $108.4 million based on the relative stand-alone selling price of each unit of accounting as follows:

●

$64.0 million for the development services for AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx;

●

$40.1 million for the development services for AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx;

●

$1.5 million for the delivery of AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx API; and

●

$2.8 million for the delivery of AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx API.

We are recognizing the amount attributed to the development services for AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx and AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx over the period of time we are performing the services, currently estimated to be through August 2018 and May 2019, respectively. We will recognize the amount attributed to the API supply as we deliver it to Novartis. We determined at the inception that all milestones under its Novartis collaboration are substantive milestones and we will recognize any future exercise of an option to license a drug under the Novartis agreement in full in the period the option is exercised. Akcea is responsible for the development activities under this collaboration. As such, Akcea is recognizing the associated revenue in its statement of operations. Akcea pays us sublicense fees for payments that it receives under the collaboration and we recognize those fees as revenue and Akcea recognizes the fees as R&D expense. On a consolidated basis, the sublicense fees are eliminated.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, we earned revenue of $9.6 million from our relationship with Novartis. Our condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2017 included deferred revenue of $98.8 million related to our relationship with Novartis.

7.

Segment Information and Concentration of Business Risk

We have two reportable segments Ionis Core and Akcea Therapeutics, our wholly owned subsidiary. Segment income (loss) from operations includes revenue less operating expenses attributable to each segment.

In our Ionis Core segment we are exploiting a novel drug discovery platform we created to generate a broad pipeline of first-in-class and/or best-in-class drugs for us and our partners. Our Ionis Core segment generates revenue from a multifaceted partnering strategy.

We formed Akcea to develop and commercialize drugs for patients with serious cardiometabolic diseases caused by lipid disorders. Moving our lipid drugs into a company that we own ensures that our core focus at Ionis remains on innovation while allowing us to maintain control over and retain more value from our lipid drugs.

The following table shows our segment revenue and loss from operations for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016 (in thousands), respectively.

The following table shows our total assets by segment at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (in thousands), respectively.

We have historically funded our operations from collaborations with corporate partners and a relatively small number of partners have accounted for a significant percentage of our revenue. Revenue from significant partners, which is defined as ten percent or more of our total revenue, was as follows:

Contracts receivables from one significant partner comprised approximately 92 percent of our contracts receivables at March 31, 2017. Contracts receivables from two significant partners comprised approximately 92 percent of our contracts receivables at December 31, 2016.

ITEM 2

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

In this Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context requires otherwise, “Ionis,” “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us,” means Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Akcea Therapeutics, Inc.

Forward-Looking Statements

In addition to historical information contained in this Report on Form 10-Q, this Report includes forward-looking statements regarding our financial position and outlook, our business, the business of Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, and the therapeutic and commercial potential of our technologies and products in development, including SPINRAZA, IONIS-TTR_Rx and volanesorsen. Any statement describing our goals, expectations, financial or other projections, intentions or beliefs, is a forward-looking statement and should be considered an at-risk statement. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, particularly those inherent in the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. Our forward-looking statements also involve assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove correct, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Although our forward-looking statements reflect the good faith judgment of our management, these statements are based only on facts and factors currently known by us. As a result, you are cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. These and other risks concerning our programs are described in additional detail in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, which is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and are available from us, and those identified within this Item in the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 30 of this Report.

Overview

We are leaders in discovering and developing RNA-targeted therapeutics. We have created an efficient and broadly applicable drug discovery platform. Using this platform, we have developed a large, diverse and advanced pipeline of potentially first-in-class and/or best-in-class drugs that we believe can provide high value for patients with significant unmet medical needs. In this way, we believe we are fundamentally changing medicine with the goal to transform the lives of those suffering from severe, often life-threatening, diseases. The recent U.S. approval and commercial launch of SPINRAZA for pediatric and adult patients with SMA highlights our progress toward this goal. Our pipeline also contains two near-term potentially transformative medicines for two different severe and rare diseases, each with significant commercial potential, volanesorsen and IONIS-TTR_Rx. In the first quarter of 2017, we reported positive Phase 3 data in patients with familial chylomicronemia, or FCS. As a result, in the third quarter of 2017, we plan to file for marketing authorization for volanesorsen to treat patients with FCS. We also plan to report data from our Phase 3 study of IONIS-TTR_Rx in patients with FAP in the second quarter of 2017.

With FDA approval in December 2016, SPINRAZA injection became the first and only approved drug to treat pediatric and adult patients with SMA. SMA is a leading genetic cause of death in infants and toddlers that is marked by progressive, debilitating muscle weakness. In the first quarter, we earned $5.2 million in commercial revenue from SPINRAZA royalties. We anticipate that this revenue will grow as the U.S. launch progresses and Biogen obtains marketing approvals in additional countries. Biogen has filed for marketing authorization in the EU, Japan, Australia and Canada, and plans to file in other countries this year. The European Medicines Agency, or EMA, is reviewing the SPINRAZA marketing application under accelerated assessment. In April 2017, Biogen received a positive CHMP opinion for SPINRAZA recommending marketing approval with a broad indication in the EU. Biogen estimates that there are approximately 20,000 patients with SMA in the U.S., EU and Japan, with a large percentage in the United States.

Akcea Therapeutics, Inc. is our subsidiary focused on developing and commercializing volanesorsen and three other clinical-stage drugs for serious cardiometabolic diseases caused by lipid disorders, AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx, AKCEA-ANGPTL3-L_Rx and AKCEA-APOCIII-L_Rx. Each of these four drugs could potentially treat multiple patient populations. Moving these drugs into a company that we own allows us to retain substantial value from them and ensures our core focus remains on innovation. In March 2017, we and Akcea filed a registration statement with the intention of completing an initial public offering, or IPO. Akcea plans to use proceeds from an IPO to further advance its drugs and commercialization efforts. Akcea is continuing to assemble the global infrastructure to continue developing the drugs in its pipeline, to commercialize them with a focus on lipid specialists as the primary call point and to provide the specialized patient and physician support required to address rare disease patient populations.

We and Akcea are developing volanesorsen to treat two severe and rare, genetically defined diseases, FCS and familial partial lipodystrophy, or FPL. FCS and FPL are orphan diseases characterized by severely high triglyceride levels that result in severe, daily symptoms and a high risk of life-threatening pancreatitis. The clinical development program for volanesorsen consists of three Phase 3 studies called APPROACH, BROADEN and COMPASS. In the first quarter of 2017, we and Akcea reported positive Phase 3 data from the APPROACH study in patients with FCS. In December 2016, we and Akcea reported positive results from the Phase 3 COMPASS study in patients with triglycerides above 500 mg/dL. Based on what we believe is a favorable risk benefit profile supported by data from both APPROACH and COMPASS, we and Akcea are actively preparing for marketing authorization in the U.S., Europe and Canada in the third quarter of 2017. We estimate that FCS and FPL each affect 3,000 to 5,000 patients globally. If approved, we plan to commercialize volanesorsen for both FCS and FPL through Akcea.

In addition to our Phase 3 programs, we have a pipeline of drugs with the potential to be first-in-class and/or best-in-class drugs to treat patients with diseases that have inadequate treatment options. We are addressing a broad spectrum of diseases from common diseases affecting millions, such as cardiovascular disease, clotting disorders, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, to rare diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease. Our pipeline has over a dozen drugs in Phase 2 development, many of which we believe have the potential to be significant commercial opportunities. In particular, IONIS-FXI_Rx and AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx represent the value we have created. IONIS-FXI_Rx is the first antithrombotic drug in development that has shown it can decrease the risk of blood vessel obstruction caused by a blood clot without increasing bleeding risk. In February 2017, we amended our agreement with Bayer to advance IONIS-FXI_Rx and to initiate development of IONIS-FXI-L_Rx, which Bayer licensed. AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx is the first and only drug in clinical development designed to selectively and robustly lower Lp(a), a key driver of cardiovascular disease. We believe that addressing Lp(a) is the next important horizon in lipid-focused cardiovascular disease treatment. In March 2017, Akcea initiated a Phase 2b study of AKCEA-APO(a)-L_Rx in patients with elevated Lp(a).

We have established alliances with a cadre of leading global pharmaceutical companies that are working alongside us in developing our drugs, advancing our technology and preparing to commercialize our products. Our partners bring substantial resources and expertise that augment and build upon our internal capabilities. We have strategic partnerships with Biogen and AstraZeneca through which we can broadly expand our drug discovery efforts to new disease targets in specific therapeutic areas for which our partners can provide expertise, tools and resources to complement our drug discovery efforts. We also have partnerships with Bayer, GSK, Janssen, Novartis and Roche. Each of these companies brings significant expertise and global resources to develop and potentially commercialize the drugs under each partnership. We also form early stage research and development partnerships that allow us to expand the application of our technology to new therapeutic areas. Lastly, we also work with a consortium of companies that can exploit our drugs and technologies outside our primary areas of focus. We refer to these companies as satellite companies.

Through our partnerships, we have created a broad and sustaining base of potential R&D revenue in the form of license fees, upfront payments and milestone payments while spending prudently to advance our pipeline and technology. We have the potential to earn nearly $13 billion in future milestone payments and licensing fees from our current partnerships. We also have the potential to share in the future commercial success of our inventions and drugs resulting from our partnerships through royalty arrangements. With the approval of SPINRAZA in the U.S., we added commercial revenue from SPINRAZA royalties to our existing R&D revenue base. Looking forward, we have the potential to increase our commercial revenue from SPINRAZA royalties as the launch progresses and if SPINRAZA is approved in additional countries. We also have the potential to further increase our commercial revenue with volanesorsen sales and IONIS-TTR_Rx royalties. We believe we have the key elements in place to achieve sustained long-term financial growth, including multiple drivers of revenue; a mature, broad and rapidly-advancing clinical pipeline; a partnership strategy that leverages partner resources; and an innovative drug technology that we continue to deploy across a range of therapeutic areas to address both rare and large patient populations.

Financial Highlights

The following is a summary of our financial results (in thousands):

For the first three months of 2017 we earned net income of $3.5 million, compared to a net loss of $62.9 million for the same period in 2016. Our net income was driven by the substantial revenue we earned. In the first quarter of 2017, we added $5.2 million of commercial revenue from SPINRAZA royalties to our strong base of R&D revenue of over $100 million.

Our operating expenses were relatively flat year over year. As this year progresses, we expect a shift between categories. We anticipate R&D expenses to decrease as our Phase 3 programs wind down. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses to increase as Akcea continues to prepare to launch volanesorsen. Because of the efficiency of our technology, even with our projected declining R&D expenses this year, we will continue to advance our earlier stage drugs and add new drugs to our pipeline.

Recent Events

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Biogen reported $47 million from sales of SPINRAZA in the first quarter.

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Biogen received a positive CHMP opinion for SPINRAZA, recommending marketing approval with a broad indication in the EU.

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We and Biogen reported positive data at AAN from the CHERISH and NURTURE studies as well as encore data from the ENDEAR study.

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CHERISH data from an end of study analysis in non-ambulatory patients with later-onset SMA (consistent with Type 2) demonstrated:

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A highly statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in motor function scores in SPINRAZA-treated patients compared to untreated patients.

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Attainment of new motor milestones and upper limb motor function consistently in favor of SPINRAZA-treated patients.

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A favorable safety profile with no discontinuations due to adverse events.

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Data from an interim analysis of the NURTURE study in pre-symptomatic infants with genetically diagnosed SMA demonstrated that at the time of the interim analysis:

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Most infants achieved new motor milestones on essentially the same timeline as would be expected of a healthy infant.

◾ No infants discontinued or withdrew from the study due to adverse events, and no new safety concerns were identified.

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We received more than $290 million in cash from partners in the first quarter of 2017.

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In April, we received $75 million from Bayer to advance both IONIS-FXIRx and its LICA follow on, IONIS-FXI-LRx.

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GSK initiated Phase 2 studies of IONIS-HBVRx and the LICA follow on, IONIS-HBV-LRx.

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We initiated a Phase 1 study of IONIS-AGT-LRx, a wholly owned generation 2.0+ LICA drug, in patients with treatment resistant hypertension.

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We published papers in Nature Biotechnology on the mechanism of action for antisense drugs that significantly expand therapeutic opportunities for the technology.

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We published a paper in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics on the analysis of its Integrated Safety Database, which demonstrated no class generic effect of 2'-O-methoxyethyl-modified antisense oligonucleotides on platelet numbers and function.

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Our CEO, Dr. Stanley Crooke, received the E. B. Hershberg Award from the American Chemical Society

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We and Akcea reported that volanesorsen achieved its primary endpoint in the Phase 3 APPROACH study, demonstrating robust reductions in triglycerides and reduced incidence of pancreatitis attacks and reduced frequency and severity of abdominal pain.

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We and Akcea initiated a strategic collaboration with Novartis worth up to more than $1 billion plus royalties for the development and commercialization of AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx and AKCEA-APOCIII-LRx.

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Akcea initiated a Phase 2b study of AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx in patients with elevated Lp(a).

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Akcea filed a registration statement with the intention of completing an initial public offering.

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Top-line data from the Phase 3 APPROACH study of volanesorsen were presented at the 2017 European Atherosclerosis Society congress.

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Akcea published interim data in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy from the IN-FOCUS survey that was commissioned to quantify the burden of FCS on patients and the healthcare system.

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. As such, we make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that we believe are reasonable, based upon the information available to us. These judgments involve making estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may significantly impact our quarterly or annual results of operations and financial condition. Each quarter, our senior management reviews the development, selection and disclosure of such estimates with our audit committee of our board of directors. In the following paragraphs, we describe the specific risks associated with these critical accounting policies and we caution that future events rarely develop exactly as one may expect, and that best estimates may require adjustment.

The significant accounting policies, which we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, require the following:

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Assessing the propriety of revenue recognition and associated deferred revenue;

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Determining the proper valuation of investments in marketable securities and other equity investments;

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Determining the appropriate cost estimates for unbilled preclinical and clinical development activities; and

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Estimating our net deferred income tax asset valuation allowance.

These critical accounting policies and estimates are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. There have been no material changes to these critical accounting policies and estimates.

For the first quarter of 2017, we have the following additional critical accounting policy:

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Valuing of premiums under our and Akcea’s Novartis collaboration.

During the first quarter of 2017, we valued the premiums under the SPA agreement with Novartis. These premiums included the premium Novartis paid related to the $100 million purchase of our stock in the first quarter of 2017 and the premium we may receive related to Novartis’ potential purchase of our stock in the future. These valuations required us to use level 3 inputs, which we consider to be a critical accounting policy for our results in the first quarter of 2017.

For valuation purposes, we use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to prioritize the inputs used in our fair value measurements. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring us to develop our own assumptions.

We determined the fair value of the premium we received and future premium we may receive by calculating the value based on the stated premium in the SPA. We also included a lack of marketability discount when we determined the fair value of the premiums because we initially issued unregistered shares as part of the $100 million purchase and we expect to issue unregistered shares to Novartis if they purchase our common stock in the future. Additionally, for the future potential stock purchase, we estimated the probability of an Akcea IPO. We concluded the following fair values:

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$28.4 million for the premium paid by Novartis for its purchase of our common stock in the first quarter of 2017; and

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$5.0 million for the potential premium Novartis will pay if they purchase our common stock in the future at a premium.

See further discussion about our valuation of the potential premium in Note 4, Fair Value Measurements, in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of Operations

Revenue

Total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $110.3 million, compared to $36.9 million for same period in 2016. Our revenue fluctuates based on the nature and timing of payments under agreements with our partners and consists primarily of revenue from the amortization of upfront fees, milestone payments and license fees.

Commercial Revenue

SPINRAZA Royalties

The first quarter of 2017 was the first full quarter in which we earned commercial revenue from SPINRAZA royalties. Commercial revenue from SPINRAZA royalties for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $5.2 million.

Licensing and Other Royalty Revenue

Our revenue from licensing activities and other royalties for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $3.5 million, compared to $1.7 million for 2016.

Research and Development Revenue Under Collaborative Agreements

Research and development revenue under collaborative agreements for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $101.5 million, compared to $35.2 million for the same period in 2016. The change in our R&D revenue was primarily due to revenue from the license fee from Bayer and Akcea’s new collaboration with Novartis. Our R&D revenue for the first three months of 2017 primarily consisted of the following:

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$65.5 million from Bayer primarily for the license of IONIS-FXI-LRx;

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$5 million milestone payment from Biogen for validating an undisclosed neurological disease target;

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$25.3 million from the amortization of upfront fees; and

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$5.7 million primarily from services we performed for our partners.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were $96.3 million, and were essentially flat compared to $91.5 million for the same period in 2016. As this year progresses, we expect our operating expenses to remain flat. We anticipate R&D expenses to decrease as our Phase 3 programs wind down. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses to increase as Akcea continues prepare to launch volanesorsen. Because of the efficiency of our technology, even with our projected declining R&D expenses this year, we will continue to advance our earlier stage drugs and add new drugs to our pipeline.

Our operating expenses by segment were as follows (in thousands):

In order to analyze and compare our results of operations to other similar companies, we believe it is important to exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards from our operating expenses. We believe non-cash compensation expense is not indicative of our operating results or cash flows from our operations. Further, we internally evaluate the performance of our operations excluding it.

Research, Development and Patent Expenses

Our research, development and patent expenses consist of expenses for antisense drug discovery, antisense drug development, manufacturing and operations and R&D support expenses.

The following table sets forth information on research, development and patent expenses (in thousands):

Our research, development and patent expenses by segment were as follows (in thousands):

For the three months ended March 31, 2017, our total research, development and patent expenses were $66.5 million, and were flat, compared to $66.2 million for the same period in 2016. All amounts exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards.

We use our proprietary antisense technology to generate information about the function of genes and to determine the value of genes as drug discovery targets. We use this information to direct our own antisense drug discovery research, and that of our partners. Antisense drug discovery is also the function that is responsible for advancing our antisense core technology.

As we continue to advance our antisense technology, we are investing in our drug discovery programs to expand our and our partners' drug pipelines. We anticipate that our existing relationships and collaborations, as well as prospective new partners, will continue to help fund our research programs and contribute to the advancement of the science by funding core antisense technology research.

Our antisense drug discovery expenses were as follows (in thousands) and are part of our Ionis Core business segment:

Antisense drug discovery expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were $12.6 million, and, were slightly higher, compared to $11.6 million for the same period in 2016. Expenses were higher because we conducted more research activities to support our partnerships during the three months ended March 31, 2017 compared to same period in 2016. All amounts exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards.

The following table sets forth research and development expenses for our major antisense drug development projects (in thousands):

Antisense drug development expenses were $38.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $39.6 million for the same period in 2016. Expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were slightly lower compared to the same period in 2016 primarily because we are winding down two of our Phase 3 programs. Specifically, we have transitioned all further development of SPINRAZA to Biogen and we are closing out our Phase 3 volanesorsen trial in patients with FCS. We are still conducting our Phase 3 trial of IONIS-TTR_Rx, with data expected in the second quarter of 2017, and Akcea is conducting a Phase 3 trial of volanesorsen in patients with FPL. All amounts exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards.

Our antisense drug development expenses by segment were as follows (in thousands):

We may conduct multiple clinical trials on a drug candidate, including multiple clinical trials for the various indications we may be studying. Furthermore, as we obtain results from trials we may elect to discontinue clinical trials for certain drug candidates in certain indications in order to focus our resources on more promising drug candidates or indications. Our Phase 1 and Phase 2 programs are clinical research programs that fuel our Phase 3 pipeline. When our products are in Phase 1 or Phase 2 clinical trials, they are in a dynamic state in which we may adjust the development strategy for each product. Although we may characterize a product as "in Phase 1" or "in Phase 2," it does not mean that we are conducting a single, well-defined study with dedicated resources. Instead, we allocate our internal resources on a shared basis across numerous products based on each product's particular needs at that time. This means we are constantly shifting resources among products. Therefore, what we spend on each product during a particular period is usually a function of what is required to keep the products progressing in clinical development, not what products we think are most important. For example, the number of people required to start a new study is large, the number of people required to keep a study going is modest and the number of people required to finish a study is large. However, such fluctuations are not indicative of a shift in our emphasis from one product to another and cannot be used to accurately predict future costs for each product. And, because we always have numerous drugs in preclinical and early stage clinical research, the fluctuations in expenses from drug to drug, in large part, offset one another. If we partner a drug, it may affect the size of a trial, its timing, its total cost and the timing of the related costs.

Expenditures in our manufacturing and operations function consist primarily of personnel costs, specialized chemicals for oligonucleotide manufacturing, laboratory supplies and outside services. Our manufacturing and operations function is responsible for providing drug supplies to antisense drug development, our Akcea subsidiary and our collaboration partners. Our manufacturing procedures include testing to satisfy good laboratory and good manufacturing practice requirements.

Our manufacturing and operations expenses were as follows (in thousands):

Manufacturing and operations expenses were $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $8.0 million for the same period in 2016. All amounts exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards.

Our manufacturing and operations expenses by segment were as follows (in thousands):

In our research, development and patent expenses, we include support costs such as rent, repair and maintenance for buildings and equipment, utilities, depreciation of laboratory equipment and facilities, amortization of our intellectual property, informatics costs, procurement costs and waste disposal costs. We call these costs R&D support expenses.

The following table sets forth information on R&D support expenses (in thousands):

R&D support expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were $6.8 million, and were essentially flat compared to $7.0 million for the same period in 2016. All amounts exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards.

Our R&D support expenses by segment were as follows (in thousands):

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses include costs associated with the pre-commercialization and commercialization activities for our drugs and costs to support our company, our employees and our stockholders. These costs include personnel and outside costs in the areas of pre-commercialization, legal, human resources, investor relations, and finance. Additionally, we include in selling, general and administrative expenses such costs as rent, repair and maintenance of buildings and equipment, depreciation and utilities costs that we need to support the corporate functions listed above. We also include nominal fees we owe under our in-licensing agreements related to SPINRAZA in these costs.

The following table sets forth information on selling, general and administrative expenses (in thousands):

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $8.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, and increased compared to $5.2 million for the same period in 2016 due to Akcea continuing to build out its organization. Expenses for Akcea will increase as it continues to prepare to launch volanesorsen. Also contributing to the increase were nominal fees we owe under our in-licensing agreements related to SPINRAZA. All amounts exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards.

Our selling, general and administrative expenses by segment were as follows (in thousands):

Akcea Therapeutics, Inc.

The following table sets forth information on operating expenses (in thousands) for our Akcea Therapeutics business segment:

Operating expenses for Akcea were $66.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, and increased compared to $12.9 million for the same period in 2016. $48.4 million of the increase in Akcea’s development expenses was for one-time sublicensing expenses related to entering into the Novartis collaboration. $33.4 million of these expenses were non-cash. Akcea will pay the remaining $15 million of sublicensing expenses to us. For future payments received under the Novartis collaboration, Akcea will pay 50 percent of these license fees, milestone payments and royalties to us as a sublicense fee. Additionally, Akcea is continuing to build its commercial infrastructure and advance the pre-commercialization activities necessary to successfully launch volanesorsen. During the first quarter of 2017, Akcea reported positive results from its Phase 3 study of volanesorsen in patients with FCS. Akcea is preparing to file for marketing approval in the U.S., EU and Canada in the third quarter of 2017. For each period presented, we allocated a portion of Ionis’ R&D support expenses, which are included in development and patent expenses in the table above, to Akcea for work we performed on behalf of Akcea. Additionally, for each period presented, we allocated a portion of Ionis' general and administrative expenses, which are included in general and administrative expenses in the table above, to Akcea for work we performed on Akcea’s behalf. All amounts exclude non-cash compensation expense related to equity awards.

Investment Income

Investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $2.3 million, compared to $1.5 million for 2016. The increase in investment income was primarily due to a higher average cash balance, a gain on the sale of our stock in Regulus Therapeutics and an improvement in the market conditions during the three months ended March 31, 2017 compared to same period in 2016.

Interest Expense

Interest expense includes non-cash amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs plus interest expense payable in cash for our 1 percent and 2¾ percent notes, non-cash interest expense related to the long-term financing liability for our primary facility and other miscellaneous debt.

The following table sets forth information on interest expense (in thousands):

Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $11.4 million and increased compared to $9.5 million for the same period in 2016. The increase was primarily non-cash expense.

Net Income (Loss) and Net Income (Loss) per Share

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $3.5 million, compared to a net loss of $62.9 million for the same period in 2016. Basic and diluted net income per share for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was $0.03. Basic and diluted net loss per share was $0.52 for the same period in 2016. We had net income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 compared to a net loss for the same period in 2016 primarily due to increased R&D revenue and the addition of commercial revenue from SPINRAZA royalties. Our revenue fluctuates based on the nature and timing of payments under agreements with our partners.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations with revenue primarily from research and development collaborative agreements. Additionally, we have recently added commercial royalty revenue from SPINRAZA royalties. Additionally, we earned revenue from the sale or licensing of our intellectual property. We have also financed our operations through the sale of our equity securities and the issuance of long-term debt. From our inception through March 31, 2017, we have earned approximately $2.2 billion in revenue from contract research and development and the sale and licensing of our intellectual property. From the time we were founded through March 31, 2017, we have raised net proceeds of approximately $1.1 billion from the sale of our equity securities, and we have borrowed approximately $1.3 billion under long-term debt arrangements to finance a portion of our operations.

At March 31, 2017, we had consolidated working capital of $791.8 million compared to $664.1 million at December 31, 2016. Working capital increased in 2017 primarily due to the increase in our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as a result of the substantial payments we received from partners during the first quarter of 2017.

 

As of March 31, 2017, our debt and other obligations totaled $773.1 million compared to $774.1 million at December 31, 2016.

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of March 31, 2017. The table provides a breakdown of when obligations become due. We provide a more detailed description of the major components of our debt in the paragraphs following the table:

Our contractual obligations consist primarily of our convertible debt. In addition, we also have facility leases, equipment financing arrangements and other obligations.

1 Percent Convertible Senior Notes

In November 2014, we completed a $500 million offering of convertible senior notes, which mature in 2021 and bear interest at 1 percent. We used a substantial portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 1 percent convertible senior notes to repurchase $140 million in principal of our 2¾ percent convertible senior notes. As a result, the principal balance of the 2¾ percent notes following the repurchase in November 2014 was $61.2 million.

In December 2016, we issued an additional $185.5 million of 1 percent convertible senior notes in exchange for the redemption of $61.1 million of our 2¾ percent convertible senior notes. At March 31, 2017, we had a nominal amount of our 2¾ percent convertible senior notes outstanding. At March 31, 2017, we had the following 1 percent convertible senior notes outstanding (amounts in millions except price per share data):

Interest is payable semi-annually for the 1 percent notes. The notes are convertible under certain conditions, at the option of the note holders. We settle conversions of the notes, at our election, in cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of both. We may not redeem the 1 percent notes prior to maturity, and no sinking fund is provided for them. Holders of the 1 percent notes may require us to purchase some or all of their notes upon the occurrence of certain fundamental changes, as set forth in the indenture governing the 1 percent notes, at a purchase price equal to 100 percent of the principal amount of the notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Financing Arrangements

In June 2015, we entered into a five-year revolving line of credit agreement with Morgan Stanley Private Bank, National Association, or Morgan Stanley. We amended the credit agreement in February 2016 to increase the amount available for us to borrow. Under the amended credit agreement, Morgan Stanley will provide a maximum of $30 million of revolving credit for general working capital purposes. Any loans under the credit agreement have interest payable monthly in arrears at a borrowing rate based on our option of:

(i)	a floating rate equal to the one-month London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, in effect plus 1.25 percent per annum;

(ii)	a fixed rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25 percent for a period of one, two, three, four, six, or twelve months as elected by us; or

(iii)

a fixed rate equal to the LIBOR swap rate during the period of the loan.

Additionally, we pay 0.25 percent per annum, payable quarterly in arrears, for any amount unused under the credit facility. As of March 31, 2017 we had $12.5 million in outstanding borrowings under the credit facility with a 2.31 percent fixed interest rate and a maturity date of September 2019, which we used to fund our capital equipment needs consistent with our historical practice to finance these costs.

The credit agreement includes customary affirmative and negative covenants and restrictions. We are in compliance with all covenants of the credit agreement.

Research and Development Facility Lease Obligation

In March 2010, we entered into a lease agreement with an affiliate of BioMed Realty, L.P. Under the lease, BioMed constructed our primary R&D facility in Carlsbad, California. The lease has an initial term of 20 years with an option to extend the lease for up to four five-year periods. Our rent under this lease is based on a percentage of the total construction costs spent by BioMed to acquire the land and build the facility. Accounting rules required us to record the cost of the facility as a fixed asset with a corresponding liability. We are depreciating the building over its economic life and we apply our rent payments, which began on January 1, 2012, against the liability over the term of the lease.

Other Obligations

In addition to contractual obligations, we had outstanding purchase orders as of March 31, 2017 for the purchase of services, capital equipment and materials as part of our normal course of business.

We plan to continue to enter into collaborations with partners to provide for additional revenue to us and we may incur additional cash expenditures related to our obligations under any of the new agreements we may enter into. We currently intend to use our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments to finance our activities. However, we may also pursue other financing alternatives, like issuing additional shares of our common stock, issuing debt instruments, refinancing our existing debt, or securing lines of credit. Whether we use our existing capital resources or choose to obtain financing will depend on various factors, including the future success of our business, the prevailing interest rate environment and the condition of financial markets generally.

As part of Akcea’s formation, we made an initial cash investment of $100 million in the company to fund Akcea’s operations. In January 2017, we provided Akcea with a convertible line of credit for up to $150 million, and as of March 31, 2017 Akcea had borrowed $91 million. As Akcea continues to progress we may seek additional capital to fund Akcea’s future operating needs. As such, we may pursue various financing alternatives, like issuing shares of Ionis’ or Akcea’s stock in private or public financings, issuing Ionis or Akcea debt instruments, or securing lines of credit. We may also consider entering into collaborations specific to Akcea’s pipeline with partners to provide for additional operating cash. For example, in January 2017, we and Akcea initiated a collaboration with Novartis and we received $175 million in payments.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the following information about the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this report and in our other public filings in evaluating our business. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business could be materially harmed, and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment. We have marked with an asterisk those risk factors that reflect substantive changes from the risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Risks Associated with our Ionis Core and Akcea Therapeutics Businesses

If the market does not accept our drugs, including SPINRAZA, volanesorsen, IONIS-TTR_Rx and Kynamro, we are not likely to generate revenues or become consistently profitable.*

Even if our drugs are authorized for marketing, including SPINRAZA, volanesorsen, IONIS-TTR_Rx, and Kynamro, our success will depend upon the medical community, patients and third party payors accepting our drugs as medically useful, cost-effective and safe. Even when the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities authorize our or our partners' drugs for commercialization, doctors may not prescribe our drugs to treat patients. We and our partners may not successfully commercialize additional drugs.

Additionally, in many of the markets where we may sell our drugs in the future, if we cannot agree with the government regarding the price we can charge for our drugs, then we may not be able to sell our drugs in that market. Similarly, cost control initiatives by governments or third party payors could decrease the price received for our drugs or increase patient coinsurance to a level that makes our drugs, including SPINRAZA, volanesorsen, IONIS-TTR_Rx and Kynamro, unaffordable.

The degree of market acceptance for our drugs, including SPINRAZA, volanesorsen, IONIS-TTR_Rx and Kynamro, depends upon a number of factors, including the:

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receipt and scope of marketing authorizations;

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establishment and demonstration in the medical and patient community of the efficacy and safety of our drugs and their potential advantages over competing products;

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cost and effectiveness of our drugs compared to other available therapies;

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patient convenience of the dosing regimen for our drugs; and

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reimbursement policies of government and third-party payors.

Based on the profile of our drugs, physicians, patients, patient advocates, payors or the medical community in general may not accept and/or use any drugs that we may develop. For example, we expect the product label for volanesorsen and IONIS-TTR_Rx will require periodic platelet monitoring, which could negatively affect our ability to attract and retain patients for these drugs. Additionally, in the clinical setting, some patients discontinued treatment with volanesorsen, including five patients who discontinued participation in the APPROACH study due to platelet count declines. While we believe Akcea can better maintain patients on volanesorsen through Akcea’s patient-centric commercial approach where it plans to have greater involvement with physicians and patients, if Akcea cannot effectively maintain patients on volanesorsen, we may not be able to generate substantial revenue from volanesorsen sales.

If we or our partners fail to compete effectively, our drugs, including SPINRAZA, volanesorsen, IONIS-TTR_Rx and Kynamro, will not contribute significant revenues.