Kinnate Biopharma Inc. - Quarter Report: 2023 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________________ to _______________________

Commission file number: 001-39743

KINNATE BIOPHARMA INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		82-4566526
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
103 Montgomery Street, Suite 150 The Presidio of San Francisco San Francisco, CA		94129
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 299-4699

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share		KNTE		The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 4, 2023, the Registrant had 47,094,871 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	2

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	3

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	4

	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	26

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	26

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	27

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	27

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	99

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	99

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	99

Item 5.	Other Information	99

Item 6.	Exhibits	100

SIGNATURES

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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, development plans, ongoing and planned future preclinical studies and clinical trials, future results of ongoing and planned future clinical trials, expected research and development costs, regulatory strategy, timing and likelihood of success, as well as plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, investors can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•

the ability of our ongoing and planned future preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates, and other positive results;

•

the timing, progress and results of ongoing and planned future preclinical studies and clinical trials for our current product candidates, and other product candidates we may develop, including statements regarding the timing of initiation and completion of preclinical studies or clinical trials and related preparatory work, the period during which the results of the preclinical studies or clinical trials will become available, and our research and development programs;

•

the timing, scope and likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, including timing of investigational new drug applications (INDs) and final approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of our current product candidates and any other future product candidates;

•

the timing, scope or likelihood of foreign regulatory filings and approvals;

•

our ability to develop and advance our current product candidates and programs into, and successfully complete, clinical trials;

•

our manufacturing, commercialization, and marketing capabilities and strategy;

•

our plans relating to commercializing our product candidates, if approved, including the geographic areas of focus and sales strategy;

•

the need to hire additional personnel and our ability to attract and retain such personnel;

•

the size of the market opportunity for our product candidates, including our estimates of the number of patients who suffer from the diseases we are targeting;

•

our expectations regarding the approval and use of our product candidates in combination with other drugs;

•

our competitive position and the success of competing therapies that are or may become available;

•

our estimates of the number of patients that we will enroll in our clinical trials;

•

the beneficial characteristics, and the potential safety, efficacy and therapeutic effects of our product candidates;

•

our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates;

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•

our plans relating to the further development of our product candidates, including additional indications we may pursue;

•

existing regulations, regulatory developments and the outcome of related litigation in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions;

•

our expectations regarding the impact of public health concerns, supply chain disruptions, inflation and other drivers of macroeconomic volatility on our business;

•

our intellectual property position, including the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our current product candidates and other future product candidates we may develop, including the extensions of existing patent terms where available, the validity of intellectual property rights held by third parties, and our ability not to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any third-party intellectual property rights;

•

our continued reliance on third parties to conduct ongoing and planned future preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, and for the manufacture of our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•

our ability to obtain, and negotiate favorable terms of, any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements that may be necessary or desirable to develop, manufacture or commercialize our product candidates;

•

the pricing and reimbursement of our current product candidates and other product candidates we may develop, if approved;

•

the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of our current product candidates and other product candidates we may develop;

•

our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

•

our financial performance;

•

the period over which we estimate our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our future operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements;

•

the impact of laws and regulations;

•

our expectations regarding the period during which we will remain an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (JOBS Act); and

•

our anticipated use of our existing resources.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about our business, the industry in which we operate and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or development. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, investors should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.

Financial Statements.

KINNATE BIOPHARMA INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and par value amounts)

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	34,507		$	29,261
Cash at consolidated joint venture		-			25,725
Short-term investments		150,196			172,214
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,897			3,637
Total current assets		188,600			230,837
Property and equipment, net		2,667			3,071
Right-of-use lease assets		2,958			3,377
Long-term investments		19,579			39,139
Restricted cash		371			371
Other non-current assets		1,960			2,031
Total assets	$	216,135		$	278,826

Liabilities, Redeemable Convertible Noncontrolling Interests and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,696		$	2,970
Accrued expenses		12,118			13,206
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		959			991
Total current liabilities		15,773			17,167
Operating lease liabilities, long-term		2,742			3,191
Total liabilities		18,515			20,358
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 12)
Redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests		-			35,000
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 0 shares outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		-			-
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 47,051,450 and 44,342,292 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		5			4
Additional paid-in capital		522,178			484,237
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(342	)		(1,410	)
Accumulated deficit		(324,221	)		(259,363	)
Total stockholders’ equity		197,620			223,468
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests and stockholders’ equity	$	216,135		$	278,826

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KINNATE BIOPHARMA INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND

COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022

Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	26,327		$	19,767		$	52,886		$	39,414
General and administrative		7,808			7,639			15,902			15,051
Total operating expenses		34,135			27,406			68,788			54,465
Loss from operations		(34,135	)		(27,406	)		(68,788	)		(54,465	)
Other income, net		2,217			337			3,930			494
Net loss	$	(31,918	)	$	(27,069	)	$	(64,858	)	$	(53,971	)

Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		46,655,966			44,002,391			46,036,212			43,942,986
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.68	)	$	(0.62	)	$	(1.41	)	$	(1.23	)

Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(31,918	)	$	(27,069	)	$	(64,858	)	$	(53,971	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments		122			(557	)		1,068			(2,213	)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(31,796	)	$	(27,626	)	$	(63,790	)	$	(56,184	)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KINNATE BIOPHARMA INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’			Redeemable Convertible Noncontrolling
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Loss			Deficit			Equity			Interests

Balance at December 31, 2022		44,342,292	$	4	$	484,237	$	(1,410	)	$	(259,363	)	$	223,468		$	35,000
Stock-based compensation expense		-		-		5,404		-			-			5,404			-
Acquisition of redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests		2,200,000		1		25,866		-			-			25,867			(35,000	)
Shares issued under equity incentive plans		27,356		-		17		-			-			17			-
Net loss		-		-		-		-			(32,940	)		(32,940	)		-
Other comprehensive gain		-		-		-		946			-			946			-
Balance at March 31, 2023		46,569,648	$	5	$	515,524	$	(464	)	$	(292,303	)	$	222,762		$	-
Stock-based compensation expense		-		-		5,403		-			-			5,403			-
Shares issued under equity incentive plans		403,601		-		967		-			-			967			-
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan		78,201		-		284		-			-			284			-
Net loss		-		-		-		-			(31,918	)		(31,918	)		-
Other comprehensive gain		-		-		-		122			-			122			-
Balance at June 30, 2023		47,051,450	$	5	$	522,178	$	(342	)	$	(324,221	)	$	197,620		$	-

Balance at December 31, 2021		43,855,944	$	4	$	463,089	$	(524	)	$	(143,092	)	$	319,477		$	35,000
Stock-based compensation expense		-		-		4,777		-			-			4,777			-
Shares issued under equity incentive plans		100,105		-		125		-			-			125			-
Net loss		-		-		-		-			(26,902	)		(26,902	)		-
Other comprehensive loss		-		-		-		(1,656	)		-			(1,656	)		-
Balance at March 31, 2022		43,956,049	$	4	$	467,991	$	(2,180	)	$	(169,994	)	$	295,821		$	35,000
Stock-based compensation expense		-		-		4,882		-			-			4,882			-
Shares issued under equity incentive plans		97,833		-		283		-			-			283			-
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan		43,039		-		369		-			-			369			-
Net loss		-		-		-		-			(27,069	)		(27,069	)		-
Other comprehensive loss		-		-		-		(557	)		-			(557	)		-
Balance at June 30, 2022		44,096,921	$	4	$	473,525	$	(2,737	)	$	(197,063	)	$	273,729		$	35,000

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KINNATE BIOPHARMA INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(64,858	)	$	(53,971	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		10,807			9,659
Depreciation		404			230
Amortization/accretion of investments		(1,883	)		851
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(189	)		(396	)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, net		(62	)		758
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(1,362	)		(1,759	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(57,143	)		(44,628	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of short-term and long-term investments		(106,246	)		(92,518	)
Sales and maturities of short-term and long-term investments		150,782			53,731
Purchases of property and equipment		-			(2,566	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		44,536			(41,353	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Acquisition of redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests		(9,133	)		-
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under equity incentive plans		984			408
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		284			369
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(7,865	)		777
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(7	)		-
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(20,479	)		(85,204	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period		55,357			150,060
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	$	34,878		$	64,856

Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activity:
Acquisition of redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests	$	14,907		$	-
Capitalized value of tenant improvement allowance	$	-		$	606
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets	$	-		$	4,569

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KINNATE BIOPHARMA INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization and Nature of Operations

Kinnate Biopharma Inc. (Kinnate or the Company) was incorporated in the State of Delaware in January 2018 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California. The Company is a precision oncology company focused on the discovery, design and development of small molecule kinase inhibitors for difficult-to-treat, genomically defined cancers.

Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its resources to research and development activities, business planning, establishing and maintaining its intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. It has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since commencement of its operations. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $324.2 million and had cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments totaling $204.3 million as of June 30, 2023. From its inception through June 30, 2023, the Company has financed its operations primarily through issuances of common stock, including in the Company’s initial public offering (IPO), and private placements of convertible preferred stock.

In May 2021, the Company announced the closing of a Series A preferred stock financing of a China joint venture, Kinnjiu Biopharma Inc. (Kinnjiu), to enable the potential development and commercialization of certain targeted oncology product candidates across People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. Contributions from noncontrolling interest members totaled $35.0 million before issuance costs of $0.2 million. In February 2023, the Company acquired the noncontrolling interests in Kinnjiu previously held by Series A investors (Kinnjiu Transaction) – see Note 11. Kinnjiu is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

As the Company continues to pursue its business plan, it expects to finance its operations through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital resources, which could include income from collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution, licensing or other strategic arrangements with third parties, or from grants. However, there can be no assurance that any additional financing or strategic transactions will be available to the Company on acceptable terms, if at all. If events or circumstances occur such that the Company does not obtain additional funding, it may need to delay, reduce or eliminate its product development or future commercialization efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations or financial condition. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company were unable to continue as a going concern. Management believes that it has sufficient working capital on hand to fund operations through at least the next twelve months from the date this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of SEC Regulation S-X. Accordingly, since they are interim statements, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include all known adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results as required by GAAP. These adjustments consist primarily of normal recurring accruals and estimates that impact the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Operating results presented in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are not necessarily indicative of future results. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023.

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The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Kinnjiu. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Prior to the completion of the Kinnjiu Transaction, the Company evaluated its ownership, contractual and other interests in entities that were not wholly-owned to determine if any of these entities was a variable interest entity (VIE), and, if so, whether the Company was the primary beneficiary of the VIE. In determining whether the Company was the primary beneficiary of a VIE and therefore required to consolidate the VIE, the Company applied a qualitative approach that determined whether the Company had both (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacted the VIE’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the rights to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to that VIE. As of December 31, 2022, the Company held an approximately 58% equity interest in Kinnjiu. Based on the Company’s assessment, the Company concluded that Kinnjiu was a VIE and the Company was the primary beneficiary. See Note 11 with respect to Kinnjiu Transaction.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Accounting estimates and management judgments reflected in the financial statements include: normal recurring accruals, including the accrual of research and development expenses; fair value of investments; valuation of deferred tax assets; and stock-based compensation. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, actual results may materially differ from these estimates and assumptions. The Company uses the best information available to update its critical accounting estimates.

Redeemable Convertible Noncontrolling Interests

Prior to the Kinnjiu Transaction, the shares third parties owned in Kinnjiu represented an interest in the equity the Company did not control. The redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests attributable to other owners was classified in temporary equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as the preferred stock was redeemable by the noncontrolling interests.

Since the preferred stock held at Kinnjiu did not represent a residual equity interest, net losses of Kinnjiu were not allocated to the preferred shares. As a result, the balance of the preferred stock classified as a redeemable convertible noncontrolling interest equaled its carrying value. Additionally, net losses of Kinnjiu were not allocated to the noncontrolling interest related to ordinary shares held by a third party as the amounts to be allocated were immaterial. Accordingly, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, no losses were allocated to the noncontrolling interest.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, the Company’s common stock options and unvested restricted stock units are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. As the Company has reported a net loss for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for those periods.

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The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Numerator
Net loss	$	(31,918	)	$	(27,069	)	$	(64,858	)	$	(53,971	)
Denominator
Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted		46,655,966			44,002,391			46,036,212			43,942,986
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.68	)	$	(0.62	)	$	(1.41	)	$	(1.23	)

The following outstanding shares of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022
Options to purchase common stock		11,378,511		9,511,827
Non-vested restricted stock units		415,326		-
Total		11,793,837		9,511,827

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) (ASC 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduced the expected credit losses methodology for the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost basis, replacing the previous incurred loss methodology. The amendments in Update 2016-13 added Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, made several consequential amendments to the Codification. Update 2016-13 also modified the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities, which must be individually assessed for credit losses when fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, in accordance with Subtopic 326-30, Financial Instruments— Credit Losses—Available-for-Sale Debt Securities. The guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years. For all other entities, the standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods, therein. Early adoption is permitted. Since the Company has elected to use the extended transition period under the JOBS Act available to emerging growth companies (EGCs), the ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this standard on the required effective date of January 1, 2023. The ASU did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of the components of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	34,507	$	29,261
Cash at consolidated joint venture		-		25,725
Restricted cash, non-current		371		371
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	$	34,878	$	55,357

The cash at the consolidated joint venture represents cash held at Kinnjiu prior to the Kinnjiu Transaction and the use of such cash was limited to the operations of Kinnjiu (see Note 11). As a result of the Kinnjiu Transaction, such cash is no longer limited in its use and accordingly is no longer presented separately on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The restricted cash balance relates to the Company’s office lease in San Diego, California (see Note 12).

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4. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Furniture and fixtures	$	760		$	760
Computers and equipment		433			442
Computer software		99			99
Leasehold improvements		2,520			2,511
Property and equipment		3,812			3,812
Less accumulated depreciation		(1,145	)		(741	)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,667		$	3,071

5. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued research and development	$	8,434	$	7,884
Accrued compensation		2,847		4,832
Accrued legal fees		515		243
Other accruals		322		247
Total	$	12,118	$	13,206

6. Investments

The Company has invested its excess cash in marketable securities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The following is a summary by significant investment category (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023
	Maturity		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Estimated
	in Years		Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	less than 1		$	5,600	$	2	$	(21	)	$	5,581
Commercial paper	less than 1			62,966		3		(69	)		62,900
U.S. Treasury securities	less than 1			39,781		-		(129	)		39,652
U.S. Agency bonds	less than 1			42,175		23		(135	)		42,063
Short-term investments			$	150,522	$	28	$	(354	)	$	150,196

Corporate debt securities		1 - 2	$	1,510	$	5	$	-		$	1,515
Asset-backed securities		1 - 2		18,080		40		(56	)		18,064
Long-term investments			$	19,590	$	45	$	(56	)	$	19,579

	December 31, 2022
	Maturity		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Estimated
	in Years		Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	less than 1		$	9,604	$	2	$	(72	)	$	9,534
Commercial paper	less than 1			41,243		-		-			41,243
U.S. Treasury securities	less than 1			119,810		-		(1,254	)		118,556
U.S. Agency bonds	less than 1			2,877		4		-			2,881
Short-term investments			$	173,534	$	6	$	(1,326	)	$	172,214

Corporate debt securities		1 - 2	$	15,426	$	-	$	(60	)	$	15,366
U.S. Agency bonds		1 - 2		5,907		-		(9	)		5,898
Asset-backed securities		1 - 2		17,897		20		(42	)		17,875
Long-term investments			$	39,230	$	20	$	(111	)	$	39,139

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The available-for-sale investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair value aggregated by classes of security and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2023
	Less than 12 months							More than 12 months							Total
					Unrealized							Unrealized							Unrealized
	Count		Fair Value		Losses			Count		Fair Value		Losses			Count		Fair Value		Losses
Corporate debt securities		-	$	-	$	-			1	$	3,483	$	(21	)		1	$	3,483	$	(21	)
Commercial paper		13		52,192		(70	)		-		-		-			13		52,192		(70	)
U.S. Treasury securities		4		19,788		(8	)		1		14,877		(121	)		5		34,665		(129	)
U.S. Agency bonds		11		28,506		(135	)		-		-		-			11		28,506		(135	)
Asset-backed securities		8		10,899		(54	)		1		719		(1	)		9		11,618		(55	)
		36	$	111,385	$	(267	)		3	$	19,079	$	(143	)		39	$	130,464	$	(410	)

	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 months							More than 12 months							Total
					Unrealized							Unrealized							Unrealized
	Count		Fair Value		Losses			Count		Fair Value		Losses			Count		Fair Value		Losses
Corporate debt securities		7	$	22,806	$	(132	)		-	$	-	$	-			7	$	22,806	$	(132	)
Commercial paper		-		-		-			-		-		-			-		-		-
U.S. Treasury securities		3		14,625		(57	)		7		103,931		(1,197	)		10		118,556		(1,254	)
U.S. Agency bonds		2		5,898		(9	)		-		-		-			2		5,898		(9	)
Asset-backed securities		6		7,843		(42	)		-		-		-			6		7,843		(42	)
		18	$	51,172	$	(240	)		7	$	103,931	$	(1,197	)		25	$	155,103	$	(1,437	)

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held securities in a total unrealized loss position of $0.4 million and $1.4 million, respectively. The Company generally does not intend to sell any investments prior to recovery of their amortized cost basis for any investment in an unrealized loss position. Further, such investments are invested in high grade securities. As such, the Company has classified these losses as temporary in nature.

The Company has determined that there were no material declines in fair value of its investments due to credit-related factors as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

7. Fair Value Measurements

The accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the accounting guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company’s investments, which may include money market funds and available-for-sale investment securities consisting of high-quality, marketable debt instruments of corporations and the U.S. government are measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value hierarchy.

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The following tables present the hierarchy for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	$	26,395	$	-	$	-	$	26,395
Corporate debt securities		-		7,096		-		7,096
Commercial paper		-		62,900		-		62,900
U.S. Treasury securities		-		39,652		-		39,652
U.S. Agency bonds		-		42,063		-		42,063
Asset-backed securities		-		18,064		-		18,064
Total cash equivalents and investments	$	26,395	$	169,775	$	-	$	196,170

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	$	28,261	$	-	$	-	$	28,261
Corporate debt securities		-		24,900		-		24,900
Commercial paper		-		41,243		-		41,243
U.S. Treasury securities		-		118,556		-		118,556
U.S. Agency bonds		-		8,779		-		8,779
Asset-backed securities		-		17,875		-		17,875
Total cash equivalents and investments	$	28,261	$	211,353	$	-	$	239,614

Money market funds are classified as cash and cash equivalents in the Company’s balance sheets at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Under its amended and restated certificate of incorporation dated December 7, 2020, the Company has a total of 1,200,000,000 shares of capital stock authorized for issuance, consisting of 1,000,000,000 shares of common stock, par value of $0.0001 per share, and 200,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value of $0.0001 per share.

9. Equity Incentive Plans and Stock-Based Compensation

2020 Equity Incentive Plan

In December 2020, the Company adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (2020 Plan), which replaced the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (2018 Plan). The 2020 Plan allows the Company to issue options for shares of its common stock, restricted stock units (RSUs) and other award types, up to a total of 5,218,000 shares (Equity Pool), subject to appropriate adjustments for stock splits, combinations and other similar events for issuance pursuant to awards made under the 2020 Plan. As of June 30, 2023, 1,024,125 shares of common stock remained available for future grants under the 2020 Plan.

The options that are granted under the 2020 and 2018 Plans are exercisable at various dates as determined upon grant and terminate within 10 years of the date of grant, unless the optionee owns 10% or more of the common shares at which point the expiration period is 5 years, or upon the employee’s termination (whereupon the terminated employee has thirty days after termination to exercise vested options from the date of termination). The vesting period generally occurs over two to four years unless there is a specific performance vesting trigger at which time those shares will vest when the performance trigger is probable to occur. RSUs granted under the 2020 Plan vest over four years from the grant date and represent share awards that, upon vesting, will deliver to the holder shares of the Company’s common stock.

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Stock Options

Stock option activity is as follows:

						Weighted-
						Average		Aggregate
				Weighted-		Remaining		Intrinsic
				Average		Contractual		Value
	Options			Exercise Price		Term (in years)		(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022		9,107,467		$	10.81		7.8	$	11,521
Granted		3,192,810			6.36
Exercised		(394,848	)		2.49
Forfeited		(526,918	)		12.05
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		11,378,511		$	9.79		8.1	$	1,528
Exercisable at June 30, 2023		5,293,032		$	9.93		7.2	$	1,287

All exercisable options are vested and all outstanding options are vested or expected to vest. Total intrinsic value of options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $0.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock unit activity is as follows:

				Weighted-		Aggregate
	Restricted			Average		Intrinsic
	Stock Units			Grant Date		Value
	Outstanding			Fair Value		(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022		287,916		$	14.71	$	1,756
Granted		228,045			6.28
Vested		(57,599	)		11.93
Forfeited		(43,036	)		10.12
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		415,326		$	10.95	$	1,258

2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) permits eligible employees who elect to participate in an offering under the ESPP to have up to 15% of their eligible earnings withheld, subject to certain limitations, to purchase shares of common stock pursuant to the ESPP. The price of common stock purchased under the ESPP is equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the common stock at the commencement date of each offering period or the relevant date of purchase. Each offering period is six months, with new offering periods commencing every six months on or about the dates of May 15 and November 15 of each year. A total of 435,000 shares of common stock were initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP.

Kinnjiu Equity Incentive Plan

In May 2021, Kinnjiu adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (2021 Plan), which allows for the issuance of options for shares of common stock and share appreciation rights (SARs), among other award types, up to a total of 9,000,000 shares subject to appropriate adjustments for stock splits, combinations and other similar events for issuance pursuant to awards made under the 2021 Plan. In connection with the Kinnjiu Transaction in February 2023, all SARs outstanding under the 2021 Plan were cancelled.

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Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company measures and recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on the fair value of the award as measured at the grant date. The fair value of RSUs granted is based on the Company’s closing stock price on the grant date. The fair value of stock options and employee stock purchase plan awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Company accounts for any forfeitures of share-based awards when they occur. Previously recognized compensation expense for an award is reversed in the period that the award is forfeited. The fair value of stock options was estimated using the following assumptions:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022

Expected term (in years)		5 - 6			5 - 6
Expected volatility		73% - 80	%		80% - 86	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.50% - 4.24	%		1.62% - 3.56	%
Expected dividend		0	%		0	%

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted was $4.50 and $6.98 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The assumptions used for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 under the ESPP were as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022

Expected term (in years)		0.50			0.50
Expected volatility		76% - 86	%		50% - 77	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.54% - 5.24	%		0.07% - 1.54	%
Expected dividend		0	%		0	%

Stock-based compensation expense related to the Company’s stock options, RSUs and ESPP totaled the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	2,332	$	2,039	$	4,781	$	4,102
General and administrative		3,071		2,843		6,026		5,557
Total stock-based compensation	$	5,403	$	4,882	$	10,807	$	9,659

As of June 30, 2023, there was approximately $40.5 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.57 years.

As of June 30, 2023, there was approximately $4.4 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 3.31 years. There were no RSUs vested during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

As of June 30, 2023, there was approximately $0.1 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP.

10. Related Party Transactions

Series A Preferred Stock Financing of Kinnjiu

In connection with the Series A preferred stock financing of Kinnjiu, contributions from noncontrolling interest members totaled $35.0 million. Such noncontrolling interest members were also investors or affiliates of investors in the Company and had representatives that serve on both the Company’s board of directors and the board of directors of Kinnjiu. The shares held by Series A investors were subsequently acquired by the Company as discussed in Note 11.

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11. Kinnjiu Transaction

As disclosed above, in May 2021, the Company announced the closing of a Series A preferred stock financing of Kinnjiu to enable the potential development and commercialization of certain targeted oncology product candidates across People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau. Contributions from noncontrolling interest members totaled $35.0 million before issuance costs of $0.2 million. As of December 31, 2022, the Company held an approximately 58% equity interest in Kinnjiu. As the Company determined it was the primary beneficiary of this VIE, the VIE was consolidated in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of assets and liabilities of Kinnjiu as of December 31, 2022, excluding intercompany balances (in thousands):

	December 31, 2022
Cash at consolidated joint venture	$	25,725
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		20
Right-of-use lease assets		223
Other non-current assets		48
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		491
Operating lease liabilities		206

In February 2023, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement, which was approved by the independent directors of the Company, to acquire the ownership stake of Kinnjiu previously held by Series A investors for total consideration of $24.0 million, consisting of $9.1 million in cash and $14.9 million in Company stock, which resulted in the issuance of 2,200,000 shares of Company stock to the Series A investors. The number of shares issued was determined by dividing the $14.9 million Company stock consideration by the volume-weighted average price for one share of common stock for the three trading days prior to the effective date of the transaction. As the Company had a controlling financial interest in Kinnjiu prior to the Kinnjiu Transaction, the acquisition of the remaining interest in Kinnjiu was accounted for as an equity transaction with no gain or loss recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Accordingly, the difference between the consideration and the carrying value of the redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests has been recorded within equity and is reflected as acquisition of redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests on the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity. The Kinnjiu Transaction gives the Company greater control over its clinical development programs in the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Kinnjiu is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

The Company, from time to time, is involved in legal proceedings, regulatory actions, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company was not a defendant in any lawsuit for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 that, in the opinion of Company’s management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

Operating Leases

In June 2021, the Company entered into an agreement to lease 8,088 rentable square feet of office space (SD Permanent Space) located in San Diego, California (SD Lease) for a period of five years and four months expiring on July 31, 2027. Additionally, the Company has an option to extend the SD Lease for an additional five years at the end of the initial term. The SD Lease commenced in March 2022.

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In connection with the execution of the SD Lease, the Company provided a standby letter of credit for $0.4 million in lieu of a security deposit, which is classified as restricted cash on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. So long as the Company is not in default under the SD Lease, this amount will decrease after each of years three and four of the SD Lease term to $0.3 million.

In August 2021, the Company entered into an agreement to lease 5,698 rentable square feet of office space located in San Francisco, California (SF Lease). The SF Lease commenced in January 2022 and expires on June 30, 2026. The Company has an option to extend the SF Lease for an additional three years at the end of the initial term.

The operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets related to these facility leases. The right-of-use lease assets were $3.0 million as of June 30, 2023. Operating lease liabilities were $3.7 million as of June 30, 2023, including $1.0 million classified as a current liability.

The Company’s facility leases require the Company to pay property taxes, insurance and common area maintenance. While these payments are not included as part of its lease liabilities, they are recognized as variable lease cost in the period they are incurred.

Operating lease costs under operating leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $0.3 million and $0.1 million and $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate used was 7.0%. The weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases was 3.7 years.

Cash paid for leases included in operating cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $0.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Future lease payments of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases
2023 remaining 6 months		612
2024		1,113
2025		1,112
2026		927
Thereafter		428
Total minimum lease payments		4,192
Less: imputed interest		(491	)
Total operating lease liabilities		3,701
Less: current portion		(959	)
Lease liability, net of current portion	$	2,742

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Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Investors should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth under the section titled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this report.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage precision oncology company focused on the discovery, design and development of small molecule kinase inhibitors for difficult-to-treat, genomically defined cancers. Our mission is to inspire hope to those battling cancer by expanding on the promise of targeted therapies. Our Kinnate Discovery Engine, which starts with the identification of an unmet need among validated oncogenic drivers, utilizes our deep expertise in medicinal chemistry and structure-based design, and the tailored ecosystems of our partners to develop our targeted therapies. We focus our discovery and development efforts on three patient populations: (1) those with cancers that harbor known oncogenic drivers (gene alterations that cause cancers) with no currently available targeted therapies, (2) those with genomically well-characterized tumors that have intrinsic resistance to currently available treatments (non-responders), and (3) those whose tumors have acquired resistance over the course of therapy to currently available treatments. Our Kinnate Discovery Engine, together with the biomarker-driven approach of our drug development strategy, our continual translational research and early global expansion in development, may enable us to develop drugs with an increased probability of clinical success while reducing the cost and risk of drug development.

Exarafenib

Our lead product candidate is exarafenib, a Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (RAF) inhibitor in development for the treatment of patients with lung cancer, melanoma and other solid tumors that harbor B-Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (BRAF) Class I, II or III alterations. In May 2021, the FDA cleared our IND for exarafenib and we began dosing in humans in the second half of 2021. In 2022, we announced the addition of patients with NRAS mutant melanoma into KN-8701, the global Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating exarafenib, in the monotherapy arm and in a combination arm with binimetinib, a MEK inhibitor. In the first quarter of 2023, we announced that we initiated enrollment of patients into the monotherapy dose expansion cohorts of KN-8701.

In the second quarter of 2023, we announced first-in-human exarafenib monotherapy data from KN-8701. The data were based on a February 28, 2023 data cut. Sixty patients with a median of three prior therapies had been enrolled into six monotherapy dose escalation cohorts ranging from 25 mg bid to 400 mg bid. Treated patients included those with solid tumors driven by BRAF Class I (41.7%), Class II (13.3%) and Class III (30%) alterations, or melanoma with NRAS mutations (15%). As of the data cutoff, all 60 patients enrolled were part of the safety analysis population, of which 49 patients were efficacy evaluable. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be 300 mg bid (n=29). Key findings as of the data cutoff include:

Safety analysis:

•

At therapeutically relevant exposures, there was no cutaneous (skin) evidence of paradoxical activation. Dose limiting toxicities observed at the highest dose level (400 mg bid) were Grade 3 acneiform rash (n=1) and Grade 3 macular rash (n=1).

•

Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) reported by investigators at any Grade occurred in 73.3% (n=44) of patients, with 18.3% of TRAEs reported as Grade 3 or higher (n=11). There were no Grade 5 TRAEs reported as of the data cutoff.

•

The most common TRAEs of any Grade were skin related (21.7%; n=13), with 5% (n=3) of patients having skin events that were Grade 3 or greater.

•

Grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) TRAEs occurred in 3.3% patients (n=2). No Grade 3 GI TRAEs were observed.

•

Reversible, asymptomatic increased alanine transaminase and/or increased aspartate aminotransferase TRAEs were reported at Grade 3 (n=4; 6.7%) and Grade 4 (n=1; 1.7%).

•

In all exarafenib treated patients (n=60), the overall relative mean dose intensity was 97%, and was 95% in patients treated at 300 mg bid (n=29). The median for both patient sets was 100%.

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Pharmacokinetic analyses:

•

Dose-dependent increases in exarafenib exposure were observed with increasing dose. Exarafenib had a half-life of eight hours in patients, which is a longer duration range than the predicted half-life preclinically, supporting a bid dosing strategy.

•

At 300 mg bid, exarafenib delivered high target coverage in patients. Unbound exposures exceeded the IC₅₀ values across BRAF and NRAS cell lines by two-to-ten-fold, while remaining below the wild type cells IC₅₀.

•

Treatment with exarafenib also led to significant reductions in circulating tumor DNA across BRAF and NRAS-altered tumor types.

Initial Efficacy:

•

In total, six patients achieved a partial response (PR) with exarafenib monotherapy treatment during dose escalation, including five confirmed PRs as evaluated by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). For responders, the average tumor reduction was 61% and treatment duration was seven months. Four of the six responders continue exarafenib therapy.

•

Treatment with exarafenib at 300 mg bid in patients with BRAF Class II or NRAS alterations led to a 30% (3 of 10) overall response rate (ORR).

•

The ORR in patients with BRAF Class II alterations was 33% (1 of 3) at 300 mg bid, which included a patient with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring a BRAF Class II fusion.

•

71% (5 of 7) of patients with BRAF Class II alterations achieved an objective tumor reduction. In all treated patients with Class II alterations, the disease control rate was 86% (6 of 7).

•

The ORR in patients with NRAS alterations was 29% (2 of 7) at 300 mg bid and included patients with NRAS mutant melanoma and a patient with an NRAS alteration co-occurring with a BRAF Class III alteration in colorectal cancer.

•

The two additional subtypes with confirmed PRs included RAF inhibitor naïve patients with BRAF Class I (V600E) papillary thyroid cancer and squamous cell carcinoma. One unconfirmed PR was reported in a RAF pretreated patient with BRAF Class I melanoma.

•

22 patients achieved stable disease across dose levels, including 10 patients with objective tumor shrinkage (up to 20%).

In the second quarter of 2023, we also announced initial combination dose escalation data from the ongoing KN-8701 trial evaluating exarafenib plus binimetinib. As of March 31, 2023, the trial had enrolled 12 patients primarily with NRAS mutant melanoma into three combination dose cohorts. Two of the seven efficacy evaluable patients achieved RECIST PRs, including an unconfirmed PR in a patient with NRAS mutant melanoma and a confirmed PR in a patient with BRAF Class II pancreatic cancer. One additional patient with NRAS mutant melanoma experienced a 25% reduction in their target lesions.

KIN-3248

Our second product candidate is KIN-3248, a Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFR) inhibitor, designed for the treatment of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), a cancer of the bile ducts in the liver, and urothelial carcinoma (UC), a cancer of the bladder lining as well as other solid tumors. KIN-3248 is designed to address clinically observed kinase domain mutations in FGFR2 and FGFR3 that drive resistance to current therapies. In January 2022, the FDA cleared our IND for KIN-3248 and we initiated KN-4802, a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating KIN-3248, in the first quarter of 2022. KIN-3248 has demonstrated proof of concept in preclinical models showing activity across both initial FGFR 2/3 genomic alterations and a broad range of common resistant variants that arise from first generation FGFR 2/3 targeted therapies.

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Research Programs

We are also advancing small molecule research programs, including a brain-penetrant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor (KIN-7136) and a highly selective mesenchymal epithelial transition (c-MET) inhibitor. In the third quarter of 2023, we announced that the FDA cleared the IND application for KIN-7136. We expect to enter the clinic in the second half of 2023 with KN-3603, a Phase 1 trial, to evaluate KIN-7136 in adult participants with advanced solid tumors that are driven by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, primarily non-small cell lung cancer, including in participants with brain metastases. KIN-7136 will be evaluated as monotherapy and in combination with our investigational pan-RAF inhibitor, exarafenib. In the second quarter of 2023, we announced we have deprioritized development of our Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 12 (CDK12) inhibitor program and are evaluating strategic alternatives for that program.

Kinnjiu Acquisition

In February 2023, we announced that we acquired the noncontrolling interests in Kinnjiu previously held by the Series A investors for $24.0 million, using a combination of $9.1 million in cash and 2.2 million shares of common stock of Kinnate. We retain Kinnjiu’s cash, intellectual property and other assets, including key personnel and its legal entity structure.

Liquidity Overview

Since our inception in 2018, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development activities, including with respect to our RAF and FGFR programs and research programs, business planning, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations.

We do not have any products approved for commercial sale, and we have not generated any revenue from product sales or other sources since inception. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, if ever, will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our product candidates which we expect, if it ever occurs, will take a number of years. We also do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for preclinical and clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacturing if any of our product candidates obtain marketing approval. We believe that this strategy allows us to maintain a more efficient infrastructure by eliminating the need for us to invest in our own manufacturing facilities, equipment and personnel while also enabling us to focus our expertise and resources on the development of our product candidates.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through proceeds from the issuance of common stock (including our IPO) and private placements of our convertible preferred stock. As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments of $204.3 million. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments will be sufficient to fund our planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into early 2025.

We have incurred significant losses since the commencement of our operations. Our consolidated net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $64.9 million, and we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing losses for the foreseeable future as we continue to advance our product candidates and any future product candidates from discovery through preclinical development and into clinical trials as we seek regulatory approval for these product candidates. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of expenditures on our research and development activities. As of June 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $324.2 million.

We expect our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities as we:

•

advance our RAF and FGFR programs through clinical development;

•

advance the development of our small molecule research programs

•

expand our pipeline of product candidates through our own product discovery and development efforts;

•

seek to discover and develop additional product candidates;

•

seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

•

establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any approved product candidates and related additional commercial manufacturing costs;

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•

implement operational, financial and management systems;

•

attract, hire and retain additional clinical, scientific, management and administrative personnel;

•

maintain, expand, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio, including patents, trade secrets and know how; and

•

operate as a public company.

We will require substantial additional funding to develop our product candidates and support our continuing operations. Until such time that we can generate significant revenue from product sales or other sources, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include income from collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution, licensing or other strategic arrangements with third parties, or from grants. We may be unable to raise additional funds or to enter into such agreements or arrangements on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide caused by public health concerns the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, inflation rates, instability in the banking sector and other factors. Our failure to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, including requiring us to have to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development or future commercialization efforts. Insufficient liquidity may also require us to relinquish rights to product candidates at an earlier stage of development or on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our development efforts. We cannot provide assurance that we will ever be profitable or generate positive cash flow from operating activities.

We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in January 2018, and our principal executive offices are in San Francisco, California. Our research and development team is primarily based in San Diego, California, with a portion of our management team based in San Francisco, California.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products or from other sources in the foreseeable future.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses account for a significant portion of our operating expenses and consist primarily of external and internal expenses incurred in connection with the discovery and development of our product candidates.

External expenses include:

•

expenses incurred in connection with the discovery, preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants and contract research organizations (CROs);

•

the cost of manufacturing compounds for use in our preclinical and clinical studies, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs); and

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costs associated with consultants for chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) development, regulatory, statistics and other services, including expenses for technology and facilities.

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Internal expenses include employee-related expenses, including salaries and benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development functions.

We expense research and development expenses in the periods in which they are incurred. External expenses are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our service providers or our estimate of the level of service that has been performed at each reporting date. We track external expenses on the basis of lead programs and other programs. However, we do not track internal costs on a program specific basis because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We utilize third party contractors for our research and development activities and CMOs for our manufacturing activities and we do not have our own laboratory or manufacturing facilities. Therefore, we have no material facilities expenses attributed to research and development.

Product candidates in later stages of development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially over the next several years as we advance our product candidates through preclinical studies into and through clinical trials, continue to discover and develop additional product candidates and expand our pipeline, maintain, expand, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio, and hire additional personnel.

The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain, and we do not believe it is possible at this time to accurately project the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts necessary to complete the development of, and obtain regulatory approval for, any of our product candidates. To the extent our product candidates continue to advance into clinical trials, as well as advance into larger and later-stage clinical trials, our expenses will increase substantially and may become more variable. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, we will generate revenue from our product candidates to offset these expenses. Our expenditures on current and future preclinical and clinical programs are subject to numerous uncertainties in timing and cost to completion. The duration, costs and timing of preclinical studies and clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:

•

the timing and progress of preclinical and clinical development activities;

•

the number and scope of preclinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue;

•

our ability to maintain our current research and development programs and to establish new ones;

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establishing an appropriate safety profile with IND-enabling toxicology studies;

•

successful patient enrollment in, and the initiation and completion of, clinical trials;

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per-subject clinical trial costs;

•

the number of clinical trials required for regulatory approval;

•

the countries in which the clinical trials are conducted;

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the length of time required to enroll eligible subjects and initiate clinical trials;

•

the number of subjects that participate in the clinical trials;

•

the drop-out and discontinuation rate of subjects;

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potential additional safety monitoring requested by regulatory authorities;

•

the duration of subject participation in the clinical trials and follow-up;

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the successful completion of clinical trials with safety, tolerability and efficacy profiles that are satisfactory to applicable regulatory authorities;

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the receipt of regulatory approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

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the timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals and post-marketing approval commitments from applicable regulatory authorities;

•

the extent to which we establish collaborations, strategic partnerships or other strategic arrangements with third parties, if any, and the performance of any such third party;

•

obtaining and retaining research and development personnel;

•

establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with CMOs;

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development and timely delivery of commercial-grade drug formulations that can be used in our planned clinical trials and for commercial launch; and

•

obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights.

Any changes in the outcome of any of these factors could significantly impact the costs, timing and viability associated with the development of our product candidates.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of salaries and benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense for personnel in executive, human resources, finance and administrative functions; professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, accounting and audit services; and expenses for technology and facilities. We expense general and administrative expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase over the next several years as we hire additional personnel to support the continued research and development of our programs and growth of our business. We also expect to continue to incur increased expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) and those of the Nasdaq Global Select Market or any other national securities exchange on which our securities are traded, director and officer insurance, investor and public relations, and other administrative and professional services.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net primarily consists of interest income generated from our cash equivalents in interest-bearing money market accounts and short-term and long-term investments.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our unaudited results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,									Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022			Change			2023			2022			Change
	(unaudited)									(unaudited)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	26,327		$	19,767		$	6,560		$	52,886		$	39,414		$	13,472
General and administrative		7,808			7,639			169			15,902			15,051			851
Total operating expenses		34,135			27,406			6,729			68,788			54,465			14,323
Loss from operations		(34,135	)		(27,406	)		(6,729	)		(68,788	)		(54,465	)		(14,323	)
Other income, net		2,217			337			1,880			3,930			494			3,436
Net loss	$	(31,918	)	$	(27,069	)	$	(4,849	)	$	(64,858	)	$	(53,971	)	$	(10,887	)

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses incurred during the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Increase		Six Months Ended June 30,				Increase
	2023		2022		(Decrease)		2023		2022		(Decrease)
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
External expenses:
RAF	$	7,179	$	4,728	$	2,451	$	14,805	$	10,082	$	4,723
FGFR		4,241		3,266		975		8,599		6,107		2,492
Other programs and other unallocated costs		4,577		3,555		1,022		9,085		7,572		1,513
Total external expenses		15,997		11,549		4,448		32,489		23,761		8,728
Internal expenses		10,330		8,218		2,112		20,397		15,653		4,744
Total research and development expenses	$	26,327	$	19,767	$	6,560	$	52,886	$	39,414	$	13,472

Research and development expenses were $26.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $19.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, an increase of $6.5 million. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $3.4 million in external expenses for our RAF and FGFR programs given the increased activity and costs incurred in these programs, including increased patient enrollment and site activation, as well as an increase of $1.0 million in external expenses for our other programs reflecting increased spend in pipeline research. In addition, internal research and development expenses increased $2.1 million as a result of an increase in research and development personnel and higher stock-based compensation during the three months ended June 30, 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, research and development expenses were $52.9 million compared to $39.4 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of $13.5 million. Similar to the three months ended June 30, 2023, the increase was primarily driven by an increase of $7.2 million in external expenses for our RAF and FGFR programs given the increased activity and costs incurred in these programs, including increased patient enrollment and site activation, as well as an increase of $1.5 million in external expenses for our other programs reflecting increased spend in pipeline research. In addition, internal research and development expenses increased $4.7 million as a result of an increase in research and development personnel and higher stock-based compensation during the six months ended June 30, 2023. We expect research and development expenses to continue to increase throughout 2023 due to higher external costs and increasing headcount in connection with advancing our RAF, FGFR and other programs into later stages of development.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $7.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $7.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, an increase of $0.2 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, general and administrative expenses were $15.9 million compared to $15.0 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of $0.9 million. These increases were primarily driven by an increase in headcount and higher stock-based compensation partially offset by lower expense for insurance during 2023. We expect general and administrative expenses to continue to be similar to these levels throughout 2023.

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Other Income, Net

Other income, net was $2.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, an increase of $1.9 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, other income, net was $3.9 million compared to $0.5 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of $3.4 million. These increases were primarily driven by a significant increase in interest rates during 2023 compared to 2022 allowing us to invest maturing securities into higher yielding investments.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

On December 7, 2020, we completed our IPO. In connection with our IPO, we issued and sold 13,800,000 shares of our common stock at a price to the public of $20.00 per share resulting in gross proceeds of $276.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses. Additionally, in January 2022, we filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC on Form S-3ASR (File No. 333-261970). The shelf registration statement included a prospectus supplement for an at-the-market offering to sell up to an aggregate of $150.0 million of shares of our common stock (ATM Offering) that may be issued and sold from time to time under a sales agreement with SVB Leerink LLC. In March 2022, we filed certain post-effective amendments to the Form S-3ASR for the purpose of, among other things, converting the registration statement to the current submission type for a non-automatic shelf registration statement and providing that the base prospectus included in the registration statement covers the offering, sale and issuance by us of up to $350.0 million in the aggregate of the securities identified in the registration statement in one or more offerings. The $150.0 million of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold in the ATM Offering is included in the $350.0 million of securities that may be offered, issued and sold by us under the base prospectus included in the shelf registration statement. To date, no shares have been issued and sold pursuant to the ATM Offering. Prior to our IPO, we funded our operations primarily through private placements of our convertible preferred stock with aggregate gross proceeds of $191.6 million.

Our primary uses of cash to date have been to fund our research and development activities, including with respect to our RAF and FGFR programs and research programs, business planning, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations.

Future Funding Requirements

To date, we have not generated any revenue. We do not expect to generate any meaningful revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize any of our product candidates, and we do not know when, or if, that will occur. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we will continue to require substantial additional capital to develop our product candidates and fund operations for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses to increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities as described in greater detail below. We are subject to all the risks incident in the development of new biopharmaceutical products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may harm our business. We expect our expenses to increase significantly, as we:

•

advance our RAF and FGFR programs through clinical development;

•

advance the development of our small molecule research programs

•

expand our pipeline of product candidates through our own product discovery and development efforts;

•

seek to discover and develop additional product candidates;

•

seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

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•

establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any approved product candidates and related additional commercial manufacturing costs;

•

implement operational, financial and management systems;

•

attract, hire and retain additional clinical, scientific, management and administrative personnel;

•

maintain, expand, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio, including patents, trade secrets and know how; and

•

operate as a public company.

In order to complete the development of our product candidates and to build the sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure that we believe will be necessary to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, we will require substantial additional funding. Until we can generate a sufficient amount of revenue from the commercialization of our product candidates, we may seek to raise any necessary additional capital through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include income from collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution, licensing or other strategic arrangements with third parties, or from grants. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, including restricting our operations and limiting our ability to incur liens, issue additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, make certain investments or engage in merger, consolidation, licensing or asset sale transactions. If we raise funds through collaborations, strategic partnerships and other similar arrangements with third parties, we may be required to grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. We may be unable to raise additional funds or to enter into such agreements or arrangements on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development or future commercialization efforts.

Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments will be sufficient to fund our planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into early 2025. We have based our projections of operating capital requirements on our current operating plan, which includes several assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we may use all of our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount and timing of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•

the scope, timing, progress, results and costs of researching and developing our product candidates, and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•

the scope, timing, progress, results and costs of researching and developing other product candidates that we may pursue;

•

the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

•

the costs of future activities, including product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

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the costs of manufacturing commercial-grade products and sufficient inventory to support commercial launch;

•

the revenue, if any, received from commercial sale of our products, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval;

•

the cost and timing of attracting, hiring and retaining skilled personnel to support our operations and continued growth;

•

the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims;

•

our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution, licensing or other strategic arrangements with third parties on favorable terms, if at all;

•

the extent to which we acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies, if any;

•

the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, or milestone payments related to or royalties on, our current or future product candidates, if any; and

•

the costs associated with operating as a public company.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other factors with respect to the development of any of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating plans.

We lease office space in San Diego, California and San Francisco, California. In June 2021, we entered into an agreement to lease 8,088 rentable square feet of office space located in San Diego, California (SD Lease) for a period of five years and four months with a lease commencement date of March 2022. Additionally, we have an option to extend the SD Lease for an additional five years at the end of the initial term. In August 2021, we entered into an agreement to lease 5,698 rentable square feet of office space located in San Francisco, California (SF Lease) for an initial term that commenced on January 1, 2022 and expires June 30, 2026. Additionally, we have an option to extend the SF Lease for an additional three years at the end of the initial term. As of June 30, 2023, we have $1.0 million and $2.7 million in current and long-term operating lease liabilities, respectively.

In addition, we have entered into agreements in the normal course of business with certain vendors for the provision of goods and services, which includes manufacturing services with CMOs and development services with CROs. These agreements may include certain provisions for purchase obligations and termination obligations that could require payments for the cancellation of committed purchase obligations or for early termination of the agreements. The amount of the cancellation or termination payments vary and are based on the timing of the cancellation or termination and the specific terms of the agreement. These obligations and commitments are not separately presented.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flow for the periods indicated (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
	(unaudited)

Net cash used in operating activities	$	(57,143	)	$	(44,628	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		44,536			(41,353	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(7,865	)		777
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(7	)		-
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(20,479	)	$	(85,204	)

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $57.1 million. This consisted of our consolidated net loss of $64.9 million and a net decrease in operating assets and liabilities of $1.6 million, primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, net of stock compensation expense of $10.8 million, depreciation expense of $0.4 million and amortization/accretion of investments of $(1.9) million.

Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $44.6 million. This consisted of our consolidated net loss of $54.0 million and a net decrease in operating assets and liabilities of $1.4 million, primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets partially offset by a net increase in operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, net of stock compensation expense of $9.7 million, depreciation expense of $0.2 million and amortization/accretion of investments of $0.9 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $44.5 million and related primarily to the sales and maturities of short-term and long-term investments totaling $150.8 million partially offset by purchases of short-term and long-term investments totaling $106.3 million.

Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $41.3 million and related primarily to purchases of short-term and long-term investments totaling $92.5 million partially offset by the sales and maturities of short-term and long-term investments totaling $53.7 million. Additionally, purchases of property and equipment totaled $2.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $7.9 million, which consisted of the cash portion of the acquisition of redeemable convertible noncontrolling interests in the amount of $9.1 million, partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our equity incentive plans and purchases under our employee stock purchase plan of $1.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.8 million, which consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our equity incentive plans and purchases under our employee stock purchase plan of $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We currently do not have, and did not have during the periods presented, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on a periodic basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates.

Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10‑K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023 and the notes to the financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10‑K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023.

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

As of June 30, 2023, our cash equivalents consisted primarily of interest-bearing money market accounts. We also had investments in short-term, high-grade securities. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, because of the short-term maturities of our investments, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our financial results.

As of June 30, 2023, we had no debt outstanding and are therefore not exposed to interest rate risk with respect to debt.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and research and development contracts. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our financial results during the periods presented.

Foreign Currency Risk

Our expenses are generally denominated in U.S. dollars. However, we have entered into a limited number of contracts with vendors for research and development services that are denominated in foreign currencies, including the Canadian dollar. Additionally, Kinnjiu has contracts that are denominated in the Chinese Renminbi. Accordingly, we are subject to foreign currency transaction gains or losses on our contracts denominated in foreign currencies. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not been material to our financial statements, and we have not had a formal hedging program with respect to foreign currency. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in exchange rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our financial results.

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure under the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met.

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As of June 30, 2023, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report on Form 10-Q our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. In addition, the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings. Regardless of outcome, such proceedings or claims can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of resources and other factors, and there can be no assurances that favorable outcomes will be obtained.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors.

Investors should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in our other public filings in evaluating our business. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations and the market price of our common stock.

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Risk Factor Summary

Our business operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those outside of our control, that could cause our actual results to be harmed, including risks related to the following:

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

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We are early in our development efforts and have a limited operating history and no products approved for commercial sale.

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We have incurred significant net losses and expect to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

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Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability to achieve our objectives relating to discovery, development and commercialization of our product candidates.

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We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations.

Risks Related to the Discovery, Development and Commercialization of our Product Candidates

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We are substantially dependent on our RAF and FGFR programs.

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Our preclinical studies and clinical trials may fail to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates.

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Our discovery and development activities are focused on the development of therapeutics in an evolving area of science.

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The outcome of testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials.

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In addition to our RAF and FGFR programs, our prospects depend in part upon discovering, developing and commercializing product candidates from our research programs.

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Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates is unproven.

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The regulatory approval processes of regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming and unpredictable.

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We have limited experience as a company in conducting clinical trials to completion.

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We may not be able to file INDs on the timelines we expect.

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Our product candidates may cause significant adverse events, toxicities or other undesirable side effects.

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Data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials may change as more data become available and are subject to verification.

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We could experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment or maintenance of patients in clinical trials.

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Pandemics or other widespread public health concerns could adversely impact our business.

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We face substantial competition which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before us.

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The manufacture of drugs is complex, and third-party manufacturers may encounter production difficulties.

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Our product candidates may not achieve adequate market acceptance among the medical community.

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The market opportunities for our product candidates may be limited to certain smaller patient subsets.

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Our product candidates may become subject to unfavorable third-party coverage and reimbursement practices.

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Our business entails a significant risk of product liability.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval and Other Legal Compliance Matters

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We may be unable to obtain regulatory approval and be unable to commercialize our product candidates.

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We may develop our product candidates with other therapies, which would expose us to additional risks.

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We have never commercialized a product candidate as a company and currently lack the resources to do so on our own or with others.

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Regulatory authorities may not accept data from clinical trials conducted in locations outside of their jurisdiction.

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Obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction does not mean we will be successful in other jurisdictions.

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Any product candidates that receive regulatory approval will be subject to post-marketing regulations.

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Regulatory authorities actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses.

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Failure to obtain approval of a required companion diagnostic test, will prevent commercialization of the product candidate.

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Where appropriate, we plan to secure approval from regulatory authorities through accelerated registration pathways. If we are unsuccessful, we may be required to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials.

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We may seek, but not obtain, additional Fast Track designations from the FDA for our product candidates.

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A Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA may not lead to a faster review or approval process.

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We may not be able to obtain orphan drug designation or maintain orphan drug exclusivity for one or more of our product candidates.

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We may face difficulties from changes to current regulations and future legislation.

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Our relationships with healthcare professionals, clinical investigators, CROs and third-party payors may be subject to reporting requirements and various laws.

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We must comply with regulations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.

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Our employees, service providers, suppliers and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities.

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Our business activities may be subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and similar foreign laws, as well as U.S. and foreign export controls, trade sanctions, and import laws and regulations.

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If we fail to comply with Nasdaq rules governing the diversity of our board of directors, we could suffer reputational harm

Risks Related to Employee Matters, Managing Our Growth and Other Risks Related to Our Business

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Our success is highly dependent on our ability to attract, hire and retain highly skilled executive officers and employees.

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We will need to grow the size and capabilities of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing growth.

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Our internal computer systems, or those of any of our service providers, may fail or suffer security or data privacy breaches or incidents.

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Many of our research and preclinical activities are conducted by third parties outside of the United States, including in China.

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Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by natural disasters, war, terrorist activity, pandemics and other events.

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If we are unable to establish sales or marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell or market our product candidates, we may not be able to successfully sell or market our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval.

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A variety of risks associated with marketing our product candidates internationally could adversely affect our business.

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Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

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The stock-based compensation expense related to our RSUs and other outstanding equity awards will result in increases in our expenses in future periods.

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Changes in tax laws or in their implementation may adversely affect our business and financial condition.

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Inflation could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

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Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.

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The scope of our patent protection may not be sufficiently broad, or we could lose patent protection.

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Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

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Our commercial success depends on our operating without infringing the patents and other proprietary rights of third parties.

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We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining rights to our future product candidates.

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We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or our future licensors’ patents.

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The outcome of derivation proceedings may require us to cease using or attempt to license the related technology.

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Patent reform legislation may increase uncertainties and costs of prosecuting patent applications and enforcing issued patents.

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Changes in patent law could increase uncertainties and costs of prosecuting patent applications and enforcing issued patents or diminish the value of patents in general.

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We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

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Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates.

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If we do not obtain patent term extension for our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

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We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

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Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

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We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials, and they may not perform satisfactorily.

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Our manufacturing process needs to comply with FDA regulations relating to the quality and reliability of such processes.

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If we engage in future acquisitions or strategic partnerships, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute our stockholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks.

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If our manufacturers use hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury or violates law, we may be liable for damages.

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If we decide to establish collaborations, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Ownership of Our Common Stock

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The market price of our common stock is volatile, which could result in substantial losses for investors.

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If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish adverse reports regarding us, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

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If we identify material weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations.

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Delaware law and provisions in our charter documents might prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management, depressing the market price of our common stock.

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Our charter documents provide exclusive forums for disputes between us and our stockholders, limiting their ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum.

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We are very early in our development efforts, have a limited operating history, have limited experience initiating and have not completed any clinical trials, have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue, which may make it difficult for investors to evaluate our current business and likelihood of success and viability.

We are a clinical-stage precision oncology company and have a limited operating history upon which investors can evaluate our business and prospects. We commenced operations as a company in January 2018. In May 2021, we initiated KN-8701, a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating exarafenib. We began dosing exarafenib in humans in the second half of 2021. In the first quarter of 2022, we initiated KN-4802, a Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating KIN-3248. We began dosing KIN-3248 in humans in the second quarter of 2022. However, we have never completed any clinical trials, have no products approved for commercial sale and have never generated any revenue. Drug development is a highly uncertain undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. To date, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development activities, including with respect to our RAF inhibitor and FGFR inhibitor programs and our research programs, business planning, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations.

We have limited experience conducting clinical trials to completion and have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete a clinical trial, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. As a result, it may be more difficult for investors or others to accurately predict our likelihood of success and viability than it could be if we had a longer operating history.

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In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors and risks frequently experienced by early-stage biopharmaceutical companies in rapidly evolving fields. We also expect that, as we advance our product candidates, we will need to transition from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome such risks and difficulties, or to make such a transition. If we do not adequately address these risks and difficulties or successfully make such a transition, our business will suffer.

We have incurred significant net losses in each period since our inception, and we expect to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred significant net losses in each reporting period since our inception, have not generated any revenue to date and have financed our operations principally through issuances of our common stock, including in our initial public offering (IPO), and private placements of our convertible preferred stock. Our consolidated net loss was $64.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and as of June 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $324.2 million. We are still in the early stages of development of our product candidates. We have initiated our first two clinical trials for exarafenib and KIN-3248 and commenced dosing in humans in each clinical trial. However, we have not yet completed any clinical trials. As a result, we expect that it will be several years, if ever, before we have a commercialized product and generate revenue from product sales. Even if we succeed in receiving marketing approval for and commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we expect that we will continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenses in order to discover, develop and market additional potential products.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our working capital, our ability to fund the development of our product candidates and our ability to achieve and maintain profitability and the performance of our stock.

Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends significantly on our ability to achieve our objectives relating to the discovery, development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We rely on our team’s expertise in structure-based drug discovery, translational research and patient-driven precision medicine, which we collectively refer to as our Kinnate Discovery Engine, to develop our product candidates. Our business depends significantly on the success of this engine and the development and commercialization of the product candidates that we discover with this engine. We have no products approved for commercial sale and do not anticipate generating any revenue from product sales for the next several years, if ever. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends significantly on our ability to achieve several objectives, including:

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successful and timely completion of clinical development of product candidates from our RAF and FGFR programs and preclinical and clinical development of product candidates from our research programs, and any other future programs;

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establishing and maintaining relationships with CROs and clinical sites for the clinical development of product candidates from our RAF and FGFR programs, and research programs, and any other future programs;

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timely receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities for any product candidates for which we successfully complete clinical development;

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developing an efficient and scalable manufacturing process for our product candidates, including obtaining finished products that are appropriately packaged for sale;

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establishing and maintaining commercially viable supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide adequate, in both amount and quality, products and services to support clinical development and meet the market demand for our product candidates, if approved;

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successful commercial launch following any marketing approval, including the development of a commercial infrastructure, whether in-house or with one or more collaborators;

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a continued acceptable safety profile following any marketing approval of our product candidates;

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commercial acceptance of our product candidates by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;

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satisfying any required post-marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities;

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identifying, assessing and developing new product candidates;

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obtaining, maintaining and expanding patent protection, trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity, both in the United States and internationally;

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defending against third-party interference or infringement claims, if any;

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entering into, on favorable terms, any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements that may be necessary or desirable to develop, manufacture or commercialize our product candidates;

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obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors for our product candidates;

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addressing any competing therapies and technological and market developments; and

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attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.

We may never be successful in achieving our objectives and, even if we do, may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to maintain or further our research and development efforts, raise additional necessary capital, grow our business and continue our operations.

Changing circumstances and market conditions, some of which may be beyond our control, could impair our ability to access our existing cash and cash equivalents and investments and to timely pay key vendors and others. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) was placed into receivership with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which resulted in all funds held at SVB, including our funds held at SVB, being temporarily inaccessible by SVB’s customers. If other banks and financial institutions with whom we have banking relationships enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, we may be unable to access, and we may lose, some or all of our existing cash and cash equivalents and investments to the extent those funds are not insured or otherwise protected by the FDIC. In addition, in such circumstances we might not be able to timely pay key vendors and others. We regularly maintain cash balances that are not insured or are in excess of the FDIC’s insurance limit. Any delay in our ability to access our cash and cash equivalents and investments (or the loss of some or all of such funds) or to timely pay key vendors and others could have a material adverse effect on our operations and cause us to need to seek additional capital sooner than planned.

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We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations. If we are unable to raise such capital when needed, or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate one or more of our research and drug development programs, future commercialization efforts, product development or other operations.

Since our inception, we have used substantial amounts of cash to fund our operations, and our expenses will increase substantially in the foreseeable future in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue the research and development of, initiate clinical trials of, and seek marketing approval for, our product candidates. Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. Even if one or more of our product candidates or any future product candidates that we develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution activities. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or other regulatory authorities to perform clinical trials or preclinical studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Other unanticipated costs may also arise. Because the design and outcome of our planned and anticipated clinical trials are highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amount of resources and funding that will be necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates or any future product candidates that we develop. We are not permitted to market or promote any product candidate before we receive marketing approval from the FDA. We also expect to continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in order to continue our operations.

Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures into early 2025. Advancing the development of our RAF and FGFR programs and our research programs will require a significant amount of capital. Our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund any of our product candidates through regulatory approval, and we anticipate needing to raise additional capital to complete the development of and commercialize our product candidates. Our estimate as to how long we expect our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments to fund our operations is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changing circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned.

We will be required to obtain further funding through public or private equity financings, debt financings, collaborative agreements, licensing arrangements or other sources of financing, which may dilute our stockholders or restrict our operating activities. We do not have any committed external source of funds. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, investors’ ownership interests will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect their rights as stockholders. Debt financing may result in imposition of debt covenants, increased fixed payment obligations or other restrictions that may affect our business. If we raise additional funds through upfront payments or milestone payments pursuant to strategic collaborations with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

Our failure to raise capital as and when needed or on acceptable terms would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy, and we may have to delay, reduce the scope of, suspend or eliminate one or more of our research or drug development programs, clinical trials or future commercialization efforts.

Risks Related to the Discovery, Development and Commercialization of our Product Candidates

We are very early in our development efforts and are substantially dependent on our RAF and FGFR programs. If we are unable to advance any product candidates from our RAF or FGFR programs through clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize such product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

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We are very early in our development efforts. While we have initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial for exarafenib for our RAF program and a Phase 1 clinical trial for KIN-3248 for our FGFR program and have received FDA clearance of the IND application for KIN-7136, we are in early stages of clinical development with exarafenib and KIN-3248 in humans. Additionally, all of our other product candidates are still in preclinical development and have never been tested in humans. Our ability to generate product revenue, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful clinical development and eventual commercialization of one or more product candidates from our RAF or FGFR programs. We are not permitted to market or promote any product candidate before we receive marketing approval from the FDA, EMA or any other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and we may never receive such marketing approvals.

The success of our RAF and FGFR programs will depend on several factors, including the following:

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approval of INDs for our planned clinical trials and future clinical trials;

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addressing any potential delays resulting from factors related to public health concerns, such as COVID-19;

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successful initiation and completion of clinical trials;

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successful and timely patient selection and enrollment in and completion of clinical trials;

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maintaining and establishing relationships with CROs and clinical sites for the clinical development of our product candidates both in the United States and internationally;

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the frequency and severity of adverse events in clinical trials;

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demonstrating efficacy, safety and tolerability profiles that are satisfactory to the FDA, EMA or any other comparable foreign regulatory authority for marketing approval;

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the timely receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

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the timely identification, development and approval of companion diagnostic tests, if required;

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the extent of any required post-marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities;

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the maintenance of existing or the establishment of new supply arrangements with third-party drug product suppliers and manufacturers for clinical development and, if approved, commercialization of our product candidates;

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obtaining and maintaining patent protection, trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity, both in the United States and internationally;

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the protection of our rights in our intellectual property portfolio;

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the successful launch of commercial sales following any marketing approval;

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a continued acceptable safety profile following any marketing approval;

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commercial acceptance by patients, the medical community and third-party payors; and

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our ability to compete with other therapies.

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We do not have complete control over many of these factors, including certain aspects of preclinical and clinical development and the regulatory submission process, potential threats to our intellectual property rights and the manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sales efforts of any future collaborator. If we are not successful with respect to one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize any product candidates from our lead programs, which would materially harm our business. If we do not receive marketing approvals for such product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations.

Our preclinical studies and clinical trials may fail to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of any of our product candidates, which would prevent or delay development, regulatory approval and commercialization.

Before obtaining marketing approval from the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates for use in each target indication through lengthy, complex and expensive preclinical studies and clinical trials. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and its ultimate outcome is uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the preclinical study and clinical trial processes, and, because our product candidates are in an early stage of development, there is a high risk of failure and we may never succeed in developing marketable products.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent receipt of marketing approval or our ability to commercialize our product candidates, including:

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failure of our product candidates in preclinical studies or clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy;

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receipt of feedback from regulatory authorities that requires us to modify the design of our clinical trials;

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negative or inconclusive clinical trial results that may require us to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon certain research and/or drug development programs;

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the number of patients required for clinical trials being larger than anticipated, enrollment in these clinical trials being slower than anticipated or participants dropping out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than anticipated;

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third-party contractors failing to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;

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the suspension or termination of our clinical trials for various reasons, including non-compliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that our product candidates have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics or risks;

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the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates being greater than anticipated;

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the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates being insufficient or inadequate; and

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regulators revising the requirements for approving our product candidates.

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing in a timely manner, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may incur unplanned costs, be delayed in seeking and obtaining marketing approval, if we receive such approval at all, receive more limited or restrictive marketing approval, be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements or have the drug removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

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Our discovery and preclinical development activities are focused on the development of targeted therapeutics for patients with genomically defined cancers, which is a rapidly evolving area of science, and the approach we are taking to discover and develop drugs is novel and may never lead to approved or marketable products.

The discovery and development of targeted therapeutics for patients with genomically defined cancers is an emerging field, and the scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop product candidates are relatively new. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing product candidates based on these discoveries is both preliminary and limited. Although we believe, based on our preclinical work, that the genomic alterations targeted by our programs are oncogenic drivers, clinical results may not confirm this hypothesis or may only confirm it for certain alterations or certain tumor types. The patient populations for our product candidates are limited to those with specific target alterations and may not be completely defined but are substantially smaller than the general treated cancer population, and we will need to screen and identify these patients with targeted alterations. Successful identification of patients is dependent on several factors, including achieving certainty as to how specific alterations respond to our product candidates and the ability to identify such alterations. Furthermore, even if we are successful in identifying patients, we cannot be certain that the resulting patient populations for each alteration will be large enough to allow us to successfully obtain approval for each alteration type and commercialize our product candidates and achieve profitability. In addition, even if our approach is successful in showing clinical benefit for BRAF or NRAS alteration-driven cancers for our RAF program, or FGFR2 and FGFR3 alteration-driven cancers for our FGFR program, we may never successfully identify additional oncogenic alterations in putative cancer driver genes. Therefore, we do not know if our approach of treating patients with genomically defined cancers will be successful, and if our approach is unsuccessful, our business will suffer.

The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and the results of our clinical trials may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

We will be required to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in a diverse population with substantial evidence through well-controlled clinical trials before we can seek marketing approvals for their commercial sale. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the preclinical study and clinical trial processes, and, because our product candidates are in an early stage of development, there is a high risk of failure and we may never succeed in developing marketable products.

The results of preclinical studies may not be predictive of the results of clinical trials of our product candidates, and the results of early clinical trials may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Although product candidates may demonstrate promising results in preclinical studies and early clinical trials, they may not prove to be safe or effective in subsequent clinical trials. Favorable results from certain animal studies may not accurately predict the results of other animal preclinical studies or of human clinical trials, due to the inherent biologic differences in species, the differences between testing conditions in animal preclinical studies and human clinical trials, and the particular goals, purposes, and designs of the relevant preclinical studies and clinical trials. We have, for example, seen consistency in the pharmacokinetic properties of exarafenib in preclinical studies with rats and with mice, and between these studies, but variability in these properties in certain of our preclinical studies with cynomolgus monkeys. These preclinical studies, regardless of the degree that they are consistent, may or may not be predictive of the pharmacokinetic properties of exarafenib in human clinical trials.

There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates proceeding through preclinical studies and clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy profile despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. Likewise, early, smaller-scale clinical trials may not be predictive of eventual safety or effectiveness in large-scale pivotal clinical trials. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their drugs. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy, insufficient durability of efficacy or unacceptable safety issues, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Most product candidates that commence preclinical studies and clinical trials are never approved as products. The development of our product candidates and our stock price may also be impacted by inferences, whether correct or not, that are drawn between the success or failure of preclinical studies or clinical trials of our competitors or other companies in the biopharmaceutical industry, in addition to our own preclinical studies and clinical trials.

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In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in clinical trial protocols, differences in size and type of the patient populations, differences in and adherence to the dose and dosing regimen and other clinical trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. Patients treated with our product candidates may also be undergoing surgical, radiation and chemotherapy treatments and may be using other approved products or investigational new drugs, which can cause side effects or adverse events that are unrelated to our product candidates. As a result, assessments of efficacy can vary widely for a particular patient, and from patient to patient and site to site within a clinical trial. This subjectivity can increase the uncertainty of, and adversely impact, our clinical trial outcomes.

Any preclinical studies or clinical trials that we conduct may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy necessary to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates. If the results of our ongoing or future preclinical studies and clinical trials are inconclusive with respect to the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, if we do not meet the clinical endpoints with statistical and clinically meaningful significance, or if there are safety concerns associated with our product candidates, we may be prevented or delayed in obtaining marketing approval for such product candidates. In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different preclinical studies and clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in clinical trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations, changes in and adherence to the clinical trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants.

We do not know whether any clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety sufficient to obtain approval to market any of our product candidates.

In addition to our RAF and FGFR programs, our prospects depend in part upon discovering, developing and commercializing product candidates from our research programs, which may fail in development or suffer delays that adversely affect their commercial viability.

Our future operating results are dependent on our ability to successfully discover, develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize product candidates from our lead RAF and FGFR programs, and research programs. A research candidate can unexpectedly fail at any stage of development. The historical failure rate for research candidates is high due to risks relating to safety, efficacy, clinical execution, changing standards of medical care and other unpredictable variables. The results from preclinical testing or early clinical trials of a product candidate may not be predictive of the results that will be obtained in later stage clinical trials of the product candidate.

The success of other research candidates we may develop will depend on many factors, including the following:

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generating sufficient data to support the initiation or continuation of preclinical studies and clinical trials;

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addressing any potential delays resulting from factors related to public health concerns, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

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obtaining regulatory permission to initiate clinical trials;

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contracting with the necessary parties to conduct clinical trials;

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successful enrollment of patients in, and the completion of, clinical trials on a timely basis;

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the timely manufacture of sufficient quantities of a product candidate for use in clinical trials; and

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adverse events in clinical trials.

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Even if we successfully advance any research candidates into preclinical and clinical development, their success will be subject to all of the preclinical, clinical, regulatory and commercial risks described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will ever be able to discover, develop, obtain regulatory approval of, commercialize or generate significant revenue from any product candidates.

Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates is unproven, and we may not be successful in our efforts to use and expand our Kinnate Discovery Engine to build a pipeline of product candidates with commercial value.

A key element of our strategy is to use and expand our Kinnate Discovery Engine to build a pipeline of product candidates and progress these product candidates through clinical development. Although our research and development efforts to date have resulted in the discovery, preclinical development and clinical development of product candidates in our RAF and FGFR programs, such product candidates, and any other product candidates we have identified, may not be safe or effective as cancer therapeutics, and we may not be able to develop any other product candidates. Our Kinnate Discovery Engine is evolving and may not reach a state at which building a pipeline of product candidates is possible. For example, we may not be successful in identifying additional genomic alterations which are oncogenic and are targeted for patient populations or identifying acquired and intrinsic resistance mutations that present sufficient commercial opportunities. Even if we are successful in building a pipeline of product candidates, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development or generate acceptable clinical data, including as a result of being shown to have unacceptable toxicity or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be product candidates that will receive marketing approval from the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities or achieve market acceptance. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates, we will not be able to generate product revenue in the future, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely affect our business.

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable. If we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will be unable to generate product revenue and our business will be substantially harmed.

Obtaining approval by the FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable, typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. In addition, approval policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions, which may cause delays in the approval or the decision not to approve an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other data. For example, the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence initiated Project Optimus to reform the dose optimization and dose selection paradigm in oncology drug development and Project FrontRunner to help develop and implement strategies to support approvals in the early clinical setting, among other goals. How the FDA plans to implement those goals and their impact on specific clinical programs and the industry are unclear. Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval for our product candidates, the FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may approve our product candidates for a more limited indication or a narrower patient population than we originally requested or may impose other prescribing limitations or warnings that limit the product candidate’s commercial potential. We have not submitted for, or obtained, regulatory approval for any product candidate, and it is possible that none of our product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval. Further, development of our product candidates and/or regulatory approval may be delayed for reasons beyond our control.

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Applications for our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

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the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design, implementation or results of our clinical trials;

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the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may determine that we have not demonstrated the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, or that they have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use;

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the population studied in the clinical trial may not be sufficiently broad or representative to assure efficacy and safety in the full population for which we seek approval;

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the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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we may be unable to demonstrate to the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate’s risk-benefit ratio for its proposed indication is acceptable;

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the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes, test procedures and specifications or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies;

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the FDA, EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities may fail to approve companion diagnostic tests required for our product candidates; and

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the approval policies or regulations of the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

This lengthy approval process, as well as the unpredictability of the results of clinical trials, may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

We have limited experience as a company in conducting clinical trials to completion.

Although we have initiated Phase 1 clinical trials and began dosing in humans for both exarafenib (our RAF program) and KIN-3248 (our FGFR program), we have no experience as a company in conducting clinical trials to completion. In part because of this lack of experience as a company and our limited infrastructure, we cannot be certain that our ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials will be completed on time or that our planned preclinical studies and clinical trials will begin or be completed on time, if at all. Large-scale clinical trials would require significant additional financial and management resources and reliance on third-party clinical investigators, CROs, and consultants. Relying on third-party clinical investigators, CROs and consultants may force us to encounter delays that are outside of our control. We may be unable to identify and contract with sufficient investigators, CROs and consultants on a timely basis or at all. There can be no assurance that we will be able to negotiate and enter into any necessary services agreements with CROs on terms that are acceptable to us on a timely basis or at all.

We may not be able to file INDs to commence clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to, the FDA may not permit us to proceed.

In April 2021, we filed an IND for exarafenib with the FDA. The FDA cleared our IND for exarafenib in May 2021, and we initiated KN-8701, a Phase 1 clinical trial for exarafenib and began dosing exarafenib in humans in the second half of 2021. In January 2022, the FDA cleared our IND for KIN-3248 and we initiated KN-4802, a Phase 1 clinical trial for KIN-3248 in the first quarter of 2022 and began dosing KIN-3248 in humans in the second quarter of 2022. In the third quarter of 2023, we announced that the FDA cleared the IND application for KIN-7136. However, we may not be able to file an IND for other current or future product candidates on the timelines we expect. For example, we may experience manufacturing delays or other delays with IND enabling studies. Moreover, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminate clinical trials. Additionally, even if the FDA agrees with the design and implementation of the clinical trials set forth in an IND, we cannot guarantee that it will not change its requirements in the future. These considerations also apply to new clinical trials we may submit as amendments to existing INDs or to a new IND. Any failure to file INDs on the timelines we expect or to obtain regulatory approvals for our ongoing and planned future clinical trials may prevent us from initiating or completing our clinical trials or commercializing our product candidates on a timely basis, if at all.

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Our product candidates may cause significant adverse events, toxicities or other undesirable side effects when used alone or in combination with other approved products or investigational new drugs that may result in a safety profile that could delay or prevent regulatory approval or market acceptance, or even if approval is received, require them to be taken off the market, include new safety warnings, contraindications or precautions, or otherwise limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

If our product candidates are associated with undesirable side effects or have unexpected characteristics in preclinical studies or clinical trials when used alone or in combination with other approved products or investigational new drugs we may need to interrupt, delay or abandon their development or limit development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled subjects to complete the clinical trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. For example, while we have not observed similar results in toxicology studies for exarafenib, during toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys for one of our prior generation RAF product candidates, moribund terminations of two monkeys in our high dose cohorts occurred. Although we have initiated Phase 1 clinical trials for our RAF and FGFR programs, we have not yet initiated clinical trials for any of our other product candidates, and it is likely that there will be side effects associated with use of our product candidates as is typically the case with oncology drugs. Our Phase 1 KN-8701 clinical trial evaluating exarafenib includes dose escalation, which increases the risk of the occurrence of adverse events in the clinical trial. Similar risks could be present in our other current or future clinical trials, including in the combination arm of KN-8701 evaluating exarafenib with binimetinib. Moreover, results of our preclinical studies or clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of these or other side effects or adverse events. In such an event, our clinical trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Drug-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the clinical trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

In addition, our product candidates may be used in populations for which safety concerns may be particularly scrutinized by regulatory authorities. In addition, our product candidates may be studied in combination with other therapies, such as in KN-8701 where exarafenib is being evaluated in combination with binimetinib, which may exacerbate adverse events associated with the therapy. Patients treated with our product candidates may also be undergoing surgical, radiation and chemotherapy treatments, which can cause side effects or adverse events that are unrelated to our product candidate but may still impact the success of our clinical trials. The inclusion of critically ill patients in our clinical trials may result in deaths or other adverse medical events due to other therapies or medications that such patients may be using or due to the gravity of such patients’ illnesses. For example, it is expected that some of the patients to be enrolled in our ongoing and planned future clinical trials will die or experience major clinical events either during the course of our clinical trials or after participating in such clinical trials for non-treatment related reasons.

If significant adverse events or other side effects are observed in any of our ongoing or planned future clinical trials, we may have difficulty recruiting patients to the clinical trials, patients may drop out of our clinical trials, or we may be required to abandon the clinical trials or our development efforts of that product candidate altogether. We, the FDA, EMA, other comparable foreign regulatory authorities or an institutional review board (IRB) may suspend clinical trials of a product candidate at any time for various reasons, including a belief that subjects in such clinical trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or adverse side effects. Some potential therapeutics developed in the biotechnology industry that initially showed therapeutic promise in early-stage clinical trials have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Even if the side effects do not preclude the product candidate from obtaining or maintaining marketing approval, undesirable side effects may inhibit market acceptance due to its tolerability versus other therapies, resulting in marketing approval with restrictive label warnings or for a limited patient population, or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these developments could materially harm our business, financial condition and prospects. Further, if any of our product candidates obtains marketing approval, toxicities associated with such product candidates previously not seen during clinical testing may also develop after such approval and lead to a requirement to conduct additional clinical safety trials, additional contraindications, warnings and precautions being added to the drug label, significant restrictions on the use of the product or the withdrawal of the product from the market. No regulatory agency has made any determination that any of our product candidates or discovery programs is safe or effective for use by the general public for any indication. We cannot predict whether our product candidates will cause toxicities in humans that would preclude or lead to the revocation of regulatory approval based on preclinical studies or early stage clinical trials.

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Interim, topline and preliminary data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary, interim or topline data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials. These interim updates are based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular preclinical study or clinical trial. For example, we may report responses in certain patients that are unconfirmed at the time and which do not ultimately result in confirmed responses to treatment after follow-up evaluations. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline results that we report may differ from future results of the same preclinical studies or clinical trials, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. In addition, we may report interim analyses of only certain endpoints rather than all endpoints. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse changes between interim data and final data could significantly harm our business and prospects. Further, additional disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors in the future could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.

In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular preclinical study or clinical trial is typically selected from a more extensive amount of available information. Investors or others may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure, and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular product candidate or our business. If the preliminary or topline data that we report differ from late, final or actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, any of our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Delays or difficulties in the enrollment or maintenance of patients in our clinical trials could result in our regulatory submissions or receipt of necessary marketing approvals being delayed or prevented.

We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these clinical trials to such clinical trial’s conclusion as required by the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials. Our ability to enroll eligible patients may be limited or may result in slower enrollment than we anticipate. In our RAF and FGFR programs, we utilize genomic profiling of patients’ tumors to identify suitable patients for recruitment into our clinical trials. We cannot be certain (i) how many patients will have the requisite alterations for inclusion in our clinical trials, (ii) that the number of patients enrolled in each program will suffice for regulatory approval or (iii) whether each specific BRAF/NRAS alteration or FGFR alteration will be included in the approved drug label. If our strategies for patient identification and enrollment prove unsuccessful, we may have difficulty enrolling or maintaining patients appropriate for our product candidates.

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Our ability to activate our clinical trial sites or enroll patients may also be significantly delayed by public health concerns, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, initial site activation for the KN-8701 clinical trial was slower than expected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, patients may not be able or willing to visit clinical trial sites for dosing or data collection purposes due to limitations on travel and physical distancing imposed or recommended by federal or state governments or patients’ reluctance to visit the clinical trial sites during the pandemic. These factors resulting from public health concerns could delay our clinical trials and our regulatory submissions.

Patient enrollment may be affected if our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for programs that are under development for the same indications as our product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ programs. Patient enrollment for our current or any future clinical trials may be affected by other factors, including:

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size and nature of the patient population;

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severity of the disease under investigation;

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availability and efficacy of approved drugs for the disease under investigation;

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patient eligibility criteria for the clinical trial in question as defined in the protocol, including biomarker-driven identification and/or certain highly-specific criteria related to stage of disease progression, which may limit the patient populations eligible for our clinical trials to a greater extent than competing clinical trials for the same indication that do not have biomarker-driven patient eligibility criteria;

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perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study;

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clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new products that may be approved or other product candidates being investigated for the indications we are investigating;

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clinicians’ willingness to screen their patients for biomarkers to indicate which patients may be eligible for enrollment in our clinical trials;

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patient referral practices of physicians;

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the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment;

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proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients; and

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the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of the clinical trials before completion or, because they may be late-stage cancer patients, will not survive the full terms of the clinical trials.

Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to obtain marketing approval for the sale of our product candidates. Furthermore, even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials, we may have difficulty maintaining participation in our clinical trials through the treatment and any follow-up periods.

Pandemics or other widespread public health concerns could adversely impact our business, including our ongoing and planned future preclinical studies and clinical trials.

A continued and prolonged public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. COVID-19 continues to affect populations around the globe, notwithstanding the availability of vaccines for some people, we may experience challenges or disruptions that could severely impact our business and clinical trials, including:

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delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, such as our experience with our KN-8701 clinical trial, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and clinical site staff;

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delays or difficulties in enrolling and retaining patients in any clinical trials, particularly elderly subjects, who are at a higher risk of severe illness or death;

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difficulties interpreting data from our clinical trials due to the possible confounding effects on patients;

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diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of clinical trials;

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interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by federal or state governments, employers and others;

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interruption or delays in the operations of the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities, which may impact review and approval timelines;

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limitations in resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our business, our preclinical studies or our clinical trials, including because of sickness or the desire to avoid contact with large groups of people or as a result of government-imposed “shelter in place” or similar working restrictions;

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interruptions, difficulties or delays arising in our existing operations and company culture as a result of our employees working from home or in a hybrid model;

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delays in receiving approval from regulatory authorities to initiate our clinical trials;

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delays in clinical sites receiving the supplies and materials needed to conduct our clinical trials;

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interruptions in preclinical studies due to restricted or limited operations at the CROs conducting such studies;

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interruption in global freight and shipping that may affect the transport of clinical trial materials, such as investigational drug product to be used in our clinical trials;

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changes in regulations in response to public health concerns, which may require us to change the ways in which our clinical trials are to be conducted, or to discontinue the clinical trials altogether, or which may result in unexpected costs;

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delays in necessary interactions with regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government or contractor personnel; and

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refusal of the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities to accept data from clinical trials in affected geographies outside of their respective jurisdictions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected our business operations since early 2020. There can be no assurance that we will be able to avoid a material impact on our business from the continued existence of COVID-19 or its consequences. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our employees now work in a hybrid model both in our offices and also from home. Depending on the continued persistence or future spread of COVID-19, or the emergence of other pandemics or widespread public health concerns, we may need to adjust our working model from time to time, which may impact certain of our operations over the near term and long term. On May 11, 2023, the federal government ended the COVID-19 public health emergency, which ended a number of temporary changes made to federally funded programs while some continue to be in effect. The full impact of this termination of the national emergency and the wind-down of the public health emergency on FDA and other regulatory policies and operations are unclear.

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Additionally, certain third parties with whom we engage or may engage are impacted by COVID-19. If these third parties experience shutdowns or continued business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted. For example, as a result of COVID-19, there were delays in the procurement of materials or manufacturing supply chain for one or more of our product candidates, which could have delayed or otherwise impact our preclinical studies and our ongoing or planned future clinical trials. The impact of COVID-19 on hospitals and clinical sites could have an impact on recruitment and retention for our ongoing and planned future clinical trials. Certain clinical trial sites for product candidates similar to ours have experienced, and others may experience in the future, delays in collecting, receiving and analyzing data from patients enrolled in clinical trials due to limited staff at such sites, limitation or suspension of on-site visits by patients, or patients’ reluctance to visit the clinical trial sites during the pandemic and we may experience similar delays if and when we begin clinical trials. CROs have also made certain adjustments to the operation of such clinical trials in an effort to ensure the monitoring and safety of patients and minimize risks to clinical trial integrity during the pandemic in accordance with the guidance issued by the FDA and may need to make further adjustments in the future that could impact the timing or enrollment of our clinical trials. Many of these adjustments are new and untested, may not be effective, may increase costs, and may have unforeseen effects on the enrollment, progress and completion of these clinical trials and the findings from these clinical trials. While we are currently continuing our preclinical activities and progressing with our ongoing clinical trials and in our plans for planned future clinical trials, we may experience delays in the completion of our preclinical studies, the continuation of our ongoing clinical trials, the initiation of our planned future clinical trials, patient selection or enrollment or in the progression of our activities related to our ongoing and planned future clinical trials, may need to suspend our clinical trials if and when commenced, and may encounter other negative impacts to such clinical trials due to the effects of COVID-19, or other public health concerns.

Since March 2020, the FDA has issued various COVID-19 related guidance documents for manufacturers and clinical trial sponsors, many of which have expired or were withdrawn with the expiration of the COVID-19 public health emergency declaration on May 11, 2023, although some COVID-19 related guidance documents continue in effect.

To the extent a pandemic or another widespread public health concern adversely affects our business, financial condition and operating results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.

We have limited resources and are currently focusing our efforts on our RAF and FGFR programs for development in particular indications and advancing our research programs. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on other indications or product candidates that may ultimately have proven to be more profitable.

We are currently focusing our resources and efforts on our RAF and FGFR programs for particular indications and advancing our research programs. As a result, because we have limited resources, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities for other indications or with other product candidates that may have greater commercial potential. In addition, while we currently have multiple product candidates in our RAF and FGFR programs, we are focusing our efforts on select product candidates from each of these programs to develop as lead product candidates in each program. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development activities for our RAF and FGFR programs and our research programs may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target markets for our RAF and FGFR programs and our research programs, or the product candidates we are currently developing in these programs, we may relinquish valuable rights to our product candidates or programs through collaboration, licensing or other strategic arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate or program.

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We face substantial competition which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary and novel products and product candidates. Our competitors have developed, are developing or may develop products, product candidates and processes competitive with our product candidates. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. We believe that a significant number of product candidates are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of conditions for which we may attempt to develop product candidates. In addition, our product candidates may need to compete with drugs physicians use off-label to treat the indications for which we seek approval. This may make it difficult for us to replace existing therapies with our product candidates.

In particular, there is intense competition in the field of oncology. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, established biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, emerging and start-up companies, universities and other research institutions. We also compete with these organizations to recruit and retain qualified scientific and management personnel, which could negatively affect our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan. We will also face competition in establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

We expect to face competition from existing products and products in development for each of our programs. For our RAF program, there are currently three BRAF-targeted kinase inhibitor drugs approved for use in Class I BRAF mutations: Novartis AG’s Tafinlar (dabrafenib), Genentech’s, a member of the Roche Group, Zelboraf (vemurafenib) and Pfizer’s Braftovi (encorafenib) are used in BRAF mutated melanomas, Tafinlar (dabrafenib) is also used in mutated NSCLC, anaplastic thyroid cancer, and unresectable and metastatic solid tumors except CRC, Braftovi (encorafenib) is also used in mutated CRC in combination with cetuximab. FORE-8394 / PLX8394, a BRAF homodimer disruptor, is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials with Fore Biotherapeutics. Second-generation BRAF dimer signaling inhibitors, such as naporafenib and belvarafenib (HM95573, RG6185), designed to inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signaling without causing pathway rebound, are in Phase 1 or Phase 2 clinical trials with Erasca and Genentech / Hanmi Pharmaceutical co. ltd, respectively. Mapkure, LLC’s BGB3245 and Day One Pharmaceuticals’ DAY101 are also currently in clinical development, along with other RAF inhibitors.

For our FGFR program, FDA approved FGFR inhibitors include: Incyte Corporation’s Pemazyre (pemigatinib), Janssen Biotech, Inc.’s Balversa (erdafitinib), and Taiho Oncology, Inc.’s Lytgobi (futibatinib). There are also a number of programs that are in development, including Relay Therapeutics, Inc.’s FGFR2-specific (RLY4008), Tyra Biosciences, Inc.’s FGFR3-specific candidate (TYRA-300) and FGFR2-specific candidate, and Loxo Oncology at Lilly’s FGFR3-specific candidate (LOXO-435).

Many of our competitors, either alone or with their collaborators, have significantly greater financial resources, established presence in the market, and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical and clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals and reimbursement and marketing approved products than we do. Large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and manufacturing biotechnology product candidates. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do and may also have product candidates that have been approved or are in late stages of development, and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining approval from the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities or in discovering, developing and commercializing product candidates in our field before we do.

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Our potential commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient, have a broader label, are marketed more effectively, are more widely reimbursed or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain marketing approval from the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market or make our development more complicated. Even if the product candidates we develop achieve marketing approval, they may be priced at a significant premium over competitive products if any have been approved by then, resulting in reduced competitiveness.

Technological advances or products developed by our competitors may render our technologies or product candidates obsolete, less competitive or not economical. If we are unable to compete effectively, our opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of our products we may develop, if approved, could be adversely affected. For additional information regarding our competition, see the section of our Annual Report on Form 10‑K filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023, titled “Business—Competition.”

The manufacture of drugs is complex, and our third-party manufacturers or suppliers may encounter difficulties in production or with their supply chains. If any of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide adequate supply of our product candidates for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or prevented.

Manufacturing drugs, especially in large quantities, is complex and may require the use of innovative technologies. Each lot of an approved drug product must undergo thorough testing for identity, strength, quality, purity and potency. Manufacturing drugs requires facilities specifically designed for and validated for this purpose, as well as sophisticated quality assurance and quality control procedures. Slight deviations anywhere in the manufacturing process, including filling, labeling, packaging, storage and shipping and quality control and testing, may result in lot failures, product recalls or spoilage. When changes are made to the manufacturing process, we may be required to provide preclinical and clinical data showing the comparable identity, strength, quality, purity or potency of the products before and after such changes. If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered at the facilities of our manufacturer, such facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination, which could delay clinical trials and adversely harm our business. The use of biologically derived ingredients can also lead to allegations of harm, including infections or allergic reactions, or closure of product facilities due to possible contamination.

In addition, for the portion of our ongoing KN-8701 clinical trial to study exarafenib in combination with binimetinib, we procure binimetinib from third parties who may be unable to produce, or obtain elsewhere, an adequate supply of binimetinib for our current or future clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved. In such situations, we may be unable to procure binimetinib from other sources in sufficient amounts, at reasonable cost, or at all.

If our third-party manufacturers or suppliers are unable to produce, or provide us with, sufficient quantities for clinical trials or for commercialization as a result of these challenges, or otherwise, our development and commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As product candidates progress through preclinical and clinical trials to marketing approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize yield and manufacturing batch size, minimize costs and achieve consistent quality and results. For example, we may introduce an alternative formulation of one or more of our product candidates during the course of our ongoing or planned future clinical trials. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of ongoing and planned future clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, and generate revenue.

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Our product candidates may not achieve adequate market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may not gain adequate market acceptance among physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of any of our approved product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

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the efficacy and safety profile as demonstrated in clinical trials compared to alternative treatments;

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the timing of market introduction of the product candidate as well as competitive products;

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the clinical indications for which a product candidate is approved;

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restrictions on the use of product candidates in the labeling approved by regulatory authorities, such as boxed warnings or contraindications in labeling, or a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, if any, which may not be required of alternative treatments and competitor products;

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the potential and perceived advantages of our product candidates over alternative treatments;

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the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments;

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the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors, including government authorities;

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the availability of an approved product candidate for use as a combination therapy;

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relative convenience and ease of administration;

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the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and undergo required diagnostic screening to determine treatment eligibility and of physicians to prescribe these therapies and diagnostic tests;

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the effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts;

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unfavorable publicity relating to our product candidates; and

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the approval of other new therapies for the same indications.

If any of our product candidates are approved but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, hospitals, healthcare payors and patients, we may not generate or derive sufficient revenue from that product candidate and our financial results could be negatively impacted.

The market opportunities for any product candidates we develop, if approved, may be limited to certain smaller patient subsets and may be smaller than we estimate them to be.

When cancer is detected early (referred to as localized disease), conventional treatments which include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery and radiation therapy and/or selected targeted therapies, may be adequate to cure the patient in many cases. However, once cancer has spread to other areas (advanced or metastatic disease), cancer treatments may not be sufficient to provide a cure but often can significantly prolong life without curing the cancer. First-line therapies designate treatments that are initially administered to patients with advanced or metastatic disease, while second- and third-line therapies are administered to patients when the prior therapies lose their effectiveness. The FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory bodies often approve cancer therapies for a particular line of treatment. Typically, drug approvals are initially granted for use in later lines of treatment, but with additional evidence of significant efficacy from clinical trials, biopharmaceutical companies can successfully seek and gain approval for use in earlier lines of treatment.

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We plan to initially seek approval of our product candidates in most instances at least as a second- or third-line therapy, for use in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer where at least one prior therapy has limited clinical benefit or has lost its effectiveness. For those product candidates for which we demonstrate safety and efficacy, if any, we would expect to seek approval as a second-line therapy and potentially ultimately as a first line therapy. There is no guarantee that our product candidates, even if approved as a second, third or subsequent line of therapy, would be approved for an earlier line of therapy, and prior to any such approvals we may have to conduct additional clinical trials that may be costly, time-consuming and subject to risk.

Our projections of both the number of people who have the cancers we are targeting, as well as the subset of people with these cancers in a position to receive a particular line of therapy and who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of the cancers that we are targeting. The potentially addressable patient population for our product candidates may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates. Consequently, even if our product candidates are approved, the number of patients that may be eligible for treatment with our product candidates may turn out to be much lower than expected. In addition, we have not yet conducted market research to determine how treating physicians would expect to prescribe a product that is approved for multiple tumor types if there are different lines of approved therapies for each such tumor type. Even if we obtain significant market share for our products, if approved, if the potential target populations are small, we may never achieve profitability without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications.

Any product candidates we develop may become subject to unfavorable third-party coverage and reimbursement practices, as well as pricing regulations.

The availability and extent of coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors, including government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers, managed care organizations and other third-party payors is essential for most patients to be able to afford expensive treatments. Sales of any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval will depend substantially, both in the United States and internationally, on the extent to which the costs of such product candidates will be covered and reimbursed by third-party payors. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize an adequate return on our investment. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we may not successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

There is significant uncertainty related to third-party payor coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, for example, principal decisions about reimbursement for new products are typically made by The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS decides whether and to what extent a new product will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare, and private third-party payors often follow CMS’s decisions regarding coverage and reimbursement to a substantial degree. However, one third-party payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product candidate does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the product candidate. As a result, the coverage determination process is often time-consuming and costly. This process will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each third-party payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.

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As federal and state governments implement additional health care cost containment measures, including measures to lower prescription drug pricing, we cannot be sure that our products, if approved, will be covered by private or public payors, and if covered, whether the reimbursement will be adequate or competitive with other marketed products. Legislative, executive, administrative and other actions by federal and state governments and health plans may put additional downward pressure on pharmaceutical pricing and health care costs, which could negatively impact coverage and reimbursement for our products if approved, our revenue, and our ability to compete with other marketed products and to recoup the costs of our research and development. For further discussion, please see the risk factor below titled, “We may face difficulties from changes to current regulations and future legislation. Healthcare legislative measures aimed at reducing healthcare costs may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.”

Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Further, such payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the medical necessity and reviewing the cost effectiveness of medical product candidates. There may be especially significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific product candidates on an approved list, known as a formulary, which might not include all FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication. We may need to conduct expensive pharmaco-economic studies to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost effectiveness of our products. Nonetheless, our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost effective. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be.

In addition, companion diagnostic tests require coverage and reimbursement separate and apart from the coverage and reimbursement for their companion pharmaceutical or biological products. Similar challenges to obtaining coverage and reimbursement, applicable to pharmaceutical or biological products, will apply to companion diagnostics. Additionally, if any companion diagnostic provider is unable to obtain reimbursement or is inadequately reimbursed, that may limit the availability of such companion diagnostic, which would negatively impact prescriptions for our product candidates, if approved.

Outside the United States, the commercialization of therapeutics is generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost containment initiatives in Europe, Canada and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of therapeutics such as our product candidates. In many countries, particularly the countries of the EU, medical product prices are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after a product receives marketing approval. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. In general, product prices under such systems are substantially lower than in the United States. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for products but monitor and control company profits. Additional foreign price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our product candidates. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for our products may be reduced compared with the United States and may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.

If we are unable to establish or sustain coverage and adequate reimbursement for any product candidates from third-party payors, the adoption of those products and sales revenue will be adversely affected, which, in turn, could adversely affect the ability to market or sell those product candidates, if approved. Coverage policies and third-party payor reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

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Our business entails a significant risk of product liability and if we are unable to obtain sufficient insurance coverage such inability could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our business exposes us to significant product liability risks inherent in the development, testing, manufacturing and marketing of therapeutic treatments. Product liability claims could delay or prevent completion of our development programs. If we succeed in marketing products, such claims could result in an FDA, EMA or other regulatory authority investigation of the safety and effectiveness of our products, our manufacturing processes and facilities or our marketing programs. FDA, EMA or other regulatory authority investigations could potentially lead to a recall of our products or more serious enforcement action, limitations on the approved indications for which they may be used or suspension or withdrawal of approvals. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may also result in decreased demand for our products, injury to our reputation, costs to defend the related litigation, a diversion of management’s time and our resources and substantial monetary awards to clinical trial participants or patients. We will need to obtain appropriate levels of product liability insurance prior to advancing our product candidates into clinical trials or marketing any of our product candidates, if approved. Any insurance we have or may obtain may not provide sufficient coverage against potential liabilities. Furthermore, clinical trial and product liability insurance is becoming increasingly expensive. As a result, we may be unable to obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable cost to protect us against losses caused by product liability claims that could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval and Other Legal Compliance Matters

We may be unable to obtain U.S. or foreign regulatory approval and, as a result, may be unable to commercialize our product candidates.

Our product candidates are and will continue to be subject to extensive governmental regulations relating to, among other things, research, testing, development, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, approval, recordkeeping, reporting, labeling, storage, packaging, advertising and promotion, pricing, marketing and distribution of drugs. Rigorous preclinical testing and clinical trials and an extensive regulatory approval process must be successfully completed in the United States and in many foreign jurisdictions before a new drug can be approved for marketing. Satisfaction of these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. We cannot provide any assurance that any product candidate we may develop will progress through required clinical testing and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary for us to begin selling them.

We have not conducted, managed or completed large-scale or pivotal clinical trials nor managed the regulatory approval process with the FDA, EMA or any other regulatory authority. The time required to obtain approvals from the FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities is unpredictable and requires successful completion of extensive clinical trials which typically takes many years, depending upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate. The standards that the FDA and its foreign counterparts use when evaluating clinical trial data can, and often does, change during drug development, which makes it difficult to predict with any certainty how they will be applied. We may also encounter unexpected delays or increased costs due to new government regulations, including future legislation or administrative action, or changes in applicable FDA, EMA or other regulatory policy during the period of drug development, clinical trials and regulatory review.

Applications for our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

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the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design, implementation or results of our clinical trials;

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the population studied in the clinical trial may not be sufficiently broad or representative to assure efficacy and safety in the full population for which we seek approval;

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the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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we may be unable to demonstrate to the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities that our product candidate’s risk-benefit ratio for its proposed indication is acceptable;

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the approval policies or regulations of the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

Any delay or failure in seeking or obtaining required approvals would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue from any particular product candidates we are developing and for which we are seeking approval. Furthermore, any regulatory approval to market a drug may be subject to significant limitations on the approved uses or indications for which we may market, promote and advertise the drug or the labeling or other restrictions. In addition, the FDA has the authority to require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) plan as part of approving a New Drug Application (NDA), or after approval, which may impose further requirements or restrictions on the distribution or use of an approved drug. These requirements or restrictions might include limiting prescribing to certain physicians or medical centers that have undergone specialized training, limiting treatment to patients who meet certain safe-use criteria and requiring treated patients to enroll in a registry. These limitations and restrictions may significantly limit the size of the market for the drug and affect reimbursement by third-party payors.

We are also subject to numerous foreign regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing authorization, pricing and third-party reimbursement. The foreign regulatory approval process varies among countries, and generally includes all of the risks associated with FDA approval described above as well as risks attributable to the satisfaction of local regulations in foreign jurisdictions. Moreover, the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval.

We may develop our current or future product candidates in combination with other therapies, which would expose us to additional risks.

We may develop our current or future product candidates in combination with one or more currently-approved cancer therapies or therapies in development. For example, in January 2022, we announced the addition of patients with NRAS-mutant melanoma into our ongoing KN-8701 clinical trial both in monotherapy and in combination with binimetinib. We initiated the combination portion of the clinical trial in the second quarter of 2022. Even if any of our current or future product candidates were to receive marketing approval or be commercialized for use in combination with other existing therapies, we would continue to be subject to the risks that the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities could revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with any of our product candidates, or safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with these existing therapies. In addition, it is possible that existing therapies with which our product candidates are approved for use could themselves fall out of favor or be relegated to later lines of treatment. This could result in the need to identify other combination therapies for our product candidates or our own products being removed from the market or being less successful commercially.

We may also evaluate our current or future product candidates in combination with one or more other cancer therapies that have not yet been approved for marketing by the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. We will not be able to market and sell any product candidate in combination with any such unapproved cancer therapies that do not ultimately obtain marketing approval.

If the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities do not approve or withdraw their approval of these other therapies, or if safety, efficacy, commercial adoption, manufacturing or supply issues arise with the therapies we choose to evaluate in combination with any of our current or future product candidates, we may be unable to obtain approval of or successfully market any one or all of the current or future product candidates we develop. Additionally, if the third-party providers of therapies or therapies in development used in combination with our current or future product candidates are unable to produce sufficient quantities for clinical trials or for commercialization of our current or future product candidates, or if the cost of combination therapies are prohibitive, our development and commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

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We have never commercialized a product candidate as a company before and currently lack the necessary expertise, personnel and resources to successfully commercialize any products on our own or together with suitable collaborators.

We have never commercialized a product candidate as a company. We may license certain rights with respect to our product candidates to collaborators, and, if so, we will rely on the assistance and guidance of those collaborators. For product candidates for which we retain commercialization rights and marketing approval, we will have to develop our own sales, marketing and supply organization or outsource these activities to one or more third parties.

Factors that may affect our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, on our own include recruiting and retaining adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel, developing adequate educational and marketing programs to increase public acceptance of our approved product candidates, ensuring regulatory compliance of our company, employees and third parties under applicable healthcare laws, and other unforeseen costs associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization. Developing a sales and marketing organization will be expensive and time-consuming and could delay the launch of our product candidates upon approval. We may not be able to build an effective sales and marketing organization. If we are unable to build our own distribution and marketing capabilities or to find suitable partners for the commercialization of our product candidates, we may not generate revenues from them or be able to reach or sustain profitability.

The FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from clinical trials conducted in locations outside of their jurisdiction.

We are initially conducting clinical trials of our product candidates in the United States and we anticipate we may choose to conduct our clinical trials internationally as well. The acceptance of clinical trial data by the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority from clinical trials conducted outside of their respective jurisdictions may be subject to certain conditions. In cases where data from United States clinical trials are intended to serve as the basis for marketing approval in the foreign countries outside the United States, the standards for clinical trials and approval may be different. There can be no assurance that any United States or foreign regulatory authority would accept data from clinical trials conducted outside of its applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA, EMA or any applicable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, it would result in the need for additional clinical trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay aspects of our business plan, and which may result in our product candidates not receiving approval or clearance for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in other jurisdictions.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction. For example, even if the FDA or EMA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion and reimbursement of the product candidate in those countries. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.

Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and establishing and maintaining compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. If we or any future collaborator fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets or fail to receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our potential product candidates will be harmed.

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Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they will be subject to significant post-marketing regulatory requirements and oversight.

Any regulatory approvals that we may receive for our product candidates will require the submission of reports to regulatory authorities and on-going surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate, may contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, and may include burdensome post-approval clinical trial or risk management requirements and regulatory inspection. For example, the FDA may require a REMS in order to approve our product candidates, which could entail requirements for a medication guide, physician training and communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, if the FDA, EMA or foreign regulatory authorities approve our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for our product candidates will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as on-going compliance with current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) and good clinical practices (GCPs) for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic, unannounced inspections by the FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations and standards. If we or a regulatory authority discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facilities where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. In addition, failure to comply with FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory requirements may subject our company to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including:

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delays in or the rejection of product approvals;

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restrictions on our ability to conduct clinical trials, including full or partial clinical holds on ongoing or planned clinical trials;

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restrictions on the products, manufacturers or manufacturing process;

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warning or untitled letters;

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civil and criminal penalties;

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injunctions;

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suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals;

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product seizures, detentions or import bans;

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voluntary or mandatory product recalls and publicity requirements;

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total or partial suspension of production;

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imposition of restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements;

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revisions to the labeling, including limitation on approved uses or the addition of additional warnings, contraindications or other safety information, including boxed warnings;

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imposition of a REMS, which may include distribution or use restrictions; and

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requirements to conduct additional post-market clinical trials to assess the safety of products.

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The FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

We may be required to develop and implement additional clinical trial policies and procedures designed to help protect subjects from pandemics or other public health concerns. For example, since March 2020, the FDA issued various COVID-19 related guidance documents for manufacturers and clinical trial sponsors, many of which have expired or were withdrawn with the expiration of the COVID-19 public health emergency declaration on May 11, 2023. If new guidance and policies are promulgated by the FDA that require changes in our clinical protocol or clinical development plans, our anticipated timelines and regulatory approval may be delayed or materially impacted. For additional risks related to the potential impact of COVID-19 or other widespread public health concerns, please see the risk factor above titled, “Pandemics or other widespread public health concerns could adversely impact our business, including our ongoing and planned future preclinical studies and clinical trials.”

Moreover, the FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about drug products. In particular, a product may not be promoted in the United States for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product’s approved labeling, or in other jurisdictions for uses that differ from the labeling or uses approved by the applicable regulatory authorities. While physicians may prescribe products for off-label uses, the FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities actively enforce laws and regulations that prohibit the promotion of off-label uses by companies, including promotional communications made by companies’ sales force with respect to off-label uses that are not consistent with the approved labeling, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, and generate revenue.

The FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses.

If any of our product candidates are approved and we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses of those products, we may become subject to significant liability. The FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as our product candidates, if approved. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The U.S. federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of off-label use and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

If we are required by the FDA, EMA or comparable regulatory authority to obtain approval of a companion diagnostic test in connection with approval of any of our product candidates or a group of therapeutic products, and we do not obtain or we face delays in obtaining approval of a diagnostic test, we will not be able to commercialize the product candidate and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

If we are required by the FDA, EMA or comparable regulatory authority to obtain approval of a companion diagnostic test in connection with approval of any of our product candidates, such companion diagnostic test would be used during our more advanced phase clinical trials as well as in connection with the commercialization of our product candidates. To be successful in developing and commercializing product candidates in combination with these companion diagnostics, we or our collaborators will need to address a number of scientific, technical, regulatory and logistical challenges. According to FDA guidance, if the FDA determines that a companion diagnostic device is essential to the safe and effective use of a novel therapeutic product or indication, the FDA generally will not approve the therapeutic product or new therapeutic product indication if the companion diagnostic is not also approved or cleared at the same time the product candidate is approved. To date, the FDA has required marketing approval of all companion diagnostic tests for cancer therapies. Various foreign regulatory authorities also regulate in vitro companion diagnostics as medical devices and, under those regulatory frameworks, will likely require the conduct of clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our current diagnostics and any future diagnostics we may develop, which we expect will require separate regulatory clearance or approval prior to commercialization.

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The approval of a companion diagnostic as part of the therapeutic product’s labeling limits the use of the therapeutic product to only those patients who express certain biomarkers or the specific genomic alteration that the companion diagnostic was developed to detect. If the FDA, EMA or a comparable regulatory authority requires approval of a companion diagnostic for any of our product candidates, whether before or concurrently with approval of the product candidate, we, and/or future collaborators, may encounter difficulties in developing and obtaining approval for these companion diagnostics. Any delay or failure by us or third-party collaborators to develop or obtain regulatory approval of a companion diagnostic could delay or prevent approval or continued marketing of our related product candidates. Further, in April 2020, the FDA issued new guidance on developing and labeling companion diagnostics for a specific group of oncology therapeutic products, including recommendations to support a broader labeling claim rather than individual therapeutic products. In June 2023, the FDA announced a new voluntary pilot program through which drug manufacturers can provide to the FDA the diagnostic test performance information used to enroll patients into clinical trials for drug approval. Based on assessment of the performance information, the FDA will publish the minimum performance characteristics recommended for similar tests that may be used to select patients for treatment with the approved drug to help laboratories identify specific biomarkers for their development of laboratory-developed tests, or LDTs, and to ensure more consistent performance of these tests for drug selection and improving cancer patient care. We will continue to evaluate the impact of this guidance on our companion diagnostic development and strategy. This guidance and future issuances from the FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities may impact our development of a companion diagnostic for our product candidates and result in delays in regulatory approval. We may be required to conduct additional clinical trials to support a broader claim. Also, to the extent other approved diagnostics are able to broaden their labeling claims to include our approved drug products, we may be forced to abandon our companion diagnostic development plans or we may not be able to compete effectively upon approval, which could adversely impact our ability to generate revenue from the sale of our approved products and our business operations.

Additionally, we may rely on third parties for the design, development and manufacture of companion diagnostic tests for our product candidates that may require such tests. If we enter into such collaborative agreements, we will be dependent on the sustained cooperation and effort of our future collaborators in developing and obtaining approval for these companion diagnostics. It may be necessary to resolve issues such as selectivity/specificity, analytical validation, reproducibility, or clinical validation of companion diagnostics during the development and regulatory approval processes. Moreover, even if data from preclinical studies and early clinical trials appear to support development of a companion diagnostic for a product candidate, data generated in later clinical trials may fail to support the analytical and clinical validation of the companion diagnostic. We and our future collaborators may encounter difficulties in developing, obtaining regulatory approval for, manufacturing and commercializing companion diagnostics similar to those we face with respect to our product candidates themselves, including issues with achieving regulatory clearance or approval, production of sufficient quantities at commercial scale and with appropriate quality standards, and in gaining market acceptance. If we are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for our product candidates, or experience delays in doing so, the development of our product candidates may be adversely affected, our product candidates may not obtain marketing approval, and we may not realize the full commercial potential of any of our product candidates that obtain marketing approval. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, a diagnostic company with whom we contract may decide to discontinue selling or manufacturing the companion diagnostic test that we anticipate using in connection with development and commercialization of product candidates or our relationship with such diagnostic company may otherwise terminate. We may not be able to enter into arrangements with another diagnostic company to obtain supplies of an alternative diagnostic test for use in connection with the development and commercialization of our product candidates or do so on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect and/or delay the development or commercialization of our product candidates.

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Where appropriate, we plan to secure approval from the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities through the use of accelerated registration pathways. If we are unable to obtain such approval, we may be required to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials beyond those that we contemplate, which could increase the expense of obtaining, and delay the receipt of, necessary marketing approvals. Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, EMA or comparable regulatory authorities, if our confirmatory clinical trials do not verify clinical benefit, or if we do not comply with rigorous post-marketing requirements, the FDA, EMA or such other regulatory authorities may seek to withdraw accelerated approval.

Where possible, we plan to pursue accelerated development strategies in areas of high unmet need. We may seek an accelerated approval pathway for one or more of our product candidates from the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Under the accelerated approval provisions in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and the FDA’s implementing regulations, the FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product candidate designed to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit over available therapies upon a determination that the product candidate has an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA considers a clinical benefit to be a positive therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful in the context of a given disease, such as irreversible morbidity or mortality. For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image, physical sign, or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit. The accelerated approval pathway may be used in cases in which the advantage of a new drug over available therapy may not be a direct therapeutic advantage but is a clinically important improvement from a patient and public health perspective. If granted, accelerated approval is usually contingent on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory clinical trials to verify and describe the drug’s clinical benefit. If such post-approval clinical trials fail to confirm the drug’s clinical benefit, the FDA may withdraw its approval of the drug. Further, in December 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, including the Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act (FDORA), was signed into law. FDORA made several changes to the FDA’s authorities and its regulatory framework, including, among other changes, reforms to the accelerated approval pathway, such as requiring the FDA to specify conditions for post-approval study requirements and setting forth procedures for the FDA to withdraw a product on an expedited basis for non-compliance with post-approval requirements. In March 2023, FDA issued a draft guidance on clinical trial considerations for supporting accelerated approval of oncology therapeutics, noting that although single-arm trials have been commonly used to support accelerated approval, a randomized controlled trial is the preferred approach for more robust efficacy and safety assessment. To the extent FDA requires us to amend the design of our clinical trials or requires additional trials to meet changes in the data requirements for approval, our clinical timelines and approval will be delayed, which can have an adverse effect on our business and operations.

Prior to seeking accelerated approval, we will seek feedback from the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities and will otherwise evaluate our ability to seek and receive such accelerated approval. There can be no assurance that after our evaluation of the feedback and other factors we will decide to pursue or submit an NDA for accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval. Similarly, there can be no assurance that after subsequent feedback from the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we will continue to pursue or apply for accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval, even if we initially decide to do so. Furthermore, if we decide to submit an application for accelerated approval or under another expedited regulatory designation (e.g., Fast Track designation, Breakthrough Therapy designation or orphan drug designation), there can be no assurance that such submission or application will be accepted or that any expedited development, review or approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. The FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities could also require us to conduct further clinical trials prior to considering our application or granting approval of any type. A failure to obtain accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval for our product candidate would result in a longer time period to commercialization of such product candidate, could increase the cost of development of such product candidate and could harm our competitive position in the marketplace.

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We may seek additional Fast Track designations from the FDA for our product candidates. Even if our product candidates receive Fast Track designations, we may be unable to obtain or maintain the benefits associated with such Fast Track designations.

Fast Track designation is designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of therapies for serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need. Programs with Fast Track designation may benefit from early and frequent communications with the FDA, potential priority review and the ability to submit a rolling application for regulatory review. Fast Track designation applies to both the product candidate and the specific indication for which it is being studied. If any of our product candidates receive Fast Track designation (like we have for exarafenib for the treatment of patients with BRAF Class II or III alteration-positive and/or NRAS mutation-positive stage IIb to IV malignant melanoma that is metastatic or unresectable, and for KIN-3248, an investigational Pan-FGFR inhibitor, for the treatment of patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR2 gene fusions or other alterations, who have received at least one prior systemic therapy) but do not continue to meet the criteria for Fast Track designation, or if our clinical trials are delayed, suspended or terminated, or put on clinical hold due to unexpected adverse events or issues with clinical supply, we will not receive the benefits associated with the Fast Track program. Furthermore, Fast Track designation does not change the standards for approval. Fast Track designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures.

A Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA, even if granted for any of our product candidates, may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval.

We may seek Breakthrough Therapy designation for one or more of our current or future product candidates. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug or biologic that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug or biologic may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For product candidates that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the clinical trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Drugs designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for other expedited approval programs, including accelerated approval.

Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to candidate products considered for approval under non-expedited FDA review procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification. Thus, even though we may seek Breakthrough Therapy designation for one or more of our current or future product candidates, there can be no assurance that we will receive Breakthrough Therapy designation.

We may not be able to obtain orphan drug designation or obtain or maintain orphan drug exclusivity for our product candidates and, even if we do, that exclusivity may not prevent the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, from approving competing products.

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and the EU, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product candidate as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. Our target indications may include diseases with large patient populations or may include orphan indications. However, there can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain orphan designations for our product candidates.

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In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. In addition, if a product candidate that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product candidate is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity in the United States provides that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full NDA, to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances. The applicable exclusivity period is 10 years in Europe. The European exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified.

Even if we obtain orphan drug designation for a product candidate (like we have for exarafenib for the treatment of stage IIb-IV melanoma), we may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug exclusivity for that product candidate. We may not be the first to obtain marketing approval of any product candidate for which we have obtained orphan drug designation for the orphan-designated indication due to the uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be limited if we seek approval for an indication broader than the orphan-designated indication or may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if we are unable to ensure that we will be able to manufacture sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs with different active moieties may be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug with the same active moiety for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care or the manufacturer of the product with orphan exclusivity is unable to maintain sufficient product quantity. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug nor gives the product candidate any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process or entitles the product candidate to priority review.

Further, in a 2021 case, a court disagreed with the FDA’s longstanding position that orphan drug exclusivity only applies to the approved use or indication within an eligible orphan disease. Although this court decision created uncertainty in the application of orphan drug exclusivity, in January 2023, the FDA published a notice in the Federal Register to clarify that while the agency complies with the court ruling in that case, the FDA intends to continue tying the scope of orphan-drug exclusivity to the uses or indications for which a drug is approved. It is unclear how future litigation, legislation, agency decisions, and administrative actions will impact the scope of orphan drug exclusivity.

We may face difficulties from changes to current regulations and future legislation. Healthcare legislative measures aimed at reducing healthcare costs may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Existing regulatory policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the ACA), was passed, which substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both the government and private insurers, and continues to significantly impact the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Since its enactment, there have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, including legal and constitutional challenges in the Fifth Circuit Court and the Supreme Court of the United States. In June 2021, the Supreme Court of the United States held that Texas and other challengers had no legal standing to challenge the ACA, dismissing the case without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. Accordingly, the ACA remains in effect in its current form. It is unclear how this Supreme Court decision, future litigation, or healthcare measures promulgated by the Biden administration will impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Complying with any new legislation or changes in healthcare regulation could be time consuming and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

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In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. These changes included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, effective April 1, 2013, which, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will stay in effect through 2031, with the exception of a temporary suspension that was in effect from May 1, 2020, through March 31, 2022. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, extends the 2% Medicare sequester for the first six months of fiscal year 2032 and revises the sequester percentage up to 2% for fiscal years 2030 and 2031. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These laws as well as future legislation and executive actions may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on customers for our drugs, if approved, and accordingly, our financial operations.

Moreover, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny recently over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, effective January 1, 2024, the statutory cap on Medicaid Drug Rebate Program rebates that manufacturers pay to state Medicaid programs will be eliminated. Elimination of this cap may require pharmaceutical manufacturers to pay more in rebates than it receives on the sale of products, which could have a material impact on our business. Further, based on a recent executive order, the Biden administration expressed its intent to pursue certain policy initiatives to reduce drug prices. The HHS has released a Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices that outlines principles for drug pricing reform and potential legislative policies that Congress could pursue to advance these principles. In August 2022, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes prescription drug provisions that have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and Medicare beneficiaries, including allowing the federal government to negotiate a maximum fair price for certain high-priced single source Medicare drugs, imposing penalties and excise tax for manufacturers that fail to comply with the drug price negotiation requirements, requiring inflation rebates for all Medicare Part B and Part D drugs, with limited exceptions, if their drug prices increase faster than inflation, and redesigning Medicare Part D to reduce out-of-pocket prescription drug costs for beneficiaries, among other changes. Various industry stakeholders, including pharmaceutical companies, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the National Infusion Center Association, the Global Colon Cancer Association, and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America have initiated lawsuits against the federal government asserting that the price negotiation provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act are unconstitutional. The impact of these judicial challenges, legislative, executive, and administrative actions and any future agency rules implemented by the government on us and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is unclear. Further, uncertainties created by the Inflation Reduction Act, including its long-term impact on drug pricing, may negatively impact investments, company valuation, mergers and acquisitions in the industry. The implementation of cost containment measures, including the prescription drug provisions under the Inflation Reduction Act, as well as other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our product candidates if approved. Complying with any new legislation and regulatory changes could be time-intensive and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Additionally, a number of states are considering or have recently enacted drug price transparency and reporting laws that could substantially increase our compliance burdens and expose us to greater liability under such state laws once we begin to commercialize any of our product candidates, if approved.

We are unable to predict the future course of federal or state healthcare legislation in the United States directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. These and any further changes in the law or regulatory framework that reduce our revenue or increase our costs could also have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare and/or impose price controls may adversely affect:

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the demand for our product candidates if we obtain regulatory approval;

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our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products;

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our ability to obtain coverage and reimbursement approval for a product;

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our ability to generate revenue and achieve or maintain profitability;

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the level of taxes that we are required to pay; and

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the availability of capital.

We expect that the ACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our product candidates.

Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for biotechnology products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.

Additionally, the collection and use of health data in the EU is governed by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which extends the geographical scope of EU data protection law to non-EU entities under certain conditions and imposes substantial obligations upon companies and new rights for individuals, as discussed in the risk factor below titled, “Data collection is governed by restrictive regulations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.”

Finally, state and foreign laws may apply generally to the privacy and security of information we maintain, and may differ from each other in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA), which took effect on January 1, 2020, gives California residents numerous expanded rights and allows enforcement by the California Attorney General, with fines set at $2,500 per violation (i.e., per person) or $7,500 per intentional violation, while authorizing private lawsuits to recover statutory damages for certain data breaches. While it exempts some data regulated by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and certain clinical trials data, the CCPA, to the extent applicable to our business and operations, may increase our compliance costs and potential liability with respect to other personal information we collect about California residents. The CCPA was modified significantly by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), which was approved by California voters in November 2020 and which became effective January 1, 2023. Numerous other states have proposed, and in certain cases enacted, legislation relating to privacy and data security, many of which impose obligations similar to the CCPA and CPRA. The U.S. federal government also is contemplating federal privacy legislation. The CPRA and these other laws create further uncertainty and may require us to modify our policies and practices and to incur additional costs and expenses. For additional information on the CCPA and other new and evolving state legislation, please see the discussion in the risk factor below titled, “Data collection is governed by restrictive regulations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.”

Inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC and other U.S. government agencies or the EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

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The ability of the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, disruptions from natural disasters or public health concerns, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. Disruptions at the FDA, EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, the U.S. government has in the past shut down several times and certain regulatory authorities on which our operations may rely, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities. Additionally, the FDA’s routine surveillance, bioresearch monitoring and pre-approval inspections were disrupted by COVID-19 and, in 2020 and 2021, a number of companies announced receipt of Complete Response Letters due to the FDA’s inability to complete required inspections for their applications. While the FDA has largely caught up with domestic preapproval inspections, it continues to work through its backlog of foreign inspections. Regulatory authorities outside the U.S. may experience similar disruptions as U.S. regulatory authorities and may experience delays in their regulatory activities. If a prolonged government shutdown or other disruption to normal operations occurs, including delays or disruptions due to public health concerns, travel restrictions, and staffing shortages, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review, provide feedback to our clinical trials and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, in our operations as a public company, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

Our relationships with healthcare professionals, clinical investigators, CROs and third-party payors in connection with our current and future business activities may be subject to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, transparency laws, government price reporting, and health information privacy and security laws, which could expose us to significant losses, including, among other things, criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, exclusion from governmental healthcare programs, reputational harm, administrative burdens and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, clinical investigators, CROs, third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, as well as market, sell and distribute our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.

The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of any good, facility, item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Violations are subject to civil and criminal fines and penalties for each violation, plus up to three times the remuneration involved, imprisonment, and exclusion from government healthcare programs. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act (FCA). There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, but the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly and require strict compliance in order to offer protection;

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federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the FCA, which can be enforced through civil “qui tam” or “whistleblower” actions, and civil monetary penalty laws, impose criminal and civil penalties against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid, or other federal health care programs that are false or fraudulent; knowingly making or causing a false statement material to a false or fraudulent claim or an obligation to pay money to the federal government; or knowingly concealing or knowingly and improperly avoiding or decreasing such an obligation. Manufacturers can be held liable under the FCA even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims. The FCA also permits a private individual acting as a “whistleblower” to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging violations of the FCA and to share in any monetary recovery. When an entity is determined to have violated the federal civil FCA, the government may impose civil fines and penalties for each false claim, plus treble damages, and exclude the entity from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs;

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HIPAA, which created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity can be found guilty of violating HIPAA without actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it;

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (HITECH), and their respective implementing regulations, which impose requirements on certain covered healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses and their respective business associates that perform services for them that involve the use, or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information as well as their covered subcontractors, relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions;

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the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under the ACA and its implementing regulations, which require applicable manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologicals or medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to HHS information related to payments or other transfers of value made in the previous year to covered recipients, including physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain non-physician healthcare professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners, among others) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and

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analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state and foreign anti-kickback, false claims, consumer protection and unfair competition laws which may apply to pharmaceutical business practices, including but not limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements as well as submitting claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government that otherwise restricts payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; state laws that require drug manufacturers to file reports with states regarding pricing and marketing information, such as the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensations and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities; state and local laws requiring the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

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We may also be subject to federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers.

Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare and data privacy laws and regulations will involve on-going substantial costs. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state healthcare laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, our employees, or contractors who conduct business on our behalf or for us, we may be subject to penalties, including without limitation, civil, criminal and/or administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, injunctions, private “qui tam” actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government, exclusion, debarment or refusal to allow us to enter into government contracts, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. Further, if any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.

Data collection is governed by restrictive regulations governing the use, processing and cross-border transfer of personal information.

In conducting and/or enrolling patients in our current or future clinical trials, we are subject to restrictions relating to privacy, data protection and data security and may be subject to additional restrictions as our clinical operations expand. For example, the collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer, or other processing of personal data regarding individuals in the EU, including personal health data, is subject to the GDPR. The GDPR is wide-ranging in scope and imposes numerous requirements on companies that process personal data, including requirements relating to processing health and other sensitive data, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, providing notification of data breaches (initially to supervisory authorities and, if the breach is serious enough, to individuals), and taking certain measures when engaging third-party processors. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data to countries outside the EU, including the United States, and permits data protection authorities to impose large penalties for violations of the GDPR, including potential fines of up to €20 million or 4% of annual global revenues, whichever is greater, for the most serious of violations. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR. In addition, the GDPR includes restrictions on cross-border data transfers. Certain aspects of cross-border data transfers under the GDPR are uncertain as the result of legal proceedings in the EU, including a July 2020 decision by the Court of Justice for the European Union (CJEU) that invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and called into question the efficacy and legality of using standard contractual clauses (SCCs). To address certain concerns of the CJEU, the European Commission issued revised SCCs in June 2021. Regulatory guidance and other developments relating to cross-border personal data transfers, including the necessity of putting in place those revised SCCs and the UK SCCs, as discussed below, may increase the complexity of transferring personal data across borders and may require us to engage in additional contractual negotiations and to modify our policies and practices relating to the transfer and other processing of personal data.

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The GDPR increased our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process where such processing is subject to the GDPR, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, including as implemented by individual countries.

Further, the exit of the United Kingdom (UK) from the EU has created uncertainty with regard to data protection regulation in the UK. The Data Protection Act of 2018 implements and complements the GDPR and is effective in the UK along with a version of the GDPR referred to as the UK GDPR. Collectively, the Data Protection Act of 2018 and the UK GDPR authorize significant fines, up to the greater of £17.5 million or 4% of global turnover, and expose us to two parallel regimes and other potentially divergent enforcement actions for certain violations. Further, aspects of data protection in the UK remain uncertain. On June 28, 2021, the European Commission issued an adequacy decision under the GDPR and the Law Enforcement Directive, pursuant to which personal data generally may be transferred from the EU to the UK without restriction; however, this adequacy decision is subject to a four-year “sunset” period, after which the European Commission’s adequacy decision may be renewed, and this decision may be revoked or modified in the interim. Additionally, on February 2, 2022, the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office issued new standard contractual clauses to support personal data transfers out of the UK (UK SCCs), which came into effect March 21, 2022, and we may, in addition to other impacts, experience additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens and be required to engage in new contract negotiations with third parties that aid in processing personal data on our behalf or localize certain personal data.

Other jurisdictions also increasingly maintain laws and regulations addressing privacy, data protection, and information security. For example, on August 20, 2021, the Personal Information Protection Law, or PIPL, was adopted in the PRC and it went into effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL shares similarities with the GDPR, including extraterritorial application, data minimization, data localization, and purpose limitation requirements, and obligations to provide certain notices and rights to citizens of the PRC. The PIPL allows for fines of up to 50 million renmibi or 5% of a covered company’s revenue in the prior year.

We may incur liabilities, expenses, costs, and other operational losses under the GDPR and local laws of applicable EU member states, the UK, and other regions in connection with any measures we take to comply with them. Working to comply with the GDPR and other laws and regulations to which we are subject in Europe and other regions outside the United States relating to privacy, data protection, and information security will be a rigorous and time-intensive process that may increase our cost of doing business or require us to change our business practices, and despite those efforts, there is a risk that we may be subject to fines and penalties, litigation, and reputational harm in connection with our activities in those regions.

In addition, in California the CCPA created new individual privacy rights for California consumers (as defined in the law) and placed increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. The CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosure to consumers about such companies’ data collection, use and sharing practices, provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales or transfers of personal information, and provide consumers with additional causes of action in data breach situations. The CCPA went into effect on January 1, 2020, and was modified significantly by the CPRA, which was approved by California voters in the November 3, 2020 election and became effective January 1, 2023. The CCPA and CPRA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. The CCPA has prompted a number of proposals for federal and state privacy legislation. For example, Connecticut, Virginia, and Colorado have enacted legislation similar to the CCPA and CPRA that has taken effect in 2023; Utah has enacted such legislation that will take effect on December 31, 2023; Florida, Montana, Oregon and Texas have enacted similar legislation that becomes effective in 2024; Tennessee and Iowa have enacted similar legislation that will take effect in 2025; and Indiana has enacted similar legislation that will become effective in 2026. In addition, Delaware has passed legislation that is awaiting signature by its state governor and that would go into effect in 2025. The CCPA, CPRA, and these other laws, as well as other new laws that may be proposed or enacted, could increase our potential liability, require us to modify our policies and practices, cause us to incur increased costs and expenses, and adversely affect our business.

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Compliance with U.S. and international laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, and data security could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with U.S. or international laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, and data security could result in governmental investigations, proceedings, and enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation or adverse publicity, harm to our reputation, and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, clinical trial subjects about whom we or our potential collaborators obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information or impose other obligations or restrictions in connection with our use, retention and other processing of information, and we may otherwise face contractual restrictions applicable to our use, retention, and other processing of information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws, or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial collaborators, principal investigators, CROs, suppliers and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial collaborators, principal investigators, CROs, suppliers and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities. Misconduct by these parties could include failures to comply with FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authority regulations, provide accurate information to the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, comply with federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and regulations, accurately report financial information or data or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, research, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the health care industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Misconduct by these parties could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by these parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

Our business activities may be subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws of other countries in which we operate, as well as U.S. and certain foreign export controls, trade sanctions, and import laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal requirements could limit our ability to compete in foreign markets and subject us to liability if we violate them.

Our business activities may be subject to the FCPA and similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations or rules of other countries in which we operate. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws generally prohibit companies and their employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries from offering, promising, giving or authorizing others to give anything of value, either directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Our business is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials, including officials of non-U.S. governments. Additionally, in many other countries, hospitals are owned and operated by the government, and doctors and other hospital employees would be considered foreign officials under the FCPA. We sometimes leverage third parties to conduct our business abroad. We, our employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and we may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. Recently, the SEC and DOJ have increased their FCPA enforcement activities with respect to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

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While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that none of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries will take actions in violation of our policies or applicable laws and regulations, particularly given the high level of complexity of these laws. Any allegations or violations of these laws and regulations could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, prosecutions, settlements, enforcement actions, fines, damages, severe criminal or civil sanctions, disgorgement, loss of export privileges, suspension or debarment from government contracts and other sanctions and remedial measures, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such allegations or violations could have an adverse impact on our reputation, our brand, our international activities, our ability to attract and retain employees and our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Responding to any investigation or action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

In addition, our products may be subject to U.S. and foreign export controls, trade sanctions and import laws and regulations. Governmental regulation of the import or export of our products, or our failure to obtain any required import or export authorization for our products, when applicable, could harm our international or domestic sales and adversely affect our revenue. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our products may create delays in the introduction of our products in international markets or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products to some countries altogether. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. If we fail to comply with export and import regulations and such economic sanctions, penalties could be imposed, including fines and/or denial of certain export privileges. Moreover, any new export or import restrictions, new legislation or shifting approaches in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or in the countries, persons, or products targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products would likely adversely affect our business.

If we fail to comply with Nasdaq rules governing the diversity of our board of directors, we could suffer reputational harm.

In August 2021, the SEC announced that it had approved Nasdaq’s proposed rule change to advance board diversity and enhance transparency of board diversity statistics through new listing requirements. Under these new listing rules, Nasdaq-listed companies are required, subject to certain exceptions, to annually disclose diversity statistics regarding their directors’ voluntary self-identified characteristics and include on their boards of directors at least two “Diverse” directors or publicly disclose why their boards do not include such “Diverse” directors. Under the phase-in period for these new listing rules, for companies listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, this disclosure requirement regarding the existence of at least one “Diverse” director applies starting on the later of August 7, 2023, or the date that the company files its proxy statement for its annual shareholder meeting during 2023, and regarding the existence of at least two “Diverse” directors applies starting on the later of August 6, 2025, or the date that the company files its proxy statement for its annual shareholder meeting during 2025. Under these new listing rules, a “Diverse” director is someone who self-identifies either as (i) female or (ii) Black or African American, Hispanic or Latinx, Asian, Native American or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, or two or more races or ethnicities, or (iii) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or a member of the queer community. The SEC’s approval of Nasdaq’s rule change is subject to ongoing litigation, the outcome of which remains uncertain.

Our board of directors currently includes four female directors, and two directors from “underrepresented communities.” We are in compliance with the Nasdaq rules. However, if our current or future female or other “Diverse” directors no longer serve on our board of directors prior to the applicable dates under the phase-in period for the new Nasdaq listing rules, we could be out of compliance with these new Nasdaq listing rules. We cannot assure that we can recruit, attract and/or retain qualified members of the board and meet gender and diversity requirements under Nasdaq listing rules, which may expose us to financial penalties and adversely affect our reputation.

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Risks Related to Employee Matters, Managing Our Growth and Other Risks Related to Our Business

Our success is highly dependent on our ability to attract, hire and retain highly skilled executive officers and employees.

We currently have a small team focused on research and development of small molecule kinase inhibitors. To succeed, we must recruit, hire, retain, manage and motivate qualified clinical, scientific, technical and management personnel, and we face significant competition for experienced personnel. We are highly dependent on the principal members of our management and scientific and medical staff. If we do not succeed in attracting and retaining qualified personnel, particularly at the management level, it could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and harm our operating results. In particular, the loss of one or more of our executive officers could be detrimental to us if we cannot recruit suitable replacements in a timely manner. We could in the future have difficulty attracting and retaining experienced personnel and may be required to expend significant financial resources in our employee recruitment and retention efforts.

Many of the other biotechnology companies that we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide higher compensation, more diverse opportunities and better prospects for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we have to offer. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can discover, develop and commercialize our product candidates will be limited and the potential for successfully growing our business will be harmed.

Additionally, we rely on our scientific experts and other scientific and clinical advisors and consultants to assist us in formulating our research, development and clinical strategies. These advisors and consultants are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. In addition, these advisors and consultants typically will not enter into non-compete agreements with us. If a conflict of interest arises between their work for us and their work for another entity, we may lose their services. Furthermore, our advisors may have arrangements with other companies to assist those companies in developing products or technologies that may compete with ours. In particular, if we are unable to maintain consulting or employment relationships with our scientific experts and other scientific and clinical advisors and consultants, or if they provide services to our competitors, our development and commercialization efforts will be impaired and our business will be significantly harmed.

Many of our research and preclinical activities are conducted by third parties outside of the United States, including in China. A significant disruption in the operations of those third parties, a trade war or political unrest in China or other areas in which these third parties are located could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We conduct many of our research and preclinical activities with contracted third parties located outside of the United States, including in China. In February 2023, we announced that we acquired the ownership stake of Kinnjiu previously held by the Series A investors for $24.0 million, using a combination of $9.1 million in cash and 2.2 million shares of common stock of Kinnate. We retain Kinnjiu’s cash, intellectual property and other assets, including key personnel and its legal entity structure. Kinnjiu enables the potential development and commercialization of certain targeted oncology product candidates across People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau. Any disruption in the operations of such third parties or in their ability to meet our needs, whether as a result of (i) operational challenges, such as delays or disruptions in supply chains, difficulties in hiring and retaining key employees and other service providers, or changes in or failure to successfully execute development, commercialization or other strategic plans, (ii) regulatory obstacles caused by changes in or newly adopted applicable rules and regulations of governing entities, (iii) adverse global or regional economic conditions or geopolitical conflicts, such as the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, including the sanctions imposed by the United States, the European Union and others on Russia and other related parties, (iv) a natural disaster or public health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or (v) other causes, could impair our ability to operate our business on a day-to-day basis and to continue development of our programs. Furthermore, since many of these third parties and Kinnjiu are located in China, we are exposed to the possibility of disruption and increased costs in the event of changes in the foreign policies of the United States government or the domestic or foreign policies of the government of China, political unrest or unstable economic conditions in China. For example, a trade war between the United States and China could lead to tariffs on the chemical intermediates used in our product candidates. Any of these matters could materially and adversely affect our development timelines, business and financial condition.

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We will need to grow the size and capabilities of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

In order to successfully implement our development and commercialization plans and strategies, and as we continue operating as a public company, we expect to need significant additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and other personnel. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

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identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining, retaining and motivating our current and additional employees;

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managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the preclinical, clinical, FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities’ review process for our RAF and FGFR programs and our other product candidates, while complying with any contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties;

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managing increasing operational and managerial complexity; and

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improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.

Our future financial performance and our ability to successfully develop and, if approved, commercialize product candidates developed from our RAF and FGFR programs and research programs will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services, including key aspects of research, clinical development and manufacturing. There can be no assurance that the services of independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by third-party service providers is compromised for any reason, our preclinical studies and clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates or otherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our existing third-party service providers or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and/or engaging additional third-party service providers, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize our product candidates in our RAF and FGFR programs and any of our research programs and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

Our internal computer systems, or those of any of our CROs, manufacturers, other contractors or consultants or potential future collaborators, may fail or suffer actual or suspected security or data privacy breaches or incidents or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of, or destruction of our proprietary or confidential data, employee data, or personal data, which could result in additional costs, loss of revenue, significant liabilities, harm to our brand and material disruption of our operations, and potentially significant delays in our delivery to market.

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Despite the implementation of security measures in an effort to protect systems that store our information, given their size and complexity and the increasing amounts of information maintained on our internal information technology systems and external processing and storage systems (e.g., cloud), and those of our third-party CROs, other contractors (including sites performing our current or future clinical trials) and consultants and other third-party service providers, these systems are potentially vulnerable to breakdown or other damage or interruption. Our systems and the systems of third parties who support our operations are vulnerable to service interruptions, system malfunction, natural disasters, terrorism, war (such as the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia) and telecommunication and electrical failures, as well as security breaches and incidents arising from or caused by inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, contractors, consultants, business partners, and/or other third parties, or from cyber-attacks by malicious third parties (including the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information), which may compromise our system infrastructure or lead to unauthorized access to or disruption of our or third-party systems used in our business and the unauthorized access to, misuse, disclosure, loss, destruction, alteration or dissemination of, or damage to, our data, including trade secrets or other confidential information, intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal information. For example, companies have experienced an increase in phishing and social engineering attacks from third parties in recent years. Our employees generally work in a hybrid model in our offices and from home. Depending on public health concerns, we may need to adjust our working model from time to time. As a result, we have increased cyber security and data security risks, due to increased use of home wi-fi networks and virtual private networks, as well as increased disbursement of physical machines. While we implement controls to reduce the risk of a resulting cyber security or data security incident or breach, we may experience data security incidents, and there is no guarantee that the measures we have implemented will be adequate to safeguard all systems and data, especially with an increased number of employees working from home or in a hybrid model where it is more difficult for us to monitor our employees.

Any disruption, security incident, or security breach resulting in any loss, destruction, unavailability, alteration or dissemination of, or damage to, our data (including confidential information) or other data we or any of our CROs, other contractors or consultants or potential future collaborators or other third-party service providers maintain or otherwise process, or our applications, or for it to be believed or reported that any of these occurred, could result in us incurring liability and reputational damage and the development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed. For example, if a security incident were to cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our programs and the development of our product candidates could be delayed. In addition, the loss or unavailability of clinical trial data for our product candidates could result in delays in our marketing approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Furthermore, disruptions of our internal information technology systems or those of third parties used in our business, or security breaches or incidents impacting us or any of our CROs, other contractors or consultants or potential future collaborators or other third-party service providers, could result in the loss, misappropriation, and/or unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of, or the inability to access, data (including trade secrets or other confidential information, intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal information), which could result in financial, legal, business, and reputational harm to us. Unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of personal information, including personal information regarding our clinical trial subjects or employees, could harm our reputation directly, compel us to notify individuals or regulators under data breach notification laws, cause us to incur costs related to investigation of the incident (including legal expenses, forensic examination costs, and remediation costs), subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information, which could result in significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damages that could potentially have an adverse effect on our business. Our preclinical studies in China could increase our risk to such disruptions.

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We expect to incur significant costs in an effort to detect, prevent, and respond to security incidents. We also rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and similar events relating to their systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. There have been and may continue to be significant supply chain attacks and operational technology attacks globally, and we cannot guarantee that our systems or those of third-party service providers or other third parties that support us or our operations have not been breached or that they do not contain exploitable defects or bugs that could result in a security incident or breach of, or other disruption to, our systems and the systems of third parties that support us and our operations. To the extent that any disruption or security incident were to result in a loss, destruction or alteration of, or damage to, our data, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could be exposed to litigation and governmental investigations, the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, and we could be subject to significant fines or penalties for any noncompliance with certain state, federal and/or international laws relating to privacy, data protection, and information security. Litigation and governmental investigations could force us to spend money in defense or settlement, divert management’s time and attention, increase our costs of doing business, and/or adversely affect our reputation. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices in response to such litigation or investigations, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any actual or perceived inability to adequately protect data in our possession, custody or control could have a material adverse effect upon our reputation, business, operations, or financial condition.

Our insurance policies may not be adequate to compensate us for the potential losses arising from any such disruption in or, failure or security breach of, or incident impacting, our systems or third-party systems where information important to our business operations or commercial development is stored. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, our insurance may not cover all claims made against us and could have high deductibles in any event, and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management attention.

Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by flood, fire, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist activity, pandemics and other events beyond our control, which could harm our business.

Our office facilities are located in California. We have not undertaken a systematic analysis of the potential consequences to our business and financial results from a major flood, fire, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist activity, pandemics or other disasters and do not have a recovery plan for such disasters. In addition, we do not carry sufficient insurance to compensate us for actual losses from interruption of our business that may occur, and any losses or damages incurred by us could harm our business. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

We currently do not have and have never had a marketing or sales team. In order to commercialize any product candidates, if approved, we must build marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services for each of the territories in which we may have approval to sell or market our product candidates. We may not be successful in accomplishing these required tasks.

Establishing an internal sales or marketing team with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize our product candidates will be expensive and time-consuming and will require significant attention of our executive officers to manage. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities could adversely impact the commercialization of any of our product candidates that we obtain approval to market if we do not have arrangements in place with third parties to provide such services on our behalf. Alternatively, if we choose to collaborate, either globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems, we will be required to negotiate and enter into arrangements with such third parties relating to the proposed collaboration and such arrangements may prove to be less profitable than commercializing the product on our own. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements when needed, on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval, or any such commercialization may experience delays or limitations. If we are unable to successfully commercialize our approved product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, our future product revenue will suffer, and we may incur significant additional losses.

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A variety of risks associated with marketing our product candidates internationally could materially adversely affect our business.

We may seek regulatory approval of our product candidates outside of the United States and, accordingly, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to operating in foreign countries if we obtain the necessary approvals, including:

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differing regulatory requirements and reimbursement regimes in foreign countries, such as the lack of pathways for accelerated drug approval, may result in foreign regulatory approvals taking longer and being more costly than obtaining approval in the United States;

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foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design, implementation or results of our clinical trials or our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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approval policies or regulations of foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval;

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unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers, price and exchange controls and other regulatory requirements;

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economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

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compliance with legal requirements applicable to privacy, data protection, information security and other matters;

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compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

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foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;

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foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;

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difficulties staffing and managing foreign operations;

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complexities associated with managing multiple payor reimbursement regimes and government payors in foreign countries;

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workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

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potential liability under the FCPA or comparable foreign regulations;

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challenges enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those foreign countries that do not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States;

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production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad (such as the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, including the sanctions imposed by the United States, the European Union and others on Russia and other related parties); and

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business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism, trade policies, treaties and tariffs.

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These and other risks associated with international operations may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or maintain profitable operations.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income may be limited.

Our federal net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards may be unavailable to offset future taxable income because of restrictions under U.S. tax law. Under tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (Tax Act) as amended by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), our federal NOL carryforwards may be carried forward indefinitely, but for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, the deductibility of federal NOL carryforwards generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 is limited to 80% of our current year taxable income. As of December 31, 2022, we had available federal NOL carryforwards of $155.9 million. We also have available California NOL carryforwards of approximately $25.0 million as of December 31, 2022, which begin to expire in 2038. This may require us to pay U.S. federal income taxes in future years despite generating a loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in prior years. Limitations under state law may differ. We have established a valuation allowance against the carrying value of these deferred tax assets.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code), if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a cumulative change in the corporation’s ownership by “5-percent shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and certain other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change taxable income may be limited. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. We may have experienced such ownership changes in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside our control. We have not conducted any studies to determine annual limitations, if any, that could result from such changes in ownership. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOL carryforwards, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOL carryforwards, including state NOL carryforwards, could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Because our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards and certain other tax attributes could be limited as described above, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOL carryforwards and certain other tax attributes, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows and results of operations.

The stock-based compensation expense related to our RSUs and other outstanding equity awards will result in increases in our expenses in future periods and we may also expend substantial funds to satisfy a portion of our tax withholding and remittance obligations that arise upon the vesting and/or settlement of certain of our RSUs, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have granted RSUs to our employees, which vest upon the satisfaction of service-based vesting conditions occurring before the award’s expiration date. The service-based vesting period is generally satisfied by the award holder providing services to us over a four-year period. As of September 1, 2022, we began recognizing stock-based compensation expense for such RSUs.

Additionally, we may expend substantial funds in connection with the tax withholding and remittance obligations that arise upon the vesting and/or settlement of our outstanding RSUs. Under U.S. tax laws, employment and income tax withholding and remittance obligations for RSUs arise in connection with the vesting and settlement of the RSUs. To fund the employment and income tax withholding and remittance obligations arising in connection with the vesting and settlement of vested RSUs, we will either (i) withhold shares of our common stock that would otherwise be issued with respect to such vested RSUs and pay the relevant tax authorities in cash to satisfy such tax obligations or (ii) have the holders of such vested RSUs use a broker or brokers to sell a portion of such shares into the market, with the proceeds of such sales to be delivered to us for us to remit to the relevant taxing authorities, in order to satisfy such employment and income tax withholding and remittance obligations. Any such expenditures by us of substantial funds to satisfy a portion of our tax withholding and remittance obligations that arise upon the vesting and/or settlement of RSUs may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Changes in tax laws or in their implementation or interpretation may adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We are or may become subject to income- and non-income-based taxes in the United States under federal, state and local jurisdictions and in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Tax laws, regulations and administrative practices in these jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without advance notice. For example, on January 1, 2022, a provision of the Tax Act went into effect that eliminates the option to deduct U.S. research and experimental costs in the year incurred and instead requires U.S. research and experimental costs to be capitalized and amortized ratably over a five-year period. Any such costs attributable to research conducted outside the U.S. must be capitalized and amortized over a 15-year period. In addition, the United States has recently enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks and the imposition of a 15% alternative minimum tax on global adjusted financial statement income. Further, many countries, and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have proposed implementing changes to existing tax laws, including a proposed 15% global minimum tax. Such changes may adversely affect our effective tax rates, cash flows and general business condition.

Inflation could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Inflation in the U.S. and other geographies has risen beyond levels experienced in recent decades. Although inflation rates have begun trending lower, inflation in the prices for our clinical trial drug supply, costs of CROs and CMOs, and rising salaries could still negatively impact our business by increasing our operating expenses. The U.S. Federal Reserve has also recently raised the federal funds rate several times in an effort to control inflationary pressures, and could do so again, which may have additional adverse effects on the economy, and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection and trade secret protection for our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses as well as our ability to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. We generally seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses that are important to our business. We also seek to protect our proprietary position by acquiring or in-licensing relevant issued patents or pending applications from third parties.

Pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until, patents issue from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology. There can be no assurance that our patent applications or the patent applications of our future licensors will result in patents being issued or that issued patents will afford sufficient protection against competitors with similar technology, nor can there be any assurance that the patents issued will not be infringed, designed around or invalidated by third parties.

Even issued patents may later be found invalid or unenforceable or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. The degree of future protection for our and our licensors’ proprietary rights is uncertain. Only limited protection may be available and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. These uncertainties and/or limitations in our ability to properly protect the intellectual property rights relating to our product candidates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We cannot be certain that the claims in our U.S. pending patent applications, corresponding international patent applications and patent applications in certain foreign territories, or those of our future licensors, will be considered patentable by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), courts in the United States or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries, nor can we be certain that the claims in our future issued patents will not be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

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The patent application process is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance that we or any of our potential future collaborators will be successful in protecting our product candidates by obtaining and defending patents. These risks and uncertainties include the following:

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the USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process, the noncompliance with which can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, and partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction;

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patent applications may not result in any patents being issued;

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patents may be challenged, invalidated, modified, revoked, circumvented, found to be unenforceable or otherwise may not provide any competitive advantage;

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our competitors, many of whom have substantially greater resources than we do and many of whom have made significant investments in competing technologies, may seek or may have already obtained patents that will limit, interfere with or eliminate our ability to make, use and sell our potential product candidates;

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there may be significant pressure on the U.S. government and international governmental bodies to limit the scope of patent protection both inside and outside the United States for disease treatments that prove successful, as a matter of public policy regarding worldwide health concerns; and

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countries other than the United States may have patent laws less favorable to patentees than those upheld by U.S. courts, allowing foreign competitors a better opportunity to create, develop and market competing product candidates.

The patent prosecution process is also expensive and time-consuming, and we and any future licensors may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner or in all jurisdictions where protection may be commercially advantageous. It is also possible that we or any future licensors will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

In addition, although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, third-party manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach such agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection.

Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our intellectual property may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If the scope of any patent protection we obtain is not sufficiently broad, or if we lose any of our patent protection, our ability to prevent our competitors from commercializing similar or identical product candidates would be adversely affected.

The patent position of biopharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been the subject of much litigation in recent years. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications and those of our future licensors may not result in patents being issued which protect our product candidates or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive product candidates.

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Moreover, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Even if patent applications we own or in-license in the future issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Any patents that we own or in-license may be challenged or circumvented by third parties or may be narrowed or invalidated as a result of challenges by third parties. Consequently, we do not know whether our product candidates will be protectable or remain protected by valid and enforceable patents. Our competitors or other third parties may be able to circumvent our patents or the patents of our future licensors by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents or the patents of our future licensors may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. We may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, post-grant review (PGR) and inter partes review (IPR), or other similar proceedings challenging our owned patent rights. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate or render unenforceable, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our product candidates and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Moreover, our patents or the patents of our future licensors may become subject to post-grant challenge proceedings, such as oppositions in a foreign patent office, that challenge our priority of invention or other features of patentability with respect to our patents and patent applications and those of our future licensors. Such challenges may result in loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our product candidates. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications or the patents and patent applications of our future licensors is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

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others may be able to develop products that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or license;

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we or our future licensors or collaborators might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or patent application that we own or license;

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we or our future licensors or collaborators might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;

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others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

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it is possible that the pending patent applications we own or license will not lead to issued patents;

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issued patents that we own or license may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

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our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

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we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

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the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business; and

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we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.

Should any of these events occur, it could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing the patents and other proprietary rights of third parties. Claims by third parties that we infringe their proprietary rights may result in liability for damages or prevent or delay our developmental and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. However, our research, development and commercialization activities may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents or other intellectual property rights owned or controlled by third parties. Other entities may have or obtain patents or proprietary rights that could limit our ability to make, use, sell, offer for sale or import our product candidates and products that may be approved in the future, or impair our competitive position. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biopharmaceutical industry, including patent infringement lawsuits, oppositions, reexaminations, IPR proceedings and PGR proceedings before the USPTO and/or corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous third-party U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications exist in the fields in which we are developing product candidates. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates.

As the biopharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. Because patent applications are maintained as confidential for a certain period of time, until the relevant application is published, we may be unaware of third-party patents that may be infringed by commercialization of any of our product candidates, and we cannot be certain that we were the first to file a patent application related to a product candidate or technology. Moreover, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently-pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe. In addition, identification of third-party patent rights that may be relevant to our technology is difficult because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. There is also no assurance that there is not prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe is relevant to our business, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to limit our ability to make, use, sell, offer for sale or import our products that may be approved in the future, or impair our competitive position. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. Any claims of patent infringement asserted by third parties would be time consuming and could:

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result in costly litigation that may cause negative publicity;

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divert the time and attention of our technical personnel and management;

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cause development delays;

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prevent us from commercializing any of our product candidates until the asserted patent expires or is held finally invalid or not infringed in a court of law;

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require us to develop non-infringing technology, which may not be possible on a cost-effective basis;

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subject us to significant liability to third parties; or

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require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or which might be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same technology.

Although no third party has asserted a claim of patent infringement against us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, others may hold proprietary rights that could prevent our product candidates from being marketed. It is possible that a third party may assert a claim of patent infringement directed at any of our product candidates. Any patent-related legal action against us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to our product candidates, treatment indications, or processes could subject us to significant liability for damages, including treble damages if we were determined to willfully infringe, and require us to obtain a license to manufacture or market our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. We cannot predict whether we would prevail in any such actions or that any license required under any of these patents would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Moreover, even if we or our future strategic partners were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. In addition, we cannot be certain that we could redesign our product candidates, treatment indications, or processes to avoid infringement, if necessary. Accordingly, an adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding, or the failure to obtain necessary licenses, could prevent us from developing and commercializing our product candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, intellectual property litigation, regardless of its outcome, may cause negative publicity and could prohibit us from marketing or otherwise commercializing our product candidates and technology.

Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure.

In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our product candidates through acquisitions and in-licenses.

Because our development programs may in the future require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license, or use these third-party proprietary rights. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our product candidates. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment or at all. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of the relevant program or product candidate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

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We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or our future licensors’ patents, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful. Further, our issued patents or our future licensors’ patents could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court.

Competitors may infringe our intellectual property rights. To prevent infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent we own or in-license is not valid, is unenforceable and/or is not infringed. If we or any of our potential future collaborators were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent directed at one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent or the patent of our future licensors is invalid and/or unenforceable in whole or in part. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge include an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, lack of sufficient written description, non-enablement, or obviousness-type double patenting. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could include an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO or made a misleading statement during prosecution.

Third parties may also raise similar invalidity claims before the USPTO or patent offices abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, PGR, IPR, derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and/or unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we, our future licensors, and the patent examiners are unaware during prosecution. There is also no assurance that there is not prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim in our patents and patent applications or the patents and patent applications of our future licensors, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of a claim. If a third party were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our technology or platform, or any product candidates that we may develop. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications or the patents and patent applications of our future licensors is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to our intellectual property rights may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or other legal proceedings relating to our intellectual property rights, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation or other proceedings.

In addition, the issuance of a patent does not give us the right to practice the patented invention. Third parties may have blocking patents that could prevent us from marketing our own patented product and practicing our own patented technology.

Intellectual property litigation may lead to unfavorable publicity that harms our reputation and causes the market price of our common stock to decline.

During the course of any intellectual property litigation, there could be public announcements of the initiation of the litigation as well as results of hearings, rulings on motions, and other interim proceedings or developments in the litigation. If securities analysts or investors regard these announcements as negative, the perceived value of our existing product candidates, approved products, programs or intellectual property could be diminished. Accordingly, the market price of shares of our common stock may decline. Such announcements could also harm our reputation or the market for our future products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Derivation proceedings may be necessary to determine priority of inventions, and an unfavorable outcome may require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights from the prevailing party.

Derivation proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our future licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of derivation proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with such proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our development programs, license necessary technology from third parties or enter into development or manufacturing partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market.

Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications or those of our future licensors and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents or those of our future licensors.

On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (the Leahy-Smith Act), was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. In particular, under the Leahy-Smith Act, the United States transitioned in March 2013 to a “first inventor to file” system in which, assuming that other requirements of patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent regardless of whether a third party was first to invent the claimed invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after March 2013 but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Furthermore, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our technology and the prior art allow our technology to be patentable over the prior art. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we may not be certain that we or our future licensors are the first to either (1) file any patent application related to our product candidates or (2) invent any of the inventions claimed in the patents or patent applications.

The Leahy-Smith Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including PGR, IPR, and derivation proceedings. An adverse determination in any such submission or proceeding could reduce the scope or enforceability of, or invalidate, our patent rights, which could adversely affect our competitive position.

Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Thus, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications or those of our future licensors and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents or those of our future licensors, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Changes in U.S. patent law, or laws in other countries, could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, or could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.

As is the case with other pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the pharmaceutical industry involve a high degree of technological and legal complexity. Therefore, obtaining and enforcing pharmaceutical patents is costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in the interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection and may increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents. In addition, Congress or other foreign legislative bodies may pass patent reform legislation that is unfavorable to us.

For example, the Supreme Court of the United States has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. federal courts, the USPTO, or similar authorities in foreign jurisdictions, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patent and the patents we might obtain or license in the future.

As a further example, as of June 1, 2023, European patent applications and patents may be subjected to the jurisdiction of the Unified Patent Court (UPC). Also, European patent applications will have the option, upon grant of a patent, of becoming a Unitary Patent, which will be subject to the jurisdiction of the UPC. The UPC and Unitary Patent are significant changes in European patent practice. As the UPC is a new court system, there is no precedent for the court, increasing the uncertainty of any litigation in the UPC. As a single court system can invalidate a European patent, we, where applicable, may opt out of the UPC and as such, each European patent would need to be challenged in each individual country.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may also be subject to claims that former employees or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and distraction to management and other employees.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

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If we do not obtain patent term extension for our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents or those of our future licensors may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Amendments). The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. A maximum of one patent may be extended per FDA approved product as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only those claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Patent term extension may also be available in certain foreign countries upon regulatory approval of our product candidates. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially. Further, if this occurs, our competitors may take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch their product earlier than might otherwise be the case.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Although we have pending patent applications in the United States and other countries, filing, prosecuting and defending patents in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates, and our patents, the patents of our future licensors, or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many foreign countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or our future licensors’ patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents or the patents of our future licensors at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications or the patent applications of our future licensors at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

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Geo-political actions in the United States and in foreign countries could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution or maintenance of our patent applications or those of any current or future licensors and the maintenance, enforcement or defense of our issued patents or those of any current or future licensors. For example, the United States and foreign government actions related to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine may limit or prevent filing, prosecution and maintenance of patent applications in Russia. Government actions may also prevent maintenance of issued patents in Russia. These actions could result in abandonment or lapse of our patents or patent applications, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in Russia. If such an event were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, a decree was adopted by the Russian government in March 2022, allowing Russian companies and individuals to exploit inventions owned by patentees that have citizenship or nationality in, are registered in, or have a predominately primary place of business or profit-making activities in the United States and other countries that Russia has deemed unfriendly without consent or compensation. Consequently, we would not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in Russia or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into Russia. Accordingly, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by regulations and governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to the USPTO and various foreign patent offices at various points over the lifetime of our patents and/or applications and those of our future licensors. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we rely on our outside patent annuity service to pay these fees when due. Additionally, the USPTO and various foreign patent offices require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with rules applicable to the particular jurisdiction. However, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If such an event were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

We intend to use registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names to brand and market ourselves and our products. Our trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business may be adversely affected. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition, we rely on the protection of our trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information to maintain our competitive position. Although we have taken steps to protect our trade secrets and unpatented know-how, including entering into confidentiality agreements with third parties, and confidential information and inventions agreements with employees, consultants and advisors, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, and any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets.

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Moreover, third parties may still obtain this information or may come upon this or similar information independently, and we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of these events occurs or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets, the value of this information may be greatly reduced, and our competitive position would be harmed. If we do not apply for patent protection prior to such publication or if we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential information, then our ability to obtain patent protection or to protect our trade secret information may be jeopardized.

We may be subject to claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged confidential information or trade secrets.

We have entered into and may enter in the future into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements to protect the proprietary positions of third parties, such as outside scientific collaborators, CROs, third-party manufacturers, consultants, advisors, potential partners, and other third parties. We may become subject to litigation where a third party asserts that we or our employees inadvertently or otherwise breached the agreements and used or disclosed trade secrets or other information proprietary to the third parties. Defense of such matters, regardless of their merit, could involve substantial litigation expense and be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. We cannot predict whether we would prevail in any such actions. Moreover, intellectual property litigation, regardless of its outcome, may cause negative publicity and could prohibit us from marketing or otherwise commercializing our product candidates and technology. Failure to defend against any such claim could subject us to significant liability for monetary damages or prevent or delay our developmental and commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management team and other employees.

Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that we have wrongfully hired an employee from a competitor or that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged confidential information or trade secrets of their former employers.

As is common in the pharmaceutical industry, in addition to our employees, we engage the services of consultants to assist us in the development of our product candidates. Many of these consultants, and many of our employees, were previously employed at, or may have previously provided or may be currently providing consulting services to, other pharmaceutical companies including our competitors or potential competitors. We may become subject to claims that we, our employees or a consultant inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other information proprietary to their former employers or their former or current clients. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely affect our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management team and other employees.

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Our rights to develop and commercialize our technology and product candidates may be subject, in part, to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us by others.

We may enter into license agreements in the future with others to advance our existing or future research or allow commercialization of our existing or future product candidates. These licenses may not provide exclusive rights to use such intellectual property and technology in all relevant fields of use and in all territories in which we may wish to develop or commercialize our technology and products in the future.

In addition, subject to the terms of any such license agreements, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, enforcement, and defense of patents and patent applications covering the technology that we license from third parties. In such an event, we cannot be certain that these patents and patent applications will be prepared, filed, prosecuted, maintained, enforced, and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If our future licensors fail to prosecute, maintain, enforce, and defend such patents or patent applications, or lose rights to those patents or patent applications, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated, and our right to develop and commercialize any of our future product candidates that are subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected.

Our future licensors may rely on third-party consultants or collaborators or on funds from third parties such that our future licensors are not the sole and exclusive owners of the patents we in-license. If other third parties have ownership rights to our future in-licensed patents, they may be able to license such patents to our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

It is possible that we may be unable to obtain licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to redesign our technology, product candidates, or the methods for manufacturing them or to develop or license replacement technology, all of which may not be feasible on a technical or commercial basis. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected product candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our current technology, manufacturing methods, product candidates, or future methods or products resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our manufacture or future sales, or, with respect to our future sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties, which could be significant.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our future licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

Disputes may arise between us and our future licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including:

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the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

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whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

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our right to sublicense patents and other rights to third parties;

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our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

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our right to transfer or assign the license;

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the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our future licensors and us and our partners; and

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the priority of invention of patented technology.

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In addition, the agreements under which we license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we license in the future prevent or impair our ability to maintain our licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

In spite of our best efforts, our future licensors might conclude that we materially breached our license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements. If these in-licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

The patent protection and patent prosecution for some of our product candidates may be dependent on third parties.

While we normally seek to obtain the right to control prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of the patents relating to our product candidates, there may be times when the filing and prosecution activities for patents and patent applications relating to our product candidates are controlled by our future licensors or collaboration partners. If any of our future licensors or collaboration partners fail to prosecute, maintain and enforce such patents and patent applications in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business, including by payment of all applicable fees for patents covering our product candidates, we could lose our rights to the intellectual property or our exclusivity with respect to those rights, our ability to develop and commercialize those product candidates may be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using and selling competing products. In addition, even where we have the right to control patent prosecution of patents and patent applications we have licensed to and from third parties, we may still be adversely affected or prejudiced by actions or inactions of our licensees, our future licensors and their counsel that took place prior to the date upon which we assumed control over patent prosecution.

Intellectual property discovered through government funded programs may be subject to federal regulations such as “march-in” rights, certain reporting requirements and a preference for U.S.-based companies. Compliance with such regulations may limit our exclusive rights and limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. manufacturers.

Although we do not currently own issued patents or pending patent applications that have been generated through the use of U.S. government funding, we may acquire or license in the future intellectual property rights that have been generated through the use of U.S. government funding or grants. Pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, the U.S. government has certain rights in inventions developed with government funding. These U.S. government rights include a non-exclusive, non-transferable, irrevocable worldwide license to use inventions for any governmental purpose. In addition, the U.S. government has the right, under certain limited circumstances, to require us to grant exclusive, partially exclusive, or non-exclusive licenses to any of these inventions to a third party if it determines that: (1) adequate steps have not been taken to commercialize the invention; (2) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety needs; or (3) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations (also referred to as “march-in rights”). If the U.S. government exercised its march-in rights in our future intellectual property rights that are generated through the use of U.S. government funding or grants, we could be forced to license or sublicense intellectual property developed by us or that we license on terms unfavorable to us, and there can be no assurance that we would receive compensation from the U.S. government for the exercise of such rights. The U.S. government also has the right to take title to these inventions if the grant recipient fails to disclose the invention to the government or fails to file an application to register the intellectual property within specified time limits. Intellectual property generated under a government funded program is also subject to certain reporting requirements, compliance with which may require us to expend substantial resources. In addition, the U.S. government requires that any products embodying any of these inventions or produced through the use of any of these inventions be manufactured substantially in the United States. This preference for U.S. industry may be waived by the federal agency that provided the funding if the owner or assignee of the intellectual property can show that reasonable but unsuccessful efforts have been made to grant licenses on similar terms to potential licensees that would be likely to manufacture substantially in the United States or that under the circumstances domestic manufacture is not commercially feasible. This preference for U.S. industry may limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. product manufacturers for products covered by such intellectual property.

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Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

We rely on third parties to conduct our ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, and plan to rely on third parties to conduct additional planned clinical trials, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such preclinical studies and clinical trials.

We utilize and depend upon independent investigators and collaborators, such as medical institutions, CROs, CMOs, and strategic partners to conduct and support our ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials under agreements with us and plan to continue to do so for our future clinical trials. These third parties have had and will continue to have a significant role in the conduct of our preclinical studies and ongoing and planned future clinical trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. For example, our academic and industrial partners contribute highly enabling technologies and services that include: (i) medicinal chemists at leading CROs, (ii) bioinformatics support for our translational research efforts, (iii) crystallography and biophysical assay platforms to enable structure-based drug discovery, (iv) biochemical and cell-based assays to guide lead generation and optimization, and (v) patient-derived organoid and xenograft models to translate our findings to the clinical setting.

These third parties are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such third parties, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that any such third party will devote to our preclinical studies or our ongoing or planned future clinical trials. The third parties we rely on for these services may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other drug development activities, which could affect their performance on our behalf. Some of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time. We also expect to have to negotiate budgets and contracts with CROs, clinical trial sites and CMOs and we may not be able to do so on favorable terms, which may result in delays to our development timelines and increased costs. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements with, or replace or add any third parties, it would involve substantial cost and require extensive management time and focus, or involve a transition period, and may delay our drug development activities, as well as materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines.

Our heavy reliance on these third parties for such drug development activities will reduce our control over these activities. As a result, we will have less direct control over the conduct, timing and completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials and the management of data developed through preclinical studies and clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. For example, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the clinical trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with GCP standards, regulations for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are reliable and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. The EMA also requires us to comply with similar standards. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP requirements through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCP requirements, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. There can be no assurance that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials substantially comply with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under current cGMP regulations and will require a large number of test patients. Our failure or any failure by these third parties to comply with these regulations or to recruit a sufficient number of patients, may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Moreover, our business may be implicated if any of these third parties violates federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws.

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If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, or if these third parties need to be replaced, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

We contract with third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials and expect to continue to do so for additional preclinical studies, clinical trials and ultimately for commercialization. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quality and quantities of our product candidates or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

We do not currently have the infrastructure or internal capability to manufacture supplies of our product candidates for use in development and commercialization. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party manufacturers for the production of our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials under the guidance of members of our organization. We do not have long-term supply agreements, and we purchase our required drug product on a purchase order basis, which means that aside from any binding purchase orders we have from time to time, our supplier could cease supplying to us or change the terms on which it is willing to continue supplying to us at any time. In addition, the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, including the sanctions imposed by the United States, the European Union and others on Russia and other related parties, could negatively impact supply chains that directly or indirectly affect manufacturing processes necessary for the continued development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. If we were to experience an unexpected loss of supply of any of our product candidates for any reason, whether as a result of manufacturing, supply or storage issues or otherwise, we could experience delays, disruptions, suspensions or terminations of, or be required to restart or repeat, any pending or ongoing preclinical studies or clinical trials.

We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers for the commercial supply of any of our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. We may be unable to maintain or establish required agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

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the failure of the third party to manufacture our product candidates according to our schedule and specifications, or at all, including if our third-party contractors give greater priority to the supply of other products over our product candidates or otherwise do not satisfactorily perform according to the terms of the agreements between us and them;

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the reduction or termination of production or deliveries by suppliers, or the raising or prices or renegotiation of terms;

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the termination or nonrenewal of arrangements or agreements by our third-party contractors at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us;

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the breach by the third-party contractors of our agreements with them;

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the failure of third-party contractors to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, including cGMPs;

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the breach by the third-party contractors of our agreements with them;

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the failure of the third party to manufacture our product candidates according to our specifications;

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the mislabeling of clinical supplies, potentially resulting in the wrong dose amounts being supplied or active drug or placebo not being properly identified;

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clinical supplies not being delivered to clinical sites on time, leading to clinical trial interruptions, or of drug supplies not being distributed to commercial vendors in a timely manner, resulting in lost sales; and

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the misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how.

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We do not have complete control over all aspects of the manufacturing process of our contract manufacturing partners and are dependent on these contract manufacturing partners for compliance with cGMP regulations for manufacturing both active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and finished drug products. To date, we have obtained API and drug product for our product candidates from single-source third party contract manufacturers. We are in the process of developing our supply chain for each of our product candidates and intend to put in place framework agreements under which third-party contract manufacturers will generally provide us with necessary quantities of API and drug product on a project-by-project basis based on our development needs. As we advance our product candidates through development, we will consider our lack of redundant supply for the API and drug product for each of our product candidates to protect against any potential supply disruptions. However, we may be unsuccessful in putting in place such framework agreements or protecting against potential supply disruptions.

Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the United States. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, EMA or comparable regulatory authorities, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain marketing approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we do not have control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA, EMA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we will need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, and those new facilities would need to be inspected and approved by the FDA, EMA or comparable regulatory authority prior to commencing manufacturing, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain marketing approval for or market our product candidates, if approved. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates or drugs and harm our business and results of operations.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any product candidates that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

Our manufacturing process needs to comply with FDA regulations relating to the quality and reliability of such processes. Any failure to comply with relevant regulations could result in delays in or termination of our clinical programs and suspension or withdrawal of any regulatory approvals.

In order to commercially produce our products either at a third party’s facility or in any facility of ours, we will need to comply with the FDA’s cGMP regulations and guidelines. We may encounter difficulties in achieving quality control and quality assurance and may experience shortages in qualified personnel. We are subject to inspections by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities to confirm compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Any failure to follow cGMP or other regulatory requirements or delay, interruption or other issues that arise in the manufacture, fill-finish, packaging, or storage of our precision medicines as a result of a failure of our facilities or the facilities or operations of third parties to comply with regulatory requirements or pass any regulatory authority inspection could significantly impair our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates, including leading to significant delays in the availability of our precision medicines for our clinical trials or the termination of or suspension of a clinical trial, or the delay or prevention of a filing or approval of marketing applications for our product candidates. Significant non-compliance could also result in the imposition of sanctions, including warning or untitled letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approvals for our product candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could damage our reputation and our business.

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From time to time, we evaluate various acquisition opportunities and strategic partnerships, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, product candidates, intellectual property rights, technologies or businesses. Any potential acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including:

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increased operating expenses and cash requirements;

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the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities;

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the issuance of our equity securities;

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assimilation of operations, intellectual property, products and product candidates of an acquired company, including difficulties associated with integrating new personnel;

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the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing programs and initiatives in pursuing such a strategic merger or acquisition;

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retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships;

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risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of that party and their existing products, product candidates and marketing approvals; and

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our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology and/or products sufficient to meet our objectives in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs.

In addition, if we undertake acquisitions or pursue partnerships in the future, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense.

If our third-party manufacturers use hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury or violates applicable law, we may be liable for damages.

Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of potentially hazardous substances, including chemical materials, by our third-party manufacturers. Our manufacturers are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations in the United States governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of medical and hazardous materials. Although we believe that our manufacturers’ procedures for using, handling, storing and disposing of these materials comply with legally prescribed standards, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from medical or hazardous materials. As a result of any such contamination or injury, we may incur liability or local, city, state or federal authorities may curtail the use of these materials and interrupt our business operations. In the event of an accident, we could be held liable for damages or penalized with fines, and the liability could exceed our resources. We do not have any insurance for liabilities arising from medical or hazardous materials. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development and production efforts, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.

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If we decide to establish collaborations but are not able to establish those collaborations on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. We may seek to selectively form collaborations to expand our capabilities, potentially accelerate research and development activities and provide for commercialization activities by third parties. Any of these relationships may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near- and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing stockholders, or disrupt our management and business.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration depends, among other things, upon our assessment of the potential collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of preclinical studies or clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing drugs, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of intellectual property and industry and market conditions generally. The potential collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidate. Further, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a collaboration or other alternative arrangements for product candidates because they may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view them as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. Even if we are successful in entering into a collaboration, the terms and conditions of that collaboration may restrict us from entering into future agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators.

If and when we seek to enter into collaborations, we may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our research programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.

We may enter into collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of product candidates. If those collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of these product candidates.

If we enter into any collaboration arrangements with any third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates, we will likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities and efforts to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. Collaborations involving our product candidates would pose numerous risks to us, including the following:

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collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations and may not perform their obligations as expected;

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collaborators may deemphasize or not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus, including as a result of a business combination or sale or disposition of a business unit or development function, or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

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collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

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collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely;

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to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;

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a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to multiple products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our product relative to other products;

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we may grant exclusive rights to our collaborators that would prevent us from collaborating with others;

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collaborators may not properly obtain, maintain, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information and intellectual property in such a way as to invite litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information and intellectual property or expose us to potential litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings;

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disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;

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collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates;

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collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all;

•

collaborators may not provide us with timely and accurate information regarding development progress and activities under the collaboration or may limit our ability to share such information, which could adversely impact our ability to report progress to our investors and otherwise plan our own development of our product candidates;

•

collaborators may own or co-own intellectual property covering our products or product candidates that result from our collaborating with them, and in such cases, we would not have the exclusive right to develop or commercialize such intellectual property; and

•

a collaborator’s sales and marketing activities or other operations may not be in compliance with applicable laws resulting in civil or criminal proceedings.

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Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock is volatile, and investors could lose all or part of their investment.

The trading price of our common stock is highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which we cannot control. The stock market in general, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies.

Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, these factors include:

•

the timing and results of INDs, preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates or those of our competitors;

•

the success of competitive products or announcements by potential competitors of their product development efforts;

•

regulatory actions with respect to our products or product candidates or our competitors’ products or product candidates;

•

actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

•

regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries, including changes in leadership at various federal departments and agencies as well as new legislation, executive, and administrative actions under the Biden administration;

•

developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights;

•

the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

•

announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments;

•

actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts;

•

fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

•

market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector;

•

changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

•

share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

•

announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

•

sales of our common stock by us, our insiders or our other stockholders;

•

expiration of market stand-off or lock-up agreements;

•

the impact of any natural disasters or public health emergencies, such as COVID-19; and

•

general economic, political, industry and market conditions and instability (such as those created by the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, including, without limitation, sanctions against Russia imposed by the United States, the European Union and others, and instability in the banking sector).

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The realization of any of the above risks or any of a broad range of other risks, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, could have a dramatic and adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports, or if they publish adverse or misleading research or reports, regarding us, our business or our market, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business or our market. If any of the analysts who cover us issue adverse or misleading research or reports regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property, our stock performance or our market, or if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. From time to time, we may enter into license or collaboration agreements or strategic partnerships with other companies that include development funding and significant upfront and milestone payments and/or royalties, which may become an important source of our revenue. These upfront and milestone payments may vary significantly from period to period and any such variance could cause a significant fluctuation in our operating results from one period to the next.

In addition, we measure compensation cost for stock-based awards made to employees at the grant date of the award, based on the fair value of the award as determined by our board of directors, and recognize the cost as an expense over the employee’s requisite service period. As the variables that we use as a basis for valuing these awards change over time, including our underlying stock price and stock price volatility, the magnitude of the expense that we must recognize may vary significantly.

Furthermore, our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of other factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:

•

the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development activities relating to our programs, which will change from time to time;

•

our ability to enroll patients in clinical trials and the timing of enrollment;

•

our ability to timely initiate sites for clinical trials;

•

the cost of manufacturing our current product candidates and any future product candidates, which may vary depending on FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority guidelines and requirements, the quantity of production and the terms of our agreements with manufacturers;

•

expenditures that we will or may incur to acquire or develop additional product candidates and technologies or other assets;

•

the timing and outcomes of preclinical studies and clinical trials for product candidates from our RAF and FGFR programs, and any product candidates from our research programs, or competing product candidates;

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•

the need to conduct unanticipated clinical trials or clinical trials that are larger or more complex than anticipated;

•

competition from existing and potential future products that compete with our RAF or FGFR programs or any of our research programs, and changes in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners;

•

any delays in regulatory review or approval of product candidates from our RAF or FGFR programs, or any of our research programs;

•

the level of demand for any of our product candidates, if approved, which may fluctuate significantly and be difficult to predict;

•

the risk/benefit profile, cost and reimbursement policies with respect to our product candidates, if approved, and existing and potential future products that compete with our RAF or FGFR programs, or any of our research programs;

•

our ability to commercialize product candidates from our RAF or FGFR programs, or any of our research programs, if approved, inside and outside of the United States, either independently or working with third parties;

•

our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements;

•

our ability to adequately support future growth;

•

potential unforeseen business disruptions that increase our costs or expenses;

•

future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and

•

the changing and volatile global economic and political environment.

The cumulative effect of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

As of June 30, 2023, our executive officers, directors, holders of 5% or more of our capital stock and their respective affiliates beneficially owned approximately 56% of our outstanding voting stock. These stockholders, acting together, may be able to impact matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, they may be able to impact elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents or approval of any merger, sale of assets or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that investors may feel are in their best interest as one of our stockholders. The interests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with each investor’s interests or the interests of other stockholders and they may act in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, including seeking a premium value for their common stock, and might affect the prevailing market price for our common stock.

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Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. For example, we filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC on Form S-3ASR (File No. 333-261970) that included a prospectus supplement for an at-the-market offering to sell up to an aggregate of $150.0 million of shares of our common stock (ATM Offering). To date, no shares have been issued and sold pursuant to the ATM Offering. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock.

Certain holders of shares of our common stock have rights, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act), would result in the shares becoming freely tradeable in the public market, subject to the restrictions of Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates. If these shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a smaller reporting company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an EGC, we intend to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not EGCs, including:

•

being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure in our periodic reports;

•

not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

•

not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

•

reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements; and

•

exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory stockholder votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue; (ii) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” with at least $700.0 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period; and (iv) December 31, 2025.

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Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” which would allow us to continue to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will devote substantial time to related compliance initiatives.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, and these expenses may increase even more after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and Nasdaq. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly, which will increase our operating expenses. For example, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain sufficient coverage, particularly in light of recent cost increases related to coverage. We cannot accurately predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

In addition, as a public company we are required to incur additional costs and obligations in order to comply with SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We are required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm, unless we continue to qualify as a “smaller reporting company” at such time. We engage in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are designed and operating effectively, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting.

If we identify material weaknesses or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Although we were able to remediate these material weaknesses, we may in the future discover additional weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

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If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate consolidated financial statements. If that were to happen, our investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, the market price of our stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which our common stock is listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the facts that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our common stock is volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to any appreciation in the value of their stock.

Anti-takeover provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the market price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could depress the market price of our common stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management that the stockholders of our company may deem advantageous. These provisions, among other things:

•

establish a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board are elected at one time;

•

permit only the board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill vacancies on the board;

•

provide that directors may only be removed “for cause”

•

authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board could use to implement a stockholder rights plan (also known as a “poison pill”);

•

eliminate the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;

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•

prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

•

prohibit cumulative voting;

•

authorize our board of directors to amend the bylaws;

•

establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings; and

•

require a super-majority vote of stockholders to amend or repeal specified provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws.

In addition, Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (DGCL) prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, generally a person which together with its affiliates owns, or within the last three years has owned, 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner or certain other conditions are met.

Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our capital stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another state court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware) is the exclusive forum for the following (except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within 10 days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction):

•

any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

•

any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty;

•

any action asserting a claim against us arising under the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; and

•

any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine.

This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

Such amended and restated bylaws further provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. These exclusive-forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. We also note that stockholders cannot waive compliance (or consent to noncompliance) with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. It is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

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Item 2.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Common Stock

On December 2, 2020, our registration statement on Form S‑1 (File No. 333-250086) was declared effective by the SEC for our IPO. We began trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on December 3, 2020, and our IPO formally closed on December 7, 2020. In connection with our IPO, we issued and sold an aggregate of 13,800,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $20.00 per share, including 1,800,000 shares issued and sold in connection with the full exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares of common stock. The aggregate offering price for shares sold in our IPO was $276.0 million. The joint book-running managers for our IPO were Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, SVB Leerink LLC, and Piper Sandler & Co. and Wedbush Securities Inc. After deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs paid or payable by us of approximately $22.7 million, the net proceeds from the offering were approximately $253.3 million. No payments were made by us to directors, officers or persons owning ten percent or more of our common stock or to their associates, or to our affiliates, other than payments in the ordinary course of business to officers for salaries and to non-employee directors pursuant to our director compensation policy.

There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on December 3, 2020 pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4). We invested the funds received in interest-bearing investment-grade securities.

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

Item 5.

Other Information.

Amended and Restated Bylaws

As disclosed under Item 5.03 of our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 28, 2023, on July 25, 2023, our board of directors amended and restated our amended and restated bylaws, effective immediately. The bylaws were amended and restated, among other things, to:

•

enhance procedural mechanics and disclosure requirements in connection with stockholder nominations of directors and submissions of proposals regarding other business at our annual meeting of stockholders (except for proposals properly made in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), including by requiring additional background information and disclosures regarding proposing stockholders, proposed nominees and business, and other persons related to a stockholder’s solicitation of proxies;

•

change certain provisions relating to stockholder nominees for election as a director to address the universal proxy rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission;

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•

revise certain additional procedures related to stockholder meetings to conform to the provisions of the DGCL, including but not limited to provisions relating to delivery of notices of stockholder meetings, quorum, communications regarding adjourned stockholder meetings, conduct of business at meetings, and the preparation of the stockholder list in connection with stockholder meetings;

•

update various provisions regarding directors, board committees, and officers, including but not limited to requirements for action by written consent of the board of directors, and officer authority;

•

clarify our exclusive forum provisions; and

•

make various updates throughout to conform to current Delaware law (including the recent amendments to the DGCL) and to make ministerial changes, clarifications, and other conforming revisions.

The foregoing description is qualified in its entirety by reference to our Amended and Restated Bylaws, a copy of which was filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Form 8-K filed on July 28, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 6.

Exhibits.

Exhibit			Incorporated by Reference
Number	Exhibit Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
3.1	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Kinnate Biopharma Inc.	8-K	001-39743	3.1	July 28, 2023

31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1†	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2†	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

†

The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	KINNATE BIOPHARMA INC.

August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Nima Farzan
		Nima Farzan
		Chief Executive Officer and President
		(Principal Executive Officer)

August 8, 2023	By:	/s/ Neha Krishnamohan
		`Neha Krishnamohan
		`Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice `President, Corporate Development
		`(Principal Financial Officer)

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