Koppers Holdings Inc. - Annual Report: 2016 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

Commission file number 1-32737

KOPPERS HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act:    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐   Accelerated filer ☒   Non-accelerated filer ☐   Smaller reporting company ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing sales price of the Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2016 was $617.9 million (affiliates, for this purpose, have been deemed to be Directors and executive officers of Koppers Holdings Inc.).

As of January 31, 2017, 20,664,898 shares of Common Stock of the registrant were issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report and the documents incorporated herein by reference contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and may include, but are not limited to, statements about sales levels, restructuring, profitability and anticipated synergies, expenses and cash outflows. All forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. All statements contained herein that are not clearly historical in nature are forward-looking, and words such as “believe”, “anticipate”, “expect”, “estimate”, “may”, “will”, “should”, “continue”, “plans”, “intends”, “likely” or other similar words or phrases are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement contained herein, regarding expectations with respect to sales, earnings, cash flows, operating efficiencies, product introduction or expansion, the benefits of acquisitions and divestitures or other matters, are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and contingencies.

Many of these risks, uncertainties and contingencies are beyond our control, and may cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from anticipated results, performance or achievements. Factors that might affect such forward-looking statements include, among other things:

We caution you that the foregoing list of important factors may not contain all of the material factors that are important to you. In addition, in light of these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward looking statements contained in this report and the documents incorporated by reference herein may not in fact occur. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

In this report, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, (i) the term “Koppers”, “Koppers Holdings”, the “Company”, “we” or “us” refers to Koppers Holdings Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, (ii) the term “KH” refers to Koppers Holdings Inc. and not any of its subsidiaries and (iii) the term “KI” refers to Koppers Inc. and not any of its subsidiaries. Koppers Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Koppers Holdings Inc. Koppers Holdings Inc. has substantially no operations independent of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries. The use of these terms is not intended to imply that Koppers Holdings and Koppers Inc. are not separate and distinct legal entities from each other and from their respective subsidiaries.

Koppers Holdings Inc. was incorporated in November 2004 as a holding company for Koppers Inc. We are a leading integrated global provider of treated wood products, wood treatment chemicals, and carbon compounds. Our products and services are used in a variety of niche applications in a diverse range of end-markets, including the railroad, specialty chemical, utility, residential lumber, agriculture, aluminum, steel, rubber, and construction industries. We serve our customers through a comprehensive global manufacturing and distribution network, with manufacturing facilities located in North America, South America, Australasia, China and Europe.

Business Segments and Products

We operate three principal business segments: Railroad and Utility Products and Services (“RUPS”), Performance Chemicals (“PC”), and Carbon Materials and Chemicals (“CMC”).

We believe our three business segments command leading market positions. Through our RUPS business, we believe that we are the largest supplier of railroad crossties to the North American railroads. Through our CMC business, we believe we are the largest global supplier of creosote to the North American railroad industry. Through our PC business, we believe that we are the largest global manufacturer and supplier of water-based wood preservatives and wood specialty additives to treaters who supply the residential, agricultural and industrial pressure-treated wood markets.

Our RUPS and CMC operations are, to a substantial extent, vertically integrated. Through our CMC business, we process coal tar into a variety of products, including creosote, which is an intermediate material necessary in the pressure treatment of wood crossties and other related railroad products. The majority of the creosote we produce in North America and Europe is sold internally to our RUPS business for treating railroad crossties.

Railroad and Utility Products and Services

Our RUPS business sells treated and untreated wood products, rail joint bars and services primarily to the railroad markets in the United States and Canada and the utility market in Australia. We also operate a railroad services business that conducts engineering, design, repair and inspection services for railroad bridges, serving the same customer base as our North American railroad business.

Railroad products and services include procuring and treating items such as crossties, switch ties and various types of lumber used for railroad bridges and crossings. Railroad products also include manufacturing and selling rail joint bars, which are steel bars used to join rails together for railroads. Utility products, located in Australia, include the pressure treatment of transmission and distribution poles for electric and telephone utilities. The RUPS business operates 13 wood treating plants and one rail joint bar manufacturing facility located throughout the United States, Canada and Australia. Our network of plants is strategically located near timber supplies to enable us to access raw materials and service customers effectively. In addition, our crosstie treating plants are typically adjacent to our largest railroad customers’ rail lines.

Our RUPS business manufactures its primary products and sells them directly to our customers through long-term contracts and purchase orders negotiated by our regional sales personnel and coordinated through our marketing group at corporate headquarters.

Hardwoods, such as oak and other species, are the major raw materials in wood crossties. Hardwood prices, which account for more than 50 percent of a finished crosstie’s cost, fluctuate with the demand from other hardwood lumber markets, such as oak flooring, pallets and other specialty lumber products. Weather conditions can be a factor in the supply of raw material, as unusually wet or inclement conditions may make it difficult to harvest timber.

In the United States, hardwood lumber for crossties is procured by us from hundreds of small sawmills throughout the northeastern, midwestern and southern areas of the country. The crossties are shipped via rail car or trucked directly to one of our crosstie treating plants, all of which are on line with a major railroad. The crossties are either air-stacked for a period of six to nine months or artificially dried by a process called boultonizing. Once dried, the crossties are pressure treated with creosote, a product of our CMC business. A substantial portion of our crossties are treated with borate, which is purchased from PC, in combination with creosote.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

We believe we are the largest supplier of railroad crossties in North America. We have one principal competitor, Stella-Jones Inc., and several smaller regional competitors in the North American market. Competitive factors in the railroad crosstie market include price, quality, location, service and security of supply. We believe we have a competitive advantage due to our ability to obtain internally-sourced creosote and borate and our national network of treating plants which have direct access to our major customers’ rail lines. These advantages provide for security of supply and logistics advantages for our customers. We believe our Australian utility pole business is the largest producer of utility poles for the electrical communications utilities in Australia.

Our RUPS business’ largest customer base is the North American Class I railroad market, which buys approximately 74 percent of all crossties produced in the United States and Canada. Approximately 70 percent of our North American RUPS sales are under long-term contracts and we currently supply all North American Class I railroads. We also have relationships with many of the approximately 550 short-line and regional rail lines. This also forms the customer base for our rail joint bar products. The railroad crosstie market is a mature market with approximately 20 million replacement crossties (both wood and non-wood) purchased during 2016.

Demand for railroad crossties may decline during winter months due to inclement weather conditions which make it difficult to harvest lumber and to install railroad crossties. As a result, operating results may vary from quarter to quarter depending on the severity of weather conditions and other variables affecting our products.

Utility poles are produced mainly from the eucalyptus species in Australia. Most of these poles are purchased from large timber owners and individual landowners and shipped to one of our pole-peeling facilities. In Australia, in addition to utility poles, we market smaller poles to the agricultural landscape and vineyard markets. We treat poles with a variety of preservatives, including copper chromated arsenates, which we produce internally, and pentachlorophenol.

Performance Chemicals

Our PC business maintains sales and manufacturing operations in the United States, Canada, Europe, South America, Australia and New Zealand. The primary products supplied by PC are copper-based wood preservatives, including micronized copper quaternary and micronized copper azole (“MicroPro®”), micronized pigments (MicroShades®), alkaline copper quaternary, amine copper azole and chromated copper arsenate. The primary applications for these products include decking, fencing, utility poles, construction lumber and timbers, and vineyard stakes. Because we are a global supplier of wood preservatives, we face various competitors in all the geographic regions in which we participate.   

PC supplies nine of the ten largest lumber treating companies in the United States, the largest treated wood market in the world, in addition to the three largest lumber treating companies in Canada. In North America, our PC business is vertically integrated through the manufacturing of copper compounds for our copper-based wood preservatives. We purchase and process approximately 25 million pounds of scrap copper, our key raw material, to meet the annual demand of this major market. Once the scrap copper is purchased, it is shipped to our manufacturing plants in Hubbell, Michigan and Millington, Tennessee for further processing into other copper compounds. During 2016 and 2015, scrap copper pricing followed the London Metal Exchange and the Comex trend by falling in price by approximately 25 percent from 2014 levels. We experienced some copper supply pressures as a result of scrap copper suppliers’ reducing available supply due to low prices. We utilize swap contracts to hedge our exposure to copper price risk.

We believe that being vertically integrated in copper manufacturing provides PC with an important competitive advantage and also provides our customers with the security of a continuous supply of wood preservatives. Likewise, we believe that our marketing, engineering, and technical support services provide added value to our customer base, who supply pressure-treated wood products to large retailers and independent lumber dealers. We believe another competitive advantage is provided by our strategic sourcing group who procure scrap copper and other raw materials, such as chromic acid, tebuconazole, arsenic trioxide, dispersants and various biocides and co-biocides through the global market. 

Carbon Materials and Chemicals

Our CMC business manufactures its primary products and sells them directly to our global customer base under long-term contracts or through purchase orders negotiated by our regional sales personnel and coordinated through our global marketing group in the United States. Our four coal tar distillation facilities and five carbon materials terminals give us the ability to offer customers multiple sourcing and a consistent supply of high quality products.

In 2014, we embarked on a plan to restructure our CMC operating footprint that reduced our global number of coal tar distillation facilities from the 11 that existed as of January 1, 2014 to four in total as of December 31, 2016. Our CMC business has experienced challenges over the past few years due to the closure of aluminum smelters that has occurred in North America, Western Europe and Australia. The smelting of aluminum requires significant amounts of energy, which is a major cost component for the aluminum industry. As a result, new production facilities are being built in regions with low energy costs such as the Middle East, while regions with higher energy costs such as North America, Western Europe and Australia have seen significant amounts of smelting capacity idled or closed over the last several years.

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Our CMC business manufactures the following principal products:

Creosote, carbon pitch, naphthalene, and carbon black feedstock are produced through the distillation of coal tar, a by-product generated through the processing of coal into coke for use in steel and iron manufacturing. Coal tar distillation involves the conversion of coal tar into a variety of intermediate chemical products in processes beginning with distillation. During the distillation process, heat and vacuum are utilized to separate coal tar into three primary components: chemical oils (approximately 20 percent), distillate (approximately 30 percent), and carbon pitch (approximately 50 percent).

The following diagram shows the streams derived from coal tar distillation:

In the United States, our primary coal tar raw material supply contracts generally have terms ranging from three to ten years, and most provide options for renewal. Pricing under these contracts is either formula-based or negotiated on a quarterly or semi-annual basis. Our primary European tar supply contract has a remaining term of approximately eight years and thereafter extends indefinitely unless terminated by a one-year advance notice and contains formula-based tar pricing. Our primary Australian supply contracts have terms ranging from five to ten years and contain formula-based pricing which is adjusted on an annual or semi-annual basis. Finally, in China, we have a raw material contract in place with our joint venture partner. This contract is coterminous with the applicable joint venture arrangement and provides for formula-based pricing adjusted on a monthly or quarterly basis.

Research and Development

PC’s global research group is located in the United States, with supplemental resources in the United Kingdom. We believe our investment in research and development keeps us on the leading edge of new wood preservation technologies. The wood preserving intellectual property that the PC research group has developed and patented remains a very important part of our wood preservative portfolio. This intellectual property includes micronizing various chemical and additive formulations and the methods of treating wood with these formulations. In particular, one of our patented technologies, MicroPro® wood preservative, has been adopted since its commercialization by many of our wood treating customers and the industry’s retailers and lumber dealers. The earliest expiration date for patents relating to micronized wood preservative compositions is April 9, 2024.

Research activities related to our CMC business are directed toward new product development regarding alternate uses for coal tar and technical service efforts to promote the use of creosote and vacuum-distilled carbon pitch.

Expenditures for research and development were $6.6 million, $5.2 million and $3.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

Technology and Licensing

In 1988, we acquired the “Koppers” trademark from Koppers Company, Inc. The association of the name with the chemical, building, wood preservation and coke industries is beneficial to our company, as it represents long-standing, high quality products. Trademarks relating to our PC business, such as “MicroPro®”, “Protim” and “Solignum” are important in this segment of our business, and as long as we continue to use the name “Koppers” and the trademarks associated with our wood preservation business and comply with applicable registration requirements, our right to use the name “Koppers” and the other trademarks should continue without expiration. The expiration of other trademark rights is not expected to materially affect our business.

Backlog

Generally, Koppers does not manufacture its products against a backlog of orders. Inventory and production levels are typically driven by expectations of future demand based on contractual obligations.

Seasonality

Demand for residential, commercial, and agricultural treated lumber may decline during winter months due to weather conditions. As a result, operating results may vary from quarter to quarter depending on the severity of weather conditions and other variables affecting our products.

Segment Information

Please see Note 9, “Segment Information,” under Item 8 of this Form 10-K for financial information relating to business segments and geographic areas. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business – Demand for our products is cyclical and we may experience prolonged depressed market conditions for our products.”

Non-U.S. Operations

Koppers has a significant investment in non-U.S. operations. Therefore, we are subject to certain risks that are inherent to foreign operations, including complying with applicable laws relating to foreign practices, the laws of foreign countries in which we operate, political and economic conditions in international markets and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business – We are subject to risks inherent in foreign operations, including additional legal regulation, changes in social, political and economic conditions.”

Environmental Matters

Our operations and properties are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health and safety, including those concerning the treatment, storage and disposal of wastes, the investigation and remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, the discharge of effluents into waterways, the emission of substances into the air, as well as various health and safety matters. Environmental laws and regulations are subject to frequent amendment and have historically become more stringent over time. We have incurred and could incur in the future significant costs if we fail to comply with liabilities under environmental laws and regulations, including cleanup costs, civil and criminal penalties, injunctive relief and denial or loss of, or imposition of significant restrictions on, environmental permits. In addition, we have been and could in the future be subject to suit by private parties in connection with alleged violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws and regulations. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business – We are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations and may incur significant costs as a result of continued compliance with, violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations” and Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.”

Employees and Employee Relations

As of December 31, 2016, we had 742 salaried employees and 1,111 non-salaried employees. Listed below is a breakdown of employees by our businesses, including administration.

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Events subsequent to December 31, 2016

In January 2017, Koppers Inc. completed a private placement offering of $500.0 million 6.00 percent Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”). The proceeds of the new offering were used to repay our outstanding $300.0 million senior secured term loan and to fund a tender offer to repurchase our $300.0 million 7.875 percent Senior Notes due 2019 (the “2019 Notes”), which was completed in February 2017. The 2025 Notes will mature on February 15, 2025 unless earlier redeemed or repurchased. The 2025 Notes are unsecured and are guaranteed by Koppers Holdings Inc. and certain of Koppers Inc.’s domestic subsidiaries.

In February 2017, the Company entered into a new $400.0 million revolving credit facility (the “New Senior Secured Credit Facility”) which replaced our existing $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility. The maturity date of the New Senior Secured Credit Facility is February 2022. The interest rate on the New Senior Secured Credit Facility is variable and is based on LIBOR. Terms under the New Senior Secured Credit Facility are substantially consistent with the prior senior secured revolving credit facility.

Internet Access

Our Internet address is www.koppers.com. Our recent filings on Form 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K and any amendments to those documents can be accessed without charge on our website under Investor Relations – SEC Filings as soon as reasonably practicable after such filings are made with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The contents of our internet site are not incorporated by reference into this document.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below before investing in our publicly traded securities. Our business is subject to the risks that affect many other companies, such as competition, technological obsolescence, labor relations, general economic conditions, geopolitical events and international operations.

Risks Related to Our Business

Fluctuations in the price, quality and availability of our primary raw materials could reduce our profitability.

Our operations depend on an adequate supply of quality raw materials being available on a timely basis. The loss of a key source of supply or a delay in shipments could cause a significant increase in our operating expenses. For example, our operations are highly dependent on a relatively small number of freight transportation services. We are also dependent on specialized ocean-going transport vessels that we lease to deliver raw materials to our facilities and finished goods to our customers. Interruptions in such freight services could impair our ability to receive raw materials and ship finished products in a timely manner. We are also exposed to price and quality risks associated with raw material purchases. Such risks include the following:

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

If the costs of raw materials increase significantly and we are unable to offset the increased costs with higher selling prices, our profitability will decline.

We face risks related to our substantial indebtedness.

As of December 31, 2016, we had total outstanding debt of $662.4 million, and an additional approximately $159.6 million of unused borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility. Our substantial leverage could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, expose us to interest rate risk associated with our variable rate debt and prevent us from meeting our obligations under the 2025 Notes and the New Senior Secured Credit Facility as described in Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Our high degree of leverage could have important consequences to us, including:

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future, subject to the restrictions contained in our New Senior Secured Credit Facility and the indenture governing the 2025 Notes. If new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.

Our debt agreements contain restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business.

Our New Senior Secured Credit Facility and the indenture governing the 2025 Notes contain various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. These covenants limit our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to, among other things:

In addition, under the New Senior Secured Credit Facility, we are required to meet specified financial ratios in order to undertake certain actions, and we are required to maintain a specified minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a maximum total secured leverage ratio. Our ability to meet those tests can be affected by events beyond our control, and we cannot assure you that we will meet them. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure such indebtedness. We have pledged substantially all of our assets as collateral under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility. If the lenders under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient assets to repay our New Senior Secured Credit Facility, as well as our unsecured indebtedness, including notes.

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Conditions in the global economy and global capital markets may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

The U.S. and global economy and capital markets have experienced significant uncertainties and volatility in the past few years. Our business and operating results for the last six years were significantly affected by these global economic issues. Many of our customers have experienced deterioration of their business during the latest business cycle. They may experience cash flow shortages and may have difficulty obtaining financing. As a result, our customers may delay or cancel plans to purchase our products and may not be able to fulfill their payment obligations to us in a timely fashion. Our suppliers may be experiencing similar conditions which could impact their ability to supply us with raw materials and otherwise fulfill their obligations to us. If global economic conditions deteriorate significantly, there could be a material adverse effect to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In addition, we rely on our $400.0 million New Senior Secured Credit Facility with a consortium of banks to provide us with liquidity to meet our working capital needs. Our ability to fund our liquidity needs and working capital requirements could be impacted in the event that disruptions in the credit markets result in the banks being unable to lend to us under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility.

Global economic issues could prevent us from accurately forecasting demand for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.

Adverse global economic issues, market instability and volatile commodity price fluctuations make it increasingly difficult for us, our customers and our suppliers to accurately forecast future product demands and sales prices, which could cause us to procure raw materials in excess of end-product demand. This could cause a material increase to our inventory carrying costs and, in the event of falling market prices for our end products, result in significant charges to write-down inventory to market prices.

Intellectual property rights are important to our business. If our patents are declared invalid or our trade secrets become known to our competitors, our ability to compete may be adversely affected.

Proprietary protection of our processes, apparatuses and other technology is important to our business, particularly in our PC business. Consequently, we may have to rely on judicial enforcement of our patents and other proprietary rights, which is generally a time consuming and expensive process. While a presumption of validity exists with respect to patents issued to us in the U.S., there can be no assurance that any of our patents will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable. Furthermore, if any pending patent application filed by us does not result in an issued patent, or if patents are issued to us, but such patents do not provide meaningful protection of our intellectual property, or if patents issued to us expire, then our ability to compete may be adversely affected. Additionally, our competitors or other third parties may obtain patents that restrict or preclude our ability to lawfully produce or sell our products in a competitive manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow and financial condition. The growth of our business also depends on our ability to develop new intellectual property rights, including patents, and the successful implementation of innovation initiatives. There can be no assurance that our efforts to do so will be successful and the failure to do so could negatively impact our results of operations.

We also rely upon unpatented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position, particularly in our PC business. While it is our policy to enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property, these confidentiality agreements may be breached or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, and adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and know-how. In addition, others could obtain knowledge of our trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means. The failure of our patents or confidentiality agreements to protect our processes, apparatuses, technology, trade secrets or proprietary know-how could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow and financial condition.

We may be required to recognize impairment charges for our long-lived assets.

At December 31, 2016, the net carrying value of long-lived assets (property, plant and equipment, goodwill, other intangible assets and equity investments) totaled $609.1 million. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, we periodically assess these assets to determine if they are impaired. In 2016, we recognized fixed asset impairment charges of $3.5 million due to the discontinuation of coal tar distillation activities. In 2015 we recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million related to our CMC business segment. Also in 2015, we recognized fixed asset impairment charges of $12.8 million related to the decision to discontinue coal tar distillation activities at two of our CMC plants located in the United States and two of our CMC plants located in the United Kingdom. The remaining 2015 fixed asset impairment charges of $1.9 million were related to the closure of our RUPS wood treating plant in Green Spring, West Virginia. Significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in use of the assets, divestitures and market capitalization declines may result in

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

impairments to goodwill and other long-lived assets. Future impairment charges could significantly affect our results of operations in the periods recognized. Impairment charges would also reduce our shareholders’ equity and could affect compliance with the covenants in our debt agreements.

We may not be able to compete successfully in any or all of the industry segments in which we operate.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and this competition could harm our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. If we are unable to respond successfully to changing competitive conditions, the demand for our products could be affected. We believe that the most significant competitive factor for our products is selling price. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources and larger capitalization than we do and, as a result, they may be better positioned to compete in a declining market.

Demand for our products is cyclical and we may experience prolonged depressed market conditions for our products.

Our products are sold primarily into markets which historically have been cyclical, such as wood preservation, aluminum and specialty chemicals.

We are dependent on major customers for a significant portion of our net sales, and the loss of one or more of our major customers could result in a significant reduction in our profitability as a whole or the profitability of a particular product.

Although no one customer accounts for more than eight percent of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016, our top ten customers accounted for approximately 41 percent of our net sales. The loss of a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow and financial condition.

Our products may be rendered obsolete or less attractive by changes in regulatory, legislative or industry requirements.

Changes in regulatory, legislative or industry requirements may render certain of our products obsolete or less attractive. Our ability to anticipate changes in these requirements, especially changes in regulatory standards, will be a significant factor in our ability to remain competitive. We may not be able to comply in the future with new regulatory, legislative and/or industrial standards that may be necessary for us to remain competitive and certain of our products may, as a result, become obsolete or less attractive to our customers.

The development of new technologies or changes in our customers’ products could reduce the demand for our products.

Our products are used for a variety of applications by our customers. Changes in our customers’ products or processes may enable our customers to reduce consumption of the products we produce or make our products unnecessary. Customers may also find alternative materials or processes that no longer require our products.

As a producer of wood preservatives, we may incur additional costs under our warranties or otherwise for claims related to treated-wood products.

We provide limited warranties on certain treated-wood products.  These limited warranties cover treated-wood products that are produced by certain of our customers who use wood preservatives supplied by us.  The limited warranties generally provide for replacement of properly treated-wood (or refund of the purchase price for the treated-wood product)

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that prematurely fails due to fungal decay or termite attack.  From time to time, we (or our customers) receive claims under these warranties or other claims relating to alleged failures of treated-wood products.  To date, amounts paid for such claims have not been material. However, should the costs of such claims become material, our profitability could be adversely affected.

Hazards associated with chemical manufacturing may cause suspensions or interruptions of our operations.

Due to the nature of our business, we are exposed to the hazards associated with chemical manufacturing and the related use, storage and transportation of raw materials, products and wastes in our manufacturing facilities and our distribution centers, such as fires, explosions and accidents that could lead to a suspension or interruption of operations. Any disruption could reduce the productivity and profitability of a particular manufacturing facility or of our company as a whole. Other hazards include the following:

These hazards, among others, may cause personal injury and loss of life, damage to property and contamination of the environment, which could lead to government fines or work stoppage injunctions, cleanup costs and lawsuits by injured persons. While we are unable to predict the outcome of such matters, if determined adversely to us, we may not have adequate insurance to cover related costs or liabilities and, if not, we may not have sufficient cash flow to pay for such costs or liabilities. Such outcomes could harm our customer goodwill and reduce our profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow and results from operations.

We are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations and may incur significant costs as a result of continued compliance with, violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations.

Like other companies involved in environmentally sensitive businesses, our operations and properties are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations, including those concerning the following, among other things:

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs to comply with environmental laws and regulations and as a result of remedial obligations. We could incur significant costs, including cleanup costs, fines, civil and criminal sanctions and claims by third parties for property damage and personal injury, as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations. We accrue for environmental liabilities when a determination can be made that they are probable and reasonably estimable. Total environmental reserves at December 31, 2016 were $12.9 million, which include provisions primarily for environmental remediation. In addition, we incur significant annual operating expenses related to environmental matters and significant capital expenditures related to environmental control facilities. Capital expenditures related to environmental control facilities in 2017 are expected to total approximately $6.1 million, funded by operations. Contamination has been identified and is being investigated and remediated at many of our sites by us or other parties. We believe that we will have continuing significant expenditures associated with compliance with environmental laws and regulations and, to the extent not covered by insurance or available recoveries under third-party indemnification arrangements, for present and future remediation efforts at plant sites and third-party waste sites and other liabilities associated with environmental matters. There can be no assurance that these expenditures will not exceed current estimates and will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow and results of operations.

Actual costs and liabilities to us may exceed forecasted amounts. Moreover, currently unknown environmental issues, such as the discovery of additional contamination or the imposition of additional sampling or cleanup obligations with respect to our sites or third party sites, may result in significant additional costs, and potentially significant expenditures

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

could be required in order to comply with future changes to environmental laws and regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. We also are involved in various litigation and proceedings relating to environmental matters and toxic tort claims.

Future climate change regulation could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for our products.

Although the United States has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, a number of federal laws related to “greenhouse gas,” or “GHG,” emissions have been considered by Congress. Additionally, various federal, state and regional regulations and initiatives have been enacted or are being considered.

Member States of the European Union each have an overall cap on emissions which are approved by the European Commission and implement the European Union Emissions Trading Directive as a commitment to the Kyoto Protocol. Under this Directive, organizations apply to the Member State for an allowance of GHG emissions. These allowances are tradable so as to enable companies that manage to reduce their GHG emissions to sell their excess allowances to companies that are not reaching their emissions objectives. Failure to purchase sufficient allowances will require the purchase of allowances at a current market price.

Any laws or regulations that may be adopted to restrict or reduce emissions of GHGs could cause an increase to our raw material costs, could require us to incur increased operating costs and could have an adverse effect on demand for our products.

Beazer East and Beazer Limited may not continue to meet their obligations to indemnify us.

Under the terms of the asset purchase agreement between us and Koppers Company, Inc. (now known as Beazer East, Inc.) upon the formation of Koppers Inc. in 1988, subject to certain limitations, Beazer East and Beazer Limited assumed the liability for and indemnified us against, among other things, certain clean-up liabilities for contamination occurring prior to the purchase date at sites acquired from Beazer East and certain third-party claims arising from such contamination (the “Indemnity”). Beazer East and Beazer Limited (which are indirect subsidiaries of Heidelberg Cement AG) may not continue to meet their obligations. In addition, Beazer East could in the future choose to challenge its obligations under the Indemnity or our satisfaction of the conditions to indemnification imposed on us thereunder. The government and other third parties may have the right under applicable environmental laws to seek relief directly from us for any and all such costs and liabilities. In July 2004, we entered into an agreement with Beazer East to amend the December 29, 1988 asset purchase agreement to provide, among other things, for the continued tender of pre-closing environmental liabilities to Beazer East under the Indemnity through July 2019. As consideration for the agreement, we, among other things, paid Beazer East $7.0 million and agreed to share toxic tort litigation defense costs arising from sites acquired from Beazer East. Qualified expenditures under the Indemnity are not subject to a monetary limit.

The Indemnity provides for the resolution of issues between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East by an arbitrator on an expedited basis upon the request of either party. The arbitrator could be asked, among other things, to make a determination regarding the allocation of environmental responsibilities between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East. Arbitration decisions under the Indemnity are final and binding on the parties. Periodically, issues have arisen between Koppers Inc. and Beazer East and/or other indemnitors that have been resolved without arbitration. From time to time, Koppers Inc. and Beazer East have engaged in discussions that involve, among other things, the allocation of environmental costs related to certain operating and closed facilities.

Without reimbursement under the Indemnity, the obligation to pay the costs and assume the liabilities relating to these matters would have a significant impact on our net income. Furthermore, without reimbursement, we could be required to record a contingent liability on our balance sheet with respect to environmental matters covered by the Indemnity, which could result in our having significant negative net worth. Finally, the Indemnity does not afford us indemnification against environmental costs and liabilities attributable to acts or omissions occurring after the closing of the acquisition of assets from Beazer East under the asset purchase agreement, nor is the Indemnity applicable to liabilities arising in connection with other acquisitions by us after that closing.

The insurance that we maintain may not fully cover all potential exposures.

We maintain property, casualty, general liability, workers’ compensation, pollution legal liability and other insurance, but such insurance may not cover all risks associated with the hazards of our business and is subject to limitations, including deductibles and maximum liabilities covered. We may incur losses beyond the limits, or outside the coverage, of our insurance policies, including liabilities for environmental compliance and remediation. In addition, from time to time, various types of insurance for companies in our industry have not been available on commercially acceptable terms or, in some cases, have not been available at all. In the future, we may not be able to obtain coverage at current levels, and our premiums may increase significantly on coverage that we maintain.

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Adverse weather conditions may reduce our operating results.

Our quarterly operating results fluctuate due to a variety of factors that are outside our control, including inclement weather conditions, which in the past have caused a decline in our operating results. For example, adverse weather conditions have at times negatively impacted our supply chain as wet conditions impacted logging operations, reducing our ability to procure crossties. In addition, adverse weather conditions have had a negative impact on our customers in our pavement sealer and wood preservation businesses, resulting in a negative impact on our sales of these products. Moreover, demand for many of our products declines during periods of inclement weather.

We are subject to risks inherent in foreign operations, including additional legal regulation, changes in social, political and economic conditions.

We have operations in the United States, Australia, Denmark, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, South America Canada, among others, and sell our products in many foreign countries. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net sales from products sold by our foreign subsidiaries accounted for approximately 33 percent of our total net sales.

Doing business on a global basis requires us to comply with the laws and regulations of the U.S. government and various international jurisdictions. These regulations place restrictions on our operations, trade practices and partners and investment decisions. In particular, our international operations are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and economic sanction programs administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. Violations of these laws and regulations may result in civil or criminal penalties, including fines.

In addition, as a global business, we are also exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Our international revenues could be reduced by currency fluctuations or devaluations. Changes in currency exchange rates could lower our reported revenues and could require us to reduce our prices to remain competitive in foreign markets, which could also reduce our profitability. We have not historically hedged our financial statement exposure and, as a result, we could incur unanticipated losses. We are also subject to potentially increasing transportation and shipping costs associated with international operations. Furthermore, we are also exposed to risks associated with changes in the laws and policies governing foreign investments in countries where we have operations as well as, to a lesser extent, changes in U.S. laws and regulations relating to foreign trade and investment.

Our strategy to selectively pursue complementary acquisitions may present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs.

Our business strategy includes the potential acquisition of businesses and entering into joint ventures and other business combinations that we expect would complement and expand our existing products and the markets where we sell our products. We may not be able to successfully identify suitable acquisition or joint venture opportunities or complete any particular acquisition, combination, joint venture or other transaction on acceptable terms. We cannot predict the timing and success of our efforts to acquire any particular business. Also, efforts to acquire other businesses or the implementation of other elements of this business strategy may divert managerial resources away from our business operations. In addition, our ability to engage in strategic acquisitions may depend on our ability to raise substantial capital and we may not be able to raise the funds necessary to implement our acquisition strategy on terms satisfactory to us, if at all. Our failure to identify suitable acquisition or joint venture opportunities may restrict our ability to grow our business. In addition, we may not be able to successfully integrate businesses that we acquire in the future or have recently acquired, which could lead to increased operating costs, a failure to realize anticipated operating synergies, or both.

Litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend, and due to the nature of our business and products, we may be liable for damages arising out of our acts or omissions, which may have a material adverse effect on us.

We are a defendant in a significant number of lawsuits in which the plaintiffs claim they have suffered a variety of illnesses (including cancer) and/or property damage as a result of exposure to coal tar pitch, benzene, wood treatment chemicals and other chemicals. In addition, we are regularly subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as workers’ compensation claims, governmental investigations, employment disputes, and customer and supplier disputes arising out of the conduct of our business. We also are involved in various litigation and proceedings relating to environmental matters. Litigation could result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources away from the day-to-day operation of our business.

We are indemnified for certain product liability exposures under the Indemnity with Beazer East related to products sold prior to the closing of the acquisition of assets from Beazer East. Beazer East and Beazer Limited may not continue to meet their indemnification obligations. In addition, Beazer East could choose to challenge its indemnification obligations or our satisfaction of the conditions to indemnification imposed on us thereunder. If for any reason (including disputed coverage or financial incapability) one or more of such parties fail to perform their obligations and we are held liable for or otherwise required to pay all or part of such liabilities without reimbursement, the imposition of such liabilities on us could

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Furthermore, we could be required to record a contingent liability on our balance sheet with respect to such matters, which could result in us having significant negative net worth.

Labor disputes could disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our management and may cause a decline in our production and a reduction in our profitability.

Many of our employees are represented by a number of different labor unions and are covered under numerous labor agreements. Typically, a number of our labor agreements are scheduled to expire each year. We may not be able to reach new agreements without union action or on terms satisfactory to us. Any future labor disputes with any such unions could result in strikes or other labor protests, which could disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our management from operating our business. If we were to experience a strike or work stoppage, it may be difficult for us to find a sufficient number of employees with the necessary skills to replace these employees. Any such labor disputes could cause a decline in our production and a reduction in our profitability.

Our post-retirement obligations are currently underfunded. We may be required to make significant cash payments to our pension and other post-retirement plans, which will reduce the cash available for our business.

As of December 31, 2016, our benefit obligation under our defined benefit pension plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets by $42.7 million. Our pension asset funding to total pension obligation ratio was 82 percent as of December 31, 2016. The underfunding was caused, in large part, by fluctuations in the financial markets that have caused the value of the assets in our defined benefit pension plans to be significantly lower than anticipated and by fluctuations in interest rates which increased the discounted pension liabilities. In addition, our obligations for other post-retirement benefit obligations are unfunded and total $10.0 million at December 31, 2016.

During the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we contributed $5.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively, to our post-retirement benefit plans. Management expects that any future obligations under our post-retirement benefit plans that are not currently funded will be funded from our future cash flow from operations. If our contributions to our post-retirement benefit plans are insufficient to fund the post-retirement benefit plans adequately to cover our future obligations, the performance of the assets in our pension plans does not meet our expectations or other actuarial assumptions or mandatory funding laws are modified, our contributions to our post-retirement benefit plans could be materially higher than we expect, thus reducing the cash available for our business.

We may incur significant charges in the event we close all or part of a manufacturing plant or facility.

We periodically assess our manufacturing operations in order to manufacture and distribute our products in the most efficient manner. Based on our assessments, we may make capital improvements to modernize certain units, move manufacturing or distribution capabilities from one plant or facility to another plant or facility, discontinue manufacturing or distributing certain products or close all or part of a manufacturing plant or facility, any of which could cause us to incur significant charges. The actual costs to close a manufacturing facility may exceed our original cost estimate and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flow from operations and results from operations.

We depend on our senior management team and other key employees and the loss of these employees could adversely affect our business.

Our success is dependent on the management, experience and leadership skills of our senior management team and key employees. The loss of any of these individuals or an inability to attract, retain and maintain additional personnel with similar industry experience could prevent us from implementing our business strategy. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our existing senior management and key personnel or to attract additional qualified personnel when needed. Senior management or key personnel may retire from time to time, and our employment agreements with these individuals may expire from time to time.

We may be subject to information technology systems failures, network disruptions and breaches of data security.

We depend on integrated information systems to conduct our business. Information technology systems failures, including risks associated with upgrading our systems or in successfully integrating information technology and other systems in connection with the integration of businesses we acquire, network disruptions and breaches of data security could disrupt our operations by impeding our processing of transactions, our ability to protect customer or company information and our financial reporting. Our computer systems, including our back-up systems, could be damaged or interrupted by power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, internal or external security breaches, events such as fires, earthquakes, floods, tornadoes and hurricanes, and/or errors by our employees. Although we have taken steps to

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address these concerns, there can be no assurance that a system failure or data security breach will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our stock price may be extremely volatile.

There has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of equity securities, which is unrelated to the financial performance of the companies issuing the securities. These types of broad market fluctuations may negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

Some specific factors that may have a significant effect on our common stock market price include the following:

We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our company will continue to support an active trading market for our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) or otherwise or how liquid that market will continue to be. If there does not continue to be an active trading market for our common stock, you may have difficulty selling any of our common stock that you buy.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of a substantial amount of our common stock may depress the price of the shares of our common stock.

Future sales, or the perception or the availability for sale in the public market, of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future sales of equity securities at a time and price that we deem appropriate.

We may issue shares of our common stock, or other securities, from time to time as consideration for future acquisitions and investments. We may also issue shares of our common stock, or other securities, in connection with employee stock compensation programs, employee stock purchase programs and board of directors’ compensation. In addition, we may issue shares of our common stock or other securities in public or private offerings as part of our efforts to raise additional capital. In the event any such acquisition, investment, issuance under stock compensation programs or offering is significant, the number of shares of our common stock or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be significant. We may also grant registration rights covering those shares or other securities in connection with any such acquisitions and investments. Any additional capital raised through the sale of our equity securities may dilute your percentage ownership in us.

We have suspended our dividend and do not expect to pay any dividends for the forseeable future.

We are not required to pay dividends, and our shareholders are not guaranteed, and do not have contractual rights, to receive dividends. Our board of directors may decide at any time, in its discretion, to change or revoke our dividend policy. In February 2015 our board of directors made the decision to suspend our dividend. We currently intend to use the annual cash savings from such dividend suspension to preserve financial flexibility while funding our strategic growth initiatives and debt repayments. Accordingly, we do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends on shares of our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.

The ability of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments or distributions to us will depend on our operating results and may be restricted by, among other things, the covenants in Koppers Inc.’s New Senior Secured Credit Facility. Our ability to pay dividends is also limited by the indenture governing the 2025 Notes as well as Pennsylvania law and may in the future be limited by the covenants of any future outstanding indebtedness we or our

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

subsidiaries incur. If a dividend is paid in violation of Pennsylvania law, each director approving the dividend could be liable to the corporation if the director did not act with such care as a person of ordinary prudence would use under similar circumstances. Directors are entitled to rely in good faith on information provided by employees of the corporation and experts retained by the corporation. Directors who are held liable would be entitled to contribution from any shareholders who received an unlawful dividend knowing it to be unlawful. Furthermore, we are a holding company with no operations, and unless we receive dividends, distributions, advances, transfers of funds or other payments from our subsidiaries, we will be unable to pay dividends on our common stock.

Provisions of our charter documents may inhibit a takeover, which could negatively affect our stock price.

Provisions of our charter documents and the Business Corporation Law of Pennsylvania, the state in which we are incorporated, could discourage potential acquisition proposals or make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of our company, even if doing so might be beneficial to our shareholders. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (our “Articles of Incorporation”) and our Amended and Restated Bylaws (our “Bylaws”) provide for various procedural and other requirements that could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. For example, our Articles of Incorporation authorize our board of directors to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of unissued series of preferred stock without any vote or action by our shareholders. Our board of directors can therefore authorize and issue shares of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting or other rights of holders of our common stock. The following additional provisions could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions:

These provisions may discourage acquisition proposals and may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock or may delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer or proxy contest, which may negatively affect our stock price.

Risks Related to the 2025 Notes and Other Indebtedness

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness, including the 2025 Notes, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, including the 2025 Notes.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness, including the 2025 Notes. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. Our New Senior Secured Credit Facility restricts our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from the disposition. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain the proceeds that we could realize from them and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.

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The covenants in Koppers Inc.’s New Senior Secured Credit Facility impose restrictions that may limit our ability to take certain actions. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in the acceleration of our outstanding indebtedness.

Koppers Inc.’s New Senior Secured Credit Facility contains minimum fixed charge coverage and maximum total secured leverage ratios. Additionally, the New Senior Secured Credit Facility includes covenants limiting liens, mergers, asset sales, dividends and the incurrence of debt. Our ability to borrow under Koppers Inc.’s New Senior Secured Credit Facility will depend upon satisfaction of these covenants. Events beyond our control can affect our ability to meet those covenants.

If we are unable to meet the terms of our financial covenants, or if we breach any of these covenants, a default could occur. A default, if not waived, would entitle our lenders to declare all amounts borrowed immediately due and payable, which could also cause the acceleration of obligations under certain other agreements. In the event of acceleration of our outstanding indebtedness, there can be no assurance that we would be able to repay our debt or obtain new financing to refinance our debt. Even if new financing is made available to us, it may not be on terms acceptable to us.

The 2025 Notes are unsecured and are effectively subordinated to our current and future secured indebtedness.

The 2025 Notes are unsecured, and are effectively subordinated to all our current secured indebtedness and any future secured indebtedness that we may incur to the extent of the assets securing such indebtedness. The New Senior Secured Credit Facility permits borrowings of up to $400.0 million. The New Senior Secured Credit Facility and indenture governing the 2025 Notes permit us to incur a substantial amount of additional indebtedness. The 2025 Notes do not have the right to any security interests in any collateral.

In the event of our insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation, reorganization, dissolution or winding up, we may not have sufficient assets to pay amounts due on any or all of the 2025 Notes then outstanding. Holders of the 2025 Notes will participate ratably with all holders of our unsecured indebtedness that are deemed to be of the same class as the 2025 Notes, and potentially with all of our other general creditors, based upon the respective amounts owed to each holder or creditor, in our remaining assets. In any of the foregoing events, we cannot assure holders of our 2025 Notes that there will be sufficient assets to pay amounts due on the 2025 Notes. As a result, holders of the 2025 Notes may receive less, ratably, than holders of our secured indebtedness.

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to finance the change of control offer required by the indenture or may be prohibited from making a repurchase offer required by the indenture.

Upon the occurrence of certain specific kinds of change of control events, we will be required to offer to repurchase all outstanding 2025 Notes at 101 percent of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of repurchase. The source of funds for that purchase of 2025 Notes will be available cash or cash generated from Koppers Inc. or its subsidiaries, operations or other potential sources, including borrowings, sales of assets or equity financing. It is possible that we will not have sufficient funds at the time of the change of control to make the required repurchase of 2025 Notes or that restrictions in our other indebtedness will not allow such repurchases. In addition, certain important corporate events, such as leveraged recapitalizations that would increase the level of our indebtedness, would not constitute a change of control under the 2025 Notes indenture.

Holders of 2025 Notes may not be able to determine when a change of control giving rise to their right to require us to repurchase the 2025 Notes has occurred following a sale of “substantially all” of our assets.

A change of control, as defined in the indenture governing the 2025 Notes, requires us to make an offer to repurchase all outstanding 2025 Notes. The definition of change of control includes a phrase relating to the sale, lease or transfer of “all or substantially all” of our assets. There is no precise established definition of the phrase “substantially all” under applicable law. Accordingly, the ability of a holder of 2025 Notes to require us to repurchase its 2025 Notes as a result of a sale, lease or transfer of less than all of our assets to another individual, group or entity may be uncertain.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

The claims of holders of 2025 Notes will be structurally subordinated to claims of creditors of any of Koppers Inc.’s subsidiaries that do not guarantee the notes.

Only Koppers Holdings and the wholly-owned domestic restricted subsidiaries of Koppers Inc. guarantee the 2025 Notes. The 2025 Notes are not guaranteed by any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Subject to certain limitations, the indenture governing the 2025 Notes permits the non-guarantor subsidiaries to acquire additional assets and incur additional indebtedness. Holders of 2025 Notes would not have any claim as a creditor against any of the non-guarantor subsidiaries to the assets and earnings of those subsidiaries. The claims of the creditors of those subsidiaries, including their trade creditors, banks and other lenders, will have priority over any of Koppers Inc.’s claims or those of Koppers Inc.’s other subsidiaries as equity holders of the non-guarantor subsidiaries. Consequently, in any insolvency, liquidation, reorganization, dissolution or other winding-up of any of the non-guarantor subsidiaries, creditors of those subsidiaries would be paid before any amounts would be distributed to Koppers Inc. or to any of the other guarantors as equity and thus be available to satisfy the obligations under the 2025 Notes and the guarantees. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that any of the assets of the non-guarantor subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the obligations under the 2025 Notes and the guarantees. In addition, Koppers Holdings has substantially no operations independent of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries, and there can be no assurance that Koppers Holdings will have any assets available to satisfy the obligations under its guarantee. As of December 31, 2016, the non-guarantor subsidiaries had approximately $222 million of liabilities (including trade payables but excluding intercompany indebtedness).

Our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 2025 Notes accounted for approximately $459 million, or 32 percent of our net sales and approximately $51 million, or 59 percent of our operating profit, for the year ended December 31, 2016, and approximately $432 million, or 36 percent of our total assets as of December 31, 2015. Amounts are presented after giving effect to intercompany eliminations.

Federal or state laws allow courts, under specific circumstances, to void debts, including guarantees, and could require holders of 2025 Notes to return payments received from guarantors.

The 2025 Notes are guaranteed by Koppers Holdings and the wholly-owned domestic restricted subsidiaries of Koppers Inc. If a bankruptcy proceeding or lawsuit were to be initiated by unpaid creditors, the 2025 Notes and the guarantees of the 2025 Notes could come under review for federal or state fraudulent transfer violations. Under federal bankruptcy law and comparable provisions of state fraudulent transfer laws, obligations under the 2025 Notes or a guarantee of the 2025 Notes could be voided, or claims in respect of the 2025 Notes or a guarantee of the 2025 Notes could be subordinated to all other debts of the debtor or that guarantor if, among other things, the debtor or the guarantor, at the time it incurred the debt evidenced by such 2025 Notes or guarantee:

In addition, any payment by the debtor or guarantor under the 2025 Notes or guarantee of the 2025 Notes could be voided and required to be returned to the debtor or guarantor, as the case may be, or deposited in a fund for the benefit of the creditors of the debtor or guarantor.

The measure of insolvency for purposes of these fraudulent transfer laws will vary depending upon the law applied in any proceeding to determine whether a fraudulent transfer has occurred. Generally, however, a debtor or a guarantor would be considered insolvent if:

We cannot be sure as to the standards that a court would use to determine whether or not a guarantor was solvent at the relevant time, or, regardless of the standard that the court uses, that the issuance of the guarantees of the 2025 Notes would not be voided or subordinated to the guarantor’s other debt. If a guarantee was legally challenged, it could also be subject to the claim that, because it was incurred for our benefit, and only indirectly for the benefit of the guarantor, the obligations of the guarantor were incurred for less than fair consideration. A court could thus void the obligations under a

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guarantee or subordinate a guarantee to a guarantor’s other debt or take other action detrimental to holders of the 2025 Notes.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The following chart sets forth information regarding our production facilities. Generally, our production and port facilities are suitable and adequate for the purposes for which they are intended and overall have sufficient capacity to conduct business in the upcoming year.

Our corporate offices are located in leased office space in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The lease term expires on December 31, 2023. We also own office space in Griffin, Georgia.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in litigation and various proceedings relating to environmental laws and regulations, toxic tort, product liability and other matters. An adverse outcome for certain of these cases could result in a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows and results of operations. The information related to legal matters set forth in Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Koppers Holdings Inc. is hereby incorporated by reference.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY

The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our and Koppers Inc.’s executive officers as of February 17, 2017. Our executive officers hold their positions until the annual meeting of the board of directors or until their respective successors are elected and qualified.

Mr. Ball was elected President and Chief Executive Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. in January 2015. From May 2014 through December 2014, Mr. Ball served as Chief Operating Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. From May 2014 until August 2014, Mr. Ball served as both Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. He served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. from September 2010 to May 2014. Mr. Ball has served as a Director of Koppers Holdings Inc. since February 2015 and as a Director of Koppers Inc. since May 2013.

Mr. Dowd was elected Global Vice President of Safety, Health, Environmental, and Process Excellence, Koppers Inc. in January 2016.  From July 2012 to December 2015, Mr. Dowd served as Vice President, North American Carbon Materials and Chemicals, Koppers Inc.

Mr. Groves joined Koppers Inc. and was elected Vice President, Human Resources in May 2011. 

Ms. Hyde was elected Vice President, Risk Management and Deputy General Counsel, Koppers Inc. in January 2016.  From January 2005 to December 2015, Ms. Hyde served as Vice President, Safety and Environmental Affairs of Koppers Inc.

Mr. Lacy was elected Senior Vice President, Administration, General Counsel and Secretary of Koppers Holdings Inc. in November 2004 and has been Senior Vice President, Administration, General Counsel and Secretary of Koppers Inc. since January 2004. Mr. Lacy has served as a Director of Koppers Inc. since May 2013.

Mr. Loadman was elected Senior Vice President, Railroad Products and Services, Koppers Inc. in February 2015. Mr. Loadman had previously served as Vice President, Railroad and Utility Products and Services of Koppers Inc. since May 2011.

Mr. McCormack was elected Vice President, Australasian Operations of Koppers Inc. in May 2014. Prior to that, Mr. McCormack served as Vice President, Australian Operations of Koppers Inc. from November 2006 to May 2014.

Mr. Nielsen was elected Vice President, North American and European Carbon Materials and Chemicals, Koppers Inc. in January 2016.  Prior to that, Mr. Nielsen served as Vice President, European Operations of Koppers Inc. from February 2014 to December 2015.  Prior to that, Mr. Nielsen served as Operations Manager, European Operations of Koppers Inc. from October 2010 to January 2014.

Mr. Reeder was elected Senior Vice President, Performance Chemicals, Koppers Inc. in January 2016.  Mr. Reeder served as Senior Vice President of Americas Wood Preserving and Assistant Secretary of Koppers Performance

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Chemicals Inc. (formerly known as Osmose, Inc.) from our acquisition of Osmose, Inc. in August 2014 until December 2015.  Prior to our acquisition of Osmose, Inc., Mr. Reeder served as Senior Vice President of U.S. Wood Preserving for Osmose, Inc. since 2010.

Mr. Sullivan was elected Senior Vice President, Global Carbon Materials & Chemicals, Koppers Inc. in April 2014. Mr. Sullivan had been elected Vice President of Business Development, Koppers Inc. in June 2013. Prior to joining Koppers, from March 2012 through May 2013, Mr. Sullivan was Senior Vice President, Americas of Calgon Carbon Corporation (“Calgon Carbon”) (granulated activated carbon products and treatment systems). During January and February 2012, he was Vice President, Americas of Calgon Carbon and from March 2010 to January 2012, he was the Vice President of Operations of Calgon Carbon.

Ms. Tronsberg-Deihle was elected Treasurer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. in August 2008.

Mr. Zhu has served as Vice President, China Operations of Koppers Inc. since March 2011.

Mr. Zugay was elected Chief Financial Officer of Koppers Holdings Inc. and Koppers Inc. in August 2014. Prior to joining Koppers, Mr. Zugay was Co-Chief Executive Officer for Michael Baker Corporation (engineering and other consulting services) from December 2012 to October 2013. Mr. Zugay served as Chief Financial Officer of Michael Baker Corporation from February 2009 to January 2014. Mr. Zugay has served as a Director of Koppers Inc. since May 2015.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common shares are listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “KOP”.

The number of registered holders of Koppers common shares at January 31, 2017 was 87.

See Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements below for information concerning dividends and high and low market prices of our common shares during the past two years.

Dividend Policy

In 2006, our board of directors adopted a dividend policy that provided for quarterly dividends, payable at the discretion of our board of directors. Dividends will be considered if cash generated by our business is in excess of our expected cash needs. Our expected cash needs include operating expenses and working capital requirements, interest and principal payments on our indebtedness, capital expenditures, incremental costs associated with being a public company, taxes and certain other costs. On an annual basis we expect to pay dividends, if declared, with cash flow from operations, but, due to seasonal or other temporary fluctuations in cash flow, we may from time to time use temporary short-term borrowings to pay quarterly dividends.

We are not required to pay dividends, and our shareholders will not be guaranteed, or have contractual or other rights, to receive dividends. Nevertheless, our board of directors may decide, in its discretion, at any time, to otherwise modify or repeal the dividend policy. We historically had issued a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share of our common stock every quarter for the past two years ended December 31, 2014. In February 2015, our board of directors decided to suspend our quarterly cash dividend and no dividends were declared in 2015 or 2016. We currently intend to use the annual cash savings from such dividend suspension to preserve financial flexibility while funding our strategic growth initiatives and debt repayments. Any future determination to declare and pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, after taking into account our financial results, capital requirements and other factors it may deem relevant.

Because we are a holding company, substantially all the assets shown on our consolidated balance sheet are held by our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our earnings and cash flow and our ability to pay dividends are dependent upon the earnings and cash flows of our subsidiaries and the distribution or other payment of such earnings to us in the form of dividends. Our ability to pay dividends is restricted by limitations on the ability of our only direct subsidiary, Koppers Inc., to pay dividends, as a result of limitations imposed by Koppers Inc.’s credit agreement, the indenture governing Koppers Inc.’s Senior Notes due 2025 and by Pennsylvania law. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Restrictions on Dividends to Koppers Holdings.”

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

No shares were repurchased in the quarter ended December 31, 2016 under the current $75 million share repurchase program approved in November 2011. The approximate dollar value of common shares that may yet be purchased under this program is $52.8 million. The repurchase program has no expiration date.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table contains our selected historical consolidated financial data for the five years ended December 31, 2016. The selected historical consolidated financial data for each of the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. This selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Koppers’ Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as well as Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are a leading integrated global provider of treated wood products, wood preservation chemicals, and carbon compounds. Our products and services are used in a variety of niche applications in a diverse range of end-markets, including the railroad, specialty chemical, utility, residential lumber, agriculture, aluminum, steel, rubber, and construction industries. We serve our customers through a comprehensive global manufacturing and distribution network, with manufacturing facilities located in North America, South America, Australasia, China and Europe.

We operate three principal businesses: Railroad and Utility Products and Services (“RUPS”), Performance Chemicals (“PC”) and Carbon Materials and Chemicals (“CMC”).

Through our RUPS business, we believe that we are the largest supplier of railroad crossties to the North American railroads. Our other treated wood products include utility poles for the electric and telephone utility industries in Australia. We also provide rail joint bar products as well as various services to the railroad industry. Through our PC business, we believe that we are the global leader in developing, manufacturing and marketing wood preservation chemicals and wood treatment technologies for use in the pressure treating of lumber for residential, industrial and agricultural applications. Our CMC business processes coal tar into a variety of products, including carbon pitch, creosote, carbon black feedstock, naphthalene and phthalic anhydride, which are intermediate materials necessary in the pressure treatment of wood, the production of aluminum, the production of carbon black, the production of high-strength concrete, and the production of plasticizers and specialty chemicals, respectively.

Outlook

Trend Overview

Our businesses and results of operations are affected by various competitive and other factors including (i) the impact of global economic conditions on demand for our products, including the impact of imported products from competitors in certain regions where we operate; (ii) raw materials pricing and availability, in particular the cost and availability of hardwood lumber for railroad crossties, scrap copper prices, and the cost and amount of coal tar available in global markets, which is negatively affected by reductions in steel production; (iii) volatility in oil prices, which impacts the cost of coal tar and certain other raw materials, as well as selling prices and margins for certain of our products including carbon black feedstock, phthalic anhydride, and naphthalene; (iv) competitive conditions in global carbon pitch markets; and (v) changes in foreign exchange rates.

Railroad and Utility Products and Services

The primary end-market for RUPS is the North American railroad industry, which has a significant installed base of approximately 700 million wood crossties that require periodic replacement. As a result, demand has historically been relatively stable in the range of 22-25 million wood crossties annually. We sell treated and untreated wood products, rail joint bars and services primarily to the railroad markets in the United States and Canada, and utility poles to the utility sector in Australia. We also operate a railroad services business that conducts engineering, design, repair and inspection services primarily for railroad bridges in the U.S. and Canada.

The supply of untreated crossties can vary at times based upon weather conditions in addition to other factors. We have a nationwide wood procurement team that maintains close working relationships with a network of hardwood crosstie concentration yards. The first component of our revenue stream occurs when we procure the untreated crossties, on behalf of our customers, at a nominal markup. This practice provides the railroad customers with an assured level of inventory and minimizes our working capital usage as untreated crossties go through a six- to nine-month air seasoning process before they are ready to be pressure treated. Subsequent to the air seasoning period, the next phase involves the RUPS segment providing value-added services to customers through treating crossties, switch ties and various types of lumber used for railroad bridges and crossings. The processes include creosote-only treatment as well as a combination of creosote and borate treatments. During any given year, there is a seasonal effect in the winter months on our crosstie business depending on weather conditions for harvesting lumber and installation.

Over the past twelve months, rail freight has declined due to lower shipments of coal, oil and gas, durable goods, and related products. As a result of their declining revenue base, the major companies in the rail industry have substantially reduced both operating and capital spending in 2016 from the prior year’s peak spending level, which had a negative short-term impact on sales of various products and services that we provide to that industry. Also, we expect that 2017 revenues and profitability will again reflect a decline year-over-year due to the effects of lower demand caused by continued reductions in capital budgets for most North American Class I railroads. The lower demand has caused the market to reduce raw material purchase prices primarily in the Eastern U.S. which, due to certain cost pass-through conditions, will further reduce our revenues in the near term, but have a minimal impact on our profitability. Furthermore,

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the lower demand has also resulted in price reductions for the products we supply the commercial railroad business as competition has increased to replace the lower Class I demand.

Earlier in the year, we extended a contract with Norfolk Southern Railway Company, one of our largest railroad customers, to 2021. We currently supply all seven of the North American Class I railroads and have had long-standing relationships with these customers.  We have approximately 70 percent of North American sales under long-term contracts and believe that we will continue to grow our market position. We also signed long-term rail joint agreements with two of our largest railroad customers, representing market share gains for a critical maintenance-of-way part of the RUPS business. These rail joint contracts have terms of three years and five years.

Overall, the long-term prognosis for the railroad industry and the products and services that we provide to it remains favorable. Currently, the railroad industry is managing the cyclical downturn in the oil and gas industry, while looking to replace demand lost to what is likely a long-term reduction in coal production. At the same time, the railroads are building their revenue base of shipments of non-energy related products. We believe that with our vertical integration capabilities in wood treatment, our products and services will continue to provide value to our railroad customers.

Performance Chemicals

The largest geographic market for wood treating chemicals sold by our PC business is in North America, and the largest application for our products is the residential remodeling market. We also have a market presence in Europe, South America, Australia and New Zealand. Product demand for our PC business has historically been influenced by existing home sales, which is a leading indicator of consumer spending on remodeling projects. The National Association of Realtors estimates that existing home sales will increase two percent in 2017 which we expect will favorably impact repair and remodeling activity. According to the Leading Indicator of Remodeling Activity (“LIRA”), strong gains in home renovation and repair is expected to continue into mid-2017 before moderating somewhat later in the year.

We believe that PC is the largest global manufacturer and supplier of water-based wood preservatives and wood specialty additives to treaters who supply pressure treated wood products to large retailers and independent lumber dealers. These retailers and dealers, in turn, serve the residential, agricultural and industrial pressure-treated wood market. Our primary products are copper-based wood preservatives, including micronized copper azole (“MicroPro®”) and micronized pigments (“MicroShades®”). Applications for these products include decking, fencing, utility poles, construction lumber and other outdoor structures. We continue to invest in research and development activities at various locations around the world, particularly in areas that have high fungal decay and termite activity, in order to assess the performance and efficacy of various wood preservation systems.

As most of the products sold by PC are copper-based products, changes in the price and availability of copper can have a significant impact on product pricing and margins. We attempt to moderate the variability in copper pricing through entering into hedging transactions for the majority of our copper needs, which primarily range from six months up to 30 months. Those hedges typically match expected customer purchases and receive hedge accounting treatment. From time to time, we enter into forward transactions based upon long-term forecasted needs of copper. Those forward positions are typically marked to market on a quarterly basis.

In North America, we are vertically integrated through the manufacturing of copper compounds for our copper-based wood preservatives. We believe our vertical integration is part of our proprietary processes and reflects an important competitive advantage. In addition, we believe this provides our customers with the security of a continuous supply of wood preservative chemicals.

The National Association of Realtors (“NAR”) reported that existing home sales continue to show healthy demand due to the highest percentage of first-time buyers in more than four years and is likely to be sustained into at least the spring of 2017. The NAR cited consistent job gains and affordable mortgage rates as economic underpinnings that are helping consumers to gain additional confidence. This is consistent with what the Conference Board reported, which is that consumer confidence remains relatively strong and is on a positive trend. We have seen favorable market trends in the repair and remodeling markets and existing home sales in 2016. In addition, starting in the second quarter of 2016, we have observed that large retailers and lumber dealers are opting for a product mix with higher levels of preservative retention driven primarily by changes in treated wood product application standards. This shift towards a higher retention product mix simplifies the treating and stocking processes for the treaters that purchase PC products and their end-customers, as well as provides for higher quality products that will better withstand the effects of insects and fungal decay. Even though it is difficult to predict competitive trends and to quantify the total impact it will have on PC sales, operating profit, and cash flow, we believe the shift to higher retention product mix will continue into 2017 but will begin to moderate as the market completes this transition.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals

The primary products produced by CMC are creosote, which is a registered pesticide in the U.S. and used primarily in the pressure treatment of railroad crossties, and carbon pitch, which is sold primarily to the aluminum industry for the production of carbon anodes. The smelting of aluminum requires significant amounts of energy, which is a major cost

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

component for the aluminum industry. As a result, new production facilities are being built in regions with low energy costs such as the Middle East, while regions with higher energy costs such as the United States, Australia and Western Europe have seen significant amounts of smelting capacity idled or closed over the past decade. This geographic shift accelerated during the past 12 to 24 months with further curtailments and closures in the U.S. Accordingly, we have experienced significantly lower sales volumes due to the reduction in aluminum production in parts of the world where the majority of our production facilities are located.

Some of our CMC products, particularly carbon black feedstock, phthalic anhydride and naphthalene, have end market pricing that is linked to oil. Historically, when oil prices increase we have benefited in terms of revenues and profitability from the higher pricing for these products as the cost of coal tar has not increased proportionally with oil. Conversely, the recent significant decline in oil prices has resulted in lower selling prices and profitability for carbon black feedstock, phthalic anhydride and naphthalene. However, the unfavorable impact to sales and margins is partially offset by increased sales volumes of phthalic anhydride due to increased market share and lower input costs, because a significant portion of our coal tar in certain regions is also affected by the price of oil, resulting in lower raw material and finished product costs.

Historically, CMC results have been closely linked to aluminum demand and production, as well as the price of oil, and we seek to lessen our exposure to these commodity markets going forward. We believe that the economic environment related to these factors will not meaningfully improve, and as such, we have undertaken a strategy to reduce our reliance on the aluminum industry. In 2014, we began our multi-year restructuring plan and are in the process of streamlining the CMC business to address overcapacity and greatly reduce fixed costs in our operations. When completed, we expect the profitability for this segment to improve substantially as we fully realize the benefit of our cost savings initiatives.

The availability of coal tar, the primary raw material for our CMC business, is linked to levels of metallurgical coke production. As the global steel industry, excluding Asia, has reduced the production of steel using metallurgical coke, the volumes of coal tar have also been reduced. Over the past years, the coal tar distillation industry has operated in an excess capacity mode, which further increased the competition for a limited amount of coal tar in North America. Our ability to obtain coal tar and the price we are able to negotiate for coal tar has a significant impact on the level of profitability of our business. Significant increases in raw material costs can result in margin dilution if the increased cost of the raw material cannot be passed on to the customer. Additionally, in regions where the available supply of our products exceeds demand and the pricing is competitive, we may not be able to recover raw material cost increases in the selling prices for our end products. As our CMC business consolidates its operating footprint and lowers production levels, we anticipate that our raw material needs will be significantly less than historically required and we will continue to evaluate potential opportunities to lower our overall input costs.

In January 2017, we entered into new long-term coal tar supply agreements with a leading global steelmaker, which have initial terms of 10 years. Under these agreements, we will purchase a contracted volume of coal tar from this supplier which will satisfy a significant portion of our North American raw material needs for the CMC business. We also entered into a five-year extension through 2025 of our primary coal tar supply agreement for our facility in Europe.

We believe that the restructuring initiatives that we have implemented thus far are beginning to lessen the impact of oil prices on our business. As we shift our focus to producing only the needed amount of creosote, we are distilling lower volumes of coal tar and thereby, have fewer products exposed to the price of oil. In addition, we believe our overall profitability will improve due to a more streamlined and efficient cost structure as well as our ability to secure lower raw material costs through key long-term supply agreements.

CMC Restructuring Initiatives

Our CMC business and results of operations have been negatively affected in recent years by difficult economic conditions in North America, Europe and China. Certain key end markets experienced significant reductions in demand that have negatively affected the profitability for most of our products produced and sold in the geographical regions we operate, and we expect this to continue for at least the foreseeable future. Additionally, over the last several years, our profitability in North America has been negatively impacted from increased levels of imports from competitors in Europe due to weak end-market demand there. The geographic shift in end-market demand has resulted in a trend of declining utilization rates in North America and Europe over that same period.

As a result, we embarked on a plan to restructure our CMC operating footprint that reduced our global number of coal tar distillation facilities from the 11 that existed as of January 1, 2014 to four in total. The remaining facilities are located in regions where we believe we hold key competitive advantages that allow us to better serve our global customers: Stickney, Illinois; Nyborg, Denmark; Mayfield, Australia; and Jiangsu Province, China.

The reduction in operating capacity at the seven closed or sold coal tar distillation we have incurred substantial restructuring and impairment costs over the last three years. As a result of these initiatives, we expect additional restructuring and related charges to earnings of between $9 million to $17 million through 2020. The overall expected future cash requirements for the CMC plant closures are estimated to be approximately $40 million through 2020. There

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may be additional curtailments or closures at our other CMC facilities as part of our efforts to reduce our cost structure and improve capacity utilization in our business.

In January 2017, we entered into a transaction to lease our Follansbee, West Virginia facility to a third party. It is anticipated that we will relocate our naphthalene refining activities at the Follansbee facility to our Stickney facility in early 2018 and will continue to utilize the site as a distribution terminal during the lease period.

We believe that, through these restructuring initiatives, we are significantly transforming our CMC business model by streamlining the operating footprint and reducing reliance on and exposure to the carbon pitch markets.

Seasonality and Effects of Weather on Operations

Our quarterly operating results fluctuate due to a variety of factors that are outside of our control, including inclement weather conditions, which in the past have affected operating results. Operations at some of our facilities have at times been reduced during the winter months. Moreover, demand for some of our products declines during periods of inclement weather. As a result of the foregoing, we anticipate that we may experience material fluctuations in quarterly operating results. Historically, our operating results have been significantly lower in the first and fourth calendar quarters as compared to the second and third calendar quarters.

Results of Operations – Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015

Consolidated Results

Net sales for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are summarized by segment in the following table:

Railroad and Utility Products and Services net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $70.5 million or 11 percent compared to the prior year. The sales decrease was primarily due to lower sales volumes of treated crossties and utility products. Sales of treated crossties declined by $52.2 million or ten percent. The reduction in treated crossties is attributed to lower spending in the rail industry due to the impact of reduced freight car loadings and rail traffic across both the Class I and commercial markets. In addition, commercial pricing has been reduced due to an over-supply of crossties in the railroad market.

The decrease in sales of utility products was due to reduced demand in the Australian utility pole market combined with the Company’s decision in 2015 to exit the utility pole business in the United States. Approximately $9.6 million or 14 percent of the sales decline from prior year is due to the Company’s exit from non-core businesses in the United States, including the utility pole business and a dimensional lumber treating plant.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals net sales for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $177.1 million or 29 percent compared to the prior year due mainly to lower sales volumes for carbon pitch, carbon black feedstock and other coal tar products with lower sales prices for carbon pitch and phthalic anhydride, partially offset by higher phthalic anhydride volumes. The reduction in carbon black feedstock sales volumes was driven by our strategy to reduce total distillate production and direct as much production as possible to the higher value wood preservative market. Carbon pitch sales volumes were lower in the United States and China. Reduced volume of carbon pitch in the United States is due to the reduction of aluminum manufacturing capacity. Sales of coal tar chemicals increased over the prior year period due to an increase in sales volumes of phthalic anhydride. The increase in volume was partially offset by a reduction in pricing driven by the effect of lower orthoxylene pricing on phthalic anhydride.

Performance Chemicals net sales increased by $36.9 million or 10 percent compared to the prior year. The sales increase was due primarily to higher North American sales volumes for some copper-based wood preservatives and additives. Higher sales volumes were driven primarily by favorable market trends in the repair and remodeling markets and existing home sales as well as treated wood dealers stocking and selling treated wood with higher preservative retention levels. These gains were offset in part by higher customer development costs, which are reflected as a reduction of net sales, compared to the prior year period.

Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 80 percent for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to 84 percent in the prior year due mainly to a sales mix shift as higher gross margins for PC driven by increased sales volumes and lower costs more than offset lower sales volumes and gross margins from CMC due to restructuring activities.

Depreciation and amortization charges for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $6.1 million lower when compared to the prior year period due mainly to a reduction in assets related to our shutdown of distillation facilities in the United

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

States and United Kingdom as well as accelerated depreciation and asset retirement obligation amortization in the prior year period related to the closure of our wood treating facility in Green Spring, West Virginia.

Gain on sale of business of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 reflected the sale of our CMC tar distillation properties and assets in the United Kingdom in July 2016. Gain on sale of business of $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflected the sale of our North American utility pole business in January 2015.

Impairment and restructuring charges were $22.1 million lower for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily related to the decision in the prior year to discontinue coal tar distillation activities at two CMC plants located in the United States and two CMC plants located in the United Kingdom. The remaining 2015 charges were related to the RUPS closure of a wood treating plant in Green Spring, West Virginia. The $20.1 million of impairment and restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2016 was due mainly to an accrual for future real estate lease obligations, net of estimated sublease revenue, at our closed coal tar distillation facility in Uithoorn, the Netherlands, as well as severance charges related to our closed coal tar distillation CMC facilities in the United Kingdom and impairment charges for the remaining fixed assets at our coal tar distillation facility in Clairton, Pennsylvania. The remaining 2016 charges were related to the exit of three non-core RUPS businesses in the United States.

Goodwill impairment charges were $67.2 million for the prior year. The 2015 charges reflected the complete write-down of goodwill for the Carbon Materials and Chemicals business. There was no goodwill impairment in the current year.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $6.4 million higher when compared to the prior year due mainly to a pension settlement charge of $4.4 million and increases in short-term incentive expense and stock compensation expense in the current year period.

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $0.1 million higher when compared to the prior year as a result of the write-off of debt issuance costs totaling $2.0 million in 2016 due to the reduction of borrowing capacity under our revolving credit agreement was partially offset by reduced average debt levels as compared to the prior year period.

Income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $15.6 million higher when compared to the prior year period. This increase is primarily due to significantly higher pre-tax earnings when compared to the prior year period. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2016 was 29.6 percent. The primary reason the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory tax rate of 35.0 percent is the higher amount of pre-tax earnings in jurisdictions that have a statutory tax rate less than the United States federal statutory tax rate. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2015 was 5.3 percent. The effective tax rate in the prior year period differed from the United States federal statutory tax rate of 35.0 percent primarily due to goodwill impairment charges that were not deductible in certain foreign jurisdictions along with recording a valuation allowance for certain state and foreign net operating losses and temporary differences.

Segment Results

Segment operating profit for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 is summarized by segment in the following table:

Railroad and Utility Products and Services operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $11.1 million or 18 percent compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of sales decreased to 8.7 percent from 9.5 percent. The decrease in operating profit is due primarily to costs related to the Company’s decision to exit a utility pole business and a dimensional lumber plant in the United States. The combined reduction in operating profit due to exiting these businesses was $7.5 million.

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In addition, operating profit declined due to reduced sales volumes of crossties, utility poles, and rail joints combined with reduced margins in the commercial crosstie market as a result of inventory over-supply in the railroad market. The negative impact from these factors was partially offset by a favorable sales mix of higher margin products and services including increased crosstie treatment and bridge services. Cost savings related to the closure of the Green Spring, West Virginia facility provided an additional benefit in the second half of 2016.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased by $99.9 million or 80 percent compared to the prior year. Operating loss in the prior year included a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million and other asset impairment charges and restructuring charges of $34.7 million. Operating loss was positively affected by lower raw material costs and restructuring cost savings in North America. Lower sales prices in most product lines, accelerated depreciation, costs to restructure operations and unabsorbed fixed costs partially offset the positive impacts.

Performance Chemicals operating profit increased by $23.0 million compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales for PC increased to 15.8 percent from 10.9 percent in the prior year. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 was positively impacted due primarily to higher North American sales volumes for copper-based wood preservatives. Higher sales volumes were driven primarily by changes in treated wood product application standards resulting in treated wood dealers stocking and selling more high retention ground contact treated wood.

Sales volumes have also improved due to favorable market trends in the repair and remodeling markets and existing home sales. Favorable non-recurring items, including the reversal of an environmental liability, resulted in approximately $3.7 million of operating profit in the current year.

Results of Operations – Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014

Consolidated Results

Net sales for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are summarized by segment in the following table:

Railroad and Utility Products and Services net sales for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased by $59.2 million or ten percent compared to the prior year. The sales increase was due primarily to higher sales volumes for railroad crossties combined with incremental sales of $35.7 million from certain businesses acquired from Osmose Holdings, Inc. (“Osmose”) that are a part of RUPS. The higher sales volume for crossties were due to strong industry demand combined with inventory restocking by railroad customers who reduced inventory levels over the past several years due to competitive market conditions for hardwood lumber.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals net sales for the year ended December 31, 2015 decreased by $220.3 million or 26 percent compared to the prior year due mainly to lower volumes of carbon pitch and lower sales prices for carbon black feedstock, phthalic anhydride and naphthalene, all of which have been impacted by lower oil prices.

Distillate sales decreased by 11 percent compared to the prior year due mainly to lower prices for carbon black feedstock, with the lower prices driven by lower oil prices.

Coal tar chemicals sales declined by six percent compared to the prior year due primarily to decreases in sales prices for phthalic anhydride and naphthalene, which were driven by lower oil prices.

Foreign exchange translation as a result of the strong U.S. dollar resulted in a reduction of six percent of sales compared to the prior year.

Performance Chemicals net sales increased by $233.0 million compared to the prior year. The sales increase was due primarily to the PC business being consolidated for a full 12-month period in 2015 versus a 4.5 month period in 2014. This segment consists of the wood preservation business that was acquired from Osmose in August 2014. Sales for this business, which produces various copper-based wood preservatives used in decking, fencing and other residential, commercial, and agricultural applications are driven primarily by residential remodeling and existing home sales. Operating results for PC for the first and fourth quarters are typically lower than results for the second and third quarters due to seasonality related to winter weather conditions.

Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 84 percent for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to 86 percent in the prior year due mainly to the acquisition of the higher margin PC business and higher gross margins for RUPS driven by increased sales volumes and improved cost performance, which more than offset lower gross margin for CMC.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

Depreciation and amortization charges for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $15.0 million higher when compared to the prior year due mainly to a full year of depreciation and amortization for the PC business that was acquired in August 2014.

Gain on sale of business of $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflected the sale of our North American utility pole business in January 2015.

Impairment and restructuring charges were $42.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily related to the decision to discontinue coal tar distillation activities at two CMC plants located in the United States and two CMC plants located in the United Kingdom.  The remaining 2015 charges were related to the RUPS closure of a wood treating plant in Green Spring, West Virginia. The $17.9 million of impairment and restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2014 was due to the closure of the Uithoorn, Netherlands CMC facility for $13.2 million combined with impairment charges related to the KCCC facility of $4.7 million.

Goodwill impairment charges of $67.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflected the complete write-down of goodwill for the Carbon Materials and Chemicals business.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $8.4 million higher when compared to the prior year mainly due to the PC business that was acquired in August 2014. Additionally, $1.4 million of costs were incurred in 2015 related to CMC restructuring and reorganization projects.

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $11.6 million higher when compared to the prior year as a result of higher debt levels due to financing for the acquisition of the PC business from Osmose in August 2014.

Income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $38.3 million lower when compared to the prior year period. Our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2015 was 5.3 percent as compared to (578.0) percent in the prior year. The change in the effective income tax rate is primarily due to a significant decrease in pre-tax earnings in addition to the absence of the one-time tax charges related to the legal entity restructuring project that we completed at the end of 2014. The effective income tax rate is negatively affected by goodwill impairment charges that are not deductible in certain foreign jurisdictions along with setting up a valuation allowance for certain state and foreign net operating losses and temporary differences.

Segment Results

Segment operating profit for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 is summarized by segment in the following table:

Railroad and Utility Products and Services operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased by $8.6 million or 16 percent compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of sales increased to 9.5 percent from 9.0 percent in the prior year due to higher sales volumes for crossties caused by strong commercial industry demand and inventory restocking by railroad customers and the contribution from the August 2014 acquisition of the railroad structures business from Osmose.

Carbon Materials and Chemicals operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2015 decreased by $119.7 million compared to the prior year. CMC recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million in 2015 and other asset impairment charges and restructuring charges of $34.7 million. CMC operating profit as a percent of sales decreased to (20.4) percent from (0.6) percent in the prior year due mainly to these charges, lower volumes for carbon pitch and lower sales prices for carbon black feedstock, phthalic anhydride and naphthalene, which were driven by lower oil prices.

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Performance Chemicals operating profit increased by $37.4 million compared to the prior year. Operating profit as a percentage of net sales for PC increased to 10.9 percent from 1.3 percent in the prior year.  Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2015 was positively impacted due primarily to the PC business being consolidated for a full 12-month period in 2015 versus 4.5 months in 2014.

Cash Flow

Net cash provided by operating activities was $119.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $127.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The net decrease of $8.2 million in cash from operations was due primarily to higher working capital usage compared to the prior year period principally as a result of an increase in inventory in the current year period and the receipt of a cash advance payment of $30.0 million to Koppers (Jiangsu) Carbon Chemical Company Limited (“KJCC”) due to the amendment of a soft pitch supply agreement with its customer in the prior year period.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $127.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $35.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The net increase of $91.9 million in cash from operations was due primarily to lower working capital usage compared to the prior year period principally as a result of a decrease in accounts receivable and inventories coupled with an increase in accounts payable. Also contributing was the receipt of a cash advance payment of $30 million to KJCC due to the amendment of a soft pitch supply agreement with its customer.

Net cash used in investing activities was $53.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $41.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in net cash used by investing activities of $12.6 million is due to an increase in capital expenditures of $9.2 million and cash transferred to the acquirer of our CMC coal tar distillation facilities in the United Kingdom in exchange for the buyer assuming historical environmental and asset retirement obligations. The prior year period reflected $12.5 million for the acquisition of the KMG creosote business which was partially offset by $12.3 million of cash proceeds from the sale of the North American utility pole business in the first quarter of 2015.

Net cash used in investing activities was $41.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $580.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in net cash used by investing activities of $538.9 million is due to a reduction of $43.1 million for capital expenditures, additional proceeds of $14.6 million from asset sales, and a $481.2 million reduction in acquisition expenditures compared to the prior year period.

Net cash used in financing activities was $62.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to net cash used in financing activities of $123.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The difference is due mainly to net debt repayments totaling $61.4 million in 2016 as compared to repayments of $113.4 million in the prior year. The remaining offset is due to $8.7 million of dividends paid in the prior year compared to no dividends paid in the current year.

Net cash used in financing activities was $123.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $516.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The difference is due mainly to net debt repayments totaling $113.4 million in 2015 as compared to borrowings of $547.5 million in the prior year used to finance the Osmose acquisition, the acquisition of a wood treating plant in Ashcroft, British Columbia and construction costs at the KJCC facility in China.

Dividends paid were $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Dividends paid in 2015 include $3.5 million of dividends paid to the non-controlling interest shareholder of KCCC, our 60-percent owned subsidiary, and $5.2 million in dividends to Koppers Holdings shareholders relating to dividends declared on November 5, 2014. There were no dividends paid during 2016.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2016, Koppers Inc. had a $300.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility and a $232.5 million senior secured term loan (the “Prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities”) and $298.1 million principal value outstanding of senior notes due 2019 (the “2019 Notes”).

In January 2017, Koppers Inc. completed a private placement offering of $500.0 million 6.00 percent Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”). The 2025 Notes will pay interest semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 beginning on August 15, 2017 and will mature on February 15, 2025 unless earlier redeemed or repurchased. The 2025 Notes are unsecured and are guaranteed by Koppers Holdings Inc. and certain of Koppers Inc.’s domestic subsidiaries.

Koppers Inc. used the proceeds from the offering of the 2025 Notes to repay its outstanding term loan under the Prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities and to fund a tender offer to repurchase the 2019 Notes. The tender offer for the 2019 Notes was completed in early February 2017. Any 2019 Notes remaining outstanding following the tender offer were

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

called for redemption and Koppers Inc. concurrently satisfied and discharged its remaining obligations under the indenture governing the 2019 Notes.

In February 2017, the Company entered into a new $400.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “New Senior Secured Credit Facility”) which replaced the Prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities. The maturity date of the New Senior Secured Credit Facility is February 2022. The interest rate on the New Senior Secured Credit Facility is variable and is based on LIBOR. Terms under the New Senior Secured Credit Facility are substantially consistent with the Prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities.

Expenses associated with the redemption of the 2019 Notes and replacement of the Prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities are estimated to be $16.0 million in the first quarter of 2017. These costs consist of tender offer premiums, fees and write off of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Restrictions on Dividends to Koppers Holdings

Koppers Holdings depends on the dividends from the earnings of Koppers Inc. and its subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, including the payment of any declared dividend of Koppers Holdings. As with the Prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the New Senior Secured Credit Facility prohibits Koppers Inc. from making dividend payments to Koppers Holdings unless (1) such dividend payments are permitted by the indenture governing Koppers Inc.’s 2025 Notes, (2) no event of default or potential default has occurred or is continuing under the credit agreement, and (3) we are in pro forma compliance with our fixed charge coverage ratio covenant after giving effect to such dividend. The indenture governing the 2025 Notes restrict Koppers Inc.’s ability to finance our payment of dividends if (1) a default has occurred or would result from such financing, (2) Koppers Inc., or a restricted subsidiary of Koppers Inc. which is not a guarantor under the applicable indenture, is not able to incur additional indebtedness (as defined in the applicable indenture), and (3) the sum of all restricted payments (as defined in the applicable indenture) have exceeded the permitted amount (which we refer to as the “basket”) at such point in time.

The basket is governed by a formula based on the sum of a beginning amount, plus or minus a percentage of Koppers Inc.’s consolidated net income (as defined in the applicable indenture), plus the net proceeds of Koppers Inc.’s qualified stock issuance or conversions of debt to qualified stock, plus the net proceeds from the sale of or a reduction in an investment (as defined in the applicable indenture) or the value of the assets of an unrestricted subsidiary which is designated a restricted subsidiary. At December 31, 2016 the basket totaled $136.1 million. Notwithstanding such restrictions, the indenture governing the 2025 Notes permits an additional aggregate amount of $0.30 per share each fiscal quarter to finance dividends on the capital stock of Koppers Holdings, whether or not there is any basket availability, provided that at the time of such payment, no default in the indenture has occurred or would result from financing the dividends.

In addition, certain required coverage ratios in Koppers Inc.’s revolving credit facility may restrict the ability of Koppers Inc. to pay dividends. See “—Debt Covenants.” Koppers Holdings suspended its dividend in February 2015 and does not expect to declare any dividends for the foreseeable future.

Liquidity

Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of Koppers Inc., Koppers Holdings and their material domestic subsidiaries. The revolving credit facility contains certain covenants for Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries that limit capital expenditures, additional indebtedness, liens, dividends and investments or acquisitions. In addition, such covenants give rise to events of default upon the failure by Koppers Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries to meet certain financial ratios.

As of December 31, 2016, we had $159.6 million of unused revolving credit availability for working capital purposes after restrictions by various debt covenants and certain letter of credit commitments. As of December 31, 2016, $43.5 million of commitments were utilized by outstanding letters of credit.

The following table summarizes our estimated liquidity as of December 31, 2016 (dollars in millions):

Our estimated liquidity was $76.5 million at December 31, 2015.

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Our need for cash in the next twelve months relates primarily to contractual obligations which include debt service, purchase commitments and operating leases, as well as working capital, capital maintenance programs and the funding of plant consolidation and rationalizations. We may also use cash to pursue potential strategic acquisitions. Capital expenditures in 2017, excluding acquisitions, if any, are expected to total approximately $70 million to $75 million and are expected to be funded by cash from operations.

Schedule of Certain Contractual Obligations

The following table details our projected payments for our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2016. The table is based upon available information and certain assumptions we believe to be reasonable.

Pension and other employee benefit plan funding obligations (for defined benefit plans) are not included in the table above. We expect defined benefit plan contributions to total approximately $5.1 million in 2017. Estimated funding obligations are determined by asset performance, workforce and retiree demographics, tax and employment laws and other actuarial assumptions which may change the annual funding obligations in addition to decisions to fund in excess of statutorily required amounts. The funded status of our defined benefit plans is disclosed in Note 15 in our consolidated financial statements.

As of December 31, 2016, there was $9.7 million of tax liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits. Because of the high degree of uncertainty regarding the timing of future cash outflows associated with these liabilities, we are unable to estimate the years in which settlement will occur with the respective taxing authorities. See Note 10 in our consolidated financial statements for further information.

Schedule of Certain Other Commercial Commitments

The following table details our projected payments for other significant commercial commitments as of December 31, 2016. The table is based upon available information and certain assumptions we believe to be reasonable.

Debt Covenants at December 31, 2016

The covenants that would affect availability of the revolving credit facility under the Prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities and which would restrict the ability of Koppers Inc. to pay dividends included the following financial ratios:

Under our New Senior Secured Credit Facility, we must continue to comply with the fixed charge coverage ratio and a leverage ratio not to exceed 2.75 with respect to secured debt. We are currently in compliance with all covenants governing the revolving credit facility. Our continued ability to meet those financial ratios can be affected by events beyond our control, however, we currently expect that our net cash flows from operating activities and funds available from our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to provide for our working capital needs and capital spending requirements over the next twelve months.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

At December 31, 2016, Koppers Inc. had $298.1 million principal value outstanding of 2019 Notes. We have subsequently completed a tender offer for the 2019 Notes and called for redemption all 2019 Notes that remain outstanding following the tender offer.

In January 2017, Koppers Inc. completed a private offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2025 Notes. The 2025 Notes include customary covenants that restrict, among other things, our ability to incur additional debt, pay dividends or make certain other restricted payments, incur liens, merge or sell all or substantially all of the assets or enter into various transactions with affiliates. We are currently in compliance with all covenants in the 2025 Notes indenture.

Other Matters

Foreign Operations and Foreign Currency Transactions

We are subject to foreign currency translation fluctuations due to our foreign operations. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, exchange rate fluctuations resulted in a decrease to comprehensive income of $4.3 million, $20.6 million and $30.6 million, respectively. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses result from transactions denominated in a currency which is different from the currency used by the entity to prepare its financial statements. Foreign currency transaction (gains) losses were $(1.3) million, $10.4 million and $(0.6) million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

Information regarding recently issued accounting guidance is contained in Note 3 “New Accounting Pronouncements” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to use judgment in making estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses, assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. The following accounting policies are based on, among other things, judgments and assumptions made by management that include inherent risks and uncertainties. Our management’s estimates are based on the relevant information available at the end of each period.

Revenue Recognition.  We recognize revenue from product sales at the time of shipment or when title passes to the customer. We recognize revenue related to the procurement of certain untreated railroad crossties upon transfer of title, which occurs upon delivery to our plant and acceptance by the customer. Service revenue, consisting primarily of wood treating services, is recognized at the time the service is provided. Our recognition of revenue with respect to untreated crossties meets all the recognition criteria of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 13.A.3, including transfer of title and risk of ownership, the existence of fixed purchase commitments and delivery schedules established by the customer and the completion of all performance obligations by us.

Accounts Receivable.  We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. In circumstances where we become aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, a specific reserve for bad debts is recorded against amounts due. If the financial conditions of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.

Inventories.  In the United States, CMC and RUPS inventories are valued at the lower of cost, utilizing the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) basis, or market. PC inventories are valued at the lower of cost, utilizing the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis, or market. Market represents replacement cost for raw materials and net realizable value for work in process and finished goods. LIFO inventories constituted approximately 65 percent and 66 percent of the FIFO inventory value at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, we recorded inventory write-downs of $0.6 million, $1.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively, related to lower of cost or market conditions for our subsidiaries that value inventory on the FIFO basis.

Long-Lived Assets.  Our management periodically evaluates the net realizable value of long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, based on a number of factors including operating results, projected future cash flows and business plans. We record long-lived assets at cost. If we determine a long-lived asset is impaired, we adjust to fair value. Fair value is based on assumptions concerning the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows. Since judgment is involved in determining the fair value of fixed assets, there is a risk that the carrying value of our long-lived assets may be overstated. During 2016 and 2015, we recorded fixed asset impairment charges of $3.5 million and $12.8 million, respectively, primarily related to the decision to discontinue coal tar distillation activities at CMC plants located in the

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United States, China and the United Kingdom. During 2015, we also recorded fixed asset impairment charges of $1.9 million related to the RUPS wood treating plant in Green Spring, West Virginia.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill is not amortized but is assessed for impairment at least on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In making this assessment, management relies on various factors, including operating results, estimated future cash flows, and business plans. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and in our management’s judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. Because management’s judgment is involved in performing goodwill impairment analyses, there is risk that the carrying value of goodwill is overstated.

Goodwill valuations are performed using projected operating results of the relevant reporting units. We have four reporting units for purposes of goodwill evaluation. These units consist of our CMC operating segment, our PC operating segment, our Railroad Products and Services reporting unit and our Koppers Wood Products reporting unit. Railroad Products and Services and Koppers Wood Products are one level below our RUPS operating segment. The Railroad Products and Services reporting unit primarily serves the rail industry in the United States and the Koppers Wood Products reporting unit primarily serves the utility markets in Australia. 

Goodwill remaining on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016 is $186.4 million and is substantially all related to our PC operating segment. We determined that no impairment of goodwill at any of our reporting units was required as of December 31, 2016.

In 2015, we determined in the first step of the goodwill analysis that the carrying value of the CMC reporting unit exceeded the fair value so we performed the second step of the impairment analysis in order to determine the implied fair value of CMC’s goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill represents the excess of fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value amounts assigned to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit as if it were to be acquired in a business combination and the current fair value of the reporting unit (as calculated in the first step) was the purchase price. Any amount remaining after this allocation represents the implied fair value of goodwill. Based upon this analysis and the observed negative factors including a declining market capitalization, downsizing of the global aluminum markets and continued decline in spot and forward oil pricing, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million for the CMC reporting unit in the fourth quarter of 2015. As a result of the goodwill impairment charge, there is no goodwill remaining for the CMC reporting unit.

Identifiable intangible assets that do not have indefinite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. We have identifiable intangible assets of $141.9 million as of December 31, 2016. We annually evaluate the remaining useful life of the intangible asset being amortized to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset will be amortized prospectively over that revised remaining useful life. Identifiable intangible assets are also subject to testing for recoverability whenever events or changes indicate that its carrying value may not be recoverable.

Changes in economic and operating conditions impacting these assumptions could result in goodwill and intangible asset impairments in future periods. Additionally, disruptions to our business such as prolonged recessionary periods or unexpected significant declines in operating results of the relevant reporting units could result in charges for goodwill and other asset impairments in future periods.

Deferred Tax Assets. At December 31, 2016 our balance sheet included $69.1 million of deferred tax assets, net of a $40.2 million valuation allowance. We also had $48.3 million of deferred tax liabilities resulting in net deferred tax assets of $20.8 million, substantially all related to our U.S. jurisdictions. Management evaluated the ability to realize these deferred tax assets, particularly in light of the financial reporting losses reported over the preceding three years.  As discussed in Note 14, “Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets,” the Company incurred a goodwill impairment charge of $67.2 million, of which $25.1 million related to goodwill that was not deductible, in 2015. This impairment charge was the primary factor that has contributed to the Company being in a cumulative loss for financial reporting purposes. Management considered the cumulative loss for financial reporting purposes when making this evaluation and concluded that it was more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets would be realized since it will generate sufficient future taxable income in periods when these deferred tax assets become deductible and concluded that no valuation allowance was required. To the extent future taxable income projections are not achieved, we could be required to record a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 10 includes information on deferred tax activity during the past two years.

Accrued Insurance.  We are insured for property, casualty and workers’ compensation insurance up to various stop-loss amounts after meeting required retention levels. Losses are accrued based upon estimates of the liability for the related retentions for claims incurred using certain actuarial assumptions followed in the insurance industry and based on our experience. In the event we incur a significant number of losses beyond the coverage retention limits, additional expense beyond the actuarial projections would be required. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 2 includes information on expense recognized during the past two years.

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

Asset Retirement Obligations.  We measure asset retirement obligations based upon the applicable accounting guidance, using certain assumptions including estimates regarding the recovery of residues in storage tanks. In the event that operational or regulatory issues vary from our estimates, we could incur additional significant charges to income and increases in cash expenditures related to the disposal of those residues. Certain conditional asset retirement obligations related to facilities have not been recorded in the consolidated financial statements due to uncertainties surrounding the ultimate settlement date and estimate of fair value related to a legal obligation to perform an asset retirement activity. At the date a reasonable estimate of the ultimate settlement can be made, we will record an asset retirement obligation and such amounts may be material to the consolidated financial statements in the period in which they are recorded. In 2016, we recorded additional asset retirement obligations of $2.7 million principally related to the retirement of water containment systems and storage tank and railcar cleaning costs in the United States and the United Kingdom. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 2 includes information on expense recognized during the past two years.

Derivative Financial Instruments. We use swap contracts to manage copper price risk associated with forecasted purchases of materials used in our manufacturing processes. Contracts are not held for trading or speculative purposes.

We recognize the fair value of the swap contracts as an asset or liability at each reporting date. We designate most swap contracts as cash flow hedges and the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive (loss) earnings until it is reclassified into earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings. We utilize the dollar offset method to retrospectively measure hedge ineffectiveness. Gains and losses from hedge ineffectiveness are recognized in current earnings. For those swap contracts not designated as a cash flow hedge, gains and losses on the derivative are recorded immediately in earnings. Because of price volatility in the market price of copper and its effect on the dollar offset hedge effectiveness test, we may be required to recognize material unrealized gains and losses as a result of this measurement in current earnings.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits.  Accounting for pension and other postretirement benefit obligations involves numerous assumptions, the most significant of which relate to the following:

We develop our demographics and utilize the work of third-party actuaries to assist in the measurement of these obligations. We have selected different discount rates for our pension plans and our other post-retirement benefit plans due to the different projected benefit payment patterns. In determining the assumed discount rates at December 31, 2016, we use our third party actuary’s discount rate model. This model calculates an equivalent single discount rate for the projected benefit plan cash flows using a hypothetical bond portfolio to match expected cash flows under our benefit plans. The bonds used are rated AA or higher by a recognized rating agency and only non-callable bonds are included with the exception of those with a “make-whole call” feature. The actuary limited the selection to those bonds with a minimum of 100,000 outstanding issues. Outlier bonds whose yields exceeded two standard deviations from the yield curve derived from similar quality bonds were excluded.

Of the assumptions used to measure the year-end obligations and estimated annual net periodic benefit cost, the discount rate has the most significant effect on the periodic benefit cost reported for the plans. Decreasing the discount rates of 0.25 percent for our pension plans and 0.25 percent for our other postretirement benefit plans would increase pension obligations and other postretirement benefit plan obligations by $7.9 million and would increase defined benefit pension expense and other postretirement benefit plan expense by $0.5 million.

The asset rate of return assumption considers the asset mix of the plans (currently targeted at approximately 30 percent equity securities and 70 percent fixed income securities for the funded pension plans), past performance and other factors, including expected re-allocations of asset mix occurring within a reasonable period of time. Our asset rate of return assumption is 5.10 percent for 2017 defined benefit pension expense. Decreasing the 5.10 percent asset rate of return assumption by 0.25 percent would increase our defined benefit pension expense by $0.5 million.

Compensation change assumptions are based on historical experience, anticipated future management actions and demographics of the benefit plans.

Health care cost trend assumptions are developed based on historical cost data, the near-term outlook and an assessment of likely long-term trends.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 15 includes detailed information about the assumptions used to calculate the components of our annual defined benefit pension and other postretirement plan expense, as well as the obligations and accumulated other comprehensive loss reported on the year-end balance sheets.

Litigation and Contingencies.  We record liabilities related to legal matters when an adverse outcome is probable and reasonably estimable. To the extent we anticipate favorable outcomes to these matters which ultimately result in adverse outcomes, we could incur material adverse impacts on earnings and cash flows. Because such matters require significant judgments on the part of management, the recorded liabilities could be lower than what is ultimately required. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 20 includes information about litigation and other contingencies.

Environmental Liabilities. We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations and potential liabilities relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including, among other things, the cleanup of contaminated sites, the treatment, storage and disposal of wastes, the discharge of effluent into waterways, the emission of substances into the air and various health and safety matters. We expect to incur substantial costs for ongoing compliance with such laws and regulations. We may also incur costs as a result of governmental or third-party claims, or otherwise incur costs, relating to cleanup of, or for injuries resulting from, contamination at sites associated with past and present operations. We accrue for environmental liabilities when a determination can be made that they are probable and reasonably estimable. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 20 includes information about environmental liabilities.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Like other global companies, we are exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The objective of our financial risk management is to minimize the negative impact of commodity price, interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations on our earnings, cash flows and equity.

To manage commodity price risk, we enter into swap contracts for future forecasted purchases of copper. This reduces the impact of commodity price volatility on gross profit. To manage the interest rate risks, we use a combination of fixed and variable rate debt. This reduces the impact of short-term fluctuations in interest rates. To manage foreign currency exchange rate risks, we use forward exchange contracts to hedge firm commitments up to twelve months and all such contracts are marked to market with the recognition of a gain or loss at each reporting period.

The following analyses present the sensitivity of the market value, earnings and cash flows of our financial instruments and foreign operations to hypothetical changes in interest and exchange rates and market prices for copper as if these changes occurred at December 31, 2016. The range of changes chosen for these analyses reflects our view of changes which are reasonably possible over a one-year period. Market values are the present values of projected future cash flows based on the interest rate, exchange rate and copper price assumptions. These forward-looking statements are selective in nature and only address the potential impacts from financial instruments and foreign operations. They do not include other potential effects that could impact our business as a result of these changes.

Commodity Price Sensitivity Analysis. Our exposure to market risk for changes in copper prices relates primarily to the purchase price of the raw material and the fixed price sales agreements we have with customers of our PC segment. We utilize swap contracts to manage this price risk. As of December 31, 2016, we had outstanding copper swap contracts totaling 49.1 million pounds and the fair value of these contracts was a gain of $11.6 million. A portion of the gain totaling $10.6 million, before tax, is recognized in other comprehensive income and a portion of the gain totaling $1.0 million is recognized in income. Holding other variables constant, if there were a 10 percent reduction in the December 31, 2016 market price of copper, other comprehensive income, before tax, would be $0.1 million and the effect on pretax income would be a loss of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Interest Rate and Debt Sensitivity Analysis. Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our debt obligations. We have fixed and variable rate debt and the ability to incur variable rate debt under the Koppers Inc. credit agreement.

At December 31, 2016 we had $364.2 million of fixed rate debt and $298.2 million of variable rate debt. Our ratio of variable rate debt to fixed rate debt at December 31, 2016 was approximately 82 percent. For fixed rate debt, interest rate changes affect the fair market value but do not impact earnings or cash flows. For variable rate debt, interest rate changes generally do not affect the fair market value but do impact future earnings and cash flows, assuming other factors are held constant.

Holding other variables constant (such as debt levels and foreign exchange rates), a one percentage point decrease in interest rates at December 31, 2016 would have increased the unrealized fair market value of the fixed rate debt by approximately $5.8 million. The earnings and cash flows for the year ending December 31, 2016, assuming a one percentage point increase in interest rates would have decreased approximately $3.0 million, holding other variables constant for variable rate debt.

Exchange Rate Sensitivity Analysis. Our exchange rate exposures result primarily from our investment and ongoing operations in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, Canada, the Netherlands, China and the United Kingdom. Holding other

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

variables constant, if there were a ten percent reduction in all relevant exchange rates, the effect on our earnings, based on actual earnings from foreign operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, would be a reduction of approximately $2.0 million.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Koppers Holdings Inc.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The management of Koppers Holdings Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Management has assessed the effectiveness of Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, management has utilized the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Management concluded that based on its assessment, Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016.

The effectiveness of Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, has been audited by KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that also audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, as stated in their attestation report which appears on page 44.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Shareholders

Koppers Holdings Inc.:

We have audited Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Koppers Holdings Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk.  Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, Koppers Holdings Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of Koppers Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and shareholders’ equity for the year then ended and our report dated February 24, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

44

Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Shareholders

Koppers Holdings Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Koppers Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and shareholders’ equity for the year then ended. In connection with our audit of the consolidated financial statements, we have also audited the financial statement schedule for the year ended December 31, 2016 listed in the Index at Item 15(a)2. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and schedule based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Koppers Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Koppers Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated February 24, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Koppers Holdings Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Koppers Holdings Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, cash flows and shareholders’ equity for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Koppers Holdings Inc. at December 31, 2015 and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

46

Koppers Holdings Inc.     2016 Annual Report

KOPPERS HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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KOPPERS HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET