Larimar Therapeutics, Inc. - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

or

For the transition period from                       to                      .

Commission File Number 001-36510

ZAFGEN, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Zafgen, Inc.

3 Center Plaza, Suite 610

Boston, Massachusetts 02108

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code:

(617) 622-4003

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price of the registrant’s Common Stock as of June 28, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $40.1 million (based on the last reported sale price on the Nasdaq Global Market as of such date). As of March 1, 2020, there were 37,469,596 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The registrant intends to file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Portions of such definitive proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ZAFGEN, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2019

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PART I

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

This Annual Report also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain diseases, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, and the incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company that has leveraged our proprietary methionine aminopeptidase 2, or MetAP2, biology platform to pioneer the study of MetAP2 inhibitors in both common and rare metabolic disorders.

Our prior lead product candidate, ZGN-1061, is a MetAP2 inhibitor that was in Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other related metabolic disorders. In November 2018, we received a letter from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, placing a full clinical hold on the investigational new drug application, or IND, for the first U.S. clinical trial of ZGN-1061. The FDA cited the possibility of cardiovascular, or CV, safety risk based on our prior compound. In July 2019, we reached agreement with the FDA on an in vivo animal study design and protocol to establish relevant safety margins for ZGN-1061. The study was designed to translate the data from our newly developed in vitro assays of human endothelial cells and assessment of tissue factor expression with endothelial cells, along with other supportive assays, as we worked toward resolving the full clinical hold. Based on the preliminary results from the in vivo study, on September 5, 2019, we announced that we believe there is a low probability of resolving the clinical hold in the near-term. Subsequently, all further development activities of MetAP2 inhibitors were halted and we withdrew the IND for ZGN-1061 in September 2019. Therefore, we determined that it is in the best interest of shareholders to evaluate strategic alternatives and implemented a restructuring plan to reduce operating costs and better align our workforce with our needs.

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Following an extensive process of evaluating strategic alternatives for the company and identifying and reviewing potential candidates for a strategic acquisition or other transaction, on December 17, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Chondrial Therapeutics, Inc., or Chondrial, pursuant to which a wholly owned subsidiary of the company will merge with and into Chondrial, with Chondrial continuing as the surviving corporation of the merger and a wholly owned subsidiary of the company. Under the exchange ratio formula in the Merger Agreement, as of immediately after the merger, the former Chondrial securityholders are expected to own approximately 60% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis and our stockholders as of immediately prior to the merger are expected to own approximately 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis. Under certain circumstances further described in the Merger Agreement, the ownership percentages may be adjusted upward or downward based on the level of our net cash at the closing of the merger and certain other adjustments.

The Merger Agreement provides each of us and Chondrial with specified termination rights, and further provides that, upon termination of the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, either party may be required to pay the other party a termination fee of $3,375,000. In addition, in connection with certain terminations of the Merger Agreement, either party may be required to pay the other party’s third party expenses up to $350,000. In connection with the merger, we will seek to amend our certificate of incorporation to: (i) effect a reverse split of our common stock at a ratio to be determined by us and Chondrial, which is intended to ensure that the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Global Market are satisfied and (ii) change the name of Zafgen to “Larimar Therapeutics, Inc.”

Our and Chondrial’s obligations to consummate the merger are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of customary closing conditions, including, among others, obtaining the requisite approvals of our stockholders and satisfaction of minimum net cash thresholds of $30,000,000 by us and not less than zero by Chondrial. The sole stockholder of Chondrial has approved the Merger Agreement. In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, we entered into stockholder support agreements with our current directors and certain officers and our largest stockholder, which collectively beneficially own or control an aggregate of approximately 9.7% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Each of the stockholders party to such stockholder support agreements has agreed to vote or cause to be voted, all of the shares of our common stock beneficially owned by such stockholder in favor of the stockholder proposals submitted at our stockholders meeting to be held in connection with the merger.

We expect to devote significant time and resources to the completion of the merger with Chondrial. However, there can be no assurance that such activities will result in the completion of the merger. Further, the completion of the merger ultimately may not deliver the anticipated benefits or enhance shareholder value.

Since our inception in November 2005, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing ZGN-1061, ZGN-1258, ZGN-1345, beloranib, ZGN-839 and additional MetAP2 inhibitors, building our intellectual property portfolio, developing manufacturing capabilities, business planning, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for such operations. From our inception through our initial public offering, or IPO, in June 2014, we received gross proceeds of $104.0 million from sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, through the issuances of convertible promissory notes. In June 2014, we completed our IPO with net proceeds of $102.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. In January 2015, we completed a follow-on offering of our common stock, with net proceeds of $130.0 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. On July 2, 2018, we completed a public offering of our common stock, which resulted in the sale of 9,200,000 shares at a price of $7.50 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $64.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, as well as offering costs paid by us.

We have never generated any revenue and have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. We have an accumulated deficit of $396.4 million as of December 31, 2019. Our net loss was $45.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and $61.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. These losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with in-licensing of technology, research and development activities and general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future.

Until such time that we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public equity, private equity, debt financings, or other sources, which may include collaborations with third parties. Arrangements with collaborators or others may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies or product candidates. In addition, we may never successfully complete development of any of our future product candidates, if any, obtain adequate patent protection for our technology, obtain necessary regulatory approval for our future product candidates, if any, or achieve commercial viability for any approved product candidates. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. We will need to generate significant revenue to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.

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We expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2019 will enable us to fund our operating expenses, capital expenditure requirements and minimum liquidity requirements associated with our debt facility for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Sales and Marketing

Based on our early stage of development, we have not yet established commercial organization or distribution capabilities, nor have we entered into any partnership or co-promotion arrangements with an established pharmaceutical or biotechnology company. To develop the appropriate commercial infrastructure to launch our future product candidates, if any, we may either do so on our own or by establishing alliances with one or more pharmaceutical or other biotechnology company collaborators, depending on, among other things, the applicable indications, the related development costs and our available resources.

Licenses

CKD License

In July 2009, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp. of South Korea, or CKD, pursuant to which we exclusively licensed beloranib from CKD on a worldwide basis, with the exception of South Korea. In consideration of such exclusive license, we paid an initial license fee to CKD, paid a one-time fee following initiation of a proof of concept trial, agreed to make milestone payments of up to $30.0 million (of which $7.5 million has been paid, including $3.3 million that was paid in the form of our common stock (valued at $3.6 million) as a result of an amendment to our license agreement and entry into a subscription agreement with CKD) to CKD upon the achievement of certain specified events, and agreed to pay a portion of sublicensing income to CKD. Furthermore, we agreed that if we receive marketing approval for beloranib, we will pay single-digit royalties to CKD based on annual net sales of beloranib on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until the later to occur of (i) the expiration of the last to expire patent in such country within the CKD patent rights containing a valid claim covering beloranib or its use for which regulatory approval has been obtained in such country, or (ii) ten years from the first commercial sale of beloranib in such country. Pursuant to this agreement, we committed to using commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize beloranib. During the fourth quarter of 2019 we terminated this agreement.

Children’s License

In January 2007, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement with Children’s Medical Center Corporation, or Children’s, pursuant to which we exclusively licensed certain patent rights from Children’s on a worldwide basis. The licensed patent rights relate to decreasing the growth of fat tissue. In consideration of such exclusive license, we paid an initial license fee upon execution of the license to Children’s and annual maintenance fees through the fifth anniversary of the date of the license. We also agreed to make milestone payments to Children’s of up to $2.7 million (of which $0.4 million has been paid) with respect to the first licensed product and up to $1.3 million with respect to each subsequent licensed product, if any, that is a new chemical entity upon the achievement of certain specified events and to pay a portion of sublicensing income to Children’s. We also agreed that this agreement will remain in effect for the longer of (i) 15 years or (ii) the life of the last expiring licensed patent, subject to earlier termination (x) by Children’s in the event of our insolvency or our failure to cure a breach within 60 days (30 days in the case of non-payment) of receiving written notice thereof, or (y) by us for any reason upon 120 days’ prior written notice. During the fourth quarter of 2019 we provided this written notice, indicating that this agreement will be terminated by the end of the first quarter of 2020.

Intellectual Property

We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patents intended to cover our future product candidate, if any, and compositions, their methods of use and any other inventions that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.

As of February 29, 2020, we own thirty-eight issued U.S. patents, all of which relate to our internal efforts to discover and discover MetAP2 inhibitors.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the date of filing the non-provisional application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative

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delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S. PTO, in granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over an earlier-filed patent. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period. However, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term including the restoration period must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also twenty years from the earliest effective filing date. Our issued patents will expire on dates ranging from 2029 to 2036. However, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a claim by claim and country to country basis for each applicable product and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.

Furthermore, the patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical products and processes like those we intend to develop and commercialize are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such patents has emerged to date in the United States. The patent situation outside the United States is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries can diminish our ability to protect our inventions, and enforce our intellectual property rights and more generally, could affect the value of intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our drugs and technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We do not know whether any of the patent applications that we may file or license from third parties will result in the issuance of any patents. The issued patents that we own or may receive in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may be able to independently develop and commercialize similar drugs or duplicate our technology, business model or strategy without infringing our patents. Because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a drug we may develop, it is possible that, before any of our drugs can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent.

As a result of the America Invents Act of 2011, the United States transitioned to a first-inventor-to-file system in March 2013, under which, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent. This will require us to minimize the time from invention to the filing of a patent application.

We may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets and unpatented know-how to protect our technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our consultants, scientific advisors and contractors and invention assignment agreements with our employees. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our consultants, contractors or collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. For more information, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Intellectual Property.”

Our commercial success will also depend in part on not infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patent would require us to alter our development or commercial strategies, or our drugs or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities. Our breach of any license agreements or failure to obtain a license to proprietary rights that we may require to develop or commercialize our future drugs, if any, may have a material adverse impact on us. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the United States that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the U.S. PTO, to determine priority of invention.

Competition

The biopharmaceuticals industry is highly competitive. There are many public and private biopharmaceutical companies, universities, governmental agencies and other research organizations actively engaged in the research and development of products that may be similar to our future product candidates, if any, or address similar markets. It is probable that the number of companies seeking to develop products and therapies similar to our future product candidates, if

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any, will increase. Many of these and other existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and may be better equipped to develop, manufacture and market products. These competitors may develop and introduce products and processes comparable or superior to ours.

Government Regulation

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug products. Generally, before a new drug can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific to each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by such regulatory authority.

U.S. Drug Development

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and applicable regulations. Drugs are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, voluntary product recalls, withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our future product candidates, if any, must be approved by the FDA through the New Drug Application, or NDA, process before they may be legally marketed in the United States. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

The data required to support an NDA is generated in two distinct development stages: nonclinical and clinical. For new chemical entities, the nonclinical development stage generally involves synthesizing the active component, developing the formulation and determining the manufacturing process, as well as carrying out non-human toxicology, pharmacology and drug metabolism studies in the laboratory, which support subsequent clinical testing. The conduct of the nonclinical tests must comply with federal regulations, including GLPs, where applicable. The sponsor must submit the results of the nonclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug product to humans in the United States. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after

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receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions regarding the proposed clinical trials and places the IND on clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a drug candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that could cause the clinical trial to be suspended or terminated.

The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the drug candidate to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the clinical trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCPs, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of clinical trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries.

Clinical trials are generally conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap, known as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials. Phase 1 clinical trials generally involve a small number of healthy volunteers who are initially exposed to a single dose and then multiple doses of the product candidate. The primary purpose of these clinical trials is to assess the metabolism, pharmacologic action, side effect tolerability and safety of the drug. Phase 2 clinical trials typically involve studies in disease-affected patients to determine the dose required to produce the desired benefits. At the same time, safety and further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information is collected, as well as identification of possible adverse effects and safety risks and preliminary evaluation of efficacy. Phase 3 clinical trials generally involve large numbers of patients at multiple sites, in multiple countries (from several hundred to several thousand subjects) and are designed to provide the data necessary to demonstrate the efficacy of the product for its intended use, its safety in use, and to establish the overall benefit/risk relationship of the product and provide an adequate basis for physician labeling. Phase 3 clinical trials may include comparisons with placebo and/or other comparator treatments. The duration of treatment is often extended to mimic the actual use of a product during marketing. Generally, two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials are required by the FDA for approval of an NDA, although additional Phase 3 clinical trials may be required for certain indications.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These clinical trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials conducted under an IND must be submitted at least annually to the FDA. Within 15 calendar days after the sponsor determines that the information qualifies for reporting, written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from animal or in vitro testing or other studies that suggest a significant risk for human subjects and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor also must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction within seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the information. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA, the IRB, or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether or not a clinical trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the clinical trial. We may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or competitive climate. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and manufacturers, among other things, must

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develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

A manufacturer of an investigational drug for a serious disease or condition is required to make available, such as by posting on its website, its policy on evaluating and responding to requests for individual patient access to such investigational drug.  This requirement applies on the earlier of the first initiation of a Phase 2 or Phase 3 trial of the investigational drug or, as applicable, 15 days after the drug receives a designation as a breakthrough therapy, fast track product, or regenerative advanced therapy.

NDA and FDA Review Process

Following clinical trial completion, clinical trial data are analyzed to assess safety and efficacy. The results of nonclinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA, along with proposed labeling for the product and information about the manufacturing process and facilities that will be used to ensure product quality, results of analytical testing conducted on the chemistry of the drug, and other relevant information. The NDA is a request for approval to market the drug and must contain proof of safety and efficacy, which is demonstrated by extensive nonclinical and clinical testing. The application includes both negative or ambiguous results of nonclinical studies and clinical trials as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a use of a product, or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational drug product to the satisfaction of the FDA. The submission of an NDA is subject to the payment of substantial user fees; a waiver of such fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances. FDA approval of an NDA must be obtained before a drug may be offered for sale in the United States.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, as amended, each NDA must be accompanied by a user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. According to the FDA’s fee schedule for fiscal year 2020, the user fee for an application requiring clinical data, such as an NDA, is $2,942,965. PDUFA also imposes an annual prescription drug product program fee for human drugs of $325,424. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on NDAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.

The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than accepting an NDA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA for filing within 60 days of receipt. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA has 10 months from the filing date in which to complete its initial review of a standard new molecular-entity NDA and respond to the applicant, and six months from the filing date for a priority new molecular-entity NDA. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs, and the review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.

After the NDA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA reviews the NDA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. The FDA will likely re-analyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and us during the review process. The review and evaluation of an NDA by the FDA is extensive and time consuming and may take longer than originally planned to complete, and we may not receive a timely approval, if at all.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMPs. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. In addition, before approving an NDA, the FDA may also audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. After the FDA evaluates the application, manufacturing process and manufacturing facilities, it may issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. A

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Complete Response Letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies in the NDA identified by the FDA. The Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data and/or an additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s), and/or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, nonclinical studies or manufacturing. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, withdraw the application, or request an opportunity for a hearing. Even if such data and information is submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data.

There is no assurance that the FDA will ultimately approve a drug product for marketing in the United States and we may encounter significant difficulties or costs during the review process. If a product receives marketing approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling or may condition the approval of the NDA on other changes to the proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct post-market testing or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the effects of approved products. For example, the FDA may require Phase 4 testing which involves clinical trials designed to further assess drug safety and effectiveness and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized. The FDA may also place other conditions on approvals including the requirement for a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, to assure the safe use of the drug. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve the NDA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of products. Product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following initial marketing.

Orphan Drug Designation

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biological product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug or biological product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan product designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan product designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan product designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug or biological product for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity. Competitors, however, may receive approval of different products for the indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity or obtain approval for the same product but for a different indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity. Orphan product exclusivity also could block the approval of one of our future product candidates, if any, for seven years if a competitor obtains approval of the same drug product as defined by the FDA or if our product candidate, if any, is determined to be contained within the competitor’s product for the same indication or disease. If a drug or biological product designated as an orphan product receives marketing approval for an indication broader than what is designated, it may not be entitled to orphan product exclusivity. Orphan drug status in the EU has similar, but not identical, benefits.

Expedited Development and Review Programs

The FDA has a Fast Track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs and biological products that are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast Track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a new drug or biologic may request the FDA to designate the drug or biologic as a Fast Track product at any time during the clinical development of the product. Unique to a Fast Track product, the FDA may consider for review sections of the marketing application on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the application, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the application and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the application.

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Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a Fast Track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval.

Any product is eligible for priority review if it treats a serious or life-threatening condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety and effectiveness compared to available therapies. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug or biologic designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review.

Drug or biological products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may receive accelerated approval, which means that they may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit, or on the basis of an effect on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug or biological product receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. If the FDA concludes that a drug shown to be effective can be safely used only if distribution or use is restricted, it will require such post-marketing restrictions as it deems necessary to assure safe use of the drug, such as:

The limitations imposed would be commensurate with the specific safety concerns presented by the drug. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition for accelerated approval, pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.

Additionally, a drug or biological product may be eligible for designation as a Breakthrough Therapy if the product is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over currently approved therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoint. The benefits of Breakthrough Therapy designation include the same benefits as Fast Track designation, plus intensive guidance from the FDA to ensure an efficient drug development program. Fast Track designation, priority review, accelerated approval and Breakthrough Therapy designation do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process.

Pediatric Clinical Trials

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, as amended, an NDA or supplement to an NDA must contain data to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers.

The FDCA requires that a sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a drug or biological product that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen or new route of administration submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, or PSP, within sixty days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or as may be agreed between the sponsor and the FDA. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, age groups, relevant endpoints and statistical approach, or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any request for a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver of the requirement to provide data from pediatric studies along with supporting information. The FDA and the sponsor must reach agreement on the PSP. A sponsor can submit amendments to an agreed-upon initial PSP at any time if changes to the pediatric plan need to be considered based on data collected from nonclinical studies, early phase clinical trials, and/or other clinical development programs.

Post-Marketing Requirements

Following approval of a new product, a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company and the approved product are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, monitoring and recordkeeping activities, reporting to the applicable regulatory authorities of adverse experiences with the product, providing the regulatory authorities with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on

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promoting drugs for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the drug’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet. The FDA also imposes limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses. Prescription drug promotional materials must be submitted to the FDA in conjunction with their first use. Modifications or enhancements to the product or its labeling or changes of the site of manufacture are often subject to the approval of the FDA and other regulators, which may or may not be received or may result in a lengthy review process.

Any distribution of prescription drug products and pharmaceutical samples must comply with the U.S. Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or the PDMA, a part of the FDCA.

In the United States, once a product is approved, its manufacture is subject to comprehensive and continuing regulation by the FDA. The FDA regulations require that products be manufactured in specific facilities, which are inspected as part of the FDA’s review of the NDA, and in accordance with cGMP. cGMP regulations require among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. These regulations also impose certain organizational, procedural and documentation requirements with respect to manufacturing and quality assurance activities. NDA holders using contract manufacturers, laboratories or packagers are responsible for the selection and monitoring of qualified firms, and, in certain circumstances, qualified suppliers to these firms. These firms and, where applicable, their suppliers are subject to inspections by the FDA at any time, and the discovery of violative conditions, including failure to conform to cGMP, could result in enforcement actions that interrupt the operation of any such facilities or the ability to distribute products manufactured, processed or tested by them. Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer, or holder of an approved NDA, including, among other things, voluntary recall or withdrawal of the product from the market.

The FDA also may require post-approval testing, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 testing, risk minimization action plans and post-marketing surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, untitled or warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our future product candidates, if any, under development.

Other Regulatory Matters

Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are also subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in addition to the FDA, including, in the United States, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, other divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments. In the United States, sales, marketing and scientific/educational programs must also comply with state and federal fraud and abuse laws. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the U.S. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and more recent requirements in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or ACA. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. The handling of any controlled substances must comply with the U.S. Controlled Substances Act and Controlled Substances Import and Export Act. Products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products.

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The failure to comply with regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, voluntary recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. In addition, even if a firm complies with FDA and other requirements, new information regarding the safety or efficacy of a product could lead the FDA to modify or withdraw product approval. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our business in an adverse way.

Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to future our manufacturing arrangements, if any; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the voluntary recall or discontinuation of our future product candidates, if any; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

U.S. Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of the FDA approval of our future product candidates, if any, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application, minus any time the applicant did not act with due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The U.S. PTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we may apply for restoration of patent term for one of our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA.

Marketing exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can also delay the submission or the approval of certain marketing applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to obtain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another drug based on the same active moiety, regardless of whether the drug is intended for the same indication as the original innovator drug or for another indication, where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement to one of the patents listed with the FDA by the innovator NDA holder. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example for new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the modification for which the drug received approval on the basis of the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the active agent for the original indication or condition of use. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the nonclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Orphan drug exclusivity, as described above, may offer a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity, except in certain circumstances. Pediatric exclusivity is another type of regulatory market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of pediatric trials in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such clinical trials.

European Union Drug Development

In the EU our future products, if any, may also be subject to extensive regulatory requirements. As in the United States, medicinal products can only be marketed if a marketing authorization from the competent regulatory agencies has been obtained.

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Similar to the United States, the various phases of nonclinical and clinical research in the EU are subject to significant regulatory controls. Although the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC has sought to harmonize the EU clinical trials regulatory framework, setting out common rules for the control and authorization of clinical trials in the EU, the EU Member States have transposed and applied the provisions of the Directive differently. This has led to significant variations in the member state regimes. Under the current regime, before a clinical trial can be initiated it must be approved in each of the EU countries where the clinical trial is to be conducted by two distinct bodies: the National Competent Authority, or NCA, and one or more Ethics Committees, or ECs. Under the current regime all suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions to the investigated drug that occur during the clinical trial have to be reported to the NCA and ECs of the Member State where they occurred. In April 2014, the EU adopted a new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which is set to replace the current Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC. It will overhaul the current system of approvals for clinical trials in the EU. Specifically, the new legislation, which will be directly applicable in all member states, aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical trials in the EU. For instance, the new Clinical Trials Regulation provides for a streamlined application procedure via a single entry point and strictly defined deadlines for the assessment of clinical trial applications. It is expected that the new Clinical Trials Regulation will apply following confirmation of full functionality of the Clinical Trials Information System, the centralized EU portal and database for clinical trials foreseen by the regulation, through an independent audit.

European Union Drug Review and Approval

In the U.K. and the European Economic Area, or EEA, which is comprised of the 27 Member States of the EU plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a Marketing Authorization, or MA. There are two types of marketing authorizations:

The Community MA, which is issued by the European Commission through the Centralized Procedure, based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and which is valid throughout the entire territory of the EEA. The Centralized Procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, and medicinal products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and viral diseases. The Centralized Procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health in the EU.

National MAs, which are issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA and only cover their respective territory, are available for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the Centralized Procedure. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EEA, this National MA can be recognized in other Member States through the Mutual Recognition Procedure. If the product has not received a National MA in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the Decentralized Procedure. Under the Decentralized Procedure an identical dossier is submitted to the competent authorities of each of the Member States in which the MA is sought, one of which is selected by the applicant as the Reference Member State, or RMS. The competent authority of the RMS prepares a draft assessment report, a draft summary of the product characteristics, or SmPC, and a draft of the labeling and package leaflet, which are sent to the other Member States (referred to as the Member States Concerned) for their approval. If the Member States Concerned raise no objections, based on a potential serious risk to public health, to the assessment, SmPC, labeling, or packaging proposed by the RMS, the product is subsequently granted a national MA in all the Member States (i.e. in the RMS and the Member States Concerned).

Under the above described procedures, before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy.

European Union New Chemical Entity Exclusivity

In the EU, new chemical entities, sometimes referred to as new active substances, qualify for eight years of data exclusivity upon marketing authorization and an additional two years of market exclusivity. This data exclusivity, if granted, prevents regulatory authorities in the EU from referencing the innovator’s data to assess a generic application for eight years, after which generic marketing authorization can be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced, but not approved for two years. The overall ten-year period will be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies.

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European Union Orphan Designation and Exclusivity

In the EU, the European Commission, upon the recommendation of the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions affecting not more than 5 in 10,000 persons in the EU and for which no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment has been authorized (or the product would be a significant benefit to those affected). Additionally, designation is granted for products intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition and when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the EU would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in developing the medicinal product.

In the EU, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers and ten years of market exclusivity is granted following medicinal product approval. This period may be reduced to six years if the orphan drug designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an application for marketing approval. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

Reimbursement

Sales of our future product candidates, if any, will depend, in part, on the extent to which our products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly reducing reimbursements for medical products and services.

Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our future product candidates, if any, or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our future product candidates, if any, could reduce physician usage of the product candidate and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or the MMA, established the Medicare Part D program to provide a voluntary prescription drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities which provide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Unlike Medicare Part A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will cover and at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic category and class of covered Part D drugs, though not necessarily all the drugs in each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescription drug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for products for which we receive marketing approval. However, any negotiated prices for our future product candidates, if any, covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain. Moreover, while the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own payment rates. Any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in payments from non-governmental payors.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funding for the federal government to compare the effectiveness of different treatments for the same illness. The plan for the research was published in 2012 by the Department of Health and Human Services, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institutes for Health, and periodic reports on the status of the research and related expenditures are made to Congress. Although the results of the comparative effectiveness studies are not intended to mandate coverage policies for public or private payors, it is not clear what effect, if any, the research will have on the sales of our future product candidates, if any, if any such product or the condition that it is intended to treat is the subject of a trial. It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits in a competitor’s product could adversely affect the sales of our future product candidates, if any. If third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover our products after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis.

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The ACA, enacted in March 2010, has a significant impact on the health care industry. The ACA is intended to expand coverage for the uninsured while at the same time containing overall healthcare costs. With regard to pharmaceutical products, among other things, the ACA expands and increases industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and makes changes to the coverage requirements under the Medicare Part D program. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are required to track certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, including any “transfer of value” made or distributed to such entities, as well as any investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Manufacturers are required to annually report this information to The Center for Medicare and Medicaid services, or CMS, which posts the information on its website.

Since its enactment, there have been challenges to numerous aspects of the ACA, including efforts to repeal and replace the ACA, and the ACA has been modified in a number of respects. While Congress has not passed repeal legislation to date, the 2017 Tax Reform Act includes a provision repealing the individual mandate, effective January 1, 2019. Further, on January 20, 2017, President Trump signed an Executive Order directing federal agencies with authorities and responsibilities under the ACA to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any provision of the ACA that would impose a fiscal or regulatory burden on states, individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devises. On October 13, 2017, President Trump signed an Executive Order terminating the cost-sharing subsidies that reimburse the insurers under the ACA. Several state Attorneys General filed suit to stop the administration from terminating the subsidies, but their request for a restraining order was denied by a federal judge in California on October 25, 2017 and subsequently the lawsuit was dismissed on July 18, 2018. In addition, CMS has proposed regulations that would give states greater flexibility in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the ACA for plans sold through these marketplaces. Congress will likely consider other legislation to replace elements of the ACA. We cannot predict how the ACA, its possible repeal or replacement, any further action to modify the ACA, or the political uncertainty surrounding the ACA will affect our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, started in April 2013. On January 2, 2013, then President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which delayed for another two months the budget cuts mandated by these sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. The ATRA, among other things, also reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. We expect that additional federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and in turn could significantly reduce the projected value of certain development projects and reduce our profitability.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the United States and generally tend to be significantly lower.

Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements

If we obtain regulatory approval of our future product candidates, if any, we may be subject to various federal and state laws targeting fraud and abuse in the healthcare industry. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

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Employees

As of March 1, 2020, we employed 7 full-time employees all of whom are in the general and administrative function. We have never had a work stoppage, and none of our employees is represented by a labor organization or is under any collective-bargaining arrangements. We consider our employee relations to be good.

Our Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2005. Our principal executive offices are located at 3 Center Plaza, Suite 610, Boston, MA 20108, and our telephone number is (617) 622-4003. Our website address is www.zafgen.com. We may post material information on our website, therefore please check our website to see if we have posted any material information.

Available Information

We make available free of charge through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Please call the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, at 1-800-SEC-0330 for more information about the operation of the SEC’s public reference room. You can review our electronically filed reports and other information that we file with the SEC on the SEC’s Internet website at http://www.sec.gov. We also make available, free of charge on our website, the reports filed with the SEC by our executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders pursuant to Section 16 under the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after copies of those filings are provided to us by those persons. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, and in our other public filings before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any such risks or uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this Annual Report and in our other public filings. The

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trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to the Merger

If the proposed merger with Chondrial is not consummated, our business could suffer materially and our stock price could decline.

The consummation of the proposed merger with Chondrial is subject to a number of closing conditions, including the approval by our stockholders, approval by NASDAQ of our application for initial listing of our common stock in connection with the merger, and other customary closing conditions. We are targeting a closing of the transaction in the second quarter of 2020.

If the proposed merger is not consummated, we may be subject to a number of material risks, and our business and stock price could be adversely affected, as follows:

In addition, if the merger agreement is terminated and our board of directors, or our Board, determines to seek another business combination, we may not be able to find a third party willing to provide equivalent or more attractive consideration than the consideration to be provided by each party in the merger. In such circumstances, our Board may elect to, among other things, divest all or a portion of our business, or take the steps necessary to liquidate all of our business and assets, and in either such case, the consideration that we receive may be less attractive than the consideration to be received by us pursuant to the merger agreement.

If we do not successfully consummate the merger or another strategic transaction, our Board may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such liquidation as well as the amount of cash that will need to be reserved for commitments and contingent liabilities.

There can be no assurance that the merger will be completed. If the merger is not completed, our Board may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such decision and, as with the passage of time the amount of cash available for distribution

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will be reduced as we continue to fund our operations. In addition, if our Board were to approve and recommend, and our stockholders were to approve, a dissolution and liquidation, we would be required under Delaware corporate law to pay our outstanding obligations, as well as to make reasonable provision for contingent and unknown obligations, prior to making any distributions in liquidation to our stockholders. As a result of this requirement, a portion of our assets may need to be reserved pending the resolution of such obligations and the timing of any such resolution is uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to litigation or other claims related to a dissolution and liquidation. If a dissolution and liquidation were pursued, our Board, in consultation with our advisors, would need to evaluate these matters and make a determination about a reasonable amount to reserve. Accordingly, holders of our common stock could lose all or a significant portion of their investment in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up.

The amount of merger consideration may vary depending on the amount of our net cash as of a certain determination date prior to closing and the date on which the closing occurs, which could result in our stockholders owning a smaller percentage of the combined company than expected.

Under the terms of the merger agreement, the number of shares of our common stock to be issued to Chondrial’s stockholder at the closing of the merger will be determined based on an exchange ratio, which will be calculated based on the total number of outstanding shares of our common stock and Chondrial common stock, each on a fully-diluted basis, and the respective valuations of Chondrial and us, as of immediately prior to the closing of the merger.  If the closing occurs on or before March 31, 2020 and there is no adjustment to the closing valuation of us (as described below), then immediately following the effective time of the merger, Chondrial’s stockholder  will own, or hold rights to acquire, 60% of the common stock of the combined company, on a fully-diluted basis, and our existing stockholders will own or hold rights to acquire 40% of the common stock of the combined company, on a fully-diluted basis.  The respective valuations of Chondrial and us, and the corresponding ownership percentages of Chondrial’s stockholder and our existing stockholders, may be adjusted upward or downward based on the date the closing occurs and the net cash balance (defined in the merger agreement as cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities minus certain outstanding liabilities) of us as of a determination date prior to the closing of the merger, and as a result, either our stockholders could own less of the combined company than expected. There can be no assurances as to our level of net cash between now and closing or as to the date the closing will occur.

Our net cash may be less than $30,000,000 at the closing of the merger, which would cause a condition to Chondrial’s obligation to consummate the merger to fail to be satisfied and may result in the termination of the merger agreement.

We are required to have a net cash balance of at least $30,000,000 at the closing of the merger as a condition to Chondrial’s obligation to consummate the merger. For purposes of the merger agreement, net cash is subject to certain reductions, including, without limitation, accounts payable, accrued expenses (except those related to the merger), current liabilities payable in cash, unpaid expenses related to the merger and certain other unpaid obligations, including outstanding lease obligations.  In the event that our net cash falls below this threshold, a condition to the Chondrial’s obligation to consummate the merger will fail to be satisfied and Chondrial will have the right to terminate the merger agreement at an outside date of September 17, 2020 (subject to extension as provided in the merger agreement) if our net cash continues to be lower than the $30,000,000 threshold.

Some of our officers and directors have conflicts of interest that may influence them to support or approve the merger.

Our officers and directors participate in arrangements that provide them with interests in the merger that are different from yours, including, among others, their continued service as a director of the combined company, retention and severance benefits, the acceleration of restricted stock and option vesting and continued indemnification. These interests, among others, may influence our officers and directors to support or approve the merger.

The merger may be completed even though material adverse changes may result from the announcement of the merger, industry-wide changes and other causes.

In general, either party can refuse to complete the merger if there is a material adverse change affecting the other party between December 17, 2019, the date of the merger agreement, and the closing. However, some types of changes do not permit either party to refuse to complete the merger, even if such changes would have a material adverse effect on us or Chondrial, to the extent they resulted from the following and do not have a materially disproportionate effect on us or Chondrial, as the case may be:

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If adverse changes occur but we and Chondrial must still complete the merger, the combined company’s stock price may suffer.

The market price of the combined company’s common stock may decline as a result of the merger.

The market price of the combined company’s common stock may decline as a result of the merger for a number of reasons including if:

Our stockholders may not realize a benefit from the merger commensurate with the ownership dilution they will experience in connection with the merger.

If the combined company is unable to realize the strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated from the merger, our stockholders will have experienced substantial dilution of their ownership interest without receiving any commensurate benefit. Significant management attention and resources will be required to integrate the two companies. Delays in this process could adversely affect the combined company’s business, financial results, financial condition and stock price following the merger.

During the pendency of the merger, we may not be able to enter into a business combination with another party and will be subject to contractual limitations on certain actions because of restrictions in the merger agreement.

Covenants in the merger agreement impede the ability of us or Chondrial to make acquisitions or complete other transactions that are not in the ordinary course of business pending completion of the merger. As a result, if the merger is not completed, the parties may be at a disadvantage to their competitors. In addition, while the merger agreement is in effect and subject to limited exceptions, each party is prohibited from soliciting, initiating, encouraging or taking actions designed to facilitate any inquiries or the making of any proposal or offer that could lead to the entering into certain extraordinary transactions with any third party, such as a sale of assets, an acquisition of our common stock, a tender offer for our common stock, a merger or other business combination outside the ordinary course of business. Any such transactions could be favorable to such party’s stockholders.

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Because the lack of a public market for Chondrial common stock makes it difficult to evaluate the fairness of the merger, Chondrial’s stockholder may receive consideration in the merger that is greater than or less than the fair market value of Chondrial common stock.

The outstanding share capital of Chondrial is privately held and is not traded in any public market. The lack of a public market makes it extremely difficult to determine the fair market value of Chondrial. Since the percentage of our equity to be issued to Chondrial’s stockholder was determined based on negotiations between the parties, it is possible that the value of our common stock to be issued in connection with the merger will be greater than the fair market value of Chondrial. Alternatively, it is possible that the value of the shares of our common stock to be issued in connection with the merger will be less than the fair market value of Chondrial.

The combined company will incur significant transaction costs as a result of the merger, including investment banking, legal and accounting fees. In addition, the combined company will incur significant consolidation and integration expenses which cannot be accurately estimated at this time. These costs could include the possible relocation of certain operations from Massachusetts to other offices of the combined company as well as costs associated with terminating existing office leases and the loss of benefits of certain favorable office leases. Actual transaction costs may substantially exceed Chondrial’s estimates and may have an adverse effect on the combined company’s financial condition and operating results.

Failure of the merger to qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code could harm the combined company.

The parties intend for the merger to qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code, as amended. To comply with the requirements for a Section 368(a) reorganization, certain structural and other requirements for the transaction must be met; if not satisfied, Chondrial’s stockholder could be subject to tax liability.

The merger is expected to result in a limitation on our ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforward.

Under Section 382 of the Code, use of our net operating loss carryforwards, or NOL, will be limited if we experience an “ownership change.”  For these purposes, an ownership change generally occurs where the aggregate stock ownership of one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who owns at least 5% of a corporation’s stock increases its ownership by more than 50 percentage points over its lowest ownership percentage within a specified testing period.  We are expected to experience an ownership change as a result of the merger and therefore its ability to utilize its NOLs and certain credit carryforwards remaining at the effective time will be limited.  The limitation will be determined by the fair market value of our common stock outstanding prior to the ownership change, multiplied by the applicable federal rate.  Limitations imposed on our ability to utilize NOLs could cause U.S. federal and state income taxes to be paid earlier than would be paid if such limitations were not in effect and could cause such NOLs to expire unused, in each case reducing or eliminating the benefit of such NOLs.

Certain stockholders could attempt to influence changes which could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and the value of our common stock.

Our stockholders may from time-to-time seek to acquire a controlling stake, engage in proxy solicitations, advance stockholder proposals or otherwise attempt to effect changes. Campaigns by stockholders to effect changes at publicly-traded companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term stockholder value through actions such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases or sales of assets or the entire company. Responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, and could disrupt our operations and divert the attention of our Board and senior management from the pursuit of the proposed merger transaction. These actions could adversely affect our operations, financial condition, our ability to consummate the merger and the value of our common stock.

Chondrial and us may become involved in securities litigation or stockholder derivative litigation in connection with the merger, and this could divert the attention of our management and Chondrial management and harm the combined company’s business, and insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all related costs and damages.

Securities litigation or stockholder derivative litigation frequently follows the announcement of certain significant business transactions, such as the sale of a business division or announcement of a business combination transaction. Chondrial and us may become involved in this type of litigation in connection with the merger, and the combined company may become involved in this type of litigation in the future. Litigation often is expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business, Chondrial and the combined company.

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Failure to complete the merger may result in us and Chondrial paying a termination fee or expenses to the other party and could harm the price of our common stock and the future business and operations of each company.

If the merger is not completed and the merger agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, we or Chondrial may be required to pay the other party a termination fee of $3,375,000 and/or an expense reimbursement of up to $350,000. Even if a termination fee or expense reimbursement is not payable in connection with a termination of the merger agreement, we and Chondrial will have incurred significant fees and expenses, which must be paid whether or not the merger is completed. Further, if the merger is not completed, it could significantly harm the market price of our common stock.

The exchange ratio is not adjustable based on the market price of our common stock so the merger consideration at the closing may have greater or lesser value than the market price at the time the merger agreement was signed.

The merger agreement has set the exchange ratio for Chondrial common stock, and the exchange ratio is based on the outstanding Chondrial common stock and our outstanding common stock, in each case immediately prior to the closing of the merger. Applying the exchange ratio formula in the merger agreement, the former Chondrial stockholders immediately before the merger are expected to own 60% of our outstanding capital stock immediately following the merger, and our stockholders immediately before the merger are expected to own approximately 40% of our outstanding capital stock immediately following the merger, subject to certain assumptions. Under certain circumstances further described in the merger agreement, however, these ownership percentages may be adjusted upward or downward based on the date the closing occurs and the cash levels of the respective companies at the closing of the merger, and as a result, our stockholders could own less of the combined company than expected.

Any changes in the market price of our common stock before the completion of the merger will not affect the number of shares of our common stock issuable to Chondrial’s stockholders pursuant to the merger agreement. Therefore, if before the completion of the merger the market price of our common stock declines from the market price on the date of the merger agreement, then Chondrial’s stockholders could receive merger consideration with substantially lower value than the value of such merger consideration on the date of the merger agreement. Similarly, if before the completion of the merger the market price of our common stock increases from the market price of our common stock on the date of the merger agreement, then Chondrial’s stockholders could receive merger consideration with substantially greater value than the value of such merger consideration on the date of the merger agreement. The merger agreement does not include a price-based termination right. Because the exchange ratio does not adjust as a result of changes in the market price of our common stock, for each one percentage point change in the market price of our common stock, there is a corresponding one percentage point rise or decline, respectively, in the value of the total merger consideration payable to Chondrial’s stockholders pursuant to the merger agreement.

Certain provisions of the merger agreement may discourage third parties from submitting alternative takeover proposals, including proposals that may be superior to the arrangements contemplated by the merger agreement.

The terms of the merger agreement prohibit each of us and Chondrial from soliciting alternative takeover proposals or cooperating with persons making unsolicited takeover proposals, except in limited circumstances when our Board determines in good faith that an unsolicited alternative takeover proposal is or is reasonably likely to lead to a superior takeover proposal and that failure to cooperate with the proponent of the proposal would be reasonably likely to be inconsistent with our Board fiduciary duties.

If the conditions to the merger are not met, the merger may not occur.

Even if share issuance and reverse stock split are approved by our stockholders and Chondrial’s, specified conditions must be satisfied or waived to complete the merger. These conditions are set forth in the merger agreement. We cannot assure you that all of the conditions will be satisfied or waived. If the conditions are not satisfied or waived, the merger will not occur or will be delayed, and we and Chondrial each may lose some or all of the intended benefits of the merger.

General Company-Related Risks

Our ability to consummate the proposed merger with Chondrial, depends on our ability to retain our employees required to consummate a strategic transaction as previously announced.

Our ability to consummate the proposed merger with Chondrial depends upon our ability to retain our employees required to consummate a strategic transaction, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the ability to consummate the merger. On September 10, 2019, we announced a reduction in workforce that includes reducing employees by

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approximately 48%, and when combined with the reduction in workforce announced on July 24, 2019 and other attrition in 2019, resulted in a total reduction of employees of approximately 70%.

On September 10, 2019, we also announced a retention plan for the remaining executive officers and implemented retention plans for the other remaining employees that is designed to retain the employees required to explore and consummate a strategic transaction. We have entered into amendments to severance and change in control agreements with certain of our executive officers, but they may terminate their employment with us at any time.

With any change in leadership, there is also a risk to retention of employees, as well as the potential for disruption to our exploration and consummation of a strategic alternative as well as business operations, initiatives, plans and strategies.

We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, and if we are unable to do so, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.

We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in order to accurately and timely report our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, as a public company, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures quarterly and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at the end of each fiscal year.

The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. These stringent standards require that our audit committee be advised and regularly updated on management’s review of internal control over financial reporting. Our management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that are applicable to us as a public company. If we fail to staff our accounting, finance and information technology functions adequately or maintain internal control over financial reporting adequate to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our business and reputation may be harmed and our stock price may decline. Furthermore, investor perceptions of us may be adversely affected, which could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, including, weakened demand for our future product candidates, if any and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause our customers to delay making payments for our services. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party contract research organizations or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our future product candidates.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our third-party contract research organizations, or CROs, and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure or accident, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our programs. For example, the loss of nonclinical or clinical trial data for our future product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or product candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liabilities and the further development of our future product candidates could be delayed.

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We may acquire businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions or alliances.

We may acquire additional businesses or products, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we are unable to successfully integrate such businesses with our existing operations and company culture. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such transaction including the proposed merger with Chondrial, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.

We face potential product liability exposure, and, if claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability.

The use of any future product candidates in clinical trials, if any, and the sale of any future product candidates, if developed and approved, exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by patients, healthcare providers or others selling or otherwise who have come into contact with our future product candidates. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or death or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, including as a result of interactions with alcohol or other drugs, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we become subject to product liability claims and cannot successfully defend ourselves against them, we could incur substantial liabilities. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in, among other things:

For our prior clinical trials, we have maintained product liability insurance coverage with a $10.0 million annual aggregate coverage limit. Nevertheless, our insurance coverage may be insufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses, including if insurance coverage becomes increasingly expensive. If and when we obtain marketing approval for our future product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may not be able to obtain this product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceedings, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, particularly in light of the size of our business and financial resources. A product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if we are unsuccessful in defending such a claim or claims and the resulting judgments exceed our insurance coverage, our financial condition, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

Comprehensive tax reform legislation could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” or the TCJA, that significantly reforms the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. The TCJA, among other things, contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate, limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense, limitation of the deduction for net operating losses and elimination of net operating loss carrybacks and modifying or repealing many business deductions and credits (including reducing the business tax credit for certain clinical testing

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expenses incurred in the testing of certain drugs for rare diseases or conditions generally referred to as “orphan drugs”). In 2017, our net deferred tax assets and liabilities were revalued at the newly enacted U.S. corporate rate.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain tax credit carryforwards may be subject to limitation.

Since our inception in 2005, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $55.7 million and $57.0 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we also had available tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $17.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2022, respectively. Under Section 382 of the Code, changes in our ownership may limit the amount of our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards that could be utilized annually to offset our future taxable income, if any. This limitation would generally apply in the event of a cumulative change in ownership of our company of more than 50% within a three-year period. Any such limitation may significantly reduce our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards before they expire. Our follow-on public offering, initial public offering, or IPO, private placements and other transactions that have occurred since our inception, may trigger such an ownership change pursuant to Section 382. Any such limitation, whether as the result of our follow-on public offering, IPO, prior private placements, sales of our common stock by our existing stockholders or additional sales of our common stock by us, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in future years. We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception, due to the significant costs and complexities associated with such study. The reduction of the corporate tax rate under TCJA may cause a reduction in the economic benefit of our net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets available to us. Under the TCJA, net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 will not be subject to expiration. As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards that were generated after December 31, 2017, of $21.2 million that do not expire.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including violating applicable regulatory standards and requirements or engaging in insider trading, which could significantly harm our business.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the FDA and applicable non-U.S. regulators, provide accurate information to the FDA and applicable non-U.S. regulators, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of, including trading on, information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted an insider trading policy and a code of conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may be ineffective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates.

Our research methodology may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates or our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

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We may seek to establish collaborations and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans or expand our internal efforts and growth.

Our future drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our future product candidates, if any, will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. For our future product candidates, if any, we may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development and potential commercialization of those product candidates in some or all markets.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration for any future product candidates will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the applicable product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our future product candidates, if any. The terms of any collaboration or other arrangements that we may establish may not be favorable to us.

We may also be restricted under existing license agreements from entering into future agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.

We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable or unwilling to do so, we may have to curtail the development of our future product candidates for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay potential commercialization in some or all markets or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense, including potentially increasing our infrastructure and investment outside the United States. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our future product candidates, if any, or bring them to market and generate product revenue. In addition, such efforts may require diversion of a disproportionate amount of our attention away from other day-to-day activities and require devotion of a substantial amount of our time to managing these expansion activities.

In addition, any future collaborations that we enter into for our future product candidates may not be successful. The success of our collaboration arrangements will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators. Collaborators generally have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations. Disagreements between parties to a collaboration arrangement regarding clinical development and commercialization matters can lead to delays in the development process or commercializing the applicable product candidate and, in some cases, termination of the collaboration arrangement. These disagreements can be difficult to resolve if neither of the parties has final decision-making authority. Collaborations with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies and other third parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other party. Any such termination or expiration would adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation.

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

We expect that our stock price will continue to fluctuate significantly.

The market price of shares of our common stock, similar to the market price of shares of common stock of other biopharmaceutical companies, is subject to wide fluctuations. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 the daily closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market ranged from a high of $5.30 to a low of $0.66 and will continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our common stock to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, the stock market in general, and NASDAQ listed and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock.

Our executive officers, directors, and principal stockholders exercise significant control over our company.

As of March 1, 2020, the existing holdings of our executive officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates, including investment funds affiliated with Atlas Ventures, 683 Capital Management, LLC, AIGH Capital Management, LLC, Renaissance Technologies LLC, Sphera Funds Management Ltd., and Sio Capital Management, LLC, represent beneficial ownership, in the aggregate, of approximately 48.1% of our common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, are able to influence our management and affairs and control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any sale, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. The concentration of voting power among these stockholders may have an adverse effect

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on the price of our common stock. In addition, this concentration of ownership might adversely affect the market price of our common stock by:

Future sales of our common stock may cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could significantly reduce the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise adequate capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

We may be at an increased risk of securities class action litigation.

Historically, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including us, have experienced significant stock price volatility in the past.

We are a “smaller reporting company” and have availed ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a smaller reporting company, and we will remain a smaller reporting company as long as our voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter; or our annual revenues are less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. Smaller reporting companies are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosure and have certain other reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, being required to provide only two years of audited financial statements and not being required to provide selected financial data, supplemental financial information or risk factors.

We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available exemptions for smaller reporting companies. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our shares price may be more volatile.

We have never paid dividends on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, any gains from an investment in our common stock will likely depend on whether the price of our common stock increases.

We have not paid dividends on any of our common stock to date and we currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gains for our common stockholders for the foreseeable future. Consequently, in the foreseeable future, our common stockholders will likely only experience a gain from their investment in our common stock if the price of our common stock increases.

If equity research analysts do not continue to publish research or reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity analysts downgrade our common stock or if analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

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Anti-takeover provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions which could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions:

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.

As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock.

Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Global Market and Nasdaq could delist our common stock. 

Our common stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Global Market. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards. One such requirement is that we maintain a minimum bid price of at least $1.00 per share for our common stock. On September 17, 2019, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market (Nasdaq) advising us that for 30 consecutive trading days preceding the date of the notice, the bid price of our common stock had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(1). However, on January 9, 2020, we were notified by Nasdaq that as of January 8, 2020 we had maintained a closing bid above $1.00 for a period of 10 consecutive trading days and therefore had regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. There can be no assurance that we will continue to be in compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement or comply with Nasdaq’s other continued listing standards in the future. 

 If in the future we are not able to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement within an allotted grace period, our shares of common stock would be subject to delisting. In the event that our common stock is not eligible for continued listing on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange, trading of our common stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board. In such event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our common stock, and there would likely also be a reduction in our coverage by security analysts and the news media, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further. Also, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital if we are not listed on a major exchange.

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Risks Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization

We cannot be certain that we will be able to successfully complete clinical trials for our future product candidates, if any, obtain regulatory approval for any product candidates or successfully commercialize any product candidates, if approved.

Before our future product candidates, if any, can be marketed, our IND application or other comparable regulatory approvals must go into effect permitting the conduct of clinical trials, and we must then successfully complete human testing. The FDA and other comparable foreign regulatory agencies must approve our New Drug Application, or NDA, or comparable regulatory submissions. Even after successful completion of clinical testing, there is a risk that the FDA or other regulatory agencies may request further information from us, disagree with our findings or otherwise undertake a lengthy review of our submission. Even if the FDA approves our NDA, we may be unable to successfully commercialize our product candidates.

It is possible that the FDA or other regulatory agencies will not approve any application that we may submit. It is possible that our future product candidates, if any, may not obtain appropriate regulatory approvals necessary for us to commence clinical trials for our future product candidates, if any. Any delay or failure in obtaining required approvals could have a material adverse effect on our business. This process can take many years and will likely require the expenditure of substantial resources beyond the proceeds we currently have on hand.

Favorable results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials to date are not necessarily predictive of the results of additional nonclinical studies or later-stage clinical trials of our future product candidates, if any.

Favorable results from our nonclinical studies may not necessarily be predictive of the results from clinical trials. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials after achieving positive results in nonclinical and early-stage clinical development. In particular, we have suffered significant setbacks in later-stage clinical trials of our former lead product candidates, beloranib and ZGN-1061, after achieving positive results in nonclinical and clinical development, and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks in our development of our future product candidates, if any. The setbacks in later-stage clinical development have been caused by, among other things, nonclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway or safety or efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported or understood adverse events. Moreover, nonclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in nonclinical studies and clinical trials nonetheless failed to obtain FDA and/or EMA approval. If we fail to produce positive results in our later-stage clinical trials of any future product candidates, if any, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for any future product candidates, if any, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects, would be materially adversely affected.

Our future product candidates, if any, may cause undesirable side effects that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

Undesirable side effects caused by our future product candidates, if any, could cause us or regulatory authorities such as the FDA to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities.

Further, if any future product candidates receive marketing approval and we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by the product (or any other similar product) after the approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

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Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates and significantly impact our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues.

Failures or delays in the commencement or completion of our clinical trials of our future product candidates could result in increased costs to us and could delay, prevent or limit our ability to generate revenue and continue our business.

Despite the guidance we may receive from the FDA, the EMA, or other applicable regulatory authorities, any of these regulatory authorities can change their positions on the acceptability of our clinical trial designs or the clinical endpoints selected, which may require us to complete additional clinical trials or impose stricter approval conditions than we expect. Successful completion of such clinical trials is a prerequisite to submitting an NDA to the FDA and a Marketing Authorization Application to the EMA and, consequently, the ultimate approval and commercial marketing of our future product candidates, if any. We do not know whether any clinical trials for our future product candidates will begin or be completed on schedule, if at all, as the commencement and completion of clinical trials can be delayed or prevented for a number of reasons, including, among others:

Clinical trials may also be delayed or terminated as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, other regulatory authorities, the IRBs or ethics committees, at the sites where the IRBs or ethics committees are overseeing a clinical trial, a data monitoring committee overseeing the clinical trial at issue or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including, among others:

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Changes in regulatory requirements, FDA guidance or guidance from other regulatory agencies or unanticipated events during our clinical trials of our future product candidates, may occur, which may result in changes to clinical trial protocols or additional clinical trial requirements, which could result in increased costs to us and could delay our development timeline.

Changes in regulatory requirements, FDA guidance or guidance from EMA or unanticipated events during our future clinical trials, if any, may force us to adjust our clinical program. The FDA, the EMA, or the applicable regulatory authorities may impose additional clinical trial and/or nonclinical study requirements. Amendments to our future clinical trial protocols would require resubmission to the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities as well as IRBs and ethics committees for review and approval, which may adversely impact the cost, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays completing, or if we terminate, any of our clinical trials, or if we are required to conduct additional clinical trials and/or nonclinical studies, the commercial prospects for our future product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue will be delayed.

We have relied on, and expect that we will continue to rely, on third parties to conduct any future clinical trials for our future product candidates, if any. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to develop and obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize any future product candidates, and our business could be substantially harmed.

We entered into agreements with third-party CROs to provide monitors for and to manage data for our prior clinical trials. We relied heavily on these parties for execution of past clinical trials and may continue to rely on these parties for clinical trials for our future product candidates, if any, but we only control certain aspects of their activities. As a result, we have less direct control over the conduct, timing and completion of these clinical trials and the management of data developed through the clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with outside parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Outside parties may:

These factors may materially adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our clinical trials in the future, if any, and may subject us to unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards, and our reliance on CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs must comply with requirements for Good Clinical Practice, or GCPs, which are legal requirements enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for any products in clinical development. The FDA enforces these GCP regulations through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites, IRBs, and other vendors that may be involved in the clinical development of new products. If we or our investigators or CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our future clinical trials, if any, may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our future clinical trials comply

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with GCPs. In addition, our future clinical trials, if any, must be conducted with products produced under current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMPs, regulations to assure the identity, strength, quality, and purity of our drug product candidates being used in the clinical trials, as well as the to-be-marketed formulation and product. Our failure or the failure of our CROs and/or contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and could also subject us to enforcement action, up to and including, civil and criminal penalties.

Although we design our clinical trials, in the past, investigators and CROs have conducted all of our clinical trials. As a result, many important aspects of our drug development programs have been outside of our direct control. In addition, the investigators or CROs may not perform all of their obligations under arrangements with us or in compliance with regulatory requirements, but we remain responsible and are subject to enforcement action that may include civil penalties up to and including criminal prosecution for any violations of FDA or comparable foreign laws and regulations during the conduct of our clinical trials. If the investigators or CROs do not perform clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us, or fail to comply with regulatory requirements, the development and commercialization of our future product candidates may be delayed or our development program materially and irreversibly harmed. We cannot control the amount and timing of resources these investigators or CROs will devote to our future product candidates. If we are unable to rely on clinical data collected by our investigators or CROs, we could be required to repeat, extend the duration of, or increase the size of our clinical trials and this could significantly delay commercialization and require significantly greater expenditures.

If any of our relationships with these third-party investigators or CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative investigators or CROs in a timely manner, or at all. If investigators or CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, any such clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our future product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our future product candidates in the subject indications would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.

We have no experience manufacturing our product candidates on a large clinical or commercial scale and have no manufacturing facility. As a result, we are dependent on third-party manufacturers, as well as on third parties for our supply chain, and if we experience problems with any third parties, or the actual demand for our future product candidates, if any, exceed our forecasts, the manufacture of adequate supplies of our future product candidates or products could be delayed.

We do not own or operate facilities for the manufacture of our future product candidates, if any. We currently have no plans to build our own manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial operations. We have in the past relied on contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, for the chemical manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredient and for the production of final product formulation and packaging for clinical trials, and expect to rely on CMOs for any future product candidate we are able to advance into clinical development. Although alternative third party suppliers with the necessary manufacturing and regulatory expertise and facilities exist, it could be expensive and take a significant amount of time to arrange for alternative suppliers should we commence clinical development of any future product candidate. We may encounter technical difficulties or delays in the transfer of manufacturing on a commercial scale to third party manufacturers. We may be unable to enter into agreements for commercial supply with third party manufacturers, or may be unable to do so on acceptable terms. If we are unable to arrange for alternative third-party manufacturing sources, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner, we may not be able to complete development of any future product candidates, or market or distribute them.

Reliance on third party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates or products ourselves, including reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance, the possibility of breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party because of factors beyond our control, including a failure to synthesize and manufacture our product candidates or any products we may eventually commercialize in accordance with our specifications, and the possibility of termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party, based on its own business priorities, at a time that is costly or damaging to us. In addition, the FDA and other regulatory authorities require that our product candidates and any products that we may eventually commercialize be manufactured according to cGMP and similar foreign standards. Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP or failure to scale up manufacturing processes, including any failure to deliver sufficient quantities of product candidates in a timely manner, could lead to a delay in, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval of any of our product candidates and could cause us to incur higher costs and prevent us from commercializing our product candidates successfully. In addition, such failure could be the basis for the FDA to issue a warning letter, withdraw approvals for product candidates previously granted

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to us, or take other regulatory or legal action, including recall or seizure of outside supplies of the product candidate, total or partial suspension of production, suspension of ongoing clinical trials, refusal to approve pending applications or supplemental applications, detention of products, refusal to permit the import or export of products, injunction, or imposing civil and criminal penalties.

Any significant disruption in our supplier relationships could harm our business. Any significant delay in the supply of a product candidate or its key materials for a clinical trial could considerably delay completion of our clinical trials, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our future product candidates. If our manufacturers or we are unable to purchase these key materials after regulatory approval has been obtained for our product candidates, the commercial launch of our product candidates would be delayed or there would be a shortage in supply, which would impair our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our product candidates. If our CMOs cannot manufacture sufficient quantity to meet the demand for our product candidates after regulatory approval, there would be a shortage in supply which would negatively impact our revenue from the sale of our product candidates. It may take several years to establish an alternative source of supply for our product candidates and to have any such new source approved by the FDA.

Even if we receive marketing approval for a product candidate in the United States, we may never receive regulatory approval to market such product candidate outside of the United States.

We may pursue marketing approval for certain of our future product candidates in the United States, the EU and in other countries worldwide. In order to market any product outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with the numerous and varying safety, efficacy and other regulatory requirements of other countries, including potential additional clinical trials and/or nonclinical studies. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product candidate testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approvals in other countries might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The marketing approval processes in other countries may implicate all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the United States as well as other risks. In particular, in many countries outside of the United States, products must receive pricing and reimbursement approval before the product can be commercialized. Obtaining this approval can result in substantial delays in bringing products to market in such countries. In addition, on January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom government completed the process to leave the EU, or Brexit. The effects of Brexit will depend on any agreements the United Kingdom makes to retain access to EU markets either during a transitional period or more permanently. Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulation as the United Kingdom determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. Marketing approval in one country does not necessarily ensure marketing approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining marketing approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process or commercial activities in others. Failure to obtain marketing approval in other countries or any delay or other setback in obtaining such approval would impair our ability to market a product candidate in such foreign markets. Any such impairment would reduce the size of our potential market, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and prospects.

Even if we receive marketing approval for a product candidate, it may not achieve broad market acceptance, which would limit the revenue that we generate from its sales.

The commercial success of a product candidate, if developed and approved for marketing by the FDA or EMA or other applicable regulatory authorities, will depend upon the awareness and acceptance of our future product candidates, if any, among the medical community, including physicians, patients, advocacy groups and healthcare payors. Market acceptance of a product candidate, if approved, will depend on a number of factors, including, among others:

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If a product candidate is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by patients, advocacy groups, physicians and payors, we may not generate sufficient revenue from a product candidate to become or remain profitable. Before granting reimbursement approval, healthcare payors may require us to demonstrate that a product candidate also provides incremental health benefits to patients. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors about the benefits of a product candidate may require significant resources and may never be successful.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell a product candidate, we may not be able to generate any revenue.

We do not currently have an established infrastructure for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products. In order to market any future product candidate, if approved by the FDA or any other regulatory body, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, or if we are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects will be materially adversely affected.

Even if we receive marketing approval for any future product candidate, we may still face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we receive marketing approval for a future product candidate, if any, regulatory authorities may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates, or may impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies. A product candidate will also be subject to ongoing FDA and EMA requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage and promotion of the product and recordkeeping and submission of safety and other post-market information. The FDA has significant post-market authority, including, for example, the authority to require labeling changes based on new safety information and to require post-market studies or clinical trials to evaluate serious safety risks related to the use of a drug. The FDA also has the authority to require, as part of an NDA or post-approval, the submission of a REMS. Any REMS required by the FDA may lead to increased costs to assure compliance with post-approval regulatory requirements and potential requirements or restrictions on the sale of approved products, all of which could lead to lower sales volume and revenue. Additionally, the FDA may require post-marketing studies and/or post-marketing requirements that could represent and result in additional restrictions and/or limitations for the product.

Manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMPs and other regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discover problems with any future product candidate, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where any future product candidate is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on a product candidate, the manufacturer or us, including requiring withdrawal of any future product candidate from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we or the manufacturing facilities for a product candidate fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may, among other things:

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The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

Our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to penetrate foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.

Our future profitability will depend, in part, on our ability to commercialize a product candidate in foreign markets for which we may rely on collaborations with third parties. If we commercialize a product candidate in foreign markets, we would be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including:

Foreign sales of a product candidate could also be adversely affected by the imposition of governmental controls, political and economic instability, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs.

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We are subject to healthcare laws and regulations, and health information privacy and security laws, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians and others will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any future product candidates, if approved. Our future arrangements with third party payors will expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute our future product candidates, if any, and if we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

Ensuring that our future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could be costly. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations, including anticipated activities to be conducted by our sales team, were found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines and exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.

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In addition, regulators globally are also imposing greater monetary fines for privacy violations. For example, in 2016, the EU adopted a new regulation governing data practices and privacy called the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which became effective on May 25, 2018. The GDPR applies to any company established in the EU as well as to those outside the EU if they collect and use personal data in connection with the offering of goods or services to individuals in the EU or the monitoring of their behavior. The GDPR enhances data protection obligations for processors and controllers of personal data, including, for example, expanded disclosures about how personal information is to be used, limitations on retention of information, mandatory data breach notification requirements and onerous new obligations on service providers. Non-compliance with the GDPR may result in monetary penalties of up to €20 million or 4% of worldwide revenue, whichever is higher. The GDPR and other changes in laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of certain types of personal data, such as healthcare data or other sensitive information, could greatly increase our cost of providing our products and services or even prevent us from offering certain services in jurisdictions that we operate.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. If we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. If we receive marketing approval for our future product candidates physicians may prescribe our product candidates, if any, to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion and required that they enter into corporate integrity agreements with the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our future product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Even if approved, reimbursement policies could limit our ability to sell product candidates, if any, that we elect to sell on our own.

If approved by regulatory authorities, market acceptance and sales of product candidates, if any, that we elect to sell on our own will depend on reimbursement policies and may be affected by healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for those medications. Cost containment is a primary concern in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere. Government authorities and these third party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for product candidates that we elect to sell on our own and, if reimbursement is available, the level of such reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, product candidates, if any, that we elect to sell on our own. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize product candidates that we elect to sell on our own.

In some foreign countries, particularly in Canada and European countries, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to strict governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take six to twelve months or longer after the receipt of regulatory approval and product launch. To obtain favorable reimbursement for the indications sought or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of product candidates that we elect to sell on our own with other available therapies. If reimbursement for product candidates that we elect to sell on our own is unavailable in any country in which we seek reimbursement, if it is limited in scope or amount, if it is conditioned upon our completion of additional clinical trials, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize our future drug candidates, if any, and affect the prices we may obtain.

The Affordable Care Act, or the ACA, has a significant impact on the healthcare industry. The ACA is a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. The current presidential administration has indicated that enacting changes to the ACA is a legislative priority and has alternatively discussed repealing and replacing the ACA. While Congress has not passed repeal legislation to date, the 2017 Tax Reform Act includes a provision repealing the individual mandate, effective January 1, 2019. Further, on January 20, 2017, President Trump signed an Executive Order

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directing federal agencies with authorities and responsibilities under the ACA to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any provision of the ACA that would impose a fiscal burden on states or a cost, fee, tax, penalty or regulatory burden on individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. On October 13, 2017, President Trump signed an Executive Order terminating the cost-sharing subsidies that reimburse insurers under the ACA. In addition, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, has proposed regulations that would give states greater flexibility in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the ACA for plans sold through these marketplaces. Congress will likely consider other legislation to replace elements of the ACA. We do not know at this time what implications these changes and other, proposed changes, if enacted, would have on the ACA’s current requirements or on our future business. Changes to the ACA or other existing health care regulations could significantly impact our business and the pharmaceutical industry.

Facilitated regulatory pathways, such as but not limited to Breakthrough Therapy Designation, Fast Track Designation, Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy Designation, Priority Review, Accelerated Approval, PRIME, or regulatory incentives, such as but not limited to orphan drug designation, are pathways and incentives that may not be accepted/granted, and even if granted for any of our future product candidates, may not lead to a faster development period, regulatory review or approval process, does not increase the likelihood that any of our future product candidates will receive marketing approval, and does not increase the likelihood of receiving benefits or exclusivities associated with any of these designations or pathways.

We may seek one or more facilitated regulatory pathways in the US, EU or other countries for some of our future product candidates. None of these pathways change the standards for product approval in any country. These facilitated regulatory pathways may allow for increased interaction and communication between the health authorities (e.g., FDA and EMA) and the sponsor of clinical trials, may help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens, and may allow for priority review and accelerated approval. Health authorities may not grant the requested designations, expedited pathways or other regulatory incentives. Even if granted, the receipt of the designations or the health authority support for expedited pathways or incentives  may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to therapies considered for approval under conventional health authority procedures and does not guarantee approval in any country nor does it guarantee granting of any associated exclusivities or other benefits. In addition, even if one or more of our future product candidates qualify for any facilitated regulatory pathways or regulatory incentives, the health authority may later decide that such product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification, may decide that the time period for review or approval will not be shortened or may decide that the criteria for receiving exclusivity or other benefits were not adequately met.

Our development programs for our future product candidates, if any, may require substantial financial resources and may ultimately be unsuccessful.

Satisfaction of FDA and certain European regulatory requirements will entail substantial time, effort and financial resources. We may never satisfy these requirements. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund operations for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report, but we will need to raise more funds to continue development and commercialization of our future product candidates, if any, which may not be easily available. Furthermore, we may never commence clinical trials of such development programs despite expending significant resources in pursuit of their development. If we do commence clinical trials of any future potential product candidates, such product candidates may never be approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Capital

We have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.

Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. Our operations to date have been limited primarily to organizing and staffing our company and conducting research and development activities for ZGN-1061, ZGN-1258, ZGN-1345, beloranib, ZGN-839 and additional MetAP2 inhibitors. We have never generated any revenue from product sales. We have not obtained regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates.

Since our inception and until July 2016, we focused substantially all of our efforts and financial resources on developing beloranib, which was in Phase 3 clinical development for our lead indication of the treatment of hyperphagia and obesity in patients with PWS and Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of obesity in patients with hypothalamic injury-associated obesity. In December 2015, the FDA put the beloranib IND application on full clinical hold. Due to the

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uncertainties, costs and risks associated with the development of beloranib, in July 2016, we suspended further development of beloranib and directed our efforts and financial resources to developing ZGN-1061. In October 2016, we suspended our development of ZGN-839 in order to focus all of our resources to developing ZGN-1061 and the discovery and development of novel and highly differentiated MetAP2 inhibitors. In November 2018, we received a letter from the FDA placing a full clinical hold on our IND for the first U.S. clinical trial of ZGN-1061. The FDA cited the possibility of CV safety risks based on similar results seen in our prior compound. In July 2019, we reached agreement with the FDA on an in vivo animal study design and protocol to establish relevant safety margins for ZGN-1061. The study was designed to translate the data from the our newly developed in vitro assays of human endothelial cells and assessment of tissue factor expression with endothelial cells, along with other supportive assays, as we worked toward resolving the full clinical hold. Based on the preliminary results from the in vivo study, on September 5, 2019, we announced that we believe there is a low probability of resolving the clinical hold in the near-term. Subsequently, all further development activities of MetAP2 inhibitors were halted and we withdrew the IND for ZGN-1061 in September 2019. Therefore, we have determined that it is in the best interest of stockholders to expand our internal corporate development efforts and formally evaluate strategic alternatives. Following an extensive process of evaluating strategic alternatives and identifying and reviewing potential candidates for a strategic acquisition or other transaction, on December 17, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Chondrial, pursuant to which a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company will merge with and into Chondrial, with Chondrial continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and the combined publicly traded, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company will operate under a new name, Larimar Therapeutics, Inc. We expect to devote significant time and resources to completion of this proposed transaction.

We have funded our operations to date through proceeds from sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock, convertible debt and proceeds from our IPO and follow-on public offerings, and have incurred losses in each year since our inception. In July 2018, we sold 9,200,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $7.50 per share. Our net losses were $45.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and $61.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $396.4 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with our development programs for ZGN-1061, ZGN-1258, ZGN-1345, beloranib, ZGN-839, early research activities, licensing milestone fees and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital. In addition, if and when we obtain marketing approval for a future product candidate, we will incur significant sales, marketing and manufacturing expenses. We will continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. Even if we do become profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

Our ability to become profitable depends upon our ability to generate revenue. To date, we have not generated any revenue from any of our product candidates, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue. We do not expect to generate significant revenue unless and until we obtain marketing approval of, and begin to sell, our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:

Absent our entering into a collaboration or partnership agreement, we expect to incur significant sales and marketing costs when we prepare to commercialize our product candidates. Even if we initiate and successfully complete our clinical trials of our future product candidates, if any, and any product candidates are approved for commercial sale our product candidates, if any, may not be commercially successful drugs. Despite expending these costs. We may not achieve profitability soon after generating product sales, if ever. If we are unable to generate sufficient product revenue, we will not become profitable and may be unable to continue operations without continued funding.

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We will need to raise additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

Developing drugs is expensive. Depending on the status of regulatory approval or, if approved, commercialization of any of our future product candidates, as well as the progress we make in selling any of our future product candidates, we will require additional capital to fund operating needs thereafter. We may also need to raise additional funds sooner if we choose to pursue additional indications and/or geographies for our future product candidates or otherwise expand more rapidly than we anticipate.

As of December 31, 2019, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities were $70.3 million and we have a Term Loan with an outstanding principal balance of $14.5 million. The Term Loan is collateralized by substantially all of our personal property, other than our intellectual property. Additionally, we, as the borrower, are required to maintain a minimum unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balance at Silicon Valley Bank of no less than 105% of the total outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan, which as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $15.3 million and $21.0 million, respectively.

Further, as part of the requirements of the Term Loan, we must maintain a balance of unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at Silicon Valley Bank in an amount not less than the greater of (i) $55.0 million and (ii) sixty-five percent (65%) of all of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. If we do not meet this requirement it will not be considered an event of default provided we immediately secure 87.5% of the principal balance in a restricted cash account. There are negative covenants restricting our activities, including limitations on dispositions, mergers or acquisitions, encumbering or granting a security interest in our intellectual property, incurring indebtedness or liens, paying dividends, making certain investments, limiting the aggregate value of cash maintained by our Australian subsidiary not to exceed $4.0 million and certain other business transactions. The Term Loan also includes events of default, the occurrence and continuation of any of which provides the lenders the right to exercise remedies against us and the collateral securing the amounts due under the Term Loan, including cash in the amount of the outstanding balance. These events of default include, among other things, failure to pay any amounts due under the Term Loan, insolvency, the occurrence of a material adverse event, the occurrence of any default under certain other indebtedness and a final judgment against us in an amount greater than $0.3 million. We have estimated that the risk of subjective acceleration under the material adverse events clause is reasonably possible, however not probable and therefore have classified the outstanding principal in current and long-term liabilities based on contractually scheduled principal payments. However, the assessment of such probability of the debt holder calling the debt is subjective and their actions and/or our related assessment could change in the future, which in turn would impact the classification of the debt balances.

We expect that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our current operations for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report. We expect to devote significant time and resources to completion of the proposed merger with Chondrial. However, there can be no assurance that such activities will result in the completion of the Merger. Further, the completion of the Merger ultimately may not deliver the anticipated benefits or enhance shareholder value. In addition, our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or a combination of these approaches. In any event, we will require additional capital to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, our future product candidates. Raising funds in the current economic environment may present additional challenges. Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our future product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities would dilute all of our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and we may be

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required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidate or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any product candidate or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. On July 2, 2018, we completed a public offering of our common stock, which resulted in the sale of 9,200,000 shares at a price of $7.50 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $64.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, as well as offering costs. On November 9, 2018, we entered into a sales agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Cowen and Company, LLC, or Cowen, to sell shares of our common stock, with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $50.0 million, from time to time, through an at-the-market equity offering program under which Cowen will act as its sales agent. Through December 31, 2019 we have not sold any shares under the Sales Agreement. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, a stockholder’s ownership interest in our company will be diluted. In addition, the terms of any such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that materially adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt financing, if available, would increase our fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaboration, strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish rights to our future product candidates, our intellectual property, future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property Rights

If we are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology or maintain issued patents which are sufficient to protect our future product candidates, if any, others could compete against us more directly, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Because we expect to complete the proposed merger with Chondrial, we are not pursuing additional patents and are not continuing to maintain issued patents or other intellectual property rights in the United States and elsewhere directed to MetAP2 inhibitors. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.

As of February 29, 2020, we own thirty-eight issued U.S. patents, all of which relate to our internal efforts to discover and discover MetAP2 inhibitors.

The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including our patent position, involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the issuance, scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated, or circumvented. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings, ex parte reexamination, or inter partes review proceedings, supplemental examination and challenges in district court. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review, or comparable proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. These proceedings could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own or exclusively license may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third party receiving the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to develop, market or otherwise commercialize our future product candidates.

Furthermore, though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors may also be able to design around our patents. Other parties may develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter significant problems

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in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries. If these developments were to occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our potential future sales.

Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It is difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential competitor’s product. Any litigation to enforce or defend our patent rights, even if we were to prevail, could be costly and time-consuming and would divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering our future product candidates, are invalidated or found unenforceable, our financial position and results of operations would be materially and adversely impacted. In addition, if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered our future product candidates, our financial position and results of operations would also be materially and adversely impacted.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

We rely upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees and our collaborators and consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and selected consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us and have non-compete agreements with some, but not all, of our consultants. It is possible that technology relevant to our business will be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees and consultants who are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.

We may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may prevent or delay our product development efforts and stop us from commercializing or increase the costs of commercializing any future product candidates, if approved.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties. We cannot assure you that our business, products and methods do not or will not infringe the patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties.

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Other parties may allege that our future product candidates, if any, or the use of our technologies infringes patent claims or other intellectual property rights held by them or that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. Patent and other types of intellectual property litigation can involve complex factual and legal questions, and their outcome is uncertain. Any claim relating to intellectual property infringement that is successfully asserted against us

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may require us to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to be willfully infringing another party’s patents, for past use of the asserted intellectual property and royalties and other consideration going forward if we are forced to take a license. In addition, if any such claim were successfully asserted against us and we could not obtain such a license, we may be forced to stop or delay developing, manufacturing, selling or otherwise commercializing our future product candidates, if any.

Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and divert management time and attention in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. If we are unable to avoid infringing the patent rights of others, we may be required to seek a license, defend an infringement action or challenge the validity of the patents in court, or redesign our products. Patent litigation is costly and time-consuming. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. In addition, intellectual property litigation or claims could force us to do one or more of the following:

Any of these risks coming to fruition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S. PTO, and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid, is unenforceable and/or is not infringed, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be

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harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Issued patents covering our future product candidates, if any, could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court.

If we or one of our licensing partners initiated legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering our product candidate, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge include alleged failures to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for unenforceability assertions include allegations that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the U.S. PTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, post grant review and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, e.g., opposition proceedings. Such proceedings could result in revocation or amendment of our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our product candidates or competitive products. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to validity, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior act, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business.

We do not seek to protect our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world and we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek protection.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries and jurisdictions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. For example, an April 2014 report from the Office of the United States Trade Representative identified a number of countries, including India and China, where challenges to the procurement and enforcement of patent rights have been reported. Several countries, including India and China, have been listed in the report every year since 1989. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

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We are dependent on licensed intellectual property for certain early-stage product candidates. If we were to lose our rights to licensed intellectual property, we may not be able to continue developing or commercializing such product candidates, if approved.

We have an exclusive license with Children’s Medical Center Corporation, which we have elected to terminate in the first quarter of 2020, pursuant to which we exclusively licensed certain patent rights relating to decreasing the growth of fat tissue, on a worldwide basis. We may enter into additional licenses for third-party intellectual property that are necessary or useful to our business. Current or future licensors may also allege that we have breached our license agreement and may accordingly seek to terminate our license with them. In addition, current or future licensors may decide to terminate our license at will. If successful, this could result in our loss of the right to use the licensed intellectual property, which could materially adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize a product candidate or product, if approved, as well as harm our competitive business position and our business prospects.

We have not yet registered trademarks for a commercial trade name for our future product candidates, if any, and failure to secure such registrations could adversely affect our business.

We have not yet registered trademarks for a commercial trade name for our future product candidates, if any. Any future trademark applications may be rejected during trademark registration proceedings. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the U.S. PTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. Moreover, any name we propose to use with our product candidates in the United States must be approved by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation of potential for confusion with other product names. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed proprietary product names, we may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable substitute name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA.

If we do not obtain additional protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar foreign legislation by extending the patent terms and obtaining data exclusivity for our future product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of development and FDA marketing approval of our future product candidates, if any, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our ability to generate revenues could be materially adversely affected.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other biopharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Patent reform legislation in the United States and other countries, including the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, signed into law in September 2011, could increase those uncertainties and costs. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents. For example, the Leahy-Smith Act allows third-party submission of prior art to the U.S. PTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by U.S. PTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. In addition, the Leahy-Smith Act has transformed the U.S. patent system from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file

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a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. The first-to-file provisions, however, only became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not yet clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could make it more difficult to obtain patent protection for our inventions and increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our or our collaboration partners’ patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our or our collaboration partners’ issued patents, all of which could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. Additionally, there have been recent proposals for additional changes to the patent laws of the United States and other countries that, if adopted, could impact our ability to enforce our proprietary technology. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the U.S. PTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Our employees have been previously employed, and may be employed in the future, at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we are not aware of any claims currently pending against us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers of our employees. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to develop and commercialize our future product candidates, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We have leased approximately 17,705 square feet of office space at 3 Center Plaza, Boston, Massachusetts on February 12, 2019 with a term expiring on October 30, 2030.

We have leased approximately 2,976 square feet of office space at 175 Portland Street, 2nd Floor, Boston, Massachusetts, from April 15, 2015 to July 31, 2020, which, with the landlord’s consent, we have subleased to an unrelated third party beginning on January 1, 2017 and expiring on July 31, 2020.

We have also leased 3,079 square feet of office space in San Diego, California, from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2019. In January 2019, we extended the lease with a new term expiring on December 31, 2024.

We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs and suitable additional or substitute space would be available if needed.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As of the date of this Annual Report, we were not party to any legal matters or claims. In the future, we may become party to legal matters and claims arising in the ordinary course of business, the resolution of which we do not anticipate would have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock commenced trading under the symbol “ZFGN” on the NASDAQ Global Market on June 19, 2014. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. Our common stock in our initial public offering priced at $16.00 per share on June 18, 2014.

On March 1, 2020, the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market was $1.11 and as of March 1, 2020, there were approximately 19 holders of record of our common stock. However, because many of our outstanding shares are held in accounts with brokers and other institutions, we believe we have more beneficial owners.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid dividends on our common stock and do not expect to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Instead, we anticipate that all of our earnings in the foreseeable future will be used for the operation and growth of our business. Any future determination to declare dividends will be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on various factors, including applicable laws, our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. In addition, the terms of our outstanding indebtedness restrict our ability to pay dividends, and any future indebtedness that we may incur could preclude us from paying dividends.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, see Part III “Item 12—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

On December 17, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Chondrial Therapeutics, Inc., or Chondrial, pursuant to which a wholly owned subsidiary of the company will merge with and into Chondrial, with Chondrial continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the company.

Under the exchange ratio formula in the Merger Agreement, as of immediately after the merger, the former Chondrial securityholders are expected to own approximately 60% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis and our stockholders as of immediately prior to the merger are expected to own approximately 40% of our outstanding shares of common stock on a fully-diluted basis. Under certain circumstances further described in the Merger Agreement, the ownership percentages may be adjusted upward or downward based on the level of our net cash at the closing of the merger and certain other adjustments.

The shares to be issued by us in the merger will be issued in a private placement exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, because the offer and sale of such securities does not involve a “public offering” as defined in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, and other applicable requirements were met.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The selected financial data set forth below has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the audited consolidated financial statements, and the notes thereto, and other financial information included herein. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our “Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from the results described, in or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed above in the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements made by us, which speak only as of the date they are made. We disclaim any obligation, except as specifically required by law and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company that has leveraged our proprietary methionine aminopeptidase 2, or MetAP2, biology platform to pioneer the study of MetAP2 inhibitors in both common and rare metabolic disorders.

Our prior lead product candidate, ZGN-1061, is a MetAP2 inhibitor that was in Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other related metabolic disorders. In November 2018, we received a letter from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, placing a full clinical hold on the investigational new drug application, or IND. for the first U.S. clinical trial of ZGN-1061. The FDA cited the possibility of cardiovascular, or CV, safety risk based on our prior compound. In July 2019, we reached agreement with the FDA on an in vivo animal study design and protocol to establish relevant safety margins for ZGN-1061. The study was designed to translate the data from our newly developed in vitro assays of human endothelial cells and assessment of tissue factor expression with endothelial cells, along with other supportive assays, as we worked toward resolving the full clinical hold. Based on the preliminary results from the in vivo study, on September 5, 2019, we announced that we believe there is a low probability of resolving the clinical hold in the near-term. Subsequently, all further development activities of MetAP2 inhibitors were halted and we withdrew the IND for ZGN-1061 in September 2019. Therefore, we determined that it is in the best interest of shareholders to evaluate strategic alternatives and implemented a restructuring plan to reduce operating costs and better align our workforce with its needs.

Following an extensive process of evaluating strategic alternatives for the company and identifying and reviewing potential candidates for a strategic acquisition or other transaction, on December 17, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Chondrial Therapeutics, Inc., or Chondrial, pursuant to which a wholly owned subsidiary of the company will merge with and into Chondrial, with Chondrial continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the company and the combined publicly traded, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company will operate under a new name, Larimar Therapeutics, Inc. Under the exchange ratio formula in the Merger Agreement, as of immediately after the merger, the former Chondrial securityholders are expected to own approximately 60% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis and our stockholders as of immediately prior to the merger are expected to own approximately 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis. Under certain circumstances further described in the Merger Agreement, the ownership percentages may be adjusted upward or downward based on the level of our net cash at the closing of the merger and certain other adjustments. We expect to devote significant time and resources to completion of this proposed transaction, which we refer to as the Merger. However, there can be no assurance that such activities will result in the completion of the Merger. Further, the completion of the Merger ultimately may not deliver the anticipated benefits or enhance shareholder value.

The Merger Agreement provides each of us and Chondrial with specified termination rights, and further provides that, upon termination of the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, either party may be required to pay the other party a termination fee of $3,375,000. In addition, in connection with certain terminations of the Merger Agreement, either party may be required to pay the other party’s third party expenses up to $350,000. In connection with the merger, we will seek to amend our certificate of incorporation to: (i) effect a reverse split of our common stock at a ratio to be determined by us and Chondrial, which is intended to ensure that the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Global Market are satisfied and (ii) change the name of Zafgen to “Larimar Therapeutics, Inc.”

Our and Chondrial’s obligations to consummate the merger are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of customary closing conditions, including, among others, obtaining the requisite approvals of our stockholders and satisfaction of minimum net cash thresholds of $30,000,000 by us and not less than zero by Chondrial. The sole stockholder of Chondrial has approved the Merger Agreement. In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, we entered into stockholder

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support agreements with our current directors and certain officers and our largest stockholder, which collectively beneficially own or control an aggregate of approximately 9.7% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Each of the stockholders party to such stockholder support agreements has agreed to vote or cause to be voted, all of the shares of our common stock beneficially owned by such stockholder in favor of the stockholder proposals submitted at our stockholders meeting to be held in connection with the merger.

We have incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $396.4 million. From its inception through December 31, 2019, we have received net proceeds of $397.9 million from the sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock, the issuance of convertible promissory notes, the proceeds from our initial public offering, or IPO, in June 2014 and our follow-on offerings in January 2015 and July 2018. On July 2, 2018, we completed a public offering of its common stock, which resulted in the sale of 9,200,000 shares at a price of $7.50 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $64.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, as well as offering costs. We have a term loan with an aggregate principal balance of $14.5 million as of December 31, 2019. The loan agreement requires that us to maintain certain minimum liquidity at all times, which as of December 31, 2019, was approximately $15.3 million. If the minimum liquidity covenant is not met, we may be required to repay the loan prior to scheduled maturity dates. The Term Loan also includes events of default, the occurrence and continuation of any of which provides the lenders the right to exercise remedies against the Company and the collateral securing the amounts due under the Term Loan. These events of default include, among other things, failure to pay any amounts due under the Term Loan, insolvency, the occurrence of a material adverse event, the occurrence of any default under certain other indebtedness and a final judgment against us in an amount greater than $0.3 million. We have estimated that the risk of subjective acceleration under the material adverse events clause is reasonably possible, however not probable and therefore have classified the outstanding principal in current and long-term liabilities based on contractually scheduled principal payments. However, the assessment of such probability of the debt holder calling the debt is subjective and their actions and/or our related assessment could change in the future, which in turn would impact the classification of the debt balances.

Based on our current operating plans, the Company believes its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $70.3 million as of December 31, 2019 will be sufficient to fund its anticipated level of operations, capital expenditures and satisfy debt repayments for a period of at least 12 months from the issuance date of this Annual Report. Until such time, if ever, we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other sources of funding. We expect to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market products or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market itself.

We expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2019 will enable us to fund our operating expenses, capital expenditure requirements and minimum liquidity requirements associated with our debt facility for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

We have not generated any revenue from product sales since our inception, and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future as we have discontinued development of our product candidates.

Operating Expenses

The majority of our operating expenses since inception have consisted primarily of research and development activities, and general and administrative costs.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses, which consist primarily of costs associated with our product research and development efforts, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of:

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Based on the preliminary results from the ZGN-1061 in vivo study, we announced that we believe there is a low probability of resolving the clinical hold on ZGN-1061 in the near-term. Subsequently, all further development activities of MetAP2 inhibitors were halted and we withdrew the IND for ZGN-1061 in September 2019.  

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses have consisted primarily of personnel costs, consisting of salaries, related benefits and stock-based compensation, of our executive, finance, information technology, business and corporate development and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include travel expenses, allocated facility-related costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, insurance expenses, and professional fees for auditing, tax and legal services, including legal expenses to pursue patent protection of our intellectual property.

Other Income (Expense)

Interest income. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash equivalents and marketable securities. Our interest income has not been significant due to low interest earned on invested balances. We anticipate that our interest income will decrease as we continue to incur operating losses.

Interest expense. Interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 relates to the loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or the Term Loan, which closed on December 29, 2017. It bears a variable interest at an annual rate of 1.25% above the prime rate, as well as a final payment equal to 8.0% of the Term Loan, which is being recorded as interest expense over the term through the maturity date using the effective-interest method.

Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net consists of the realized and unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency-denominated cash balances, vendor payables and tax-related receivables from the Australian government. We currently do not engage in hedging activities related to our foreign currency-denominated receivables and payables; as such, we cannot predict the impact of future foreign currency transaction gains and losses on our operating results. See “—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

Income Taxes

Since our inception in 2005, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards that expire for federal and state income tax purposes of $55.7 million and $57.0 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards that were generated after December 31, 2017, of $21.2 million that do not expire. As of December 31, 2019, we also had available tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $17.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2022, respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. We believe that the estimates and assumptions involved in the accounting policies described below may have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements and, therefore, consider these to be our critical accounting policies. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. See also Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in

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this Annual Report for information about these critical accounting policies as well as a description of our other significant accounting policies.

Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel and outside vendors to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual costs. The majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advance payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses have included fees paid to:

We have based our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple CROs that conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements have been subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and have resulted in uneven payment flows. There have been instances in which payments made to our vendors have exceeded the level of services provided and resulted in a prepayment of the clinical expense, nonclinical expense, or manufacturing activities. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we have estimated the time period over which services were performed, enrollment of patients, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varied from our estimate, we adjusted the accrual or prepaid accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may have varied and have resulted in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, we have not made any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

We have historically issued equity awards to employees, directors and consultants, generally in the form of options to purchase shares of our common stock and, to a lesser extent, shares of restricted common stock. We measure stock-based awards granted to employees and directors at fair value on the date of grant and recognize the corresponding compensation expense of those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Generally, we issue stock options and restricted stock awards with only service-based vesting conditions and record the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. We measure stock-based awards granted to consultants and nonemployees at the fair value of the award on the date at which the related service is complete. Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which services are rendered by such consultants and nonemployees until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards is re-measured using the then-current fair value of our common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

The fair value of each service-based stock option grant to employees and directors is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company estimates its expected volatility using a weighted average of the historical volatility of publicly-traded peer companies and its own common stock since its IPO in June 2014, and expects to continue to do so until such time as it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price for the duration of the expected term. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

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In October 2017, we granted market-based stock option awards which are valued using Monte Carlo simulation models. The number of options expected to vest, based on achievement of the specified market condition, is factored into the grant date Monte Carlo valuations. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the attribution period.

The assumptions we used to determine the fair value of service-based stock options granted to employees and directors are as follows, presented on a weighted average basis:

The assumptions that we used to determine the fair value of the market-based stock options granted to employees in 2017 are as follows, presented on a weighted average basis:

These assumptions represented our best estimates, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different. We recognize compensation expense for only the portion of awards that are expected to vest.

The following table summarizes the classification of our stock-based compensation expenses recognized in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss:

As of December 31, 2019, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to our unvested service-based stock option awards of $6.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average vesting period of 2.6 years. 

As of December 31, 2019, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to our unvested market-based stock option awards of $0.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average vesting period of 0.8 years.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased $24.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to decreased costs of $15.7 million associated with our MetAP2 inhibitors and $8.4 million associated with our unallocated expenses. Costs associated with MetAP2 inhibitors decreased as a result of our decision to halt further development activities of MetAP2 inhibitors as a result of our withdrawal of the IND for ZGN-1061 in September 2019. In addition, during 2019 we were not conducting any clinical trials; whereas, in 2018 we were conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial of ZGN-1061 in Australia and New Zealand.

Unallocated expenses decreased to $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $18.9 million for the same period of 2018 primarily due to a decrease of $4.2 million in non-cash stock-based compensation. Non-cash stock-based compensation has decreased for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to turnover and restructuring activities, which also resulted in the reversal of the expenses incurred on unvested stock options. There was a decrease of $3.3 million in personnel related costs primarily due to the reduction in the number of employees as a result of the restructuring activities in the third quarter of 2019 and turnover during 2019. Additionally, there was a decrease in consultants and other expenses of $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, due to our decision to halt further development activities of MetAP2 inhibitors in September 2019.

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General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $3.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was due to an increase in personnel related costs of $1.0 million, professional fees of $1.5 million, other costs of $0.5 million and non-cash stock-based compensation of less than $0.1 million. Personnel related costs increased by $1.0 million primarily due to the payment of retention bonuses following the signing of the merger agreement and the timing of employee headcount hires made during 2018 and reductions in staff as a result of our restructurings in the third quarter of 2019. Professional fees increased by $1.5 million primarily due to banker and legal fees associated with the strategic alternative process announced in September 2019 and the subsequent signing of the merger agreement with Chondrial. Other general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to higher costs associated with director and officer insurance.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges were approximately $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We did not have any restructuring charges during the prior year. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we commenced a restructuring plan that consisted of a workforce reduction of 23 positions and the termination of ongoing research, in order to conserve cash while we evaluated strategic alternatives.

Restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2019, in connection with the workforce reductions, were comprised principally of severance payments and benefits continuation costs, which totaled approximately $4.1 million of which approximately $1.4 million was paid during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2019, in connection with contract termination costs, comprised principally of the termination of research and development contracts that no longer provided value to us. These terminations costs were approximately $1.4 million of which approximately $1.4 million was paid during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Other income (expense), net

Interest expense. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $1.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively. Interest expense during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 relates to the Term Loan, which closed on December 29, 2017. It bears variable interest at an annual rate of 1.25% above the prime rate, as well as a final payment equal to 8.0% of the Term Loan, which is being recorded as interest expense over the term through the maturity date using the effective-interest method.

Interest income. Interest income of $2.0 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, was related to interest earned on our marketable securities balances.

Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net. We had foreign currency transaction gains of less than $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We had foreign currency transaction losses of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses consisted of the realized and unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency-denominated cash balances, vendor payables and tax-related receivables from the Australian government, generally reflecting the fluctuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.

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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $7.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $11.5 million related to our ZGN-1258 program, as well as an increase in our unallocated expenses of $3.1 million and discovery and screening of $0.5 million, partially offset by decreased costs of $7.3 million associated with our ZGN-1061 program and $0.7 million associated with our beloranib program.

Costs associated with our ZGN-1258 program for the year ended December 31, 2018 are associated with our advancement of the ZGN-1258 program in January 2018, and our nonclinical efforts for evaluation of ZGN-1258 initially in the treatment of people affected by PWS in the first quarter of 2018. Our research and development costs also increased for the year ended December 31, 2018 due to our research and development efforts in identifying ZGN-1345, an orally dosed MetAP2 inhibitor specifically targeting the liver. Our discovery and screening costs have increased slightly by $0.5 million from the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to the timing of expenses.

Unallocated expenses increased period over period primarily due to an increase of $1.3 million in non-cash stock-based compensation, as well as an increase in personnel related costs of $1.1 million. Non-cash stock-based compensation has increased primarily due to personnel transfers between functional areas and new employees. Personnel related expenses increased primarily due to the hiring of new employees and personnel transfers between functional areas.

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Costs associated with our ZGN-1061 program decreased period over period by $7.3 million, primarily due to a decrease in nonclinical and manufacturing costs of $7.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, costs increased primarily as a result of additional nonclinical studies and drug product and drug substance activities, as we were planning for our ZGN-1061 Phase 2 clinical trial which commenced in the third quarter of 2017 in both Australia and New Zealand, for which we enrolled 137 patients in a 12-week clinical trial. Partially offsetting the decrease in nonclinical and manufacturing costs of our ZGN-1061 program was an increase in costs associated with our clinical trials for our ZGN-1061 program of $0.3 million. The expenses during the 2017 period were for final costs for a Phase 1 clinical trial of ZGN-1061 in the Netherlands, which was comprised of 39 patients in a single ascending dose, or SAD, portion and 29 patients in a multiple ascending dose, or MAD, portion, while the expenses during the 2018 period are for the larger Phase 2 clinical trial.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $1.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was due to an increase in personnel related costs of $0.7 million, professional fees of less than $0.1 million and other costs of $0.3 million. Personnel related costs increased as a result of hiring new employees. Professional fees increased primarily due to recruiting expenses for new key employees and legal expenses associated with the filing of multi-country patents. Other general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to fees associated with our SEC filings and software costs. These increases were offset by a decrease in non-cash stock-based compensation of less than $0.1 million. Non-cash stock-based compensation expense decreased due mainly to personnel transfers between functional areas.

Other income (expense), net

Interest expense. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $1.9 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2018 relates to the Term Loan of $20.0 million, which closed on December 29, 2017. It bears a variable interest at an annual rate of 1.25% above the prime rate, as well as a final payment equal to 8.0% of the Term Loan, which is being recorded as interest expense over the term through the maturity date using the effective-interest method.

Interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2017 was related to interest expense on our outstanding borrowings under the 2014 Credit Facility, which was fully repaid in December 2017. Interest expense consists primarily of the stated interest of 8.1% per year due on outstanding borrowings. It also includes expense related to the final payment of 6% of amounts drawn down that was recorded over the term through the maturity date using the effective-interest method and the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts relating to the 2014 Credit Facility.

Interest income. Interest income of $1.9 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, was related to interest earned on our marketable securities balances.

Foreign currency transaction (losses) gains, net. We had foreign currency transaction losses of $0.2 million and gains of $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses consisted of the realized and unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency-denominated cash balances, vendor payables and tax-related receivables from the Australian government, generally reflecting the fluctuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling $70.3 million. We invest our cash in money market funds, commercial paper, certificates of deposits, U.S. government securities and corporate bonds,

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with the primary objectives to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk.

Since our inception in November 2005, we have not generated any revenue and have incurred recurring net losses. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $396.4 million. Prior to our IPO in June 2014, we funded our operations primarily through sales of redeemable convertible preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, through the issuances of convertible promissory notes and a loan security agreement. From our inception through our IPO in June 2014, we received gross proceeds of $104.0 million from such transactions. In June 2014, we completed our IPO with net proceeds of $102.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. We also incurred offering costs of $2.5 million related to the IPO. In January 2015, we completed a follow-on offering of our common stock, which resulted in the sale of 3,942,200 shares at a price of $35.00 per share. We received net proceeds from the follow-on offering of $130.0 million based upon the price of $35.00 per share and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us. We also incurred offering costs of $0.5 million related to the follow-on offering. On July 2, 2018, we completed a public offering of our common stock, which resulted in the sale of 9,200,000 shares at a price of $7.50 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $64.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, as well as offering costs paid by us.

On November 9, 2018, we entered into a sales agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Cowen and Company, LLC, or Cowen, to sell shares of our common stock, with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $50.0 million, from time to time, through an at-the-market equity offering program under which Cowen will act as its sales agent. Through December 31, 2019 we have not sold any shares under the Sales Agreement.

On December 29, 2017, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or the Term Loan. The Term Loan provided for borrowings of $20.0 million. On December 29, 2017, we received proceeds of $20.0 million from the issuance of a promissory note. The promissory note issued under the Term Loan is collateralized by substantially all of our personal property, other than our intellectual property. As of December 31, 2019 we had an outstanding principle balance on the Term Loan of $14.5 million.

Upon entering into this Term Loan, we are obligated to make monthly, interest-only payments until March 29, 2019 and, thereafter, to pay 33 consecutive, equal monthly installments of principal and interest from April 1, 2019 through December 1, 2021. The outstanding Term Loan bears a variable interest at an annual rate of 1.25% above the prime rate, which was 4.75% at December 31, 2019. In addition, a final payment equal to 8.0% of the Term Loan is due upon the earlier of the maturity date, acceleration of the Term Loan or prepayment of all or part of the Term Loan. We accrue the final payment amount of $1.6 million, to outstanding debt by charges to interest expense using the effective-interest method from the date of issuance through the maturity date.

Additionally, we, as the borrower, are required to maintain a minimum cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balance at Silicon Valley Bank of no less than 105% of the total outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan, which as of December 31, 2019 was $15.3 million and as of December 31, 2018 was $21.0 million.

Further, as of 45 days after the Term Loan was entered in, we must maintain a balance of unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at Silicon Valley Bank in an amount not less than the greater of (i) $55.0 million and (ii) sixty-five percent (65%) of all of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. If we do not meet this requirement it will not be considered an event of default provided we immediately secure 87.5% of the principal balance in a restricted cash account.

There are negative covenants restricting our activities, including limitations on dispositions, mergers or acquisitions; encumbering or granting a security interest in our intellectual property; incurring indebtedness or liens; paying dividends; making certain investments; permit the aggregate value of cash maintained by our Australian subsidiary not to exceed $4.0 million and certain other business transactions.

The Term Loan also includes events of default, the occurrence and continuation of any of which provides the lenders the right to exercise remedies against us and the collateral securing the loans under the Term Loan, including cash in the amount of the outstanding balance. These events of default include, among other things, failure to pay any amounts due under the Term Loan, insolvency, the occurrence of a material adverse event, the occurrence of any default under certain other indebtedness and a final judgment against us in an amount greater than $0.3 million. We have estimated that the risk of subjective acceleration under the material adverse events clause is reasonably possible, however not probable and therefore have classified the outstanding principal in current and long-term liabilities based on contractually scheduled principal payments. However, the assessment of such probability of the debt holder calling the debt is subjective and their actions and/or our related assessment could change in the future, which in turn would impact the classification of the debt balances.

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The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below:

Net cash used in operating activities

During the year ended December 31, 2019, operating activities used $40.8 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $45.4 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $5.0 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our MetAP2 programs, restructuring charges and our general and administrative expenses. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2019, consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $5.5 million. Net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2019, consisted primarily of a $5.1 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, a $1.3 million decrease in tax incentive receivable, partially offset by a $2.7 million increase in accrued restructuring and a $0.7 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, operating activities used $51.5 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $61.4 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $9.9 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our ZGN-1061 program, our ZGN-1258 program, discovery and screening and our general and administrative expenses. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2018, consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $9.6 million. Net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2018, consisted primarily of a $1.1 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, $0.2 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in tax incentive receivable.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, operating activities used $43.8 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $52.0 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $8.3 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our ZGN-1061 program, discovery and screening and our general and administrative expenses, as we had no revenue in the period. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2017, consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $8.3 million. Net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2017, consisted primarily of a $1.0 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset by a $0.6 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets and a $0.6 million increase in tax incentive receivable.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

During the year ended December 31, 2019, investing activities provided $25.3 million of cash resulting from the maturities of marketable securities of $109.5 million, which was partially offset by the purchases of marketable securities of $82.9 million, purchases of equipment of $0.8 million and purchases of right-of-use assets of $0.6 million associated with our build out of our offices at 3 Center Plaza.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, investing activities used $6.9 million of cash resulting from purchases of marketable securities of $117.1 million and purchases of equipment of $0.1 million. These uses were partially offset by proceeds from maturities of marketable securities of $110.4 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, investing activities provided $35.6 million of cash resulting from proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $150.2 million, offset by the use of cash for purchases of marketable securities of $114.5 million and purchases of property and equipment of $0.1 million.

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities

During the year ended December 31, 2019, net cash used in financing activities of $5.3 million was the result of $5.5 million in financing activities for payments related to our notes payable, partially offset by $0.2 million received from

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proceeds from the exercise of common stock options and common stock purchased under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities of $66.9 million was the result of net proceeds of $64.6 million from our July 2, 2018 public offering of common stock and $2.4 million relating to the exercise of common stock options and common stock purchased under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, net cash provided by financing activities of $16.6 million was the result of proceeds of $20.0 million from our notes payable, as well as $0.2 million received from proceeds relating to the exercise of common stock options and common stock purchased under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, partially offset by payments of $3.6 million related to our notes payable.

Operating Capital Requirements

We have not generated product revenue or achieved profitability since our inception and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. We expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2019, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least one year from the issuance date of this Annual Report. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may require the issuance of warrants, which could potentially dilute their ownership interest. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our future product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market our future product candidates, if any, that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

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Since our inception in 2005, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $55.7 million and $57.0 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2030, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had net operating loss carryforwards that were generated after December 31, 2017, of $21.2 million that do not expire. As of December 31, 2019, we also had available tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $17.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2026 and 2022, respectively We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change, generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in the equity ownership of our corporate entity over a three-year period, has occurred or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception, due to the significant costs and complexities associated with such studies. Accordingly, our ability to utilize our tax carryforwards may be limited. Additionally, U.S. tax laws limit the time during which these carryforwards may be utilized against future taxes. As a result, we may not be able to take full advantage of these carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods:

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented we did not have and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under Securities and Exchange Commission rules, such as relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, which are often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, established for the purpose of facilitating financing transactions that are not required to be reflected on our balance sheets.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Please read Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk

Our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as of December 31, 2019 consisted of cash, corporate bonds, commercial paper, certificates of deposits and money market accounts. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. If market interest rates were to increase immediately and uniformly by 50 basis points, or one-half of a percentage point, from levels as of December 31, 2019, the net fair value of our interest-sensitive financial instruments would result in a hypothetical decline of $0.1 million.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Foreign currency transaction exposure results primarily from transactions with our contract research organizations, or CROs, and other providers related to our clinical trials that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the legal entity in which the transaction is recorded by us, primarily the Australian dollar. Any transaction gains or losses resulting from currency fluctuations is recorded on a separate line in our consolidated statement of operations. Net foreign currency transaction gains (losses) of less than $0.1 million, $(0.2) million and $0.1 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Currently, our largest foreign currency exposures are those with respect to the Australian dollar. Relative to foreign currency exposures existing as of December 31, 2019, a 10% unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates would expose us to an increased net loss. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we estimated that a 10% unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates would have increased our net loss by $0.2 million. This amount is based on a sensitivity analysis performed on our financial position as of December 31, 2019. We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in our net loss as a result of revaluing our assets and liabilities that are not denominated in the functional currency of the entity that recorded the asset or liability. At this time, we do not hedge our foreign currency risk.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

Zafgen, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Zafgen Inc., and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of changes in stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
March 5, 2020

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

ZAFGEN, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)