Lightstone Value Plus REIT V, Inc. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

Commission File Number: 000-53650

Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(888) 808-7348

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

None

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $.0001 par value per share

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act). Yes ¨    No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨    No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x    No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x   No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o    No x

There is no established market for the Registrant’s common stock. The Registrant has adopted a Policy for Estimation of Common Stock Value (the “Estimated Valuation Policy”) pursuant to which it has estimated the net asset value per share of its common stock (“NAV per Share”).  As of September 30, 2018, the estimated NAV per Share was $8.47. For a full description of the methodologies used to estimate the NAV per Share of the Registrant’s common stock, see Part II, Item 5, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities-Market Information” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There were 24,488,494 shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2018, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. As of March 15, 2019, the registrant had 23.4 million shares of common stock outstanding.

LIGHTSTONE VALUE PLUS REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST V, INC.

FORM 10-K

Year Ended December 31, 2018

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).  These forward-looking statements include discussion and analysis of the financial condition of Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc. and our subsidiaries (which may be referred to herein as the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”), including our ability to make accretive real estate or real estate-related investments, rent space on favorable terms, to address our debt maturities and to fund our liquidity requirements, to sell our assets when we believe advantageous to achieve our investment objectives, our anticipated capital expenditures, the amount and timing of anticipated future cash distributions to our stockholders, the estimated net asset value per share of our common stock (“NAV per Share”), and other matters.  Words such as “may,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “would,” “could,” “should” and variations of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are not historical facts but reflect the intent, belief or current expectations of our management based on their knowledge and understanding of the business and industry, the economy and other future conditions. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we caution stockholders not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in the forward-looking statements due to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors, including but not limited to the factors described below:

Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect our management’s view only as of the date of this Report, and may ultimately prove to be incorrect. We undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operating results, except as required by applicable law. We intend for these forward-looking statements to be covered by the applicable safe harbor provisions created by Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act.

Cautionary Note

The representations, warranties, and covenants made by us in any agreement filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K are made solely for the benefit of the parties to the agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to the agreement, and should not be deemed to be representations, warranties, or covenants to or with any other parties. Moreover, these representations, warranties, or covenants should not be relied upon as accurately describing or reflecting the current state of our affairs.

PART I

Organization

Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc., which was formerly known as Behringer Harvard Opportunity REIT II, Inc. prior to July 20, 2017, (which may be referred to as the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) was organized as a Maryland corporation on January 9, 2007 and has elected to be taxed, and currently qualifies, as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes.

We were formed primarily to acquire and operate commercial real estate and real estate-related assets on an opportunistic and value-add basis.  In particular, we have and expect to continue to focus generally on acquiring commercial properties with significant possibilities for capital appreciation, such as those requiring development, redevelopment, or repositioning, those located in markets and submarkets with high growth potential, and those available from sellers who are distressed or face time-sensitive deadlines. We have and expect to continue to acquire a wide variety of commercial properties, including office, industrial, retail, hospitality, and multifamily. We have and expect to continue to purchase existing, income-producing properties, and newly-constructed properties. Additionally, we have and may continue to invest in other real estate related investments, such as mortgage and mezzanine loans. We currently intend to hold our various real properties until such time as our board of directors determines that a sale or other disposition appears to be advantageous to achieve our investment objectives or until it appears that the objectives will not be met. From our inception through December 31, 2018, we have made an aggregate of 23 investments, including the origination of a mezzanine and a mortgage loan. With respect to these 23 investments, we have cumulatively disposed of 16 investments through December 31, 2018, including the repayment of the mortgage and mezzanine loans that we originated. Additionally, during 2013 we sold eight of the nine medical office buildings which comprised our Florida MOB Portfolio investment. We will not count the sale of these eight medical office buildings as the disposition of an investment until we sell the remaining medical office building, the Gardens Medical Pavilion, which was part of the Florida MOB Portfolio.

Substantially all of our business is conducted through Lightstone REIT V OP LP, which was previously named Behringer Harvard Opportunity OP II LP, a limited partnership organized in Delaware (the “Operating Partnership”). As of December 31, 2018, our wholly-owned subsidiary, BHO II, Inc., a Delaware corporation, owned a 0.1% partnership interest in the Operating Partnership as its sole general partner. As of December 31, 2018, our wholly-owned subsidiary, BHO Business Trust II, a Maryland business trust, was the sole limited partner of the Operating Partnership and owned the remaining 99.9% interest in the Operating Partnership.

Subject to the oversight of our board of directors, our business has been managed by an external advisor since the commencement of our initial public offering and we have no employees. From January 4, 2008 through February 10, 2017, an affiliate of Stratera Services, LLC, formerly known as “Behringer Harvard Holdings, LLC” (“Behringer”), acted as our external advisor (the “Behringer Advisor”). On February 10, 2017, we terminated our engagement of Behringer Advisor and engaged affiliates of The Lightstone Group, LLC (“Lightstone”), LSG-BH II Advisor LLC and LSG Development Advisor LLC (collectively, the “Advisor”), to provide advisory services to us. Our external advisor is responsible for managing our day-to-day affairs and for services related to our acquisition, financing and disposition activities.

Our office is located at 1985 Cedar Bridge Avenue, Suite 1, Lakewood, New Jersey 08701 and our toll-free telephone number is (888) 808-7348.

Public Offerings of Common Stock

We commenced an initial public offering of our common stock on January 21, 2008 (the "Initial Offering"), including shares offered pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan (the “DRP”). On July 3, 2011, the Initial Offering terminated in accordance with its terms. On July 5, 2011, we commenced a follow-on public offering of our common stock (the "Follow-On Offering"), including shares offered pursuant to our DRP. We terminated the primary component of the Follow-On Offering effective March 15, 2012 and the DRP component effective April 3, 2012. We raised gross offering proceeds of approximately $265.3 million from the sale of approximately 26.7 million shares under the Offerings, including shares sold under the DRP.

In connection with our initial capitalization, we issued 22,471 shares of our common stock and 1,000 shares of our convertible stock to Behringer on January 19, 2007. Behringer transferred its shares of convertible stock to one of its affiliates on April 2, 2010.

As of April 2012, when we terminated the offering, we had issued 26.7 million shares of our common stock, including 22,471 shares owned by Behringer and 2.2 million shares issued through the DRP. As of December 31, 2018, we had redeemed 3.3 million shares of our common stock and had 23.4 million shares of common stock outstanding. As of December 31, 2018, we had 1,000 shares of convertible stock outstanding held by an affiliate of Lightstone, which shares were transferred from Behringer on February 10, 2017. Our common stock is not currently listed on a national securities exchange.  The timing of a liquidity event for our stockholders will depend upon then prevailing market conditions. We previously targeted the commencement of a liquidity event within six years after the termination of our initial public offering, which occurred on July 3, 2011. On June 29, 2017, our board of directors elected to extend the targeted timeline an additional six years until June 30, 2023 based on their assessment of our investment objectives and liquidity options for our stockholders. However, we can provide no assurances as to the actual timing of the commencement of a liquidity event for our stockholders or the ultimate liquidation of the Company. We will seek stockholder approval prior to liquidating our entire portfolio.

2018 Highlights

During 2018, we completed the following key transactions:

For further information regarding our consolidated real estate properties, see Item 2.

Investment Objectives

Our primary investment objectives are:

Investment Policies

We have and expect to continue to invest in commercial properties, such as office, industrial, retail, hospitality, multifamily, existing income-producing properties, and newly-constructed properties that are initially identified as opportunistic and value-add investments with significant possibilities for capital appreciation due to their property-specific characteristics or their market characteristics.

We have disposed of 16 of our original portfolio assets through December 31, 2018, including the repayment of the mortgage and mezzanine loans that we previously originated.

We have and expect to continue to generally make our real estate investments in fee title or a long-term leasehold estate through the Operating Partnership or indirectly through special purpose limited liability companies or through investments in joint ventures, partnerships, co-tenancies, or other co-ownership arrangements with the developers of the properties or other persons.

Borrowing Policies

There is no limitation on the amount we may invest in or borrow related to any single property or other investment. Under our charter, the maximum amount of our indebtedness cannot exceed 300% of our “net assets” (as defined by the Statement of Policy Regarding Real Estate Investment Trusts adopted by the North American Securities Administrators Association on May 7, 2007) as of the date of any borrowing; however, we may exceed that limit if approved by a majority of our independent directors. In addition to our charter limitation, our board of directors has adopted a policy to generally limit our aggregate borrowings to approximately 75% of the aggregate value of our assets unless substantial justification exists that borrowing a greater amount is in our best interests. Our board of directors must review our aggregate borrowings at least quarterly. As of December 31, 2018, we had an aggregate debt leverage ratio of approximately 53.5% of the aggregate value of our assets.

Disposition Policies

As each of our investments reaches what we believe to be the asset’s optimum value during the expected life of the program, we will consider disposing of the investment and may do so for the purpose of reinvesting the net sales proceeds into real estate and real estate-related investments, distributing the net sale proceeds to our stockholders or satisfying our obligations. A property may be sold before or after the expected holding period if, in the judgment of our Advisor and our independent board, the sale of the property is determined to be in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders.

Distribution Policy

U.S. federal tax law requires a REIT to distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income, as calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP) determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. In order to continue to qualify for REIT status, we may be required to make distributions in excess of cash available. Distributions, if any, are authorized at the discretion of our board of directors based on their analysis of our performance over the previous periods and expectations of performance for future periods. Such analyses may include actual and anticipated operating cash flow, capital expenditure needs, general financial and market conditions, proceeds from asset sales and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. Our board of directors’ decisions will be substantially influenced by their obligation to ensure that we maintain our federal tax status as a REIT. We cannot provide assurance that we will pay distributions at any particular level, or at all.

Prior to 2012, our board of directors declared distributions on a quarterly basis based on daily record dates, portions of which were paid on a monthly basis. During the first quarter of 2012, our board of directors determined to cease regular, monthly distributions in favor of payment of periodic special distributions.

Since 2012, our board of directors has declared a total of $77.1 million, or $3.00 per share of common stock, in special cash distributions, all of which were paid to stockholders during 2014, 2015, and 2016. These special cash distributions were paid with a portion of proceeds from asset sales.

Competition

We are subject to significant competition in seeking tenants for the leasing of our properties and buyers for the potential sale of our properties. The competition for creditworthy tenants is intense, and we have been required to provide rent concessions, incur charges for tenant improvements, and provide other inducements in order to lease vacant space at our properties.  Without these inducements, we may not be able to continue to lease vacant space timely, or at all, which would adversely impact our results of operations.  We also compete with sellers of similar properties when we sell properties, which may result in our receiving lower proceeds from the sale of our properties or not being able to sell our properties at prices that will achieve our original return objectives. We compete for buyers and tenants with many third parties engaged in real estate investment activities, including other REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, lenders, hedge funds, governmental bodies, and other entities. Many of our competitors, including larger REITs, have greater financial resources than we have and generally may be able to accept more risk. They also may enjoy competitive advantages that result from, among other things, a lower cost of capital and enhanced operating efficiencies.

Regulations

Our investments are subject to various federal, state and local laws, ordinances, and regulations, including, among other things, zoning regulations, land use controls, environmental controls relating to air and water quality, noise pollution, and indirect environmental impacts such as increased motor vehicle activity. We believe that we have all permits and approvals necessary under current law to operate our investments.

Environmental

As an owner of real estate, we are subject to various environmental laws of federal, state, and local governments. Compliance with existing laws has not had a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, and management does not believe it will have such an impact in the future. However, we cannot predict the impact of unforeseen environmental contingencies or new or changed laws or regulations on properties in which we hold an interest.

Employees

We have no employees. Our Advisor and its affiliates perform a full range of real estate services for us, including asset management, accounting, legal, property management, and investor relations services.

We are dependent on the Advisor and its affiliates for services that are essential to us, including asset management and acquisition, disposition and financing activities, and other general administrative responsibilities. If these companies were unable to provide these services to us, we would be required to provide the services ourselves or obtain the services from other sources.

Financial Information About Industry Segments

Our current business consists of owning, managing, operating, leasing, developing, investing in, and disposing of real estate and real estate-related investments. We internally evaluate all of our real estate investments as one reportable segment, and, accordingly, we do not report segment information.

Available Information

We electronically file annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports with the United States Securities Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We also have filed with the SEC registration statements in connection with the Offerings. Copies of our filings with the SEC may be obtained from our website at www.lightstonecapitalmarkets.com or at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Access to these filings is free of charge. We are not incorporating our website or any information from the website into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

General

The following table presents certain additional information about our consolidated investments in real estate as of December 31, 2018:

The following information generally applies to our consolidated investments in our real estate properties:

Portfolio Diversification

As an opportunistic and value-add fund, we utilize a business model driven by investment strategy and expected performance characteristics. Accordingly, we have investments in several types of real estate, including office, multifamily, and student housing.

The following table shows the total revenues of our real estate portfolio for the properties we consolidated in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Geographic Diversification

The following table shows the geographic diversification of our real estate portfolio for those properties that we consolidate in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 excluding revenues generated from our disposed properties (dollars in thousands):

See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding how geographic concentration may be considered in the evaluation of our investments for impairment.

Future Lease Payments Table

The following table presents the future minimum base rental payments due to us under non-cancelable leases over the next ten years at our office property, Gardens Medical Pavilion, as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Portfolio Lease Expirations

The following table presents lease expirations for non-cancelable leases for our medical office building, Gardens Medical Pavilion, as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

We are not party to, and none of our properties are subject to, any material pending legal proceedings.

None

PART II

Market Information

There currently is no established public trading market for our common stock. Therefore, there is a risk that a stockholder may not be able to sell our stock at a time or price acceptable to the stockholder. Unless and until our shares are listed on a national securities exchange, it is not expected that a public market for the shares will develop.

Estimated Net Asset Value (“NAV”) and NAV per Share of Common Stock (“NAV per Share”)

On November 30, 2018, pursuant to the Policy for Estimation of Common Stock Value (the “Estimated Valuation Policy”), our board of directors of determined and approved our estimated NAV of approximately $199.2 million and resulting estimated NAV per Share of $8.47 both as of September 30, 2018.

We believe there have been no material changes between September 30, 2018 and the date of this filing to the net value of our assets and liabilities that existed as of September 30, 2018.

Process and Methodology

Our business is managed by an external advisor and we have no employees. Commencing on February 10, 2017, we engaged our Advisor to provide advisory services to us. Our Advisor, along with any necessary material assistance or confirmation of a third-party valuation expert or service, is responsible for calculating our estimated NAV and resulting NAV per Share, which we currently expect will be done on at least an annual basis unless and until our shares of common stock are approved for listing on a national securities exchange. Our board of directors will review and approve each estimate of NAV and resulting NAV per Share.

Our estimated NAV and resulting NAV per Share as of September 30, 2018 were calculated with both the assistance of our Advisor and Capright Property Advisors, LLC (“Capright”), an independent third-party valuation firm engaged to assist with the valuation of our assets and liabilities. Our Advisor recommended and our board of directors established the estimated NAV per Share based upon the analyses and reports provided by our Advisor and Capright. The process of estimating the value of our assets and liabilities is performed in accordance with our Estimated Valuation Policy and the provisions of the Investment Program Association Practice Guideline 2013-01, “Valuation of Publicly Registered Non-Listed REITs.” We believe our valuations were developed in a manner reasonably designed to ensure their reliability.

In arriving at an estimated NAV and resulting NAV per Share, our board of directors reviewed and considered the valuation analyses prepared by our Advisor and Capright. Our Advisor presented a report to the board of directors with an estimated NAV and resulting NAV per Share. Capright provided our board of directors an opinion that the resulting “as-is” market value for the Company’s properties, as calculated by our Advisor, and the other assets and liabilities as valued by our Advisor, along with the corresponding NAV valuation methodologies and assumptions used by our Advisor to arrive at a recommended NAV per Share of $8.47 as of September 30, 2018 were appropriate and reasonable. Our board of directors conferred with our Advisor and a representative from Capright regarding the methodologies and assumptions used to reach their respective conclusions. Our board of directors, which is responsible for determining our estimated per share value, considered all information provided in light of its own familiarity with our assets and liabilities and unanimously approved a NAV per Share of $8.47 as of September 30, 2018.

The engagement of Capright with respect to our estimated NAV and resulting NAV per Share as of September 30, 2018 was approved by our board of directors, including all of our independent directors. Capright has extensive experience in conducting asset valuations, including valuations of commercial real estate, debt, properties and real estate-related investments.

Capright’s opinion was subject to various limitations. In forming its opinion, Capright relied on certain information provided by our Advisor and third parties without independent verification. Our Advisor provided Capright with certain information regarding lease terms and the physical condition and capital expenditure requirements of each property. Capright did not perform engineering or structural studies or environmental studies of any of the properties, nor did they perform an independent appraisal of the other assets and liabilities included in our estimated NAV and resulting NAV per Share.

In forming their conclusion as to the “as-is” value of the real estate investments held by us as of September 30, 2018, Capright’s opinion was subject to various limitations. In connection with their engagement, Capright completed appraisals of six of our seven properties. Capright did not perform an appraisal on our mezzanine loan investment or on 22 Exchange, a student housing complex with a retail component, located in Akron, Ohio, in which we had a 90.0% ownership interest. With respect to the appraisals performed by Capright, the scope of their work included:

In addition to their appraisals of six of our seven consolidated properties, Capright also evaluated the following information to arrive at their opinion of our remaining real estate investments and other assets and liabilities:

Capright has acted as a valuation advisor to us in connection with this assignment. The compensation paid to Capright in connection with this assignment was not contingent upon the successful completion of any transaction or conclusion reached by Capright. Capright may be engaged to provide financial advisory services to us, our Advisor, or other Lightstone-sponsored investment programs or their affiliates in the future.

The following is a summary of the valuation methodologies used for each type of asset:

Investments in real estate. We have generally focused on acquiring commercial real estate properties in different asset classes, some of which required development, redevelopment, or repositioning. Capright and our Advisor utilized a variety of valuation methodologies, each as appropriate for the asset type under consideration to assign an estimated value to each asset.

Our Advisor estimated the value of our investments in real estate utilizing multiple valuation methods, as appropriate for each asset, including an income approach using discounted cash flow analysis and a sales comparable analysis. The key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow approach were specific to each property type, market location, and quality of each property and were based on similar investors’ return expectations and market assessments. The key assumptions are reflected in the table included under “Allocation of Estimated NAV per Share” below. In calculating values for our assets, our Advisor used balance sheet and cash flow estimates as of September 30, 2018.

In forming its opinion, Capright prepared appraisals on six of our seven consolidated investment properties in connection with the valuation. The appraisals estimated values by using discounted cash flow, comparable sales, or a weighting of these approaches in determining each property’s value. The appraisals employed a range of terminal capitalization rates, discount rates, growth rates, and other variables that fell within ranges that Capright and our Advisor believed would be used by similar investors to value the properties we own. The assumptions used in developing these estimates were specific to each property (including holding periods) and were determined based upon a number of factors including the market in which the property is located, the specific location of the property within the market, property and market vacancy, tenant demand for space, and investor demand and return requirements.

While we and our Advisor believe that the approaches used by appraisers in valuing our real estate assets, including an income approach using discounted cash flow analysis and sales comparable analysis, is standard in the real estate industry, the estimated values for our investments in real estate may or may not represent current market values or fair values determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). Real estate is currently carried at its amortized cost basis in our financial statements, subject to any adjustments applicable under GAAP.

The value of our mezzanine loan investment approximates its carrying value as of September 30, 2018 and represents the minimum amount payable to us for our participation in the residual interests of Prospect Park, which was sold on December 15, 2017. Our mezzanine loan investment is accounted for as an investment in unconsolidated joint venture on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018.

The following relates specifically to our valuation of 22 Exchange for purposes of estimating our NAV and resulting NAV per Share as of September 30, 2018. For all of the quarterly periods in 2017, we did not meet the debt service coverage requirements on the nonrecourse mortgage loan secured by 22 Exchange (the “22 Exchange Loan”). As a result, the lender elected to sweep the cash from operations beginning in January 2018 and because the cash flow from operations was not sufficient to fully pay the scheduled monthly debt service due in January 2018, the 22 Exchange Loan was placed in default and became due on demand. We also received notice in January 2018 that the 22 Exchange Loan had been transferred to a special servicer effective immediately. Subsequently, the special servicer placed the property in receivership and a sheriff’s sale was scheduled during December 2018. As a result, we believed the total outstanding principal balance of the 22 Exchange Loan of $18.9 million as of September 30, 2018 exceeded the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral and therefore, for valuation purposes, the estimated NAV of 22 Exchange was deemed to be zero, which was accomplished by establishing that the estimated value of the property was $18.9 million which equaled the outstanding nonrecourse debt which we did not expect to fully pay other than through the loss of our ownership interest in the property. The 22 Exchange Loan was nonrecourse to us and we were not required to fund any operating shortfalls or refinancing shortfalls. On December 28, 2018, we and our 10.0% noncontrolling member relinquished our ownership of 22 Exchange to the lender via a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure transaction. In connection with the transaction, all outstanding mortgage indebtedness, including accrued and unpaid interest was forgiven.

Cash and cash equivalents. The estimated value of our cash and cash equivalents approximate their carrying value due to their short term maturities.

Restricted cash. The estimated value of our restricted cash approximate their carrying value due to their short term maturities.

Marketable securities. The estimated values of our marketable securities are based on Level 2 inputs. Level 2 inputs are inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. All of our marketable securities measured using Level 2 inputs were valued based on a market approach using readily available quoted market prices for similar assets.

Notes payable. Values for our notes payable, which consist of mortgage loans, were estimated by the Advisor and reviewed by Capright using a discounted cash flow analysis, which used inputs based on the remaining loan terms and estimated current market interest rates for mortgage loans with similar characteristics, including remaining loan term and loan-to-value ratios. The current market interest rate was generally determined based on market rates for available comparable debt. The estimated current market interest rates for mortgage loans ranged from 2.4% to 4.6%.

Other assets and liabilities, net. Our other assets and liabilities, net consist of accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable, payables to related parties, distributions payable to noncontrolling interests, income taxes payable, deferred gain, accrued property tax and accrued and other liabilities. For a majority of our other assets and liabilities, the carrying values as of September 30, 2018 were considered equal to fair value by our Advisor due to their cost-based characteristics or short maturities. Certain other items, primarily straight-line rent receivable, intangibles and deferred costs, have been eliminated for the purpose of the valuation because those items are already considered in our valuation of the respective investments in real estate operating properties or financial instruments (i.e., notes payable).

Noncontrolling interests. In those situations where our consolidated operating properties are held in joint venture structures in which other equity holders have an ownership interest, our Advisor has valued those noncontrolling interests based on the terms of the respective joint venture agreement applied assuming a liquidation of the joint venture as of the date of valuation. The resulting allocation of value to noncontrolling interests is a deduction to the estimated NAV.

Common stock outstanding. In deriving an estimated NAV per Share, the total estimated NAV was divided by 23.5 million, the total number of common shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018, on a fully diluted basis, which includes financial instruments that can be converted into a known or determinable number of common shares. As of the valuation date, none of our financial instruments that could be converted into common shares are currently convertible into a known or determinable number of common shares. The determination of the number of common shares outstanding used in the estimated NAV per Share is the same as used in GAAP computations for per share amounts.

Our estimated NAV per Share was calculated by aggregating the value of our assets, subtracting the value of both our liabilities and noncontrolling interests, and dividing the net amount by the fully-diluted shares of common stock outstanding, all as of September 30, 2018.

Allocation of Estimated NAV per Share

The table below sets forth the calculation of our estimated NAV per Share as of September 30, 2018, as well as the calculation of our prior estimated NAV per Share as of September 30, 2017. The estimated NAV per Share of $8.47 as of September 30, 2018, reflects an increase of $0.49, or 6.1%, from the estimated NAV per Share of $7.98 as of September 30, 2017.

Notes:

The following are ranges of the key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow models to estimate the value of these six consolidated properties. The discounted cash flow analyses for our student housing asset as well as our office asset are each for only one property, and therefore, a range of values is not applicable.

The estimated values of our investments in real estate as of September 30, 2018 reflect an aggregate increase of 12.6% compared to their original purchase price (excluding acquisition costs).

While we believe that our assumptions utilized are reasonable, a change in these assumptions would affect the calculation of the value of our real estate assets. The table below presents the estimated increase or decrease to our estimated NAV per Share resulting from a 25 basis point increase and decrease in the discount rates and capitalization rates for six of the seven consolidated properties we currently own. The table is presented to provide a hypothetical illustration of possible results if only one change in assumptions was made, with all other factors remaining constant. Further, each of these assumptions could change by more or less than 25 basis points or not at all.

Historical Estimated NAV per Share

The historical reported estimated NAV per Share of our common stock as approved by our board of directors for the preceding year is set forth below:

Limitations and Risks

As with any valuation methodology, the methodology used to determine our estimated NAV and resulting NAV per Share is based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may prove later not to be accurate or complete.  Further, different participants with different property-specific and general real estate and capital market assumptions, estimates, judgments and standards could derive a different estimated NAV per Share, which could be significantly different from the estimated NAV per Share approved by our board of directors.  The estimated NAV per Share approved by our board of directors does not represents the fair value of our assets and liabilities in accordance with GAAP, and such estimated NAV per Share is not a representation, warranty or guarantee that:

The Internal Revenue Service and the Department of Labor do not provide any guidance on the methodology an issuer must use to determine its estimated NAV per share. FINRA guidance provides that NAV valuations be derived from a methodology that conforms to standard industry practice.

As with any valuation methodology, our methodology is based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that may not be accurate or complete. Different parties with different assumptions and estimates could derive different estimated NAVs and resulting NAVs per share, and these differences could be significant. The estimated NAV per Share is not audited and does not represent the fair value of our assets less our liabilities in accordance GAAP, nor do they represent an actual liquidation value of our assets and liabilities or the amount shares of our common stock would trade at on a national securities exchange. Our estimated NAV per Share is based on the estimated value of our assets less the estimated value of our liabilities and other non-controlling interests divided by the number of our diluted shares of common stock outstanding, all as of the date indicated. Our estimated NAV per Share does not reflect a discount for the fact we are externally managed, nor does it reflect a real estate portfolio premium/discount versus the sum of the individual property values. Our estimated NAV per Share does not take into account estimated disposition costs or fees or penalties, if any, that may apply upon the prepayment of certain of our debt obligations or the impact of restrictions on the assumption of certain debt. Our estimated NAV per Share will fluctuate over time as a result of, among other things, future acquisitions or dispositions of assets, developments related to individual assets and the management of those assets and changes in the real estate and capital markets. Different parties using different assumptions and estimates could derive different NAVs and resulting estimated NAVs per share, and these differences could be significant. Markets for real estate and real estate-related investments can fluctuate and values are expected to change in the future. Our Estimated Valuation Policy requires us to update our estimated NAV per Share value on an annual basis. Our board of directors will review and approve each estimate of NAV and resulting estimated NAV per Share.

The following factors may cause a stockholder not to ultimately realize distributions per share of common stock equal to the estimated NAV per Share upon liquidation:

Holders

As of March 15, 2019, we had 23.4 million shares of common stock outstanding held by 10,042 stockholders.

Distributions

We made an election to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2008. U.S. federal tax law requires a REIT distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income, as calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP) determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. In order to continue to qualify for REIT status, we may be required to make distributions in excess of cash available. Distributions are authorized at the discretion of our board of directors based on their analysis of our performance over the previous periods and expectations of performance for future periods. Such analyses may include actual and anticipated operating cash flow, capital expenditure needs, general financial and market conditions, proceeds from asset sales and other factors that our board of directors deem relevant. Our board of directors’ decisions will be substantially influenced by their obligation to ensure that we maintain our federal tax status as a REIT. We cannot provide assurance that we will pay distributions at any particular level, or at all.

Our board of directors has declared two special cash distributions during 2015, one on March 18, 2015 for a total of $25.7 million and one on November 20, 2015 for a total of $38.4 million, for an aggregate of $64.1 million, or $2.50 per share of common stock. We paid the $25.7 million special cash distribution on March 31, 2015 and the $38.4 million special cash distribution on January 5, 2016. The special cash distributions paid during 2016 and 2015 were fully funded with a portion of proceeds from asset sales.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we did not sell any equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Effective December 19, 2017, we may no longer grant any awards pursuant to the Incentive Award Plan.

Share Redemption Program and Redemption Price

Our board of directors has adopted a share redemption program that permits stockholders to sell their shares back to us, subject to the significant conditions and limitations of the program. Our board of directors can amend the provisions of our share redemption program at any time without the approval of our stockholders.

From our inception through December 31, 2017, we had redeemed 2.1 million shares of our common stock at an average price per share of $6.89 per share. During 2018, we redeemed approximately 1.2 million shares of our common stock at an average price per share of $7.10 per share.

The terms on which we redeemed shares prior to July 1, 2018 differed between redemptions upon a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” (as defined in the share redemption program) or confinement to a long-term care facility (collectively, Exceptional Redemptions) and all other redemptions or Ordinary Redemptions.

Prior to July 1, 2018, the per share redemption price for Ordinary Redemptions and Exceptional Redemptions was equal to the lesser of 80% and 90%, respectively, of (i) the then current estimated NAV per Share and (ii) the average price per share the investor paid for all of his shares (as adjusted for any stock dividends, combinations, splits, recapitalizations and the like with respect to our common stock) less the Special Distributions (as defined in the share redemption program).

On August 9, 2017, our board of directors adopted a Fourth Amended and Restated Share Redemption Program (the “Fourth Amended Share Redemption Program”) which became effective July 1, 2018. The material changes made to the program were as follows. We no longer process redemptions upon death, “qualifying disability,” or confinement to a long-term care facility on terms different than those on which we process all other redemptions. The price at which we redeem shares submitted for redemption will be a percentage of the estimated NAV per Share as of the Effective Date (as defined in the Fourth Amended Share Redemption Program), as follows:

Pursuant to the terms of the Fourth Amended Share Redemption Program, any shares approved for redemption are redeemed on a periodic basis as determined from time to time by our board of directors, and no less frequently than annually.  We will not redeem, during any twelve-month period, more than 5% of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the twelve-month period immediately prior to the date of redemption.  In addition, the cash available for redemptions is limited to no more than $10.0 million in any twelve-month period.  Any redemption requests are honored pro rata among all requests received based on funds available and are not honored on a first come, first served basis.

On December 28, 2018, our board of directors adopted a Fifth Amended and Restated Share Redemption Program (the “Fifth Amended Share Redemption Program”) which became effective on January 31, 2019. The only material change to the program was to change the measurement period for the limitations on the number and dollar amount of shares that may be accepted for redemption from a rolling 12 month-period to a calendar year. On March 26, 2019, our board of directors set the cash available for redemptions at $2.5 million for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019.

During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we redeemed shares as follows:

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

Executive Overview

We were formed primarily to acquire and operate commercial real estate and real estate-related assets on an opportunistic and value-add basis.  In particular, we have focused generally on acquiring commercial properties with significant possibilities for capital appreciation, such as those requiring development, redevelopment or repositioning, those located in markets and submarkets with high growth potential, and those available from sellers who were distressed or faced time-sensitive deadlines.  In addition, our opportunistic and value-add investment strategy has included investments in real estate-related assets that present opportunities for higher current income. Since inception, we have acquired a wide variety of commercial properties, including office, industrial, retail, hospitality, and multifamily. We have purchased existing, income-producing properties and newly constructed properties. We have also invested in mortgage and mezzanine loans. We have made our investments in or in respect of real estate assets located in the United States and other countries based on our view of existing market conditions. Currently, our investments include multifamily and student housing communities and an office building. All of our current investments are located in the United States. We currently intend to hold our various real properties until such time as our board of directors determines that a sale or other disposition appears to be advantageous to achieve our investment objectives or until it appears that the objectives will not be met.

Market Outlook

As of December 31, 2018, a portion of our portfolio was invested in two public university student housing complexes located near the University of Georgia. Unlike traditional multifamily housing, most leases at a student housing property typically begin and end on the same dates, which for our student housing leases, typically coincide with the commencement of the fall academic term and terminating at the completion of the last summer school session of the academic year.  As such, we must re-lease each property in its entirety each year during a highly compressed time period, resulting in significant turnover in our tenant population from year to year.  As a result, we are highly dependent upon the effectiveness of our marketing and leasing efforts during the short annual leasing season that generally begins in January and ends in August of each year.  Our properties’ occupancy rates are, therefore, relatively stable during the August to July academic year, but are susceptible to fluctuation at the commencement of each new academic year, which may be greater than the fluctuation in occupancy rates experienced by traditional multifamily properties.  Although college enrollment is down nationwide, demand for student housing remains strong at the major universities. Many universities continue to face challenges, including lower enrollment and increased tuition costs. These challenges may lead to a decrease in occupancy and lower than anticipated revenues at our student housing properties.

The current outlook on financing trends appears relatively stable and interest rates are still at relatively low historical levels.  There is growing sentiment that the U.S. Federal Reserve may be likely to pause on interest rate hikes for the foreseeable future pending changing economic conditions.  Changes in interest rate policy as well as government spending levels and global economic conditions generally affect the overall level of domestic economic growth. Changes in these variables could slow economic growth, which could affect the amount of capital available or the costs charged for financings.  As of December 31, 2018, our weighted average interest rate was 4.28%.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had cash and cash equivalents of $29.6 million as of December 31, 2018. Our principal demands for funds going forward will be for the payment of (a) operating expenses, (b) interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness, (c) selective acquisitions and (d) distributions (if authorized by our board of directors). Generally, we expect to meet cash needs for the payment of operating expenses and interest on our outstanding indebtedness from our cash on hand and cash flow from operations, if any, and to fund distributions (if any) from our cash on hand and excess cash flow and/or proceeds from asset sales. To the extent that our cash flow from operations is not sufficient to cover our operating expenses, interest on our outstanding indebtedness, or redemptions, we expect to use borrowings and selective asset sales to fund such needs.

We intend to hold our various real properties until such time as our board of directors determines that a sale or other disposition appears to be advantageous to achieve our investment objectives or until it appears that the objectives will not be met. We disposed of 22 Exchange in the fourth quarter of 2018 through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure transaction with the lender and sold the Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel in the third quarter of 2017. Additionally, we received proceeds of approximately $21.6 million related to an equity method investment in Prospect Park in the fourth quarter of 2017 and an additional $10.9 million from this investment in January 2019.

We did not make any distributions during 2018 and 2017.

We continually evaluate our liquidity and ability to fund future operations and debt obligations.  The Company has debt of approximately $13.7 million associated with Lakes of Margate ($13.4 million due at maturity date of January 1, 2020) maturing over the next twelve months. We currently expect to refinance all or a portion of this maturing indebtedness on or before its scheduled maturity. However, if we are unable to refinance the outstanding indebtedness at favorable terms, we will look to repay the outstanding balance with available cash and/or proceeds from selective asset sales. In addition to our debt obligations, we consider other factors in evaluating our liquidity. For example, to the extent our portfolio is concentrated in certain geographic regions and types of assets, downturns relating generally to such regions and assets may result in tenants defaulting on their lease obligations at a number of our properties within a short time period.  Such defaults could negatively affect our liquidity and adversely affect our ability to fund our ongoing operations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, excluding 22 Exchange, the investment which was disposed of in 2018, approximately 27.4%, 13.1%, 20.7%, 2.1%, 22.3% and 14.4% of our total revenues (including revenues generated from tenant reimbursements) were derived from our properties located in Florida, Texas, Tennessee, Illinois, Georgia and Indiana, respectively. Additionally, excluding our investment which was disposed of in 2018, approximately 68.5%, 22.3% and 9.2% of our total revenues were from our multifamily properties, student housing properties and medical office building, respectively.

We may, but are not required to, establish capital reserves from cash flow generated by operating properties and other investments, or net sales proceeds from the sale of our properties and other investments.  Capital reserves are typically utilized for non-operating expenses such as tenant improvements, leasing commissions, and major capital expenditures.  Alternatively, a lender may establish its own criteria for escrow of capital reserves.

We have borrowed money to acquire properties and make other investments.  Under our charter, the maximum amount of our indebtedness is limited to 300% of our “net assets” (as defined by our charter) as of the date of any borrowing; however, we may exceed that limit if approved by a majority of our independent directors.  In addition to our charter limitation, our board of directors has adopted a policy to generally limit our aggregate borrowings to approximately 75% of the aggregate value of our assets unless substantial justification exists that borrowing a greater amount is in our best interests.  Our policy limitation, however, does not apply to individual real estate assets.

Commercial real estate debt markets may experience volatility and uncertainty as a result of certain related factors, including the tightening of underwriting standards by lenders and credit rating agencies, macro-economic issues related to fiscal, tax and regulatory policies, and global financial issues.  Should the overall cost of borrowings increase, either by increases in the index rates or by increases in lender spreads, we will need to factor such increases into the economics of our developments and investments.  This may result in our investment operations generating lower overall economic returns and a reduced level of cash flow, which could potentially impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.  In addition, disruptions in the debt markets may reduce the amount of capital that is available to finance real estate, which in turn could: (i) lead to a decline in real estate values generally; (ii) slow real estate transaction activity; (iii) reduce the loan-to-value ratio upon which lenders are willing to extend debt; and (iv) result in difficulty in refinancing debt as it becomes due, all of which may reasonably be expected to have a material adverse impact on the value of real estate investments and the revenues, income or cash flow from the operations of real properties and mortgage loans.

Debt Financings

From time to time, we have obtained mortgage, bridge, or mezzanine loans for acquisitions and investments, as well as property development.  In the future, we may obtain financing for property development or to refinance our existing real estate assets, depending on multiple factors.

As of December 31, 2018, our notes payable balance was $139.0 million, net of deferred financing fees of $2.4 million, and had a weighted average interest rate of 4.28%. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had a notes payable balance of $89.9 million, net of deferred financing fees of $0.4 million, with a weighted average interest rate of 4.97%.

2018 Debt Transactions

On May 1, 2018, we entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan (the “River Club Mortgage”) in the amount of $30.4 million. The River Club Mortgage has a term of seven years, bears interest at Libor plus 1.78% and requires monthly interest-only payments during the first five years and interest and principal payments pursuant to a 30-year amortization schedule for the remaining two years through its stated maturity with the entire unpaid balance due upon maturity. The River Club Mortgage is cross-collateralized by the River Club and the Townhomes at River Club. At closing, approximately $23.4 million of the proceeds from the River Club Mortgage were used to repay in full the existing non-recourse mortgage loan.

On June 1, 2018, we entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan (the “Parkside Mortgage”) in the amount of $18.0 million. The Parkside Mortgage has a term of seven years, bears interest at 4.45% and requires monthly interest and principal payments pursuant to a 30-year amortization schedule through its stated maturity with the entire unpaid balance due upon maturity. The Parkside Mortgage is collateralized by Parkside. At closing, approximately $9.6 million of the proceeds from the Parkside Mortgage were used to repay in full the existing non-recourse mortgage loan.

On June 28, 2018, the Company entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan (the “Gardens Medical Mortgage”) in the amount of $13.0 million. The Gardens Medical Mortgage has a term of three years, bears interest at Libor plus 1.90% and requires monthly interest and principal payments through its stated maturity with the entire unpaid balance due upon maturity. The Gardens Medical Mortgage is collateralized by the Gardens Medical Pavilion.

On November 27, 2018, we assumed a non-recourse mortgage loan (the “Axis at Westmont Mortgage”) in the amount of $37.6 million. The Axis at Westmont Mortgage is secured by a first mortgage lien on the assets of the Axis at Westmont, bears interest at a fixed annual rate of 4.39% and requires monthly interest only payments until March 1, 2021, at which time monthly principal and interest payments of $188,064 are required. Any unpaid principal and interest is due on the maturity date, February 1, 2026. We have the right to prepay the entire outstanding amount of the loan provided that if prepayment is made prior to November 1, 2025, a prepayment premium is required. The fair value of the Axis at Westmont Mortgage approximated its outstanding balance as of the date of assumption.

On December 28, 2018, we entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan (the “Arbors Harbor Town Mortgage”) in the amount of $29.0 million. The Arbors Harbor Town Mortgage has a term of seven years, bears interest at 4.53% and requires monthly interest payments through its stated maturity with the entire unpaid balance due upon maturity. The Arbors Harbor Town Mortgage is collateralized by the Arbors Harbor Town. At closing, approximately $23.7 million of the proceeds from the Arbors Harbor Town Mortgage were used to repay in full the existing non-recourse mortgage loan and an additional $1.9 million of the proceeds were used to acquire the 6.0% membership interest in the property held by a minority owner, and as a result, we now own 100.0% of this property.

On December 28, 2018, we and the 10.0% noncontrolling member relinquished our ownership of 22 Exchange through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure transaction with the lender. Upon relinquishment of the property, we were relieved of approximately $22.6 million of mortgage obligations, including accrued and unpaid interest associated with the mortgage loan and other liabilities.

2017 Debt Transactions

Our debt secured by Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel, with an outstanding balance of $38.0 million as of December 31, 2016, was scheduled to mature on May 9, 2017. On May 8, 2017, we, through our 80% ownership interest in a joint venture between our indirect wholly owned subsidiary and JMI Realty, LLC, an unaffiliated third party (the “Kauai Joint Venture”), entered into a new mortgage facility of up to $44.0 million (the “Courtyard Kauai Loan”) with TH Commercial Investment Corp. Initial borrowings of $36.0 million were advanced under the Courtyard Kauai Loan and those funds plus additional cash were used to repay the then outstanding balance under the previous loan with Wells Fargo Bank. The Courtyard Kauai Loan bore interest at 30-day LIBOR plus 4.7% and was scheduled to mature in three years with two one-year extensions available. We had also guaranteed payment of certain recourse liabilities with respect to certain customary nonrecourse carve-outs as set forth in the guaranties in favor of the lender.   

On August 15, 2017, the Courtyard Kauai Loan was assumed by the unrelated third-party buyer in connection with the sale of the Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel. The outstanding balance as of the date of sale was $36.0 million. See Notes 6 and 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

On December 27, 2017, we used cash on hand to pay off in full the existing indebtedness of approximately $12.5 million on the Gardens Medical Pavilion, which was scheduled to mature on January 1, 2018.

Debt Compliance

Our loan agreements stipulate that we comply with certain reporting and financial covenants.  These covenants include, among other things, maintaining minimum debt service coverage ratios, loan to value ratios, and liquidity.  We are currently in compliance with all of our debt covenants.

We did not meet the debt service coverage requirements for our 22 Exchange loan as of March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017. As a result, the lender elected to sweep the cash from operations beginning in January 2018. Additionally, the cash from operations was not sufficient to fully pay the scheduled monthly debt service due on January 5, 2018, which constituted an event of default and therefore, the 22 Exchange loan which was scheduled to mature in May 2023 is now due on demand. We received notice on January 9, 2018 that the 22 Exchange loan had been transferred to a special servicer effective immediately. Subsequently, the special servicer placed the property in receivership and commenced foreclosure proceedings and on December 28, 2018, we and the 10.0% noncontrolling member relinquished our ownership of 22 Exchange through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure transaction with the lender. Upon relinquishment of the property, we were relieved of approximately $22.6 million of mortgage obligations, including accrued and unpaid interest associated with the mortgage loan and other liabilities.

Contractual Obligations

One of our principal short-term and long-term liquidity requirements includes the repayment of maturing debt. The following table provides information with respect to the contractual maturities and scheduled principal repayments of our indebtedness as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

As of December 31, 2018, we had debt of approximately $13.7 million associated with Lakes of Margate maturing in the next twelve months. We currently expect to refinance all or a portion of this maturing indebtedness on or before its scheduled maturity. However, if we are unable to refinance the outstanding indebtedness at favorable terms, we will look to repay the outstanding balance with available cash and/or proceeds from selective asset sales.

Results of Operations

As of December 31, 2018, we had eight real estate investments, seven of which were consolidated (three wholly owned properties and four properties consolidated through investments in joint ventures) and one real estate investment which we account for under the equity method. We disposed of one property (22 Exchange) on December 28, 2018 and acquired one property (Axis at Westmont) on November 27, 2018. The disposition of this property did not qualify to be reported as discontinued operations since it did not represent a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. Accordingly, the operating results of this property are reflected in the Company’s results from continuing operations for all periods presented through its date of disposition. Additionally, in January 2019 we received proceeds of approximately $10.9 million related to our equity method investment in Prospect Park.

As of December 31, 2017, we had eight real estate investments, seven of which were consolidated (one wholly owned property and six properties consolidated through investments in joint ventures) and one real estate investment which we account for under the equity method. We sold one property (Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel) on August 15, 2017 and acquired one property (Flats at Fishers) on November 30, 2017. The disposition of this property did not qualify to be reported as discontinued operations since it did not represent a strategic shift that had a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. Accordingly, the operating results of this property are reflected in the Company’s results from continuing operations for all periods presented through its date of disposition. Additionally, on December 15, 2017 we received proceeds of approximately $21.6 million related to our equity method investment in Prospect Park.

Year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017

Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 reflect our acquisition and disposition activities during such periods. Properties which were owned by us during the entire periods presented are referred to as our “Same Store” properties.

The following table provides summary information about our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

The following table reflects total rental and hotel revenues and total property and hotel operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 for our (i) Same Store properties, (ii) acquisitions and (iii) dispositions (dollars in thousands):

The tables below reflect occupancy and effective monthly rental rates for our Same Store properties:

Revenues.    Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $27.5 million, an increase of $3.2 million, compared to $24.3 million for the same period 2017. Excluding the effect of our acquisition and disposition activities during the periods, our rental revenues increased by $0.3 million for our Same Store properties. This increase was primarily attributable to higher occupancy and rental rates for the Lakes of Margate during 2018.

Hotel revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $13.2 million. Our hotel revenues were attributable solely to the Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel which was sold on August 15, 2017.

Property Operating Expenses.    Property operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $10.2 million, a decrease of $1.3 million, compared to $8.9 million for the same period in 2017. Excluding the effect of our acquisition and disposition activities during the periods, our property operating expenses were relatively flat with an increase of $0.1 million for our Same Store properties.

Hotel Operating Expenses.  Hotel operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $9.3 million.  Our hotel operating expenses were attributable solely to the Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel which was sold on August 15, 2017.

Interest Expense, Net.   Interest expense, net for both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $6.1 million.  Excluding the effect of our acquisition and disposition activities during the periods, our interest expense, net decreased by $0.1 million.

Real Estate Taxes.  Real estate taxes for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $4.5 million, an increase of $0.2 million, compared to $4.3 million for the same period in 2017. Excluding the effect of our acquisitions and dispositions activity during the periods, our real estate taxes were unchanged for our Same Store Properties.

Impairment Charge. During the year ended December 31, 2018 we did not record any impairment charges. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $4.1 million on our investment in 22 Exchange (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Property Management Fees.   Property management fees, which are based on revenues, were $1.1 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and were composed of property management fees paid to unaffiliated third parties and our affiliated property manager.

Asset Management Fees.   Asset management fees for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, and were composed of asset management fees paid to our external advisor and third parties with respect to our investments. We pay our external advisor or its affiliates a monthly asset management fee of one-twelfth of 0.7% of the value for each asset as determined in connection with our establishment and publication of an estimated NAV per Share. Asset management fees for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 include fees related to our disposed properties. We incurred $0.1 million and $0.5 million in asset management fees related to disposed properties during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

General and Administrative Expenses.   General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $3.8 million and $4.5 million, respectively, and were composed of audit fees, legal fees, board of directors’ fees, and other administrative expenses.  The decrease of approximately $0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily due to a reduction in expensed acquisition fees.

Depreciation and Amortization.   Depreciation and amortization for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $9.7 million and $9.6 million, respectively.  Excluding the effect of our acquisitions and dispositions activity during the periods, our depreciation and amortization were relatively flat with a decrease of $0.1 million for our Same Store Properties.

Income from Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded no equity earnings related to our unconsolidated investment in Prospect Park. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded equity earnings of $17.9 million related to our unconsolidated investment in Prospect Park. See Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Gain on Extinguishment of Debt. On December 28, 2018, we and the 10.0% noncontrolling member relinquished our ownership of 22 Exchange through a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure transaction with the lender. Upon extinguishment of the mortgage debt obligation, we recognized a $2.8 million gain on extinguishment of debt representing the difference between the carrying value of the mortgage debt, accrued interest payable and other obligations extinguished (an aggregate of approximately $22.6 million) over the carrying value of the property and other assets transferred (an aggregate of approximately $19.8 million) less an additional $0.1 million of expenses incurred in connection with the disposition.

Gain on Sale of Real Estate. During 2018 we recognized an aggregate gain of $0.5 million related to the receipt of certain escrow reimbursements from the finalization of an insurance claim for Lakewood Flats, which was disposed of in August 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a gain on sale of real estate of approximately $20.9 million in connection with our disposition of the Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel. Additionally, during 2017 we recognized an aggregate gain of $0.7 million related to the receipt of certain escrow reimbursements from the insurance claim for Lakewood Flats.

Income Tax Benefit. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded no income tax benefit or expense.  During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded an aggregate income tax benefit of approximately $1.6 million consisting of (i) a refund of foreign income tax of approximately $0.8 million and (ii) the reversal of our previously estimated taxes payable $0.8 million related to the sales of AJS and Holstenplatz.

Summary of Cash Flows

Operating activities

Net cash flows provided by operating activities of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 consists of the following:

Investing activities

The net cash used in investing activities of $38.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 consists primarily of the following:

Financing activities

The net cash provided by financing activities of $17.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 consists primarily of the following:

Funds from Operations and Modified Funds from Operations

The historical accounting convention used for real estate assets requires straight-line depreciation of buildings, improvements, and straight-line amortization of intangibles, which implies that the value of a real estate asset diminishes predictably over time. We believe that, because real estate values historically rise and fall with market conditions, including, but not limited to, inflation, interest rates, the business cycle, unemployment and consumer spending, presentations of operating results for a REIT using the historical accounting convention for depreciation and certain other items may be less informative.

Because of these factors, the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT"), an industry trade group, has published a standardized measure of performance known as funds from operations ("FFO"), which is used in the REIT industry as a supplemental performance measure. We believe FFO, which excludes certain items such as real estate-related depreciation and amortization, is an appropriate supplemental measure of a REIT's operating performance. FFO is not equivalent to our net income or loss as determined under GAAP.

We define FFO, a non-GAAP measure, consistent with the standards set forth in the White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, as revised in February 2004 (the "White Paper"). The White Paper defines FFO as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, but excluding gains or losses from sales of property and real estate related impairments, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

We believe that the use of FFO provides a more complete understanding of our performance to investors and to management and reflects the impact on our operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs, general and administrative expenses, and interest costs, which may not be immediately apparent from net income.

Changes in the accounting and reporting promulgations under GAAP that were put into effect in 2009 subsequent to the establishment of NAREIT's definition of FFO, such as the change to expense as incurred rather than capitalize and depreciate acquisition fees and expenses incurred for business combinations, have prompted an increase in cash-settled expenses, specifically acquisition fees and expenses, as items that are expensed under GAAP across all industries. These changes had a particularly significant impact on publicly registered, non-listed REITs, which typically have a significant amount of acquisition activity in the early part of their existence, particularly during the period when they are raising capital through ongoing initial public offerings.

Because of these factors, the Investment Program Association (the "IPA"), an industry trade group, published a standardized measure of performance known as modified funds from operations ("MFFO"), which the IPA has recommended as a supplemental measure for publicly registered, non-listed REITs. MFFO is designed to be reflective of the ongoing operating performance of publicly registered, non-listed REITs by adjusting for those costs that are more reflective of acquisitions and investment activity, along with other items the IPA believes are not indicative of the ongoing operating performance of a publicly registered, non-listed REIT, such as straight-lining of rents as required by GAAP. We believe it is appropriate to use MFFO as a supplemental measure of operating performance because we believe that both before and after we have deployed all of our offering proceeds and are no longer incurring a significant amount of acquisition fees or other related costs, it reflects the impact on our operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs, general and administrative expenses, and interest costs, which may not be immediately apparent from net income. MFFO is not equivalent to our net income or loss as determined under GAAP.

We define MFFO, a non-GAAP measure, consistent with the IPA's Guideline 2010-01, Supplemental Performance Measure for Publicly Registered, Non-Listed REITs: Modified Funds from Operations (the "Practice Guideline") issued by the IPA in November 2010. The Practice Guideline defines MFFO as FFO further adjusted for acquisition and transaction-related fees and expenses and other items. In calculating MFFO, we follow the Practice Guideline and exclude acquisition and transaction-related fees and expenses (which includes costs incurred in connection with strategic alternatives), amounts relating to deferred rent receivables and amortization of market lease and other intangibles, net (which are adjusted in order to reflect such payments from a GAAP accrual basis to a cash basis of disclosing the rent and lease payments), accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on debt investments and borrowings, mark-to-market adjustments included in net income (including gains or losses incurred on assets held for sale), gains or losses included in net income from the extinguishment or sale of debt, hedges, foreign exchange, derivatives or securities holdings where trading of such holdings is not a fundamental attribute of the business plan, unrealized gains or losses resulting from consolidation from, or deconsolidation to, equity accounting, and after adjustments for consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures, with such adjustments calculated to reflect MFFO on the same basis.

We believe that, because MFFO excludes costs that we consider more reflective of acquisition activities and other non-operating items, MFFO can provide, on a going-forward basis, an indication of the sustainability (that is, the capacity to continue to be maintained) of our operating performance after the period in which we are acquiring properties and once our portfolio is stabilized. We also believe that MFFO is a recognized measure of sustainable operating performance by the non-listed REIT industry and allows for an evaluation of our performance against other publicly registered, non-listed REITs.

Not all REITs, including publicly registered, non-listed REITs, calculate FFO and MFFO the same way. Accordingly, comparisons with other REITs, including publicly registered, non-listed REITs, may not be meaningful. Furthermore, FFO and MFFO are not indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or income (loss) from continuing operations as determined under GAAP as an indication of our performance, as an alternative to cash flows from operations as an indication of our liquidity, or indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. FFO and MFFO should be reviewed in conjunction with other GAAP measurements as an indication of our performance. FFO and MFFO should not be construed to be more relevant or accurate than the current GAAP methodology in calculating net income or in its applicability in evaluating our operating performance. The methods utilized to evaluate the performance of a publicly registered, non-listed REIT under GAAP should be construed as more relevant measures of operational performance and considered more prominently than the non-GAAP measures, FFO and MFFO, and the adjustments to GAAP in calculating FFO and MFFO.

Neither the SEC, NAREIT, the IPA nor any other regulatory body or industry trade group has passed judgment on the acceptability of the adjustments that we use to calculate FFO or MFFO. In the future, NAREIT, the IPA or another industry trade group may publish updates to the White Paper or the Practice Guidelines or the SEC or another regulatory body could standardize the allowable adjustments across the publicly registered, non-listed REIT industry, and we would have to adjust our calculation and characterization of FFO or MFFO accordingly.

Our calculations of FFO and MFFO for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are presented below (dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts):

Distributions

U.S. federal tax law requires a REIT distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income, as calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP) determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. In order to continue to qualify for REIT status, we may be required to make distributions in excess of cash available. Distributions are authorized at the discretion of our board of directors based on their analysis of our performance over the previous periods and expectations of performance for future periods. Such analyses may include actual and anticipated operating cash flow, capital expenditure needs, general financial and market conditions, proceeds from asset sales, and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. The board of directors’ decision will be substantially influenced by the obligation to ensure that we maintain our federal tax status as a REIT. We cannot provide assurance that we will pay distributions at any particular level, or at all.

We did not make any distributions to our stockholders during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  These estimates include such items as purchase price allocation for real estate acquisitions, impairment of long-lived assets, depreciation and amortization, and allowance for doubtful accounts.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we consider to be critical in that they may require complex judgment in their application or require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of other subsidiaries over which we have control. All inter-company transactions, balances, and profits have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, interests in entities acquired are evaluated based on applicable GAAP, and deemed to be variable interest entities (“VIE”) in which we are the primary beneficiary are also consolidated. If the interest in the entity is determined not to be a VIE, then the entity is evaluated for consolidation based on legal form, economic substance, and the extent to which we have control, substantive participating rights or both under the respective ownership agreement. For entities in which we have less than a controlling interest or entities which we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary, we account for the investment using the equity method of accounting.

There are judgments and estimates involved in determining if an entity in which we have made an investment is a VIE and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary.  The entity is evaluated to determine if it is a VIE by, among other things, calculating the percentage of equity being risked compared to the total equity of the entity.  Determining expected future losses involves assumptions of various possibilities of the results of future operations of the entity, assigning a probability to each possibility and using a discount rate to determine the net present value of those future losses.  A change in the judgments, assumptions, and estimates outlined above could result in consolidating an entity that should not be consolidated or accounting for an investment using the equity method that should in fact be consolidated, the effects of which could be material to our financial statements.

Accounting for Acquisitions of Investment Property

The cost of the real estate assets acquired in an asset acquisition is allocated to the acquired tangible assets, consisting of land, building and tenant improvements, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases for acquired in-place leases and the value of tenant relationships, based in each case on their relative fair values. Fees incurred related to asset acquisitions are capitalized as part of the cost of the investment.

Upon the acquisition of real estate properties that qualify as a business, we recognize the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest as of the acquisition date, measured at their fair values. The acquisition date is the date on which we obtain control of the real estate property. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed may consist of land, inclusive of associated rights, buildings, assumed debt, identified intangible assets and liabilities, and asset retirement obligations. Identified intangible assets generally consist of above-market leases, in-place leases, in-place tenant improvements, in-place leasing commissions, and tenant relationships. Identified intangible liabilities generally consist of below-market leases. Goodwill is recognized as of the acquisition date and measured as the aggregate fair value of consideration transferred and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Likewise, a bargain purchase gain is recognized in current earnings when the aggregate fair value of consideration transferred and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree is less than the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the period incurred. Initial valuations are subject to change until our information is finalized, which is no later than twelve months from the acquisition date.

The fair value of the tangible assets acquired, consisting of land and buildings, is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and the “as-if-vacant” value is then allocated to land and buildings. Land values are derived from appraisals, and building values are calculated as replacement cost less depreciation or management’s estimates of the fair value of these assets using discounted cash flow analyses or similar methods believed to be used by market participants. The value of hotels and all other buildings is depreciated over the estimated useful lives of 39 years and 25 years, respectively, using the straight-line method.

We determine the fair value of assumed debt by calculating the net present value of the scheduled mortgage payments using interest rates for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities that management believes we could obtain at the date of the debt assumption. Any difference between the fair value and stated value of the assumed debt is recorded as a discount or premium and amortized over the remaining life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture

We have and may continue to provide funding to third party developers for the acquisition, development, and construction of real estate (“ADC Arrangement”).  Under an ADC Arrangement, we may participate in the residual profits of the project through the sale or refinancing of the property.  We evaluate such arrangements to determine if they have characteristics similar to a loan or if the characteristics are more similar to a joint venture or partnership such as participating in the risks and rewards of the project as an owner or an investment partner. When we determine that the characteristics are more similar to a jointly-owned investment or partnership, we account for the arrangement as an investment in an unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting or a direct investment (consolidated basis of accounting) instead of applying loan accounting.  The ADC Arrangements are reassessed at each reporting period.

Investment Impairment

For all of our real estate and real estate-related investments, we monitor events and changes in circumstances indicating that the carrying amounts of the real estate assets may not be recoverable.  Examples of the types of events and circumstances that would cause management to assess our assets for potential impairment include, but are not limited to:  a significant decrease in the market price of an asset; a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset is being used; an accumulation of costs in excess of the acquisition basis plus construction of the property; major vacancies and the resulting loss of revenues; natural disasters; a change in the projected holding period; legitimate purchase offers; and changes in the global and local markets or economic conditions.  To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in limited geographic locations, downturns specifically related to such regions may result in tenants defaulting on their lease obligations at those properties within a short time period, which may result in asset impairments.  When such events or changes in circumstances are present, we assess potential impairment by comparing estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows expected to be generated over the life of the asset and from its eventual disposition to the carrying amount of the asset.  These projected cash flows are prepared internally by the Advisor and reflect in-place and projected leasing activity, market revenue and expense growth rates, market capitalization rates, discount rates, and changes in economic and other relevant conditions. Our management reviews these projected cash flows to assure that the valuation is prepared using reasonable inputs and assumptions that are consistent with market data or with assumptions that would be used by a third-party market participant and assume the highest and best use of the investment. We consider trends, strategic decisions regarding future development plans, and other factors in our assessment of whether impairment conditions exist.  In the event that the carrying amount exceeds the estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to adjust the carrying amount of the asset to estimated fair value.  While we believe our estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, different assumptions regarding factors such as market rents, economic conditions, and occupancy rates could significantly affect these estimates.

In evaluating our investments for impairment, management may use appraisals and make estimates and assumptions, including, but not limited to, the projected date of disposition of the properties, the estimated future cash flows of the properties during our ownership, and the projected sales price of each of the properties.  A future change in these estimates and assumptions could result in understating or overstating the carrying value of our investments, which could be material to our financial statements. In addition, we may incur impairment charges on assets classified as held for sale in the future if the carrying amount of the asset upon classification as held for sale exceeds the estimated fair value, less costs to sell.

We also evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures at each reporting date.  If we believe there is an other than temporary decline in market value, we will record an impairment charge based on these evaluations.  We assess potential impairment by comparing our portion of estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows expected to be generated by the joint venture over the life of the joint venture’s assets to the carrying amount of the joint venture.  In the event that the carrying amount exceeds our portion of estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to adjust the carrying amount of the joint venture to its estimated fair value.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information of certain accounting standards that have not yet been required to implement and may be applicable to our future operations.

The information required by this Item 8 is included in our Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

None.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of December 31, 2018, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of December 31, 2018, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in this report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

We believe, however, that a controls system, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, within a company have been detected.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)). Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of December 31, 2018, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria established in Internal Control—New Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting, as of December 31, 2018, were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

None.

PART III

Directors

Because our directors take a critical role in guiding our strategic direction and overseeing our management, they must demonstrate broad-based business and professional skills and experiences, concern for the long-term interests of our stockholders, and personal integrity and judgment. In addition, our directors must have time available to devote to board activities and to enhance their knowledge of our industry. As described further below, we believe our directors have the appropriate mix of experiences, qualifications, attributes, and skills required of our board members in the context of the current needs of our company.

Andreas K. Bremer, 62, has served as one of our independent directors since November 2007 and as Lead Director since June 2017 Mr. Bremer currently serves as President and Chief Executive Officer of International Capital, LLC, a position he has held since 2018. Mr. Bremer joined International Capital as its Chief Financial Officer in October 2002 and became its Executive Vice President in 2005. International Capital specializes in acquisition, disposition, management and administration of commercial investment properties, and Mr. Bremer is responsible for all financial aspects of the company’s operations. Before joining International Capital, Mr. Bremer was the Chief Financial Officer of ATLASwerks®, a leading communication software company in Dallas. He acted as a corporate finance consultant for two years at McKinsey & Co. in both the Dallas and New York offices and served as Vice President of Finance and Treasurer at Paging Network, Inc. Mr. Bremer started his career at COMMERZBANK AG in Germany and spent seven of his 13-year tenure at the company’s New York and Atlanta offices. Mr. Bremer has over 25 years of financial and general management experience with extensive knowledge of corporate finance and commercial lending both in the United States and other countries, particularly Germany and holds a degree as CCIM. Mr. Bremer has served as Chairman of the German International School in Dallas since 2009. He was the Director of the Texas Warburg Chapter of the American Council on Germany in Dallas and, as Knight of Justice, is a member of the Order of St. John. . In 2018, Mr. Bremer was appointed Honorary Counsel of the Federal Republic of Germany in Dallas 2018 and continues to serve in that capacity. Mr. Bremer received a law degree from the Johannes-Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany.

Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Bremer is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including his more than 25 years of financial and general management experience, including international corporate finance and commercial lending. Mr. Bremer has served in various financial management positions and has significant experience in acquisition, disposition, management, and administration of commercial real estate investments. In addition, Mr. Bremer’s international background brings a unique perspective to our board.

Diane S. Detering-Paddison, 59, has served as one of our independent directors since June 2009. Ms. Detering-Paddison serves as President of 4word, www.4wordwomen.org, a not-for-profit organization she founded that connects, leads and supports professional Christian women and enables them to reach their potential. From February 2010 until June 2014, Ms. Detering-Paddison served as Chief Strategy Officer of Cassidy Turley, one of the nation’s largest commercial real estate service providers. Prior to joining Cassidy Turley, Ms. Detering-Paddison served as the Chief Operating Officer of ProLogis, an owner, manager, and developer of distribution facilities, from June 2008 until January 2009. Prior to that, Ms. Detering-Paddison was with CB Richard Ellis and Trammell Crow Company for over 20 years. During her time there, she served as Senior Vice President, Corporate and Investor Client Accounts from April 2001 until December 2004, Chief Operating Officer, Global Services from January 2005 until December 2006, and President, Global Corporate Services - Client Accounts from December 2006 until May 2008. Ms. Detering-Paddison was part of a ten member executive team that managed the merger between Trammell Crow Company and CB Richard Ellis in December 2006. Ms. Detering-Paddison serves on the Salvation Army national advisory board. Ms. Detering-Paddison is the author of “Work, Love, Pray.” Ms. Detering-Paddison holds a Master of Business Administration degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Business and a Bachelor of Science degree from Oregon State University where she graduated as Valedictorian.

Our board of directors has concluded that Ms. Detering-Paddison is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including her more than 30 years of management experience with large commercial real estate companies, including Trammell Crow Company, CB Richard Ellis, ProLogis, and Cassidy Turley. With her background, Ms. Detering-Paddison brings substantial insight and experience with respect to the commercial real estate industry.

Jeffrey F. Joseph, 77, has served as one of our independent directors since September 2017. Mr. Joseph served as President, Chief Executive Officer and director of Presidential Realty Corporation, a publicly held company focused on the development and ownership of multifamily residential properties, from 1991 until his retirement in 2011. From 1979 to 1991, Mr. Joseph served as a principal of Ivy Properties Ltd. and as General Counsel of Presidential Realty Corporation from 1973 to 1979. Mr. Joseph is Chairman of the Board of Takoda Service Dogs Inc., a charitable organization that provides service dogs to Veterans suffering from PTSD. Mr. Joseph began his career 1967 as an associate with Hughes Hubbard Blair & Reed. Mr. Joseph holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell University with a major in Economics and a Juris Doctorate degree from Cornell Law School, where he graduated Summa Cum Laude.

Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Joseph is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including his more than 40 years of real estate industry experience.

David Lichtenstein, 57, has served as one of our directors and Chairman of the Board of Directors since September 2017. Mr. Lichtenstein is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of our Advisor. Mr. Lichtenstein founded both American Shelter Corporation and Lightstone. From 1988 to the present, Mr. Lichtenstein has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone, directing all aspects of the acquisition, financing and management of a diverse portfolio of multifamily, lodging, retail and industrial properties located in 20 states and Puerto Rico. From June 2004 to the present, Mr. Lichtenstein has served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. (“Lightstone I”) and Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone Value Plus REIT LLC, its advisor. From April 2008 to the present, Mr. Lichtenstein has served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Offer of Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust II, Inc. (“Lightstone II”) and Lightstone Value Plus REIT II LLC, its advisor. From September 2014 to the present, Mr. Lichtenstein has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust III, Inc. (“Lightstone III”), and as Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone Value Plus REIT III LLC, its advisor.  From September 2014 to the present, Mr. Lichtenstein has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone Real Estate Income Trust Inc., (“Lightstone IV”), and as Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone Real Estate Income LLC, its advisor. From October 2014 to the present, Mr. Lichtenstein has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of Lightstone Enterprises Limited (“Lightstone Enterprises”). Mr. Lichtenstein was the president and/or director of certain subsidiaries of Extended Stay Hotels, Inc. (“Extended Stay”) that filed for Chapter 11 protection with Extended Stay. Extended Stay and its subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy protection on June 15, 2009 so they could reorganize their debts in the face of looming amortization payments. Extended Stay emerged from bankruptcy on October 8, 2010. Mr. Lichtenstein is no longer affiliated with Extended Stay. From July 2015 to the present, Mr. Lichtenstein has served as a member of the Board of Directors of the New York City Economic Development Corporation, New York City’s primary economic development vehicle. Mr. Lichtenstein is on the Board of Governors of the Real Estate Board of New York, a Trustee of the Citizens Budget Commission, and is a Member of The Economic Club of New York and the Real Estate Roundtable, and Co-Chair of the Real Estate Capital Policy Advisory Committee. He is also a member of the Brookings Institution’s Economic Studies Council and a trustee of The Touro College and University System and sits on the Board Supervisory Committee for The New York Medical College. Mr. Lichtenstein is a founder of the Friendship House, an organization that provides housing for families of sick children and adults in the Greater New York City area. Mr. Lichtenstein is also a member of the International Council of Shopping Centers and the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc., or NAREIT, an industry trade group, as well as a member of the Board of Directors of Touro College and New York Medical College.

Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Lichtenstein is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including his more than 25 years of financial and general management experience, including significant experience in acquisition, disposition, management, and administration of commercial real estate investments.

Jeffrey P. Mayer, 62, has served as one of our independent directors since November 2007 and is chairman of our audit committee. Mr. Mayer previously served as a consultant serving the real estate industry and is the owner of Mayer Financial Consulting, LLC and is the firm’s sole employee. This firm was started in 2011 to provide consulting services to individuals and businesses primarily dealing with financial investments and real estate. From 2000 until 2007, Mr. Mayer was the Chief Financial Officer of ClubCorp, Inc., a holding company that owns and operates premier golf and business clubs and destination golf resorts. He previously served as Chief Financial Officer of Bristol Hotels & Resorts in Dallas, a position he held from 1996 until the company’s acquisition by Bass PLC in early 2000. Prior to joining Bristol, he was Corporate Controller at Host Marriott Corporation (formerly Marriott Corporation) and, prior to that, held various senior financial positions at Marriott Corporation. He also serves as treasurer and board member of the Georgia Chapter of The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. In addition, he serves or has previously served as the Audit Committee chairman for three other organizations including both profit and not-for-profit entities. He was a board member of the Dallas Children’s Advocacy Center and chairman of its audit committee. A graduate of the College of William & Mary, he began his career as an accountant with Arthur Andersen LLP.

Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Mayer is qualified to serve as one of our directors and as Chairman of our Audit Committee for reasons including his more than 30 years of accounting and finance experience in the commercial real estate industry. In particular, Mr. Mayer has served as Chief Financial Officer for two commercial real estate companies and has significant management experience relating to preparing and reviewing financial statements and coordinating with external auditors. Mr. Mayer continues to provide consulting services to the commercial real estate industry and is in tune with current industry trends and issues.

Cynthia Pharr Lee, 70, has served as one of our independent directors since November 2007. Ms. Lee has served as President of C. Pharr& Company, a marketing communications consulting firm since 1993, providing strategic brand, marketing and public relations services to many real estate, construction and design firms, in addition to other corporate clients. Ms. Lee serves as Chairman of Dala Communications and she was CEO of its predecessor firm, C. Pharr& Company, which provides strategic brand, marketing and public relations services to many real estate, construction and design clients. Ms. Lee also serves as an independent board member of AAA Auto Club of Southern California. From 1994 through February 2014, Ms. Lee served as a member of the board of directors of CEC Entertainment, Inc. (CEC-NYSE) and its audit and compensation committees. A co-founder of Texas Women Ventures Fund, Ms. Lee serves on the Fund’s Investment Advisory Committee. Ms. Lee is a former president of Executive Women of Dallas and former national chairman of the Counselor’s Academy of the Public Relations Society of America. From May 1989 through February 1993, Ms. Lee was President and Chief Executive Officer of Tracy Locke/Pharr Public Relations, a division of Omnicom (NYSE). Ms. Lee has earned designation as a Board Leadership Fellow of the National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) and also has earned the CERT Certificate in Cybersecurity Oversight through a program sponsored by NACD and Carnegie Mellon University. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in English (summa cum laude) and her Master of Arts degree in English from Mississippi State University.

Our board of directors has concluded that Ms. Lee is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including her more than 20 years of management experience in the public relations and marketing communications industry, with significant experience working with commercial real estate and construction firms. Ms. Lee has also served on the board of directors and audit committee of a New York Stock Exchange listed company, which allows her to provide valuable knowledge and insight into management issues. In addition, Ms. Lee’s background complements that of our other board members and brings a unique perspective to our board.

Steven Spinola, 70, has served as one of our independent directors since September 2017. Mr. Spinola served as President of the Real Estate Board of New York (“REBNY”) from 1986 and since July 2015 as its President Emeritus. Mr. Spinola is a recipient of the Harry B. Helmsley Distinguished New Yorker Award for a lifetime of achievement in the profession. Before becoming REBNY’s President, Mr. Spinola served as President of the New York City Public Development Corporation (now known as the New York City Economic Development Corporation) from 1983 to 1986. Mr. Spinola currently serves as an independent director on the Board of Directors of Lightstone IV. Mr. Spinola holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the City College of New York with a concentration in political science and government. He attended the Harvard Business School/Kennedy School of Government Summer Program for Senior Managers in Government.

Our board of directors has concluded that Mr. Spinola is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including his extensive experience in the real estate industry.

Executive Officers

In addition, the following individuals serve as our executive officers:

Mitchell Hochberg, 66, was appointed our Chief Executive Officer on September 28, 2017. Mr. Hochberg also serves as President and Chief Operating Officer of Lightstone I, Lightstone II, Lightstone III and Lightstone IV and their respective advisors. From October 2014 to the present, Mr. Hochberg has served as President of Lightstone Enterprises. Mr. Hochberg was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Behringer Harvard Opportunity REIT I, Inc. (“BH OPP I”) effective as of September 28, 2017. Prior to joining The Lightstone Group in August 2012, Mr. Hochberg served as principal of Madden Real Estate Ventures from 2007 to August 2012 when it combined with our sponsor. Mr. Hochberg held the position of President and Chief Operating Officer of Ian Schrager Company, a developer and manager of innovative luxury hotels and residential projects in the United States from early 2006 to early 2007 and prior to that Mr. Hochberg founded Spectrum Communities, a developer of luxury neighborhoods in the northeast of the United States, in 1985 where for 20 years he served as its President and Chief Executive Officer. Additionally, Mr. Hochberg serves on the board of directors of Orient-Express Hotels Ltd and as Chairman of the board of directors of Orleans Homebuilders, Inc. Mr. Hochberg received his law degree as a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar from Columbia University School of Law and graduated magna cum laude from New York University College of Business and Public Administration with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting and finance.

Seth Molod, 55, was appointed our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer August 27, 2018. Mr. Molod also serves as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Lightstone I, Lightstone II, Lightstone III and Lightstone IV. Mr. Molod also serves as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of our Sponsor and as the Chief Financial Officer of our Advisor and the advisors of Lightstone I, Lightstone II, Lightstone III and Lightstone IV. Prior to joining the Lightstone Group in August of 2018, Mr. Molod served as an Audit Partner, Chair of Real Estate Services and on the Executive Committee of Berdon LLP, a full service accounting, tax, financial and management advisory firm (“Berdon”). Mr. Molod joined Berdon in 1989. He has extensive experience advising some of the nation’s most prominent real estate owners, developers, managers, and investors in both commercial and residential projects. Mr. Molod has worked with many privately held real estate companies as well as institutional investors, REITs, and other public companies. Mr. Molod is a licensed certified public accountant in New Jersey and New York and a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Mr. Molod holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Accounting from Muhlenberg College.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires each director, officer, and individual beneficially owning more than 10% of a registered security of the Company to file with the SEC, within specified time frames, initial statements of beneficial ownership (Form 3) and statements of changes in beneficial ownership (Forms 4 and 5) of common stock of the Company. These specified time frames require the reporting of changes in ownership within two business days of the transaction giving rise to the reporting obligation. Reporting persons are required to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms filed with the SEC. Based solely on a review of the copies of such forms furnished to the Company during and with respect to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 or written representations that no additional forms were required, to the best of our knowledge, all required Section 16(a) filings were timely and correctly made by reporting persons during 2018.

Code of Ethics

Our board of directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct Policy that is applicable to all members of our board of directors, our executive officers and employees of our Advisor and its affiliates. We have posted the policy on the website maintained for us at www.lightstonecapitalmarkets.com. If, in the future, we amend, modify or waive a provision in the Code of Business Conduct Policy, we may, rather than filing a Current Report on Form 8-K, satisfy the disclosure requirement by promptly posting such information on the website maintained for us as necessary.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Audit Committee consists of independent directors Jeffrey P. Mayer, the chairman, Andreas K. Bremer, Diane S. Detering-Paddison, Jeffrey F. Joseph, Steven Spinola and Cynthia Pharr Lee. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Mayer is an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the rules of the SEC. The biography of Mr. Mayer, including his relevant qualifications, is previously described in this Item 10.

Executive Compensation

We do not directly compensate our named executive officers, nor do we reimburse our external advisor for compensation paid to our named executive officers, for services rendered to us. We pay certain management fees to our external advisor to compensate the external advisor for the services it provides in our day-to-day management. In addition, we reimburse certain expenses of the external advisor, including reimbursement for the costs of salaries and benefits of certain of their employees.

Reimbursement for the costs of salaries and benefits of our external advisor’s employees relate to compensation paid to our external advisor’s employees that provide services to us such as accounting, administrative or legal, for which our external advisor or its affiliates are not entitled to compensation in the form of a separate fee. A description of the fees that we pay to our external advisor and other affiliates is found in Item 13 below. Therefore, we do not have, nor has our board of directors or compensation committee considered, a compensation policy or program for our executive officers, and thus we have not included a Compensation Discussion and Analysis in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Directors’ Compensation

Beginning July 1, 2017, we pay each of our directors who are Independent Directors as defined in our charter an annual retainer of $60,000. In addition, we pay the chairperson of the audit committee and our lead independent director an annual retainer of $10,000 and the chairpersons of our nominating and compensation committees annual retainers of $5,000 each. These retainers are payable quarterly in arrears. In addition, we pay each of our directors who are Independent Directors as defined in our charter (a) $1,500 for each board of directors or permanent committee meeting attended in person or by telephone, (c) $1,000 for each special committee meeting attended by phone or in person, and (c) $500 for each written consent considered by the director.  

Before July 1, 2017, we paid each of our directors who are Independent Directors as defined in our charter an annual retainer of $25,000. In addition, we paid the chairperson of the audit committee an annual retainer of $10,000 and the chairpersons of our nominating and compensation committees annual retainers of $5,000 each. These retainers were payable quarterly in arrears. In addition, we paid each of our directors who are Independent Directors as defined in our charter and under the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (a) $1,000 for each board of directors or permanent committee meeting attended in person, (b) $500 for each board of directors or permanent committee meeting attended by telephone, (c) $1,000 for each special committee meeting attended by phone or in person, and (c) $500 for each written consent considered by the director.

All directors receive reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of our board of directors. If a director is also an affiliate director, we do not pay compensation for services rendered as a director.

Director Compensation Table

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to our director compensation during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018:

Incentive Award Plan

Our 2007 Amended and Restated Incentive Award Plan (the “Incentive Award Plan”) was approved by the board of directors and stockholders on December 19, 2007. The Incentive Award Plan was administered by our Compensation Committee and provided for equity awards to our employees, directors and consultants and those of our Advisor and its affiliates. No awards were issued under the Incentive Award Plan, and effective December 19, 2017 we may no longer issue any awards under the Incentive Award Plan.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

No member of our compensation committee served as an officer or employee of the Company or any of our subsidiaries during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 or formerly served as an officer of the Company or any of our subsidiaries. In addition, during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, none of our executive officers served as a director or member of a compensation committee (or other board committee performing equivalent functions or, in the absence of any such committee, the entire board of directors) of any entity that has one or more executive officers or directors serving as a member of our board of directors or compensation committee.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

Effective December 19, 2017, we may no longer issue any awards under the Incentive Award Plan.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners

The following table sets forth information as of March 15, 2019 regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock by each person known by us to own 5% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock, each of our directors, each of our executive officers, and our directors and executive officers as a group:

Policies and Procedures for Transactions with Related Persons

We do not currently have written formal policies and procedures for the review, approval or ratification of transactions with related persons, as defined by Item 404 of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act. Under that definition, transactions with related persons are transactions in which we were or are a participant and the amount involved exceeds $120,000 and in which any related person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. Related parties include any executive officers, directors, director nominees, beneficial owners of more than 5% of our voting securities, immediate family members of any of the foregoing persons, and any firm, corporation or other entity in which any of the foregoing persons is employed and in which such person has 10% or greater beneficial ownership interest.

However, in order to reduce or eliminate certain potential conflicts of interest, our charter contains a number of restrictions relating to (1) transactions we enter into with our Advisor and its affiliates, (2) certain future offerings, and (3) allocation of investment opportunities among affiliated entities. As a general rule, any related party transactions must be approved by a majority of the directors (including a majority of independent directors) not otherwise interested in the transaction. In determining whether to approve or authorize a particular related party transaction, these persons will consider whether the transaction between us and the related party is fair and reasonable to us.

Related Party Transactions

Advisor

Subject to the oversight of our board of directors, our business has been managed by an external advisor since the commencement of our initial public offering and we have no employees. From January 4, 2008 through February 10, 2017, an affiliate of Stratera Services, LLC, formerly known as “Behringer Harvard Holdings, LLC” (“Behringer”), acted as our external advisor (the “Behringer Advisor”). On February 10, 2017, we terminated our engagement of the Behringer Advisor and engaged affiliates of The Lightstone Group, LLC (“Lightstone”), LSG-BH II Advisor LLC and LSG Development Advisor LLC (collectively, the “Advisor”), to provide advisory services to us. Our external advisor is responsible for managing our day-to-day affairs and for services related to our acquisition, financing and disposition activities.

Our external advisor and certain of its affiliates may receive fees and compensation in connection with the management, acquisition, financing and disposition of our assets based on an advisory management agreement, as periodically amended and restated.

From January 4, 2008 through February 10, 2017, we were party to various advisory management agreements, each with a term of one year or less, with the Behringer Advisor. On February 10, 2017, we and the Behringer Advisor terminated the then existing advisory management agreement effective as of the close of business.

Concurrently, we engaged the Advisor to provide us with advisory services pursuant to various advisory management agreements, each with an initial term of one year. The fees earned by and expenses reimbursed to the Advisor are substantially the same as the fees earned by and expenses reimbursed to the Behringer Advisor. The following discussion describes the fees and expenses payable to our external advisor and its respective affiliates under the various advisory management agreements.

We pay acquisition and advisory fees of 1.5% of the amount paid in respect of the purchase, development, construction, or improvement of each asset we acquire, including any debt attributable to those assets. In addition, we pay acquisition and advisory fees of 1.5% of the funds advanced in respect of a loan investment. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we incurred acquisition and advisory fees payable to Lightstone of approximately $1.0 million in connection with our acquisition of the Axis at Westmont. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we incurred acquisition and advisory fees payable to Lightstone of approximately $0.6 million in connection with our acquisition of the Flats at Fishers.

We also pay an acquisition expense reimbursement in the amount of (i) 0.25% of the funds paid for purchasing an asset, including any debt attributable to the asset, plus 0.25% of the funds budgeted for development, construction, or improvement in the case of assets that we acquire and intend to develop, construct, or improve or (ii) 0.25% of the funds advanced in respect of a loan investment. We also pay third parties, or reimburse our external advisor or its affiliates, for any investment-related expenses due to third parties in the case of a completed investment, including, but not limited to, legal fees and expenses, travel and communication expenses, costs of appraisals, accounting fees and expenses, third-party brokerage or finder’s fees, title insurance, premium expenses, and other closing costs.

Our external advisor and its affiliates are also responsible for paying all of the investment-related expenses that we or the external advisor or its affiliates incur that are due to third parties or related to the additional services provided by our external advisor as described above with respect to investments we do not make, other than certain non-refundable payments made in connection with any acquisition. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we incurred approximately $0.1 million in acquisition expense reimbursements payable to Lightstone in connection with our one acquisition, the Axis at Westmont. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we incurred less than $0.1 million in acquisition expense reimbursements payable to Lightstone in connection with our one acquisition, the Flats at Fishers.

We generally pay our external advisor a debt financing fee of 0.5% of the amount available under any loan or line of credit made available to us and pay directly all third-party costs associated with obtaining the debt financing. During the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we incurred debt financing fees of approximately $0.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

We pay a development fee in an amount that is usual and customary for comparable services rendered to similar projects in the geographic market of the project if such affiliate provides the development services and if a majority of our independent directors determines that such development fee is fair and reasonable to us.  During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not incur any such fees.

We pay a monthly asset management fee of one-twelfth of 0.7% of the value of each asset. The value of our assets will be the value as determined in connection with the establishment and publication of a NAV per Share unless the asset was acquired after our publication of a NAV per Share (in which case the value of the asset will be the contractual purchase price of the asset). During each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we incurred $1.6 million of asset management fees payable to the external advisor. The totals for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 include asset management fees related to our disposed properties.

Our external advisor is responsible for paying all of the expenses it incurs associated with persons employed by the external advisor to the extent that they provide services related to us for which our external advisor receives an acquisition, asset management, or debt financing fee, including wages and benefits of the personnel. Instead of reimbursing our external advisor for specific expenses paid or incurred in connection with providing services to us, we pay our external advisor an administrative services fee, which is an allocation of a portion of the actual costs that the external advisor paid or incurred providing these services to us (renamed an administrative services reimbursement under the Lightstone Advisory Agreement). The administrative services fee/reimbursement is intended to reimburse the external advisor for all of the costs associated with providing services to us. For the calendar year ending December 31, 2017, the administrative services fee was $1.325 million annually, pro-rated for the first six months of the year and $1.3 million annually, pro-rated for the second six months of the year. For the period January 1, 2018 through June 10, 2018, the Administrative Services Fee is up to $1.3 million annually, pro-rated for the period. On June 10, 2018, the advisory management agreements were extended an additional year through June 10, 2019. For the period June 10, 2018 through June 10, 2019, the Administrative Services Fee is up to $1.29 million. The Administrative Service Fee is payable in four equal quarterly installments within 45 days of the end of each calendar quarter.  In addition, under the advisory management agreement, we are to reimburse the Advisor for certain due diligence services provided in connection with asset dispositions or debt financings separately from the administrative services fee. For each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we incurred and expensed such costs for administrative services and due diligence services of approximately $1.3 million.

Notwithstanding the fees and cost reimbursements payable to our external advisor pursuant to our advisory management agreement, under our charter we may not reimburse the external advisor for any amount by which our operating expenses (including the asset management fee) at the end of the four preceding fiscal quarters exceeds the greater of:  (i) 2% of our average invested assets, or (ii) 25% of our net income determined without reduction for any additions to reserves for depreciation, bad debts or other similar non-cash reserves and excluding any gain from the sale of our assets for that period unless a majority of our independent directors determines that such excess expenses are justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our total operating expenses (including the asset management fee) exceeded the limit on total operating expenses; however, our independent directors determined the excess expenses were justified primarily as a result of the timing of the redeployment of our cash proceeds from asset sales and financings.

Property Manager

From January 4, 2008 through February 10, 2017, we were party to a property management and leasing agreement (as amended and restated, the “Behringer Property Management Agreement”) between us, our operating partnership, Behringer Harvard Opportunity Management Services, LLC, and Behringer Harvard Real Estate Services, LLC (collectively, the “Behringer Manager”). On February 10, 2017, we entered into a Termination of Property Management and Leasing Agreement with the Behringer Manager and (solely with respect to certain sections) Stratera (the “Property Management Termination Agreement”) pursuant to which the Behringer Property Management Agreement was terminated as of the close of business on February 10, 2017.

Concurrently, we engaged an affiliate of Lightstone (the “Lightstone Manager”) pursuant to a property management and leasing agreement. The fees earned by and expenses reimbursed to the Lightstone Manager are substantially the same as the fees earned by and expenses reimbursed to the Behringer Manager. The following discussion describes the fees and expenses payable to our affiliated property manager and its respective affiliates under both the various property management and leasing agreements.

We pay our property manager and affiliate of our external advisor, fees for the management, leasing, and construction supervision of our properties which is 4.0% of gross revenues of the properties managed by our property manager. We pay our property manager an oversight fee equal to 0.5% of the gross revenues of the property managed for any property for which we contract directly with a third-party property manager.  In no event will our property manager or its affiliates receive both a property management fee and an oversight fee with respect to any particular property.  In the event we own a property through a joint venture that does not pay our property manager directly for its services, we will pay our property manager a management fee or oversight fee, as applicable, based only on our economic interest in the property.  During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we incurred and expensed property management fees or oversight fees of approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, payable to the property manager and affiliates of our external advisor.

We pay our property manager a construction management fee in an amount not to exceed 5% of all hard construction costs incurred in connection with, but not limited to capital repairs and improvements, major building reconstruction and tenant improvements, if such affiliate supervises construction performed by or on behalf of us or our affiliates. We incurred no construction management fees for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

We are dependent on our external advisor and our property manager for certain services that are essential to us, including asset acquisition, financing and disposition decisions, property management and leasing services, and other general administrative responsibilities.  In the event that these companies were unable to provide us with their respective services, we would be required to obtain such services from other sources.

Independence

Although our shares are not listed for trading on any national securities exchange and therefore our board of directors is not subject to the independence requirements of the NYSE or any other national securities exchange, our board has evaluated whether our directors are “independent” as defined by the NYSE. The NYSE standards provide that to qualify as an independent director, in addition to satisfying certain bright-line criteria, the board of directors must affirmatively determine that a director has no material relationship with us (either directly or as a partner, stockholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with us).

Consistent with these considerations, after review of all relevant transactions or relationships between each director, or any of his or her family members, and the Company, our senior management and our independent registered public accounting firm, the board has determined that the majority of the members of our board, and each member of our audit committee, compensation committee and nominating committee, is “independent” as defined by the NYSE.

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

EisnerAmper LLP has served as our independent registered public accounting firm since April 2017. Our management believes that they are knowledgeable about our operations and accounting practices and well qualified to act as our independent registered public accounting firm.

Audit and Non-Audit Fees

The following table presents the aggregate fees billed to the Company for the years indicated by the Company’s principal accounting firms:

Our audit committee considers the provision of these services to be compatible with maintaining the independence of our independent registered accounting firms.

Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee must approve any fee for services to be performed by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm in advance of the service being performed. For proposed projects using the services of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm that are expected to cost under $100,000, our audit committee will be provided information to review and must approve each project prior to commencement of any work. For proposed projects using the services of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm that are expected to cost $100,000 and over, our audit committee will be provided with a detailed explanation of what is being included, and asked to approve a maximum amount for specifically identified services in each of the following categories: (1) audit fees; (2) audit-related fees; (3) tax fees; and (4) all other fees for any services allowed to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm. If additional amounts are needed, our audit committee must approve the increased amounts prior to the previously approved maximum being reached and before the work may continue. Approval by our audit committee may be made at its regularly scheduled meetings or otherwise, including by telephonic or other electronic communications. The Company will report the status of the various types of approved services and fees, and cumulative amounts paid and owed, to our audit committee on a regular basis. Our audit committee has considered the independent registered public accounting firm’s non-audit services provided to the Company and has determined that such services are compatible with maintaining its independence.

Our audit committee approved all of the services provided by, and fees paid to, EisnerAmper LLP during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

PART IV

The list of the financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is set forth on page F-1 herein.

None.

The list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is submitted in the Exhibit Index following the financial statements in response to Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

The exhibits filed in response to Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index attached hereto.

All financial statement schedules have been omitted because the required information of such schedules is not present, is not present in amounts sufficient to require a schedule, is not required or is included in the financial statements and related notes.

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc. (the “Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

EISNERAMPER LLP

Iselin, New Jersey

April 1, 2019

Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income

(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Lightstone Value Plus Real Estate Investment Trust V, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

For the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

(dollars and shares in thousands)