LSB INDUSTRIES, INC. - Annual Report: 2015 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

or

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number: 1-7677

LSB INDUSTRIES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (405) 235-4546

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  o    Yes  x    No

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  o    Yes  x    No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for the shorter period that the Registrant has had to file the reports), and (2) has been subject to the filing requirements for the past 90 days.  x    Yes  o    No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).  x    Yes  o    No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.  (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  o    Yes  x    No

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the price at which the voting common stock was last sold as of June 30, 2015, was approximately $806 million.  As a result, the Registrant is a large accelerated filer as of December 31, 2015.  For purposes of this computation, shares of the Registrant’s common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer and director of the Registrant were deemed to be owned by affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2015.  Such determination should not be deemed an admission that such executive officers and directors of our common stock are, in fact, affiliates of the Registrant or affiliates as of the date of this Form 10-K.

As of February 19, 2016, the Registrant had 23,471,360 shares of common stock outstanding (excluding 3,660,364 shares of common stock held as treasury stock).

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PART I

ITEM 1.  BUSINESS

General

LSB Industries, Inc. (“LSB” or “Registrant”) was formed in 1968 as an Oklahoma corporation and became a Delaware corporation in 1977.  LSB is a diversified holding company involved in manufacturing operations through its subsidiaries.  LSB and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) own the following core businesses:

Our Reportable Business Segments

Chemical Business

General

Our Chemical Business supplies chemical products to some of the world’s leading chemical and industrial companies.  Focusing on specific geographic areas, we utilize freight and distribution advantages over many of our competitors.  We also believe our Chemical Business has established leading regional market positions.

Our Chemical Business manufactures products for three principal markets:

Our agricultural products comprise 49% of our chemical sales. We sell most of our agricultural products at the current spot market price in effect at the time of shipment, although we periodically enter into forward sales commitments for some of these products.  Sales of our industrial and mining products are generally made to customers pursuant to sales contracts and/or pricing arrangements on terms that include the cost of raw material feedstock as a pass through component in the sales price.  These contractual sales stabilize the effect of commodity cost changes and fluctuations in demand for these products due to the cyclicality of the end markets.  

The following table summarizes net sales information relating to our products of the Chemical Business:

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Market Conditions - Chemical Business

As discussed in more detail under “Key Industry Factors” of “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (“MD&A”) contained in this report, agricultural fertilizer demand is a significant driver of our sales volumes.  This demand is driven by the number of acres planted of crops, principally corn, requiring fertilizer to enhance yield.  Corn prices affect the number of acres of corn planted in a given year, and the number of acres planted will drive nitrogen fertilizer consumption, likely driving ammonia, UAN and urea prices.  Weather also has an impact on fertilizer application and consumption.  The 2014 corn crop produced record production and yields per acre that resulted in significantly higher year-end stock to use ratios compared to the last ten years average.  This increase resulted in 2 million fewer acres of corn planted in 2015, approximately 88 million acres down from 91 million acres, which in turn, resulted in the 2015 corn crop being down 53 million bushels compared to 2014’s record year.  While world stock to use ratios are up, current U.S. stock to use ratios, while having increased over the past five years, remain in line with historical levels.  Estimates for 2016 are an increase of 2 million acres of corn being planted resulting in a total of over 90 million acres planted. As a result, the fundamentals are positive for nitrogen fertilizers that are necessary to enhance the yield per acre for most major crops.

However, there was an abbreviated 2015 fall fertilizer application season, resulting from unusually wet weather, and there was an increase in fertilizer inventories.  This increase in inventories had a significant negative effect on the current pricing of fertilizers, reducing overall selling prices.  However, it is anticipated that the 2016 spring application of fertilizer will require additional fertilizer to be applied to make up for the shortage of fertilizer applied in the fall. The expected increase in fertilizer applications when combined with the additional acres to be planted in 2016, may be catalysts for selling prices to increase from current levels.

In the industrial and mining markets, sales volumes are driven by general economic conditions, energy prices, and our contractual arrangements with certain large customers. As reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (“EIA”), annual coal production for 2015 is estimated to be down 11% from the prior year with a further reduction of 6% estimated for 2016. U.S. coal production is being negatively impacted by low natural gas prices among other things. In addition, other mining operations are being negatively impacted by commodity price decreases.

As natural gas is the basic feedstock for the production of ammonia, North American ammonia producers have a natural gas cost advantage due to the current historically low price of natural gas and it is expected that the price of natural gas will remain relatively low for the foreseeable future. Based upon most estimates, including Blue Johnson & Associates, Inc., the U.S. imports approximately 32% of its annual ammonia consumption.  However, the fertilizer outlook could change as the result of, among other things, changes in domestic fertilizer production capacity, acres planted of crops, weather conditions, commodity prices, and volume of imported agricultural products.  

One additional factor that is expected to affect the overall nitrogen market is the number of nitrogen expansion projects under construction in the U.S, including our expansion project at our El Dorado Facility (the “El Dorado Expansion”) discussed under “MD&A - Liquidity and Capital Resources.”  These expansion projects are expected to increase production capacity in total by approximately 5 million to 6 million tons of ammonia annually.  All of these projects are currently scheduled to begin producing ammonia and other upgraded nitrogen products by early 2018.  In addition, there are a number of other announced green field projects where construction has not yet begun and, if they were to be completed, the production would not begin until 2019 at the earliest.  The amount and timing of additional nitrogen capacity could have a negative effect on prices of nitrogen-based products in the future.

Agricultural Products

Our Chemical Business produces UAN, agricultural grade AN, and ammonia, all of which are nitrogen-based fertilizers.  Farmers and ranchers decide which type of nitrogen-based fertilizer to apply based on the crop planted, soil and weather conditions, regional farming practices and relative nitrogen fertilizer prices.  Our agricultural markets include a high concentration of pastureland and row crops, which favor our products.  We sell these agricultural products to farmers, ranchers, fertilizer dealers and distributors primarily in the ranch land and grain production markets in the U.S.  We develop our market position in these areas by emphasizing high quality products, customer service and technical advice.  During the past few years, we have been successful in expanding outside our traditional markets by delivering to distributors on the Tennessee and Ohio rivers by barge, and by delivering to certain Western States by rail.  

In November 2015, one of our subsidiaries within our Chemical Business, El Dorado Chemical Company (“EDC”) and Koch Fertilizer entered into an ammonia purchase and sale agreement under which Koch Fertilizer agrees to purchase, with minimum purchase requirements, the ammonia that is in excess of El Dorado’s internal needs as the result of the El Dorado Expansion.

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Our agricultural business establishes long-term relationships with wholesale agricultural distributors and retailers and also sells directly to agricultural end-users through our network of 11 wholesale and retail distribution centers.  In addition, our Chemical Business has an agreement with a third-party purchaser to buy, at market prices, substantially all of the UAN produced at the Pryor Facility.  The term of the agreement runs through June 2016, but may be terminated earlier by either party pursuant to the terms of the agreement.  We intend to renew this contract or one similar with this third-party purchaser or another third-party purchaser.

Industrial Acids and Other Chemical Products

Our Chemical Business manufactures and sells industrial acids and other chemical products primarily to the polyurethane, paper, fibers, emission control, and electronics industries.  In addition, our Chemical Business produces and sells blended and regular nitric acid and industrial and high purity ammonia for many specialty applications, including the reduction of air emissions from power plants.

We believe the Baytown Facility is one of the newest, largest and most technologically advanced nitric acid manufacturing units in the U.S.  The majority of the Baytown Facility’s production is sold to Covestro AG, (formerly Bayer MaterialScience, LLC) pursuant to a long-term contract that provides for a pass-through of certain costs, including the ammonia costs, plus a fixed dollar profit and performance incentives (the” Covestro Agreement”).  The term of the Covestro Agreement runs until June 2021 with options for renewal with Covestro’s consent.

Our industrial business competes based upon service, price and location of production and distribution sites, product quality and performance and provides inventory management as part of the value-added services offered to certain customers.

Mining Products

Our mining business manufactures industrial grade AN and 83% AN solution.  Until April 2015, El Dorado Chemical Company (“EDC”), a subsidiary within our Chemical Business supplied Orica International Pte Ltd (“Orica”) with an annual minimum of 240,000 tons of industrial grade AN pursuant to a cost plus a fixed dollar amount of profit supply agreement. The agreement with Orica (the “Orica Agreement”) also included an exclusivity arrangement that provided that EDC would not sell industrial grade AN to the commercial explosives market in the U.S. during the term of the agreement and that Orica would market EDC’s industrial grade AN to the U.S. commercial explosives market in North America during the term of the agreement.  The agreement with Orica expired on April 9, 2015 and we began selling Low Density Ammonium Nitrate Prills (“LDAN”) directly to explosive distributors, mining companies and aggregate companies who sell into the coal mining metals mining and construction industries.  However, we are currently disadvantaged compared to our competitors since we are purchasing ammonia to produce AN and AN solution, making us a high cost producer.  This will continue until the construction of the ammonia plant at the El Dorado Facility is completed and begins production as we have signed contracts with customers that, beginning in 2016, provide for the sale of LDAN for approximately 150,000 tons per year under various natural gas cost plus a fixed dollar amount pricing arrangements.  With the recent downturn in the mining industry, we are unsure if we will reach these sales volumes.  Unlike the Orica Agreement, which contained take-or-pay provisions, only certain of these contracts include minimum annual volume levels with penalty payments if minimum volumes are not met.  We expect that if these contracted annual volumes are purchased, they should supplant a majority of the previously contracted volume under the Orica Agreement.  However, if customers do not purchase at minimum volume levels we will likely have unutilized capacity of LDAN.

For comparison purposes, the following table summarizes net sales to Orica:

For 2015, 2014 and 2013, net sales to Orica above included approximately $3 million, $15 million and $12 million, respectively, for fixed overhead costs and gross profit for tons not taken by Orica, pursuant to the terms of the Orica Agreement.

Dependence on Limited Number of Customers - Chemical Business

Historically, our Chemical Business has relied on a limited number of customers as discussed in our risk factors under Item 1A included in this report.

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Raw Materials - Chemical Business

The products our Chemical Business manufactures are primarily derived from the following raw material feedstocks:  ammonia and natural gas.  These raw material feedstocks are commodities, subject to price fluctuations.

Purchased ammonia currently is the raw material feedstock for all of the El Dorado Facility’s production of nitrogen products. Although ammonia is produced from natural gas, the price does not necessarily follow the spot price of natural gas in the U.S. Ammonia is an internationally traded commodity and the relative price is set in the world market while natural gas is primarily a domestically traded commodity.  Currently, the ammonia supply to the El Dorado Facility is transported from the Gulf of Mexico by pipeline.  Under the current agreement with its principal supplier of ammonia, EDC will have the ability to purchase a majority of its ammonia requirements through the earlier of December 31, 2016 or the date on which the new ammonia plant comes on stream. We believe that we can obtain ammonia from other sources in the event of an interruption of service under the above-referenced contract including from our company owned Pryor and Cherokee Facilities.

The El Dorado Expansion includes expanding our nitrogen fertilizer operations at the El Dorado Facility with the addition of a 1,150 ton per day (approximately 375,000 tons per year) ammonia plant, which we believe under normal conditions will allow us to produce enough ammonia to eliminate our external ammonia purchase requirements and should provide us with approximately 150,000 tons per year of additional ammonia available for sale or to upgrade into other products.  This expansion is anticipated to be operational early in the second quarter of 2016 with full production levels being achieved during the second half of 2016.  Once the expansion is complete, our annual natural gas requirements for this facility will be approximately 13 million MMBtu of natural gas per year.

Natural gas is the primary raw material for producing ammonia, UAN and other products at the Cherokee and Pryor Facilities.  Under normal circumstances when running at a full year production schedule, the Cherokee Facility would purchase approximately 6 million MMBtu of natural gas per year in order to produce approximately 175,000 tons of ammonia and the Pryor Facility would purchase approximately 7 million MMBtu of natural gas to produce approximately 215,000 tons of ammonia.

The Cherokee and Pryor Facilities’ natural gas feedstock requirements are generally purchased at spot market price as will the natural gas feedstock requirements of the El Dorado Facility when its ammonia plant is in production.  Periodically, we enter into firm purchase commitments and/or futures/forward contracts to lock in the cost of certain of the expected natural gas requirements.  For 2016 we have forward purchase commitments of natural gas for approximately 3 million MMBtus for our Cherokee Facility, approximately 2 million MMBtus for our Pryor Facility and approximately 2 million MMBtus for our El Dorado Facility at an average cost of $2.76 per MMBtu. This represents approximately 30% of our exposed natural gas usage at each facility for 2016.

The Baytown Facility normally purchases approximately 135,000 tons of ammonia per year. Under the Covestro Agreement, there is a pass-through of certain costs, including the ammonia costs.

In addition, Zena Energy, L.L.C., a subsidiary within our Chemical Business owns certain natural gas working interests in natural gas properties located in the Marcellus Shale Formation in the state of Pennsylvania.  Since our Chemical Business purchases a significant amount of natural gas as a feedstock for the production of ammonia, management considers these working interests as an economic hedge against a potential rise in natural gas prices.  We report the working interests as part of the Chemical Business reportable segment.

See further discussion relating to the outlook for the Chemical Business under “Key Industry Factors” in our MD&A contained in this report.

Strategy - Chemical Business

Our Chemical Business pursues a strategy of balancing the sale of product as fertilizer into the agriculture markets at spot prices and developing industrial and mining customers that purchase substantial quantities of products, primarily under contractual obligations and/or pricing arrangements that provide for the pass through of raw material and other manufacturing costs.  We believe that this product and market diversification strategy allows us to have consistent levels of production and helps mitigate the volatility risk inherent in the prices of our raw material feedstocks and/or the changes in demand for our products.  For 2015, approximately 50% of the Chemical Business’ sales were to the industrial and mining markets and approximately 49% of our Chemical Business 2015 sales were to the agricultural markets, primarily at the market price at the time of sale.

The strategy of developing industrial and mining customers is to moderate the risk inherent in the agricultural markets where spot sales prices of our agricultural products may not have a correlation to the ammonia and natural gas feedstock costs but rather reflect market conditions for like and competing nitrogen sources.  This volatility of sales pricing in our agricultural products can compromise our ability to recover our full cost to produce the product in this market.  Additionally, the lack of sufficient non-seasonal agricultural sales volume to operate our manufacturing facilities at optimum levels can preclude the Chemical Business from

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balancing production and storage capabilities.  Looking forward, we are pursuing profitable growth of our Chemical Business, including the potential to increase the output of our existing production facilities.  See further discussion under “Capital Additions” of our MD&A contained in this report.  Our strategy calls for continued emphasis on the agricultural sector, while remaining committed to further developing industrial customers who assume the volatility risk associated with the raw material costs and mitigate the effects of seasonality in the agricultural sector.

Our strategy also includes evaluating investment in expansion projects that we believe will generate the best returns for our stockholders taking into consideration the risk and return on investment.  This strategy motivated our decision to build the ammonia plant at the El Dorado Facility and to construct a new nitric acid plant and concentrator at the El Dorado Facility.  During 2015, we completed the construction of the new nitric acid plant and concentrator. We believe that upon completion of the ammonia plant in 2016, the El Dorado Facility will benefit from reduced feedstock costs, expanded capacity, improved efficiency and enhanced product mix flexibility.

Seasonality - Chemical Business

We believe chemical products sold by our Chemical Business to the agricultural industry are seasonal while sales into the industrial and mining sectors generally are not.  The selling seasons for agricultural products are primarily during the spring and fall planting seasons, which typically extend from March through June and from September through November in the geographical markets in which the majority of our agricultural products are distributed.  As a result, our Chemical Business typically increases its inventory of AN prior to the beginning of each planting season.  In addition, the amount and timing of sales to the agricultural markets depend upon weather conditions and other circumstances beyond our control.

Regulatory Matters - Chemical Business

Our Chemical Business is subject to extensive federal, state and local environmental laws, rules and regulations as discussed under “Environmental, Health and Safety Matters" of this Item 1 and various risk factors under Item 1A.

Competition - Chemical Business

Our Chemical Business operates in a highly competitive market with many other larger chemical companies, such as Agrium, CF Industries, Chemtrade Logistics, CVR Partners, Rentech Nitrogen Partners, OCI Partners, Solvay, Dyno Nobel, Gavilon Fertilizer, Helm, Koch, Norfalco, Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan, Praxair, Quad Chemical, Trammo and Yara International (some of whom are our customers), many of whom have greater financial and other resources than we do.  We believe that competition within the markets served by our Chemical Business is primarily based upon service, price, location of production and distribution sites, and product quality and performance.

Climate Control Business

General

Our Climate Control Business manufactures and sells a broad range of standard and custom designed water source and geothermal heat pumps, hydronic fan coils, large custom air handlers and air and water cooled chillers.  These products are for use in commercial/institutional and residential HVAC systems.  Our products are installed in some of the most recognizable commercial/institutional developments in the U.S., including the West Point Military Academy, Buffet Cancer Center, BMW, NYU Medical Center, Pfizer, Rockefeller Plaza, and Trump Tower.    In addition, we have a significant presence in the lodging sector with installations in numerous Hyatt, Marriott, Four Seasons, Starwood, Ritz Carlton, Wynn, and Hilton hotels, among others.

We believe our Climate Control Business has developed leadership positions in certain product categories by offering extensive product lines and customized products focusing on higher efficiency and “green” technologies.  We believe we have developed the most extensive line of water source and geothermal heat pumps and hydronic fan coils in the U.S. and that we are a pioneer in the use of geothermal technology, one of the most energy efficient climate control systems commercially available today.  Employing highly flexible production capabilities, we produce both semi-custom and custom design units for new construction as well as the retrofit and replacement markets.  This flexibility positions us for growth in commercial/institutional and residential construction markets as those markets continue to recover over the next several years.

Our geothermal heating and air conditioning products are considered “green” technology and a form of renewable energy.  We believe our geothermal systems are among the most energy efficient systems available in the market for heating and cooling applications in commercial/institutional and single family new construction as well as replacement and renovation markets.  Based upon market data supplied by the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (“AHRI”), we believe we continue to maintain a market share leadership position in this sector of the market.

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The following table summarizes net sales information relating to our products of the Climate Control Business:

Market Conditions - Climate Control Business

As discussed in more detail in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in this report, information available from the Dodge Construction Market Forecast Service (“CMFS”) indicates that construction activity in the commercial/institutional markets we serve (including multi-family residential structures) is expected to increase 8%, 7% and 5% in the aggregate from 2016 - 2018 and has surpassed pre-recession levels collectively.  In particular, the education, office and healthcare vertical end markets of the commercial/institutional sector are expected to grow faster than other vertical end markets we serve.  Additionally, single-family residential construction is expected to grow 20% during 2016 to 805,000 units but still remains well below the 1.5 million unit pre-recession levels.  In addition to that, we believe low energy prices are adversely affecting new geothermal installations due to the higher installation costs for geothermal as compared to other systems.

Additionally, tax credits and incentives contained in the American Reinvestment Recovery Act of 2009, may have improved sales of our geothermal heat pump products, as well as other “green” products.   These tax credits and incentives are scheduled to expire at the end of 2016, which could have an impact on both residential and commercial geothermal heat pump sales if they are not extended.

Water Source and Geothermal Heat Pumps

We believe our Climate Control Business is the leading provider of water source and geothermal heat pumps to the commercial/institutional markets, as well as to single and multi-family residential markets for new construction, renovation and replacement in the U.S.

Water source heat pumps are highly efficient heating and cooling products, which can enable individual room climate control through the transfer of heat using a water pipe system connected to a centralized cooling tower or heat injector.  Water source heat pumps enjoy a broad range of commercial/institutional applications, particularly in medium to large sized buildings with many small, individually controlled spaces.  We believe our sales of commercial/institutional water source heat pumps should continue to grow as we continue to invest in new products.  These developments will provide our distribution channel, engineers and building owners with product and system features that deliver higher efficiency and long-term value compared to other types of heating and air conditioning systems, whether for new construction, renovation or replacement purposes.  The largest markets we serve are the single-family residential sector plus the multi-family, education and office markets in the commercial/institutional sector.  Out of these markets, we believe all but the single-family residential market are forecast to show solid opportunity for growth going forward.

Geothermal systems, which circulate water or a combination of water and antifreeze through an underground heat exchanger, are considered to be the most energy efficient systems currently available in the market.  

Hydronic Fan Coils

We believe that our Climate Control Business is a leading provider of hydronic fan coils targeting commercial and institutional markets including hospitality, multi-family and education sectors.  Hydronic fan coils use heated or chilled water provided by a centralized chiller and/or boiler, through a water pipe system, to condition the air and allow individual room control.  Hydronic fan coil systems are quieter and, have longer lives and lower maintenance costs than other comparable systems used where individual room control is required.  Hydronic fan coils are effective in medium to large sized buildings with many small, individually controlled spaces.

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Production and Backlog - Climate Control Business

We manufacture our products in many sizes and configurations, as required by the customer, to fit the space and capacity requirements of hotels, schools, hospitals, apartment buildings, condominiums, office buildings other commercial/institutional structures, and single family residences.  Our backlog consists of confirmed customer orders for product to be shipped at a future date.

Most customers place their product orders well in advance of required delivery dates.  The backlog of confirmed customer product orders are discussed under “Key Operational Factors – Climate Control Business” of the MD&A contained in this report.

Distribution - Climate Control Business

Our Climate Control Business sells its products primarily to mechanical contractors, independent manufacturers’ representatives, independent wholesale distributors and original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”s).  Our commercial sales to mechanical contractors primarily occur through independent manufacturers' representatives, who also represent complementary product lines not manufactured by us.  Our single-family residential sales are primarily made through distributors.  OEMs generally consist of other air conditioning and heating equipment manufacturers who resell under their own brand name the products purchased from our Climate Control Business.

Selling Markets - Climate Control Business

Our Climate Control Business market includes commercial/institutional and residential new building construction, renovation of existing buildings and replacement of existing systems.  In the commercial/institutional markets, the largest vertical markets that we focus on, include multi-family residential, education, office, hospitality, healthcare, and retail.

Raw Materials and Components - Climate Control Business

Numerous domestic and foreign sources exist for the materials and components used by our Climate Control Business, which include compressors, electrical components, electric motors, copper, steel, and valves.  We do not anticipate any difficulties in obtaining the necessary materials and components for our Climate Control Business.  Although we believe we will be able to pass to our customers the majority of any cost increases in the form of higher prices, the timing of these price increases could lag the increases in the cost of materials and components.  While we believe we will have sufficient sources for materials and components, a shortage could adversely affect production and costs of our Climate Control products.

Competition - Climate Control Business

Our Climate Control Business operates in a highly competitive market with many other larger HVAC manufacturing companies, such as Carrier Corporation (United Technologies Corporation), Nortek Inc., Trane (Ingersoll-Rand Public Limited Company), WaterFurnace (NIBE Industrier), Bosch Group, Haakon Industries Ltd., McQuay (Daikin Industries, Ltd.) and Energy Labs Inc., some of whom are also our customers.  Some of our competitors serve other markets and have greater financial and other resources than we do.  We believe our Climate Control Business manufactures a broader line of geothermal and water source heat pump and fan coil products than any other manufacturer in the U.S. and that we are competitive as to price, service, warranty and product performance.

Strategy - Climate Control Business

Our strategy in our Climate Control Business is to continue to launch new products and product upgrades in an effort to maintain and increase our current market positions and to expand our addressable markets.  Further, our plan to drive growth in our Climate Control Business includes:

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Additional Segment Information and Foreign and Domestic Operations and Export Sales

Schedules of the amounts of net sales, gross profit, operating income (loss) and identifiable assets attributable to each of our lines of business and of the amount of our export sales in the aggregate and by major geographic area for each of the last three years appear in Note 18 to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.

Employees

As of December 31, 2015, we employed 1,928 persons.  As of that date, our Chemical Business employed 576 persons, 197 of whom are represented by unions under agreements that expire in November of 2016 through October of 2018, and our Climate Control Business employed 1,259 persons, none of whom was represented by a union.

Environmental, Health and Safety Matters

Our facilities and operations are subject to numerous federal, state and local environmental laws and to other laws regarding health and safety matters (the “Environmental Laws and Health Laws”). In particular, the manufacture, production and distribution of products by our Chemical Business are activities that entail environmental and public health risks and impose obligations under the (Environmental Laws and Health Laws), many of which provide for certain performance obligations, substantial fines and criminal sanctions for violations. There can be no assurance that we will not incur material costs or liabilities in complying with such laws or in paying fines or penalties for violation of such laws. The Environmental Laws and Health Laws and enforcement policies thereunder have in the past resulted, and could in the future result, in significant compliance expenses, cleanup costs (for our sites or third-party sites where our wastes were disposed of), penalties or other liabilities relating to the handling, manufacture, use, emission, discharge or disposal of hazardous or toxic materials at or from our facilities or the use or disposal of certain of its chemical products.  Historically, subsidiaries within our Chemical Business have incurred significant expenditures in order to comply with the Environmental Laws and Health Laws and are reasonably expected to do so in the future. We will also be obligated to manage certain discharge water outlets and monitor groundwater contaminants at our Chemical Business facilities should we discontinue the operations of a facility. We do not operate the natural gas wells where we own an interest and compliance with Environmental Laws and Health Laws is controlled by others, with our Chemical Business still being responsible for its proportionate share of the costs involved.

Available Information

We file or furnish annual, quarterly and current reports and other documents with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (as amended, the “Exchange Act”). The public may read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0030. Also, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC. the public can obtain any documents we file with the SEC at www.sec.gov.  

We also make available free of charge through our Internet website (www.lsbindustries.com) our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. In addition to the reports filed or furnished with the SEC, we publicly disclose material information from time to time in press releases, at annual meetings of stockholders, in publicly accessible conferences and investor presentations, and through our website.

ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our Chemical and Climate Control Businesses and their customers are sensitive to adverse economic cycles.

Our Chemical Business can be affected by cyclical factors such as inflation, currency exchange rates, global energy policy and costs, global market conditions and economic downturns in specific industries. Certain sales of our Chemical Business are sensitive to the level of activity in the agricultural, mining, automotive and housing industries. A substantial decline in the activity of our Chemical Business has in the past, and could in the future, have a material adverse effect on the results of our Chemical Business and on our operating results, liquidity and capital resources.  Further, material economic changes that adversely affect our natural gas working interests or lower natural gas prices may require us to write down the carrying value of our natural gas working interests. Therefore, these changes in our Chemical Business could adversely impact our operating results, liquidity and financial condition.

Our Climate Control Business also can be affected by cyclical factors, such as interest rates, inflation and economic downturns. Our Climate Control Business depends on sales to customers in the construction and renovation industries, which are particularly sensitive

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to these factors. A decline in the economic activity in the U.S. has in the past had, and could in the future have, a material adverse effect on us and our customers in the construction and renovation industries in which our Climate Control Business sells a substantial amount of its products.  Such a decline could result in a decrease in revenues and profits, and an increase in bad debts that could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

Weather conditions adversely affect our Chemical Business and Climate Control Business.

The agricultural products produced and sold by our Chemical Business have been in the past, and could be in the future, materially affected by adverse weather conditions  (such as excessive rain or drought) in the primary markets for our fertilizer and related agricultural  products.  Some scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts and floods and other climatic events.  These climate changes might also occur as the result of other phenomena that human activity is unable to influence, including changes in solar activity and volcanic activity.  Regardless of the cause, if any of these unusual weather events occur during the primary seasons for sales of our agricultural products (March-June and September-November), this could have a material adverse effect on the agricultural sales of our Chemical Business and our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, weather conditions, severe or otherwise, may adversely affect the construction, refurbishment and renovation of facilities that utilize our Climate Control products resulting in lower product order levels during those periods.

Our estimates about the funds needed to complete the El Dorado Expansion may not be accurate, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The anticipated cost to complete the expansion of our El Dorado, Arkansas, chemical plant has increased significantly since the beginning of 2015, from our expectation of $485 million to $520 million total cost to our current estimate of $831 million to $855 million (including capitalized interest). Although we believe we have raised sufficient funding to complete the El Dorado Expansion, our current estimates of the amount of funding we need to complete the El Dorado Expansion may prove to be incorrect in the future because the costs may ultimately be higher than our current estimate or our operations may not provide the amount of cash flow we currently project, whether because of chemical plant interruptions, lower selling prices of our products or other events. Accordingly, we may learn in the future that more capital is needed and that we will have to undertake further financing activities or other actions.  The past shortfall in cost estimates has had, and any possible future shortfall in cost estimates could have, a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Despite continuing investment to upgrade and replace equipment on an ongoing basis, the age of facilities of our Chemical Business increases the risk for unplanned downtime, which may be significant.

Our Chemical Business is comprised of operating units of various ages and levels of automated control. While we have continued to make significant annual capital improvements, potential age or control related issues have occurred in the past and may occur in the future, which could cause damage to the equipment and ancillary facilities. For example, during 2015, certain of our chemical facilities had planned and unplanned downtime as a result of certain maintenance and equipment issues, including our Pryor Facility that had a total of 70 days of downtime during the third quarter of 2015.  As a result, we have experienced and may continue to experience additional downtime at our chemical facilities in the future.

The equipment required for the manufacture of our chemical products is specialized, and the time for replacement of such equipment can be lengthy, resulting in extended downtime in the affected unit. Although we use various reliability and inspection programs and maintain a significant inventory of spare equipment, which are intended to mitigate the extent of production losses, unplanned outages may still occur. As a result, these planned and unplanned downtime events at our chemical facilities have in the past and could in the future adversely affect our operating results, liquidity and financial condition.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our debt and may be required to take other actions to satisfy the obligations under our debt agreements or to redeem our preferred stock, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations and our redemption obligations for the Series E cumulative redeemable Class C preferred stock (“Series E Redeemable Preferred”) depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which is subject to the risks previously described for our El Dorado Expansion, prevailing economic and competitive conditions, and certain financial, business and other factors, some of which may be beyond our control. We may not be able to maintain a level of cash flows sufficient to pay the principal and interest on our debt, including the $425 million principal amount of our 7.75% Senior Secured Notes and the $50 million principal amount of the 12% Senior Secured Notes (collectively, the “Senior Secured Notes”), or if and when applicable, the outstanding amount of the Working Capital Revolver Loan or to pay the cumulative dividends and redemption payment on the Series E Redeemable Preferred should the holder choose to redeem it.

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If cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt, dividend or preferred stock redemption obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and will need to seek additional capital through the issuance of debt, the issuance of equity, asset sales or combination of the foregoing. If we are unsuccessful, we will need to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to dispose of other assets or operations, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance debt or redeemable equity. These alternative measures may not be successful, may not be completed on economically attractive terms, or may not be adequate for us to meet our debt or preferred stock redemption obligations when due. Additionally, our debt agreements and the operating agreements associated with of our Series E Redeemable Preferred limit the use of the proceeds from many dispositions of assets or operations. As a result, we may not be permitted to use the proceeds from these dispositions to satisfy our debt or preferred stock redemption obligations.

Further, if we suffer or appear to suffer from a lack of available liquidity, the evaluation of our creditworthiness by counterparties and rating agencies and the willingness of third parties to do business with us could be materially and adversely affected. In particular, our credit ratings could be lowered, suspended or withdrawn entirely at any time by the rating agencies, if in each rating agency’s judgment, circumstances warrant. Downgrades in our long-term debt ratings generally cause borrowing costs to increase and the potential pool of investors and funding sources to decrease and could trigger liquidity demands pursuant to the terms of contracts, leases or other agreements. Any future transactions by us, including the issuance of additional debt, the sale of any operating assets, or any other transaction to manage our liquidity, could result in temporary or permanent downgrades of our credit ratings.

Current and future legislative or regulatory requirements affecting our Chemical Business may result in increased costs and decreased revenues, cash flows and liquidity or could have other negative effects on our Chemical Business.

Our businesses are subject to numerous health, safety, security and environmental laws and regulations, primarily relating to our Chemical Business. The manufacture and distribution of chemical products are activities that entail health, safety and environmental risks and impose obligations under health, safety and environmental laws and regulations, many of which provide for substantial fines and potential criminal sanctions for violations. Although we believe we have established processes to monitor, review and manage our businesses to comply with the numerous health, safety and environmental laws and regulations, our Chemical Business in the past has been, and in the future may be, subject to fines, penalties and sanctions for violations and substantial expenditures for cleanup costs and other liabilities relating to the handling, manufacture, use, emission, discharge or disposal of effluents at or from the Chemical Business’ facilities. Further, a number of our Chemical Business’ facilities are dependent on environmental permits to operate, the loss or modification of which could have a material adverse effect on their operations and our results of operation and financial condition.  These operating permits are subject to modification, renewal and revocation. In addition, third parties may contest our ability to receive or renew certain permits that we need to operate, which can lengthen the application process or even prevent us from obtaining necessary permits.  We regularly monitor and review our operations, procedures and policies for compliance with permits, laws and regulations.  Despite these compliance efforts, risk of noncompliance or permit interpretation is inherent in the operation of our businesses.

The trend in environmental regulation is to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may affect the environment over time.  As a result, there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental compliance or remediation, and actual future expenditures may be different from the amounts we currently anticipate.  We try to anticipate future regulatory requirements that might be imposed and plan accordingly to remain in compliance with changing environmental laws and regulations and to minimize the costs of compliance.

Changes to the production equipment at our chemical facilities that are required in order to comply with health, safety and environmental regulations may require substantial capital expenditures.

Explosions and/or losses at other chemical facilities that we do not own (such as the explosion in West, Texas) could also result in new or additional legislation or regulatory changes, particularly relating to public health, safety or any of the products manufactured and/or sold by our Chemical Business or the inability on the part of our Chemical Business’ customers to obtain or maintain insurance as to certain products manufactured and/or sold by our Chemical Business, which could have a negative effect on the revenues, cash flow and liquidity of our Chemical Business.

In summary, new or changed laws and regulations or the inability of the customers of our Chemical Business to obtain or maintain insurance in connection with any of our chemical products could have an adverse effect on our operating results, liquidity and financial condition.

We may be required to modify or expand our operating, sales and reporting procedures and to install additional equipment for our Chemical Business in order to comply with current and possible future government regulations.

The chemical industry in general, and producers and distributors of ammonia and AN specifically, are scrutinized by the government, industry and public on security issues.  Under current and proposed regulations, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs relating to security at our chemical facilities and distribution centers, as well as in the transportation of our products.  These costs could have a material effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.  The cost of such regulatory changes, if

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significant enough, could lead some of our customers to choose other products to ammonia and AN, which would have a significant adverse effect on our Chemical Business.

On August 1, 2013, U.S. President Obama issued an executive order addressing the safety and security of chemical facilities in response to recent incidents involving chemicals such as the April 2013 explosion at West, Texas.  The President directed federal agencies to enhance existing regulations and make recommendations to the U.S. Congress to develop new laws that may affect our Chemical Business.  For example, the EPA is expected to propose a revision to its Risk Management Program in March 2016. OSHA is likewise considering changes to its Process Safety Management standards. In addition, DHS, the EPA, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives updated a joint chemical advisory on the safe storage, handling, and management of AN.  In January 2016 the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (“CSB”) released its final report on the West, Texas incident.  The CSB report identifies several federal and state regulations and standards that could be strengthened to reduce the risk of a similar incident occurring in the future.  While the CSB does not have authority to directly regulate our business, the findings in this report, and other activities taken in response to the West, Texas incident by federal, state, and local regulators may result in additional regulation of processes and products in our Chemical Business.

Proposed governmental laws and regulations relating to greenhouse gas and other air emissions may subject certain of our Chemical Business’ facilities to significant new costs and restrictions on their operations and may reduce sales of our products.

The manufacturing facilities in our Chemical Business use significant amounts of electricity, natural gas and other raw materials necessary for the production of their chemical products that result, or could result, in certain greenhouse gas emissions into the environment. Federal and state legislatures and administrative agencies, including the EPA, are considering the scope and scale of greenhouse gas or other air emission regulation. Legislation and administrative actions are being considered that would regulate greenhouse gas emissions at some point in the future for our facilities, and existing and possible actions have already affected certain of our customers, leading to closure or rate reductions of certain facilities.  The EPA has instituted a mandatory greenhouse gas reporting requirement that began in 2010, which affects all of our chemical manufacturing sites. Greenhouse gas regulation could: increase the price of the electricity and other energy sources purchased by our chemical facilities; increase costs for natural gas and other raw materials (such as ammonia); potentially restrict access to or the use of certain raw materials necessary to produce our chemical products; and require us to incur substantial expenditures to retrofit our chemical facilities to comply with the proposed new laws and regulations regulating greenhouse gas emissions, if adopted.  Federal, state and local governments may also pass laws mandating the use of alternative energy sources, such as wind power and solar energy, which may increase the cost of energy use in certain of our chemical and other manufacturing operations.  For instance, the EPA recently published a rule, known as the Clean Power Plan, to limit greenhouse gases from electric power plants.  Judicial challenges have been filed, which seek a stay of the implementation of the rules.  On February 9, 2016, the Supreme Court stayed the implementation of the Clean Power Plan while legal challenges to the rule proceed.  Depending on the outcome of those challenges, and how various states choose to implement this rule, the Clean Power Plan could result in greater electric costs, more use of alternative energy sources, and a decreased demand for coal-generated electricity.

The Clean Power Plan is one of many recent developments aimed at limiting greenhouse gas emissions that could adversely affect our clients in the coal industry, and thus limit the market for some of our products.  Enactment of laws or passage of regulations regarding emissions from the combustion of coal by the United States, states, or other countries could also result in electricity generators further switching from coal to other fuel sources or result in additional coal-fueled power plant closures.  For example, the 2015 Paris climate summit agreement resulted in voluntary commitments by numerous countries to reduce their GHG emissions, and could result in additional firm commitments by various nations with respect to future GHG emissions.  These commitments could further disfavor coal-fired generation, particularly in the medium- to long-term.  In addition, the U.S. Department of the Interior recently announced a moratorium on issuing certain new coal leases on federal land while the Bureau of Land Management undertakes a programmatic review of the federal coal program.  Pressure from advocacy groups and policies limiting available financing for the development of new coal-fueled power plants could also adversely affect the demand for coal in the future, and thus limit the market for some of our products.

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As it relates to our Chemical Business’ working interest in natural gas properties, legislative and regulatory proposals for restricting greenhouse gas or other air emissions or otherwise addressing climate change could require our Chemical Business to incur additional operating costs and could adversely affect demand for the natural gas that the operator of these wells intends to sell.  For instance, the EPA has proposed New Source Performance Standards for methane and volatile organic compound emissions from certain activities in the oil and gas sector, as well as a new definition of oil and gas sources, and new draft Control Techniques Guidelines for reducing volatile organic compound emissions from existing oil and gas sources in certain ozone nonattainment areas.  If the rules are adopted as proposed, these rules could impose new compliance costs and permitting burdens on natural gas production.

In addition, the EPA has recently lowered the national ambient air quality standard for ground level ozone, which could result in additional compliance requirements for natural gas operations in areas of the country that have failed to attain the new, lower standard. The EPA has not yet designated which areas of the country are out of attainment, and it will take the states several years to develop compliance plans for their non-attainment areas.  It is difficult to predict how these and any other possible regulations, if and when adopted, will affect our businesses, operations, liquidity or financial results.

There is intense competition in the Chemical and Climate Control industries.

Substantially all of the markets in which we participate are highly competitive with respect to product quality, price, design innovations, distribution, service, warranties, reliability and efficiency. We compete with many companies, domestic and foreign, that have greater financial, marketing and other resources.  Specifically, the overall nitrogen market is expected to be affected as a result of the number of announced and started nitrogen expansion projects in the U.S.  Competitive factors could require us to reduce prices or increase spending on product development, marketing and sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.

Our Chemical Business competes with many U.S. producers and producers in other countries, including state-owned and government-subsidized entities. Some competitors have greater total resources and are less dependent on earnings from chemical sales, which make them less vulnerable to industry downturns and better positioned to pursue new expansion and development opportunities. Our competitive position could suffer to the extent we are not able to expand our own resources sufficiently either through investments in new or existing operations or through acquisitions, joint ventures or partnerships. An inability to compete successfully could result in the loss of customers, which could adversely affect our sales and profitability.

We may pursue various transactions and initiatives to address our highly leveraged balance sheet and significant cash flow requirements.

If our existing financing sources are insufficient for our financing needs, or if we are unable to refinance debt and redemption obligations as they become due, we may be required to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures (including the El Dorado Expansion), dispose of assets or operations, seek additional capital, restructure or refinance debt, or undertake a combination of some or all of these. Any transactions and initiatives that we may pursue may have significant adverse effects on our business, capital structure, ownership, liquidity, credit ratings and results of operations. These measures may not be successful, may not produce the desired outcome if completed, may not be completed on economically attractive terms, and may not be adequate for us to fund the El Dorado Expansion and to meet our debt or redemption obligations when due. This could ultimately adversely affect us, our debtholders, and our shareholders in a material manner.

A substantial portion of our sales are dependent upon a limited number of customers.

For 2015, seven customers of our Chemical Business accounted for approximately 52% of its net sales and 31% of our consolidated net sales.  The loss of, or a material reduction in purchase levels by, one or more of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity if we are unable to replace a customer with other sales on substantially similar terms.

Cost and the lack of availability of raw materials could materially affect our profitability and liquidity.

Our sales and profits are heavily affected by the costs and availability of primary raw materials.  These primary raw materials are subject to considerable price volatility. Historically, when there have been rapid increases in the cost of these primary raw materials, we have sometimes been unable to timely increase our sales prices to cover all of the higher costs incurred. While we periodically enter into futures/forward contracts to economically hedge against price increases in certain of these raw materials, there can be no assurance that we will effectively manage against price fluctuations in those raw materials.

Since we source certain of our raw materials and components on a global basis, we may experience long lead times in procuring those raw materials and components purchased overseas.  In addition, certain of our raw materials and components are subject to tariff

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controls and other international trade barriers, which may increase the uncertainty of raw material and component availability and pricing volatility.

Ammonia and natural gas represent the primary raw material feedstocks in the production of most of the products of the Chemical Business. Although our Chemical Business enters into contracts with certain customers that provide for the pass-through of raw material costs, we have a substantial amount of sales that do not provide for the pass-through of raw material costs. Also the spot sales prices of our agricultural products may not correlate to the ammonia and natural gas feedstock costs but rather reflect market conditions for similar and competing nitrogen sources.  This lack of correlation can compromise our ability to recover our full cost to produce the products in this market.  In addition, the Climate Control Business depends on raw materials such as copper and steel, which have shown considerable price volatility. As a result, in the future, we may not be able to pass along to all of our customers the full amount of any increases in raw material costs.  Future price fluctuations in our raw materials may have an adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

As stated above, natural gas represents one of the primary raw materials in the production of our Chemical Business’ products, and, as a result, we acquired natural gas working interests as an economic hedge against rising prices for natural gas. Our natural gas working interests may not be effective as an economic hedge under certain limited conditions.

We do not operate our natural gas working interest properties and have no, or very limited, ability to exercise influence over operations of these properties or their associated cost.

Additionally, we depend on certain vendors to deliver the primary raw materials and other key components that are required in the production of our products.  Any disruption in the supply of the primary raw materials and other key components could result in lost production or delayed shipments. We have suspended in the past, and could suspend in the future, production at our chemical facilities due to, among other things, the high cost or lack of availability of such primary raw materials, which could adversely affect our competitiveness in the markets we serve. Accordingly, our financial condition,  liquidity and results of operations could be materially affected in the future by the lack of availability of primary raw materials and other key components and increase costs relating to the purchase  of raw materials or the production of our natural gas working interests.

Potential increase of imported agricultural products.  

Russia and Ukraine both have substantial capacity to produce and export fertilizer grade AN. Producers in these countries also benefit from below-market prices for natural gas, due to government regulation and other factors. Fertilizer grade AN imports from Russia and Ukraine are currently subject to U.S. antidumping duty orders, which require these imports to be sold in the U.S. market at a fair value. Currently, imports of fertilizer grade AN from certain Russian producers are subject to an antidumping duty rate of 254% and all imports of fertilizer grade AN from Ukraine are subject to an antidumping duty rate of 156%. Since 2014, the duty rates for two Russian producers and exporters were reduced to zero following a U.S. Commerce Department (“DOC”) annual review of pricing by these entities.  The antidumping orders that exist on the Ukrainian and Russian product have substantially restrained the volumes of these imports in the past, but the 2014 temporary duty elimination for certain exporters resulted in increased Russian imports in 2015. If DOC continues to assign zero duty rates to certain Russian exporters at the end of the current annual review, the volumes of Russian fertilizer grade AN exported to the U.S. may continue to increase, possibly priced below our current cost to produce fertilizer grade AN.  Moreover, two federal government agencies will begin a “sunset review” in 2016 to determine whether to continue the Russian antidumping duty order for another five years or terminate it.  In addition, producers in China have substantial capacity to produce and export urea.  Depending on various factors, including prevailing prices from other exporters, the price of coal, and the price of China’s export tariff, higher volumes of urea from China could be imported into the U.S. at prices that have had and could have an adverse effect on the selling prices of other nitrogen products, including the nitrogen products we manufacture and sell.  

We may have inadequate insurance.

While we maintain liability, property and business interruption insurance, including certain coverage for environmental contamination, it is subject to coverage limits and policies that may exclude coverage for some types of damages (which may include warranty claims).  Although there may currently be sources from which such coverage may be obtained, the coverage may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or the possible types of liabilities that may be incurred by us may not be covered by our insurance.  In addition, our insurance carriers may not be able to meet their obligations under the policies, or the dollar amount of the liabilities may exceed our policy limits. Even a partially uninsured claim, if successful and of significant magnitude, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Furthermore, we are subject to litigation for which we could be obligated to bear legal, settlement and other costs, which may be in excess of any available insurance coverage. While we maintain insurance, there can be no assurance that our insurance will prove to be adequate. If we are required to incur all or a portion of the costs arising out of any litigation or investigation as a result of inadequate insurance proceeds, if any, our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially

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adversely affected.  For further discussion of our litigation, please see “Other Pending, Threatened or Settled Litigation” in Note 11 to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.

LSB is a holding company and depends, in large part, on receiving funds from its subsidiaries to fund our indebtedness.

Because LSB is a holding company and operations are conducted through its subsidiaries, LSB’s ability to meet its obligations depends, in large part, on the operating performance and cash flows of its subsidiaries and the ability of its subsidiaries to make distributions and pay dividends to LSB.

Our substantial level of indebtedness, including dividend requirements relating to our preferred stock, could limit our financial and operating activities, and adversely affect our ability to incur additional debt to fund future needs.

We currently have a substantial amount of indebtedness and dividend requirements relating to our preferred stock.  As a result, this level could, among other things:

Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, and liquidity.

Loss of key personnel could negatively affect our business.

We believe that our performance has been and will continue to be dependent upon the efforts of our principal executive officers. We cannot promise that our principal executive officers will continue to be available. Although we have employment agreements with certain of our principal executive officers, including Jack E. Golsen, Daniel D. Greenwell, and Mark T. Behrman, we do not have employment agreements with all of our key personnel. The loss of some of our principal executive officers could have a material adverse effect on us. We believe that our future success will depend in large part on our continued ability to attract and retain highly skilled and qualified personnel.

Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war, and natural disasters (such as hurricanes, pandemic health crises, etc.), have negatively affect and could negatively affect U.S. and foreign companies, the financial markets, the industries where we operate, our operations and our profitability.

Terrorist attacks in the U.S and elsewhere and natural disasters (such as hurricanes or pandemic health crises) have in the past negatively affected, and can in the future negatively affect our operations.  We cannot predict further terrorist attacks and natural disasters in the U.S. and elsewhere.  These attacks or natural disasters have contributed to economic instability in the U.S. and elsewhere, and further acts of terrorism, violence, war or natural disasters could further affect the industries where we operate, our ability to purchase raw materials, our business, results of operations and financial condition.  In addition, terrorist attacks and natural disasters may directly affect our physical facilities, especially our chemical facilities, or those of our suppliers or customers and could affect our sales, our production capability and our ability to deliver products to our customers. In the past, hurricanes affecting the Gulf Coast of the U.S. have negatively affected our operations and those of our customers.  As previously noted, some scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts and floods and other climatic events.  If any such effects, whether anthropogenic or otherwise, were to occur in areas where we or our clients operate, they could have in adverse effect on our assets and operations.  The consequences of any terrorist attacks or hostilities or natural disasters are unpredictable, and we may not be able to foresee events that could have an adverse effect on our operations.

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Risks associated with capital projects may prevent the completion of those projects on budget, on schedule or at all.

We are undertaking capital projects and may undertake additional capital projects in the future. Capital projects entail risks, including, but not limited to:

Construction, equipment or staffing problems or difficulties in obtaining any of the requisite licenses, easements, permits and authorizations from regulatory authorities could increase the total cost and could delay or prevent the construction or completion of a capital project.

In addition, a capital project could be negatively affected if we are required to obtain additional debt or equity financing to complete a capital project or we are unable to obtain adequate sources of funding, such as the inability to obtain other debt or equity financing on acceptable terms or at all.  Moreover, if we are able to complete a capital project, production levels at our facilities or general market conditions may not meet our expectations.  As a result of these factors, our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Risks generally associated with implementation of an enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system may adversely affect our business operation and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.

We have begun to implement an ERP system, which, when completed, will handle the business and financial processes of our subsidiaries’ operations and our corporate and administrative functions, such as:

ERP implementations are complex and time-consuming projects that involve substantial expenditures on system software and implementation activities that can continue for several years. ERP implementations also require transformation of business and financial processes in order to benefit from a new ERP system. Our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition may be adversely affected if we experience operating problems and cost overruns during the ERP implementation process or if the ERP system (and the associated process changes) does not generate the expected benefits. Additionally, if we do not effectively implement the ERP system as planned or if the system does not operate as intended, it could adversely affect our financial reporting.

Cyber security risks could adversely affect our business operations.

As we continue to increase our dependence on information technologies to conduct our operations, the risks associated with cyber security also increase. We rely on our ERP and other information systems, among other things, to manage our manufacturing, supply chain, accounting and financial functions. This risk not only applies to us, but also to third parties on whose systems we place significant reliance for the conduct of our business. We have implemented security procedures and measures in order to protect our information from being vulnerable to theft, loss, damage or interruption from a number of potential sources or events. Although we believe these measures and procedures are appropriate, we may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate, prevent, or recover from rapidly evolving types of cyber-attacks. Compromises to our information systems could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

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Certain of our stockholders control a significant amount of our voting stock, and their interests could conflict with interests of other stockholders.

LSB Funding LLC (“LSB Funding”), our largest voting shareholder, an unrelated third party, owns one share of Series F redeemable Class C preferred stock (the “Series F Redeemable Preferred”), which has voting rights with common stock equal to 19.4% of the outstanding shares of LSB’s common stock as of February 19, 2016.

Jack E. Golsen, our Executive Chairman of our the Board of Directors (the “Board”), members of his immediate family, including Barry H. Golsen, a member of our Board, entities owned by them, and trusts for which they possess voting or dispositive power as trustee (the “Golsen Holders”) owned as of February 19, 2016, an aggregate of 2,815,064 shares of our common stock and 1,020,000 shares of our voting preferred stock (1,000,000 of which shares have .875 votes per share, or 875,000 votes), which together vote as a class and represent approximately 15% of the voting power (prior to conversion of the shares of voting preferred) of our issued and outstanding voting securities as of that date. The series of preferred represented by the 20,000 shares of voting preferred is convertible into an aggregate of 666,666 shares of our common stock.

Pursuant to a Board Representation and Standstill Agreement entered into in connection with LSB Funding’s purchase of preferred stock in December 2015, LSB Funding has the right to designate three directors on our Board, and the Golsen Holders have the right to appoint two directors, subject to reduction in each case in certain circumstances.  This is in addition to their ability to vote generally in the election of directors.  As a result, each of LSB Funding and the Golsen Holders have significant influence over the election of directors to our Board.

The interests of LSB Funding and the Golsen Holders may conflict with interests of other stockholders (as well as with each other). As a result of the voting power and board designation rights of LSB Funding and the Golsen Holders, the ability of other stockholders to influence our management and policies could be limited.

Our debt agreements and our preferred stock contain covenants and restrictions that limit flexibility in operating our businesses. A breach of these covenants or restrictions could result in an event of default under one or more of our debt agreements or contracts at different entities within our capital structure, including as a result of cross acceleration or default provisions.

Our debt agreements and our preferred stock contain various covenants and other restrictions that, among other things, limit flexibility in operating our businesses. A breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a significant portion of our debt becoming due and payable or could result in significant contractual liability. Our ability to comply with certain of our covenants and restrictions can be affected by events beyond our control. These covenants and other restrictions limit our ability to, among other things:

There are a number of important limitations and exceptions to these covenants and other restrictions.

In addition, certain failures to make payments on significant contract obligations when due constitute a cross-default of some of our debt instruments, including the note purchase agreement governing our 12% Senior Secured Notes (the “Senior Secured Note Purchase Agreement”) and the indenture governing our 7.75% Senior Secured Notes (the “Senior Secured Notes Indenture”). A breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in an event of default under one or more of our debt agreements at different entities within our capital structure, including as a result of cross acceleration or default provisions. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under one of these debt agreements, our lenders or noteholders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under that debt agreement to be immediately due and payable and/or terminate all commitments to extend further credit. Such actions by those lenders or noteholders could cause cross defaults or accelerations under our other debt. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders or noteholders could proceed against any collateral granted to them to secure such debt. In the case of a default

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under debt that is guaranteed, holders of such debt could also seek to enforce the guarantees. If lenders or noteholders accelerate the repayment of all borrowings, we would likely not have sufficient assets and funds to repay those borrowings. Such occurrence could result in our or our applicable subsidiary going into bankruptcy, liquidation or insolvency.

We have not paid dividends on our outstanding common stock in many years.

We have not paid cash dividends on our outstanding common stock in many years, and we do not currently anticipate paying cash dividends on our outstanding common stock in the near future.  Although our Board has not made a decision whether or not to pay dividends on our common stock in 2016, it is unlikely we will pay dividends on our common stock until we have repaid or refinanced our debt and our preferred stock.  In addition, there are certain limitations contained in our loan and securities purchase agreements that may limit our ability to pay dividends on our outstanding common stock.

Future issuances or potential issuances of our common stock or preferred equity could adversely affect the price of our common stock and our ability to raise funds in new stock offerings and could dilute the percentage ownership or voting power of our common stockholders.

Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, preferred stock or equity-related securities in the public market, or the issuance of a substantial amount of our common stock as the result of the exercise of our outstanding warrants, the conversion of our outstanding convertible preferred stocks, or the perception that such sales or conversions could occur, could adversely affect prevailing trading prices of our common stock and could dilute the value of common stock held by our existing stockholders.  No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that future sales of common stock, preferred stock, or equity-related securities, exercises of our warrants or conversions of, our outstanding preferred stocks into shares of common stock, or the availability of shares of common stock for future sale will have on the trading price of our common stock.  Such future sales, exercises, or conversions could also significantly reduce the percentage ownership and voting power of our existing common stockholders.

We are subject to a variety of factors that could discourage other parties from attempting to acquire us.

Our certificate of incorporation provides for a staggered Board and, except in limited circumstances, a two-thirds vote of outstanding voting shares to approve a merger, consolidation or sale of all, or substantially all, of our assets. In addition, we have entered into severance agreements with our executive officers and some of the executive officers of certain subsidiaries that provide, among other things, that if, within a specified period of time after the occurrence of a change in control of LSB, these officers are terminated, other than for cause, or the officer terminates his employment for good reason, the officer would be entitled to certain severance benefits. Certain of our preferred stock series and debt instruments also provide special rights in a change of control, including in some cases the ability to be repaid in full or redeemed.

We have authorized and unissued (including shares held in treasury) 51,603,779 shares of common stock and 4,019,999 shares of preferred stock as of December 31, 2015. These unissued shares could be used by our management to make it more difficult, and thereby discourage an attempt to acquire control of us.

We have adopted a preferred share purchase plan, which is designed to protect us against certain creeping acquisitions, open market purchases and certain mergers and other combinations with acquiring companies.

The foregoing provisions and agreements are designed to discourage a third party tender offer, proxy contest, or other attempts to acquire control of us and could have the effect of making it more difficult to remove incumbent management.  In addition, LSB Funding and the Golsen Holders have significant voting power and rights to designate board representatives, all of which may further discourage a third party tender offer, proxy contest, or other attempts to acquire control of us.

Delaware has adopted an anti-takeover law which, among other things, will delay for three years business combinations with acquirers of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of publicly-held companies (such as us), unless:

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained within this report may be deemed “Forward-Looking Statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (as amended, the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act.  All statements in this report other than statements of historical fact are Forward-Looking Statements that are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual results and performance of the Company to differ materially from such statements.  The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” and similar expressions identify Forward-Looking Statements.  Forward-Looking Statements contained herein include, but are not limited to, the following:

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While we believe the expectations reflected in such Forward-Looking Statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance such expectations will prove to have been correct.  There are a variety of factors which could cause future outcomes to differ materially from those described in this report, including, but not limited to, the following:  

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Given these uncertainties, all parties are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such Forward-Looking Statements.  We disclaim any obligation to update any such factors or to publicly announce the result of any revisions to any of the Forward-Looking Statements contained herein to reflect future events or developments.

Defined Terms

The following is a list of terms used in this report.

AHRI - The Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute.

Amended Working Capital Revolver Loan – The senior secured revolving credit facility, amended effective December 31, 2013.

AN - Ammonium nitrate.

ARO - Asset retirement obligation.

Covestro - Formerly Bayer MaterialScience, LLC., the party with whom our subsidiary in Baytown has entered into an agreement for supply of nitric acid through at least June 2021, the Covestro Agreement.

Covestro Agreement - A long-term contract that provides for a pass-through of certain costs, including the ammonia costs, plus a fixed dollar profit.  

Baytown Facility - The nitric acid production facility located in Baytown, Texas.

Borrowers – LSB and certain of its subsidiaries that are party to the Amended Working Capital Revolver Loan.

Carrier - Carrier Corporation.

Chemical Business – LSB’s business segment that manufactures and sells nitrogen-based chemical products for the agricultural, industrial, and mining markets.

Cherokee Facility - Our chemical production facility located in Cherokee, Alabama.

Climate Control Business – LSB’s business segment manufactures and sells a broad range of HVAC products that include water source and geothermal heat pumps, hydronic fan coils, large custom air handlers, modular geothermal and other chillers, and other related products and services.

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CM - Climate Master, Inc.

CMFS - The Dodge Construction Market Forecasting Service.

DEF - Diesel Exhaust Fluid.

DHS - The U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

DSN – A 98% strength nitric acid plant which was located at the El Dorado Facility.

DOC – The U.S. Department of Commerce.

EDC - El Dorado Chemical Company.

EIA – The U.S. Energy Information Administration.

El Dorado Facility - Our chemical production facility located in El Dorado, Arkansas.

Environmental Laws - Numerous federal, state and local environmental laws.

EPA - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

ERP - Enterprise resource planning.

GHP – Geothermal heat pump.

Golsen Holders - Jack E. Golsen, our Executive Chairman of the Board, members of his immediate family, including Barry H. Golsen, a member of the Board, entities owned by them and trusts for which they possess voting or dispositive power as trustee.

Health Laws – Numerous federal, state and local health and safety laws.

Liquidation Preference – The Series E Redeemable Preferred has a liquidation preference per share of $1,000 plus accrued and unpaid dividends plus the participation rights value. 

Indenture – The agreement governing the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes.

LSB - LSB Industries, Inc.

MA - A management alignment consisting of a structured process to identify the most critical improvement opportunities within a business, prioritize and staff the improvement activities and to align the entire organization around achieving those improvement objectives over the next twelve months.

MD&A – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

MMBtu - Million Metric British thermal units.

OEM - An original equipment manufacturer.

Orica - Orica International Pte Ltd.

PCC - Pryor Chemical Company.

PP&E - Plant, property and equipment.

Pryor Facility - Our chemical production facility located in Pryor, Oklahoma.

RIE - A rapid improvement event that is generally a week long, concentrated process that involves a cross functional team focused on improving a specific area of the business (or process).

SEC -The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

7.75% Senior Secured Notes - The $425 million aggregate principal amount of 7.75% Senior Secured Notes due August 1, 2019.

12% Senior Secured Notes – The $50 million aggregate principal amount of 12% Senior Secured Notes due August 1, 2019.

SG&A - Selling, general and administrative expense.

Turnaround - A planned major maintenance activity.

UAN - Urea ammonium nitrate.

U.S. - United States.

VSA – A value stream analysis that is a structured activity that helps visualize and document an entire business process flow and the interactions between functional departments.  By creating a process map of the current state, the future state and identifying improvement opportunities, activity becomes the basis for an improvement plan.

WASDE - World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates Report.

ITEM 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 2.  PROPERTIES

The following table presents our significant properties for 2015:

Most of our real property and equipment located at our Chemical facilities are being used to secure our long-term debt.  Most of our real property and equipment located at our Climate Control facilities have been mortgaged to secure the Senior Secured Notes.  All of the properties utilized by our businesses are suitable and adequate to meet the current needs of that business.

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ITEM 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

See Legal Matters under Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.

ITEM 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “LXU”.  The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices.

Stockholders

As of February 19, 2016, we had 408 record holders of our common stock

Dividends

We have not paid cash dividends on our outstanding shares of common stock during the two most recent fiscal years but have paid cash dividends on our outstanding series of convertible preferred stock during this period.  See discussion concerning dividends and restrictions in payment of dividends below under “Liquidity and Capital Resources Dividends” and “Loan Agreements” of the MD&A contained in this report.

Equity Compensation Plans

Discussions relating to our equity compensation plans under Item 12 of Part III are incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement which we intend to file with the SEC on or before April 29, 2016.

Sale of Unregistered Securities

As previously reported, on December 4, 2015, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with unrelated third parties, LSB Funding and Security Benefit Corporation, in a private placement exempt from registration under the Securities Act (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, on December 4, 2015.  On that day, we issued $210 million of Series E Redeemable Preferred, warrants to purchase 4,103,746 shares of common stock, par value $0.10 (which is equal to 17.99% of the outstanding shares of common stock before the completion of the private placement) and one share of Series F Redeemable Preferred.  See Note 13 to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report.  

Preferred Share Rights Plan

See discussions relating to our preferred share rights plan under Preferred Share Rights Plan of Note 13 to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (1)

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ITEM 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with a review of the other Items included in this Form 10-K and our December 31, 2015 Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. Certain statements contained in this MD&A may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

General

LSB is a manufacturing company operating through our subsidiaries.  LSB and its wholly-owned subsidiaries own the following core businesses:

Key Expectations for 2016

The new ammonia plant at the El Dorado Facility was mechanically complete in February 2016 and should begin production early in the second quarter of 2016.  We define mechanical completion as it relates to the El Dorado ammonia plant as having concluded the installation of process vessels and rotating equipment, including associated piping and valves. Additionally, utility equipment systems such as cooling water, steam generation, raw water treatment, and air systems, along with related piping, have been installed.  Currently, all that remains to fully complete construction activities at the El Dorado ammonia plant is the connection of the electronic instrumentation wiring to the field instruments, along with the painting and insulation of the piping and process vessels, and the final grading and concrete containment for proper drainage of the process areas.

Management and our Board, as previously announced, will continue to review strategic alternatives for our businesses in order to maximize shareholder value including asset sales and/or the separation of our two businesses.  Additionally, once the El Dorado ammonia plant becomes operational, we intend to explore refinancing our capital structure.

Key Capital Expenditure, Financing and Other Developments – 2015

The El Dorado Facility has certain expansion projects underway, a portion of which have been completed. These expansion projects include an ammonia production plant; a new 65% strength nitric acid plant and nitric acid concentrator; and other support infrastructure.  The new nitric acid concentrator went into production in June 2015, and the new nitric acid plant went into production during November 2015.  The new ammonia plant was mechanically complete in February 2016 and should begin production early in the second quarter of 2016.  

During 2015, management in conjunction with the owner’s representative, the engineering, procurement and construction contractor and other consultants determined that the total cost to complete the El Dorado Expansion would exceed what we previously projected at the beginning of the year, due, in part, to an under-estimation of the budgeted costs, work performed by a former subcontractor and mechanical and piping labor cost increases compared to earlier estimates.   We have now determined that the total cost to complete the El Dorado Expansion is estimated to be in the range of $831 million to $855 million, of which $705 million was spent as of December 31, 2015 and $126 million to $150 million is estimated to be spent in 2016.

Although we had begun seeking additional debt financing to address what were then our known costs of the El Dorado Expansion during the third quarter of 2015, the reluctance of existing bondholders to permit additional senior indebtedness unless we obtained additional equity caused us to reevaluate our financing plans and liquidity needs while we also worked to define the new cost estimates.  As a result of that analysis, we concluded that our liquidity needs to complete the projects would exceed available debt financing, particularly in light of our existing debt covenants limiting the incurrence of additional indebtedness. Given that publicly offered financing would be unavailable before we had defined the cost estimates and the release of our 2015 third quarter results and would probably be unavailable even after those events, our options were either to obtain other financing solutions in order for us to

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continue the projects or delay or stop the projects during the fourth quarter of 2015 to preserve our liquidity for other operations, which, without the El Dorado costs, are generally self-sustaining.  We also took additional steps to address our liquidity concerns, including obtaining extended payment terms, for a limited time during the fourth quarter, from Leidos our EDC contractor, for our El Dorado Expansion and by obtaining financing for discrete pieces of equipment.

We considered and explored financing options including debt, equity-linked and equity as well as potential asset sales. As part of those considerations we took into account our permitted indebtedness limits, the costs and likelihood of obtaining consents to raise our permitted indebtedness limits, the sale of one or more of our significant assets or divisions, and various forms of equity issuances.  We recognized that, without additional financing, some counterparties to contracts might begin changing payment terms and requiring cash payments in advance, which would further impair our liquidity and affect our business. We evaluated our choices based on timing of financing, certainty of completion, and short- and long-term costs.  Ultimately, based on the choices available after analyzing and pursuing various options, we concluded that termination or delay of the El Dorado Expansion would significantly impair the long-term value of the Company compared to the costs and benefits of a private debt and equity financing solution and that a sale of significant assets was not likely to be completed in the timeframe needed at an appropriate price.  Therefore during the fourth quarter of 2015, we entered into the following agreements as summarized below:

12% Senior Secured Notes

On November 9, 2015, LSB sold $50 million aggregate principal amount of the 12% senior secured notes due 2019 (the “12% Senior Secured Notes”) in a private placement exempt from registration under the Securities Act. The 12% Senior Secured Notes bear interest at the annual rate of 12% and mature on August 1, 2019. Interest is to be paid semiannually on February 1^st and August 1^st, which began February 1, 2016. The 12% Senior Secured Notes are secured on a pari passu basis with the same collateral securing LSB’s existing $425 million aggregate principal amount of 7.75% Senior Secured Notes issued in 2013 (the “7.75% Senior Secured Notes”).  The 12% Senior Secured Notes have covenants and events of default that are substantially similar to those applicable to the 7.75% Senior Secured Notes. See further discussion in Note 9 to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report.

Securities Purchase Agreement

On December 4, 2015, LSB entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with an unrelated third party, LSB Funding, (“LSB Funding”) pursuant to which LSB sold to LSB Funding, in a private placement exempt from registration under the Securities Act the following:

See further discussion in Note 13 to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report.

Registration Right Agreements

In connection with the 12% Senior Secured Notes, LSB entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement-Notes”).  Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement-Notes, we have agreed to use our reasonable best efforts to file with the SEC a registration statement on an appropriate form with respect to a registered offer to exchange the 12% Senior Secured Notes for new notes with terms substantially identical in all material respects to the 12% Senior Secured Notes, cause the registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act, and complete the exchange within 180 days after the effective date of such registration statement. We are also obligated to update the registration statement by filing a post-effective amendment.

In connection with the Securities Purchase Agreement, LSB entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement-Warrants”) relating to the registered resale of the common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and certain other common stock.  Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement-Warrants, we are required to file a registration statement for such registered resale within nine months from December 4, 2015 (the “Closing Date”), to permit the public resale of registrable securities then outstanding from time to time as permitted by Rule 415 under the Securities Act.  We are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective as soon as practicable thereafter. Furthermore, the registration statement must be declared effective within twelve months after the Closing Date by filing a post-effective amendment.

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Board Representation and Standstill Agreement

On the Closing Date, LSB and the Purchaser entered into a Board Representation and Standstill Agreement. Pursuant to the Board Representation and Standstill Agreement, we agreed to permit LSB Funding to appoint three nominees to our Board of Directors (the “Board”). Until the Board Designation Termination Date (as defined in the agreement), so long as LSB Funding or its affiliates own the Series E Redeemable Preferred or the Warrants, LSB Funding will continue to be entitled to designate three directors. In the event of redemption in full of the Series E Redeemable Preferred by LSB, LSB Funding will be entitled to designate only two directors so long as LSB Funding owns the Warrants or any shares of our common stock issuable thereunder. However, LSB Funding will be entitled to designate only one director nominee in the event LSB Funding and its affiliates collectively cease to beneficially own at least 10% (but not greater than 24.99%) of our common stock issued pursuant to the Warrants (whether owned directly or as a right to acquire upon exercise of the Warrants). LSB Funding’s rights to designate any directors will terminate when LSB Funding and its affiliates collectively cease to beneficially own at least 10% of our common stock issued pursuant to the Warrants (whether owned directly or as a right to acquire upon exercise of the Warrants).  

Under the Board Representation and Standstill Agreement, the Golsen Holders, collectively, have the right to designate two directors; however, if the Golsen Holders, collectively, continue to beneficially own at least 2.5% (but not 5% or more) of the then outstanding Common Stock, the Golsen Holders will be entitled to designate up to one director. These designation rights will terminate immediately on the first date on which the Golsen Holders, collectively, no longer beneficially own at least 2.5% of the then outstanding common stock.

From and including the Closing Date through and including the annual meeting of stockholders to elect directors to the Board in 2016 (including any adjournments and postponements thereof), LSB Funding and the Golsen Holders have agreed that, at any meeting of the stockholders or in any other circumstances upon which a vote, consent or other approval of all or some of the stockholders is sought solely with respect to the matters described below, they will vote (or cause to be voted) or execute (or cause to be executed) consents with respect to, as applicable, all of our securities owned as of the applicable record date in favor of the election of the persons named in our proxy statement as the Board’s nominees for election as directors, and against any other nominees.

During the period commencing on the Closing Date and ending on the Standstill Termination Date (as defined below), LSB Funding has agreed that it will not, and will cause its affiliates not to, directly or indirectly, among other things:

Ammonia Purchase and Sale Agreement

In November 2015, EDC and Koch Fertilizer entered into an ammonia purchase and sale agreement under which Koch Fertilizer agreed to purchase, with minimum purchase requirements, the ammonia that is in excess of El Dorado’s internal needs as discussed in Note 11 to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Significant Financial Developments – 2015

Our financial developments during 2015 included the following items:

Key Industry Factors

Chemical Business

Supply and Demand

Agricultural

The price at which our agricultural products are ultimately sold depends on numerous factors, including the supply and demand for nitrogen fertilizers which, in turn, depends upon world grain demand and production levels, the cost and availability of transportation, storage, weather conditions, competitive pricing and the availability of imports, among other factors. An expansion or upgrade of competitors’ facilities, international and domestic political and economic developments and other factors are likely to continue to play an important role in nitrogen fertilizer industry economics. These factors can impact, among other things, the level of inventories in the market, resulting in price volatility and product margins.

Corn prices affect the number of acres of corn planted in a given year, and the number of acres planted will drive nitrogen fertilizer consumption, likely driving ammonia, UAN and urea prices. Weather also will have an impact on fertilizer consumption. Although the latest World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates Report, report dated January 12, 2016 estimates record world corn ending stocks for 2015/2016 at 208.9 million tons, more than half of these tons are estimated to be held in China.  Despite the record ending stocks, the USDA is estimating the U.S. growers will plant 90.5 million acres of corn in 2016 compared to 88.0 million in 2015.  At present, the overall fertilizer market continues to be under pressure as inventories of fertilizer products at distributors and producers remain high due to the contracted fall application season and farmers and dealers delaying purchases as they believe fertilizer pricing will continue to drop.  However, spring nitrogen movement is expected to be stronger in 2016 compared to 2015 given the increase in estimated planted acres in 2016 and that the 2015 fall nitrogen fertilizer application was disappointing due to poor weather conditions.  Along with farmer and dealers delaying purchases, the strong U.S. dollar makes the U.S. an attractive market for importers to bring in product at lower prices, which is putting further pressure on the market.  With the spring application season rapidly approaching, we believe that nitrogen fertilizer prices will recover as more fertilizer will need to be applied to maintain the yield achieved over the past two seasons given the truncated fall application season and imports continuing to run below the levels set last year.  

Industrial

Our industrial products sales volumes are dependent upon general economic conditions primarily in the housing, automotive, and paper industries. According to the American Chemistry Council, the U.S. economic indicators continue to be mostly positive for these sectors domestically. Our sales prices generally vary with the market price of our feedstock (ammonia or natural gas, as applicable) in our pricing arrangements with customers.

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Mining

Our mining products are LDAN and AN solutions.  The primary uses are as AN fuel oil and specialty emulsions for surface mining of coal and for usage in quarries and the construction industry.  As reported by the EIA, annual coal production in the U.S. for 2015 is estimated to be down 11%.  EIA also forecasts an additional 6% decrease in U.S. coal production in 2016.  The Appalachia region drove the decline in coal production with an estimated decline of approximately 15% from 2015.  The Powder River Basin and Illinois Basin are estimated to have declined approximately 9% and 11%, respectively.  Although the majority of our LDAN and AN solutions are used in the Powder River Basin which has experienced a slower rate of decline, we believe that coal production in the U.S. will face significant challenges assuming natural gas prices remain at current levels and given that export demand is expected to be lower due to the current strength of U.S. currency.  While we believe our plants are well-located to support the regions that are more stable in the upcoming years, our current mining sales volumes are being impacted by overall lower customer demand for LDAN.

Farmer Economics

The demand for fertilizer is affected by the aggregate crop planting decisions and fertilizer application rate decisions of individual farmers. Individual farmers make planting decisions based largely on prospective profitability of a harvest, while the specific varieties and amounts of fertilizer they apply depend on factors, such as farmers’ financial resources, soil conditions, weather patterns and the types of crops planted.

Natural Gas Prices

Natural gas is the primary feedstock for the production of nitrogen fertilizers at our Cherokee and Pryor Facilities and will be upon the completion of the construction of the ammonia plant at our El Dorado Facility.  Over the last five years, U.S. natural gas reserves have increased significantly due to, among other factors, advances in extracting shale gas, which has reduced and stabilized natural gas prices, providing North America with a cost advantage over certain imports. As a result, our competitive position and that of other North American nitrogen fertilizer producers have been positively impacted.

We historically have purchased natural gas in the spot market or through the use of forward purchase contracts, or a combination of both and have used forward purchase contracts to lock in pricing for a portion of our natural gas requirements. These forward purchase contracts are generally either fixed-price or index-price, short-term in nature and for a fixed supply quantity. We are able to purchase natural gas at competitive prices due to our connections to large distribution systems and their proximity to interstate pipeline systems. Over the past several years, natural gas prices have experienced significant downward fluctuations, which have had a positive impact on our cost of producing nitrogen fertilizer. The following table shows the annual volume of natural gas we purchased and the average cost per MMBtu:

For 2016 we have forward purchase commitments of natural gas for approximately 3 million MMBtus for our Cherokee Facility, approximately 2 million MMBtus for our Pryor Facility and approximately 2 million MMBtus for our El Dorado Facility at an average cost of $2.76 per MMBtu. This represents approximately 30% of our exposed natural gas usage at each facility for 2016.

Ammonia Prices

Currently, ammonia is the primary feedstock for the production of HDAN and LDAN at our El Dorado Facility.  That will continue until the new ammonia plant being constructed is operational which is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2016.  Ammonia pricing is based on a published Tampa, Florida market index pursuant to an ammonia purchase agreement with Koch Nitrogen International Sarl (“Koch”), under which Koch agrees to supply certain of the El Dorado Facility’s ammonia requirements.  Under an amended agreement, the El Dorado Facility will purchase a majority of its ammonia requirement from Koch through the earlier of December 31, 2016 or the date on which the new ammonia plant comes on stream at the El Dorado Facility.  The Tampa index is commonly used in annual contracts for the industrial sectors, and is based on the most recent major industry transactions in the Tampa market.  Pricing considerations for ammonia incorporate international supply-demand, ocean freight and production factors.  Subject to availability, the El Dorado Facility has the ability to source a portion of its ammonia requirements from our Pryor Facility, which costs are significantly less than current market prices.  Once our new ammonia production plant at the El Dorado Facility commences production we believe this cost disadvantage will be eliminated.  Over the past several years, ammonia prices have experienced large fluctuations.  Additionally, the El Dorado Facility’s cost to produce HDAN from purchased ammonia can at times exceed our selling price (a cost disadvantage as compared to producing ammonia from natural gas) as discussed below.  

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Based upon full plant production, the El Dorado Facility would expect to require 200,000 to 220,000 tons per year of ammonia feedstock to upgrade to other products.  During 2015, the purchased ammonia was less than the amount required for full production due to lower production of:

The table below shows the El Dorado Facility’s annual volume of ammonia purchased and the average cost per short ton:

It is expected that this overall trend will continue into the second quarter of 2016 until we begin operating our new ammonia production plant at the El Dorado Facility and will negatively impact our operating results until that point.  We have executed contracts with customers with expected purchase requirements of 150,000 tons per year of LDAN a portion of which include minimum purchase requirement volumes.  With the recent downturn in the mining industry, we are unsure if we will reach these sales levels.  These contracts begin in 2016.

As mentioned above, our El Dorado Facility is currently at a cost disadvantage since it purchases ammonia compared to products produced with ammonia that were produced from natural gas.  This cost disadvantage combined with the impact of the expiration of the Orica Agreement contributed to an operating loss for the facility during 2015 of approximately $45 million compared to an operating loss of approximately $18 million in 2014.

Transportation Costs

Costs for transporting nitrogen based products can be significant relative to their selling price. For example, ammonia is a hazardous gas at ambient temperatures and must be transported in specialized equipment, which is more expensive than other forms of nitrogen fertilizers. In recent years, a significant amount of the ammonia consumed annually in the U.S was imported. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizers prices in the U.S. are influenced by the cost to transport product from exporting countries, giving domestic producers who transport shorter distances an advantage.

Climate Control Business

Construction Markets

Our Climate Control Business serves the new, renovation and replacement commercial/institutional and residential construction sectors.  Over the past two years, our overall business volume has shifted from a new construction majority to a dominance in renovation and replacement projects today.  Information available from the CMFS indicates that construction activity in the commercial/institutional markets we serve (including multi-family residential structures) is expected to increase 8%, 7% and 5%  in the aggregate from 2016 - 2018 and has surpassed pre-recession levels collectively.  In particular, the education, office and healthcare vertical end markets of the commercial/institutional sector are expected to grow faster than other vertical end markets we serve.  Additionally, single-family residential construction is expected to grow 20% during 2016 to 805,000 units but still remains well below the 1.5 million unit pre-recession levels.

Based on the above forecasted growth in the vertical markets we serve as well as the introduction of new products specifically targeted at the hospitality, education and healthcare vertical markets, we expect the commercial/institutional portion of the Climate Control Business to experience sales growth in the medium and long-term.  We believe that our residential products, which are all geothermal heat pumps (“GHP”), will experience limited sales growth, if any, due to the higher relative total system purchase cost of our higher efficiency GHP product offerings as compared to traditional HVAC systems. The higher initial purchase cost creates a longer payback period in most regions due to current low energy costs.  We continue to concentrate our product development and sales and marketing efforts on increasing our share of the existing market for our products, as well as expanding the markets for and application of our products, with a focus on utilizing high efficiency/“green” technology.

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Key Operational Factors

Chemical Business

Facility Reliability

Consistent, reliable and safe operations at our chemical plants are critical to our financial performance and results of operations. Unplanned downtime of the plants typically results in lost contribution margin, increased maintenance expense and decreased inventory for sale. The financial impact of planned downtime, including Turnarounds maintenance, is mitigated through a diligent planning process that takes into account, the availability of resources to perform the needed maintenance, feedstock logistics and other factors. Our Cherokee and Pryor Facilities have historically undergone a facility Turnaround every year. In the third quarter of 2014, our Cherokee Facility underwent an extended Turnaround replacing certain end-of-life equipment and performing additional maintenance required to move to a two-year Turnaround cycle. As a result, a Turnaround was not required at this facility during 2015 and we anticipate that Turnarounds at our Cherokee Facility typically will be performed every two years, and last 25 to 30 days. For the Cherokee Facility, the next bi-annual Turnaround is scheduled in mid-2016.  Currently, Turnarounds at our Pryor Facility are performed annually, and typically last between 20 to 25 days.  During the third quarter of 2015, the Pryor Facility completed a Turnaround that lasted 25 days.  However, subsequent to the completion of this Turnaround, this facility experienced unplanned downtime as discussed below under “Items Affecting Comparability of Results.” We are currently anticipating a Turnaround at our Pryor Facility in mid-2016.  At our El Dorado Facility, since we are able to perform Turnaround projects on individual plants without shutting down the entire facility, the impact of lost production is not significant.  However, upon completion of the new ammonia plant at our El Dorado Facility, the facility will begin with annual Turnarounds that are expected to last between 20 to 25 days.  All Turnarounds result in lost fixed overhead absorption and additional maintenance costs, which costs are expensed as incurred.

Prepay Contracts

We use forward sales of our fertilizer products to optimize our asset utilization, planning process and production scheduling. These sales are made by offering customers the opportunity to purchase product on a forward basis at prices and delivery dates that we propose. We use this program to varying degrees during the year depending on market conditions and depending on our view as to whether price environments will be increasing or decreasing. Fixing the selling prices of our products months in advance of their ultimate delivery to customers typically causes our reported selling prices and margins to differ from spot market prices and margins available at the time of shipment.

Climate Control Business

Product Orders, Sales and Ending Backlog

Our Climate Control Business had 2015 total bookings of $261 million, a 6% decline from 2014. This decline is directly related to the loss of Carrier’s water source heat pump contract that occurred in May 2014.  The backlog at December 31, 2015 is approximately 4% higher than 2014 primarily driven by an increase in commercial/institutional branded water source heat pump products of our subsidiary, Climate Master, Inc. (“Climate Master”).

The following table shows information relating to our product order intake level, net sales and backlog of confirmed customer product orders of our Climate Control Business:

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For January 2016, our new orders received were approximately $18.8 million and our backlog was approximately $65.6 million at January 31, 2016.

Operational Excellence Activities

In 2013 we began our Operational Excellence (“OpEx”) initiative at each of the companies within our Climate Control Business focusing on creating a safe work environment, industry leading quality, excellent customer service and operating cost reductions.  Our OpEx focus intensified throughout 2014 and 2015 at our custom air handler business and realignment of our water source and geothermal heat pump and hydronic fan coil operations. We have increased our investment through the addition of a group Director of OpEx and staffing of OpEx professionals at three of our operations to accelerate improvements in the businesses.  The Climate Control Business continues to build the foundation for the continuous improvement culture desired in our organization.  OpEx initiatives will drive safety, quality, delivery, and cost reductions with integration into our 2016 strategic planning activities by setting targeted goals and driving organizational development and management accountability.  Savings are expected to come from increased manufacturing excellence, effective launch of new products, and synergies gained through changes in organizational structure which will leverage support across all businesses.

Certain Heat Pump Contracts

In November 2013, Carrier advised Climate Master that heat pump contracts would not be renewed between Climate Master, as the manufacturer, and Carrier, as the purchaser.  These contracts expired in May 2014.  During 2014 and 2015, net sales pursuant to these heat pump contracts represented approximately $14.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

Consolidated Results for 2015

Our consolidated net sales for 2015 were $711.8 million compared to $761.2 million for 2014.  The sales decrease of $49.4 million included a decrease of $55.5 million in our Chemical Business partially offset by an increase of $8.7 million in our Climate Control Business.  Our consolidated operating loss was $50.8 million compared to a consolidated operating income of $53.4 million for 2014.  The decrease in our operating results of $104.2 million included a decrease in our Chemical Business operating results of $93.1 million and a decrease of $1.8 million in operating income in our Climate Control Business.  In addition, our unallocated corporate expenses increased $8.5 million.  The items impacting our operating results are discussed in more detail below and under “Results of Operations.”

Items Affecting Comparability of Results

Property and Business Interruption Insurance Claims and Recoveries

In January 2014, we settled claims with our insurance carriers related to property damage and business interruption at our Cherokee Facility.  For 2014, the impact of these claims to our operating results was approximately $22.9 million recognized as a reduction to cost of sales and $5.1 million recognized as a property insurance recovery in excess of losses incurred.

Impairment of Natural Gas Properties and Long Lived Assets

During 2015, a subsidiary within our Chemical Business received an engineering and economic evaluation (the “Evaluation”) from our independent petroleum engineer relating to its working interest in natural gas properties in the Marcellus Shale region.  The results of the Evaluation indicated that the carrying amount of these natural gas properties may not be recoverable.  Therefore a review for impairment was performed on these natural gas properties.  As a result of the review, our Chemical Business recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $39.7 million to write-down the carrying value of our working interest in these natural gas properties to the estimated fair value of $22.5 million at the time of the evaluation.  In addition, our Chemical Business recognized a $3.5 million non-cash impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of certain plant assets related to unused ammonia production equipment at our Pryor Facility.  See additional discussion below under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in this MD&A.

Pryor Downtime

Our Pryor Facility completed an annual Turnaround on August 4, 2015, which lasted 25 days.  While restarting the plant, several mechanical issues were encountered requiring management to take the plant out of service for additional repairs.  The plant was restarted and resumed production on September 23, 2015, resulting in 45 days of unplanned downtime. The Pryor facility experienced additional unplanned downtime in its Urea and UAN plants during the fourth quarter of 2015.  We estimate that the period of planned

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and unplanned downtime at our Pryor Facility during the third quarter of 2015 resulted in reduced sales volumes of UAN and ammonia by approximately 18,300 tons and 22,200 tons, respectively and an additional reduction in UAN sales volumes of 21,000 tons in the fourth quarter. The impact from these outages increased our operating losses in 2015 by approximately $19 million, which includes unabsorbed overhead expenses, costs of repair and lost profit margin.

During the first six months of 2014, Pryor incurred unplanned downtime resulting in lost ammonia and UAN production of approximately 34,000 tons and 59,000 tons respectively. The estimated negative impact to operating income resulting from these outages was approximately $15 million.  In addition, Pryor incurred a short planned 8 day outage in July to perform maintenance and experienced a 10 day unplanned outage in August resulting from a power outage.

Orica Agreement

EDC’s LDAN sales agreement with Orica expired on April 9, 2015.  The Orica Agreement included a provision for Orica to pay for fixed overhead costs and gross profit on the portion of the annual minimum of product not taken.  The annual fixed overhead and gross profit associated with the 240,000 tons was approximately $20 million. As a result during 2015, our El Dorado Facility had approximately $15 million less contribution margin from this agreement compared to 2014.

Subsequent to the expiration of the Orica Agreement, we continue to selling LDAN to other customers including Orica but at a lower volume given that we remain a high cost producer due to purchasing ammonia as the feedstock. We believe we will continue to experience lower volumes until the El Dorado ammonia plant construction is in production which is expected to begin early in the second quarter of 2016.

We have signed contracts with customers that, beginning in January 2016, provide for the sale of LDAN for approximately 150,000 tons annually under various cost plus pricing arrangements.  With the recent downturn in the mining industry, we are unsure if we will reach these sales levels. Unlike the Orica Agreement, which contained take-or-pay provisions, certain of these contracts include minimum annual volume levels with penalty payments if minimum volumes are not met.  However, as discussed in more detail above under “Key Industry Factors,” our LDAN sales volumes are being impacted by the decline in coal production in the U.S.

Cherokee Turnaround Expense

In 2014 our Cherokee Facility underwent an extended Turnaround replacing certain end-of-life equipment and performing additional maintenance required to move to a two-year Turnaround cycle.  The impact from this turnaround reduced our operating results in 2014 by approximately $5 million which includes unabsorbed overhead expenses, costs of repair and lost profit margin. Our Cherokee Facility has moved to a bi-annual turnaround schedule with the next Turnaround scheduled for third quarter of 2016.

Interest Expense, net

For 2015 and 2014, interest expense was $7.4 million and $21.6 million, net of capitalized interest of $30.6 million and $14.1 million, respectively.  Interest was capitalized based upon construction in progress of the El Dorado Expansion and certain other capital projects.  

Certain Unallocated Corporate Expenses

During 2015, we incurred certain one-time corporate costs relating to severance agreements with former executives of $2.0 million and we incurred stock-based compensation of $0.4 million associated with our Chief Executive Officer relating to restricted stock that vested on the date of grant, and certain Board fees of $0.2 million.

Results of Operations

The following Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 and accompanying notes and the discussions under “Overview” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in this MD&A. See discussion in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding the adjusted prior period amounts to classify certain shipping and handling of our Chemical Business from net sales and SG&A to cost of sales to conform to our current presentation of our consolidated statement of operations for 2015.

We present the following information about our results of operations for our two core business segments:  the Chemical Business and the Climate Control Business.  The business operation classified as “Other” primarily sells industrial machinery and related components to machine tool dealers and end users.  Net sales by business segment include net sales to unaffiliated customers as reported in the consolidated financial statements.  Intersegment net sales are not significant.  Gross profit by business segment

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represents net sales less cost of sales.  Operating income (loss) by business segment represents gross profit by business segment less SG&A incurred by each business segment plus other income and other expense earned/incurred by each business segment before general corporate expenses.  General corporate expenses consist of SG&A, other income and other expense that are not allocated to one of our business segments.

The following table contains certain information about our continuing operations in different business segments for each of the three years ended December 31:

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Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014

Chemical Business

The following table contains certain information about our net sales, gross profit and operating income in our Chemical segment for 2015 and 2014:

The following tables provide key operating metrics for the agricultural products of our Chemical Business for 2015 and 2014: