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MANNATECH INC - Quarter Report: 2008 March (Form 10-Q)

Form 10-Q
Table of Contents

March 2008

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2008

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to             .

Commission File No. 000-24657

 

 

MANNATECH, INCORPORATED

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 

 

 

Texas   75-2508900

(State or other Jurisdiction of

Incorporation or Organization)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

600 S. Royal Lane, Suite 200

Coppell, Texas 75019

(Address of Principal Executive Offices, including Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code: (972) 471-7400

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer  ¨                Accelerated filer  x                Non-accelerated filer  ¨                Smaller reporting company  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     Yes  ¨    No  x

As of April 30, 2008, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s sole class of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, was 26,460,788.

 

 

 


Table of Contents

Mannatech, Incorporated

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

   1

Part I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

  

Item 1. Financial Statements

   2

Consolidated Balance Sheets – Unaudited

   2

Consolidated Statements of Operations – Unaudited

   3

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Unaudited

   4

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Unaudited

   5

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

   6

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

   20

Company Overview

   20

Results of Operations

   21

Liquidity and Capital Resources

   26

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

   28

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

   32

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

   33

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

   34

Part II – OTHER INFORMATION

  

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

   35

Item 1A. Risk Factors

   39

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

   39

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

   39

Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

   39

Item 5. Other Information

   39

Item 6. Exhibits

   39

Signatures

   40


Table of Contents

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain disclosures and analysis in this Form 10-Q, including information incorporated by reference, may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Opinions, forecasts, projections, guidance, or other statements other than statements of historical fact are considered forward-looking statements and reflect only current views about future events and financial performance. Some of these forward-looking statements include statements regarding:

 

   

management’s plans and objectives for future operations;

 

   

existing cash flows being adequate to fund future operational needs;

 

   

future plans related to budgets, future capital requirements, market share growth, and anticipated capital projects and obligations;

 

   

the realization of net deferred tax assets;

 

   

the ability to curtail operating expenditures;

 

   

global statutory tax rates remaining unchanged;

 

   

the impact of future market changes due to exposure to foreign currency translations;

 

   

the possibility of certain policies, procedures, and internal processes minimizing exposure to market risk;

 

   

the impact of new accounting pronouncements on financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows;

 

   

the outcome of new or existing litigation matters;

 

   

the outcome of new or existing regulatory inquiries or investigations; and

 

   

other assumptions described in this report underlying such forward-looking statements.

Although we believe that the expectations included in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these forward-looking statements are subject to certain events, risks, assumptions, and uncertainties, including those discussed below and in the “Risk Factors” section in Item 1A of this Form 10-Q, and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated by reference herein. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results and developments could materially differ from those expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements. For example, any of the following factors could cause actual results to vary materially from our projections:

 

   

overall expected growth in the nutritional supplements industry;

 

   

plans for expected future product development;

 

   

changes in manufacturing costs;

 

   

shifts in the mix of packs and products;

 

   

the future impact of any changes to global associate career and compensation plans or incentives;

 

   

the ability to attract and retain independent associates and members;

 

   

new regulatory changes that could affect operations or products;

 

   

any impact of competition, competitive products, and pricing;

 

   

any impact related to media or publicity; and

 

   

the political, social, and economic climate.

Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by use of phrases or terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “approximates,” “predicts,” “projects,” “potential,” and “continues” or other similar words or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. Similarly, descriptions of Mannatech’s objectives, strategies, plans, goals, or targets contained herein are also considered forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned when considering these forward-looking statements to keep in mind these risks, assumptions, and uncertainties and any other cautionary statements in this report, as all of the forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date of this report.

Unless stated otherwise, all financial information throughout this report and in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes include Mannatech, Incorporated and all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis and may be referred to herein as “Mannatech,” “the Company,” “its,” “we,” “our,” or “their.”

Our products are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent any disease and any statements about our products contained in this report have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration, also referred to herein as the FDA.

 

1


Table of Contents

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Financial Statements

MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 

     March 31,
2008
    December 31,
2007
 
     (unaudited)        
ASSETS     

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 57,995     $ 47,103  

Restricted cash

     353       340  

Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $723 and $877 in 2008 and 2007, respectively

     852       618  

Income tax receivable

     3,463       2,136  

Inventories, net

     26,055       23,706  

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

     6,198       6,053  

Deferred income tax assets

     3,119       1,789  
                

Total current assets

     98,035       81,745  

Long-term investments

     —         12,950  

Property and equipment, net

     41,254       42,818  

Construction in progress

     3,311       1,594  

Long-term restricted cash

     10,598       11,726  

Other assets

     1,584       1,470  

Long-term deferred income tax assets

     143       151  
                

Total assets

   $ 154,925     $ 152,454  
                
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY     

Current portion of capital leases

   $ 111     $ 110  

Accounts payable

     5,127       3,637  

Accrued expenses

     30,978       30,315  

Commissions and incentives payable

     16,420       11,139  

Taxes payable

     3,714       6,198  

Deferred revenue

     5,085       4,769  
                

Total current liabilities

     61,435       56,168  

Capital leases, excluding current portion

     233       261  

Long-term royalties due to an affiliate

     2,334       2,440  

Long-term deferred income tax liabilities

     7,035       5,165  

Other long-term liabilities

     1,710       1,565  
                

Total liabilities

     72,747       65,599  

Commitments and contingencies

    

Shareholders’ equity:

    

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding

     —         —    

Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 99,000,000 shares authorized, 27,667,882 shares issued and 26,460,788 shares outstanding in 2008 and 2007

     3       3  

Additional paid-in capital

     40,378       40,146  

Retained earnings

     57,947       62,620  

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

     (1,359 )     (1,123 )
                
     96,969       101,646  

Less treasury stock, at cost, 1,207,094 shares in 2008 and 2007

     (14,791 )     (14,791 )
                

Total shareholders’ equity

     82,178       86,855  
                

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity

   $ 154,925     $ 152,454  
                

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

 

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Table of Contents

MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS – (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share information)

 

     Three months ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

Net sales

   $ 91,451     $ 104,799  

Cost of sales

     12,863       14,693  

Commissions and incentives

     42,492       46,953  
                
     55,355       61,646  
                

Gross profit

     36,096       43,153  

Operating expenses:

    

Selling and administrative expenses

     22,746       19,719  

Depreciation and amortization

     3,062       1,465  

Other operating costs

     14,027       12,148  
                

Total operating expenses

     39,835       33,332  
                

Income (loss) from operations

     (3,739 )     9,821  

Interest income

     560       647  

Other income (expense), net

     371       (36 )
                

Income (loss) before income taxes

     (2,808 )     10,432  

(Provision) benefit for income taxes

     516       (3,543 )
                

Net income (loss)

   ($ 2,292 )   $ 6,889  
                

Earnings (loss) per share:

    

Basic

   ($ 0.09 )   $ 0.26  
                

Diluted

   ($ 0.09 )   $ 0.26  
                

Weighted-average common shares outstanding:

    

Basic

     26,461       26,418  
                

Diluted

     26,461       26,979  
                

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

 

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Table of Contents

MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) – (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share information)

 

     Common Stock
Outstanding
   Additional
paid in
capital
   Retained
earnings
    Accumulated
other
comprehensive
loss
    Treasury stock     Total
shareholders’
equity
 
     Shares    Par
value
          Shares    Amounts    

Balance at December 31, 2006

   26,410    $ 3    $ 38,941    $ 66,393     ($ 1,749 )   1,207    ($ 14,791 )   $ 88,797  

Cumulative impact of a change in accounting for income tax uncertainties pursuant to FIN 48

   —        —        —        (845 )     —       —        —         (845 )

Proceeds from stock options exercised

   12      —        25      —         —       —        —         25  

Charge related to stock-based compensation

   —        —        326      —         —       —        —         326  

Declared dividends of $0.09 per common share

   —        —        —        (2,378 )     —       —        —         (2,378 )

Components of comprehensive income:

Foreign currency translations

   —        —        —        —         134     —        —         134  

Unrealized gain from investments classified as available-for-sale, net of tax of $1

   —        —        —        —         1     —        —         1  

Net income

   —        —        —        6,889       —       —        —         6,889  
                          

Total comprehensive income

                       7,024  
                                                        

Balance at March 31, 2007

   26,422    $ 3    $ 39,292    $ 70,059     ($ 1,614 )   1,207    ($ 14,791 )   $ 92,949  
                                                        
     Common Stock
Outstanding
   Additional
paid in
capital
   Retained
earnings
    Accumulated
other
comprehensive
loss
    Treasury stock     Total
shareholders’
equity
 
     Shares    Par
value
          Shares    Amounts    

Balance at December 31, 2007

   26,461    $ 3    $ 40,146    $ 62,620     ($ 1,123 )   1,207    ($ 14,791 )   $ 86,855  

Charge related to stock-based compensation

   —        —        232      —         —       —        —         232  

Declared dividends of $0.09 per common share

   —        —        —        (2,381 )     —       —        —         (2,381 )

Components of comprehensive loss:

Foreign currency translations

   —        —        —        —         (236 )   —        —         (236 )

Net loss

   —        —        —        (2,292 )     —       —        —         (2,292 )
                          

Total comprehensive loss

                       (2,528 )
                                                        

Balance at March 31, 2008

   26,461    $ 3    $ 40,378    $ 57,947     ($ 1,359 )   1,207    ($ 14,791 )   $ 82,178  
                                                        

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

 

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Table of Contents

MANNATECH, INCORPORATED ALL SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)

 

     Three months ended
March 31,
 
     2008     2007  

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

    

Net income (loss)

   ($ 2,292 )   $ 6,889  

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

    

Depreciation and amortization

     3,062       1,465  

Provision for doubtful accounts

     (154 )     —    

Provision for inventory losses

     298       26  

Loss on disposal of assets

     184       1  

Accounting charge related to stock-based compensation

     232       326  

Deferred income taxes

     592       1048  

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

    

Accounts receivable

     (57 )     879  

Income tax receivable

     (1,327 )     406  

Inventories

     (2,726 )     (1,120 )

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

     (142 )     (1,331 )

Other assets

     (70 )     (138 )

Accounts payable

     1,236       4,616  

Accrued expenses and taxes payable

     (1,836 )     (9,926 )

Commissions and incentives payable

     5,145       2,785  

Deferred revenue

     318       (2,422 )
                

Net cash provided by operating activities

     2,463       3,504  

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

    

Purchases of property and equipment

     (3,472 )     (6,534 )

Sale of investments

     20,350       —    

Purchase of investments

     (7,400 )     —    

Change in restricted cash

     479       (696 )
                

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

     9,957       (7,230 )

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

    

Payment of cash dividends

     (2,381 )     (2,378 )

Proceeds from stock options exercised

     —         25  

Repayment of capital lease obligations

     (27 )     (33 )
                

Net cash used in financing activities

     (2,408 )     (2,386 )

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

     880       129  
                

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

     10,892       (5,983 )

Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of period

     47,103       45,701  
                

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of period

   $ 57,995     $ 39,718  
                

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:

    

Income taxes paid

   $ 4     $ 1,107  
                

Interest paid on capital leases

   $ 5     $ 6  
                

SUMMARY OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

    

Declaration of dividends, paid in April 2007

   $ —       $ 2,378  
                

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

 

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MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1    ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Mannatech, Incorporated, located in Coppell, Texas, was incorporated in the state of Texas on November 4, 1993 and is listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “MTEX”. Mannatech, Incorporated (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) develops, markets, and sells high-quality, proprietary nutritional supplements, skin care and topical products, and weight-management products that are primarily sold to independent associates and members located in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, and Germany.

Independent associates (“associates”) purchase the Company’s products at published wholesale prices for sale to retail customers or personal comsumption. Members (“members”) purchase the Company’s products at a discount from published retail prices primarily for personal consumption. The Company cannot distinguish its personal consumption sales from its other sales because it has no involvement in its products after delivery, other than usual and customary product returns. Only independent associates are eligible to earn commissions and incentives.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and with instructions for Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the Company’s consolidated financial statements and footnotes contained herein do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) to be considered “complete financial statements”. However, in the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and footnotes contain all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated financial information as of, and for, the periods presented. The Company cautions that its consolidated results of operations for an interim period are not necessarily indicative of its consolidated results of operations to be expected for its fiscal year. The December 31, 2007 consolidated balance sheet was included in the audited consolidated financial statements in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 and filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2008 (“2007 Annual Report”), which includes all disclosures required by GAAP. Therefore, these unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the 2007 Annual Report.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements and footnotes include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management is required to make certain estimates and assumptions that could affect its reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses during the reporting periods, as well as disclosures about its contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates for the Company include inventory obsolescence, deferred revenues, sales returns, fixed assets’ useful lives, and valuation allowance for deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from such estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments, including credit card receivables, with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the Company included in its cash and cash equivalents credit card receivables due from its credit card processor, as the cash proceeds from credit card receivables are generally received within 24 to 72 hours. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, credit card receivables were $3.4 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Additionally, cash and cash equivalents held in bank accounts in foreign countries totaled $34.8 million and $40.6 million, respectively.

 

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Table of Contents

MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

Restricted Cash

The Company is required to restrict cash related to direct selling insurance premiums and credit card sales in the Republic of Korea, which, as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, was $10.4 million and $11.5 million, respectively. In addition, the Company is required to restrict cash related to its Canada operations, which, as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, was $0.3 million. The Company also restricts cash related to a term deposit in an Australian bank, amounting to $0.2 million, as collateral for its Australian building lease. The restricted term deposit is expected to be renewed through August 2008, when the Australian building lease expires.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. Receivables are created upon shipment of an order if the payment is rejected or does not match the order total. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, accounts receivable consisted primarily of amounts due from members and associates. The Company periodically evaluates its receivables for collectability based on historical experience, recent account activities, and the length of time receivables are past due, and writes-off receivables when they become uncollectible. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the Company held an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.7 million and $0.9 million, respectively. In addition, as of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, accounts receivable included a receivable due from MannaRelief, a related party, of $0.1 million and a fully-reserved note receivable due from a former executive of approximately $0.2 million.

Other Assets

As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, other assets primarily consisted of deposits for building leases in various locations totaling $1.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

Commissions and Incentives

Independent associates earn commissions and incentives based on their direct and indirect commissionable net sales over 13 business periods. Each business period equals 28 days. The Company accrues commissions and incentives when earned by independent associates and pays commissions on product sales three weeks following the business period end and pays commissions on its pack sales five weeks following the business period end.

Other Long-Term Liabilities

The Company maintains building operating leases for its regional office facilities located in the United Kingdom, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, accrued restoration costs related to these leases amounted to $0.4 million. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the Company also recorded a long-term liability for an estimated defined benefit obligation related to its deferred benefit plan for its Japan operations of $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources and includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. The Company’s comprehensive income consists of the Company’s net income, foreign currency translation adjustments from its Japan, Republic of Korea, and Taiwan operations, and unrealized gains or losses from its investments classified as available-for-sale, net of income taxes.

 

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MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue is derived from sales of its products, sales of its starter and renewal packs, and shipping fees. Substantially all of the Company’s product sales are sold to independent associates at published wholesale prices and to members at discounted published retail prices. The Company recognizes revenue upon receipt of packs and products by its customers. The Company records revenue net of any sales taxes and records a reserve for expected sales returns based on its historical experience.

The Company defers certain components of its revenue. Total deferred revenue consists of revenue received from (i) sales of packs and products, which were shipped but not received by customers by period end; (ii) one-year magazine subscriptions; (iii) pack sales when the pack sale price exceeds the wholesale value of all individual components within the pack; and (iv) prepaid registration fees from customers planning to attend a future corporate-sponsored event. The Company recognizes deferred revenue from shipped packs and products upon receipt by the customer. Corporate-sponsored event revenue is recognized when the event is held. All other deferred revenue is recognized ratably over one year. Components of deferred revenue were as follows:

 

     March 31,
2008
   December 31,
2007
     (in thousands)

Revenue related to undelivered packs and products

   $ 4,922    $ 4,406

Revenue related to a one-year magazine subscription and pack sales exceeding the wholesale value of individual components sold

     125      141

Revenue related to future corporate-sponsored events

     38      222
             

Total deferred revenue

   $ 5,085    $ 4,769
             

Shipping and Handling Costs

The Company records freight and shipping fees collected from its customers as revenue. The Company records inbound freight as cost of sales and records shipping and handling costs associated with shipping products to its customers as selling and administrative expenses. Total shipping and handling costs included in selling and administrative expenses were approximately $4.0 million and $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.

NOTE 2     INVESTMENTS

The Company classifies its investments as available-for-sale. As of March 31, 2008, the Company had no investments. As of December 31, 2007, the Company’s investments consisted of the following:

 

     December 31, 2007
     Amortized
cost
   Gross
unrealized gain (loss)
   Fair
value
     (in thousands)

City, state, or federal agency backed obligations

   $ 12,950    $ —      $ 12,950
                    

Total investments, classified as long-term

   $ 12,950    $ —      $ 12,950
                    

 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

NOTE 3     INVENTORIES

Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods, including sales aids. Work in progress includes raw materials shipped to a third-party manufacturer for processing into certain finished goods. The Company provides an allowance for any slow-moving or obsolete inventories. Inventories at March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, consisted of the following:

 

     March 31,
2008
   December 31,
2007
     (in thousands)

Raw materials

   $ 10,263    $ 8,846

Work in progress

     —        134

Finished goods, less inventory reserves for obsolescence of $656 in 2008

and $526 in 2007

     15,792      14,726
             
   $ 26,055    $ 23,706
             

NOTE 4    INCOME TAXES

For the three-months ended March 31, 2008, the Company’s effective tax rate of 18.4% differed from the statutory rate because of the ownership by Switzerland of certain non-North American sales.

NOTE 5    SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Treasury Stock

On June 30, 2004, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase, in the open market, up to 5% of its outstanding shares, or approximately 1.3 million shares, of its common stock. On August 28, 2006, a second program permitting the Company to purchase, in the open market, up to $20 million of its outstanding shares was approved by the Board of Directors. During the three months ended March 31, 2008, the Company did not repurchase any of its shares. As of March 31, 2008, the Company had repurchased the following number of shares of its common stock in the open market:

 

Date purchased

   Common shares purchased    Approximate
cost
   Average price paid per
share

May 2005

   190,850    $  3.0 million    $ 15.71

September 2005

   182,626      2.0 million    $ 10.95

October 2005

   207,023      2.0 million    $ 9.66

May 2006

   73,955      1.0 million    $ 13.52

June 2006

   253,289      3.0 million    $ 11.84

July 2006

   144,840      2.0 million    $ 13.81

August 2006

   68,861      1.0 million    $ 14.52
              

Total

   1,121,444    $  14.0 million    $ 12.48
              

As of March 31, 2008, the maximum number of shares available for repurchase under the June 2004 plan, previously approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, was 196,124. The Company is also authorized to purchase up to $20 million of its outstanding common stock in the open market under its August 2006 program.

 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

Earnings Per Share

Basic Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) calculations are based on the weighted-average number of the Company’s common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS calculations are based on the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents outstanding during each period.

The following data shows the amounts used in computing the Company’s EPS and their effect on the Company’s weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007. As of March 31, 2008, approximately 1.4 million shares of the Company’s common stock subject to options were excluded from diluted EPS calculations using a weighted-average close price of $6.68 per share, as their effect was antidilutive. As of March 31, 2007, 68,616 shares of the Company’s common stock subject to options were excluded from its diluted EPS calculations using a weighted-average close price of $15.21 per share, as their effect was antidilutive. The amounts below are rounded to the nearest thousands, except for per share amounts.

 

     For the three months ended March 31,
     2008     2007
     Loss
(numerator)
    Shares
(denominator)
   Per share
amount
    Income
(numerator)
   Shares
(denominator)
   Per share
amount

Basic EPS:

               

Net income (loss) available to common shareholders

   ($ 2,292 )   26,461    ($ 0.09 )   $ 6,889    26,418    $ 0.26

Effect of dilutive securities:

               

Stock options

     —       —        —         —      453      —  

Warrants

     —       —        —         —      108      —  
                                       

Diluted EPS:

               

Net income (loss) available to common shareholders plus assumed conversions

   ($ 2,292 )   26,461    ($ 0.09 )   $ 6,889    26,979    $ 0.26
                                       

 

NOTE 6    STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company has two stock-based compensation plans, both of which were approved by its shareholders (collectively, the “Stock Option Plans”). One of those plans, the Company’s 1998 Amended and Restated Incentive Stock Option Plan, expires in May 2008. In February 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors approved its 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (“the 2008 Plan”), which reserves, for issuance of stock options and restricted stock to its employees, board members, and consultants, up to 1,000,000 shares of its common stock plus any shares reserved under the Company’s existing, unexpired stock plans for which options have not been issued, and any shares underlying outstanding options under the existing stock option plans that terminate without having been exercised in full. The 2008 Plan will be submitted to the Company’s shareholders for approval at the 2008 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting to be held on June 18, 2008. Until the 2008 Plan is approved by the Company’s shareholders, the Company will continue to grant stock options under its previously approved Stock Option Plans.

The Company generally grants stock options to its employees and board members at the fair market value of its common stock on the date of grant, with a term no greater than ten years. The Company has not granted any stock options to non-employees other than its non-employee board members. The stock options generally vest over two or three years. Shareholders who own 10% or more of the Company’s outstanding stock may be granted incentive stock options at an exercise price that may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, have a term no greater than five years, and vest over four years.

 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

The Company records stock-based compensation expense related to granting stock options in selling and administrative expenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company granted 75,000 and 36,000 stock options, respectively. The fair values of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2008 ranged from $2.11 to $2.81 per share. During the three months ended March 31, 2007 the fair value was $7.76 per share. The Company recognized compensation expense as follows for the three months ended March 31:

 

     2008    2007
     (in thousands)

Total gross compensation expense

   $ 211    $ 308

Total tax benefit associated with compensation expense

     40      115
             

Total net compensation expense

   $ 171    $ 193
             

As of March 31, 2008, the Company expects to record compensation expense in the future as follows:

 

     Total gross
unrecognized
compensation
expense
   Total tax benefit
associated with
unrecognized
compensation expense
   Total net
unrecognized
compensation
expense
     (in thousands)

For the nine months ending December 31, 2008

   $ 494    $ 80    $ 414

For the year ending December 31, 2009

     368      38      330

For the year ending December 31, 2010

     106      2      104

For the year ending December 31, 2011

     3      —        3
                    
   $ 971    $ 120    $ 851
                    

 

NOTE 7    TRANSACTIONS WITH AFFILIATES AND RELATED PARTIES

Agreement with J. Stanley Fredrick

In November 2003, the Company entered into a Lock-Up Agreement whereby the Company pays Mr. J. Stanley Fredrick, the Company’s Lead Director on its Board of Directors and a major shareholder, $185,000 per year for his agreement not to sell or transfer his shares to an outside party unless approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of March 31, 2008, Mr. Fredrick beneficially owned 3,150,000 shares of the Company’s common stock.

In November 2003, the Company agreed to pay Mr. Fredrick $100,000 annually to act as Lead Director for its Board of Directors. In 2006, the Company also agreed to pay Mr. Fredrick for attendance at its Board of Directors and Board committee meetings. For the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company paid Mr. Fredrick approximately $11,500 and $10,500, respectively, related to attendance at such meetings.

Consulting Fees with Professor Axford and Clinical Studies with St. George’s Hospital

St. George’s Hospital & Medical School in London, England employs Dr. John Axford, a former director of the Company, who resigned from the Company’s Board of Directors effective September 6, 2007. Dr. Axford served as the principal investigator in the Company’s funded clinical trials for St. George’s Hospital & Medical School. In June 2004, the Company signed a three-year agreement totaling $0.7 million with St. George’s Hospital & Medical School to fund research costs related to a clinical trial involving one of the Company’s products. The Company accrued fees of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2007 related to this clinical trial. The trial was concluded and all amounts paid in 2007.

 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

In January 2007, the Company entered into another agreement with St. George’s Hospital & Medical School totaling $0.5 million to help fund a three-year clinical trial called “Ambrotose® Dosing and Optimization Studies.” Dr. Axford serves as principal investigator for this clinical trial. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the Company had made payments of $0.3 million to the study and recorded an additional $0.2 million in accrued liabilities.

During 2007, the Company was party to an agreement with Dr. Axford which provided for the payment to Dr. Axford of $1,500 per day for speaking or acting as a Company spokesman at any Company-sponsored events. During the three months ended March 31, 2007, the Company paid Dr. Axford approximately $25,000 related to this agreement. The agreement with Dr. Axford was terminated in September 2007.

Agreements with Dr. Bill McAnalley

On August 7, 2005, the Company’s two-year employment agreement with Dr. Bill McAnalley, who served as the Company’s Chief Science Officer, expired. As a result, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Dr. McAnalley, pursuant to which the Company was required to pay Dr. McAnalley a total of $0.9 million. In August 2006, the Company extended this consulting agreement to reduce the monthly payments and extend the agreement terms through August 8, 2007. For the three months ended March 31, 2007, the Company expensed amounts paid to Dr. McAnalley for services related to this consulting agreement totaling $0.2 million.

In August 2003, the Company entered into a Long-Term Post-Employment Royalty Agreement with Dr. McAnalley, pursuant to which the Company is required to pay Dr. McAnalley, or his heirs, royalties for ten years beginning September 2005 through August 2015. Quarterly payments related to this Long-Term Post-Employment Royalty Agreement are based on certain applicable annual global product sales by the Company in excess of $105.4 million. At the time the Company entered into this Long-Term Post-Employment Royalty Agreement, it was considered a post-employment benefit and the Company was required to measure and accrue the present value of the estimated future royalty payments related to the post-employment royalty benefit and recognize it over the life of Dr. McAnalley’s employment agreement, which was two years. As of March 31, 2008, the Company’s long-term liability related to this royalty agreement was $2.9 million, of which $0.6 million was currently due and included in accrued expenses. As of December 31, 2007, the Company’s long-term liability related to this royalty agreement was $2.9 million, of which $0.5 million was currently due and included in accrued expenses.

Transactions involving MannaRelief Ministries

Mr. Samuel Caster, the Company’s Chairman of the Board and former Chief Executive Officer, founded MannaRelief Ministries in 1999 and served as its Chairman from 1999 through August 2007. MannaRelief is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization that provides charitable services for children. Donald Herndon, the Company’s Vice President of Field Services, also served on MannaRelief’s board of directors through August 2007. Mr. Herndon is the brother-in-law of Mr. Caster and the brother-in-law of Terry L. Persinger, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and President and a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.

Historically, the Company has made cash donations to MannaRelief, sold products to MannaRelief at cost plus shipping and handling charges, and shipped products purchased by MannaRelief to its chosen recipients. In addition, certain Company employees and consultants periodically volunteer to work or host various fundraising projects and events for MannaRelief at no cost to MannaRelief. The Company has made cash donations and sold products to MannaRelief, at cost plus shipping and handling, as follows for the three months ended March 31:

 

     2008    2007

Sold Products

   $ 0.2 million    $ 0.2 million

Cash Donations

   $ 0.2 million    $ 0.2 million

 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

Certain Transactions with Ray Robbins

Mr. Ray Robbins is a member of the Company’s Board of Directors and a major shareholder. Mr. Robbins holds positions in the Company’s associate global downline network-marketing system. For the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company paid commissions and incentives to Mr. Robbins as a result of his associate positions totaling $0.8 million and $1.0 million respectively. In addition, several of Mr. Robbins’ family members are independent associates and were paid associate commissions and earned incentives of approximately $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007. All commissions and incentives paid to Mr. Robbins and his family members were paid in accordance with the Company’s global associate career and compensation plan.

 

NOTE 8    LITIGATION

Securities Class Action Lawsuits

The Company has been sued in the following three securities class action lawsuits, each of which remained pending at March 31, 2008:

 

   

First, on August 1, 2005, Mr. Jonathan Crowell filed a putative class action lawsuit against the Company and Mr. Samuel L. Caster, its Chief Executive Officer, on behalf of himself and all others who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s common stock between August 10, 2004, and May 9, 2005, inclusive, and who were damaged thereby.

 

   

Second, on August 30, 2005, Mr. Richard McMurry filed a class action lawsuit against us, Mr. Caster, Mr. Terry L. Persinger, the Company’s President and Chief Operating Officer, and Mr. Stephen D. Fenstermacher, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer.

 

   

Third, on September 5, 2005, Mr. Michael Bruce Zeller filed a class action lawsuit against the Company, Mr. Caster, Mr. Persinger, and Mr. Fenstermacher.

On March 20, 2008, the Company announced that it had reached a final settlement of the securities class action with the Lead Plaintiffs. This settlement, which is subject to, among other things, preliminary and final Court approval, would resolve all the claims in the litigation. Without admitting any liability or wrongdoing of any kind, the Company has agreed to authorize payment to the plaintiff class of $11.25 million. This settlement payment would be funded by both the Company and its insurer.

Because the litigation is a class action, the settlement is subject to the preliminary approval of the Court as well as the Court’s final approval after notice of the terms of the settlement has been provided to all class members. Timing of the approval process is dependent on the Court’s calendar. The settlement class consists of the purchasers of the Company’s stock during the period August 10, 2004 through July 30, 2007. Relevant purchasers of Company stock have a right to opt out of the class, class members may object to the terms of the settlement, and final consummation of settlement must await the entry of final judgment approving the settlement as fair to all class members. However, such settlements are not uncommonly approved without material modification, and barring any unusual developments, the Company expects that this approval process will be completed within a four- to six-month period.

These three lawsuits were initially filed and consolidated in the United States District of New Mexico. On January 29, 2007, the consolidated action was transferred to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division, and on March 29, 2007, upon joint motion of the parties, was transferred to the docket of United States District Judge Ed Kinkeade. The Mannatech Group, consisting of Mr. Austin Chang, Ms. Naomi S. Miller, Mr. John Ogden, and the Plumbers and Pipefitters Local 51 Pension Fund, has been appointed as lead plaintiffs, Coughlin Stoia Geller Rudman & Robbins LLP has been appointed as lead counsel, and Provost Umphrey LLP has been appointed local counsel for the putative class.

 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

On July 12, 2007, Lead Plaintiff for the putative class filed a Second Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint, which is substantively similar to the Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint filed on March 22, 2007, and reported in the Company’s previous filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, but expands the class period to July 5, 2007, and adds references to an enforcement lawsuit discussed below, which was filed by the Texas Attorney General against the Company on July 5, 2007, and the subsequent drop in the Company’s stock price.

The Company filed a motion to dismiss the Second Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint on August 27, 2007, arguing that the complaint did not meet the heightened pleading standards of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Lead Plaintiffs filed their Opposition Brief on December 20, 2007, and the Company filed its Reply Brief in Support of its Motion on January 22, 2008.

On April 3, 2008, Lead Plaintiffs filed a Third Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint, which is substantively similar to the Second Amended Complaint, and which expands the class period to July 30, 2007.

Shareholder Derivative Lawsuits

The Company has also been sued in the following five purported derivative actions, which remained pending at March 31, 2008:

 

   

First, on October 18, 2005, a shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed by Norma Middleton, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Donald A. Buchholz, J. Stanley Fredrick, Gerald E. Gilbert, Alan D. Kennedy, Marlin Ray Robbins, and Patricia A. Wier, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division.

 

   

Second, on January 11, 2006, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Kelly Schrimpf, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Steven W. Lemme, and Stephen D. Fenstermacher in the 162nd District Court of Dallas County, Texas.

 

   

Third, on January 13, 2006, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Frances Nystrom, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, John Stuart Axford, J. Stanley Fredrick, Gerald E. Gilbert, Alan D. Kennedy, Marlin Ray Robbins, Patricia A. Wier, and Donald A. Buchholz in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.

 

   

Fourth, on April 25, 2007, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Duncan Gardner, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, J. Stanley Fredrick, Patricia A. Wier, Alan D. Kennedy, Gerald E. Gilbert, John Stuart Axford, Marlin Ray Robbins, and Larry A. Jobe in the 162nd District Court of Dallas County, Texas.

 

   

Fifth, on July 23, 2007, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Frances Nystrom, Derivatively and On Behalf of Mannatech, Incorporated against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, Stephen Boyd, John Stuart Axford, J. Stanley Fredrick, Gerald E. Gilbert, Alan D. Kennedy, Marlin Ray Robbins, Patricia A. Wier, Larry A. Jobe, Bill H. McAnalley and Donald A. Buchholz in the 44th District Court of Dallas County, Texas.

Shortly after the commencement of the class action litigation, the first three of these actions were filed. These three lawsuits make allegations similar to the allegations of the shareholder class action litigation described above. The Schrimpf state court lawsuit remains stayed, and administratively closed subject to being reopened, pending the outcome of the Middleton federal lawsuit, the first-filed derivative action.

The Special Litigation Committee appointed by the Company’s Independent Directors to review the allegations made by Middleton, Schrimpf, and Nystrom determined that it is in the best interests of the Company to dismiss those derivative lawsuits. The Company filed motions to dismiss the Middleton and Nystrom complaints on March 12, 2007, seeking dismissal under Federal Rule 12(b)(6) and Texas Business Corporation Act article 5.14. The plaintiffs were required to file their responses by July 31, 2007, but the parties agreed to extend the response date until 60 days after the Court rules on the plaintiffs’ pending motions to compel, and motions to that effect were filed on July 31, 2007 by each plaintiff. The motions to set a revised briefing schedule, and the motions to compel, remain pending before the Court. The Court administratively closed the Middleton and Nystrom cases on April 18, 2007.

 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

The Gardner action, which was filed on April 25, 2007, and the second Nystrom action, which was filed July 23, 2007, make allegations with regard to the funding of various research projects by the Company. Both lawsuits are consistent with demand letters sent on behalf of both shareholders, and noted in the Company’s previous filings. The Special Litigation Committee appointed to review these allegations made by Gardner and Nystrom has determined that continuation of the Gardner and Nystrom lawsuits is not in the best interests of the Company. A statement consistent with that determination was filed with the Court in each lawsuit on March 14, 2008.

Plaintiffs in the consolidated putative class actions and in the shareholder derivative actions seek an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, interest, and costs, including legal and expert fees.

In response to these actions, the Company continues to work with its experienced securities litigation counsel to vigorously defend itself and its officers and directors. The Company also believes this type of litigation is inherently unpredictable. It should be noted that a court must certify a class before a case can proceed as a class action lawsuit and that the determination has not been made in the consolidated securities cases. The Company believes these types of repetitive lawsuits (seeking class action status) are common in today’s litigious society and many reputable companies have successfully defended themselves against such litigation.

Texas Attorney General’s Lawsuit

The Company has also been sued in an enforcement action (referenced above) that was filed by the Texas Attorney General’s Office on July 5, 2007. In that lawsuit, the State of Texas sued Mannatech, Incorporated, MannaRelief Ministries, Samuel L. Caster, the Fisher Institute, and Reginald McDaniel for alleged violations of the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. The allegations, consistent with the allegations made by the securities class action and derivative plaintiffs, primarily concern the marketing of the Company’s products by its independent associates. The action seeks temporary and permanent injunctive relief, statutorily-prescribed civil monetary penalties, and the restoration of money or other property allegedly taken from persons by means of unlawful acts or practices, or alternatively, damages to compensate for such losses. The Company has continued discussions with representatives of the Attorney General’s Office to attempt to resolve the concerns raised in the petition.

Patent Infringement Litigation

The Company currently has the following two patent infringement suits on file:

Mannatech, Incorporated v. Glycobiotics International, Inc.

On May 9, 2008, a federal court jury in the Northern District of Texas found that Glycoproducts International, Inc., formerly Glycobiotics International Inc., had committed patent infringement on the Company’s U.S. Patent No. 7,157,431. The jury found this infringement was willful, and also ruled in favor of the Company on all patent validity issues presented to the jury. The jury also found that Glycoproducts International, Inc. had committed trademark infringement related to the Company’s Ambrotose® trademark.

On March 16, 2006, the Company first filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Glycobiotics International, Inc. for alleged infringement of its utility United States Patent No. 6,929,807 (“Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”) in the United States District Court of the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. On February 9, 2007, the Company filed an Amended Complaint, which adds patent infringement claims relating to its utility United States Patent No. 7,157,431 (also entitled “Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”).

In the Amended Complaint, the Company seeks to stop Glycobiotics from manufacturing, offering, and selling its glyconutritional product marketed under the brand name “Glycomannan.” The Amended Complaint also alleges claims for unfair competition and business disparagement because of false and misleading statements made by Glycobiotics in connection with its marketing and sale of Glycomannan.

Glycobiotics answered the Company’s Amended Complaint on February 20, 2007, asserting various affirmative defenses and three counterclaims alleging anticompetitive conduct under the Sherman Act in connection with the market for arabinogalactan. Following extensive discovery by the Company, and the disclosure of an expert refuting the allegations contained in the counterclaims, on August 6, 2007, Glycobiotics filed a stipulated motion to dismiss all of its counterclaims.

The Court conducted a hearing on June 22, 2007 on Glycobiotics’ Motion for Markman Claim Construction on the patents-at-issue. The Court issued an Order on June 26, 2007 construing the terms of the patents-at-issue in the Company’s favor. On July 12, 2007, Glycobiotics filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the Court’s Markman Order. The Company opposed the Motion for Reconsideration and the Court denied the motion on July 16, 2007.

 

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In December 2007, the Court denied the parties’ cross-motions for partial summary judgment and set the case for trial on May 5, 2008. On April 22, 2008, Glycobiotics filed a motion requesting a two-month continuance of the trial setting. Mannatech opposed the motion, which the Court denied on April 25, 2008. The Company continues to vigorously prosecute the case and believes the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is remote.

Mannatech, Incorporated v. K.Y.C. Inc. d/b/a Techmedica Health Inc.

On May 5, 2006, the Company also filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Techmedica Health™ Inc., or Techmedica, for alleged infringement of its utility United States Patent No. 6,929,807 (“Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”) in the United States District Court of the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. The Original Complaint sought to stop Techmedica from manufacturing, offering, and selling its infringing glyconutritional product marketed under the brand name “Nutratose.” The Original Complaint also alleged claims for unfair competition and business disparagement because of false and misleading statements made by Techmedica in connection with its marketing and sale of Nutratose.

In response to the Company’s discovery requests, Techmedica Health claimed that Triton Nutra, Inc. manufactures the glyconutritional product that it markets and sells under the brand name Nutratose. Shortly thereafter, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued United States Patent No. 7,157,431 (also entitled “Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”). Accordingly, on February 6, 2007, the Company filed its Amended Complaint, which named Triton Nutra as an additional defendant to the original claims and added infringement claims relating to the new patent against both Techmedica Health and Triton Nutra. Pending Triton Nutra’s appearance in the case, the Company and Techmedica Health filed a Joint Motion to Lift the Scheduling Order on February 15, 2007 to allow all parties to coordinate on a new scheduling order. The Court granted the Joint Motion on February 16, 2007.

After Triton Nutra failed to answer the Amended Complaint, the Company requested, and the Clerk of Court entered, default against Triton Nutra on May 3, 2007. The Company also sought to continue its case against Techmedica Health, seeking discovery on the patent infringement and business disparagement claims. In response, Techmedica Health filed a Motion to Stay Proceedings and for a Protective Order from Deposition Notice on May 2, 2007, which sought to stay the case until after a judgment is issued in the Glycobiotics case. The Court granted the motion on August 10, 2007.

Once judgment has been issued in the Glycobiotics case, the Company will evaluate how to proceed with the Techmedica Health matter. The Company continues to believe the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is remote, and with no pending counterclaims, the Company’s potential loss is limited to an award of the defendants’ court costs.

DPT Litigation

On November 8, 2007, DPT Laboratories, Ltd. (“DPT”) filed a lawsuit against the Company in the 224th Judicial District Court of Bexar County, Texas alleging suit on a sworn account, breach of contract, promissory estoppel, quantum meruit, and unjust enrichment. This lawsuit arose from an agreement between DPT and the Company that addressed the manner in which DPT would reformulate and manufacture the Company’s North American skin care line. DPT claimed the Company breached the agreement by canceling open purchase orders and sought $1.6 million in damages.

The Company answered DPT’s petition on January 18, 2008, asserting various affirmative defenses and three counterclaims alleging breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and negligent misrepresentation. The Company claimed that DPT failed to perform services under the agreement by manufacturing a defective product that the Company had to recall and failing to manufacture the skin care line by the requested deadline. The Company sought $4.8 million in lost profits from the anticipated sales of the skin care line and $0.6 million in costs related to the recall of the defective product.

On February 27, 2008, the parties entered into a settlement agreement, and on March 5, 2008, an Agreed Order of Dismissal with Prejudice was entered with the Court. Terms of the settlement are confidential pursuant to the settlement agreement.

 

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Litigation in General

The Company also has several other pending claims incurred in the normal course of business. In the Company’s opinion, such claims can be resolved without any material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

The Company maintains certain liability insurance; however, certain costs of defending lawsuits, such as those below the insurance deductible amount, are not covered by or only partially covered by its insurance policies, or its insurance carriers could refuse to cover certain of these claims in whole or in part. The Company accrues costs to defend itself from litigation as it is incurred or as it becomes determinable.

The outcome of litigation may not be assured, and despite management’s views of the merits of any litigation, or the reasonableness of our estimates and reserves, the Company’s financial statements could nonetheless be materially affected by an adverse judgment. The Company believes it has adequately reserved for the contingencies arising from the above legal matters where an outcome was deemed to be probable and the loss amount could be reasonably estimated. While it is not possible to predict with certainty what liability or damages the Company might incur in connection with any of the above-described lawsuits, based on the advice of counsel and a management review of the existing facts and circumstances related to these lawsuits, the Company has accrued $4.3 million as of March 31, 2008 for these matters, which is included in accrued expenses in its Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 

NOTE 9    RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

SFAS 157 In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (“SFAS 157”). The provisions of SFAS 157 define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expand disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of SFAS 157 are effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, with the exception of nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not currently recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, for which SFAS 157 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. The Company’s adoption of SFAS 157 on January 1, 2008 did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies, which the Company evaluates and adopts as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes the impact of recently issued standards and pronouncements that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

 

NOTE 10    SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company conducts its business within one industry segment. No single independent associate has ever accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated net sales.

The Company aggregates all of its operating units because it operates as a single reportable segment as a seller of nutritional supplements and skin care products through its network-marketing distribution channels operating in ten countries. In each country, the Company markets its products and pays commissions and incentives in similar market environments. The Company’s management reviews its financial information by country and focuses its internal reporting and analysis of revenues by packs and product sales. The Company sells its products through its independent associates and distributes its products through similar distribution channels in each country. Each of the Company’s operations sells similar packs and products and possesses similar economic characteristics, such as selling prices and gross margins.

The Company operates in seven physical locations and sells products in ten different countries around the world. The seven physical locations include the United States, Switzerland, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan. Each of the Company’s physical locations service different geographical areas. The United States location processes orders for the United States and Canada; however, products and packs sold in Canada are shipped through a third-party distribution facility located in Canada. The Company’s Australian office processes orders for both

 

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MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

Australia and New Zealand, and the orders are shipped for Australia and New Zealand through a third-party distribution facility located in Australia. The Company’s United Kingdom office processes and ships orders for the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Germany. The Company’s Switzerland office manages the day to day business needs of certain non-North American markets and coordinates global expansion.

The Company’s Australia, Japan, and United Kingdom subsidiaries operate as limited-risk service providers and are responsible for providing management, marketing and administrative services, processing and shipping orders, and overseeing the payment of cost of sales and commissions for processed orders on behalf of Switzerland. For these services, the limited-risk service providers are paid a management fee from Switzerland, which is eliminated in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Switzerland owns all of the sales and inventories and accrues all commissions and costs related to activities in New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Consolidated net sales shipped to customers in these locations, along with pack and product information for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 are as follows:

 

     2008    2007  
     (in millions, except percentages)  

United States

   $51.9    56.7%    $ 68.5    65.4 %

Canada

   5.9    6.4%      6.7    6.4 %

Australia

   7.4    8.1%      7.3    7.0 %

United Kingdom

   1.5    1.6%      1.7    1.6 %

Japan

   11.4    12.6%      9.7    9.3 %

New Zealand

   1.5    1.6%      1.9    1.8 %

Republic of Korea

   9.3    10.2%      6.3    6.0 %

Taiwan

   1.2    1.3%      1.1    1.0 %

Denmark

   0.3    0.3%      0.5    0.5 %

Germany

   1.1    1.2%      1.1    1.0 %
                       

Totals

   $91.5    100%    $ 104.8    100 %
                       

 

     2008    2007*
     (in millions)

Consolidated product sales

   $ 72.5    $ 77.1

Consolidated pack sales

     14.8      20.7

Consolidated other, including freight

     4.2      7.0
             

Consolidated total net sales

   $ 91.5    $ 104.8
             

 

* In April 2007, the Company began operating its new ERP System, which allowed it to separately quantify deferred revenue associated with sales of packs and products that were shipped but not yet received by customers. As a result, in April 2007, the Company began recording deferred revenue related to packs with pack sales and deferred revenue associated with products with product sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, the change in deferred revenue reduced sales by $0.4 million for product sales and $0.1 million for pack sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2007, the change in deferred revenue increased other sales by $1.9 million related to packs and products shipped but not yet received by customers rather than in the applicable pack or product sales category.

 

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MANNATECH, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)

 

Long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and construction in progress for the Company and its subsidiaries, reside in the following countries, as follows:

 

     March 31,
2008
   December 31,
2007
     (in millions)

Australia

   $ 0.3    $ 0.3

Japan

     0.2      0.2

Republic of Korea

     1.0      1.0

Taiwan

     0.1      0.1

United Kingdom

     0.2      0.3

United States

     42.8      42.5
             

Total long-lived assets

   $ 44.6    $ 44.4
             

 

NOTE 11     SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Effective April 22, 2008, the Company began operations in South Africa.

On April 30, 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.09 per share of common stock, payable on June 26, 2008, to shareholders of record at the close of business on June 5, 2008.

On May 2, 2008, the Company entered into a three-year agreement with a raw materials supplier. The purchase commitment through 2011 is approximately $12.8 million.

On May 9, 2008, a federal court jury in the Northern District of Texas found that Glycoproducts International, Inc. had committed patent infringement on the Company’s U.S. Patent No. 7,157,431. The jury found this infringement was willful, and also ruled in favor of the Company on all patent validity issues presented to the jury. The jury also found that Glycoproducts International, Inc. had committed trademark infringement related to the Company’s Ambrotose® trademark.

 

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to assist in the understanding of our consolidated financial position and results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2008 as compared to the same period in 2007. Unless stated otherwise, all financial information presented below, throughout this report, and in the consolidated financial statements and related notes includes Mannatech, Incorporated and all of our subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

Company Overview

We develop innovative, high-quality, proprietary nutritional supplements, topical and skin care products, and weight-management products that are sold through a global network-marketing system operating in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, and Germany. New Zealand is serviced by our Australia office and Denmark and Germany are serviced by our United Kingdom office. Our Australia, Japan, and United Kingdom subsidiaries each operate as limited-risk service providers for Mannatech Swiss International, an entity organized and existing under the laws of Switzerland, which we refer to in this report as Mannatech Switzerland. Mannatech Switzerland owns all of the sales and inventories and accrues all commissions and cost of sales for New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. Mannatech Switzerland pays the limited-risk service providers a management fee for processing and shipping orders in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

We operate as a single business segment and primarily sell our products through a network of approximately 570,000 independent associates and members who have purchased our products or packs within the last 12 months, which we refer to as current independent associates and members. We operate as a seller of nutritional supplements through our network marketing distribution channels operating in ten different countries. We review and analyze our net sales by geographical location and further analyze our net sales by packs and by products. Each of our subsidiaries sells the same types of products and possesses similar economic characteristics, such as selling prices and gross margins.

Net sales decreased by 12.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2008, as compared to the same period in 2007. Our gross margin was approximately 39% of net sales.

Because we sell our products through network-marketing distribution channels, the opportunities and challenges that affect us most are: recruitment and retention of independent associates and members, entry into new markets and growth of existing markets, niche market development, new product introduction, and investment in our infrastructure.

During 2007, we were subject to certain negative publicity resulting from heightened litigation and regulatory activities. See Note 8 (“Litigation”) to the consolidated financial statements included in this report for a detailed discussion of such legal proceedings.

In order to reward our independent associates for their business building successes, we modified our global associate career and compensation plan by increasing opportunities for certain qualified independent associates to earn additional bonuses, including matching bonuses for enrollers. These changes became effective for all countries except Taiwan and Korea in the business period beginning March 22, 2008. The changes will become effective for Taiwan in the business period beginning May 17, 2008 and for Korea in the business period beginning June 14, 2008. In order to fund the new bonus pools, we adjusted the payout on global automatic orders.

In March 2008, we introduced to our independent associates our new global sales platform, called Ready, Set, Go-Give, and launched our Go-Give Kit, a tool kit designed to assist our independent associates in their business-building efforts. Also in March 2008, we launched Bounce-Back™, an all natural product that supports recovery after physical activity or over-exertion.

 

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Results of Operations

The table below summarizes our consolidated operating results in dollars and as a percentage of net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007.

 

     2008     2007     Change from
2008 to 2007
 
     Total
dollars
    % of
net sales
    Total
dollars
    % of
net sales
    Dollar     Percentage  
     ( in thousands, except percentages)  

Net sales

   $ 91,451     100 %   $ 104,799     100 %   ($ 13,348 )   (12.7 %)

Cost of sales

     12,863     14.1 %     14,693     14.0 %     (1,830 )   (12.5 %)

Commissions and incentives

     42,492     46.4 %     46,953     44.8 %     (4,461 )   (9.5 %)
                                      
     55,355     60.5 %     61,646     58.8 %     (6,291 )   (10.2 %)
                                      

Gross profit

     36,096     39.5 %     43,153     41.2 %     (7,057 )   (16.4 %)

Operating expenses:

            

Selling and administrative expenses

     22,746     24.9 %     19,719     18.8 %     3,027     15.4 %

Depreciation and amortization

     3,062     3.4 %     1,465     1.4 %     1,597     109.0 %

Other operating costs

     14,027     15.3 %     12,148     11.6 %     1,879     15.5 %
                                      

Total operating expenses

     39,835     43.6 %     33,332     31.8 %     6,503     19.5 %
                                      

Income (loss) from operations

     (3,739 )   (4.1 %)     9,821     9.4 %     (13,560 )   (138.1 %)

Interest income

     560     0.6 %     647     0.6 %     (87 )   (13.4 %)

Other income (expense), net

     371     0.4 %     (36 )   (0.0 %)     407     (1,130.6 %)
                                      

Income (loss) before income taxes

     (2,808 )   (3.1 %)     10,432     10.0 %     (13,240 )   (126.9 %)

(Provision) benefit for income taxes

     516     0.7 %     (3,543 )   (3.4 %)     4,059     (114.6 %)
                                      

Net income (loss)

   ($ 2,292 )   (2.5 %)   $ 6,889     6.6 %     (9,181 )   (133.3 %)
                                      

Consolidated net sales primarily shipped to customers by location for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 were as follows:

Net Sales in Dollars and as a Percentage of Consolidated Net Sales

 

     2008     2007  
     (In millions, except percentages)  

United States

   $ 51.9    56.7 %   $ 68.5    65.4 %

Canada

     5.9    6.4 %     6.7    6.4 %

Australia

     7.4    8.1 %     7.3    7.0 %

United Kingdom

     1.5    1.6 %     1.7    1.6 %

Japan

     11.4    12.6 %     9.7    9.3 %

New Zealand

     1.5    1.6 %     1.9    1.8 %

Republic of Korea

     9.3    10.2 %     6.3    6.0 %

Taiwan

     1.2    1.3 %     1.1    1.0 %

Denmark

     0.3    0.3 %     0.5    0.5 %

Germany

     1.1    1.2 %     1.1    1.0 %
                          

Totals

   $ 91.5    100 %   $ 104.8    100 %
                          

Net Sales

For the three months ended March 31, 2008, our operations outside of the United States accounted for approximately 43.3% of our consolidated net sales, whereas in the same period in 2007, our operations outside of the United States accounted for approximately 34.6% of our consolidated net sales.

 

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Consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased by $13.3 million, or 12.7%, as compared to the same period in 2007. International sales have experienced growth, which generated $3.3 million in incremental net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 as compared to the same period in 2007. The international sales growth was largely associated with greater sales in Korea and Japan in 2008. The increase in international net sales was offset by a decrease in domestic sales, which was affected by independent associate and member concerns related to certain negative publicity. We expect continuing declines in domestic recruiting and net sales, but increases in international recruiting and net sales.

Overall, the appreciation of foreign currencies had approximately a $2.4 million favorable impact on net sales for the quarter ended March 31, 2008.

Our total sales and sales mix can be influenced by any of the following:

 

   

changes in our sales prices;

 

   

changes in consumer demand;

 

   

changes in competitors’ products;

 

   

changes in economic conditions;

 

   

changes in regulations;

 

   

announcements of new scientific studies and breakthroughs;

 

   

introduction of new products;

 

   

discontinuation of existing products;

 

   

adverse publicity; and

 

   

changes in our commissions and incentives programs.

Our sales mix for the three months ended March 31, was as follows:

 

     Change  
     2008    2007*    Dollar     Percentage  
     (in millions, except percentages)  

Product sales

   $ 72.5    $ 77.1    ($ 4.6 )   (6.0% )

Pack sales

     14.8      20.7      (5.9 )   (28.5% )

Other, including freight

     4.2      7.0      (2.8 )   (40.0% )
                            

Total net sales

   $ 91.5    $ 104.8    ($ 13.3 )   (12.7% )
                            

 

 

* In April 2007, we began operating our new ERP System, which allowed us to separately quantify deferred revenue associated with sales of packs and products that were shipped but not yet received by customers. As a result, in April 2007, we began recording deferred revenue related to packs with pack sales and deferred revenue associated with products with product sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, the change in deferred revenue reduced sales by $0.4 million for product sales and $0.1 million for pack sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2007, the change in deferred revenue increased other sales by $1.9 million related to packs and products shipped but not yet received by customers rather than in the applicable pack or product sales category.

The decrease in our consolidated net sales consisted of a decrease in the volume of products and packs sold and a change in the mix of packs and products sold. Pack sales generally correlate to the number of new independent associates and members who purchase starter packs and with the number of continuing independent associates who purchase upgrade or renewal packs. However, there is not a direct correlation between the number of new and continuing independent associates and members purchasing packs and the amount of product sales because independent associates and members may consume different products at different consumption levels.

Product Sales

Product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased $4.6 million, or 6.0%, as compared to the same period in 2007. The decrease of $4.6 million was comprised of a decrease in existing product sales of $10.4 million, which was partially offset by a $5.8 million increase attributable to the introduction of new products. We believe existing product sales decreased primarily due to independent associate and member concerns over certain negative publicity and litigation and regulatory activities.

 

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We have introduced the following new products since March 31, 2007:

 

   

Optimal Skin Care and Skin Care Sachets in North America and certain international markets;

 

   

The Go-Give Kit in the United States;

 

   

Optimal Support Packets in North America;

 

   

Advanced Ambrotose™ capsules in international markets;

 

   

PhytoMatrix™ in Japan and Taiwan;

 

   

Bounce Back™ in North America; and

 

   

New Optimal Water Bottle in North America.

Pack Sales

We sell packs to independent associates, which entitles them to purchase products at wholesale prices. Members may also purchase a pack, which entitles them to purchase our products at a discount from published retail prices. Depending on the type of pack purchased, a pack may include certain products, promotional and educational information, and policies and procedures. Independent associates may also purchase upgrade packs, entitling the independent associate to additional promotional materials and additional commissions and incentives. Our continuing associates also purchase annual renewal packs.

The number of new and continuing independent associates and members who purchased our packs during the 12-months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 were as follows:

 

     2008     2007  

New

   179,000    31.4 %   198,000    35.8 %

Continuing

   391,000    68.6 %   355,000    64.2 %
                      

Total

   570,000    100 %   553,000    100 %
                      

For the twelve months ended March 31, 2008, the overall number of independent associates and members increased by 17,000 or 3.1%, as compared to March 31, 2007. Beginning in the second quarter of 2007, we recorded pack sale-related deferred revenue with pack sales, instead of with other sales, which decreased the pack sales presented for 2008. We experienced a decrease in the number of upgrade and renewal packs purchased by our continuing independent associates and a decrease in the number of new independent associates and members purchasing starter packs as compared to the same period in 2007. We believe the decrease in upgrade and renewal packs and starter packs purchased may relate to certain negative publicity, customer difficulty adapting to our new ERP system, changes to our corporate website, and independent associate and member concerns resulting from ongoing litigation and regulatory activities. Additional actions we took in 2008 and 2007 to help increase the number of independent associates and members are as follows:

 

   

registered our most popular products with the appropriate regulatory agencies in all countries of operations;

 

   

focused on new product development;

 

   

explored new international markets;

 

   

launched a new, aggressive marketing and educational campaign;

 

   

expanded our 2007 annual travel incentive for one additional business period;

 

   

instituted a 100% satisfaction guarantee program;

 

   

strengthened compliance initiatives;

 

   

concentrated on publishing results of research studies and clinical trials related to our products;

 

   

initiated additional incentives;

 

   

explored new advertising and educational tools to broaden name recognition;

 

   

implemented changes to our global associate career and compensation plan; and

 

   

introduced new products in many of our global markets.

 

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Pack sales associated with the number of independent associates and members can be further analyzed as follows, for the three months ended March 31:

 

     2008    2007    Change  
     Pack sales    Pack sales    Dollar     Percentage  
     (in millions, except percentages)  

New

   $ 6.5    $ 12.1    ($ 5.6 )   (46.3 %)

Continuing

     8.3      8.6      (0.3 )   (3.5 %)
                        

Total

   $ 14.8    $ 20.7    ($ 5.9 )   (28.5 %)
                        

Total pack sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased by $5.9 million, or 28.5%, compared to the same period in 2007. The decrease in total pack sales was composed of a $5.6 million decrease related to a decrease in the number of new independent associates and members purchasing starter packs and a decrease of $0.3 million related to a decrease in the number of renewal and upgrade packs purchased by our continuing independent associates.

Other Sales

Other sales consisted of the following:

 

   

sales of promotional materials;

 

   

training and event registration fees;

 

   

monthly fees collected for Success Tracker™, a customized electronic business-building and educational materials database for our independent associates that helps stimulate product sales and provide business management;

 

   

freight revenue charged to our independent associates and members;

 

   

a reserve for estimated sales refunds and returns; and

 

   

for the three-months ended March 31, 2007, deferred revenue related to the timing of recognition of revenue for pack and product shipments.

Other sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased by $2.8 million to $4.2 million as compared to $7.0 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease in other sales was composed of reclassifying deferred revenue associated with the timing of revenue recognition to packs and product sales for the first quarter of 2008, partially offset by a net increase of $3.7 million in training and freight fees associated with our new independent associate education campaign and the mix of international sales as compared to domestic sales.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased by $7.1 million, or 16.4%, to $36.1 million as compared to $43.2 million for the same period in 2007. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased to 39.5% as compared to 41.2% for the same period in 2007. The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to a 12.7% decrease in net sales, which was partially offset by a 12.5% decrease in cost of sales and a 9.5% decrease in commissions and incentives.

Cost of sales during the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased by 12.5%, or $1.8 million, to $12.9 million as compared to $14.7 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease in cost of sales was consistent with the decline in sales for the quarter. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2008 remained consistent at 14.1% as compared to 14.0% for the same period in 2007.

 

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Table of Contents

Commission costs for the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased by 9.4%, or $4.1 million, to $39.7 million as compared to $43.8 million for the same period in 2007. The decrease in commissions primarily related to the decrease in commissionable net sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, commissions as a percentage of net sales increased to 43.3% from 41.7% for the same period of 2007, which is due to the change in the sales mix between packs and products and between countries.

Incentive costs for the three months ended March 31, 2008 decreased by 12.5%, or $0.4 million, to $2.8 million as compared to $3.2 million for the same period in 2007. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, the costs of incentives, as a percentage of net sales, remained consistent at 3.1% as compared to the same period in 2007.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses include a combination of both fixed and variable expenses. These expenses consist of compensation and benefits for employees, temporary and contract labor, outbound shipping and freight, and marketing-related expenses, such as monthly magazine development costs and costs related to hosting our corporate-sponsored events.

Selling and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased by $3.0 million, or 15.4%, to $22.7 million as compared to $19.7 million for the same period in 2007. As a percentage of net sales, selling and administrative expenses increased to 24.9% from 18.8% for the same period in 2007. The dollar increase in selling and administrative expenses consisted of an increase of $3.1 million in total compensation and compensation-related costs, including an increase in payroll and payroll-related costs of $2.7 million, an increase in temporary and contract labor of $0.5 million, offset by a decrease in stock option expense of $0.1 million, all of which were due to an increase in independent associate-related staffing levels, normal merit increases, and decreased capitalization of salaries for the ERP system development.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased by 109.0%, or $1.6 million, to $3.1 million as compared to $1.5 million for the same period in 2007. As a percentage of net sales, depreciation and amortization expense increased to 3.4% from 1.4% for the same period in 2007. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense primarily related to placing into service our ERP System, which cost approximately $34 million and is being amortized over 5 years.

Other Operating Costs

Other operating costs generally include travel, accounting/legal/consulting fees, royalties, credit card processing fees, banking fees, off-site storage fees, utilities, and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Generally, changes in other operating costs are associated with the changes in our net sales.

Other operating costs for the three months ended March 31, 2008 increased by $1.9 million, or 15.5%, to $14.0 million as compared to $12.1 million for the same period in 2007. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, other operating costs as a percentage of net sales increased to 15.3% from 11.6% for the same period in 2007. The increase in other operating costs was primarily due to a $1.9 million increase in consulting fees associated with global expansion activities and the write-off of capitalized consulting fees related to a sales software project.

 

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(Provision) Benefit for Income Taxes

(Provision) benefit for income taxes includes current and deferred income taxes for both our domestic and foreign operations. Our statutory income tax rates by jurisdiction are as follows, for the three months ended March 31:

 

Country

   2008     2007  

United States

   37.5 %   37.5 %

Australia

   30 %   30 %

United Kingdom

   28 %   30 %

Japan

   42 %   42 %

Republic of Korea

   27.5 %   27.5 %

Taiwan

   25 %   25 %

Switzerland*

   16.2 %   —    

 

 

* The Company opened its Switzerland office in January 2008.

Income from our international operations is subject to taxation in the countries in which we operate. Although we may receive foreign income tax credits that would reduce the total amount of income taxes owed in the United States, we may not be able to fully utilize our foreign income tax credits in the United States.

We use the recognition and measurement provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes”, or SFAS 109, to account for income taxes. The provisions of SFAS 109 require a company to record a valuation allowance when the “more likely than not” criterion for realizing net deferred tax assets cannot be met. Furthermore, the weight given to the potential effect of such evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. As a result, we review the operating results, as well as all of the positive and negative evidence related to realization of such deferred tax assets to evaluate the need for a valuation allowance in each tax jurisdiction. As of March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, we maintained our valuation allowance for deferred tax assets in Taiwan totaling $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively, as we believe the “more likely than not” criterion for recognition and realization purposes, as defined in SFAS 109, cannot be met.

The dollar amount of the (provision) benefit for income taxes is directly impacted by our profitability and changes in taxable income among countries. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, our effective income tax rate decreased to 18.4% from 34.0% for the same period in 2007. The decrease in the effective tax rate is due to the ownership of certain non-North American sales by Mannatech Switzerland.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal use of cash is to pay for operating expenses, including commissions and incentives, capital assets, inventory purchases, funding international expansion, and payment of quarterly cash dividends. We generally fund our business objectives, operations, and expansion of our operations through net cash flows from operations rather than incurring long-term debt. We plan to continue to fund our needs through net cash flows from operations. As of March 31, 2008, we had $58.0 million in cash and cash equivalents which can be used along with our normal cash flows from operations to fund any unanticipated shortfalls in future cash flows.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments

As of March 31, 2008, our cash and cash equivalents increased by 23.1%, or $10.9 million, to $58.0 million from $47.1 million at December 31, 2007. The increase in cash and cash equivalents is related to converting our long-term investments to cash and cash equivalents in 2008 and increases in our payable balances due to the timing of payments, offset by increases in our inventory levels and purchases of property and equipment. As of March 31, 2008, our investments have all been converted to cash equivalents as compared to an investment balance of $13.0 million as of December 31, 2007.

 

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Working Capital

Working capital accounts include cash and cash equivalents, receivables, inventories, prepaid expenses, deferred revenues, payables, and accrued expenses. At March 31, 2008 our working capital increased by $11.0 million, or 43.1%, to $36.6 million from $25.6 million at December 31, 2007. The increase in working capital primarily relates to an increase in cash, partially offset by an increase in operating liabilities.

Net Cash Flows

Our net consolidated cash flows consisted of the following, for the three months ended March 31:

 

      2008     2007  

Provided by (used in):

   (in millions)  

Operating activities

   $ 2.5     $ 3.5  

Investing activities

   $ 10.0     ($ 7.2 )

Financing activities

   ($ 2.4 )   ($ 2.4 )

Operating Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2008, our net operating activities provided cash of $2.5 million compared to providing cash of $3.5 million for the same period of 2007. Net income adjusted for non cash activities provided cash of $1.9 million as compared to providing cash of $9.8 million for the same period of 2007. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, our working capital accounts provided cash of $0.6 million in net operating cash flow as compared to using $6.3 million in net operating cash flow for the same period of 2007.

We expect that our net operating cash flows in 2008 will continue to be sufficient to fund our current operations and future quarterly cash dividends. There can be no assurance, however, that we will continue to generate cash flows at or above current levels, or will continue to declare and pay dividends. Certain events, such as an unfavorable outcome in current litigation, could impact our available cash or our ability to generate cash flows from operations.

Investing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2008, our net investing activities provided cash of $10.0 million compared to using cash of $7.2 million for the same period of 2007. During the first three months of 2008, we sold investments for net proceeds of $13.0 million. For the first three months of 2008, we purchased $3.5 million in capital assets compared to purchasing $6.5 million in capital assets for the same period of 2007. In addition, in 2008, we reduced restricted cash by $0.5 million related to operations in the Republic of Korea as compared to increasing restricted cash by $0.7 million in 2007.

Financing Activities

For each of the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, we used cash of $2.4 million to fund payment of cash dividends to our shareholders.

Our quarterly cash dividend remained at $0.09 per share, consistent with dividends awarded for each quarter of 2007. During 2008 and 2007, we have declared and paid the following dividends:

 

Declared date

   Date of record    Date paid    Total amount    Paid per common share

March 13, 2007

   March 28, 2007    April 13, 2007    $ 2.4 million    $ 0.09

June 14, 2007

   June 29, 2007    July 20, 2007    $ 2.4 million    $ 0.09

September 27, 2007

   October 11, 2007    October 25, 2007    $ 2.4 million    $ 0.09

November 6, 2007

   November 30, 2007    December 21, 2007    $ 2.4 million    $ 0.09

February 22, 2008

   March 7, 2008    March 28, 2008    $ 2.4 million    $ 0.09

 

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General Liquidity and Cash Flows

We continue to generate positive cash flows from operations and believe our existing liquidity and cash flows from operations are adequate to fund our normal expected future business operations, our estimated payments of cash dividends, the repurchase of our common stock in the open market, and international expansion for the next 12 to 24 months. However, if our existing capital resources or cash flows become insufficient to meet current business plans, projections, and existing capital requirements, we would be required to modify our payment of future dividends and raise additional funds, which may not be available on favorable terms, if at all.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any special-purpose entity arrangements, nor do we have any off-balance sheet arrangements. However, we do maintain certain future commitments and obligations associated with various agreements and contracts. As of March 31, 2008, our future maturities of existing commitments and obligations were as follows:

 

   

funding various operating leases for building and equipment rental of $10.4 million through 2017;

 

   

funding various capital leases for equipment rental of $0.4 million through 2011;

 

   

funding various supply agreements to purchase raw materials of $18.6 million through 2016;

 

   

funding $3.6 million of the long-term post employment royalties payable to Dr. McAnalley through 2015;

 

   

funding uncertain tax positions of $1.8 million, for which the timing of any payment is uncertain; and

 

   

funding $2.4 million through December 2009 for non-cancellable executive employment agreements with Mr. Samuel L. Caster, Mr. Terry L. Persinger, Mr. Stephen D. Fenstermacher, Mr. Terence L. O’Day, Dr. Robert A. Sinnott, Mr. Alfredo Bala, and Mr. B. Keith Clark.

We have no present commitments or agreements with respect to acquisitions or purchases of any manufacturing facilities; however, management from time to time explores the possibility of the benefits of purchasing a raw material manufacturing facility to help control costs of our raw materials and help ensure quality control standards. We have maintained purchase commitments with certain of our raw material suppliers to purchase minimum quantities and help ensure exclusivity of our raw materials and proprietorship of our products. Currently, we have six supply agreements that require minimum purchase commitments. We expect to exceed our minimum monthly-required purchase commitments. We also maintain other supply agreements and manufacturing agreements to protect our products, regulate product costs, and help ensure quality control standards. These agreements do not require us to purchase any set minimums.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The application of GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported values of assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period, and the related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We use estimates throughout our financial statements, which are influenced by management’s judgment and uncertainties. Our estimates are based on historical trends, industry standards, and various other assumptions that we believe are applicable and reasonable under the circumstances at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. Our Audit Committee reviews our critical accounting policies and estimates. We continually evaluate and review our policies related to the portrayal of our consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations that require the application of significant judgment by our management. We also analyze the need for certain estimates, including the need for such items as allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserves, long-lived fixed assets and capitalization of internal-use software development costs, reserve for uncertain income tax positions and tax valuation allowances, revenue recognition, sales returns, and deferred revenues, accounting for stock-based compensation, and contingencies and litigation. Historically, our estimates and assumptions have not materially deviated from our estimates. However, we caution readers that actual results could differ from our estimates and assumptions applied in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. If circumstances change relating to the various assumptions or conditions used in our estimates, we could experience an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. We have identified the following applicable critical accounting policies and estimates as of March 31, 2008:

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable consists of receivables from manufacturers, independent associates and members, and are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. As of March 31, 2008, net accounts receivable totaled $0.9 million. Historically, estimates for doubtful accounts have been immaterial. However, in April 2007, with the implementation of our ERP system, we now simultaneously receive payment for an order when the order ships, and the new ERP system creates a receivable for the payment if the payment is rejected or if it does not match the order total. We periodically review receivables for realizability and base collectability upon assumptions, historical trends, and recent account activities. If our estimates regarding estimated collectability are inaccurate or consumer trends change in an unforeseen manner, we may be exposed to additional write-offs or bad debts. As of March 31, 2008, we recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.7 million.

 

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Inventory Reserves

Inventory consists of raw materials, work in progress, finished goods, and promotional materials that are stated at the lower of cost (using standard costs that approximate average costs) or market. We record the amounts charged by vendors as the costs of inventory. Typically, the net realizable value of our inventory is higher than the aggregate cost. Determination of net realizable value can be complex and, therefore, requires a high degree of judgment. In order for management to make the appropriate determination of net realizable value, the following items are considered: inventory turnover statistics, current selling prices, seasonality factors, consumer demand, regulatory changes, competitive pricing, and performance of similar products. If we determine the carrying value of inventory is in excess of estimated net realizable value, we write down the value of inventory to the estimated net realizable value.

We also review inventory for obsolescence in a similar manner and any inventory identified as obsolete is reserved or written off. Our determination of obsolescence is based on assumptions about the demand for our products, product expiration dates, estimated future sales, and general future plans. We monitor actual sales compared to original projections, and if actual sales are less favorable than those originally projected by us, we record an additional inventory reserve or write-down. Historically, our estimates have been close to our actual reported amounts. However, if our estimates regarding fair market value or obsolescence are inaccurate or consumer demand for our products changes in an unforeseen manner, we may be exposed to additional material losses or gains in excess of our established estimated inventory reserves. Generally, we carry inventory reserves ranging between $0.3 million and $0.6 million. At March 31, 2008, the carrying value of our inventory was $26.1 million.

Long Lived Fixed Assets and Capitalization of Software Development Costs

In addition to capitalizing long lived fixed asset costs, we also capitalize costs associated with internally-developed software projects (collectively “fixed assets”) and amortize such costs over the estimated useful lives of such fixed assets. Fixed assets are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation computed using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the remaining lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. If a fixed asset is sold or otherwise retired or disposed of, the cost of the fixed asset and the related accumulated depreciation or amortization is written off and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in other operating costs in our consolidated statement of operations.

We review our fixed assets for impairment whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable, such as plans to dispose of an asset before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Our impairment review includes a comparison of future projected cash flows generated by the asset, or group of assets, with its associated net carrying value. If the net carrying value of the asset or group of assets exceeds expected cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges), an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. The fair value is determined by calculating the discounted expected future cash flows using an estimated risk-free rate of interest. Any identified impairment losses are recorded in the period in which the impairment occurs. The carrying value of the fixed asset is adjusted to the new carrying value and any subsequent increases in fair value of the fixed asset are not recorded. In addition, if we determine the estimated remaining useful life of the asset should be reduced from our original estimate, the periodic depreciation expense is adjusted prospectively, based on the new remaining useful life of the fixed asset.

 

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The impairment calculation requires us to apply estimates and assumptions concerning future cash flows, strategic plans, useful lives, and discount rates. If actual results are not consistent with our estimates and assumptions, we may be exposed to an additional impairment charge, which could be material to our results of operations. In addition, if accounting standards change, or if fixed assets become obsolete, we may be required to write off any unamortized costs of fixed assets; or if estimated useful lives change, we would be required to accelerate depreciation or amortization periods and recognize additional depreciation and amortization expense in our consolidated statement of operations.

Historically, our estimates and assumptions related to the carrying value and the estimated useful lives of our fixed assets have not materially deviated from actual results. As of March 31, 2008, the estimated useful lives and net carrying values of fixed assets were as follows:

 

    

Estimated useful life

  

Net carrying value at

March 31, 2008

Office furniture and equipment

   5 to 7 years    $3.5 million

Computer hardware and software

   3 to 5 years    33.7 million

Automobiles

   3 to 5 years    0.1 million

Leasehold improvements

   2 to 10 years(1)    4.0 million

Construction in progress

   2 to 10 years(2)    3.3 million
       

Total net carrying value at March 31, 2008

      $44.6 million
       

 

(1) We amortize leasehold improvements over the shorter of the useful estimated life of the leased asset or the lease term.

 

(2) Construction in progress includes fixed assets, leasehold improvements and internally-developed software costs. Once placed in service, leasehold improvements will be amortized over the shorter of an asset’s useful life or the remaining lease term. Once the internally-developed software is placed in service, it will be amortized over five years.

The net carrying costs of fixed assets and construction in progress are exposed to impairment losses if our assumptions and estimates of their carrying values change, there is a change in estimated future cash flow, or there is a change in the estimated useful life of the fixed asset.

Uncertain Income Tax Positions and Tax Valuation Allowances

As of March 31, 2008, we recorded $1.3 million in taxes payable and $0.5 million in other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet related to uncertain income tax positions. As required by the FASB’s Interpretation No. 48 or FIN 48 promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Boards, or FASB, we use judgments and make estimates and assumptions related to evaluating the probability of uncertain income tax positions. We base our estimates and assumptions on the potential liability related to an assessment of whether the income tax position will “more likely than not” be sustained in an income tax audit. We are also subject to periodic audits from multiple domestic and foreign tax authorities related to income tax, sales and use tax, personal property tax, and other forms of taxation. These audits examine our tax positions, timing of income and deductions, and allocation procedures across multiple jurisdictions. As part of our evaluation of these tax issues, we establish reserves in our consolidated financial statements based on our estimate of current probable tax exposures. Depending on the nature of the tax issue, we could be subject to audit over several years. Therefore, our estimated reserve balances and liability related to uncertain income tax positions may exist for multiple years before the applicable statute of limitations expires or before an issue is resolved by the taxing authority. We believe our tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions are based upon reasonable judgment and estimates; however, if actual results materially differ, our effective income tax rate and cash flows could be affected in the period of discovery or resolution.

We also review the estimates and assumptions used in evaluating the probability of realizing the future benefits of our deferred tax assets and record a valuation allowance when we believe that a portion or all of the deferred tax assets may not be realized. If we are unable to realize the expected future benefits of our deferred tax assets, we are required to provide a valuation allowance. We use our past history and experience, overall profitability, future management plans, and current economic information to evaluate the amount of valuation allowance to record. As of March 31, 2008, we maintained a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets arising from our operations in Taiwan because they did not meet the “more likely than not” criteria as defined by the recognition and measurement provisions of the FASB’s Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes.” In addition, as of March 31, 2008, we had deferred tax assets, after valuation allowance, totaling $3.3 million, which may not be realized if our assumptions and estimates change, which would affect our effective income tax rate and cash flows in the period of discovery or resolution.

 

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Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue

We derive revenue from sales of our products, sales of our starter and renewal packs and shipping fees. Substantially all of our product and pack sales are made to independent associates at published wholesale prices. We also sell products to independent members at discounted published retail prices. We record revenue net of any sales taxes. Total deferred revenue consists of revenue received from (i) sales of packs and products shipped but not received by the customers at period end; (ii) one-year magazine subscriptions; (iii) pack sales when the pack sale price exceeds the wholesale value of all individual components within the pack; and (iv) prepaid registration fees from customers planning to attend a future corporate-sponsored event. We recognize deferred revenue from shipped packs and products upon receipt by the customer. We recognize deferred revenue related to future corporate-sponsored events when the event is held. All other deferred revenue is recognized over one year. At March 31, 2008, total deferred revenue was $5.1 million. Although we have no immediate plans to significantly change the contents of our packs or our shipping methods, any such change in the future could result in additional revenue deferrals or cause us to recognize deferred revenue over a longer period of time. For example, if we were to decrease the number of items included in our packs while keeping the sales price of the packs the same, we would have to defer additional revenue and recognize the additional deferred revenue over one year.

We have three different product return policies: (i) a policy for our retail customers, (ii) a policy for our independent members, and (iii) a policy for our independent associates. Retail customers may return any of our products, within 180 days of purchase, to the original independent associate who sold the product, and such associate is required to provide the retail customer with a full cash refund. The independent associate may receive a replacement product by forwarding proof of the refund to us. Independent members may return an order to us within 180 days of the purchase date without membership termination or restocking fees. After 180 days from the date of purchase, the independent member may not receive a refund and is allowed an exchange only, and may, if abuse of the return policy is found, have his or her membership terminated. Independent associates are allowed to return an order within one year of the purchase date upon terminating their associate accounts. If a product is returned unopened and in good salable condition, an independent associate returning the product may receive a full refund. We may also allow an independent associate to receive a full 100% refund for the first 180 days following a product’s purchase. After 180 days from the purchase date, an independent associate may not request a refund, and is allowed an exchange only; however, if abuse of the return policy is found, an independent associate may be terminated.

Historically, sales returns estimates have not materially deviated from actual sales returns. Based upon our return policies, we estimate a sales return reserve for expected sales refunds based on our historical experience over a rolling six- month period. If actual results differ from our estimated sales returns reserves due to various factors, the amount of revenue recorded each period could be materially affected. Historically, our sales returns have not materially changed through the years as the majority of our customers return their merchandise within the first 90 days after the original sale. Sales returns have averaged 1% or less of our gross sales and for the three months ended March 31, 2008 were comprised of the following (in thousands):

 

Sales reserve as of December 31, 2007

   $ 572  

Provision related to sales made in 2008

     98  

Provision related to sales made prior to 2008

     1,132  

Actual returns or credits in 2008 related to 2008

     (99 )

Actual returns or credits in 2008 related to prior periods

     (1,139 )
        

Sales reserve as of March 31, 2008

   $ 564  
        

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

We grant stock options to our employees and board members. At the date of grant, we determine the fair value of a stock option award and recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of such stock option award, which is two to four years. The fair value of the stock option award is calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires us to apply judgment and use highly subjective assumptions, including expected stock option life, expected volatility, expected average risk-free interest rates, and expected forfeiture rates. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, our assumptions and estimates used for the calculated fair value of stock options granted in 2008 were as follows:

 

   

average dividend yield between 4.8% and 6.1%;

 

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expected average risk-free interest rate between 2.5% and 3.1%;

 

   

expected market price volatility between 61.9% and 63.8%;

 

   

expected forfeiture rate of 0%;

 

   

expected average life of stock options of 4.5 years;

 

   

calculated fair value of stock options granted during the period of $2.11 to $2.81 per share; and

 

   

percentage of the calculated fair value of stock options as compared to the exercise price of stock options granted ranging from 35.4% to 37.7%.

Historically, the estimates for our assumptions have not materially deviated from our actual reported results and rates. However, the assumptions we use are based on our best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties based on market conditions that are outside of our control. If actual results are not consistent with the assumptions we use, the stock-based compensation expense reported in our consolidated financial statements may not be representative of the actual economic cost of stock-based compensation. For example, if actual employee forfeitures significantly differ from our estimated forfeitures, we may be required to make an adjustment to our consolidated financial statements in future periods. As of March 31, 2008, using our current assumptions and estimates, we anticipate recognizing $1.0 million in gross compensation expense through 2011 related to unvested stock options outstanding.

If we grant additional stock options in the future, we would be required to recognize additional compensation expense over the vesting period of such stock options in our consolidated statement of operations. Gross compensation expense would equal the calculated fair value of such stock options, which is dependent on the assumptions used to calculate such fair value, but generally ranges between 35% to 69% of the exercise price multiplied by the number of stock options awarded. As of March 31, 2008, we had 34,561 shares available for grant in the future from our previously approved option plans and an additional 1,000,000 shares available for grant from our 2008 Plan, which will be submitted to our shareholders for approval at the 2008 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting to be held on June 18, 2008.

Contingencies and Litigation

Each quarter, we evaluate the need to establish a reserve for any legal claims or assessments. We base our evaluation on our best estimates of the potential liability in such matters. The legal reserve includes an estimated amount for any damages and the probability of losing any threatened legal claims or assessments. The legal reserve is developed in consultation with our general and outside counsel and is based upon a combination of litigation and settlement strategies. Although we believe that our legal reserves and accruals are based on reasonable judgments and estimates, actual results could differ, which may expose us to material gains or losses in future periods. If actual results differ, if circumstances change, or if we experience an unanticipated adverse outcome of any legal action, including any claim or assessment, we would be required to recognize the estimated amount which could reduce net income, earnings per share, and cash flows.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

SFAS 157 In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157. The provisions of SFAS 157 define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expand disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of SFAS 157 are effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, with the exception of nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not currently recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, for which SFAS 157 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. Our adoption of SFAS 157 on January 1, 2008 did not have a significant effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard setting bodies, which we evaluate and adopt as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe the impact of recently issued standards and pronouncements that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

 

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We do not engage in trading market risk sensitive instruments and do not purchase investments as hedges or for purposes “other than trading” that are likely to expose us to certain types of market risk, including interest rate, commodity price, or equity price risk. We have not issued any debt instruments, entered into any forward or futures contracts, purchased any options, or entered into any swap agreements.

We are exposed to other market risks, including changes in currency exchange rates as measured against the United States dollar. Because the change in value of the United States dollar measured against foreign currency may affect our consolidated financial results, changes in foreign currency exchange rates could positively or negatively affect our results as expressed in United States dollars. For example, when the United States dollar strengthens against foreign currencies in which our products are sold or weakens against foreign currencies in which we may incur costs, our consolidated net sales or related costs and expenses could be adversely affected.

We believe inflation has not had a material impact on our consolidated operations or profitability. We expanded into Canada in 1996, into Australia in 1998, into the United Kingdom in 1999, into Japan in 2000, into New Zealand in 2002, into the Republic of Korea in 2004, into Taiwan and Denmark in 2005, and into Germany in 2006. Our United States operation services shipments to Canada, while our Australian operation services shipments to New Zealand, and our United Kingdom operation services shipments to Denmark and Germany. We translate our revenues and expenses in foreign markets using either a current (spot) rate or weighted-average rate.

We maintain policies, procedures, and internal processes in an effort to help monitor any significant market risks and we do not use any financial instruments to manage our exposure to such risks. We assess the sensitivity of our earnings and cash flows to variability in currency exchange rates by applying an appropriate range of potential rate fluctuations to our assets, obligations, and projected transactions denominated in foreign currencies.

We caution that we cannot predict with any certainty our future exposure to such currency exchange rate fluctuations or the impact, if any, such fluctuations may have on our future business, product pricing, operating expenses, and on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, to combat such market risk we closely monitor our exposure to currency fluctuations. The foreign currencies in which we currently have exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk include the currencies of Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Denmark, and Germany. In the first quarter of 2008, we began to have exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our corporate office in Switzerland. The current (spot) rate, weighted-average currency exchange rates, and the low and high of such currency exchange rates as compared to the United States dollar, for each of these countries as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2008 were as follows:

 

Country (foreign currency name)

   Low    High    Weighted-
Average
   Spot

Australia (Dollar)

   $ 0.86140    $ 0.94310    $ 0.90493    $ 0.91780

Canada (Dollar)

   $ 0.96900    $ 1.02230    $ 0.99611    $ 0.97830

Denmark (Krone)

   $ 0.19390    $ 0.21210    $ 0.20103    $ 0.21190

Germany (Euro)

   $ 1.44870    $ 1.58010    $ 1.49777    $ 1.58000

Japan (Yen)

   $ 0.00893    $ 0.01028    $ 0.00950    $ 0.01008

New Zealand (Dollar)

   $ 0.75000    $ 0.81690    $ 0.78916    $ 0.79770

Republic of Korea (Won)

   $ 0.00099    $ 0.00108    $ 0.00105    $ 0.00101

Switzerland (Franc)

   $ 0.88250    $ 1.01670    $ 0.93642    $ 1.00550

Taiwan (Dollar)

   $ 0.03075    $ 0.03332    $ 0.03171    $ 0.03289

United Kingdom (British Pound)

   $ 1.94550    $ 2.03110    $ 1.97823    $ 1.99510

 

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) have concluded, based on their evaluations as of the end of the period covered by this report, that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13(a) and 15(d)-15(e)), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the quarter ended March 31, 2008, there were no changes in our internal control over our financial reporting that we believe materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

 

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Securities Class Action Lawsuits

We have been sued in the following three securities class action lawsuits, each of which remained pending at March 31, 2008:

 

   

First, on August 1, 2005, Mr. Jonathan Crowell filed a putative class action lawsuit against us and Mr. Samuel L. Caster, its Chief Executive Officer, on behalf of himself and all others who purchased or otherwise acquired our common stock between August 10, 2004, and May 9, 2005, inclusive, and who were damaged thereby.

 

   

Second, on August 30, 2005, Mr. Richard McMurry filed a class action lawsuit against us, Mr. Caster, Mr. Terry L. Persinger, our President and Chief Operating Officer, and Mr. Stephen D. Fenstermacher, our Chief Financial Officer.

 

   

Third, on September 5, 2005, Mr. Michael Bruce Zeller filed a class action lawsuit against us, Mr. Caster, Mr. Persinger, and Mr. Fenstermacher.

On March 20, 2008, we announced that we had reached a final settlement of the securities class action with the Lead Plaintiffs. This settlement, which is subject to, among other things, preliminary and final Court approval, would resolve all the claims in the litigation. Without admitting any liability or wrongdoing of any kind, we have agreed to authorize payment to the plaintiff class of $11.25 million. This settlement payment would be funded by both us and our insurer.

Because the litigation is a class action, the settlement is subject to the preliminary approval of the Court as well as the Court’s final approval after notice of the terms of the settlement has been provided to all class members. Timing of the approval process is dependent on the Court’s calendar. The settlement class consists of the purchasers of our stock during the period August 10, 2004 through July 30, 2007. Relevant purchasers of our stock have a right to opt out of the class, class members may object to the terms of the settlement, and final consummation of settlement must await the entry of final judgment approving the settlement as fair to all class members. However, such settlements are not uncommonly approved without material modification, and barring any unusual developments, we expect that this approval process will be completed within a four to six month period.

These three lawsuits were initially filed and consolidated in the United States District of New Mexico. On January 29, 2007, the consolidated action was transferred to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division, and on March 29, 2007, upon joint motion of the parties, was transferred to the docket of United States District Judge Ed Kinkeade. The Mannatech Group, consisting of Mr. Austin Chang, Ms. Naomi S. Miller, Mr. John Ogden, and the Plumbers and Pipefitters Local 51 Pension Fund, has been appointed as lead plaintiffs, Coughlin Stoia Geller Rudman & Robbins LLP has been appointed as lead counsel, and Provost Umphrey LLP has been appointed local counsel for the putative class.

On July 12, 2007, Lead Plaintiff for the putative class filed a Second Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint, which is substantively similar to the Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint filed on March 22, 2007, and reported in our previous filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, but expands the class period to July 5, 2007, and adds references to an enforcement lawsuit discussed below, which was filed by the Texas Attorney General against us on July 5, 2007, and the subsequent drop in our stock price.

We filed a motion to dismiss the Second Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint on August 27, 2007, arguing that the complaint did not meet the heightened pleading standards of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Lead Plaintiffs filed their Opposition Brief on December 20, 2007, and we filed our Reply Brief in Support of its Motion on January 22, 2008.

On April 3, 2008, Lead Plaintiffs filed a Third Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint, which is substantively similar to the Second Amended Complaint, and which expands the class period to July 30, 2007.

 

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Shareholder Derivative Lawsuits

We have also been sued in the following five purported derivative actions, which remained pending at March 31, 2008:

 

   

First, on October 18, 2005, a shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed by Norma Middleton, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Donald A. Buchholz, J. Stanley Fredrick, Gerald E. Gilbert, Alan D. Kennedy, Marlin Ray Robbins, and Patricia A. Wier, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division.

 

   

Second, on January 11, 2006, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Kelly Schrimpf, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Steven W. Lemme, and Stephen D. Fenstermacher in the 162nd District Court of Dallas County, Texas.

 

   

Third, on January 13, 2006, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Frances Nystrom, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, John Stuart Axford, J. Stanley Fredrick, Gerald E. Gilbert, Alan D. Kennedy, Marlin Ray Robbins, Patricia A. Wier, and Donald A. Buchholz in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.

 

   

Fourth, on April 25, 2007, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Duncan Gardner, Derivatively and on Behalf of Nominal Defendant, Mannatech, Incorporated, against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, J. Stanley Fredrick, Patricia A. Wier, Alan D. Kennedy, Gerald E. Gilbert, John Stuart Axford, Marlin Ray Robbins, and Larry A. Jobe in the 162nd District Court of Dallas County, Texas.

 

   

Fifth, on July 23, 2007, a shareholder derivative action was filed by Frances Nystrom, Derivatively and On Behalf of Mannatech, Incorporated against Samuel L. Caster, Terry L. Persinger, Stephen D. Fenstermacher, Stephen Boyd, John Stuart Axford, J. Stanley Fredrick, Gerald E. Gilbert, Alan D. Kennedy, Marlin Ray Robbins, Patricia A. Wier, Larry A. Jobe, Bill H. McAnalley and Donald A. Buchholz in the 44th District Court of Dallas County, Texas.

Shortly after the commencement of the class action litigation, the first three of these actions were filed. These three lawsuits make allegations similar to the allegations of the shareholder class action litigation described above. The Schrimpf state court lawsuit remains stayed, and administratively closed subject to being reopened, pending the outcome of the Middleton federal lawsuit, the first-filed derivative action.

The Special Litigation Committee appointed by our Independent Directors to review the allegations made by Middleton, Schrimpf, and Nystrom determined that it is in our best interests to dismiss those derivative lawsuits. We filed motions to dismiss the Middleton and Nystrom complaints on March 12, 2007, seeking dismissal under Federal Rule 12(b)(6) and Texas Business Corporation Act article 5.14. The plaintiffs were required to file their responses by July 31, 2007, but the parties agreed to extend the response date until 60 days after the Court rules on the plaintiffs’ pending motions to compel, and motions to that effect were filed on July 31, 2007 by each plaintiff. The motions to set a revised briefing schedule, and the motions to compel, remain pending before the Court. The Court administratively closed the Middleton and Nystrom cases on April 18, 2007.

The Gardner action, which was filed on April 25, 2007, and the second Nystrom action, which was filed July 23, 2007, make allegations with regard to our funding of various research projects. Both lawsuits are consistent with demand letters sent on behalf of both shareholders, and noted in our previous filings. The Special Litigation Committee appointed to review these allegations made by Gardner and Nystrom has determined that continuation of the Gardner and Nystrom lawsuits is not in our best interests. A statement consistent with that determination was filed with the Court in each lawsuit on March 14, 2008.

Plaintiffs in the consolidated putative class actions and in the shareholder derivative actions seek an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, interest, and costs, including legal and expert fees.

In response to these actions, we continue to work with our experienced securities litigation counsel to vigorously defend ourselves and our officers and directors. We also believe this type of litigation is inherently unpredictable. It should be noted that a court must certify a class before a case can proceed as a class action lawsuit and that the determination has not been made in the consolidated securities cases. We believe these types of repetitive lawsuits (seeking class action status) are common in today’s litigious society and many reputable companies have successfully defended themselves against such litigation.

 

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Texas Attorney General’s Lawsuit

We have also been sued in an enforcement action (referenced above) that was filed by the Texas Attorney General’s Office on July 5, 2007. In that lawsuit, the State of Texas sued Mannatech, Incorporated, MannaRelief Ministries, Samuel L. Caster, the Fisher Institute, and Reginald McDaniel for alleged violations of the Texas Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. The allegations, consistent with the allegations made by the securities class action and derivative plaintiffs, primarily concern the marketing of our products by our independent associates. The action seeks temporary and permanent injunctive relief, statutorily-prescribed civil monetary penalties, and the restoration of money or other property allegedly taken from persons by means of unlawful acts or practices, or alternatively, damages to compensate for such losses. We have continued discussions with representatives of the Attorney General’s Office to attempt to resolve the concerns raised in the petition.

Patent Infringement Litigation

We currently have the following two patent infringement suits on file:

Mannatech, Incorporated v. Glycobiotics International, Inc.

On May 9, 2008, a federal court jury in the Northern District of Texas found that Glycoproducts International, Inc., formerly Glycobiotics International, Inc., had committed patent infringement on our U.S. Patent No. 7,157,431. The jury found this infringement was willful, and also ruled in our favor, on all patent validity issues presented to the jury. The jury also found that Glycoproducts International, Inc. had committed trademark infringement related to our Ambrotose® trademark.

On March 16, 2006, we first filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Glycobiotics International, Inc. for alleged infringement of our utility United States Patent No. 6,929,807 (“Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”) in the United States District Court of the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. On February 9, 2007, we filed an Amended Complaint, which adds patent infringement claims relating to its utility United States Patent No. 7,157,431 (also entitled “Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”).

In the Amended Complaint, we seek to stop Glycobiotics from manufacturing, offering, and selling its glyconutritional product marketed under the brand name “Glycomannan.” The Amended Complaint also alleges claims for unfair competition and business disparagement because of false and misleading statements made by Glycobiotics in connection with its marketing and sale of Glycomannan.

Glycobiotics answered our Amended Complaint on February 20, 2007, asserting various affirmative defenses and three counterclaims alleging anticompetitive conduct under the Sherman Act in connection with the market for arabinogalactan. Following our extensive discovery, and the disclosure of an expert refuting the allegations contained in the counterclaims, on August 6, 2007, Glycobiotics filed a stipulated motion to dismiss all of its counterclaims.

The Court conducted a hearing on June 22, 2007 on Glycobiotics’ Motion for Markman Claim Construction on the patents-at-issue. The Court issued an Order on June 26, 2007 construing the terms of the patents-at-issue in our favor. On July 12, 2007, Glycobiotics filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the Court’s Markman Order. We opposed the Motion for Reconsideration and the Court denied the motion on July 16, 2007.

In December 2007, the Court denied the parties’ cross-motions for partial summary judgment and set the case for trial on May 5, 2008. On April 22, 2008, Glycobiotics filed a motion requesting a two-month continuance of the trial setting. We opposed the motion, which the Court denied on April 25, 2008. We continue to vigorously prosecute the case and believe the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is remote.

Mannatech, Incorporated v. K.Y.C. Inc. d/b/a Techmedica Health Inc.

On May 5, 2006, we also filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Techmedica Health™ Inc., or Techmedica, for alleged infringement of our utility United States Patent No. 6,929,807 (“Compositions of Plant Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”) in the United States District Court of the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. The Original Complaint sought to stop Techmedica from manufacturing, offering, and selling its infringing glyconutritional product marketed under the brand name “Nutratose.” The Original Complaint also alleged claims for unfair competition and business disparagement because of false and misleading statements made by Techmedica in connection with its marketing and sale of Nutratose.

In response to our discovery requests, Techmedica Health claimed that Triton Nutra, Inc. manufactures the glyconutritional product that it markets and sells under the brand name Nutratose. Shortly thereafter, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued United States Patent No. 7,157,431 (also entitled “Compositions of Plant

 

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Carbohydrates as Dietary Supplements”). Accordingly, on February 6, 2007, we filed our Amended Complaint, which named Triton Nutra as an additional defendant to the original claims and added infringement claims relating to the new patent against both Techmedica Health and Triton Nutra. Pending Triton Nutra’s appearance in the case, we and Techmedica Health filed a Joint Motion to Lift the Scheduling Order on February 15, 2007 to allow all parties to coordinate on a new scheduling order. The Court granted the Joint Motion on February 16, 2007.

After Triton Nutra failed to answer the Amended Complaint, we requested, and the Clerk of Court entered, default against Triton Nutra on May 3, 2007. We also sought to continue our case against Techmedica Health, seeking discovery on the patent infringement and business disparagement claims. In response, Techmedica Health filed a Motion to Stay Proceedings and for a Protective Order from Deposition Notice on May 2, 2007, which sought to stay the case until after a judgment is issued in the Glycobiotics case. The Court granted the motion on August 10, 2007.

Once judgment has issued in the Glycobiotics case, we will evaluate how to proceed with the Techmedica Health matter. We continue to believe the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is remote, and with no pending counterclaims, our potential loss is limited to an award of the defendants’ court costs.

DPT Litigation

On November 8, 2007, DPT Laboratories, Ltd. (“DPT”) filed a lawsuit against us in the 224th Judicial District Court of Bexar County, Texas alleging suit on a sworn account, breach of contract, promissory estoppel, quantum meruit, and unjust enrichment. This lawsuit arose from an agreement between DPT and us that addressed the manner in which DPT would reformulate and manufacture our North American skin care line. DPT claimed we breached the agreement by canceling open purchase orders and sought $1.6 million in damages.

We answered DPT’s petition on January 18, 2008, asserting various affirmative defenses and three counterclaims alleging breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and negligent misrepresentation. We claimed that DPT failed to perform services under the agreement by manufacturing a defective product that we had to recall and failing to manufacture the skin care line by the requested deadline. We sought $4.8 million in lost profits from the anticipated sales of the skin care line and $0.6 million in costs related to the recall of the defective product.

On February 27, 2008, the parties entered into a settlement agreement, and on March 5, 2008, an Agreed Order of Dismissal with Prejudice was entered with the Court. Terms of the settlement are confidential pursuant to the settlement agreement.

Litigation in General

We also have several other pending claims incurred in the normal course of business. In our opinion, such claims can be resolved without any material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

We maintain certain liability insurance; however, certain costs of defending lawsuits, such as those below the insurance deductible amount, are not covered by or only partially covered by its insurance policies, or our insurance carriers could refuse to cover certain of these claims in whole or in part. We accrue costs to defend ourselves from litigation as it is incurred or as it becomes determinable.

The outcome of litigation may not be assured, and despite management’s views of the merits of any litigation, or the reasonableness of our estimates and reserves, our financial statements could nonetheless be materially affected by an adverse judgment. We believe we have adequately reserved for the contingencies arising from the above legal matters where an outcome was deemed to be probable and the loss amount could be reasonably estimated. While it is not possible to predict with certainty what liability or damages we might incur in connection with any of the above-described lawsuits, based on the advice of counsel and a management review of the existing facts and circumstances related to these lawsuits, we have accrued $4.3 million as of March 31, 2008 for these matters, which is included in accrued expenses on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, which could materially affect our business or our consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be insignificant also may become materially adverse or may affect our business in the future or our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

 

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

 

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

 

Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

None.

 

Item 5. Other Information

None.

 

Item 6. Exhibits

See Index to Exhibits following the signature page of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 

    MANNATECH, INCORPORATED
May 12, 2008     /S/ TERRY L. PERSINGER
   

Terry L. Persinger

Chief Executive Officer and President

(principal executive officer)

 

May 12, 2008     /S/ STEPHEN D. FENSTERMACHER
   

Stephen D. Fenstermacher

Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President

(principal financial officer)

 

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

 

          Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit

Number

  

Exhibit Description

   Form    File No.    Exhibit (s)    Filing Date

3.1

   Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Mannatech, dated May 19, 1998.    S-1    333-63133    3.1    October 28, 1998

3.2

   Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Mannatech, dated August 8, 2001 (Corrected).    10-K    000-24657    3.2    March 16, 2007

3.3

   First Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Mannatech, effective November 30, 2007.    8-K    000-24657    3.1    December 6, 2007

4.1

   Specimen Certificate representing Mannatech’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.    S-1    333-63133    4.1    October 28, 1998

10.1

   Supply Agreement between Mannatech, Incorporated, and Improve U.S.A., Inc., effective June 1, 2008, and executed May 2, 2008. (Portions of this exhibit were omitted pursuant to a confidential treatment request submitted pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act).    8-K    000-24657    10.1    May 8, 2008

31.1*

   Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Executive Officer of Mannatech.    *    *    *    *

31.2*

   Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Financial Officer of Mannatech.    *    *    *    *

32.1*

   Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Executive Officer of Mannatech.    *    *    *    *

32.2*

   Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Financial Officer of Mannatech.    *    *    *    *

 

* filed herewith.