MARIN SOFTWARE INC - Quarter Report: 2019 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-35838

Marin Software Incorporated

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware		20-4647180
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

123 Mission Street, 27th Floor, San Francisco, CA		94105
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(415) 399-2580

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value Per Share		MRIN		The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter time period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 6, 2019, the registrant had 6,627,000 shares of common stock outstanding.

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PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	1
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AT JUNE 30, 2019 AND DECEMBER 31, 2018	1
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 AND 2018	2
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 AND 2018	3
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 AND 2018	5
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	27
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	28
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	28
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	28
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	28
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	46
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	46
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	46
Item 5.	Other Information	46
Item 6.	Exhibits	47
SIGNATURES		48

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.

Financial Statements (unaudited)

MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except par value)

	At June 30, 2019			At December 31, 2018*
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,886		$	10,210
Restricted cash		971			1,293
Accounts receivable, net		9,983			12,906
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,773			4,642
Total current assets		24,613			29,051
Property and equipment, net		9,985			11,815
Right-of-use assets, operating leases		10,410			—
Goodwill		1,936			1,943
Intangible assets, net		938			1,938
Other non-current assets		1,549			2,045
Total assets	$	49,431		$	46,792
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	1,911		$	2,699
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		9,719			10,632
Operating lease liabilities		5,423			—
Total current liabilities		17,053			13,331
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		6,524			—
Other long-term liabilities		2,299			4,090
Total liabilities		25,876			17,421
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.001 par value - 142,857 shares authorized, 6,623 and 5,938 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively		7			6
Additional paid-in capital		297,903			295,116
Accumulated deficit		(273,322	)		(264,713	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,033	)		(1,038	)
Total stockholders’ equity		23,555			29,371
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	49,431		$	46,792

*	Derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2018.

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues, net	$	12,476		$	14,251		$	25,924		$	29,653
Cost of revenues		5,929			6,963			11,740			14,535
Gross profit		6,547			7,288			14,184			15,118
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing		4,087			6,154			8,721			13,535
Research and development		4,660			5,817			9,555			11,972
General and administrative		2,277			3,766			5,498			7,143
Total operating expenses		11,024			15,737			23,774			32,650
Loss from operations		(4,477	)		(8,449	)		(9,590	)		(17,532	)
Other income, net		532			377			1,072			672
Loss before provision for income taxes		(3,945	)		(8,072	)		(8,518	)		(16,860	)
Provision for income taxes		58			204			91			528
Net loss		(4,003	)		(8,276	)		(8,609	)		(17,388	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		76			(578	)		5			(134	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(3,927	)	$	(8,854	)	$	(8,604	)	$	(17,522	)
Net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted (Note 11)	$	(0.65	)	$	(1.44	)	$	(1.42	)	$	(3.02	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share available to common stockholders, basic and diluted		6,201			5,767			6,074			5,751
Stock-based compensation expense is allocated as follows (Note 8):
Cost of revenues	$	142		$	172		$	267		$	376
Sales and marketing		205			271			385			511
Research and development		269			314			550			653
General and administrative		146			273			245			518
Amortization of intangible assets is allocated as follows (Note 4):
Cost of revenues	$	234		$	233		$	468		$	470
Sales and marketing		—			184			64			397
Research and development		234			234			468			471
General and administrative		—			—			—			3
Restructuring related expenses are allocated as follows (Note 5):
Cost of revenues	$	—		$	—		$	6		$	139
Sales and marketing		66			48			223			545
Research and development		—			—			—			115
General and administrative		—			36			—			147

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Common Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balances at March 31, 2019		5,954	$	6	$	295,745		$	(269,319	)	$	(1,109	)	$	25,323
Issuance of common stock through equity distribution agreement, net of offering costs of $203		570		1		1,503			—			—			1,504
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)		57		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units		—		—		(195	)		—			—			(195	)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		42		—		88			—			—			88
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		762			—			—			762
Net loss		—		—		—			(4,003	)		—			(4,003	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			76			76
Balances at June 30, 2019		6,623	$	7	$	297,903		$	(273,322	)	$	(1,033	)	$	23,555

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Common Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balances at March 31, 2018		5,748	$	6	$	292,099		$	(232,581	)	$	(238	)	$	59,286
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)		5		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units		—		—		(23	)		—			—			(23	)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		31		—		172			—			—			172
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		1,030			—			—			1,030
Net loss		—		—		—			(8,276	)		—			(8,276	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			(578	)		(578	)
Balances at June 30, 2018		5,784	$	6	$	293,278		$	(240,857	)	$	(816	)	$	51,611

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	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Common Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balances at December 31, 2018		5,938	$	6	$	295,116		$	(264,713	)	$	(1,038	)	$	29,371
Issuance of common stock through equity distribution agreement, net of offering costs of $203		570		1		1,503			—			—			1,504
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)		73		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units		—		—		(251	)		—			—			(251	)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		42		—		88			—			—			88
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		1,447			—			—			1,447
Net loss		—		—		—			(8,609	)		—			(8,609	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—			5			5
Balances at June 30, 2019		6,623	$	7	$	297,903		$	(273,322	)	$	(1,033	)	$	23,555

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Common Stock
	Shares		Par Value		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balances at December 31, 2017		5,729	$	6	$	291,163		$	(227,704	)	$	(682	)	$	62,783
Impact of adoption of Accounting Standards Codification 606 on January 1, 2018		—		—		—			4,235			—			4,235
Issuance of common stock from vesting of restricted stock units (Note 7)		24		—		—			—			—			—
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units		—		—		(119	)		—			—			(119	)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		31		—		172			—			—			172
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		2,058			—			—			2,058
Net loss		—		—		—			(17,388	)		—			(17,388	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		4			—			(134	)		(130	)
Balances at June 30, 2018		5,784	$	6	$	293,278		$	(240,857	)	$	(816	)	$	51,611

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(8,609	)	$	(17,388	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation		981			1,557
Amortization of internally developed software		1,705			1,943
Amortization of intangible assets		1,000			1,341
Loss on disposals of property and equipment and right-of-use assets		14			—
Amortization of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts		881			1,145
Unrealized foreign currency gains		(15	)		(25	)
Stock-based compensation related to equity awards and restricted stock		1,447			2,058
Provision for bad debts		(177	)		35
Net change in operating leases		(234	)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable		3,103			2,438
Prepaid expenses and other assets		485			(1,199	)
Accounts payable		(777	)		(877	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(217	)		(425	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(413	)		(9,397	)
Investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment		(86	)		(200	)
Capitalization of internally developed software		(870	)		(1,295	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(956	)		(1,495	)
Financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common shares through equity distribution agreement, net of offering costs of $203		1,504			—
Payment of principal on finance lease liabilities		(682	)		(656	)
Employee taxes paid for withheld shares upon equity award settlement		(190	)		(110	)
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan, net		80			165
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		712			(601	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		11			(124	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(646	)		(11,617	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
Beginning of period		11,503			28,837
End of period	$	10,857		$	17,220
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Purchases of property and equipment recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	—		$	308
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan		88			172

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Marin Software Incorporated

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(dollars and share numbers in thousands, except per share data)

1.	Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Marin Software Incorporated (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware in March 2006. The Company provides enterprise marketing software for advertisers and agencies to integrate, align and amplify their digital advertising spend across the web and mobile devices. Offered as a unified software-as-a-service, or SaaS, advertising management solution for search, social, eCommerce and display advertising, the Company’s platform helps digital marketers convert precise audiences, improve financial performance and make better decisions. The Company’s corporate headquarters are located in San Francisco, California, and the Company has additional offices in the following locations: Austin, Chicago, Dublin, London, New York, Paris, Portland, Shanghai and Tokyo.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since its incorporation in 2006, and management expects such losses to continue over the next several years. The Company incurred a net loss of $8,609 for the six months ended June 30, 2019, and a net loss of $41,244 for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $273,322. The Company had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $10,857 as of June 30, 2019. Management expects to incur additional losses and experience negative operating cash flows in the future. To continue to fund operations, the Company plans to raise additional capital through an equity distribution agreement and lower operating costs, primarily through personnel cost savings resulting from employee attrition.

In March 2019, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) that the SEC declared effective on May 10, 2019 and under which it may offer a variety of equity and debt securities with an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000. As part of that shelf registration statement, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities LLC (“JMP Securities”) under which it may sell shares of its common stock up to a gross aggregate offering price of $13,000 (Note 6). For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company sold 570 shares of its common stock under this agreement for net proceeds of $1,504. The total amount of cash that will be generated under this equity distribution agreement is uncertain and depends on a variety of factors, including market conditions and the trading price of the Company’s common stock.

In January 2018, the Company initiated organizational restructuring plans (see Note 5) that resulted in significant cost savings for the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the corresponding period in 2018 and are expected to continue to result in cost savings in 2019 as compared to 2018. The Company believes that its cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash will provide sufficient funds for the Company to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements. This determination is based on a number of factors, including projections that are predicated on the Company achieving certain levels of new bookings and customer renewals and operating cost savings primarily resulting from employee attrition.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed footnotes have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring items, considered necessary for fair statement have been included. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019, or for other interim periods or future years.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on March 14, 2019.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses are carried at amounts that approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments. Based on borrowing rates available to the Company for loans with similar terms and maturities and in consideration of the Company’s credit risk profile, the carrying value of outstanding lease liabilities (Note 9) approximates fair value as well.

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Allowances for Doubtful Accounts and Revenue Credits

The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects the Company’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the Company’s receivables portfolio based on historical experience, specific allowances for known troubled accounts and other available information. The Company does not require collateral from its customers, and it performs a regular review of its customers’ payment histories and associated credit risks. Certain contracts with advertising agencies contain sequential liability provisions, whereby the agency does not have an obligation to pay the Company until payment is received from the agency’s customers. In these circumstances, the Company evaluates the credit worthiness of the agency’s customers in addition to the agency itself. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,031 and $2,651, respectively.

From time to time, the Company provides credits to customers that typically relate to customer disputes or billing adjustments and are recorded as a reduction of revenue. Reserves for these revenue credits are accounted for as variable consideration under authoritative revenue recognition guidance (see Note 2) and are estimated based on historical credit activity. As of June 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the Company recorded an allowance for potential customer credits in the amount of $234 and $353, respectively.

Goodwill Impairment Assessment

The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. For the purposes of impairment testing, the Company has determined that it has one reporting unit. The Company performs its goodwill impairment test using the simplified method, whereby the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that reporting unit, goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, the goodwill is considered impaired by an amount equal to that difference. The Company previously recorded a goodwill impairment of $14,740 in the third quarter of 2018. Due to a sustained decline in the market capitalization of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company performed an interim goodwill test. The Company determined that there was no impairment to the carrying value of goodwill as of June 30, 2019 as the fair value of the Company’s sole reporting unit was determined to be in excess of the net book value of the Company’s net assets.

Long-Lived Assets Impairment Assessment

The Company evaluates long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, for potential impairment whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances or business climate indicate that the expected undiscounted future cash flows related to such long-lived assets may not be sufficient to support the net book value of such assets. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. There were no such impairment losses recorded in any of the periods presented.

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates revenues principally from subscriptions either directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies to its platform for the management of search, social, eCommerce and display advertising. The Company also generates revenues from strategic agreements with certain leading publishers. Under these strategic agreements, the Company receives consideration based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that customers manage on its platform. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

See Note 2 for further discussion on the Company’s revenues.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2019

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), or Accounting Standards Codification 842 (“ASC 842”), which superseded existing accounting guidance for leases. ASC 842 requires an entity to recognize an asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than 12 months. The Company adopted ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. As a result, the Company has not changed previously disclosed amounts or provided additional disclosures for comparative periods. There was no impact to the Company’s opening balance of accumulated deficit. As part of this adoption, the Company elected the package of transitional practical expedients to not reassess (1) whether any contracts that existed prior to adoption have or contain leases, (2) the classification of existing leases or (3) initial direct costs for existing leases. The Company did not elect the practical expedient to use hindsight in determining its lease terms.

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As a result of the adoption, the Company recorded right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of $14,589 and lease liabilities of $16,425 related to operating leases on January 1, 2019. ASC 842 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Refer to Note 9 for further information on leases.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), which allows for a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The Company adopted ASU 2018-02 on January 1, 2019, which had no effect on its condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326), which changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments to require the use of a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that will generally result in earlier recognition of allowances for losses. This ASU will also require disclosure of more information related to these items. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which is designed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures related to fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 35-40), which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. ASU 2018-15 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

Revenues

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates its revenues principally from subscriptions, either directly with advertisers or with advertising agencies, to its platform for the management of search, social, eCommerce and display advertising. It also generates a portion of its revenues from long-term strategic agreements with certain leading publishers. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

●

Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

●

Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

●

Determination of the transaction price;

●

Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

●

Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

Subscription

The Company’s subscription contracts provide advertisers with access to the Company’s advertising management platform. Advertisers do not have the right to take possession of the software supporting the services at any time. These contracts are generally one year or less in length. The subscription fee under most contracts consists of the greater of a minimum monthly platform fee or variable consideration based on the volume of advertising spend managed through the Company’s platform at the contractual percentage of spend. The variable portion generally includes tiered pricing, whereby the percentage of spend charged decreases as the value of advertising spend increases. The tiered pricing resets monthly and is consistent throughout the contract term. The Company has concluded that this volume-based pricing approach does not constitute a future material right as the pricing tiers are consistent throughout the term of the contract and similar pricing is typically offered to similar classes of customers within the same geographical areas and markets. Certain subscription contracts consist of only a flat monthly platform fee. Subscription fees are generally invoiced on a monthly basis in arrears based on the actual amount of advertising spend managed on the platform. In certain limited circumstances, the Company will invoice an advertiser in advance for the contractual minimum monthly platform fee for a defined future period, which is typically three to six months.

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The Company’s subscription services comprise a single stand-ready performance obligation satisfied over time as the advertiser simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit from the Company’s performance. This performance obligation constitutes a series of services that are substantially the same in nature and are provided over time using the same measure of progress. Revenues derived from these arrangements are recognized over time using an output method based upon the passage of time as this provides a faithful depiction of the pattern of transfer of control. Fixed minimum monthly platform fees are recognized ratably over the contract term as the single performance obligation is satisfied. Variable fees are allocated to the distinct month of the series in which they are earned because the terms of the variable payments relate specifically to the outcome from transferring the distinct time increment (month) of service and because such amounts reflect the fees to which the Company expects to be entitled for providing access to the advertising management platform for that period, consistent with the allocation objective of authoritative revenue guidance under Accounting Standards Codification 606 (“ASC 606”).

Strategic Agreements

The Company has entered into long-term strategic agreements with certain leading search publishers. Under these strategic agreements, the Company receives consideration based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that its customers manage on its platform. These strategic agreements are generally billed on a quarterly basis.

The majority of the Company’s strategic agreement revenue is concentrated in one revenue share agreement, executed with Google in December 2018, with an effective date of October 1, 2018 (the “Google Revenue Share Agreement”). Under the Google Revenue Share Agreement, which constitutes a single performance obligation, the Company receives both fixed and variable revenue share payments based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that is managed through the Company’s platform. The Google Revenue Share Agreement requires the Company to reinvest a specified percentage of these revenue share payments in its search technology platform to drive innovation. The performance obligation is expected to be satisfied ratably over the two-year contractual term using the output method based upon the passage of time, as Google simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit from the Company’s performance, which provides a faithful depiction of the pattern of transfer of control. The Google Revenue Share Agreement has a three-year term; however, after two years, Google may terminate the Google Revenue Share Agreement with no penalty if the Company does not meet certain financial metrics. Accordingly, the Company accounts for the Google Revenue Share Agreement as a two-year agreement with one optional renewal year.

The Company evaluates the total amount of variable revenue share payments expected to be earned from the Google Revenue Share Agreement by using the expected value method, as it believes this method represents the most appropriate estimate for this consideration, based on historical service trends, the individual contract considerations and the Company’s best judgment. The Company includes estimates of variable consideration in revenues only to the extent that it believes it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized $3,041 and $5,962, respectively, in revenues from the Google Revenue Share Agreement, including $76 related to performance obligations satisfied in previous periods. As of June 30, 2019, the Company expects to recognize revenues totaling approximately $6,119 for the remaining six months of 2019, and $9,008 for the year ending December 31, 2020, related to remaining performance obligations under the Google Revenue Share Agreement.

Disaggregation of Revenues

Revenues by geographic area, based on the billing location of the customer, were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
United States of America	$	9,292	$	9,584	$	19,333	$	19,795
United Kingdom		1,483		2,012		3,028		4,122
Other (1)		1,701		2,655		3,563		5,736
Total revenues, net	$	12,476	$	14,251	$	25,924	$	29,653

(1)	No individual country within the “Other” category accounted for 10% or more of revenues, net for any period presented.

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Revenues by nature of services performed were as follows for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Subscriptions	$	9,427	$	13,897	$	19,853	$	28,912
Strategic agreements		3,049		354		6,071		741
Total revenues, net	$	12,476	$	14,251	$	25,924	$	29,653

Contract Balances

Accounts Receivable, Net

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoice amount, net of any allowances for doubtful accounts and revenue credits. A receivable is recognized in the period the Company provides the underlying services or when the right to consideration is unconditional. The balances of accounts receivable, net of the allowances for doubtful accounts and revenue credits, as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Included in the balance of accounts receivable, net as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $3,450 and $3,867, respectively, related to the Google Revenue Share Agreement executed in December 2018, which represented 35% and 30%, respectively, of accounts receivable, net as of those dates.

Customer Advances

In certain situations, the Company receives cash payments from customers in advance of its performance of the underlying services. These services are contracted on a weekly basis and cash payments are generally received on a weekly basis at amounts that are at the discretion of the customers, based on established advertising budgets. The unused portion of these advances from customers is included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Under the Company’s terms of service, individual customer advances that are not used by the customer for a period of 180 days become the property of the Company. The Company recognizes advances from customers that have remained outstanding for this period of time as breakage revenues at the time the Company has received full consideration and has no remaining obligations to the customer. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $95 and $154, respectively, in breakage revenues from balances previously included in the customer advances account. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $48 and $122, respectively, in breakage revenues.

Deferred Strategic Agreement Revenues

Due to the timing of revenue recognition under the Google Revenue Share Agreement, the contractual billings exceed revenue recognized to date, resulting in a contract liability. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company recorded deferred strategic agreement revenues of $1,872 and $934, respectively, within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Costs to Obtain and Fulfill Contracts

The Company capitalizes certain contract acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions and related payroll taxes, when customer contracts are signed. The Company also capitalizes certain contract fulfillment costs, consisting primarily of the portion of the payroll and fringe benefits of the Company’s professional services team that relates directly to performing on-boarding and integration services for new and existing customers (collectively, “deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts”).

The deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts are amortized over the expected period of benefit, which the Company has determined to be approximately 30 months. This expected period of benefit takes into consideration the duration of the Company’s customer contracts, historical contract renewal rates, the underlying technology and other factors. Amortization expense for deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts is included in sales and marketing expense and cost of sales, respectively, on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

The Company classifies deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts as current or non-current based on the timing of when the related amortization expense is expected to be recognized. The current portion of these deferred costs is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, while the non-current portion is included in other non-current assets on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the balances of deferred costs to obtain and fulfill contracts during the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows:

	Deferred Costs to Obtain Contracts			Deferred Costs to Fulfill Contracts
Balances at December 31, 2018	$	1,413		$	606
Costs deferred		275			101
Amortization		(571	)		(310	)
Balances at June 30, 2019	$	1,117		$	397

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3.	Balance Sheet Components

The following table shows the components of property and equipment as of the dates presented:

	Estimated Useful Life	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Software, including internally developed software	3 years	$	26,388		$	25,518
Computer equipment	3 to 4 years		22,728			22,714
Finance lease ROU assets	Shorter of useful life or lease term		5,067			5,067
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of useful life or lease term		4,645			4,778
Office equipment, furniture and fixtures	3 to 5 years		1,988			2,140
Total property and equipment			60,816			60,217
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization			(50,831	)		(48,402	)
Property and equipment, net		$	9,985		$	11,815

Finance lease ROU assets consist of computer equipment and were previously included in the Computer equipment line in filings for periods prior to 2019. Depreciation and amortization of internally developed software for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $2,686 and $3,500, respectively.

The following table shows the components of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates presented:

	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued salary and payroll-related expenses	$	2,552	$	3,695
Deferred strategic agreement revenues		1,872		934
Accrued liabilities		1,531		1,249
Finance lease liabilities		937		866
Income taxes payable		846		883
Advanced billings		721		859
Customer advances		347		432
Sales and use tax payable		34		244
Deferred rent		—		538
Other		879		932
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	9,719	$	10,632

4.	Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The goodwill activity for the six months ended June 30, 2019 consisted of the following:

Balance at December 31, 2018	$	1,943
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(7	)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	1,936

Intangible assets consisted of the following as of the dates presented:

	Estimated Useful Life	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Developed technology	5 to 6 years	$	9,910		$	9,910
Customer relationships	4 years		—			2,080
Total intangible assets			9,910			11,990
Less: accumulated amortization			(8,972	)		(10,052	)
Intangible assets, net		$	938		$	1,938

Customer relationships were fully amortized as of June 30, 2019. Amortization of intangible assets was $468 and $651 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $1,000 and $1,341 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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Future estimated amortization of intangible assets as of June 30, 2019, is presented below:

Remaining six months of 2019	$	843
Year ending December 31, 2020		95
Total	$	938

5.	Restructuring Activities

In January 2018, the Company initiated an organizational restructuring plan (the “2018 Restructuring Plan”) designed to reduce operating expenses in response to declines in revenues. The 2018 Restructuring Plan included a headcount reduction of approximately 13% of the Company’s workforce, the closure of certain leased facilities and the consolidation of space in the Company’s San Francisco headquarters. Actions pursuant to the 2018 Restructuring Plan were substantially complete as of June 30, 2019, and further associated costs are not expected to be material in future periods. The Company initiated certain other organizational restructuring plans during 2018 that also aimed to reduce operating expenses and primarily consisted of further headcount reductions.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recorded $66 and $229, respectively, of restructuring related expenses in connection with the 2018 Restructuring Plan, as well as other organizational restructuring plans, in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded $84 and $946, respectively, of restructuring related expenses in connection with these restructuring plans in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

6.	Shelf Registration Statement and At-the-Market Offering

On March 14, 2019, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on May 10, 2019 and enables the Company to offer its common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000. As part of this shelf registration, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $13,000 through an at-the-market offering program administered by JMP Securities. The Company is not required to sell any securities under this offering program. JMP Securities is entitled to compensation of up to 5.0% of the gross proceeds from sales of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the equity distribution agreement.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company sold 570 shares of its common stock under this equity distribution agreement and received proceeds of $1,504, net of offering costs of $203, at a weighted average sales price of $3.00 per share. The amount of any future proceeds that may be realized from this equity distribution agreement depends on a variety of factors, including market conditions and the price of the Company’s common stock. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had common stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $11,293 available for issuance under the equity distribution agreement.

7.	Equity Award Plans

In April 2006, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) adopted and the stockholders approved the 2006 Stock Option Plan (“2006 Plan”), which provided for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options. In February 2013 the Board adopted and the stockholders approved the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”), which became effective on March 21, 2013. At that time, the Company ceased to grant equity awards under the 2006 Plan. Under the 2013 Plan, 643 shares of common stock were originally reserved for issuance. Additionally, all reserved and unissued shares under the 2006 Plan are eligible for issuance under the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan authorizes the award of incentive and non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance awards and stock bonuses to the Company’s employees, directors, consultants, independent contractors and advisors. On January 1 of each calendar year through 2023, the number of shares of common stock reserved under the 2013 Plan will automatically increase by an amount equal to 5% of the total outstanding shares as of the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Board. Pursuant to terms of the 2013 Plan, the shares available for issuance increased by 297 shares of common stock on January 1, 2019. As of June 30, 2019, 1,162 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan.

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Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity under the 2006 Plan and 2013 Plan is as follows:

	Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balances at December 31, 2018		436		$	29.01		6.79	$	—
Options granted		128			4.00		9.87		—
Options forfeited and cancelled		(11	)		67.56		—		—
Balances at June 30, 2019		553			22.48		6.60		—
Options exercisable		350			31.75		5.97		—
Options vested		350			31.75		5.97		—
Options vested and expected to vest		525			23.33		7.06		—

RSUs

A summary of RSUs granted and unvested under the 2013 Plan is as follows:

	RSUs Outstanding
	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Granted and unvested at December 31, 2018		834		$	7.99
RSUs granted		646			4.18
RSUs vested		(74	)		10.01
RSUs cancelled and withheld to cover taxes		(254	)		7.19
Granted and unvested at June 30, 2019		1,152		$	5.90

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In February 2013, the Board and stockholders approved the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2013 ESPP”), under which 143 shares of common stock were originally reserved for issuance. The 2013 ESPP became effective on March 22, 2013. The 2013 ESPP generally provides for purchase periods each six months with the purchase price for shares of common stock purchased under the 2013 ESPP is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the common stock on (1) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (2) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. On January 1 of each calendar year following the first offering date, the number of shares reserved under the 2013 ESPP automatically increases by an amount equal to 1% of the total outstanding shares as of immediately preceding December 31, but not to exceed 100 shares. Pursuant to terms of the 2013 ESPP, the shares available for issuance increased by 59 shares on January 1, 2019. As of June 30, 2019, 171 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2013 ESPP. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, 42 shares were issued under the 2013 ESPP. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, 31 shares were issued under the 2013 ESPP.

8.	Stock-Based Compensation

For stock-based awards granted by the Company, stock-based compensation expense is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award and is expensed over the requisite service period. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $762 and $1,030 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $1,447 and $2,058 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Stock Options

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of options. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected volatility, risk-free interest rate and the expected life of options. The Company used the following assumptions for its Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019	2018	2019	2018
Dividend yield	—	—	—	—
Expected volatility	66.4%	55.7%	66.4%	55.9%
Risk-free interest rate	2.18%	2.56%	2.18%	2.54%
Expected life of options (in years)	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00

The Company estimates the expected volatility of its common stock and expected life of its stock options based on its own historical experience. The expected volatility reflects the actual historical volatility of the price of the Company’s common stock since it began trading publicly in March 2013. The expected life represents the period of time that stock options are expected to be outstanding, based on historical exercise and employee departure behavior. The Company has no history or expectation of paying cash dividends on its common stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a term consistent with the expected life of the options in effect at the time of grant.

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There were no exercises of stock options during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.

Compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. As of June 30, 2019, there was $555 of unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

RSUs

As of June 30, 2019, there was $4,960 of unrecognized compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, related to RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years. The Company uses the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the dates of grant to determine the fair value of RSUs.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company estimates the fair value of purchase rights under the 2013 ESPP using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The fair value of each purchase right under the 2013 ESPP is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and the straight-line attribution approach with assumptions substantially similar to those used for the valuation of stock option awards, with the exception of the expected life. The expected life is estimated to be six months, which is consistent with the purchase periods under the 2013 ESPP.

Leases

Operating and Finance Leases

The Company evaluates new contractual arrangements at inception to determine if the contract is or contains a lease. For any contracts that are or contain a lease, the Company determines the appropriate classification of each identified lease as operating or finance. For all identified leases, the Company records the related lease liabilities and ROU assets based on the future minimum lease payments over the lease term, which only includes options to renew the lease if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. For leases with original terms of twelve months or less, the Company recognizes the lease expense as incurred and does not recognize lease liabilities and ROU assets. The Company has operating leases for corporate offices worldwide and for space at a data center. Additionally, the Company leases computer equipment through various finance leases.

Lease liabilities are measured based on the future minimum lease payments discounted over the lease term. The Company uses the discount rate implicit in the lease whenever that rate is readily determinable. For leases where no such rate is determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, or the rate of interest that Company would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments, on a collateralized basis over a similar term and in a similar economic environment. As of June 30, 2019, the weighted-average rate used in discounting the lease liabilities for ROU operating and finance leases was 6.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Current and non-current operating lease liabilities are presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, while current finance lease liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and non-current finance lease liabilities are included in other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Balances classified as capital lease obligations under previous lease guidance are presented for all periods prior to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 to conform to the presentation of finance lease liabilities under ASC 842.

ROU assets are measured based on the associated lease liabilities, adjusted for any lease incentives such as tenant improvement allowances. ROU assets for operating leases are presented as non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, while ROU assets for finance leases are included within property and equipment, net. For operating leases, the Company recognizes the expense for lease payments on straight-line basis over the lease term. As of June 30, 2019, the weighted-average remaining lease term for ROU operating and finance leases was 2.5 years and 1.1 years, respectively.

As of June 30, 2019, the Company had net operating lease ROU assets of $10,410. Operating lease costs, consisting primarily of rental expense, were approximately $1,930 and $3,926, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, and $2,076 and $4,195, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Variable rent expense was not significant for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. In February 2019, the Company executed a new lease agreement for office space in Paris and exited its prior office space shortly thereafter. There were no material costs incurred associated with that exit. As part of the new lease, the Company was required to enter into an irrevocable $109 letter of credit. The cash used to secure the letter of credit has been classified as restricted cash on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.

At various dates between August 2015 and October 2016, the Company entered into finance lease arrangements with two separate manufacturers for computer equipment. These finance leases are collateralized by the underlying computer equipment. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had net finance lease ROU assets of $923. Finance lease ROU assets are included in property and equipment on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Interest expense associated with finance leases is included within other income, net, on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Finance lease costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 consisted of $184 and $362, respectively, in depreciation of the leased assets, and $18 and $42, respectively, in interest expense. Costs associated with capital leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 consisted of $379 and $759, respectively, in depreciation of the leased assets, and $39 and $82, respectively, in interest expense.

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The maturities of operating lease and finance lease liabilities as of June 30, 2019 are as follows:

	Operating Leases			Finance Leases
2019 (remaining six months)	$	4,087		$	597
2020		3,682			552
2021		3,316			12
2022		1,865			—
Total lease payments		12,950			1,161
Less: Amount representing imputed interest		(1,003	)		(44	)
Present value of lease liabilities		11,947			1,117
Less: Current portion of lease liabilities		(5,423	)		(937	)
Non-current portion of lease liabilities	$	6,524		$	180

Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	682
Operating cash flows from finance leases		46
Operating cash flows from operating leases		4,215

ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities:
Finance lease liabilities	$	—
Operating lease liabilities		812

The operating lease ROU asset obtained relates to the Paris office lease executed in February 2019, as well as a new Dublin office lease executed in May 2019.

Subleases

The Company also subleases portions of its San Francisco and Portland office spaces. In August 2018, the Company entered into agreements to (a) extend its existing sublease for a portion of its San Francisco office space through July 2022, and (b) sublease an additional 14,380 square feet of its San Francisco office space to an unrelated third party through July 2020, with a subtenant option to extend the sublease through July 2022. The Company’s sublease for its Portland office space is with an unrelated third party and expires in May 2020. Income from these sublease agreements is included in other income, net, on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Sublease income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $570 and $1,140, respectively, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $277 and $554, respectively.

Future minimum amounts due under subleases as of June 30, 2019 were as follows:

	Operating Sublease Income
2019 (remaining six months)	$	1,129
2020		1,768
2021		1,105
2022		616
Total amounts due under subleases	$	4,618

10.	Income Taxes

The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes is based on an estimated effective annual income tax rate. The Company’s quarterly provision for income taxes also includes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, if any, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, in the interim period in which they occur.

Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $58 and $91, respectively, on pre-tax losses of $3,945 and $8,518, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, the income tax rate varies from the federal income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States and taxable income generated by the Company’s foreign wholly-owned subsidiaries.

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The Company reviews the likelihood that it will realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets and, therefore, the need for valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. There is no income tax benefit recognized with respect to losses incurred and no income tax expense recognized with respect to earnings generated in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance. This causes variability in the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company will maintain the valuation allowances until it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized.

Tax positions taken by the Company are subject to audits by multiple tax jurisdictions. The Company believes that it has provided adequate reserves for its uncertain tax positions for all tax years still open for assessment. The Company also believes that it does not have any tax position for which it is not reasonably possible that the total amounts of uncertain tax positions will significantly increase or decrease within the next year. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company did not recognize any material interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

11.	Net Loss Per Share Available to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net loss using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock, excluding common stock subject to repurchase, and, if dilutive, potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted net loss per share is the same for all periods presented, as the impact of all potentially dilutive outstanding securities was anti-dilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Numerator:
Net loss available to common stockholders	$	(4,003	)	$	(8,276	)	$	(8,609	)	$	(17,388	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares, basic and diluted		6,201			5,767			6,074			5,751
Net loss per share available to common stockholders
Basic and diluted net loss per common share available to common stockholders	$	(0.65	)	$	(1.44	)	$	(1.42	)	$	(3.02	)

The following table presents the potential shares of common stock outstanding that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share available to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three and Six Months Ended June 30, June 30,
	2019	2018
Options to purchase common stock	553	548
Unvested RSUs	1,152	938
Total	1,705	1,486

12.	Segment Reporting

The Company defines the term “chief operating decision maker” to be the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer reviews the financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating of financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates as a single reporting and operating segment.

13.	Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company may be involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, consisting of intellectual property, commercial, employment and other matters, which arise in the ordinary course of business. In accordance with GAAP, the Company records a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, ruling, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Litigation is inherently unpredictable. If any unfavorable ruling was to occur in any specific period or if a loss becomes probable and estimable, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows. As of June 30, 2019, no material amounts are recorded related to legal proceedings on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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Indemnification

The Company enters into standard indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to the agreements, each party may indemnify, defend and hold the other party harmless with respect to such claim, suit or proceeding brought against it by a third party alleging that the indemnifying party’s intellectual property infringes upon the intellectual property of the third party, or results from a breach of the indemnifying party’s representations and warranties or covenants, or that results from any acts of negligence or willful misconduct. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Historically, the Company has not been obligated to make significant payments for these obligations and no liabilities have been recorded on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2019 and the audited consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018.

The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while the officer or director is or was serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however, the Company has a directors and officers insurance policy that limits its exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Historically, the Company has not been obligated to make any payments for these obligations and no liabilities have been recorded as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Other Contingencies

The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s management does not believe that any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows should be read in conjunction with the (1) unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on March 14, 2019. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act.” These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “may,” “potentially,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “predict,” “expect,” “seek” and similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors”, set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

We are a leading provider of digital marketing solutions for search, social, eCommerce and display advertising channels, offered as a unified software-as-a-service, or SaaS, advertising management platform for performance-driven advertisers and agencies. Our platform is an analytics, workflow and optimization solution for marketing professionals, enabling them to effectively manage their digital advertising spend. We market and sell our solutions to advertisers directly and through leading advertising agencies, and our customers collectively manage billions of dollars in advertising spend on our platform globally across a wide range of industries. We believe this makes us one of the largest providers of independent advertising cloud solutions. Our software solution is designed to help our customers:

●

measure the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns through our proprietary reporting and analytics capabilities;

●

manage and execute campaigns through our intuitive user interface and underlying technology that streamlines and automates key functions, such as advertisement creation and bidding, across multiple publishers and channels; and

●

optimize campaigns across multiple publishers and channels based on market and business data to achieve desired revenue outcomes using our predictive bid management technology.

Our current product lineup consists of MarinOne, which launched in 2018, and our two legacy products, Marin Search and Marin Social.

●

MarinOne. Our next-generation solution that brings search, social and eCommerce advertising into a single-platform that helps advertisers maximize a customer journey that spans Google, Facebook and Amazon by combining the power of Marin Search and Marin Social with new channels like Amazon, Apple Search Ads and YouTube.

●

Marin Search. Our original solution for large advertisers and agencies, Marin Search is designed to provide search advertisers with the power, scale and flexibility required to manage large-scale advertising campaigns.

●

Marin Social. Helps advertisers manage their Facebook, Instagram and Twitter advertising spend at scale.

Advertisers use our platform to create, target and convert precise audiences based on recent buying signals from users’ search, social, eCommerce and display interactions. Our platform is integrated with leading publishers such as Amazon, Baidu, Bing, Facebook, Google, Instagram, Pinterest, Twitter, Verizon Media, Yahoo! Japan and Yandex. Additionally, we have integrations with more than 50 leading web analytics and advertisement-serving solutions and key enterprise applications, enabling our customers to more accurately measure the return on investment of their marketing programs.

Our software platform serves as an integration point for advertising performance, sales and revenue data, allowing advertisers to connect the dots between advertising spend and revenue outcomes. Through an intuitive interface, we enable our customers to simultaneously run large-scale digital advertising campaigns across multiple publishers and channels, making it easy for marketers to create, publish, modify and optimize campaigns.

Our predictive bid management and optimization technology also allows advertisers to forecast outcomes and optimize campaigns across multiple publishers and channels to achieve their business goals. Our optimization technology can help advertisers increase advertisement spend on those campaigns, publishers and channels that are performing well while reducing investment in those that are not. This category of solutions, which we refer to as cross-channel bid and campaign optimization, helps businesses intelligently and efficiently measure, manage, and optimize their digital advertising spend to achieve desired business results.

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Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We generate revenues principally from subscription contracts under which we provide advertisers with access to our search, social, eCommerce and display advertising management platform, either directly or through the advertiser’s relationship with an agency with whom we have a contract. Our subscription contracts are generally one year or less in length. Under subscription contracts with most of our direct advertisers and some independent agencies, we generally charge fees based on the amount of advertising spend that these customers manage through our platform or a contractual minimum monthly platform fee, whichever is greater. Certain of these customers are charged only a fixed monthly platform fee. Most of our subscription contracts with our network agency customers do not include a committed minimum monthly platform fee, and we charge fees based upon the amount of advertising spend that these customers manage through our platform. Due to the nature of the platform and the services performed under the subscription agreements, revenues are typically recognized in the amount billable to the advertiser.

Our long-term strategic agreements have historically included multiple-year terms and are invoiced quarterly. Our largest agreement with Google was entered into in December 2018 with an effective date of October 1, 2018 (the “Google Revenue Share Agreement”) and includes both a fixed baseline amount and a variable portion based on a percentage of relevant advertising search spend above the baseline threshold that runs through our technology platform. We recognize the entire contract price under this agreement ratably over the initial minimum two-year term. Our other long-term strategic agreements are generally variable in nature, based on a percentage of relevant search advertising spend that runs through our technology platform. We expect that in the future, revenues from strategic agreements will continue to grow as a percentage of our total revenues, net.

Refer to Note 2 of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our revenue recognition considerations.

The majority of our revenues are derived from advertisers based in the United States. Advertisers from outside the United States represented 26% and 25% of total revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and 33% for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

To grow revenues, we may need to invest in (1) research and development to improve and further expand our platform and support for additional publishers and (2) sales activities by adding sales representatives globally to target new advertisers and agencies. These activities will require us to make investments, particularly in research and development and sales and marketing, and if these investments do not generate additional customers or additional advertising spend managed by our platform, our future operating results could be harmed.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues primarily includes personnel costs, consisting of salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense for employees associated with our cloud infrastructure and global services for implementation and ongoing customer service. Other costs of revenues include fees paid to contractors who supplement our support and data center personnel, expenses related to third-party data centers, depreciation of data center equipment, amortization of internally developed software, amortization of intangible assets and allocated overhead. Incremental cost of revenues associated with our long-term strategic agreements, including our largest agreement with Google, are generally not significant.

In the near term, we expect cost of revenues to continue to decrease year-over-year in absolute dollars as we realign our cost structure with our revenues.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation expense and bonuses, as well as sales commissions and other costs including travel and entertainment, marketing and promotional events, lead generation activities, public relations, marketing activities, professional fees, amortization of intangible assets and allocated overhead. All of these costs are expensed as incurred, except sales commissions and the related payroll taxes, which are capitalized and amortized over the expected period of benefit in accordance with the relevant authoritative accounting guidance (refer to Note 2 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements). Our commission plans provide that commission payments to our sales representatives are paid based on the key components of the applicable customer contract, including the minimum or fixed monthly platform fee during the initial contract term.

In the near term, we expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to decrease year-over-year in absolute dollars as we realign our cost structure with our revenues.

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Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our product development and engineering employees and executives, including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation expense and bonuses. Also included are non-personnel costs such as professional fees payable to third-party development resources, amortization of intangible assets and allocated overhead.

Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing our software architecture, adding new features and functionality to our platform and improving the efficiency with which we deliver these services to our customers, including the development of MarinOne. In the near term, we expect research and development expenses to decrease year-over-year in absolute dollars as we realign our cost structure with our revenues.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation expense and bonuses for our administrative, legal, human resources, finance and accounting employees and executives. Also included are non-personnel costs, such as audit fees, tax services and legal fees, as well as professional fees, insurance and other corporate expenses, including allocated overhead.

In the near term, we expect our general and administrative expenses to decrease year-over-year in absolute dollars as we realign our cost structure with our revenues.

Results of Operations

The following table is a summary of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the specified periods and results of operations as a percentage of our revenues for those periods. The period-to-period comparisons of results are not necessarily indicative of results for future periods. Percentage of revenues figures are rounded and therefore may not subtotal exactly.

	Three Months Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019						2018						2019						2018
	Amount			% of Revenues			Amount			% of Revenues			Amount			% of Revenues			Amount			% of Revenues
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenues, net	$	12,476			100	%	$	14,251			100	%	$	25,924			100	%	$	29,653			100	%
Cost of revenues (1) (2) (3)		5,929			48			6,963			49			11,740			45			14,535			49
Gross profit		6,547			52			7,288			51			14,184			55			15,118			51
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing (1) (2) (3)		4,087			33			6,154			43			8,721			34			13,535			46
Research and development (1) (2) (3)		4,660			37			5,817			41			9,555			37			11,972			40
General and administrative (1) (2) (3)		2,277			18			3,766			26			5,498			21			7,143			24
Total operating expenses		11,024			88			15,737			110			23,774			92			32,650			110
Loss from operations		(4,477	)		(36	)		(8,449	)		(59	)		(9,590	)		(37	)		(17,532	)		(59	)
Other income, net		532			4			377			3			1,072			4			672			2
Loss before provision for income taxes		(3,945	)		(32	)		(8,072	)		(57	)		(8,518	)		(33	)		(16,860	)		(57	)
Provision for income taxes		58			—			204			1			91			—			528			2
Net loss	$	(4,003	)		(32	)%	$	(8,276	)		(58	)%	$	(8,609	)		(33	)%	$	(17,388	)		(59	)%

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(1)	Stock-based compensation expense included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data above was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	142	$	172	$	267	$	376
Sales and marketing		205		271		385		511
Research and development		269		314		550		653
General and administrative		146		273		245		518

(2)	Amortization of intangible assets included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data above was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	234	$	233	$	468	$	470
Sales and marketing		—		184		64		397
Research and development		234		234		468		471
General and administrative		—		—		—		3

(3)	Restructuring related expenses included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data above was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	139
Sales and marketing		66		48		223		545
Research and development		—		—		—		115
General and administrative		—		36		—		147

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense, depreciation, the amortization of internally developed software, intangible assets, the capitalization of internally developed software, the impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, interest expense, net, the provision for income taxes, other income or expenses, net and the non-recurring costs associated with acquisitions and restructurings. Prior to 2019, we also included deferred costs associated with contracts and the related amortization as an adjustment to net loss for the purposes of calculating Adjusted EBITDA, but we have updated our definition to no longer include those items. Adjusted EBITDA for prior periods has been adjusted to conform to current period presentation. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net loss, operating loss or any other measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. We prepare Adjusted EBITDA to eliminate the impact of items that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance. Investors are encouraged to evaluate these adjustments and the reasons we consider them appropriate.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our operating performance for the following reasons:

●

Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s operating performance without regard to items such as stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, capitalized software development costs, interest expense, net, provision for income taxes, other income or expenses, net and costs associated with acquisitions and restructurings, that can vary substantially from company to company depending upon their financing, capital structures and the method by which assets were acquired;

●

Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with GAAP financial measures for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of operating performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies and in communications with our Board concerning our financial performance; and

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Adjusted EBITDA provides consistency and comparability with our past financial performance, facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations and also facilitates comparisons with other peer companies, many of which use similar non-GAAP financial measures to supplement their GAAP results.

We understand that although Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts in their evaluations of companies, it has limitations as an analytical tool, and investors should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results of operations as reported under GAAP. These limitations include:

●

Depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, and the assets being depreciated or amortized will often have to be replaced in the future; Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for these replacements;

●

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs or contractual commitments;

●

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for income taxes and the cash impact of other income or expense; and

●

Other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most comparable GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Net loss	$	(4,003	)	$	(8,276	)	$	(8,609	)	$	(17,388	)
Depreciation		482			759			981			1,557
Amortization of internally developed software		955			986			1,705			1,943
Amortization of intangible assets		468			651			1,000			1,341
Provision for income taxes		58			204			91			528
Stock-based compensation expense		762			1,030			1,447			2,058
Capitalization of internally developed software		(388	)		(602	)		(870	)		(1,295	)
Restructuring related expenses		66			84			229			946
Other income, net		(532	)		(377	)		(1,072	)		(672	)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(2,132	)	$	(5,541	)	$	(5,098	)	$	(10,982	)

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018

Revenues, net

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change					Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
	2019		2018		$			%			2019		2018	$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenues, net	$	12,476	$	14,251	$	(1,775	)	(12	)%	$	25,924	$	29,653	$	(3,729	)	(13	)%

Revenues, net, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased $1.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively, or 12% and 13%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018. During the preceding 12 months, we experienced ongoing customer turnover that was not fully offset by new customer bookings. Revenues, net for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 are inclusive of $3.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, from the Google Revenue Share Agreement that became effective in the fourth quarter of 2018, as described in Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, revenues, net from our customers located in the United States represented 74% and 75%, respectively, of total revenues, net, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, revenues net from our customers located in the United States represented 67% (for both periods) of total revenues, net. Revenues, net from the Google Revenue Share Agreement accounted for 24% and 23%, respectively, of total revenues, net for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. There were no other customers that accounted for 10% or greater of our revenues, net for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.

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Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Change					Six Months Ended June 30,						Change
	2019			2018			$			%			2019			2018		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenues	$	5,929		$	6,963		$	(1,034	)	(15	)%	$	11,740		$	14,535		$	(2,795	)	(19	)%
Gross profit		6,547			7,288			(741	)	(10	)		14,184			15,118			(934	)	(6	)
Gross profit percentage		52	%		51	%							55	%		51	%

Cost of revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased $1.0 million and $2.8 million, respectively, or 15% and 19%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018. The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction in the number of global services and cloud infrastructure personnel, which for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 led to decreases of $0.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, in compensation and benefits expense, including stock-based compensation, as compared to the same periods in 2018. This reduction in headcount also contributed to a decrease in allocated facilities and information technology costs of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. We also experienced decreases of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in hosting costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, due to a decline in the usage of our hosted platform from the corresponding periods in 2018. Additionally, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, depreciation and amortization of internally developed software decreased $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, due primarily to the nature and timing of capital expenditures and internal projects as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018.

Our gross margin increased to 52% and 55% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared to 51% for both the corresponding periods in 2018. This was due in part to the impact of the Google Revenue Share Agreement, which generated $3.0 million and $6.0 million in revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, with minimal corresponding increase to cost of revenues. These increases are also reflective of our continued efforts to reduce costs, which included significant headcount reduction through both natural attrition and restructuring activities initiated in 2018 (refer to Note 5 of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements).

Sales and Marketing

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Change					Six Months Ended June 30,						Change
	2019			2018			$			%			2019			2018		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	4,087		$	6,154		$	(2,067	)	(34	)%	$	8,721		$	13,535		$	(4,814	)	(36	)%
Percent of revenues, net		33	%		43	%							34	%		46	%

Sales and marketing expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased $2.1 million and $4.8 million, respectively, or 34% and 36%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018. These decreases were primarily due to a reduction in global sales support and marketing headcount, including reductions that were part of our restructuring activities during 2018 (refer to Note 5 of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements), contributing to net decreases of $1.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively, in personnel-related costs, and $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in allocated facilities and information technology for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. As the majority of our restructuring activities were completed in 2018, we incurred $0.3 million less in restructuring costs for the six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. Amortization expense related to our intangible assets declined $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, as certain customer relationship intangible assets became fully amortized in the first quarter of 2019. The remaining decreases during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were primarily the result of lower marketing costs of $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Research and Development

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Change					Six Months Ended June 30,						Change
	2019			2018			$			%			2019			2018		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	4,660		$	5,817		$	(1,157	)	(20	)%	$	9,555		$	11,972		$	(2,417	)	(20	)%
Percent of revenues, net		37	%		41	%							37	%		40	%

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Research and development expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased $1.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, or 20% (for both periods) as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in the number of full-time research and development personnel, resulting in decreases of $0.9 million and $1.9 million, respectively, in compensation expense, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in allocated facilities and information technology as compared to the same periods in 2018. The decreases were further driven by lower professional fees of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, as we reduced the number of research and development contractors as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018.

General and Administrative

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Change					Six Months Ended June 30,						Change
	2019			2018			$			%			2019			2018		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	2,277		$	3,766		$	(1,489	)	(40	)%	$	5,498		$	7,143		$	(1,645	)	(23	)%
Percent of revenues, net		18	%		26	%							21	%		24	%

General and administrative expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased $1.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively, or 40% and 23%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018. Compensation and benefits expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased by $0.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018, primarily due to reduction in headcount. These decreases are also reflective of lower professional fees of $0.2 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, due largely to reductions in accounting and legal costs. The remaining decreases were largely driven by the provision for bad debts, which was a credit of $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to an expense of $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2018. The reversal of previously recorded bad debt expense is primarily the result our success in collecting on past due receivables.

Other Income, Net

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change				Six Months Ended June 30,			Change
	2019		2018		$		%			2019	2018	$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Other income, net		532		377		155	41	%		1,072	672		400	60	%

Other income, net, primarily consists of sublease income recorded under agreements for portions of our San Francisco and our Portland office spaces, with terms through July 2022 and May 2020, respectively, as well as foreign currency transaction gains and losses and interest income and expense. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we earned sublease income of $0.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively, as compared to $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively, for the corresponding periods in 2018. Foreign currency transaction losses were less than $0.1 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to foreign currency transaction gains of $0.1 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

Provision for Income Taxes

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change					Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
	2019		2018		$			%			2019		2018	$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Provision for income taxes	$	58	$	204	$	(146	)	(72	)%	$	91	$	528	$	(437	)	(83	)%

The provision for income taxes for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 totaled $0.1 million, primarily due to profits earned by our wholly owned foreign subsidiaries.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our incorporation in March 2006, we have relied primarily on sales of our capital stock to fund our operating activities. From incorporation until our initial public offering, or IPO, we raised $105.7 million, net of related issuance costs, in funding through private placements of our preferred stock. In March and April 2013, we raised net proceeds of $109.3 million in our IPO. From time to time, we have also utilized equipment lines and entered into capital lease arrangements to fund capital purchases. As of June 30, 2019, our principal sources of liquidity were our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $9.9 million and our finance lease arrangements. The approximate weighted average interest rate on our outstanding finance lease liabilities as of June 30, 2019 was 6.1%. Our primary operating cash requirements include the payment of compensation and related expenses, as well as costs for our facilities and information technology infrastructure.

We maintain a $0.9 million irrevocable letter of credit to secure the non-cancelable lease for our corporate headquarters in San Francisco. This balance is reflected as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. In March 2019, we entered into a $0.1 million irrevocable letter of credit to secure the non-cancelable lease we executed for our new office in Paris, and we were required to restrict an additional $0.1 million of our cash and cash equivalents from use to secure that letter of credit. This balance is also reflected as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheet of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

We maintain cash balances in our foreign subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2019, we had $9.9 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents in aggregate, of which $3.2 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA"), which instituted fundamental changes to the taxation of multinational corporations. Among these changes is a mandatory one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of the accumulated earnings of certain of our foreign subsidiaries, and a tax on earnings of foreign subsidiaries in excess of a specified return on the subsidiaries' tangible assets, known as the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI"). We completed our analysis of the accounting for the transition tax and GILTI in the fourth quarter of 2018 and determined that no such taxes will be due, as our foreign subsidiaries have accumulated significant losses. If funds held by our foreign subsidiaries were needed for our U.S. operations, we would be required to accrue U.S. tax liabilities associated with the repatriation of these funds. However, given the amount of our net operating loss carryovers in the United States, such repatriation will most likely not result in material U.S. cash tax payments within the next year. Additionally, we do not believe that foreign withholding taxes associated with repatriating these funds would be material.

On March 14, 2019, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which was declared effective by the SEC on May 10, 2019, under which we may offer our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and units having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million. As part of the shelf registration statement, we entered into an equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities LLC ("JMP Securities") under which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $13.0 million through an at-the-market offering program administered by JMP Securities. We are not required to sell any of our stock under this program. JMP Securities is entitled to compensation of up to 5.0% of the gross proceeds from sales of our common stock pursuant to the equity distribution agreement. We intend to use any net proceeds from the sale of securities under the equity distribution agreement primarily to fund research and development of our technology and for working capital and general corporate purposes. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we sold 570 shares of our common stock under this equity distribution agreement, and received proceeds of $1.5 million, net of offering costs of $0.2 million, at a weighted average sales price of $3.00 per share. The total amount of cash that will be generated under this equity distribution agreement is uncertain and depends on a variety of factors, including market conditions and the price of our common stock. As of June 30, 2019, we had common stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $11,293 available for issuance under the equity distribution agreement.

Based on our current and anticipated level of operations, including our internal forecasts and projections, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. This is dependent in part on achieving planned levels of new bookings and customer renewals, as well as operating cost savings primarily resulting from employee attrition. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our ability to improve revenue performance, the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts and the timing of introductions of new features and enhancements to our platform. To the extent that existing cash and cash equivalents are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. Further actions to reduce costs may also be necessary, including additional restructurings such as the one initiated in 2018 (see Note 5 of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements).

Summary of Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(413	)	$	(9,397	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(956	)		(1,495	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		712			(601	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		11			(124	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(646	)	$	(11,617	)

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Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities is primarily influenced by the amount of cash we invest in personnel and infrastructure to support the operation of our business and the fluctuations in the number of advertisers using our platform. Cash used in operating activities has typically been affected by net losses and further increased by changes in our operating assets and liabilities, particularly in the areas of accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities, adjusted for non-cash expense items such as depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation expense and deferred income tax benefits.

Cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2019 of $0.4 million was primarily the result of a net loss of $8.6 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $5.6 million, which primarily included depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation expense, provision for bad debts and net changes in operating leases. This was further increased by a $2.6 million net change in working capital items, most notably (1) a decrease in accounts receivable of $3.1 million due to the decrease in revenues and the timing of related collections; (2) a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets (both current and non-current) of $0.5 million related to the timing of related disbursements and (3) a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities (both current and non-current) of $1.0 million due to the timing of related disbursements and customer advances.

Cash used in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2018 of $9.4 million was primarily the result of a net loss of $17.4 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $8.1 million, which primarily included depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation expense and recovery from bad debts. This was further increased by a $0.1 million net change in working capital items, most notably (1) a decrease in accounts receivable of $2.4 million due to the decrease in revenues and the timing of related collections; (2) an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets (both current and non-current) of $1.2 million related to the timing of related disbursements and (3) a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities (both current and non-current) of $1.3 million due to the timing of related disbursements and customer advances.

Investing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, investing activities primarily consisted of purchases of property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, technology hardware and software to support our business, as well as capitalized internally developed software costs. Purchases of property and equipment may vary from period-to-period due to the timing of our operational requirements and the development cycles of our internally-developed hosted software platform. We expect to continue to invest in the development of our software platform for the foreseeable future.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $0.7 million. This was primarily due to $1.5 million of net proceeds from the issuance of common shares pursuant to our equity distribution agreement with JMP Securities and $0.1 million of proceeds from net contributions to the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2013 ESPP”), offset by $0.7 million of net repayments under our right-of-use finance lease liabilities and $0.2 million in employee taxes paid for withheld shares upon the settlement of equity awards.

Cash used in financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $0.6 million. This was primarily due to $0.7 million of net repayments under our capital lease arrangements (under previous lease guidance) and $0.1 million in employee taxes paid for withheld shares upon the settlement of equity awards, partially offset by $0.2 million of proceeds from net contributions to the 2013 ESPP.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

There were no material changes outside the ordinary course of business during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 to the contractual obligations and commitments disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year 2018 filed with the SEC on March 14, 2019, under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We are therefore not exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in those types of relationships.

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We have no obligations that meet the definition of an off-balance sheet arrangement as of June 30, 2019, other than subleases, as described in the Notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, and the irrevocable letters of credit described in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section above.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1, Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, within our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that can have significant impact on the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. These items are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future.

We believe the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in revenue recognition, accounting for income taxes, reserving for doubtful accounts receivable and impairment assessments of our goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets have the greatest potential impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, and consider these to be our critical accounting policies. Historically, our estimates, assumptions and judgments relative to our critical accounting policies have not differed materially from actual results.

Other than the changes to lease accounting under Accounting Standards Codification 842 (Note 9), there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year 2018 filed with the SEC on March 14, 2019, under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We have operations both within the United States and internationally and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily include interest rate, foreign exchange and inflation risks, as well as risks relating to changes in the general economic conditions in the countries where we conduct business. To manage certain of these risks, we monitor the financial condition of our large customers and limit credit exposure by setting credit limits as we deem appropriate. In addition, our investment strategy has been to invest in financial instruments that are highly liquid and readily convertible into cash, with maturity dates within three months from the date of purchase. To date, we have not used derivative instruments to mitigate the impact of our market risk exposures. We have also not used, nor do we intend to use, derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. Our investments are considered cash equivalents and primarily consist of money market funds. As of June 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $9.9 million. The carrying amount of our cash and cash equivalents reasonably approximates fair value, due to the short maturities of these investments. The primary objectives of our investment activities are the preservation of capital, the fulfillment of liquidity needs and the fiduciary control of cash and investments. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our investments are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. Due to the short-term nature of our investment portfolio, we believe only dramatic fluctuations in interest rates would have a material effect on our investments. As such we do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be materially affected by a sudden change in market interest rates.

As of June 30, 2019, we had an aggregate of $1.1 million in finance lease liabilities outstanding. These right-of-use finance lease obligations carry fixed interest rates that range from 5.2% to 7.9%. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates relative to our current interest rates would not have a material impact on the fair values of all of our outstanding right-of-use finance lease obligations. Changes in interest rates would, however, affect operating results and cash flows because of the variable rate nature of our obligations. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates relative to interest rates as of June 30, 2019, would result in an insignificant impact to interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2019.

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Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We have foreign currency risks related to our revenues and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the United States Dollar, primarily the Euro, British Pound Sterling, Singapore Dollar, Japanese Yen, Chinese Yuan and Australian Dollar. Revenues outside of the United States as a percentage of consolidated revenues were 25% and 33%, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. Changes in exchange rates may negatively affect our revenues and other operating results as expressed in U.S. Dollars. Aggregate foreign currency gains (losses) included in determining net loss were $(0.1) million and $(0.2) million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, and $0.1 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expenses), net.

If our international operations grow, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing this risk. In addition, currency fluctuations or a weakening U.S. Dollar can increase the costs of our international expansion, while a strengthening U.S. Dollar can negatively impact our international revenues. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts, and based on our current international structure, we do not plan on engaging in hedging activities in the near future.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act), which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer (our Chief Executive Officer) and Principal Financial Officer (our Chief Financial Officer), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required or necessary disclosures.

Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of June 30, 2019.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter covered by this Quarterly Report that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial conditions, and the trading price of our common stock.

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Risks Related to Our Business

We have a history of losses and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We have incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since our incorporation in 2006. We experienced a net loss of $41.2 million during 2018, and a net loss of $8.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. As of June 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $273.3 million. The losses and accumulated deficit were due largely to the substantial investments we made to grow our business and acquire customers. Our cost of revenues and operating expenses could increase in the future due to investments to grow our business, acquire customers and develop our platform and new functionality. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenues sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. Many of our efforts to generate revenues from our business are new and unproven, and any failure to increase our revenues or generate revenues from new solutions or to maintain or increase revenues from existing products and customers could prevent us from attaining or increasing profitability. We do not expect to be profitable in 2019 on the basis of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to attain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis, or if we do, that we will sustain profitability.

We expect to continue to incur losses and experience negative cash flows, and we may need to sell additional securities, sell assets, borrow additional funds or reduce operating expenses to continue as a going concern.

We currently operate at a loss and we anticipate that we will continue to have operating losses in the near term. Our business has not generated enough cash flow to fund our sales and marketing activities, research and development initiatives, and other business activities. We anticipate that increasing our market share for our current services through sales and marketing efforts, continuing development of new platform features and delivering efficient service to customers will require additional capital and expenditures. If we continue to burn cash without a corresponding increase to revenue, we will need to sell additional securities, sell assets, borrow additional funds or reduce operating expenses through successful cost-cutting measures to continue as a going concern. There is no guarantee that we will be able to issue additional securities or sell assets in future periods or borrow additional funds on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, in order to meet our cash needs. Further, there is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully reduce our operating expenses through successful cost-cutting measures. Our ability to continue as a going concern may be adversely affected if we are unable to raise additional cash or reduce our operating expenses.

We might require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new features or enhance our existing platform, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired.

We operate in a rapidly developing and changing industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.

We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by companies in rapidly developing and changing industries, including challenges in forecasting accuracy, hiring and retaining qualified employees, determining appropriate investments of our limited resources, market acceptance of our existing and future solutions, effectively integrating acquired products, competition from established companies with greater financial and technical resources, acquiring and retaining customers, managing customer deployments, making improvements to our existing products and developing new solutions. Our current operations infrastructure may require changes in order for us to achieve profitability and scale our operations efficiently. For example, we may need to automate portions of our solution to decrease our costs, ensure our marketing infrastructure is designed to drive highly qualified leads cost effectively and implement changes in our sales model to improve the predictability of our sales and reduce our sales cycle. In addition, from time to time, we may need to make additional investments in product development to address market demands, which may increase our overall expenses and reduce our ability to achieve profitability. If we fail to implement these changes in a timely manner or are unable to implement them due to factors beyond our control, our business may suffer, our revenue may decline and we may not be able to achieve growth or profitability. We cannot be assured that we will be successful in addressing these and other challenges we may face in the future.

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Our usage-based pricing model makes it difficult to forecast revenues from our current customers and future prospects.

We primarily have a usage-based pricing model in which most of our fees are calculated as a percentage of customers’ advertising spend managed on our platform. This pricing model makes it difficult to accurately forecast revenues because our customers’ advertising spend managed by our platform may vary from month to month based on the variety of industries in which our advertisers operate, the seasonality of those industries and fluctuations in our customers’ advertising budgets or other factors. Our subscription contracts with our direct advertiser customers generally contain a minimum monthly platform fee, which is generally greater than one-half of our estimated monthly revenues from the customer at the time the contract is signed, and, as a result, the minimum monthly platform fee may not be a good indicator of our revenues from that customer. In addition, advertisers that use our platform through our agency customers typically do not have a minimum monthly spend amount or a minimum term during which they must use our platform, and as a result, our ability to forecast revenues from these advertisers is difficult. If we incorrectly forecast revenues for these advertisers and the amount of revenue is less than projections we provide to investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Additionally, if we overestimate usage, we may incur additional expenses in adding infrastructure, without a commensurate increase in revenues, which would harm our gross margins and other operating results.

We must develop and introduce enhancements and new features that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with technological developments to remain competitive in our evolving industry.

We operate in a dynamic market characterized by rapidly changing technologies and industry and legal standards. The introduction of new advertising platform solutions by our competitors, the market acceptance of solutions based on new or alternative technologies, or the emergence of new industry standards could render our platform obsolete. Our ability to compete successfully, attract new customers and increase revenues from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing cross-channel, cross-device, enterprise marketing software platform and to continually introduce or acquire new features that are in demand by the market we serve. We also must update our software to reflect changes in publishers’ APIs and terms of use. We are in the process of a significant upgrade to our software platform infrastructure, and the success of this project or any other enhancement or new solution depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, effective migration of existing customers with minimal disruption and appropriate introduction and market acceptance. Any new platform or feature that we develop or acquire may not be introduced in a timely manner, may contain defects, may be more costly to compete than we anticipate or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenues. If we are unable to complete the upgrade to our software platform infrastructure effectively or in a timely manner, or to anticipate or timely and successfully develop or acquire new offerings or features or enhance our existing platform to meet customer requirements, our business and operating results will be adversely affected.

If the market for digital advertising slows or declines, our business, growth prospects, and financial condition would be adversely affected.

The future growth of our business could be constrained by the level of acceptance and expansion of emerging cloud-based advertising channels, as well as the continued use and growth of existing channels, such as search and display advertising. Even if these channels become widely adopted, advertisers and agencies may not make significant investments in solutions such as ours that help them manage their digital advertising spend across publisher platforms and advertising channels. It is difficult to predict customer adoption rates, customer demand for our platform, the future growth rate and size of the advertising cloud solutions market or the entry of competitive solutions. The continued expansion of the market for advertising cloud solutions depends on a number of factors, including the continued growth of the cloud-based advertising market, the growth of social and mobile as advertising channels and the cost, performance and perceived value associated with advertising cloud solutions, as well as the ability of cloud computing companies to address security and privacy concerns. Further, the cloud computing market is less developed in many jurisdictions outside the United States. If we or other cloud computing providers experience security incidents, loss of customer data, disruptions in delivery or other problems, the market for cloud computing as a whole, including our applications, may be negatively affected.

If we are unable to maintain our relationships with, and access to, publishers, advertising exchange platforms and other platforms that aggregate the supply of advertising inventory, our business will suffer.

We currently depend on relationships with various publishers, including Amazon, Baidu, Bing, Facebook, Google, Instagram, Pinterest, Twitter, Verizon Media and Yahoo! Japan, as well as advertising exchange platforms and aggregators of advertising inventory, including Google’s DoubleClick Ad Exchange, Facebook’s Exchange, Microsoft’s Ad Exchange, Twitter’s MoPub, OpenX, The Rubicon Project, PubMatic and AppNexus. Our subscription services interface with these publishers’ platforms through APIs, such as the Google AdWords API or Facebook API. We are subject to the respective platforms’ standard API terms and conditions, which govern the use and distribution of data from these platforms. Our business significantly depends on having access to these APIs, particularly the Google AdWords API, which the substantial majority of our customers use, on commercially reasonable terms and our business would be harmed if any of these publishers, advertising exchanges or aggregators of advertising inventory discontinues or limits access to their platforms, modifies their terms of use or other policies or place additional restrictions on us as API users, or charges API license fees for API access. Moreover, some of these publishers, such as Google, market competitive solutions for their platforms. Because the advertising inventory suppliers control their APIs, they may develop competitive offerings that are not subject to the limits imposed on us through the API terms and conditions. Currently, restrictions in these API agreements limit our ability to implement certain functionality, require us to implement functionality in a particular manner or require us to implement certain required minimum functionality, causing us to devote development resources to implement certain functionality that we would not otherwise include in our subscription services and to incur costs for personnel to provide services to implement functionality that we are prohibited from automating. Publishers, advertising exchanges and advertising inventory aggregators update their API terms of use from time to time and new versions of these terms could impose additional restrictions on us. In addition, publishers, advertising exchanges and advertising inventory aggregators continually update their APIs and may update or modify functionality, which requires us to modify our software to accommodate these changes and to devote technical resources and personnel to these efforts which could otherwise be used to focus on other priorities. Any of these outcomes could cause demand for our products to decrease, our research and development costs to increase, and our results of operations and financial condition to be harmed.

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We have also entered into long-term strategic agreements with certain leading search publishers. Under these strategic agreements, we receive consideration based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that our customers manage on our platform. The majority of our strategic agreement revenue is concentrated in one revenue share agreement, executed with Google in December 2018, with an effective date of October 1, 2018 (the “Google Revenue Share Agreement”). Under the Google Revenue Share Agreement, we receive both fixed and variable revenue share payments based on a percentage of the search advertising spend that is managed through our platform. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we realized revenues of $3.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, from the Google Revenue Share Agreement. The Google Revenue Share Agreement has a three-year term; however, after two years, Google may terminate the Google Revenue Share Agreement with no penalty if we do not meet certain financial metrics. Our results of operations would be adversely affected if the Google Revenue Share Agreement is terminated or adversely modified.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our relationships with advertising agencies.

Our future growth will depend, in part, on our ability to enter into successful relationships with advertising agencies. Identifying agencies and negotiating and documenting relationships with them requires significant time and resources. These relationships may not result in additional customers or enable us to generate significant revenues. Our contracts for these relationships are typically non-exclusive and do not prohibit the agency from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. Frequently, these agencies do in fact work with our competitors and compete with us. In addition, we often work with, or seek to work with, high-profile brands directly. This may not be possible where, for example, those brands obtain advertising services exclusively or primarily from advertising agencies.

We generally bill agencies for their customers’ use of our platform, but in most cases the agency’s customer has no direct contractual commitment to make payment to us. Furthermore, some of these agency contracts include provisions whereby the agency is not liable for making payment to us for our subscription services if the agency does not receive a corresponding payment from its client on whose behalf the subscription services were rendered. These provisions may result in longer collections periods or our inability to collect payment for some of our subscription services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with these agencies on commercially reasonable terms, or if these relationships are not profitable for us, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our operating results would suffer.

We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.

The overall market for advertising cloud solutions is rapidly evolving, highly competitive, complex, fragmented, and subject to changing technology and shifting customer needs. We face significant competition in this market and we expect competition to intensify in the future. We currently compete with large, well-established companies, such as Adobe Systems Incorporated and Google Inc. (through its wholly owned subsidiary DoubleClick), and privately-held companies, such as Kenshoo Ltd. We also compete with channel-specific offerings, in-house proprietary tools, tools from publishers and custom solutions, including spreadsheets. Increased competition may result in reduced pricing for our solutions, longer sales cycles or a decrease of our market share, any of which could negatively affect our revenues and future operating results and our ability to grow our business.

A number of competitive factors could cause us to lose potential sales or to sell our solutions at lower prices or at reduced margins, including, among others:

●

publishers generally offer their tools for free, or at a reduced price, as their primary compensation is via the sale of advertising on their own or syndicated websites;

●

some of our competitors, such as Adobe, Facebook and Google, have greater financial, marketing and technical resources than we do, allowing them to leverage a larger installed customer base, adopt more aggressive pricing policies, and devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products and services than we can;

●

channel-specific competitors, such as AdRoll Inc., Criteo S.A., Kenshoo Ltd., Nanigans, Inc. and Salesforce.com (through its wholly owned subsidiary Social.com), may devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their channel-specific products and services than we can;

●

companies may enter our market by expanding their platforms or acquiring a competitor; and

●

potential customers may choose to develop or continue to use internal solutions rather than paying for our solutions or may choose to use a competitor’s solution that has different or additional technical capabilities.

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We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. If we cannot compete successfully, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

Our business depends on our customers’ continued willingness to manage advertising spend on our platform.

In order for us to improve our operating results, it is important that our customers continue to manage their advertising spend on our platform, increase their usage and also purchase additional solutions from us. In the case of our direct advertiser customers, we offer our solutions primarily through subscription contracts and generally bill customers over the related subscription period, which is generally one year or longer. During the term of their contracts, our direct advertiser customers generally have no obligation to maintain or increase their advertising spend on our platform beyond a specified minimum monthly platform fee, which is typically set at the time the contract is signed and is generally greater than half of the monthly amount we anticipate the customer will spend. Our direct advertiser customers generally have no renewal obligation after the initial or then-current renewal subscription period expires, and even if customers renew contracts, they may decrease the level of their digital advertising spend managed through our platform, resulting in lower revenues from that customer. Advertisers that we serve through our arrangements with our advertising agencies generally do not have any contractual commitment to use our platform. Our customers’ usage may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, their satisfaction with our platform and our customer support, the frequency and severity of outages, the pricing of our, or competing, solutions, the effects of global economic conditions and reductions in spending levels or changes in our customers’ strategies regarding digital advertising. We may not be able to accurately predict future usage trends. If our customers renew on less favorable terms or reduce their advertising spend on our platform, our revenues may grow more slowly than expected or decline.

We incur upfront costs associated with onboarding advertisers to our platform and may not recoup our investment if we do not maintain the advertiser relationship over time.

Our operating results may be negatively affected if we are unable to recoup our upfront costs for onboarding new advertisers to our platform. Upfront costs when adding new advertisers generally include sales commissions for our sales force, expenses associated with entering customer data into our platform and other implementation-related costs. Because our customers, including direct advertisers and agencies, are billed over the term of the contract, if new customers sign contracts with short initial subscription periods and do not renew their subscriptions, or otherwise do not continue to use our platform to a level that generates revenues in excess of our upfront expenses, our operating results could be negatively impacted. In cases in which the implementation process is particularly complex, the revenues resulting from the customer under our contract may not cover the upfront investment; therefore, if a significant number of these customers do not renew their contracts, it could negatively affect our operating results. In addition, because we capitalize certain upfront costs to obtain and fulfill contracts under authoritative accounting guidance, we could be required to record impairment expense for these upfront costs that are not covered by the underlying revenues.

Because we generally bill our customers over the term of the contract, near term decline in new or renewed subscriptions may not be reflected immediately in our operating results.

Most of our revenues in each quarter are derived from contracts entered into with our customers during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any one quarter may not be fully reflected in our revenues for that quarter. Such declines, however, would negatively affect our revenues in future periods and the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our solutions, and potential changes in our rate of renewals or renewal terms, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. In addition, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure rapidly, or at all, to take account of reduced revenues. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our total revenues through additional sales in any period, as revenues from new customers must be earned over the applicable subscription term based on the value of their monthly advertising spend.

We have been dependent on our customers’ use of search advertising. Any decrease in the use of search advertising or our inability to further penetrate social and display advertising channels would harm our business, growth prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Historically, our customers have primarily used our solutions for managing their search advertising, including mobile search advertising, and the substantial majority of our revenue is derived from advertisers that use our platform to manage their search advertising. We expect that search advertising will continue to be the primary channel used by our customers for the foreseeable future. Should our customers lose confidence in the value or effectiveness of search advertising, or if search advertising growth moderates or declines, the demand for our solutions may decline, and it may negatively impact our revenues. In addition, our failure to achieve market acceptance of our solution for the management of social and display advertising spend would harm our growth prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable and require considerable time and expense, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

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The sales cycle for our solutions, from initial contact with a potential lead to contract execution and implementation, varies widely by customer, but can take up to three months. Some of our customers undertake a significant evaluation process that frequently involves not only our solutions but also those of our competitors, which has in the past resulted in extended sales cycles. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers about the use, technical capabilities and benefits of our platform. In addition, under certain circumstances, we sometimes offer an initial term, typically of a few months in duration, to new customers who may terminate their subscription at any time during this initial period before the fixed term contract commences. We have no assurance that the substantial time and money spent on our sales efforts will produce any sales. If our sales efforts result in a new customer subscription, the customer may terminate its subscription during the initial period, after we have incurred the expenses associated with entering the customer’s data in our platform and related training and support. If sales expected from a customer are not realized in the time period expected or not realized at all, or if a customer terminates during the initial period, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our ability to generate revenue depends on our collection of significant amounts of data from various sources.

Our ability to optimize the delivery of Internet advertisements for our customers depends on our ability to successfully leverage data, including data that we collect from our customers as well as data provided by publishers and from third parties. Using cookies and similar tracking technologies, we collect information about the interaction of users with our advertisers’ and publishers’ websites. Our ability to successfully leverage such data is dependent upon our continued ability to access and utilize such data. Our ability to access and use such data could be restricted by a number of factors, including consumer choice, restrictions imposed by advertisers and publishers, changes in technology, and new developments in laws, regulations, and industry standards.

If consumer resistance to the collection and sharing of the data used to deliver targeted advertising, increased visibility of consent / Do Not Track mechanisms as a result of industry regulatory and/or legal developments, and/or the development and deployment of new technologies result in a material impact on our ability to collect data, this will materially impair the results of our operations.

Material defects or errors in our software platform could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our subscription services.

The software applications underlying our subscription services are inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors, which may cause disruptions in availability, misallocation of advertising spend or other performance problems. Any such errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with our software platform, including those resulting from new versions or updates, could negatively impact our customers’ businesses or the success of their advertising campaigns and cause harm to our reputation. If we have any errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with our software platform, customers could elect not to renew or reduce their usage or delay or withhold payment to us, which could result in an increase in our provision for doubtful accounts or an increase in the length of collection cycles for accounts receivable. Errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems could also result in customers making warranty or other claims against us, our giving credits to our customers toward future advertising spend or costly litigation. As a result, material defects or errors in our platform could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial performance.

The costs incurred in correcting any material defects or errors in our software platform may be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results. After the release of new versions of our software, defects or errors may be identified from time to time by our internal team and by our customers. We implement bug fixes and upgrades as part of our regularly scheduled system maintenance. If we do not complete this maintenance according to schedule or if customers are otherwise dissatisfied with the frequency and/or duration of our maintenance services, customers could elect not to renew, or delay or withhold payment to us, or cause us to issue credits, make refunds or pay penalties.

We primarily derive our revenues from a single software platform and any factor adversely affecting subscriptions to our platform could harm our business and operating results.

We primarily derive our revenues from sales of a single software platform. As such, any factor adversely affecting subscriptions to our platform, including product release cycles, market acceptance, product competition, performance and reliability, reputation, price competition, and economic and market conditions, could harm our business and operating results.

If mobile connected devices, their operating systems or content distribution channels, including those controlled by our competitors, develop in ways that prevent our advertising campaigns from being delivered to their users, our ability to grow our business will be impaired.

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Our success in the mobile channel depends upon the ability of our technology platform to integrate with mobile inventory suppliers and provide advertising for most mobile connected devices, as well as the major operating systems that run on them and the applications that are downloaded onto them. The design of mobile devices and operating systems is controlled by third parties with whom we do not have any formal relationships. These parties frequently introduce new devices, and from time to time they may introduce new operating systems or modify existing ones. Network carriers may also impact the ability to access specified content on mobile devices. If our solution were unable to work on these devices or operating systems, either because of technological constraints or because an operating system or app developer, device maker or carrier wished to impair our ability to purchase inventory and provide advertisements, our ability to generate revenue could be significantly harmed.

We primarily use third-party data centers to deliver our services. Any disruption of service at these facilities could harm our business.

We manage a significant portion of our services and serve substantially all of our customers from only a single third-party data center facility. While we control the actual computer, network and storage systems upon which our platform runs, and deploy them to the data center facility, we do not control the operation of the facility. The owner of the facility has no obligation to renew the agreement with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew the agreement on commercially reasonable terms, we may be required to transfer to a new facility or facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with doing so.

The facility is vulnerable to damage or service interruption resulting from human error, intentional bad acts, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures and similar events. Moreover, while we have a disaster recovery plan in place, we do not maintain a “hot failover” instance of our software platform permitting us to immediately switch over in the event of damage or service interruption at our data center. The occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism, any outages or vandalism or other misconduct, or a decision to close the facility without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in our services.

Any changes in service levels at the facility or any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems at or related to the facility that affect our services could harm our reputation and may damage our customers’ businesses. For instance, in December 2017, researchers identified significant CPU architecture vulnerabilities commonly known as “Spectre” and “Meltdown” that have required software updates and patches to mitigate such vulnerabilities, and such updates and patches may require servers to go offline and may potentially slow their performance. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenues, subject us to potential liability, or result in reduced usage of our platform. In addition, some of our customer contracts require us to issue credits for downtime in excess of certain levels and in some instances give our customers the ability to terminate their subscriptions.

We also depend on third-party Internet-hosting providers and continuous and uninterrupted access to the Internet through third-party bandwidth providers to operate our business. If we lose the services of one or more of our Internet-hosting or bandwidth providers for any reason or if their services are disrupted, for example due to viruses or “denial-of-service” or other attacks on their systems, or due to human error, intentional bad acts, power loss, hardware failures, telecommunications failures, fires, wars, terrorist attacks, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes or similar events, we could experience disruption in our ability to offer our solutions or we could be required to retain the services of replacement providers, which could increase our operating costs and harm our business and reputation.

If we cannot efficiently implement our solutions for customers, we may lose customers.

Our customers have a variety of different data formats, enterprise applications and infrastructure and our platform must support our customers’ data formats and integrate with complex enterprise applications and infrastructures. If our platform does not currently support a customer’s required data format or appropriately integrate with a customer’s applications and infrastructure, then we may choose to configure our platform to do so, which would increase our expenses. Additionally, we do not control our customers’ implementation schedules. As a result, as we have experienced in the past, if our customers do not allocate internal resources necessary to meet their implementation responsibilities or if we face unanticipated implementation difficulties, the implementation may be delayed. Further, in the past, our implementation capacity has at times constrained our ability to successfully implement our solutions for our customers in a timely manner, particularly during periods of high demand. If the customer implementation process is not executed successfully or if execution is delayed, we could incur significant costs, customers could become dissatisfied and decide not to increase usage of our platform, not to use our platform beyond an initial period prior to their term commitment and revenue recognition could be delayed. In addition, competitors with more efficient operating models with lower implementation costs could penetrate our customer relationships.

Additionally, large customers may request or require specific features or functions unique to their particular business processes, which increase our upfront investment in sales and deployment efforts and the revenues resulting from the customers under our typical contract length may not cover the upfront investments. If prospective large customers require specific features or functions that we do not offer, then the market for our solution will be more limited and our business could suffer. In addition, supporting large customers could require us to devote significant development services and support personnel and strain our personnel resources and infrastructure. If we are unable to address the needs of these customers in a timely fashion or further develop and enhance our solution, these customers may not renew their subscriptions, seek to terminate their relationship with us, renew on less favorable terms, or reduce their advertising spend on our platform. If any of these were to occur, our revenues may decline and our operating results could be adversely affected.

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If we are unable to maintain or expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to generate anticipated revenues.

Increasing our customer base and achieving broader market acceptance of our software platform may depend to an extent on our ability to expand our sales and marketing operations and activities. We are substantially dependent on our sales force to obtain new customers and our marketing organization to generate a sufficient pipeline of qualified sales leads. We may need to expand our sales team in order to increase revenues from new and existing customers and to further penetrate our existing markets and expand into new markets, but may not be able to attract and hire qualified sales personnel quickly enough or at all. Our solutions require a sophisticated sales force with specific sales skills and technical knowledge. Competition for qualified sales personnel is intense, and we may not be able to retain our existing sales personnel or attract, integrate, train or retain sufficient highly qualified sales personnel. In addition, we may need to invest in lead generation activities to develop our pipeline of qualified opportunities for our sales force, which could increase our marketing expenses. If our lead generation activities do not increase our pipeline or if our sales force is unable to close opportunities at a high rate, then we may not generate an increase in revenues.

Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and harm our financial results.

Our customers depend on our support organization to resolve any technical issues relating to our solutions. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on the quality of our solutions, our business reputation and on strong recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality technical support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to sell our solutions to existing and prospective customers, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We offer technical support services with our solutions and may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by competitors. It is difficult to predict customer demand for technical support services and if customer demand increases significantly, we may be unable to provide satisfactory support services to our customers. Additionally, increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenues, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results.

If our security measures are breached or unauthorized access to customer data or our data is otherwise obtained, our solutions may be perceived as not being secure, customers may reduce the use of or stop using our solutions and we may incur significant liabilities.

In the ordinary course of our business, we maintain sensitive data on our networks, including our intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business and that of our customers and business partners. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business and reputation. We believe that companies have been increasingly subject to a wide variety of security incidents, cyber-attacks and other attempts to gain unauthorized access. These threats can come from a variety of sources, ranging in sophistication from an individual hacker to a state-sponsored attack. Cyber threats may be generic, or they may be custom-crafted against our information systems. Cyber-attacks have become more prevalent and much harder to detect and defend against. Our network and storage applications may be subject to unauthorized access by hackers or breached due to operator error, malfeasance or other system disruptions. It is often difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such incidents and the damage caused by such incidents. These data breaches and any unauthorized access or disclosure of our information or intellectual property could result in the loss of information, litigation, indemnity obligations and other liability. While we have security measures in place, our systems and networks are subject to ongoing threats and therefore these security measures may be breached as a result of third-party action, including cyber-attacks or other intentional misconduct by computer hackers, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise. This could result in one or more third parties obtaining unauthorized access to our customers’ data or our data, including intellectual property and other confidential business information. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Third parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information in order to gain access to our customers’ data or our data, including intellectual property and other confidential business information. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, we could lose potential sales and existing customers or we could incur other liabilities, which could adversely affect our business.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties.

Our future growth will depend on our ability to enter into and retain successful strategic relationships with third parties. For example, we are seeking to establish relationships with third parties to develop integrations with complementary technology and content. These relationships may not result in additional customers or enable us to generate significant revenues. Identifying partners and negotiating and documenting relationships with them require significant time and resources. Our contracts for these relationships are typically non-exclusive and do not prohibit the other party from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with these third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our operating results would suffer.

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As a result of our customers’ usage of our software platform, we will need to continually improve our hosting infrastructure to avoid service interruptions or slower system performance.

We have experienced growth in the number of transactions and data that our hosting infrastructure supports. We seek to maintain sufficient excess capacity in our infrastructure to meet the needs of all of our customers. We also seek to maintain excess capacity to facilitate the rapid provision of new customer deployments and the expansion of existing customer deployments. For example, if we secure a large customer or a group of customers that require significant amounts of bandwidth or storage, we may need to increase bandwidth, storage, power or other elements of our application architecture and our infrastructure, and our existing systems may not be able to scale in a manner satisfactory to our existing or prospective customers.

The amount of infrastructure needed to support our customers is based on our estimates of anticipated usage. If we were to experience unforeseen increases in usage, we could be required to increase our infrastructure investments resulting in increased costs or reduced gross margins, and if we do not accurately predict our infrastructure capacity requirements, our customers could experience service outages that may subject us to financial penalties and liabilities and result in customer losses. If our hosting infrastructure capacity fails to keep pace with increased sales, customers may experience service interruptions or slower system performance as we seek to obtain additional capacity, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our revenue growth. As use of our software platform grows and as customers use it for more complicated tasks, we will need to devote additional resources to improving our application architecture and our infrastructure in order to maintain the performance of our software platform. We may need to incur additional costs to upgrade or expand our computer systems and architecture in order to accommodate increased demand if our systems cannot handle current or higher volumes of usage. In addition, increasing our systems and infrastructure in advance of new customers would cause us to have increased cost of revenues, which can adversely affect our gross margins until we increase revenues that are spread over the increased costs.

Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part upon our intellectual property. We primarily rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions with our employees, customers, partners and others to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate or we may be unable to secure intellectual property protection for all of our solutions. In particular, we have three issued U.S. patents.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could use our intellectual property to market products and services similar to ours and our ability to compete effectively would be impaired. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours or infringe our intellectual property. The enforcement of our intellectual property rights depends on our legal actions against these infringers being successful, but we cannot be sure these actions will be successful, even when our rights have been infringed. In addition, defending our intellectual property rights might entail significant expense and diversion of management resources. Any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative processes or litigation. Any patents issued in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages or may be successfully challenged by third parties.

Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain. Effective protection of our intellectual property may not be available to us in every country in which our solutions are available. The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.

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We might be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights, and our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management, whether or not it is resolved in our favor, and could ultimately result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property.

We could incur substantial costs as a result of any claim of infringement of another party’s intellectual property rights.

In recent years, there has been significant litigation in the United States involving patents and other intellectual property rights. Companies in the Internet and technology industries are increasingly bringing and becoming subject to suits alleging infringement of proprietary rights, particularly patent rights, and our competitors may hold patents or have pending patent applications, which could be related to our business. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties, which we refer to as non-practicing entities, whose sole primary business is to assert such claims. We have received in the past, and expect to receive in the future, notices that claim we or our customers using our solutions have misappropriated or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights. If we are sued by a third party that claims that our technology infringes its rights, the litigation could be expensive and could divert our management resources. We do not currently have an extensive patent portfolio of our own, which may limit the defenses available to us in any such litigation.

In addition, in most instances, we have agreed to indemnify our customers against certain claims that our subscription services infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties. Our business could be adversely affected by any significant disputes between us and our customers as to the applicability or scope of our indemnification obligations to them. The results of any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may require us to do one or more of the following:

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cease offering or using technologies that incorporate the challenged intellectual property;

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make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments or other costs or damages;

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obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms, to sell or use the relevant technology; or

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redesign technology to avoid infringement.

If we are required to make substantial payments or undertake any of the other actions noted above as a result of any intellectual property infringement claims against us or any obligation to indemnify our customers for such claims, such payments or costs could have a material adverse effect upon our business and financial results.

Our use of open source technology could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our software platform.

We use open source software in our platform. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute open source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by the U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our software platform. While we monitor our use of open source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur and we may be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our applications, discontinue sales in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could cause us to breach customer contracts, harm our reputation, result in customer losses or claims, increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business and operating results.

Because our long-term success depends, in part, on our ability to expand our sales to customers outside the United States, our business will be susceptible to risks associated with international operations.

We currently have personnel and/or customers in China, England, France, Ireland, Japan and Singapore, as well as the United States. Due to our international exposure, our business is susceptible to risks associated with international operations. However, we have a limited operating history outside the United States, and our ability to manage our business and conduct our operations internationally requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business in an environment of diverse cultures, languages, customs, tax laws, legal systems, alternate dispute systems and regulatory systems. The risks and challenges associated with international expansion include:

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the need to support and integrate with local publishers and partners;

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continued localization of our platform, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses;

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competition with companies that have greater experience in the local markets than we do or who have pre-existing relationships with potential customers in those markets;

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compliance with multiple, potentially conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations, including employment, tax, privacy and data protection laws and regulations;

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compliance with anti-bribery laws, including compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;

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difficulties in invoicing and collecting in foreign currencies and associated foreign currency exposure;

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difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with international operations;

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different or lesser protection of our intellectual property rights;

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difficulties in enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable, longer payment cycles and other collection difficulties;

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restrictions on repatriation of earnings; and

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regional economic and political conditions.

We have limited experience in marketing, selling and supporting our subscription services internationally, which increases the risk that any potential future expansion efforts that we may undertake will not be successful.

Fluctuations in the exchange rate of foreign currencies could result in currency transactions losses.

We currently have foreign sales denominated in Australian Dollars, British Pound Sterling, Chinese Yuan, Euros, Japanese Yen and Singaporean Dollars. In addition, we incur a portion of our operating expenses in the currencies of the countries where we have offices. We face exposure to adverse movements in currency exchange rates, which may cause our revenues and operating results to differ materially from expectations. If the U.S. Dollar continues to strengthen relative to foreign currencies as it has been since the second quarter of 2018, our non-U.S. revenues would be adversely affected. Conversely, a decline in the U.S. Dollar relative to foreign currencies would increase our non-U.S. revenues when translated into U.S. Dollars. Our operating results could be negatively impacted depending on the amount of expense denominated in foreign currencies. As exchange rates vary, revenues, cost of revenues, operating expenses and other operating results, when translated, may differ materially from expectations. In addition, our revenues and operating results are subject to fluctuation if our mix of U.S. and foreign currency-denominated transactions or expenses changes in the future because we do not currently hedge our foreign currency exposure. Even if we were to implement hedging strategies to mitigate foreign currency risk, these strategies might not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and would involve costs and risks of their own, such as ongoing management time and expertise, external costs to implement the strategies and potential accounting implications.

Unfavorable conditions in the market for digital advertising or the global economy or reductions in digital advertising spend could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.

Revenue growth and potential profitability of our business depends on digital advertising spend by advertisers in the markets we serve. Our operating results may vary based on changes in the market for digital advertising or the global economy. To the extent that weak economic conditions cause our customers and potential customers to freeze or reduce their advertising budgets, particularly digital advertising, demand for our solution may be negatively affected.

Historically, economic downturns have resulted in overall reductions in advertising spend. If economic conditions deteriorate or the rise of geopolitical instability and military hostilities causes economic uncertainty, our customers and potential customers may elect to decrease their advertising budgets or defer or reconsider software and service purchases, which would limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.

We have experienced turnover in our senior management, and the loss of key personnel or an ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel may result in operational inefficiencies that could negatively affect our business.

Our success depends upon the continued service of our talented management, operational and key technical employees, as well as our ability to continue to attract additional highly qualified talent. Turnover amongst our employees could result in operational and administrative inefficiencies and added costs, which could adversely impact our results of operations, stock price and customer relationships, and could make recruiting for future management and other positions more difficult. In addition, we must successfully integrate any new senior management and other new personnel within our organization in order to achieve our operating objectives, and changes in other key positions may temporarily affect our financial performance and results of operations as new employees become familiar with our business.

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We do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our employees. Each of our executive officers, key technical personnel and other employees could terminate his or her relationship with us at any time. Our business also requires skilled technical, sales and other personnel, who are in high demand and are often subject to competing offers. As we expand into additional geographic markets, we will require personnel with expertise in these new areas. Competition for qualified employees is intense in our industry and particularly in San Francisco, California. An inability to retain, attract, relocate and motivate employees required for our business, including the planned expansion of our business, could delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and could materially harm our business and our customer relationships.

Managing a global organization has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and infrastructure. If we fail to manage our operations effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service or address competitive challenges adequately.

Managing a global and geographically dispersed workforce and operation has required substantial management effort, the allocation of valuable management resources and significant additional investment in our infrastructure. We will be required to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and operations reporting procedures, and we may not be able to do so effectively. Moreover, we may from time to time decide to undertake cost savings initiatives, such as additional restructurings, disposing of, and/or otherwise discontinuing certain products, in an effort to focus our resources on key strategic initiatives and streamline our business. Further, supporting our customers and operations, and driving future growth, we must continually improve and maintain our technology, systems and network infrastructure. As such, we may be unable to manage our expenses effectively in the future, which may negatively impact our gross margins or operating expenses in any particular quarter. If we fail to manage our anticipated growth or change in a manner that does not preserve the key aspects of our corporate culture, the quality of our solutions may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers.

Domestic and foreign government regulation and enforcement of data practices and data tracking technologies is expansive, not clearly defined and rapidly evolving. Such regulation could directly restrict portions of our business or indirectly affect our business by constraining our customers’ use of our platform or limiting the growth of our markets.

Federal, state, municipal and/or foreign governments and agencies have adopted and could in the future adopt, modify, apply or enforce laws, policies, and regulations covering user privacy, data security, technologies such as cookies that are used to collect, store and/or process data, the taxation of products and services, unfair and deceptive practices, and/or the collection, use, processing, transfer, storage and/or disclosure of data associated with a unique individual. The categories of data regulated under these laws vary widely and are often ill-defined and subject to new applications or interpretation by regulators. Our subscription services enable our customers to display digital advertisements to targeted population segments, as well as collect, manage and store data regarding the measurement and valuation of their digital advertising and marketing campaigns, which may include data that is directly or indirectly obtained or derived through the activities of online or mobile visitors. The uncertainty and inconsistency among these laws, coupled with a lack of guidance as to how these laws will be applied to current and emerging Internet and mobile analytics technologies, creates a risk that regulators, lawmakers or other third parties, such as potential plaintiffs, may assert claims, pursue investigations or audits, or engage in civil or criminal enforcement. These actions could limit the market for our subscription services or impose burdensome requirements on our services and/or customers’ use of our services, thereby rendering our business unprofitable.

Some features of our subscription services use cookies, which trigger the data protection requirements of certain foreign jurisdictions, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, and the EU ePrivacy Directive. In addition, our services collect data about visitors’ interactions with our advertiser clients that may be subject to regulation under current or future laws or regulations. If our privacy or data security measures fail to comply with these current or future laws and regulations in any of the jurisdictions in which we collect information, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations, civil or criminal enforcement, audits or other liabilities in such jurisdictions, or our advertisers may terminate their relationships with us. In addition, foreign court judgments or regulatory actions could impact our ability to transfer, process and/or receive transnational data that is critical to our operations, including data relating to users, clients, or partners outside the United States. Such judgments or actions could affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results if foreign clients and partners are not able to lawfully transfer data to us.

This area of the law is currently under intense government scrutiny and many governments, including the U.S. government, are considering a variety of proposed regulations that would restrict or impact the conditions under which data obtained from or through the activities of visitors could be collected, processed or stored. In addition, regulators such as the Federal Trade Commission and the California Attorney General are continually proposing new regulations and interpreting and applying existing regulations in new ways. For example, in June 2018, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new disclosure and operational requirements for companies, effective January 2020. Fines for non-compliance may be up to $7,500 per violation. The burdens imposed by the GDPR and CCPA, and changes to existing laws or new laws regulating the solicitation, collection or processing of personal and consumer information, truth-in-advertising and consumer protection could affect our customers’ utilization of digital advertising and marketing, potentially reducing demand for our subscription services, or impose restrictions that make it more difficult or expensive for us to provide our services.

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If legislation dampens the growth in web and mobile usage or access to the Internet, our results of operations could be harmed.

Legislation enacted in the future could dampen the growth in web and mobile usage and decrease its acceptance as a medium of communications and commerce or result in increased adoption of new modes of communication and commerce that may not be serviced by our products. In addition, government agencies or private organizations may begin to impose taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the Internet, which could result in slower growth or a decrease in eCommerce, use of social media and/or use of mobile devices. Any of these outcomes could cause demand for our platform to decrease, our costs to increase, and our results of operations and financial condition to be harmed.

If our customers fail to abide by applicable privacy laws or to provide adequate notice and/or obtain consent from end users, we could be subject to litigation or enforcement action or reduced demand for our services. Industry self-regulatory standards may be implemented in the future that could affect demand for our platform and our ability to access data we use to provide our platform.

Our customers utilize our services to support and measure their direct interactions with visitors, and although we provide notice and choice mechanisms on our websites for our subscription services, we also must rely on our customers to implement and administer notice and choice mechanisms required under applicable laws. If we or our customers fail to abide by these laws, it could result in litigation or regulatory or enforcement action against our customers or against us directly.

In addition, self-regulatory organizations (such as the Digital Advertising Network or Network Advertising Initiative) to which our customers, partners and suppliers may belong, may impose opt-in or opt-out requirements on our customers, which may in the future require our customers to provide various mechanisms for users to opt-in or opt-out of the collection of any data, including anonymous data, with respect to such users’ web or mobile activities. The online and/or mobile industries may adopt technical or industry standards, or federal, state, local or foreign laws may be enacted that allow users to opt-in or opt-out of data that is necessary to our business. In particular, some government regulators and standard-setting organizations have suggested a “Do Not Track” standard that allows users to express a preference, independent of cookie settings in their browser, not to have website browsing recorded. All the major Internet browsers have implemented some version of a “Do Not Track” setting. Furthermore, publishers may implement alternative tracking technologies that make it more difficult to access the data necessary to our business or make it more difficult for us to compete with the publisher’s own advertising management solutions. If any of these events were to occur in the future, it could have a material effect on our ability to provide services and for our customers to collect the data that is necessary to use our services.

Our revenues may be adversely affected if we are required to charge sales taxes in additional jurisdictions or other taxes for our solutions.

We collect or have imposed upon us sales or other taxes related to the solutions we sell in certain states and other jurisdictions. Additional states, countries or other jurisdictions may seek to impose sales or other tax collection obligations on us in the future, or states or jurisdictions in which we already pay tax may increase the amount of taxes we are required to pay. A successful assertion by any state, country or other jurisdiction in which we do business that we should be collecting sales or other taxes on the sale of our products and services could, among other things, create significant administrative burdens for us, result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage clients from purchasing solutions from us or otherwise substantially harm our business and results of operations.

We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors which make our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as indicative of our future performance. If our revenues or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, or below any guidance we may provide to the market, the price of our common stock could decline substantially.

In addition to other risk factors listed in this section, factors that may affect our quarterly operating results include the following:

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the level of advertising spend managed through our platform for a particular quarter;

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fluctuations in the contractual rates of our strategic agreements with publishers;

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customer renewal rates, and the pricing and usage of our platform in any renewal term;

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demand for our platform and the size and timing of our sales;

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customers delaying purchasing decisions in anticipation of new releases by us or of new products by our competitors;

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any termination or adverse changes in the Google Revenue Share Agreement, or any changes in any other current or future strategic agreements with publishers;

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delays in projects to upgrade our own software platform infrastructure and any resulting delays in releasing new features;

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network outages, platform downtime, software bugs or security breaches and any associated credits, warranty claims or other expenses;

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changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including consolidation among competitors or customers;

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market acceptance of our current and future solutions;

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changes in spending on digital advertising or information technology and software by our current and/or prospective customers;

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budgeting cycles of our customers;

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our potentially lengthy sales cycle;

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our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses;

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the amount and timing of infrastructure costs and operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure;

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hiring or separation of employees;

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foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; and

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general economic and political conditions in our domestic and international markets.

Based upon all of the factors described above, we have a limited ability to forecast our future revenues, costs and expenses, and as a result, our operating results may from time to time fall below our estimates or the expectations of public market analysts and investors.

Future acquisitions or divestitures, strategic investments, partnerships or alliances could be difficult to integrate or complete, divert the attention of key management personnel, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We acquired businesses in the past and may seek to acquire or sell businesses, products or technologies in the future. However, we have limited experience in acquiring and integrating businesses, products and technologies. If we identify an appropriate acquisition candidate, we may not be successful in negotiating the terms and/or financing of the acquisition, and our due diligence may fail to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired business, product or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, product quality or architecture, regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices or employee or client issues.

Any acquisition or investment may require us to use significant amounts of cash, issue potentially dilutive equity securities or incur debt. In addition, acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm our business, including:

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regulatory and commercial risks relating to advertising technologies we may acquire;

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difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, services and personnel of acquired businesses, especially if those businesses operate outside of our core competency or in foreign countries;

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cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;

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reputation and perception risks associated with the acquired product or technology by the general public;

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ineffectiveness or incompatibility of acquired technologies or services;

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potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses;

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inability to maintain the key business relationships and the reputations of acquired businesses;

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diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;

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litigation for activities of the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, clients, former shareholders or other third parties;

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failure to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired company, technology, or solution, including issues related to intellectual property, solution quality or architecture, regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices or employee or client issues;

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in the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries; costs necessary to establish and maintain effective internal controls for acquired businesses;

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failure to successfully further develop the acquired technology in order to recoup our investment; and

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increased fixed costs.

If we are unable to successfully integrate any future business, product or technology we acquire, our business and results of operations may suffer.

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. If our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. For instance, in connection with our prior acquisitions, we issued shares of our common stock. We may consider sales of certain non-core businesses, products, technologies or other assets from time to time. We may not be successful in identifying buyers for any such assets or in negotiating the terms of any such sale. Any such sale could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

If we experience material weaknesses or deficiencies in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

If we identify material weaknesses or deficiencies in the future, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

We are a smaller reporting company and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

While we ceased being an emerging growth company as of December 31, 2018, many of the exemptions available for emerging growth companies are also available to smaller reporting companies like us that have less than $250 million of worldwide common equity held by non-affiliates. The disclosures we will be required to provide in our SEC filings will increase, but will still be less than it would be if we were not considered a smaller reporting company. Specifically, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404 requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting; and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide two years of audited financial statements in annual reports. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on the exemptions available to smaller reporting companies. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

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We may not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating loss or research tax credit carryforwards, which could adversely affect our profitability.

As of December 31, 2018, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards due to prior period losses, which if not utilized will begin to expire in 2026 and 2022 for federal and state purposes, respectively. Our federal net operating loss generated in 2018 can be carried forward indefinitely. We also have federal research tax credit carryforwards, which if not utilized will begin to expire in 2026. These net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our profitability.

In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if we experience an “ownership change.” A Section 382 “ownership change” generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.

Future issuances of our stock could cause an “ownership change.” It is possible that any future ownership change could have a material effect on the use of our net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our profitability.

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change.

We may be required to record a significant charge to earnings if our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets become further impaired.

We are required under GAAP to review our amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or any other significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The events and circumstances we consider include the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators and competition. In the future we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements for the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets is determined. This could adversely impact our results of operations and harm our business.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the market capitalization of our publicly traded common stock sustained a decline to the extent that it fell below the book value of our net assets, triggering the need to perform a goodwill impairment test. As a result of this test, we identified and recorded goodwill impairment expense of $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. As additional facts, circumstances or assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record additional impairment charges to reduce the carrying value of our goodwill, intangible assets and other long-term assets. No impairment was recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock

If we cannot meet the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Global Market, The Nasdaq Global Market may de-list our common stock, which would have an adverse effect on the trading volume, liquidity and market price of our common stock.

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq. Although we currently meet Nasdaq’s listing standards, which generally require that we meet certain requirements relating to stockholders’ equity, market capitalization, stock price, the aggregate market value of publicly held shares, and distribution requirements, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to meet Nasdaq’s listing requirements. If we fail to satisfy Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take steps to de-list our common stock. If Nasdaq delists our securities for trading on the Nasdaq, we could face significant adverse consequences, including:

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a limited availability of market quotations for our common stock;

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reduced liquidity with respect to our common stock;

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reduced trading volume in and market price of our common stock;

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a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our company; and

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a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Such a de-listing would likely have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a de-listing, we may take actions to restore our compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity or trading volume of our common stock, prevent our common capitalization and stockholder’s equity from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum requirements, or prevent other future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements.

The trading prices of the securities of technology companies have been highly volatile. Accordingly, the market price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, subject to wide fluctuations and could subject us to litigation.

Since our initial public offering, the closing sales price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (from March 22, 2013 through June 19, 2018) and The Nasdaq Global Market (from June 20, 2018 to June 30, 2019) has been volatile. Factors affecting the market price of our common stock include:

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variations in, or forward-looking guidance regarding, our revenues, gross margin, operating results, free cash flow, loss per share, revenue retention rates, annualized advertising spend on our platform, adjusted EBITDA and how these results compare to analyst and investor expectations;

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announcements of technological innovations, new products or services, strategic alliances, acquisitions or significant agreements by us or by our competitors;

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disruptions in our cloud-based operations or services or disruptions of other prominent cloud-based operations or services;

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the economy as a whole, market conditions in our industry, and the industries of our customers; and

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any other factors discussed herein.

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced substantial price and volume volatility that is often seemingly unrelated to the operating results of any particular companies. Moreover, if the market for technology stocks, especially software and cloud computing-related stocks, or the stock market in general experiences uneven investor confidence, the market price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, operating results or financial condition. The market price for our stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies within, or outside, our industry, even if these events do not directly affect us. Some companies that have experienced volatility in the trading price of their stock have been subject of securities litigation. If we are the subject of such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

From January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2019, the closing sales price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (from January 1, 2017 through June 19, 2018), and The Nasdaq Global Market (from June 20, 2018 to June 30, 2019) ranged from $2.20 to $18.55 per share (retroactively adjusting for the one-for-seven reverse stock split, which became effective on October 5, 2017). Because our stock price has been volatile, investing in our common stock is risky.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, stockholders must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

If there are substantial sales of shares of our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

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Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur could depress the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock. Any sales of securities by existing stockholders could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

If we sell additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock in the future, the percentage ownership of our stockholders will be diluted.

On March 14, 2019, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 for the potential offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $50.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock and debt securities, subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock and debt securities, and units consisting of all or some of these securities. Our shelf registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on May 10, 2019. Pursuant to an equity distribution agreement between us and JMP Securities LLC (“JMP”), common stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $13.0 million may be issued and sold pursuant to an “at-the-market” offering for sales of our common stock. Subject to certain limitations in the equity distribution agreement and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver a sales notice to JMP at any time throughout the term of the sales agreement, which has a term equal to the term of the registration statement on Form S-3 unless otherwise terminated earlier by us or JMP pursuant to the terms of the sales agreement. The number of shares that are sold by JMP after delivering a sales notice will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales period and limits we set with JMP. Because the price per share of each share sold will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales period, it is not possible at this stage to predict the number of shares that will be ultimately issued. As of the date hereof, 570 thousand shares of our common stock have been sold pursuant to the equity distribution agreement, for net proceeds of $1.5 million. As of June 30, 2019, we had common stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $11,293 available for issuance under the equity distribution agreement.

Because management has broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from our future sales of securities, you may not agree with how we use them, and such proceeds may not be applied successfully.

Our management will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from future sales of our securities. We currently intend to use the net proceeds from our “at-the-market” offering to fund research and development of our technology and for working capital and general corporate purposes. However, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from such offering and any future offerings and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not necessarily improve our operating results or enhance the value of our common stock, or that you otherwise do not agree with. The failure of our management to apply these funds effectively could, among other things, result in unfavorable returns and uncertainty about our prospects, each of which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Delaware law and provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, and limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our Company more difficult, including the following:

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our Board is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors can only be removed from office for cause;

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only our Board has the right to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board;

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only our chairman of the Board, our lead independent director, our chief executive officer, our president, or a majority of our Board is authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;

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certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

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our restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established, and shares of which may be issued, without the approval of the holders of common stock; and

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advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.

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In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for: (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; (3) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our restated certificate of incorporation, or our restated bylaws; (4) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our restated certificate of incorporation or our restated bylaws, or (5) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our common stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our common stock price and trading volume to decline.

Item 2.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.

Other Information

None.

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Item 6.

Exhibits

		Incorporated by Reference
Number	Exhibit Title	Form	File No.	Filing Date	Filed Herewith

31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X

31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X

32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*				X

32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*				X

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.				X

101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.				X

101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.				X

101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.				X

101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.				X

101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.				X

* As contemplated by SEC Release No. 33-8212, these exhibits are furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not incorporated by reference in any filing of Marin Software Incorporated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filings.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	MARIN SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

Dated: August 8, 2019	By:	/s/ Christopher A. Lien
		Christopher A. Lien
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Dated: August 8, 2019	By:	/s/ Bradley W. Kinnish
		Bradley W. Kinnish
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)