MARTEN TRANSPORT LTD - Quarter Report: 2017 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

Quarterly Report Under Section 13 or 15(d)

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Quarter ended June 30, 2017

Commission File Number 0-15010

MARTEN TRANSPORT, LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

129 Marten Street, Mondovi, Wisconsin 54755

(Address of principal executive offices)

715-926-4216

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐                      Accelerated filer ☒

Smaller reporting company  ☐             Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2). Yes ☐   No ☒

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock, par value $.01 per share, was 54,512,774 as of July 27, 2017.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

MARTEN TRANSPORT, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated condensed financial statements.

MARTEN TRANSPORT, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated condensed financial statements.

MARTEN TRANSPORT, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

 (Unaudited)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated condensed financial statements.  

MARTEN TRANSPORT, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated condensed financial statements.

MARTEN TRANSPORT, LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2017

(Unaudited)

(1) Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial statements, and therefore do not include all information and disclosures required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, such statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary to fairly present our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for any interim period do not necessarily indicate the results for the full year. The unaudited interim consolidated condensed financial statements should be read with reference to the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements in our 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2) Earnings per Common Share

 Basic and diluted earnings per common share were computed as follows:  

Options totaling 373,667 and 380,000 equivalent shares for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017, and 535,333 and 562,333 equivalent shares for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016, respectively, were outstanding but were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because including the options in the denominator would be antidilutive, or decrease the number of weighted-average shares, due to their exercise prices exceeding the average market price of the common shares, or because inclusion of average unrecognized compensation expense in the calculation would cause the options to be antidilutive.

Unvested performance unit awards totaling 132,305 equivalent shares for each of the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017, and 97,278 equivalent shares for each of the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016, were considered outstanding but were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because inclusion of average unrecognized compensation expense in the calculation would cause the performance units to be antidilutive.

(3) Stock Split

On July 7, 2017, we effected a five-for-three stock split of our common stock, $.01 par value, in the form of a 66 ⅔% stock dividend. Our consolidated condensed financial statements, related notes, and other financial data contained in this report have been adjusted to give retroactive effect to the stock split for all periods presented.

(4) Long-Term Debt

We maintain a credit agreement that provides for an unsecured committed credit facility which matures in December 2019. In April 2016, we elected to reduce the aggregate principal amount of the facility from $75.0 million to $30.0 million. In December 2016, we entered into an amendment to the facility which increased the aggregate principal amount to $40.0 million. At June 30, 2017, there was no outstanding principal balance on the facility. As of that date, we had outstanding standby letters of credit to guarantee settlement of self-insurance claims of $12.6 million and remaining borrowing availability of $27.4 million. At December 31, 2016, there was an outstanding principal balance of $7.9 million and $11.2 million of outstanding standby letters of credit on the facility. This facility bears interest at a variable rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate or the lender’s Prime Rate, in each case plus/minus applicable margins. The weighted average interest rate for the facility was 1.46% at December 31, 2016.

Our credit facility prohibits us from paying, in any fiscal year, stock redemptions and dividends in excess of 25% of our net income from the prior fiscal year. A waiver of the 25% limitation for 2016 was obtained from the lender. This facility also contains restrictive covenants which, among other matters, require us to maintain compliance with cash flow leverage and fixed charge coverage ratios. We were in compliance with all covenants at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

(5) Related Party Transactions

We purchase fuel and tires and obtain related services from Bauer Built, Inc., or BBI. Jerry M. Bauer, one of our directors, is the chairman of the board, chief executive officer and the principal stockholder of BBI. We paid BBI $182,000 in each of the first six months of 2017 and 2016 for fuel, tires and related services. In addition, we paid $1.5 million in the first six months of 2017 and $928,000 in the first six months of 2016 to tire manufacturers for tires that were provided by BBI. BBI received commissions from the tire manufacturers related to these purchases.

We provide transportation services to MW Logistics, LLC (MWL) as described in Note 9.

(6) Share Repurchase Program

In December 2007, our Board of Directors approved and we announced a share repurchase program to repurchase up to one million shares of our common stock either through purchases on the open market or through private transactions and in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act. In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved and we announced an increase in the share repurchase program, providing for the repurchase of up to $40 million, or approximately 2 million shares, of our common stock. The timing and extent to which we repurchase shares depends on market conditions and other corporate considerations. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date.

We repurchased and retired 759,302 shares of our common stock for $7.5 million in the first quarter of 2016 and did not repurchase any shares in the last three quarters of 2016 or the first two quarters of 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2015 we repurchased and retired 1.6 million shares of our common stock for $16.2 million. Both share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the five-for-three stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend on July 7, 2017.

(7) Dividends

In 2010, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a regular cash dividend program to our stockholders, subject to approval each quarter. Quarterly cash dividends of $0.015 per share of common stock were declared in each of the first two quarters of 2017 and 2016 and totaled $1.6 million in each six-month period, respectively. Our ability to pay cash dividends is currently limited by restrictions contained in our revolving credit facility, which prohibits us from paying, in any fiscal year, stock redemptions and dividends in excess of 25% of our net income from the prior fiscal year. A waiver of the 25% limitation for 2016 was obtained from the lender.

(8) Accounting for Share-based Payment Arrangement Compensation/Excess Tax Benefit Reclassification

We account for share-based payment arrangements in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification, or FASB ASC, 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. During the first six months of 2017, there were no significant changes to the structure of our stock-based award plans. Pre-tax compensation expense related to stock options and performance unit awards recorded in the first six months of 2017 and 2016 was $730,000 and $668,000, respectively. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements in our 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a detailed description of stock-based awards.

Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions. The adoption of this standard resulted in a $132,000 decrease to our provision for income taxes in the first six months of 2017, as the actual increase in our stock price exceeded the grant-date fair value of the period’s exercised options and vested performance unit awards. Excess tax benefits were recognized in additional paid-in capital through 2016. This standard also changes the classification of excess tax benefits in the statements of cash flows. We retrospectively reclassified $30,000 of excess tax benefits for the first six months of 2016 from a financing to operating activity within our 2017 consolidated condensed statements of cash flows.

(9) Equity Investment

We own a 45% equity interest in MWL, a third-party provider of logistics services to the transportation industry. A non-related party owns the other 55% equity interest in MWL. We account for our ownership interest in MWL under the equity method of accounting. We received $384,000 and $966,000 of our revenue for loads transported by our tractors and arranged by MWL in the first six months of 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of June 30, 2017, we also had a trade receivable in the amount of $69,000 from MWL and an accrued liability of $665,000 to MWL for the excess of payments by MWL’s customers into our lockbox account over the amounts drawn on the account by MWL.

(10) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

(11) Commitments and Contingencies

We are committed to purchase $60.8 million of new revenue equipment in the remainder of 2017, and operating lease obligation expenditures totaling $266,000 through 2020.

We self-insure, in part, for losses relating to workers’ compensation, auto liability, general liability, cargo and property damage claims, along with employees’ health insurance with varying risk retention levels. We maintain insurance coverage for per-incident and total losses in excess of these risk retention levels in amounts we consider adequate based upon historical experience and our ongoing review, and reserve currently for the estimated cost of the uninsured portion of pending claims.

We are also involved in other legal actions that arise in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, based upon present knowledge of the facts, it is remote that the ultimate outcome of any such legal actions will have a material adverse effect upon our long-term financial position or results of operations.

(12) Business Segments

We aggregate our five current operating segments into four reporting segments (Truckload, Dedicated, Intermodal and Brokerage) for financial reporting purposes.

The primary source of our operating revenue is provided by our Truckload segment through a combination of regional short-haul and medium-to-long-haul full-load transportation services. We transport food and other consumer packaged goods that require a temperature-controlled or insulated environment, along with dry freight, across the United States and into and out of Mexico and Canada.

Our Dedicated segment provides customized transportation solutions tailored to meet individual customers’ requirements, utilizing temperature-controlled trailers, dry vans and other specialized equipment within the United States. Our customer contracts range from three to five years and are subject to annual rate reviews.

Our Intermodal segment transports our customers’ freight within the United States utilizing our temperature-controlled trailers on railroad flatcars for portions of trips, with the balance of the trips using our tractors or, to a lesser extent, contracted carriers.

Our Brokerage segment develops contractual relationships with and arranges for third-party carriers to transport freight for our customers in temperature-controlled trailers and dry vans within the United States and into and out of Mexico through Marten Transport Logistics, LLC, which was established in 2007 and operates pursuant to brokerage authority granted by the DOT. We retain the billing, collection and customer management responsibilities.

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated our operating revenue and operating income by segment. We do not prepare separate balance sheets by segment and, as a result, assets are not separately identifiable by segment.

Truckload segment depreciation expense was $14.4 million and $13.9 million, Dedicated segment depreciation expense was $5.4 million and $5.1 million, Intermodal segment depreciation expense was $1.1 million and $987,000, and Brokerage segment depreciation expense was $344,000 and $376,000, in the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Truckload segment depreciation expense was $29.0 million and $27.6 million, Dedicated segment depreciation expense was $10.8 million and $10.0 million, Intermodal segment depreciation expense was $2.2 million and $1.9 million, and Brokerage segment depreciation expense was $678,000 and $857,000, in the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(13) Use of Estimates

We must make estimates and assumptions to prepare the consolidated condensed financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the consolidated condensed financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are primarily related to insurance and claims accruals and depreciation. Ultimate results could differ from these estimates.

(14) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The FASB has also issued, along with other additional guidance related to revenue recognition matters, Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net).” The standards, which are effective for the first quarter of 2018, will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and will require additional disclosures. The standards permit the use of either full retrospective application to each prior reporting period presented or modified retrospective application with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standards recognized at the date of adoption. We will adopt the standards effective January 1, 2018 and currently anticipate using the modified retrospective method. We are still evaluating the quantitative impact adoption will have on our consolidated condensed balance sheets, statements of operations and statements of cash flows, along with the additional required disclosures. The new standards will require us to recognize revenue and related expenses over time, compared with our current policy in which we record revenue and related expenses on the date shipment of freight is completed. Our current policy in which we account for revenue of our Intermodal and Brokerage segments and revenue on freight transported by independent contractors within our Truckload and Dedicated segments on a gross basis is appropriate under the new standards.

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, “Leases” which requires organizations that lease assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. The new guidance also requires additional disclosures related to leasing transactions. The standard is effective for the first quarter of 2019. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated condensed balance sheets, statements of operations or statements of cash flows.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the selected consolidated financial data and our consolidated condensed financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those included in our Form 10-K, Part 1, Item 1A for the year ended December 31, 2016. We do not assume, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statement contained in this report.

Overview

The primary source of our operating revenue is provided by our Truckload segment through a combination of regional short-haul and medium-to-long-haul full-load transportation services. We transport food and other consumer packaged goods that require a temperature-controlled or insulated environment, along with dry freight, across the United States and into and out of Mexico and Canada.

Our Dedicated segment provides customized transportation solutions tailored to meet individual customers’ requirements, utilizing temperature-controlled trailers, dry vans and other specialized equipment within the United States. Our customer contracts range from three to five years and are subject to annual rate reviews.

Generally, we are paid by the mile for our Truckload and Dedicated services. We also derive Truckload and Dedicated revenue from fuel surcharges, loading and unloading activities, equipment detention and other ancillary services. The main factors that affect our Truckload and Dedicated revenue are the rate per mile we receive from our customers, the percentage of miles for which we are compensated, the number of miles we generate with our equipment and changes in fuel prices. We monitor our revenue production primarily through average Truckload and Dedicated revenue, net of fuel surcharges, per tractor per week. We also analyze our average Truckload and Dedicated revenue, net of fuel surcharges, per total mile, non-revenue miles percentage, the miles per tractor we generate, our fuel surcharge revenue, our accessorial revenue and our other sources of operating revenue.

Our Intermodal segment transports our customers’ freight within the United States utilizing our temperature-controlled trailers on railroad flatcars for portions of trips, with the balance of the trips using our tractors or, to a lesser extent, contracted carriers. The main factors that affect our Intermodal revenue are the rate per mile and other charges we receive from our customers.

Our Brokerage segment develops contractual relationships with and arranges for third-party carriers to transport freight for our customers in temperature-controlled trailers and dry vans within the United States and into and out of Mexico through Marten Transport Logistics, LLC, which was established in 2007 and operates pursuant to brokerage authority granted by the DOT. We retain the billing, collection and customer management responsibilities. The main factors that affect our Brokerage revenue are the rate per mile and other charges that we receive from our customers.

In addition to the factors discussed above, our operating revenue is also affected by, among other things, the United States economy, inventory levels, the level of truck and rail capacity in the transportation market, a contracting driver market, severe weather conditions and specific customer demand.

Our operating revenue increased $16.7 million, or 5.1%, in the first six months of 2017. Our operating revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased $7.7 million, or 2.5%, compared with the first six months of 2016. Truckload segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased 0.7% from the first six months of 2016, primarily due to an increase in our average revenue per tractor. Dedicated segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased 4.6% from the first six months of 2016, primarily due to fleet growth and an increase in our average revenue per tractor. Intermodal segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased 5.4% and Brokerage segment revenue increased 4.4% in the first six months of 2017 due to increases in volume. Fuel surcharge revenue increased to $32.2 million in the first six months of 2017 from $23.3 million in the first six months of 2016 due to higher fuel prices.

Our profitability is impacted by the variable costs of transporting freight for our customers, fixed costs, and expenses containing both fixed and variable components. The variable costs include fuel expense, driver-related expenses, such as wages, benefits, training, and recruitment, and independent contractor costs, which are recorded under purchased transportation. Expenses that have both fixed and variable components include maintenance and tire expense and our cost of insurance and claims. These expenses generally vary with the miles we travel, but also have a controllable component based on safety, fleet age, efficiency and other factors. Our main fixed costs relate to the acquisition and subsequent depreciation of long-term assets, such as revenue equipment and operating terminals. We expect our annual cost of tractor and trailer ownership will increase in future periods as a result of higher prices of new equipment, along with any increases in fleet size. Although certain factors affecting our expenses are beyond our control, we monitor them closely and attempt to anticipate changes in these factors in managing our business. For example, fuel prices have significantly fluctuated over the past several years. We manage our exposure to changes in fuel prices primarily through fuel surcharge programs with our customers, as well as through volume fuel purchasing arrangements with national fuel centers and bulk purchases of fuel at our terminals. To help further reduce fuel expense, we have installed and tightly manage the use of auxiliary power units in our tractors to provide climate control and electrical power for our drivers without idling the tractor engine, and also have improved the fuel usage in the temperature-control units on our trailers. For our Intermodal and Brokerage segments, our profitability is impacted by the percentage of revenue which is payable to the providers of the transportation services we arrange. This expense is included within purchased transportation in our consolidated condensed statements of operations.

Our operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue, or “operating ratio,” increased to 91.4% in the first six months of 2017 from 91.2% in the first six months of 2016. Operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue, with both amounts net of fuel surcharges, was 90.6% in the first six months of 2017 and 90.5% in the first six months of 2016. Our net income improved to $17.4 million, or $0.32 per diluted share, in the first six months of 2017 from $16.7 million, or $0.31 per diluted share, in the first six months of 2016.

Our business requires substantial, ongoing capital investments, particularly for new tractors and trailers. At June 30, 2017, we had $10.1 million of cash and cash equivalents, $454.6 million in stockholders’ equity and no long-term debt outstanding. In the first six months of 2017, net cash flows provided by operating activities of $65.2 million were primarily used to purchase new revenue equipment, net of proceeds from dispositions, in the amount of $44.9 million, to increase cash and cash equivalents by $9.6 million, to repay, net of borrowings, $7.9 million of long-term debt, to pay cash dividends of $1.6 million, and to partially construct regional operating facilities in the amount of $1.4 million. We estimate that capital expenditures, net of proceeds from dispositions, will be approximately $53 million for the remainder of 2017. We believe our sources of liquidity are adequate to meet our current and anticipated needs for at least the next twelve months. Based upon anticipated cash flows, existing cash and cash equivalents balances, current borrowing availability and other sources of financing we expect to be available to us, we do not anticipate any significant liquidity constraints in the foreseeable future.

Our business strategy encompasses a multifaceted set of transportation service solutions, primarily regional Truckload temperature-controlled operations along with Dedicated, Intermodal and Brokerage services, with a diverse customer base that gains value from and expands each of these operating segments. We believe that we are well-positioned regardless of the economic environment with the services we provide combined with our competitive position, cost control emphasis, modern fleet and strong balance sheet.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes discussions of operating revenue, net of fuel surcharge revenue; Truckload, Dedicated and Intermodal revenue, net of fuel surcharge revenue; operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue, each net of fuel surcharge revenue; and net fuel expense (fuel and fuel taxes net of fuel surcharge revenue and surcharges passed through to independent contractors, outside drayage carriers and railroads). We provide these additional disclosures because management believes these measures provide a more consistent basis for comparing results of operations from period to period. These financial measures in this report have not been determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Pursuant to Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K, we have included the amounts necessary to reconcile these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures of operating revenue, operating expenses divided by operating revenue, and fuel and fuel taxes.

Stock Split

On July 7, 2017, we effected a five-for-three stock split of our common stock, $.01 par value, in the form of a 66 ⅔% stock dividend. Our consolidated condensed financial statements, related notes, and other financial data contained in this report have been adjusted to give retroactive effect to the stock split for all periods presented.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated certain operating statistics regarding our revenue and operations:

Comparison of Three Months Ended June 30, 2017 to Three Months Ended June 30, 2016

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated our operating revenue, operating income and operating ratio by segment, along with the change for each component:

Our operating revenue increased $5.4 million, or 3.3%, to $171.5 million in the 2017 period from $166.1 million in the 2016 period. Our operating revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased $3.1 million, or 2.0%, to $155.9 million in the 2017 period from $152.9 million in the 2016 period. This increase was due to a $1.9 million increase in Dedicated revenue, net of fuel surcharges, a $983,000 increase in Brokerage revenue, and a $759,000 increase in Intermodal revenue, net of fuel surcharges, partially offset by a $623,000 decrease in Truckload revenue, net of fuel surcharges. Fuel surcharge revenue increased to $15.6 million in the 2017 period from $13.2 million in the 2016 period due to higher fuel prices.

Truckload segment revenue increased $878,000, or 0.9%, to $94.9 million in the 2017 period from $94.0 million in the 2016 period. Truckload segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, decreased $623,000, or 0.7%, to $84.5 million in the 2017 period from $85.1 million in the 2016 period, primarily due to a reduction in our average number of tractors partially offset by an increase in our average revenue per tractor. The improvement in the operating ratio in the 2017 period was primarily due to the increase in our average revenue per tractor, coupled with various cost control measures.

Dedicated segment revenue increased $2.2 million, or 5.7%, to $41.5 million in the 2017 period from $39.3 million in the 2016 period. Dedicated segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased 5.3% primarily due to fleet growth and an increase in our average revenue per tractor. The increase in the operating ratio for our Dedicated segment was primarily due to an increase in insurance and claims expense, partially offset by the increase in our average revenue per tractor.

Intermodal segment revenue increased $1.3 million, or 7.5%, to $19.1 million in the 2017 period from $17.8 million in the 2016 period. Intermodal segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased 4.7% from the 2016 period due to an increase in volume. The improvement in the operating ratio in the 2017 period was primarily due to a decrease in the payments to railroads and drayage carriers as a percentage of our revenue.

Brokerage segment revenue increased $983,000, or 6.6%, to $16.0 million in the 2017 period from $15.0 million in the 2016 period due to an increase in volume. The operating ratio in the 2017 period was consistent with the 2016 period.

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the dollar and percentage increase or decrease of the items in our unaudited consolidated condensed statements of operations, and those items as a percentage of operating revenue:

Salaries, wages and benefits consist of compensation for our employees, including both driver and non-driver employees, employees’ health insurance, 401(k) plan contributions and other fringe benefits. These expenses vary depending upon the size of our Truckload, Dedicated and Intermodal tractor fleets, the ratio of company drivers to independent contractors, our efficiency, our experience with employees’ health insurance claims, changes in health care premiums and other factors. Salaries, wages and benefits expense increased $519,000, or 0.9%, in the 2017 period from the 2016 period. The increase in salaries, wages and benefits from the 2016 period resulted primarily from a 0.3% increase in the total miles driven by company drivers along with an increase of $720,000 in bonus compensation expense for our non-driver employees, partially offset by a decrease in employees’ health insurance expense of $883,000 due to a decrease in our self-insured medical claims.

Purchased transportation consists of amounts payable to railroads and carriers for transportation services we arrange in connection with Brokerage and Intermodal operations and to independent contractor providers of revenue equipment. This category will vary depending upon the amount and rates, including fuel surcharges, we pay to third-party railroad and motor carriers, the ratio of company drivers versus independent contractors and the amount of fuel surcharges passed through to independent contractors. Purchased transportation expense increased $1.3 million in total, or 5.1%, in the 2017 period from the 2016 period. Amounts payable to carriers for transportation services we arranged in our Brokerage segment increased $952,000 to $13.4 million in the 2017 period from $12.4 million in the 2016 period, primarily due to an increase in brokerage revenue. Amounts payable to railroads and drayage carriers for transportation services within our Intermodal segment increased $794,000 to $12.1 million in the 2017 period from $11.3 million in the 2016 period. This increase was primarily due to increased intermodal revenue. The portion of purchased transportation expense related to our independent contractors within our Truckload and Dedicated segments, including fuel surcharges, decreased $417,000 in the 2017 period. We expect that purchased transportation expense will increase as we grow our Intermodal and Brokerage segments.

Fuel and fuel taxes increased by $1.1 million, or 4.5%, in the 2017 period from the 2016 period. Net fuel expense (fuel and fuel taxes net of fuel surcharge revenue and surcharges passed through to independent contractors, outside drayage carriers and railroads) decreased $833,000, or 6.8%, to $11.3 million in the 2017 period from $12.2 million in the 2016 period. Fuel surcharges passed through to independent contractors, outside drayage carriers and railroads increased to $1.9 million from $1.5 million in the 2016 period. Despite an increase in the DOE national average cost of fuel to $2.55 per gallon from $2.30 per gallon in the 2016 period, net fuel expense decreased to 8.1% of Truckload, Dedicated and Intermodal segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, from 8.8% in the 2016 period. The net fuel expense to revenue improved in the 2017 period primarily due to our discount from retail being larger along with an increase in our miles per gallon. We have worked diligently to control fuel usage and costs by improving our volume purchasing arrangements and optimizing our drivers’ fuel purchases with national fuel centers, focusing on shorter lengths of haul, installing and tightly managing the use of auxiliary power units in our tractors to minimize engine idling and improving fuel usage in the temperature-control units on our trailers. Auxiliary power units, which we have installed in our company-owned tractors, provide climate control and electrical power for our drivers without idling the tractor engine.

Depreciation relates to owned tractors, trailers, auxiliary power units, communication units, terminal facilities and other assets. The increase in depreciation was primarily due to a continued increase in the cost of revenue equipment. We expect our annual cost of tractor and trailer ownership will increase in future periods as a result of higher prices of new equipment, which will result in greater depreciation over the useful life.

Insurance and claims consist of the costs of insurance premiums and accruals we make for claims within our self-insured retention amounts, primarily for personal injury, property damage, physical damage to our equipment, cargo claims and workers’ compensation claims. These expenses will vary primarily based upon the frequency and severity of our accident experience, our self-insured retention levels and the market for insurance. The $1.2 million increase in insurance and claims in the 2017 period was primarily due to increases in self-insured workers’ compensation and auto liability claims, in the cost of physical damage claims related to our tractors and trailers, and in auto liability insurance premiums. Our significant self-insured retention exposes us to the possibility of significant fluctuations in claims expense between periods which could materially impact our financial results depending on the frequency, severity and timing of claims.

Gain on disposition of revenue equipment decreased to $1.9 million in the 2017 period from $2.7 million in the 2016 period primarily due to a decrease in the average gain for tractors and trailers. We expect our gain on disposition of revenue equipment to decrease to approximately $1.5 million for the remainder of 2017. Future gains or losses on dispositions of revenue equipment will be impacted by the market for used revenue equipment, which is beyond our control.

As a result of the foregoing factors, our operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue, or “operating ratio,” was 90.9% in the 2017 period and 91.1% in the 2016 period. The operating ratio for our Truckload segment was 92.1% in the 2017 period and 92.6% in the 2016 period, for our Dedicated segment was 87.8% in the 2017 period and 86.9% in the 2016 period, for our Intermodal segment was 89.3% in the 2017 period and 89.8% in the 2016 period, and for our Brokerage segment was 94.1% in the 2017 period and 94.2% in the 2016 period. Operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue, with both amounts net of fuel surcharges, was 90.0% in the 2017 period and 90.3% in the 2016 period.

Our effective income tax rate decreased to 40.8% in the 2017 period from 41.3% in the 2016 period. This decrease was due to an excess tax benefit of $37,000 which was recorded as a decrease to the provision for income taxes in the 2017 period with the adoption of the provisions of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” in 2017.

As a result of the factors described above, net income improved to $9.1 million, or $0.17 per diluted share, in the 2017 period from $8.5 million, or $0.16 per share, in the 2016 period.

Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 to Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated our operating revenue, operating income and operating ratio by segment, along with the change for each component:

Our operating revenue increased $16.7 million, or 5.1%, to $344.7 million in the 2017 period from $328.0 million in the 2016 period. Our operating revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased $7.7 million, or 2.5%, to $312.5 million in the 2017 period from $304.8 million in the 2016 period. This increase was due to a $3.3 million increase in Dedicated revenue, net of fuel surcharges, a $1.7 million increase in Intermodal revenue, net of fuel surcharges, a $1.4 million increase in Brokerage revenue, and a $1.2 million increase in Truckload revenue, net of fuel surcharges. Fuel surcharge revenue increased to $32.2 million in the 2017 period from $23.3 million in the 2016 period due to higher fuel prices.

Truckload segment revenue increased $6.5 million, or 3.5%, to $190.6 million in the 2017 period from $184.1 million in the 2016 period. Truckload segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased $1.2 million, or 0.7%, to $169.3 million in the 2017 period from $168.0 million in the 2016 period, primarily due to an increase in our average revenue per tractor. The increase in the operating ratio in the 2017 period was primarily due to an increase in depreciation expense and insurance and claims expense, partially offset by the increase in our average revenue per tractor.

Dedicated segment revenue increased $5.4 million, or 7.1%, to $81.8 million in the 2017 period from $76.4 million in the 2016 period. Dedicated segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased 4.6% primarily due to fleet growth and an increase in our average revenue per tractor. The increase in the operating ratio for our Dedicated segment was primarily due to an increase in insurance and claims expense, partially offset by the increase in our average revenue per tractor.

Intermodal segment revenue increased $3.3 million, or 9.5%, to $38.3 million in the 2017 period from $35.0 million in the 2016 period. Intermodal segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, increased 5.4% from the 2016 period due to an increase in volume. The operating ratio for the Intermodal segment improved slightly from the 2016 period.

Brokerage segment revenue increased $1.4 million, or 4.4%, to $34.0 million in the 2017 period from $32.6 million in the 2016 period due to an increase in volume. The improvement in the operating ratio in the 2017 period was achieved primarily through multiple cost control measures.

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the dollar and percentage increase or decrease of the items in our unaudited consolidated condensed statements of operations, and those items as a percentage of operating revenue:

Salaries, wages and benefits expense increased $2.1 million, or 1.9%, in the 2017 period from the 2016 period. The increase in salaries, wages and benefits from the 2016 period resulted primarily from a 1.7% increase in the total miles driven by company drivers.

Purchased transportation expense increased $2.7 million in total, or 4.9%, in the 2017 period from the 2016 period. Amounts payable to carriers for transportation services we arranged in our Brokerage segment increased $1.5 million to $28.5 million in the 2017 period from $27.1 million in the 2016 period, primarily due to an increase in brokerage revenue. Amounts payable to railroads and drayage carriers for transportation services within our Intermodal segment increased $1.9 million to $24.2 million in the 2017 period from $22.3 million in the 2016 period. This increase was primarily due to increased intermodal revenue. The portion of purchased transportation expense related to our independent contractors within our Truckload and Dedicated segments, including fuel surcharges, decreased $717,000 in the 2017 period. We expect that purchased transportation expense will increase as we grow our Intermodal and Brokerage segments.

Fuel and fuel taxes increased by $7.4 million, or 17.0%, in the 2017 period from the 2016 period. Net fuel expense (fuel and fuel taxes net of fuel surcharge revenue and surcharges passed through to independent contractors, outside drayage carriers and railroads) decreased $357,000, or 1.6%, to $22.6 million in the 2017 period from $23.0 million in the 2016 period. Fuel surcharges passed through to independent contractors, outside drayage carriers and railroads increased to $3.9 million from $2.7 million in the 2016 period. Despite an increase in the DOE national average cost of fuel to $2.56 per gallon from $2.18 per gallon in the 2016 period, net fuel expense decreased to 8.1% of Truckload, Dedicated and Intermodal segment revenue, net of fuel surcharges, from 8.5% in the 2016 period. The net fuel expense to revenue improved in the 2017 period primarily due to our discount from retail being larger along with an increase in our miles per gallon. We have worked diligently to control fuel usage and costs by improving our volume purchasing arrangements and optimizing our drivers’ fuel purchases with national fuel centers, focusing on shorter lengths of haul, installing and tightly managing the use of auxiliary power units in our tractors to minimize engine idling and improving fuel usage in the temperature-control units on our trailers. Auxiliary power units, which we have installed in our company-owned tractors, provide climate control and electrical power for our drivers without idling the tractor engine.

The increase in depreciation was primarily due to a continued increase in the cost of revenue equipment and growth of our fleet.

The $2.7 million increase in insurance and claims in the 2017 period was primarily due to increases in self-insured workers’ compensation and auto liability claims, in the cost of physical damage claims related to our tractors and trailers, and in auto liability insurance premiums.

Gain on disposition of revenue equipment decreased to $3.0 million in the 2017 period from $4.1 million in the 2016 period primarily due to a decrease in the average gain for tractors and trailers. We expect our gain on disposition of revenue equipment to decrease to approximately $1.5 million for the remainder of 2017.

The $2.4 million decrease in other operating expenses in the 2017 period was primarily due to proceeds received from the settlement of a lawsuit, net of current period legal expenses, of $1.0 million, along with multiple cost control measures.

As a result of the foregoing factors, our operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue, or “operating ratio,” was 91.4% in the 2017 period and 91.2% in the 2016 period. The operating ratio for our Truckload segment was 92.9% in the 2017 period and 92.5% in the 2016 period, for our Dedicated segment was 88.3% in the 2017 period and 87.6% in the 2016 period, for our Intermodal segment was 89.1% in the 2017 period and 89.3% in the 2016 period, and for our Brokerage segment was 93.3% in the 2017 period and 94.5% in the 2016 period. Operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenue, with both amounts net of fuel surcharges, was 90.6% in the 2017 period and 90.5% in the 2016 period.

Our effective income tax rate decreased to 40.6% in the 2017 period from 41.2% in the 2016 period. This decrease was due to an excess tax benefit of $132,000 which was recorded as a decrease to the provision for income taxes in the 2017 period with the adoption of the provisions of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” in the period.

As a result of the factors described above, net income improved to $17.4 million, or $0.32 per diluted share, in the 2017 period from $16.7 million, or $0.31 per diluted share, in the 2016 period.  

Liquidity and Capital Resources 

Our business requires substantial, ongoing capital investments, particularly for new tractors and trailers. Our primary sources of liquidity are funds provided by operations and our revolving credit facility. A portion of our tractor fleet is provided by independent contractors who own and operate their own equipment. We have no capital expenditure requirements relating to those drivers who own their tractors or obtain financing through third parties.

The table below reflects our net cash flows provided by operating activities and our net cash flows used for investing and financing activities for the periods indicated.

In December 2007, our Board of Directors approved and we announced a share repurchase program to repurchase up to one million shares of our common stock either through purchases on the open market or through private transactions and in accordance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act. In November 2015, our Board of Directors approved and we announced an increase in the share repurchase program, providing for the repurchase of up to $40 million, or approximately 2 million shares, of our common stock. The timing and extent to which we repurchase shares depends on market conditions and other corporate considerations. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date.

We repurchased and retired 759,302 shares of our common stock for $7.5 million in the first quarter of 2016 and did not repurchase any shares in the last three quarters of 2016 or the first two quarters of 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2015 we repurchased and retired 1.6 million shares of our common stock for $16.2 million. Both share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the five-for-three stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend on July 7, 2017.

In the first six months of 2017, net cash flows provided by operating activities of $65.2 million were primarily used to purchase new revenue equipment, net of proceeds from dispositions, in the amount of $44.9 million, to increase cash and cash equivalents by $9.6 million, to repay, net of borrowings, $7.9 million of long-term debt, to pay cash dividends of $1.6 million, and to partially construct regional operating facilities in the amount of $1.4 million. In the first six months of 2016, net cash flows provided by operating activities of $80.2 million were primarily used to purchase new revenue equipment, net of proceeds from dispositions, in the amount of $36.9 million, to repay $33.5 million of long-term debt, to repurchase and retire 759,302 shares of our common stock for $7.5 million, to partially construct regional operating facilities in the amount of $2.0 million, and to pay cash dividends of $1.6 million.

We estimate that capital expenditures, net of proceeds from dispositions, will be approximately $53 million for the remainder of 2017. Quarterly cash dividends of $0.015 per share of common stock were declared in each of the first two quarters of 2017 and 2016 and totaled $1.6 million in each six-month period, respectively. We currently expect to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends in the future. The payment of cash dividends in the future, and the amount of any such dividends, will depend upon our financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements, and certain corporate law requirements, as well as other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. We believe our sources of liquidity are adequate to meet our current and anticipated needs for at least the next twelve months. Based upon anticipated cash flows, existing cash and cash equivalents balances, current borrowing availability and other sources of financing we expect to be available to us, we do not anticipate any significant liquidity constraints in the foreseeable future.

We maintain a credit agreement that provides for an unsecured committed credit facility which matures in December 2019. In April 2016, we elected to reduce the aggregate principal amount of the facility from $75.0 million to $30.0 million. In December 2016, we entered into an amendment to the facility which increased the aggregate principal amount to $40.0 million. At June 30, 2017, there was no outstanding principal balance on the facility. As of that date, we had outstanding standby letters of credit to guarantee settlement of self-insurance claims of $12.6 million and remaining borrowing availability of $27.4 million. This facility bears interest at a variable rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate or the lender’s Prime Rate, in each case plus/minus applicable margins.

Our credit facility prohibits us from paying, in any fiscal year, stock redemptions and dividends in excess of 25% of our net income from the prior fiscal year. A waiver of the 25% limitation for 2016 was obtained from the lender. This facility also contains restrictive covenants which, among other matters, require us to maintain compliance with cash flow leverage and fixed charge coverage ratios. We were in compliance with all covenants at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

The following is a summary of our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2017. 

Due to uncertainty with respect to the timing of future cash flows, the obligation under our nonqualified deferred compensation plan at June 30, 2017 of 96,500 shares of Company common stock with a value of $2.6 million has been excluded from the above table.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

Other than standby letters of credit maintained in connection with our self-insurance programs in the amount of $12.6 million along with purchase obligations and operating leases summarized above in our summary of contractual obligations, we did not have any other material off-balance sheet arrangements at June 30, 2017.

Inflation and Fuel Costs

Most of our operating expenses are inflation-sensitive, with inflation generally producing increased costs of operations. During the last two years, the most significant effects of inflation have been on revenue equipment prices, accident claims, health insurance and employee compensation. We attempt to limit the effects of inflation through increases in freight rates and cost control efforts.

In addition to inflation, fluctuations in fuel prices can affect our profitability. We require substantial amounts of fuel to operate our tractors and power the temperature-control units on our trailers. Substantially all of our contracts with customers contain fuel surcharge provisions. Although we historically have been able to pass through a significant portion of long-term increases in fuel prices and related taxes to customers in the form of fuel surcharges and higher rates, such increases usually are not fully recovered. These fuel surcharge provisions are not effective in mitigating the fuel price increases related to non-revenue miles or fuel used while the tractor is idling.

Seasonality

Our tractor productivity generally decreases during the winter season because inclement weather impedes operations and some shippers reduce their shipments. At the same time, operating expenses generally increase, with harsh weather creating higher accident frequency, increased claims, lower fuel efficiency and more equipment repairs.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events, and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses in our consolidated condensed financial statements and related notes. We base our estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors believed to be relevant at the time our consolidated condensed financial statements are prepared. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our estimates and assumptions, and such differences could be material. We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant estimates, assumptions and judgments used in the preparation of our consolidated condensed financial statements.

Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue, including fuel surcharges, at the time shipment of freight is completed. We account for revenue of our Intermodal and Brokerage segments and revenue on freight transported by independent contractors within our Truckload and Dedicated segments on a gross basis because we are the primary obligor in the arrangements, we have the ability to establish prices, we have the risk of loss in the event of cargo claims and we bear credit risk with customer payments. Accordingly, all such revenue billed to customers is classified as operating revenue and all corresponding payments to carriers for transportation services we arrange in connection with brokerage and intermodal activities and to independent contractor providers of revenue equipment are classified as purchased transportation expense.

Accounts Receivable. We are dependent upon a limited number of customers, and, as a result, our trade accounts receivable are highly concentrated. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amounts, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Our allowance for doubtful accounts was $298,000 as of June 30, 2017 and $275,000 as of December 31, 2016. A considerable amount of judgment is required in assessing the realization of these receivables including the current creditworthiness of each customer and related aging of the past-due balances, including any billing disputes. In order to assess the collectibility of these receivables, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition. Through these evaluations, we may become aware of a situation where a customer may not be able to meet its financial obligations due to deterioration of its financial viability, credit ratings or bankruptcy. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the best information available to us and is reevaluated and adjusted as additional information is received. We evaluate the allowance based on historical write-off experience, the size of the individual customer balances, past-due amounts and the overall national economy. We review the adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts monthly.

Property and Equipment. The transportation industry requires significant capital investments. Our net property and equipment was $568.2 million as of June 30, 2017 and $557.8 million as of December 31, 2016. Our depreciation expense was $42.7 million for the first six months of 2017 and $40.4 million for the first six months of 2016. We compute depreciation of our property and equipment for financial reporting purposes based on the cost of each asset, reduced by its estimated salvage value, using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life. We determine and periodically evaluate our estimate of the projected salvage values and useful lives primarily by considering the market for used equipment, prior useful lives and changes in technology. We have not changed our policy regarding salvage values as a percentage of initial cost or useful lives of tractors and trailers within the last ten years. We believe that our policies and past estimates have been reasonable. Actual results could differ from these estimates. A 5% decrease in estimated salvage values would have decreased our net property and equipment as of June 30, 2017 by approximately $10.4 million, or 1.8%.

Impairment of Assets. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less the costs to sell.

Insurance and Claims. We self-insure, in part, for losses relating to workers’ compensation, auto liability, general liability, cargo and property damage claims, along with employees’ health insurance with varying risk retention levels. We maintain insurance coverage for per-incident and total losses in excess of these risk retention levels in amounts we consider adequate based upon historical experience and our ongoing review. However, we could suffer a series of losses within our self-insured retention limits or losses over our policy limits, which could negatively affect our financial condition and operating results. We are responsible for the first $1.0 million on each auto liability claim and for the first $750,000 on each workers’ compensation claim. We have $12.6 million in standby letters of credit to guarantee settlement of claims under agreements with our insurance carriers and regulatory authorities. The insurance and claims accruals in our consolidated condensed balance sheets were $21.8 million as of June 30, 2017 and $19.4 million as of December 31, 2016. We reserve currently for the estimated cost of the uninsured portion of pending claims. We periodically evaluate and adjust these reserves based on our evaluation of the nature and severity of outstanding individual claims and our estimate of future claims development based on historical development. Actual results could differ from these current estimates. In addition, to the extent that claims are litigated and not settled, jury awards are difficult to predict.

Share-based Payment Arrangement Compensation. We have granted stock options to certain employees and non-employee directors. We recognize compensation expense for all stock options net of an estimated forfeiture rate and only record compensation expense for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period (normally the vesting period). Determining the appropriate fair value model and calculating the fair value of stock options require the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected life of the stock options and stock price volatility. We use the Black-Scholes model to value our stock option awards. We believe that future volatility will not materially differ from our historical volatility. Thus, we use the historical volatility of our common stock over the expected life of the award. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock options represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, stock option compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

We have also granted performance unit awards to certain employees which are subject to vesting requirements over a five-year period, primarily based on our earnings growth. The fair value of each performance unit is based on the closing market price on the date of grant. We recognize compensation expense for these awards based on the estimated number of units probable of achieving the performance and service vesting requirements of the awards, net of an estimated forfeiture rate.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 14 of “Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements” for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements and the respective dates of adoption and effect on our results of operations and financial position.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. 

We are exposed to a variety of market risks, most importantly the effects of the price and availability of diesel fuel. We require substantial amounts of diesel fuel to operate our tractors and power the temperature-control units on our trailers. The price and availability of diesel fuel can vary, and are subject to political, economic and market factors that are beyond our control. Significant increases in diesel fuel costs could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Based upon our fuel consumption in the first six months of 2017, a 5% increase in the average cost of diesel fuel would have increased our fuel expense by $2.5 million.

We have historically been able to pass through a significant portion of long-term increases in diesel fuel prices and related taxes to customers in the form of fuel surcharges. Fuel surcharge programs are widely accepted among our customers, though they can vary somewhat from customer-to-customer. These fuel surcharges, which adjust weekly with the cost of fuel, enable us to recover a substantial portion of the higher cost of fuel as prices increase. These fuel surcharge provisions are not effective in mitigating the fuel price increases related to non-revenue miles or fuel used while the tractor is idling. In addition, we have worked diligently to control fuel usage and costs by improving our volume purchasing arrangements and optimizing our drivers’ fuel purchases with national fuel centers, focusing on shorter lengths of haul, installing and tightly managing the use of auxiliary power units in our tractors to minimize engine idling and improving fuel usage in our trailers’ refrigeration units.

While we do not currently have any outstanding hedging instruments to mitigate this market risk, we may enter into derivatives or other financial instruments to hedge a portion of our fuel costs in the future.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), we have carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. This evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2017. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We intend to periodically evaluate our disclosure controls and procedures as required by the Exchange Act Rules.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A.     Risk Factors.

We do not believe there are any material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A to Part 1 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

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