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MAXIMUS, INC. - Quarter Report: 2023 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
(Mark one)
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________to__________.
Commission file number: 1-12997
Maximus_logo_2022.jpg

Maximus, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Virginia54-1000588
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1600 Tysons Boulevard, McLean, Virginia
22102
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(703) 251-8500
(Registrant's telephone number, including the area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, no par valueMMSNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).        Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒
 
Accelerated filer ☐
 
Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company  ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
There were 60,783,621 shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of May 1, 2023.


Table of Contents
Table of Contents to Second Quarter 2023 Form 10-Q

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Unless otherwise specified, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to "our," "we," "us," "Maximus," the "Company," and "our business" refer to Maximus, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "goal," "seek," "opportunity," "could," "potential," "believe," "project," "estimate," "expect," "continue," "forecast," "strategy," "future," "likely," "may," "should," "will," and similar references to future periods.
Forward-looking statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our confidence, strategies and initiatives, and our expectations about revenues, results of operations, profitability, liquidity, market demand, the residual impacts of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") global pandemic, and our recent acquisitions, are forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:
a failure to meet performance requirements could lead to penalties, liquidated damages, actual damages, adverse settlement agreements, and/or contract termination;
our failure to successfully bid for and accurately price contracts to generate our desired profit;
the effects of future legislative or government budgetary and spending changes;
the impact of the Biden Administration on federal procurement, federal funding to states' safety-net programs, and the overall decision-making process related to our industry, including our business and customers;
our ability to manage our growth, including acquired businesses;
difficulties in integrating or achieving projected revenues, earnings, and other benefits associated with acquired businesses;
the outcome of reviews or audits, which might result in financial penalties and impair our ability to respond to invitations for new work;
our ability to manage capital investments and startup costs incurred before receiving related contract payments;
our ability to manage our debt;
our ability to maintain technology systems and otherwise protect confidential or protected information;
our ability to attract and retain executive officers, senior managers, and other qualified personnel to execute our business;
the ability of government customers to terminate contracts on short notice, with or without cause;
our ability to maintain relationships with key government entities from whom a substantial portion of our revenue is derived;
a failure to comply with laws governing our business, which might result in the Company being subject to fines, penalties, suspension, debarment, and other sanctions;
the costs and outcome of litigation;
the effects of changes in laws and regulations governing our business, including tax laws and applicable interpretations and guidance thereunder, or changes in accounting policies, rules, methodologies, and practices, and our ability to estimate the impact of such changes;
matters related to businesses we disposed of or divested; and
other factors set forth in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 22, 2022.

Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise.
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PART I - Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
Maximus, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited)
 For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
 March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue$1,206,852 $1,177,326 $2,456,098 $2,328,202 
Cost of revenue978,249 948,875 1,982,748 1,871,596 
Gross profit228,603 228,451 473,350 456,606 
Selling, general, and administrative expenses142,448 130,307 288,900 254,528 
Amortization of intangible assets23,650 22,856 47,168 45,261 
Operating income62,505 75,288 137,282 156,817 
Interest expense20,999 9,438 42,605 19,076 
Other income, net818 715 1,084 404 
Income before income taxes42,324 66,565 95,761 138,145 
Provision for income taxes10,536 16,469 23,978 34,719 
Net income$31,788 $50,096 $71,783 $103,426 
Earnings per share:
Basic$0.52 $0.81 $1.17 $1.66 
Diluted$0.52 $0.80 $1.17 $1.66 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic61,120 62,227 61,119 62,256 
Diluted61,383 62,381 61,265 62,409 
Dividends declared per share$0.28 $0.28 $0.56 $0.56 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Maximus, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
 For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
 March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Net income$31,788 $50,096 $71,783 $103,426 
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments965 (23)9,001 436 
Net (losses)/gains on cash flow hedge, net of tax effect of $(1,630), $3,814, $(2,979), and $4,772, respectively
(4,562)10,689 (8,343)13,374 
Other comprehensive (loss)/income(3,597)10,666 658 13,810 
Comprehensive income$28,191 $60,762 $72,441 $117,236 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Maximus, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
March 31, 2023September 30, 2022
(unaudited)
(in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$56,344 $40,658 
Accounts receivable, net742,387 807,110 
Income taxes receivable12,156 2,158 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets141,017 182,387 
Total current assets951,904 1,032,313 
Property and equipment, net46,915 52,258 
Capitalized software, net71,393 58,740 
Operating lease right-of-use assets162,633 132,885 
Goodwill1,780,200 1,779,415 
Intangible assets, net751,194 804,904 
Deferred contract costs, net47,498 47,732 
Deferred compensation plan assets42,049 37,050 
Deferred income taxes5,865 4,970 
Other assets39,205 42,447 
Total assets$3,898,856 $3,992,714 
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$259,463 $264,553 
Accrued compensation and benefits156,990 178,199 
Deferred revenue, current portion66,796 87,146 
Income taxes payable4,482 718 
Long-term debt, current portion84,490 63,458 
Operating lease liabilities, current portion55,928 63,999 
Other current liabilities53,026 116,374 
Total current liabilities681,175 774,447 
Deferred revenue, non-current portion25,776 21,414 
Deferred income taxes201,079 206,099 
Long-term debt, non-current portion1,205,028 1,292,483 
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, non-current portion43,706 40,210 
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion121,957 86,175 
Other liabilities18,413 22,515 
Total liabilities2,297,134 2,443,343 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 60,784 and 60,774 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023, and September 30, 2022, respectively (shares in thousands)
572,632 557,978 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(33,303)(33,961)
Retained earnings1,062,393 1,025,354 
Total shareholders' equity1,601,722 1,549,371 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$3,898,856 $3,992,714 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Maximus, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
For the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$71,783 $103,426 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations:
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and capitalized software26,321 21,199 
Amortization of intangible assets47,168 45,261 
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount1,635 1,297 
Deferred income taxes(1,368)(3,318)
Stock compensation expense13,943 15,052 
Loss on sale of businesses883 — 
Change in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business combinations and disposals:
Accounts receivable62,529 (49,064)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets13,412 9,769 
Deferred contract costs583 (6,431)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(6,361)(3,047)
Accrued compensation and benefits(14,222)(28,281)
Deferred revenue(18,347)18,473 
Income taxes(6,578)(13,515)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities(2,072)(1,293)
Other assets and liabilities(14,272)2,331 
Net cash provided by operating activities175,037 111,859 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software(33,751)(22,898)
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired— (4)
Proceeds from sale of businesses9,124 — 
Net cash used in investing activities(24,627)(22,902)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid to Maximus shareholders(34,033)(34,659)
Purchases of Maximus common stock— (25,843)
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting(8,475)(9,673)
Payments for contingent consideration(4,041)— 
Proceeds from borrowings462,398 240,000 
Principal payments for debt(530,460)(303,708)
Restricted cash movements(57,060)— 
Net cash used in financing activities(171,671)(133,883)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash3,186 324 
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash(18,075)(44,602)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period136,795 156,570 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period$118,720 $111,968 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Maximus, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
(Unaudited)
Common StockAccumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
Retained
Earnings
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
(in thousands)
Balance at September 30, 202260,774$557,978 $(33,961)$1,025,354 $1,549,371 
Net income— — 39,995 39,995 
Foreign currency translation— 8,036 — 8,036 
Cash flow hedge, net of tax— (3,781)— (3,781)
Cash dividends— — (17,017)(17,017)
Dividends on RSUs298 — (298)— 
Stock compensation expense4,403 — — 4,403 
Balance as of December 31, 202260,774$562,679 $(29,706)$1,048,034 $1,581,007 
Net income— — 31,788 31,788 
Foreign currency translation— 965 — 965 
Cash flow hedge, net of tax— (4,562)— (4,562)
Cash dividends— — (17,016)(17,016)
Dividends on RSUs413 — (413)— 
Stock compensation expense9,540 — — 9,540 
RSUs vested10— — — — 
Balance as of March 31, 202360,784$572,632 $(33,303)$1,062,393 $1,601,722 
Common StockAccumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
Retained
Earnings
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
(in thousands)
Balance at September 30, 202161,954$532,411 $(39,908)$987,826 $1,480,329 
Net income— — 53,330 53,330 
Foreign currency translation— 459 — 459 
Cash flow hedge, net of tax— 2,685 — 2,685 
Cash dividends— — (17,347)(17,347)
Dividends on RSUs272 — (272)— 
Purchases of Maximus common stock(18)— — (1,379)(1,379)
Stock compensation expense8,248 — — 8,248 
Tax withholding adjustment related to RSU vesting2,101 — — 2,101 
Balance as of December 31, 202161,936$543,032 $(36,764)$1,022,158 $1,528,426 
Net income— — 50,096 50,096 
Foreign currency translation— (23)— (23)
Cash flow hedge, net of tax— 10,689 — 10,689 
Cash dividends— — (17,312)(17,312)
Dividends on RSUs392 — (392)— 
Purchases of Maximus common stock(330)— — (24,464)(24,464)
Stock compensation expense6,804 — — 6,804 
RSUs vested4— — — — 
Balance as of March 31, 202261,610$550,228 $(26,098)$1,030,086 $1,554,216 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Maximus, Inc.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
1. ORGANIZATION
Maximus, a Virginia corporation established in 1975, is a leading operator of government health and human services programs and provider of technology solutions to governments. Under our mission of Moving People Forward, we offer industry-leading expertise, including citizen engagement, eligibility and program integrity, independent clinical assessments, case management, and technology modernization services to enable citizens around the globe to successfully engage with their governments at all levels. We are a proud partner to government agencies in the United States, Australia, Canada, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the notes, include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Basis of Presentation for Interim Periods
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included for the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted for the interim periods presented. We believe that the unaudited interim financial statements include all adjustments (which are normal and recurring in nature) necessary to present fairly our financial position and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.
The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the year or future periods. The financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended September 30, 2022 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year then ended (the "2022 10-K"). We have continued to follow the accounting policies set forth in those financial statements.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill, and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities, and contingencies and litigation.
In May 2021, we acquired VES Group, Inc. As part of the acquisition, we allocated a valuation of $27 million to certain technology assets used by the business, which we elected to amortize over twelve years, which was our best estimate of asset life at that time. In fiscal year 2023, we have taken the opportunity to improve our technology portfolio, including the development of technology, which will eventually replace much of the acquired technology. Accordingly, we have revised the asset life on the existing technology assuming the assets will cease being used by September 2026. This change in estimated useful life will result in additional annual amortization expense of $3.8 million per year. In the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, this change reduced our diluted earnings per share by approximately $0.01 and $0.02, respectively.


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3. BUSINESS SEGMENTS
We conduct our operations through three business segments: U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S.
U.S. Federal Services
Our U.S. Federal Services Segment delivers end-to-end solutions that help various U.S. federal government agencies better deliver on their mission, including program operations and management, clinical services, and technology solutions. This also includes appeals and assessments services, system and application development, IT modernization, and maintenance services. The segment also contains certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage which continues to be managed within this segment. Benefiting from the 2021 acquisition of the Attain Federal business, now managed as Technology Consulting Services, the segment executes on its digital strategy to deliver technology solutions that advance agency missions, including the challenge to modernize, provide better customer experience, and drive process efficiencies. The segment continues to expand its clinical solutions with the acquisition of VES Group, Inc., which manages the clinical evaluation process for U.S. veterans and service members on behalf of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
U.S. Services
Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of business process services ("BPS"), such as program administration, assessments, and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"), Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program ("CHIP"), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ("TANF"), and child support programs. As part of the government's COVID-19 response efforts, the segment supported contact tracing, disease investigation, and vaccine distribution support services during the peak of the pandemic. The segment also successfully expanded into the unemployment insurance market where longer term opportunities have materialized. As part of the broader strategy to evolve clinically and address societal macro trends such as aging populations and rising costs, the segment continues to expand its offerings in public health with new work in in-person assessments.
Outside the U.S.
Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides BPS for international governments and commercial clients, transforming the lives of people around the world. Helping people find employment, access vital support, and remain healthy, these services include health and disability assessments, program administration for employment services, wellbeing solutions, and other job seeker-related services. We support programs and deliver services in the U.K., including the Health Assessment Advisory Service ("HAAS") and Restart; Australia, including Workforce Australia and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including the Employment Program of British Columbia; in addition to Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, and UAE where we predominantly provide employment support and job seeker services.
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Table 3: Results of Operation by Business Segment
 For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
Amount% (1)Amount% (1)Amount% (1)Amount% (1)
(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:    
U.S. Federal Services$584,075 $573,288 $1,202,242 $1,155,159 
U.S. Services449,703 398,077 889,181 784,494 
Outside the U.S.173,074 205,961 364,675 388,549 
Revenue$1,206,852 $1,177,326 $2,456,098 $2,328,202 
Gross profit:
U.S. Federal Services$122,874 21.0 %$115,153 20.1 %$245,568 20.4 %$241,729 20.9 %
U.S. Services86,016 19.1 %84,971 21.3 %169,614 19.1 %174,670 22.3 %
Outside the U.S.19,713 11.4 %28,327 13.8 %58,168 16.0 %40,207 10.3 %
Gross profit$228,603 18.9 %$228,451 19.4 %$473,350 19.3 %$456,606 19.6 %
Selling, general, and administrative expenses: 
U.S. Federal Services$75,050 12.8 %$68,949 12.0 %$146,699 12.2 %$133,874 11.6 %
U.S. Services43,415 9.7 %38,273 9.6 %89,257 10.0 %73,375 9.4 %
Outside the U.S.23,425 13.5 %24,011 11.7 %51,814 14.2 %45,351 11.7 %
Loss on sale of businesses (2)883 NM— NM883 NM— NM
Other (3)(325)NM(926)NM247 NM1,928 NM
Selling, general, and administrative expenses$142,448 11.8 %$130,307 11.1 %$288,900 11.8 %$254,528 10.9 %
Operating income/(loss): 
U.S. Federal Services$47,824 8.2 %$46,204 8.1 %$98,869 8.2 %$107,855 9.3 %
U.S. Services42,601 9.5 %46,698 11.7 %80,357 9.0 %101,295 12.9 %
Outside the U.S.(3,712)(2.1)%4,316 2.1 %6,354 1.7 %(5,144)(1.3)%
Amortization of intangible assets(23,650)NM(22,856)NM(47,168)NM(45,261)NM
Loss on sale of businesses (2)(883)NM— NM(883)NM— NM
Other (3)325 NM926 NM(247)NM(1,928)NM
Operating income$62,505 5.2 %$75,288 6.4 %$137,282 5.6 %$156,817 6.7 %
(1)Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked "NM."
(2)During the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, we sold a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom and our employment operations business in Sweden, both subsidiaries within our Outside the U.S. Segment, resulting in a loss. Refer to "Note 7. Divestitures" for more details.
(3)Other includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment.
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4. REVENUE RECOGNITION
We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. The majority of our contracts have performance obligations that are satisfied over time. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customers that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services.
Disaggregation of Revenue
In addition to our segment reporting, we disaggregate our revenues by contract type and customer type. Our operating segments represent the manner in which our Chief Executive Officer reviews our financial results, which is further discussed in "Note 3. Business Segments."
Table 4.1: Revenue by Contract Type
For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)
Performance-based$574,747 47.6 %$516,210 43.9 %$1,143,964 46.6 %$1,007,166 43.3 %
Cost-plus312,176 25.9 %322,823 27.4 %659,495 26.9 %662,904 28.5 %
Fixed price180,674 15.0 %158,867 13.5 %355,747 14.5 %310,372 13.3 %
Time and materials139,255 11.5 %179,426 15.2 %296,892 12.1 %347,760 14.9 %
Total revenue$1,206,852 $1,177,326 $2,456,098 $2,328,202 
Table 4.2: Revenue by Customer Type
For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)
U.S. federal government agencies$569,897 47.2 %$553,707 47.0 %$1,173,815 47.8 %$1,117,801 48.0 %
U.S. state government agencies446,549 37.0 %411,287 34.9 %883,911 36.0 %782,834 33.7 %
International government agencies161,359 13.4 %194,800 16.5 %343,119 14.0 %366,175 15.7 %
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers29,047 2.4 %17,532 1.5 %55,253 2.2 %61,392 2.6 %
Total revenue$1,206,852 $1,177,326 $2,456,098 $2,328,202 
Contract balances
Differences in timing between revenue recognition and cash collection result in contract assets and contract liabilities. We classify these assets as accounts receivable — billed and billable and unbilled receivables; the liabilities are classified as deferred revenue.
In many contracts, we bill our customers on a monthly basis shortly after the month end for work performed in that month and such balances are considered collectible and are included within accounts receivable, net.
Exceptions to this pattern will arise for various reasons, including those listed below.
Under cost-plus contracts, we are typically required to estimate a contract's share of our general and administrative expenses. This share is based upon estimates of total costs, which may vary over time. We typically invoice our customers at an agreed provisional billing rate which may differ from actual rates incurred. If our actual rates are higher than the provisional billing rates, an asset is recorded for this variance; if the provisional billing rates are higher than our actual rates, we record a liability.
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Certain contracts include retainage balances, whereby revenue is earned, but some portion of cash payments are held back by the customer for a period of time, typically to allow the customer to confirm the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. This balance is classified as accounts receivable - unbilled until restrictions on billing are lifted. As of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, $11.7 million and $13.1 million, respectively, of our unbilled receivables related to amounts pursuant to contractual retainage provisions.
In certain contracts, we may receive funds from our customers prior to performing operations. These funds are typically referred to as "set-up costs" and reflect the need for us to make investments in infrastructure prior to providing a service. This investment in infrastructure is not a performance obligation that is distinct from the service that is subsequently provided and, as a result, revenue is not recognized based upon the establishment of this infrastructure, but rather over the course of the contractual relationship. The funds are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the contract. Other contracts may not include set-up fees but will provide higher fees in earlier periods of the contract. The premium on these fees is deferred.
Some of our contracts, notably our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, include payments for desired outcomes, such as job placement and job retention, and these outcome payments occur over several months. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their realization and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery.
During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized revenue of $34.8 million and $85.9 million, respectively, included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2022. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized revenue of $20.6 million and $61.8 million, respectively, included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2021.
Contract estimates
We are required to use estimates in recognizing revenue from some of our contracts.
Some of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based upon future milestones defined in each contract. This is the case in many of our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, where we are paid as individuals attain employment milestones, which may take many months to achieve. We recognize revenue over the period of performance. Our estimates vary from contract to contract but may include the number of participants within a portfolio reaching employment milestones and the service delivery periods for participants reaching the employment milestone. We estimate the total variable fees we will receive using the expected value method. We recognize the fees over the expected period of performance. At each reporting period, we update our estimates of the variable fees to represent the circumstances present at the end of the reporting period. We are required to constrain our estimates to the extent that it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved. We do not have a history of significant constraints on these contracts.
Changes to our estimates are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, we reported a reduction in revenue and diluted earnings per share of $6.5 million and $0.08 and $6.1 million and $0.07, respectively from changes in estimates. The corresponding change for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022 was a reduction to revenue and diluted earnings per share of $1.4 million and $0.02 and $4.2 million and $0.05, respectively.
Remaining performance obligations
As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $400 million of remaining performance obligations. We anticipate that we will recognize revenue on approximately 60% of this balance within the next 12 months. This balance excludes contracts with an original duration of twelve months or less, including contracts with a penalty-free termination for convenience clause, and any variable consideration which is allocated entirely to future performance obligations, including variable transaction fees or fees tied directly to costs incurred.
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5. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Table 5: Weighted Average Number of Shares - Earnings Per Share
For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Basic weighted average shares outstanding61,120 62,227 61,119 62,256 
Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs263 154 146 153 
Denominator for diluted earnings per share61,383 62,381 61,265 62,409 
The diluted earnings per share calculation for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 excludes approximately 99,000 and 300,000 unvested anti-dilutive restricted stock units, respectively. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, approximately 173,000 and 192,000 unvested anti-dilutive restricted stock units were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation, respectively.

6. DEBT AND DERIVATIVES
Table 6.1: Details of Debt
March 31, 2023September 30, 2022
(in thousands)
Term Loan A, due 2026$943,750 $971,250 
Term Loan B, due 2028346,721 395,000 
Subsidiary loan agreements7,785 64 
Funded Debt1,298,256 1,366,314 
Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts(8,738)(10,373)
Total debt1,289,518 1,355,941 
Less: Current portion of long-term debt(84,490)(63,458)
Long-term debt$1,205,028 $1,292,483 
We entered into a credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. in May 2021 comprised of Term Loan A, Term Loan B, and a $600.0 million revolving credit facility ("Revolver"). During the first quarter of fiscal year 2023, we converted our interest rate index from the London Interbank Overnight Rate ("LIBOR") to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR").
The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with a number of covenants, including leverage and interest coverage ratios. At March 31, 2023, we are in compliance with all covenants. We do not believe that the covenants represent a significant restriction on our ability to successfully operate the business or to pay dividends.
In addition to the corporate Credit Agreement, we hold smaller credit facilities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. These allow our businesses to borrow funds to meet any short-term working capital needs.
The following table sets forth future minimum principal payments due under our debt obligations as of March 31, 2023 for the remainder of fiscal year 2023 through fiscal year 2027 and thereafter:
Table 6.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due
Amount Due
(in thousands)
April 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023$43,900 
Year ended September 30, 202485,985 
Year ended September 30, 202592,860 
Year ended September 30, 2026740,985 
Year ended September 30, 20273,485 
Thereafter331,041 
Total Payments$1,298,256 
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Interest Rate Derivative Instruments
To reduce our interest rate risk, we entered into interest-rate swap agreements covering our Term Loan A, effectively setting a fixed rate for a portion of our debt. At March 31, 2023, we have arrangements in place that fix our interest rate of $500 million through May 2026 and a further arrangement to fix $150 million through September 2024. The balance of the debt pays interest based upon an index. The floating interest rate on these instruments was converted from LIBOR to SOFR in December 2022, concurrent with our debt agreements. In converting our debt and interest-rate swaps, we utilized the practical expedients allowed under ASU No. 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which allowed us to treat these amendments as though the modification was not substantial. At March 31, 2023, our effective interest rate, including the original issuance costs and discount rate, was 5.9%.
Our interest-rate swap agreements are valued quarterly and recorded on our balance sheet. As of March 31, 2023, we had an asset of $24.6 million and a liability of $4.5 million, compared to an asset of $31.4 million as of September 30, 2022. These balances were recorded in "other assets" and "other liabilities", respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet. As these hedges are considered effective, all gains and losses are reported within other comprehensive income on our consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

7. DIVESTITURES
On March 6, 2023, we sold a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom, part of our Outside the U.S. Segment, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $0.6 million. The cash consideration will be received in installments, with a fair value of $16.0 million. The installment payments are unconditional.
On March 30, 2023, we sold our Swedish subsidiary for cash consideration of $0.4 million, resulting in a small loss.

8. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The following assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.
We hold mutual fund assets within a Rabbi Trust to cover liabilities in our deferred compensation plan. These assets have prices quoted within active markets and, accordingly, are classified as level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.
We have three interest rate swap agreements, serving to reduce our interest rate risk on our debt. These assets and liabilities can be valued using observable data and, accordingly, are classified as level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
We anticipate paying additional consideration for certain acquisitions based upon the subsequent performance of the businesses acquired. This liability is based upon our internal assumptions over revenues, margins, volumes, and contract terms. Accordingly, these inputs are not observable and are classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
We will receive payments from the sale of a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom over the next three years. We have discounted the asset based upon our cost of capital, which is not an observable input. The balance at the sale of the business was $6.8 million. These assets are held in "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" and "Other assets" on our consolidated balance sheet.
The tables below present assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis and their corresponding level within the fair value hierarchy. No transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 fair value measurements occurred for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
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Table 8.1: Fair Value Measurements
As of March 31, 2023
Level 1Level 2Level 3Balance
(in thousands)
Assets:
Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust$25,820 $— $— $25,820 
Interest rate swap - $300 million notional value
— 24,636 — 24,636 
Notes receivable— — 7,055 7,055 
Total assets$25,820 $24,636 $7,055 $57,511 
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps - $350 million notional value
$— $4,548 $— $4,548 
Contingent consideration— — 13,654 13,654 
Total liabilities$— $4,548 $13,654 $18,202 
The fair values of receivables, prepaids, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of our debt is consistent with the fair value as the stated interest rates in the agreements are consistent with the current market rates used in notes with similar terms in the markets (Level 2 inputs).
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss are related to our foreign currency translations and interest rate swap, net of tax. The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Table 8.2: Details of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Category
Foreign currency translation adjustmentNet unrealized gain on derivatives, net of taxTotal
(in thousands)
Balance as of September 30, 2022$(57,109)$23,148 $(33,961)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications8,885 (5,012)3,873 
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss116 (3,331)(3,215)
Net current period other comprehensive losses9,001 (8,343)658 
Balance as of March 31, 2023$(48,108)$14,805 $(33,303)
Contingent Consideration
The fair value of our contingent considerations are based upon estimates of the likely payments, which are based upon assumptions over future performance. The liabilities are reviewed on a quarterly basis and, where changes in estimates arise, these are recorded to selling and general administrative expenses.
Our contingent consideration relates to the businesses below:
In October 2021, we acquired the student loan servicing business from Navient, rebranded as Aidvantage. Future payments are based upon volumes, up to a maximum payment of $65.0 million. At March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the Aidvantage contingent consideration was $11.2 million and $13.8 million, respectively.
In January 2022, we acquired BZ Bodies Limited. Future payments are based upon the performance of the business through December 2023, up to a maximum payment of $2.5 million (£2.0 million British Pounds). At March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, we recorded a contingent consideration liability for the maximum payment, which we anticipate making in fiscal year 2024.
In December 2015, we acquired companies doing business as Assessments Australia. Future payments were based upon future revenue earnings. The deadline for the payment expired on December 31, 2022, with no payment being required.

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Movement in our contingent consideration balance is as follows:
Table 8.3: Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Contingent Consideration
(in thousands)
Opening contingent consideration as of September 30, 2022$16,236 
Adjustments to fair value recorded in the period1,202 
Cash payments(4,041)
Foreign currency translations257 
Closing contingent consideration as of March 31, 2023$13,654 

9. EQUITY
Stock Compensation
We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and stockholders. The RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over three to five years and one year for members of the board of directors, in each case from the grant date. PSU vesting is subject to the achievement of certain performance and market conditions and the number of PSUs earned could vary from 0% to 200% of the number of PSUs awarded. The PSUs will vest at the end of a three year-performance period. We issue new shares to satisfy our obligations under these plans. The fair value of each RSU and PSU is calculated at the date of the grant.
During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we issued approximately 333,000 RSUs, which will vest ratably over three to four years, and approximately 137,000 PSUs, which will vest after three years.

10. OTHER BALANCE SHEET ITEMS
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Table 10.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
March 31, 2023September 30, 2022
(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents$56,344 $40,658 
Restricted cash (1)62,376 96,137 
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash$118,720 $136,795 
(1)Restricted cash is recorded within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At September 30, 2022, this balance included $60.7 million of funds received from a customer which had previously been sold under our Receivables Purchase Agreement; this is offset by a corresponding liability in "Other current liabilities". No similar arrangements existed at March 31, 2023. The remaining balance includes funds held in trust on behalf of certain clients, offset with a corresponding liability in "Other current liabilities", and certain collateral obligations on contracts.
Table 10.2: Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
For the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Interest payments$19,262 $17,755 
Income tax payments$31,926 $50,531 
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Accounts Receivable, Net
Table 10.3: Details of Accounts Receivable, Net
March 31, 2023September 30, 2022
(in thousands)
Billed and billable receivables$614,907 $723,979 
Unbilled receivables134,695 91,404 
Allowance for credit losses(7,215)(8,273)
Accounts receivable, net$742,387 $807,110 
In September 2022, we entered into a Receivables Purchase Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank N.A., under which we may sell certain U.S.-originated accounts receivable balances up to a maximum amount of $110.0 million at any given time. In return for these sales, we receive a cash payment equal to the face value of the receivables less a financing charge.
We account for these transfers as sales. We have no retained interest in the transferred receivables other than administrative responsibilities, and Wells Fargo has no recourse for any credit risk. We estimate that the implicit servicing fees for an arrangement of this size and type would be immaterial.
For the six months ended March 31, 2023, the gross fair value of accounts receivables transferred to Wells Fargo and derecognized from our balance sheet was $292.8 million. In exchange for these sales, we received $291.1 million in cash. The balance, representing a loss on sale from these transfers, is included within our selling, general and administrative expenses. We have recorded these transactions within our operating cash flows. The effective annual interest rate under this program was 5.04%.

11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigation
We are subject to audits, investigations, and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of federal, state, local, and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension, or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by federal, state, local, and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations, and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes, and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our litigation matters and establish or make adjustments to our accruals as appropriate. A liability is accrued if a loss is probable and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. If the risk of loss is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated, or the risk of loss is only reasonably possible, a liability is not accrued. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the outcome of litigation, our estimates and assessments may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate and could be impacted by unanticipated events and circumstances, adverse outcomes or other future determinations.

12. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
On April 6, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on May 31, 2023, to shareholders of record on May 15, 2023. Based upon the number of shares outstanding, we anticipate a cash payment of approximately $17.0 million.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes in Item 1 and in the 'Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements' in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and related notes, risk factors and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2022 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 22, 2022.
Business Overview
We are a global company with approximately 39,500 employees and 12,550 contingent workers dedicated to helping governments on four continents to administer their citizen-facing programs. Under our mission of Moving People Forward, we offer industry-leading expertise, including citizen engagement, eligibility and program integrity, independent clinical assessments and case management, and technology modernization services to enable citizens around the globe to successfully engage with their governments at all levels. We are instrumental in helping people who need governmental support get it.
Over the past five years, we have executed a three-pronged growth strategy: we have evolved through our digital transformation to meet the modernization needs of our clients; we have expanded our clinical assessment capabilities to meet growing demand for independent and conflict-free clinical services; and we have expanded our markets, both organically and through acquisitions.
In fiscal year 2022, we refreshed our strategy and updated the three pillars on which we will focus growth efforts for the next three to five years:
Customer Services, Digitally Enabled. We apply proven technologies, data, and best practices to make government programs more customer-focused, effective, and deserving of the public's trust. We make it easier for people to connect to government services based on their individual preferences and abilities. We are elevating the customer experience to achieve higher levels of satisfaction, performance, and outcomes through intelligent automation and cognitive computing.
Future of Health. We are expanding our clinical-related services and are experienced in delivering clinical BPS services at scale. We have established an extensive set of services that frequently requires a network of healthcare professionals who can complete clinical assessments, provide occupational health and independent medical review services, and adjudicate complicated benefits appeals. With the formation of Maximus Public Health ("MPH"), we are able to serve as a resource to governments as they respond to public health threats and address lessons learned from the global pandemic.
Advanced Technologies for Modernization. We are furthering our credibility as a technology leader, enabling the transformation of government programs to be resilient, dynamic, integrated, and equitable. Leveraging our deep relationships and program knowledge, we are delivering technology-driven business transformation of government missions with a strategic near-term focus on hybrid cloud solutions, information intelligence, and hyper-automation.

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Financial Overview
A number of factors have affected our results for the second quarter of fiscal year 2023, the most significant of which we have listed below. More detail on these changes is presented below within our "Results of Operations" section.
Our business has grown, with new and expanded work replacing short-term COVID-19 work in prior years.
Our SG&A cost base has expanded with the growth of the business, including investments in our workforce and business infrastructure.
Our international business results have been tempered by the strength of the U.S. Dollar against the other currencies in which we operate.
The cost of financing our debt has increased year-over-year as interest rates have increased.

Results of Operations
The following table sets forth items from our consolidated statements of operations for the three months and six months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022.
Table MD&A 1: Consolidated Results of Operations
 For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Revenue$1,206,852 $1,177,326 $2,456,098 $2,328,202 
Cost of revenue978,249 948,875 1,982,748 1,871,596 
Gross profit228,603 228,451 473,350 456,606 
Gross profit percentage18.9 %19.4 %19.3 %19.6 %
Selling, general, and administrative expenses142,448 130,307 288,900 254,528 
Selling, general, and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue11.8 %11.1 %11.8 %10.9 %
Amortization of intangible assets23,650 22,856 47,168 45,261 
Operating income62,505 75,288 137,282 156,817 
Operating margin5.2 %6.4 %5.6 %6.7 %
Interest expense20,999 9,438 42,605 19,076 
Other income, net818 715 1,084 404 
Income before income taxes42,324 66,565 95,761 138,145 
Provision for income taxes10,536 16,469 23,978 34,719 
Effective tax rate24.9 %24.7 %25.0 %25.1 %
Net income$31,788 $50,096 $71,783 $103,426 
Earnings per share:
Basic$0.52 $0.81 $1.17 $1.66 
Diluted$0.52 $0.80 $1.17 $1.66 
Our business segments have different factors driving revenue fluctuations and profitability. The sections that follow cover these segments in greater detail. Our revenue reflects fees earned for services provided. Cost of revenue consists of direct costs related to labor and related overhead, subcontractor labor, outside vendors, rent, and other direct costs. The largest component of cost of revenue, approximately two-thirds, is labor, including subcontracted labor.
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Table MD&A 2: Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
RevenueCost of RevenueGross Profit
Dollars% ChangeDollars% ChangeDollars% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022$1,177,326 $948,875 $228,451 
Organic effect46,020 3.9  %44,646 4.7  %1,374 0.6  %
Disposal of businesses(3,456)(0.3)%(3,343)(0.4)%(113)— %
Acquired growth1,335 0.1  %687 0.1  %648 0.3  %
Currency effect compared to the prior period(14,373)(1.2) %(12,616)(1.3) %(1,757)(0.8) %
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023$1,206,852 2.5  %$978,249 3.1  %$228,603 0.1  %
Table MD&A 3: Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit for the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
 RevenueCost of RevenueGross Profit
Dollars% ChangeDollars% ChangeDollars% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Six Months Ended March 31, 2022$2,328,202 $1,871,596 $456,606 
Organic effect164,664 7.1 %143,569 7.7 %21,095 4.6 %
Disposal of businesses(3,456)(0.1)%(3,343)(0.2)%(113)— %
Acquired growth3,448 0.1 %1,943 0.1 %1,505 0.3 %
Currency effect compared to the prior period(36,760)(1.6)%(31,017)(1.7)%(5,743)(1.3)%
Six Months Ended March 31, 2023$2,456,098 5.5 %$1,982,748 5.9 %$473,350 3.7 %
Selling, general, and administrative expenses ("SG&A")
Selling, general, and administrative expenses ("SG&A") consist of indirect costs related to general management, marketing, and administration. It is primarily composed of labor costs. These costs may be incurred at a segment level, for dedicated resources that are not client-facing, or at a corporate level. Corporate costs are allocated to segments on a consistent and rational basis. Fluctuations in our SG&A are primarily driven by changes in our administrative cost base, which is not directly driven by changes in our revenue. As part of our work for the U.S. federal government and many states, we allocate these costs using a methodology driven by the U.S. Federal Cost Accounting Standards.
Our SG&A expense has increased with growth in our business and investments made in our workforce and infrastructure. Our SG&A expense also includes losses relating to the sale of two small businesses in 2023.
Interest Expense
Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, increased from $9.4 million to $21.0 million. Interest expense for the six months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 increased from $19.1 million to $42.6 million. These increases are principally due to market rate increases.
Our effective interest rate was 5.9% at March 31, 2023, compared to 2.4% at March 31, 2022. We have mitigated our risk by fixing interest rates on $650 million of our debt and our near term capital allocation plan continues to prioritize reducing our debt using our free cash flow. At our current debt balances, a 100 basis point change in SOFR would result in an increased annual interest expense of $6.4 million.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our effective income tax rate for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, was 24.9% and 25.0%, respectively, compared to 24.7% and 25.1% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022. For fiscal year 2023, we expect the effective tax rate to be between 24.5% and 25.5%.


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U.S. Federal Services Segment
Our U.S. Federal Services Segment delivers end-to-end solutions that help various U.S. federal government agencies better deliver on their mission, including program operations and management, clinical services, and technology solutions. This also includes appeals and assessments services, system and application development, IT modernization, and maintenance services. The segment also contains certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage which continues to be managed within this segment. Benefiting from the 2021 acquisition of the Attain Federal business, now managed as Technology Consulting Services, the segment executes on its digital strategy to deliver technology solutions that advance agency missions, including the challenge to modernize, provide better customer experience, and drive process efficiencies. The segment continues to expand its clinical solutions with the acquisition of VES Group, Inc., which manages the clinical evaluation process for U.S. veterans and service members on behalf of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Table MD&A 4: U.S. Federal Services Segment - Financial Results
For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)
Revenue$584,075 $573,288 $1,202,242 $1,155,159 
Cost of revenue461,201 458,135 956,674 913,430 
Gross profit122,874 115,153 245,568 241,729 
Selling, general, and administrative expenses75,050 68,949 146,699 133,874 
Operating income47,824 46,204 98,869 107,855 
Gross profit percentage21.0 %20.1 %20.4 %20.9 %
Operating margin percentage8.2 %8.1 %8.2 %9.3 %
Our revenue and cost of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023, increased 1.9% and 0.7%, respectively. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, growth was 4.1% and 4.7%, respectively. All growth in fiscal year 2023 was organic.
Our U.S. Federal Services business grew primarily from volume growth in our VES business. Profit margins were tempered as the business is being scaled up for higher volumes, which we anticipate in future quarters. The three months ended March 31, 2023 received a short-term margin benefit from a contract close-out. Our fiscal year 2022 results included the closing stages of short-term, pandemic related services, which operated at higher margins.
We anticipate that our U.S. Federal Services business will continue to grow in fiscal year 2023, driven primarily by additional volumes anticipated in the VES business. We anticipate full year operating margins will range between 10% and 11%.
U.S. Services Segment
Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of business process services ("BPS"), such as program administration, assessments, and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"), Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program ("CHIP"), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ("TANF"), and child support programs. As part of the government's COVID-19 response efforts, the segment supported contact tracing, disease investigation, and vaccine distribution support services during the peak of the pandemic. The segment also successfully expanded into the unemployment insurance market where longer term opportunities have materialized. As part of the broader strategy to evolve clinically and address societal macro trends such as aging populations and rising costs, the segment continues to expand its offerings in public health with new work in in-person assessments.
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Table MD&A 5: U.S. Services Segment - Financial Results
For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)
Revenue$449,703 $398,077 $889,181 $784,494 
Cost of revenue363,687 313,106 719,567 609,824 
Gross profit86,016 84,971 169,614 174,670 
Selling, general, and administrative expenses43,415 38,273 89,257 73,375 
Operating income42,601 46,698 80,357 101,295 
Gross profit percentage19.1 %21.3 %19.1 %22.3 %
Operating margin percentage9.5 %11.7 %9.0 %12.9 %
Our revenue and cost of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023, increased 13.0% and 16.2%, respectively, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, our revenue and cost of revenue increased 13.3% and 18.0%, respectively, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2022. All movement was organic and net of anticipated declines in short-term work related to the pandemic.
Revenue has increased from expanded contracts and new work, but margins remain tempered as the short-term, pandemic-related work from prior years has declined.
This segment is expected to see the greater benefit from the resumption of Medicaid eligibility redeterminations. The nature and timing of the benefit will be dependent upon how the states coordinate the return of these services, but we continue to anticipate that services will commence during our third fiscal quarter, with a greater contribution in the final quarter of the year. We anticipate a full year operating profit margin will be between 9% and 11%.
Outside the U.S. Segment
Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides BPS for international governments and commercial clients, transforming the lives of people around the world. Helping people find employment, access vital support, and remain healthy, these services include health and disability assessments, program administration for employment services, wellbeing solutions, and other job seeker related services. We support programs and deliver services in the U.K., including the Health Assessment Advisory Service ("HAAS") and Restart; Australia, including Workforce Australia (formerly jobactive) and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including the Employment Program of British Columbia; in addition to Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, and UAE, where we predominantly provide employment support and job seeker services.
Table MD&A 6: Outside the U.S. Segment - Financial Results
For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)
Revenue$173,074 $205,961 $364,675 $388,549 
Cost of revenue153,361 177,634 306,507 348,342 
Gross profit19,713 28,327 58,168 40,207 
Selling, general, and administrative expenses23,425 24,011 51,814 45,351 
Operating income/(loss)(3,712)4,316 6,354 (5,144)
Gross profit percentage11.4 %13.8 %16.0 %10.3 %
Operating margin percentage(2.1) %2.1 %1.7 %(1.3) %
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Table MD&A 7: Outside the U.S. Segment - Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
RevenueCost of RevenueGross Profit
Amount% ChangeAmount% ChangeAmount% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022$205,961 $177,634 $28,327 
Organic effect(16,393)(8.0) %(9,001)(5.1) %(7,392)(26.1) %
Disposal of businesses(3,456)(1.7)%(3,343)(1.9)%(113)(0.4)%
Acquired growth1,335 0.6  %687 0.4  %648 2.3  %
Currency effect compared to the prior period(14,373)(7.0)%(12,616)(7.1)%(1,757)(6.2)%
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023$173,074 (16.0) %$153,361 (13.7) %$19,713 (30.4) %
Table MD&A 8: Outside the U.S. Segment - Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit for the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
RevenueCost of RevenueGross Profit
Amount% ChangeAmount% ChangeAmount% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Six Months Ended March 31, 2022$388,549 $348,342 $40,207 
Organic effect12,894 3.3 %(9,418)(2.7)%22,312 55.5 %
Disposal of businesses(3,456)(0.9)%(3,343)(1.0)%(113)(0.3)%
Acquired growth3,448 0.9 %1,943 0.6 %1,505 3.7 %
Currency effect compared to the prior period(36,760)(9.5)%(31,017)(8.9)%(5,743)(14.3)%
Six Months Ended March 31, 2023$364,675 (6.1)%$306,507 (12.0)%$58,168 44.7 %
Our results for the three months ended March 31, 2023, were impacted by declines in our Australian contract. Following rebid activity in June 2022, these contracts were significantly reduced in scope.
Our results for the six months ended March 31, 2023, were affected by the decline in Australian business, but this was offset by significant profitable growth in our expanding Restart program, which ramped up through the first quarter of this fiscal year.
This segment also had revenue and margins tempered by delays in a major new program, as well as challenges in achieving volumes in some of our employment programs as a result of low unemployment in our emerging markets.
In March 2023, we sold a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom and our employment operations in Sweden. Prospectively, we anticipate this will marginally improve our profit margins.
Much of our revenue growth stems from our employment services contracts, where we are paid based upon our ability to place individuals in long-term sustained employment. As a result, changes in our estimates of our ability to place people in work and the time that this will take can have significant effects on our revenue. Our estimates are based upon historical performance, where appropriate and available, and are constantly updated.
We anticipate operating margins will range between 1% and 3% for the full fiscal year.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash from operations, and availability under our revolving credit facilities. As of March 31, 2023, we had $56.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. We believe that our current cash position, access to our revolving debt, and cash flow generated from operations should be not only sufficient for our operating requirements but also to enable us to fund required long-term debt repayments, dividends and any share purchases we might choose to make. See "Note 6. Debt and Derivatives" to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a more detailed discussion of our debt financing arrangements.
During the first half of fiscal year 2023, we entered into a number of debt-related transactions.
We entered into additional interest rate swaps, to bring the total balance of our credit facility subject to fixed rates to $650 million. This allows us greater opportunity to predict and manage our interest payments.
We amended both our debt and the corresponding interest rate swaps to use interest rates based upon the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), replacing the previous LIBOR basis. This transaction anticipates the phasing out of LIBOR rates in 2023.
As part of the transition to SOFR, we took the opportunity to redeem some of our Term Loan B debt.
Table MD&A 9: Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
For the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Operating activities:
Net cash provided by operating activities$175,037 $111,859 
Net cash used in investing activities(24,627)(22,902)
Net cash used in financing activities(171,671)(133,883)
Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash3,186 324 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash$(18,075)$(44,602)
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $175.0 million in the first half of fiscal year 2023, an increase of $63.2 million. This increase was principally from our improved cash collections; our Days Sales Outstanding ("DSO") at September 30, 2022 was 62 days; the corresponding DSO at March 31, 2023 was 56 days. This DSO is below our anticipated range and will likely return to a balance between 60-70 days by year end. Increased interest payments on our debt, driven by interest rate increases, were offset by declines in income tax payments.
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities
Investing cash outflows in fiscal years 2023 and 2022 reflect acquisitions of property and equipment and investment in software. In fiscal year 2023, we received payments for the sale of our Swedish business and an installment payment on the sale of a small commercial practice in the United Kingdom.
Net Cash Used In Financing Activities
Net financing cash outflows reflect mandatory and early payments on our debt.
At September 30, 2022, our restricted cash balance was inflated by a large customer receivable of $60.7 million, which was paid to us after we had sold the balance to a third party, resulting in a financing cash inflow. During the period ended March 31, 2023, the payment was made and no similar timing differences existed as of March 31, 2023, resulting in a net cash outflow.




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Credit Facilities
Our principal debt agreement is with JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. (the Credit Agreement). At March 31, 2023, we owed $1.29 billion under the Credit Agreement, with access to an additional $600 million through a revolving credit facility. Mandatory repayments are required under this agreement through May 2028, when the agreement ends, and must be renegotiated or the funds repaid.
The Credit Agreement contains a number of covenants with which we are expected to comply. Failure to meet these requirements would result in a need to renegotiate the agreement or a requirement to repay our outstanding debt in full. There are two financial covenants, both defined in the Credit Agreement.
Our Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio means, for any twelve-month period, the ratio of our Funded Debt, offset by up to $75 million of unrestricted cash (Consolidated Total Leverage), against our Consolidated EBITDA (as defined by the Credit Agreement). To comply with our Credit Agreement, this ratio cannot exceed 4.00:1.00 at the end of each quarter, with a step-up to 4.50:1.00 under certain circumstances. This ratio also determines both our interest rate and the charge we pay on the unused component of our revolving credit facility, with the charge increasing as the leverage ratio increases.
Our Consolidated Net Interest Coverage Ratio means, for any twelve-month period, the ratio of our Consolidated EBITDA against our Consolidated Net Interest Expense, as defined by the Credit Agreement. To comply with our Credit Agreement, this ratio cannot be less than 3.00:1.00 at the end of each quarter.
Consolidated EBITDA also drives certain permissions within the Credit Agreement, such as the level of investment we are entitled to make without seeking additional approval from our lenders.
Our Credit Agreement defines Consolidated EBITDA, as well as other components of the calculations above. The definition of Consolidated EBITDA requires us to include adjustments not typically included within EBITDA, including unusual, non-recurring expenses, certain non-cash adjustments, the pro forma effects of acquisitions and disposals and estimated synergies from acquisitions. As a result, Consolidated EBITDA as defined by the Credit Agreement may not be comparable to EBITDA or related or similarly-titled measures presented by other companies.
We have summarized below the components of our two financial ratio calculations, including the components of Consolidated EBITDA as defined by the Credit Agreement which are included within our financial statements. At March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants of our Credit Agreement. We do not believe that these covenants represent a significant restriction in our ability to operate our business or to pay our dividends.
Table MD&A 10: Reconciliation of Net Income to Consolidated EBITDA as defined by our Credit Agreement
For the Three
Months Ended
For the Trailing Twelve
Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Net income$31,788 $172,185 
Adjustments:
Interest expense20,999 69,494 
Other (income)/expense, net(818)2,155 
Provision for income taxes10,536 62,529 
Amortization of intangibles23,650 92,372 
Stock compensation expense9,540 29,367 
Acquisition-related expenses(126)(635)
Gain on sale of land and building— (11,046)
Loss on sale of businesses883 883 
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and capitalized software14,041 47,452 
Pro forma and other adjustments permitted by our credit agreement(1,481)37,016 
Consolidated EBITDA (as defined by our Credit Agreement)$109,012 $501,772 
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Table MD&A 11: Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio
For the Trailing Twelve
Months Ended
(in thousands, except ratio data)March 31, 2023
Funded Debt (as defined by our Credit Agreement)$1,298,256 
Cash and cash equivalents up to $75 million56,344 
Consolidated Net Total Leverage (as defined by our Credit Agreement)$1,241,912 
Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio (as defined by our Credit Agreement)2.48 
Table MD&A 12: Consolidated Net Interest Coverage Ratio
For the Trailing Twelve
Months Ended
(in thousands, except ratio data)March 31, 2023
Consolidated EBITDA (as defined by our Credit Agreement)$501,772 
Interest expense69,494 
Components of other income/expense, net allowed in ratio calculation(1,084)
Consolidated Net Interest Expense (as defined by our Credit Agreement)$68,410 
Consolidated Net Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined by our Credit Agreement)7.33 
Cash in Foreign Locations
We have no requirement to remit funds from our foreign locations to the United States. We will continue to explore opportunities to remit additional funds, taking into consideration the working capital requirements and relevant tax rules in each jurisdiction. When we are unable to remit funds back without incurring a penalty, we will consider these funds indefinitely reinvested until such time as these restrictions are changed. As a result, we do not record U.S. deferred income taxes on any funds held in foreign jurisdictions. We have not attempted to calculate our potential liability from any transfer of these funds, as any such transaction might include tax planning strategies that we have not fully explored. Accordingly, it is not possible to estimate the potential tax obligations if we were to remit all of our funds from foreign locations to the United States.
Free Cash Flow
Table MD&A 13: Free Cash Flow
For the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities$175,037 $111,859 
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software(33,751)(22,898)
Free cash flow$141,286 $88,961 

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires us to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The 2022 Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on November 22, 2022, includes a summary of critical accounting policies we believe are the most important to aid in understanding our financial results. There have been no changes to those critical accounting policies that have had a material impact on our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, or expenses during the three or six months ended March 31, 2023.
Non-GAAP and Other Measures
We utilize non-GAAP measures where we believe it will assist users of our financial statements in understanding our business. The presentation of these measures is meant to complement, but not replace, other financial measures in this document. The presentation of non-GAAP numbers is not meant to be considered in isolation, nor as an alternative to revenue growth, cash flows from operating activities, net income, or earnings per share as measures of performance. These non-GAAP measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, 14% of our revenue was generated outside the U.S. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of our foreign operations using a methodology that excludes the effect of year-over-year exchange rate fluctuations. To calculate year-over-year currency movement, we determine the current fiscal year's results for all foreign businesses using the exchange rates in the prior fiscal year.
In recent years, we have made a number of acquisitions. We believe users of our financial statements wish to evaluate the performance of our operations, excluding changes that have arisen due to businesses acquired or disposed of. We identify acquired revenue and cost of revenue by showing these results for periods for which no comparative results exist within our financial statements. We identify revenue and cost of revenue that has been disposed of in a similar manner. This information is supplemented by our calculations of organic growth. To calculate organic growth, we compare current fiscal year results excluding transactions from acquisitions or disposals, to our prior fiscal year results.
Our recent acquisitions have resulted in significant intangible assets which are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We believe users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of the business by using a methodology that excludes the amortization of our intangible assets. Accordingly, we have calculated our operating profit, net income, and earnings per share, excluding the effect of the amortization of intangible assets. We have included the following table showing our reconciliation of these income measures to their corresponding U.S. GAAP measures.
Table MD&A 14: Non-GAAP Adjusted Results Excluding Amortization of Intangible Assets
 For the Three Months EndedFor the Six Months Ended
March 31, 2023March 31, 2022March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Operating income$62,505 $75,288 $137,282 $156,817 
Add back: Amortization of intangible assets23,650 22,856 47,168 45,261 
Adjusted operating income excluding amortization of intangible assets (Non-GAAP)$86,155 $98,144 $184,450 $202,078 
Adjusted operating income margin excluding amortization of intangible assets (Non-GAAP)7.1 %8.3 %7.5 %8.7 %
Net income$31,788 $50,096 $71,783 $103,426 
Add back: Amortization of intangible assets, net of tax17,446 16,884 34,806 33,414 
Adjusted net income excluding amortization of intangible assets (Non-GAAP)$49,234 $66,980 $106,589 $136,840 
Diluted earnings per share$0.52 $0.80 $1.17 $1.66 
Add back: Effect of amortization of intangible assets on diluted earnings per share0.28 0.27 0.57 0.53 
Adjusted diluted earnings per share excluding amortization of intangible assets (Non-GAAP)$0.80 $1.07 $1.74 $2.19 
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In order to sustain our cash flows from operations, we regularly refresh our fixed assets and technology. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the cash flows that directly correspond with our operations and the investments we must make in those operations using a methodology that combines operating cash flows and capital expenditures. We provide free cash flow to complement our statement of cash flows. Free cash flow shows the effects of our operations and replacement capital expenditures and excludes the cash flow effects of acquisitions, purchases of our common stock, dividend payments, and other financing transactions. We have provided a reconciliation of cash flows from operations to free cash flow in "Liquidity and Capital Resources."
To sustain our operations, our principal source of financing comes from receiving payments from our customers. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to evaluate our efficiency in converting revenue into cash receipts. Accordingly, we provide DSO, which we calculate by dividing billed and unbilled receivable balances at the end of each quarter by revenue per day for the period. Revenue per day for a quarter is determined by dividing total revenue by 91 days.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and counterparty risk. We use derivative instruments to manage selected interest rate exposures. The Company's market rate risk disclosures set forth in Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" on the 2022 Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on November 22, 2022, have not changed materially during the six month period ended March 31, 2023.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Refer to our disclosures included in "Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies" included in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There were no material changes during the six months ended March 31, 2023, to the risk factors previously disclosed in the 2022 Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on November 22, 2022.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(a)None.
(b)None.
(c)None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
(a)None.
(b)None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
(a)None.
(b)None.
Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibit
No.
Description of Exhibit
v
v
Φ
Φ
101.INSvXBRL Instance Document.
101.SCHvXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALvXBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFvXBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LABvXBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREvXBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.
104vCover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL tags and contained in Exhibit 101).
vFiled herewith.
ΦFurnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Maximus, Inc.
/s/ Bruce L. CaswellMay 4, 2023
By:Bruce L. Caswell
 President and Chief Executive Officer
 (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ David W. MutrynMay 4, 2023
By:David W. Mutryn
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
32