METLIFE INC - Quarter Report: 2021 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

______________________________________

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)


☑			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 31, 2021


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission file number: 001-15787

_____________________________________

MetLife, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

13-4075851

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

200 Park Avenue,

New York,

10166-0188

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(212) 578-9500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01	MET	New York Stock Exchange
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A, par value $0.01	MET PRA	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E	MET PRE	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F	MET PRF	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

At April 30, 2021, 875,414,957 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

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		Page
Part I — Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited) (at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020)
	Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)	5
	Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity	6
	Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:
	Note 1 — Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	8
	Note 2 — Segment Information	11
	Note 3 — Dispositions	16
	Note 4 — Insurance	17
	Note 5 — Closed Block	19
	Note 6 — Investments	22
	Note 7 — Derivatives	6
	Note 8 — Fair Value	20
	Note 9 — Long-Term Debt	36
	Note 10 — Equity	36
	Note 11 — Other Revenues and Other Expenses	40
	Note 12 — Employee Benefit Plans	41
	Note 13 — Income Tax	41
	Note 14 — Earnings Per Common Share	42
	Note 15 — Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees	42
	Note 16 — Subsequent Events	47
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	48
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	109
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	110

Part II — Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	111
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	111
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	111
Item 6.	Exhibits	112

Signatures		113

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As used in this Form 10‑Q, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements give expectations or forecasts of future events and do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They use words and terms such as “anticipate,” “assume,” “become,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “evolve,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “if,” “implement,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “permit,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “probable,” “project,” “propose,” “prospect,” “remain,” “renew,” “risk,” “scheduled,” “should,” “target,” “ultimate,” “unlikely,” “very,” “well positioned,” “when,” “will,” “would” and other words and terms of similar meaning or that are otherwise tied to future periods or future performance, in each case in all derivative forms. They include statements relating to future actions, prospective services or products, future performance or results of current and anticipated services or products, future sales efforts, future expenses, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings, and future trends in operations and financial results.

Many factors determine Company results, and they involve unpredictable risks and uncertainties. Our forward-looking statements depend on our assumptions, our expectations, and our understanding of the economic environment, but they may be inaccurate and may change. We do not guarantee any future performance. Our results could differ materially from those we express or imply in forward-looking statements. The risks, uncertainties and other factors identified in MetLife, Inc.’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and others, may cause such differences. These factors include:

(1) economic condition difficulties, including risks relating to public health, interest rates, credit spreads, equity, real estate, obligors and counterparties, currency exchange rates, derivatives, and terrorism and security;

(2) global capital and credit market adversity;

(3) credit facility inaccessibility;

(4) financial strength or credit ratings downgrades;

(5) unavailability, unaffordability, or inadequate reinsurance;

(6) statutory life insurance reserve financing costs or limited market capacity;

(7) legal, regulatory, and supervisory and enforcement policy changes;

(8) changes in tax rates, tax laws or interpretations;

(9) litigation and regulatory investigations;

(10) London Interbank Offered Rate termination and transition to alternative reference rates;

(11) unsuccessful efforts to meet all environmental, social, and governance standards or to enhance our sustainability;

(12) MetLife, Inc.’s inability to pay dividends and repurchase common stock;

(13) MetLife, Inc.’s subsidiaries’ inability to pay it dividends;

(14) investment defaults, downgrades, or volatility;

(15) investment sales or lending difficulties;

(16) collateral or derivative-related payments;

(17) investment valuations, allowances, or impairments changes;

(18) claims or other results that differ from our estimates, assumptions, or models;

(19) global political, legal, or operational risks;

(20) business competition;

(21) technological change;

(22) catastrophes;

(23) climate changes or responses to it;

(24) deficiencies in our closed block;

(25) goodwill or other asset impairment, or deferred income tax asset allowance;

(26) acceleration of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements, value of business acquired, or value of customer relationships acquired;

(27) product guarantee volatility, costs, and counterparty risks;

(28) risk management failures;

(29) insufficient protection from operational risks;

(30) confidential information protection or other cybersecurity or disaster recovery failures;

(31) accounting standards changes;

(32) excessive risk-taking;

(33) marketing and distribution difficulties;

(34) pension and other postretirement benefit assumption changes;

(35) inability to protect our intellectual property or avoid infringement claims;

(36) acquisition, integration, growth, disposition, or reorganization difficulties;

(37) Brighthouse separation risks;

(38) MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors influence over the outcome of stockholder votes through the voting provisions of the MetLife Policyholder Trust; and

(39) legal- and corporate governance-related effects on business combinations.

The Company will not publicly correct or update any forward-looking statements if we believe we are not likely to achieve them or for any other reasons. Please consult any further disclosures MetLife, Inc. makes on related subjects in subsequent reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Corporate Information

We announce financial and other information about MetLife to our investors on our website (www.metlife.com) through the MetLife Investor Relations web page (https://investor.metlife.com), as well as in U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings, news releases, public conference calls and webcasts. MetLife encourages investors to visit the Investor Relations web page from time to time, as information is updated and new information is posted. The information found on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in any other report or document we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and any references to our website are intended to be inactive textual references only.

Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts

See “Exhibits — Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts” for information regarding agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Part I — Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

MetLife, Inc.

Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (Unaudited)

(In millions, except share and per share data)


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value (amortized cost: $304,767 and $310,811, respectively; allowance for credit loss of $104 and $81, respectively)	$	332,941	$	354,809
Equity securities, at estimated fair value	1,063		1,079
Contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities, at estimated fair value	12,975		13,319
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit loss of $528 and $590, respectively; includes $149 and $165, respectively, under the fair value option)	83,015		83,919
Policy loans	9,334		9,493
Real estate and real estate joint ventures (includes $182 and $169, respectively, under the fair value option and $189 and $128, respectively, of real estate held-for-sale)	12,007		11,933
Other limited partnership interests	10,961		9,470
Short-term investments, principally at estimated fair value	4,781		3,904
Other invested assets (includes $2,126 and $2,156, respectively, of leveraged and direct financing leases and $371 and $332, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)	18,677		20,593
Total investments	485,754		508,519
Cash and cash equivalents, principally at estimated fair value (includes $12 and $12, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)	19,635		19,795
Accrued investment income	3,363		3,388
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables (includes $4 and $4, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)	18,727		17,870
Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired	17,214		16,389
Current income tax recoverable	214		—
Goodwill	9,944		10,112

Assets held-for-sale	6,599		7,418
Other assets (includes $1 and $1, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)	12,164		11,685
Separate account assets	196,200		199,970
Total assets	$	769,814	$	795,146
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities
Future policy benefits	$	197,755	$	206,656
Policyholder account balances	205,186		205,176
Other policy-related balances	18,045		17,101
Policyholder dividends payable	562		587
Policyholder dividend obligation	1,546		2,969
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions	28,694		29,475
Short-term debt	302		393
Long-term debt (includes $0 and $5, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)	14,509		14,603
Collateral financing arrangement	833		845
Junior subordinated debt securities	3,153		3,153

Current income tax payable	—		129
Deferred income tax liability	8,570		11,008
Liabilities held-for-sale	3,865		4,650
Other liabilities (includes $1 and $1, respectively, relating to variable interest entities)	24,457		23,614
Separate account liabilities	196,200		199,970
Total liabilities	703,677		720,329
Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (Note 15)
Equity
MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; $4,405 aggregate liquidation preference	—		—
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 3,000,000,000 shares authorized; 1,185,584,001 and 1,181,614,288 shares issued, respectively; 878,312,175 and 892,910,600 shares outstanding, respectively	12		12
Additional paid-in capital	33,910		33,812
Retained earnings	36,373		36,491
Treasury stock, at cost; 307,271,826 and 288,703,688 shares, respectively	(14,828)		(13,829)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI")	10,397		18,072
Total MetLife, Inc.’s stockholders’ equity	65,864		74,558
Noncontrolling interests	273		259
Total equity	66,137		74,817
Total liabilities and equity	$	769,814	$	795,146

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MetLife, Inc.

Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (Unaudited)

(In millions, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021		2020
Revenues
Premiums		$	10,327	$	9,466
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees		1,391		1,431
Net investment income		5,314		3,061
Other revenues		631		439
Net investment gains (losses)		134		(288)
Net derivative gains (losses)		(2,235)		4,201
Total revenues		15,562		18,310
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims		10,523		9,022
Interest credited to policyholder account balances		1,351		80
Policyholder dividends		247		292
Other expenses		3,150		3,273
Total expenses		15,271		12,667
Income (loss) before provision for income tax		291		5,643
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)		(72)		1,242
Net income (loss)		363		4,401
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		5		3
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc.		358		4,398
Less: Preferred stock dividends		68		32

Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders		$	290	$	4,366
Comprehensive income (loss)		$	(7,312)	$	4,107
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of income tax		5		4
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc.		$	(7,317)	$	4,103





Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders per common share:
Basic	$	0.33	$	4.78
Diluted	$	0.33	$	4.75

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MetLife, Inc.

Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (Unaudited)

(In millions)


	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock at Cost		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total MetLife, Inc.’s Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	—	$	12	$	33,812	$	36,491	$	(13,829)	$	18,072	$	74,558	$	259	$	74,817
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases									(999)				(999)				(999)
Stock-based compensation					98								98				98
Dividends on preferred stock							(68)						(68)				(68)
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.460)							(408)						(408)				(408)
Change in equity of noncontrolling interests													—		9		9
Net income (loss)							358						358		5		363
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax											(7,675)		(7,675)		—		(7,675)
Balance at March 31, 2021	$	—	$	12	$	33,910	$	36,373	$	(14,828)	$	10,397	$	65,864	$	273	$	66,137


	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock at Cost		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total MetLife, Inc.’s Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	—	$	12	$	32,680	$	33,078	$	(12,678)	$	13,052	$	66,144	$	238	$	66,382
Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles, net of income tax							(121)						(121)				(121)
Preferred stock issuance					972								972				972
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases									(500)				(500)				(500)
Stock-based compensation					59								59				59
Dividends on preferred stock							(32)						(32)				(32)
Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $0.440)							(404)						(404)				(404)
Net income (loss)							4,398						4,398		3		4,401
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax											(295)		(295)		1		(294)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	—	$	12	$	33,711	$	36,919	$	(13,178)	$	12,757	$	70,221	$	242	$	70,463

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MetLife, Inc.

Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (Unaudited)

(In millions)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	1,496	$	1,847
Cash flows from investing activities
Sales, maturities and repayments of:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	24,976		19,378
Equity securities	156		25
Mortgage loans	3,663		2,821
Real estate and real estate joint ventures	106		90
Other limited partnership interests	174		146
Purchases and originations of:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(22,143)		(26,924)
Equity securities	(12)		(35)
Mortgage loans	(2,877)		(4,151)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures	(236)		(573)
Other limited partnership interests	(682)		(480)
Cash received in connection with freestanding derivatives	1,358		4,987
Cash paid in connection with freestanding derivatives	(4,788)		(1,440)




Net change in policy loans	85		20
Net change in short-term investments	(828)		(2,125)
Net change in other invested assets	(23)		(1)
Other, net	17		(75)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(1,054)		(8,337)
Cash flows from financing activities
Policyholder account balances:
Deposits	25,722		24,820
Withdrawals	(23,527)		(20,477)
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions:
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions	(1,426)		8,796
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months	—		50
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months	(100)		(50)
Long-term debt issued	—		1,074
Long-term debt repaid	(15)		(6)
Collateral financing arrangement repaid	(12)		(12)

Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net	326		(167)
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases	(999)		(500)
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs	—		972
Dividends on preferred stock	(68)		(32)
Dividends on common stock	(408)		(404)
Other, net	(57)		93
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(564)		14,157
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents balances	(192)		(171)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(314)		7,496
Cash and cash equivalents, including subsidiary held-for-sale, beginning of period	20,560		16,598
Cash and cash equivalents, including subsidiary held-for-sale, end of period	$	20,246	$	24,094
Cash and cash equivalents, subsidiary held-for-sale, beginning of period	$	765	$	—
Cash and cash equivalents, subsidiary held-for-sale, end of period	$	611	$	—
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	$	19,795	$	16,598
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	19,635	$	24,094


Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Net cash paid (received) for:
Interest	$	153	$	136
Income tax	$	281	$	(35)
Subsidiary held-for-sale (Note 3):
Change in assets held-for-sale	$	819	$	—
Change in liabilities held-for-sale	785		—
Change in net assets held-for-sale	$	34	$	—
Non-cash transactions:



Real estate and real estate joint ventures acquired in satisfaction of debt	$	170	$	—
Increase in policyholder account balances associated with funding agreement backed notes issued but not settled	$	400	$	—

See accompanying notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Business

“MetLife” and the “Company” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. MetLife is organized into five segments: U.S.; Asia; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and MetLife Holdings.

Basis of Presentation

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain, including uncertainties associated with the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic (the “COVID-19 Pandemic”). Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to the Company’s business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and reflect all adjustments (including normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented in conformity with GAAP. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of full year performance. The December 31, 2020 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements included in MetLife, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Annual Report”), which include all disclosures required by GAAP. Therefore, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Consolidation

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries, as well as partnerships and joint ventures in which the Company has control, and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The Company uses the equity method of accounting or the fair value option (“FVO”) for real estate joint ventures and other limited partnership interests (“investee”) when it has more than a minor ownership interest or more than a minor influence over the investee’s operations. The Company generally recognizes its share of the investee’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag in instances where the investee’s financial information is not sufficiently timely or when the investee’s reporting period differs from the Company’s reporting period.

Held-for-Sale

The Company classifies a business as held-for-sale when management has approved or received approval to sell the business, the sale is probable to occur during the next 12 months at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current estimated fair value and certain other specified criteria are met. The business classified as held-for-sale is recorded at the lower of the carrying value and estimated fair value, less cost to sell. If the carrying value of the business exceeds its estimated fair value, less cost to sell, a loss is recognized and reported in net investment gains (losses). Assets and liabilities related to the business classified as held-for-sale are separately reported in the Company's consolidated balance sheets in the period in which the business is classified as held-for-sale. See Note 3. If a component of the Company has either been disposed of or is classified as held-for-sale and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the results of the component are reported in discontinued operations.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the prior year periods’ interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related footnotes thereto have been reclassified to conform to the 2021 presentation as discussed throughout the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Changes to GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. The following tables provide a description of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

The table below describes the impacts of the ASUs recently adopted by the Company.


Standard	Description	Effective Date and Method of Adoption	Impact on Financial Statements
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting; as clarified and amended by ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope	The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, with certain exceptions. ASU 2021-01 amends the scope of the recent reference rate reform guidance. New optional expedients allow derivative instruments impacted by changes in the interest rate used for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment to qualify for certain optional relief.	Effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022.	The new guidance reduces the operational and financial impacts of contract modifications that replace a reference rate, such as London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), affected by reference rate reform. The adoption of the new guidance provides relief from current GAAP and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company will continue to evaluate the impacts of reference rate reform on contract modifications and hedging relationships through December 31, 2022.
ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes	The new guidance simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the tax accounting guidance and providing clarification to other specific tax accounting guidance to eliminate variations in practice. Specifically, it removes the exceptions related to the a) incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items, b) recognition of a deferred tax liability when foreign investment ownership changes from equity method investment to consolidated subsidiary and vice versa and c) use of interim period tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed anticipated losses. The guidance also simplifies the application of the income tax guidance for franchise taxes that are partially based on income and the accounting for tax law changes during interim periods, clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in tax basis of goodwill, provides for the option to elect allocation of consolidated income taxes to entities disregarded by taxing authorities for their stand-alone reporting, and requires that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date.	January 1, 2021. The Company adopted, using a prospective approach.	The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

ASUs not listed below were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements or disclosures. ASUs issued but not yet adopted as of March 31, 2021 that are currently being assessed and may or may not have a material impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements or disclosures are summarized in the table below.


Standard	Description	Effective Date and Method of Adoption	Impact on Financial Statements
ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, as amended by ASU 2019-09, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date, as amended by ASU 2020-11, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Effective Date and Early Application	The new guidance (i) prescribes the discount rate to be used in measuring the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited payment long-duration contracts, and requires assumptions for those liability valuations to be updated after contract inception, (ii) requires more market-based product guarantees on certain separate account and other account balance long-duration contracts to be accounted for at fair value, (iii) simplifies the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) for virtually all long-duration contracts, and (iv) introduces certain financial statement presentation requirements, as well as significant additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2019-09 defer the effective date of ASU 2018-12 to January 1, 2022 for all entities, and the amendments in ASU 2020-11 further defer the effective date of ASU 2018-12 for an additional year to January 1, 2023 for all entities.	January 1, 2023, to be applied retrospectively to January 1, 2021 (with early adoption permitted).	The implementation efforts of the Company and the evaluation of the impact of the new guidance are in progress. Given the nature and extent of the required changes to a significant portion of the Company’s operations, the adoption of this guidance is expected to have a material impact on its interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information

MetLife is organized into five segments: U.S.; Asia; Latin America; EMEA; and MetLife Holdings. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other.

U.S.

The U.S. segment offers a broad range of protection products and services aimed at serving the financial needs of customers throughout their lives. These products are sold to corporations and their respective employees, other institutions and their respective members, as well as individuals. The U.S. segment is organized into three businesses: Group Benefits, Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”) and Property & Casualty.

•The Group Benefits business offers products such as term, variable and universal life insurance, dental, group and individual disability, vision and accident & health insurance.

•The RIS business offers a broad range of life and annuity-based insurance and investment products, including stable value and pension risk transfer products, institutional income annuities, structured settlements, and capital markets investment products, as well as solutions for funding postretirement benefits and company-, bank- and trust-owned life insurance.

•The Property & Casualty business offers personal lines of property and casualty insurance, including private passenger automobile and homeowners’ insurance. See Note 3.

Asia

The Asia segment offers a broad range of products to both individuals and corporations, as well as to other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, accident & health insurance and retirement and savings.

Latin America

The Latin America segment offers a broad range of products to both individuals and corporations, as well as to other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, retirement and savings, accident & health insurance and credit insurance.

EMEA

The EMEA segment offers products to individuals, corporations, other institutions, and their respective employees, which include life insurance, accident & health insurance, retirement and savings and credit insurance.

MetLife Holdings

The MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses that the Company no longer actively markets in the United States. These include variable, universal, term and whole life insurance, variable, fixed and index-linked annuities and long-term care insurance.

Corporate & Other

Corporate & Other contains various start-up, developing and run-off businesses. Also included in Corporate & Other are: the excess capital, as well as certain charges and activities, not allocated to the segments (including external integration and disposition costs, internal resource costs for associates committed to acquisitions and dispositions and enterprise-wide strategic initiative restructuring charges), interest expense related to the majority of the Company’s outstanding debt, expenses associated with certain legal proceedings and income tax audit issues, the elimination of intersegment amounts (which generally relate to affiliated reinsurance, investment expenses and intersegment loans, bearing interest rates commensurate with related borrowings), and the Company’s investment management business (through which the Company provides public fixed income, private capital and real estate investment solutions to institutional investors worldwide).

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information (continued)

Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies

Adjusted earnings is used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is also the Company’s GAAP measure of segment performance and is reported below. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). The Company believes the presentation of adjusted earnings, as the Company measures it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of its performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business.

Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax.

The financial measures of adjusted revenues and adjusted expenses focus on the Company’s primary businesses principally by excluding the impact of market volatility, which could distort trends, and revenues and costs related to non-core products and certain entities required to be consolidated under GAAP. Also, these measures exclude results of discontinued operations under GAAP and other businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MetLife but do not meet the discontinued operations criteria under GAAP and are referred to as divested businesses. Divested businesses also include the net impact of transactions with exited businesses that have been eliminated in consolidation under GAAP and costs relating to businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by MetLife that do not meet the criteria to be included in results of discontinued operations under GAAP. Adjusted revenues also excludes net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses). Adjusted expenses also excludes goodwill impairments.

The following additional adjustments are made to revenues, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted revenues:

•Universal life and investment-type product policy fees excludes the amortization of unearned revenue related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and certain variable annuity guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”) fees (“GMIB fees”);

•Net investment income: (i) includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of investments or that are used to replicate certain investments, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, (ii) excludes post-tax adjusted earnings adjustments relating to insurance joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, (iii) excludes certain amounts related to contractholder-directed equity securities, (iv) excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are VIEs consolidated under GAAP and (v) includes distributions of profits from certain other limited partnership interests that were previously accounted for under the cost method, but are now accounted for at estimated fair value, where the change in estimated fair value is recognized in net investment gains (losses) under GAAP; and

•Other revenues is adjusted for settlements of foreign currency earnings hedges and excludes fees received in association with services provided under transition service agreements (“TSA fees”).

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information (continued)

The following additional adjustments are made to expenses, in the line items indicated, in calculating adjusted expenses:

•Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends excludes: (i) amortization of basis adjustments associated with de-designated fair value hedges of future policy benefits, (ii) changes in the policyholder dividend obligation related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (iii) inflation-indexed benefit adjustments associated with contracts backed by inflation-indexed investments and amounts associated with periodic crediting rate adjustments based on the total return of a contractually referenced pool of assets and other pass through adjustments, (iv) benefits and hedging costs related to GMIBs (“GMIB costs”) and (v) market value adjustments associated with surrenders or terminations of contracts (“Market value adjustments”);

•Interest credited to policyholder account balances includes adjustments for earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of policyholder account balances but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and excludes certain amounts related to net investment income earned on contractholder-directed equity securities;

•Amortization of DAC and value of business acquired (“VOBA”) excludes amounts related to: (i) net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), (ii) GMIB fees and GMIB costs and (iii) Market value adjustments;

•Amortization of negative VOBA excludes amounts related to Market value adjustments;

•Interest expense on debt excludes certain amounts related to securitization entities that are VIEs consolidated under GAAP; and

•Other expenses excludes: (i) noncontrolling interests, (ii) implementation of new insurance regulatory requirements costs, and (iii) acquisition, integration and other costs. Other expenses includes TSA fees.

Adjusted earnings also excludes the recognition of certain contingent assets and liabilities that could not be recognized at acquisition or adjusted for during the measurement period under GAAP business combination accounting guidance.

The tax impact of the adjustments mentioned above are calculated net of the U.S. or foreign statutory tax rate, which could differ from the Company’s effective tax rate. Additionally, the provision for income tax (expense) benefit also includes the impact related to the timing of certain tax credits, as well as certain tax reforms.

Set forth in the tables below is certain financial information with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The segment accounting policies are the same as those used to prepare the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, except for adjusted earnings adjustments as defined above. In addition, segment accounting policies include the method of capital allocation described below.

The Company’s economic capital model, coupled with considerations of local capital requirements, aligns segment allocated equity with emerging standards and consistent risk principles. The model applies statistics-based risk evaluation principles to the material risks to which the Company is exposed. These consistent risk principles include calibrating required economic capital shock factors to a specific confidence level and time horizon while applying an industry standard method for the inclusion of diversification benefits among risk types. The Company’s management is responsible for the ongoing production and enhancement of the economic capital model and reviews its approach periodically to ensure that it remains consistent with emerging industry practice standards.

Segment net investment income is credited or charged based on the level of allocated equity; however, changes in allocated equity do not impact the Company’s consolidated net investment income, net income (loss) or adjusted earnings.

Net investment income is based upon the actual results of each segment’s specifically identifiable investment portfolios adjusted for allocated equity. Other costs are allocated to each of the segments based upon: (i) a review of the nature of such costs; (ii) time studies analyzing the amount of employee compensation costs incurred by each segment; and (iii) cost estimates included in the Company’s product pricing.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information (continued)



Three Months Ended March 31, 2021	U.S.		Asia		Latin America		EMEA		MetLife Holdings		Corporate & Other		Total		Adjustments		Total Consolidated
	(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums	$	5,699	$	1,685	$	595	$	598	$	827	$	58	$	9,462	$	865	$	10,327
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees	297		458		270		67		274		—		1,366		25		1,391
Net investment income	2,010		1,264		299		63		1,646		12		5,294		20		5,314
Other revenues	396		18		10		13		62		86		585		46		631
Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		134		134
Net derivative gains (losses)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,235)		(2,235)
Total revenues	8,402		3,425		1,174		741		2,809		156		16,707		(1,145)		15,562
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends	6,142		1,297		761		343		1,523		40		10,106		664		10,770
Interest credited to policyholder account balances	359		489		59		24		210		—		1,141		210		1,351
Capitalization of DAC	(18)		(435)		(95)		(127)		(8)		(3)		(686)		(89)		(775)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	16		314		60		62		54		2		508		82		590
Amortization of negative VOBA	—		(7)		—		(2)		—		—		(9)		—		(9)
Interest expense on debt	1		—		1		—		1		224		227		1		228
Other expenses	911		899		335		349		253		107		2,854		262		3,116
Total expenses	7,411		2,557		1,121		649		2,033		370		14,141		1,130		15,271
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)	207		245		13		21		158		(111)		533		(605)		(72)
Adjusted earnings	$	784	$	623	$	40	$	71	$	618	$	(103)	2,033
Adjustments to:
Total revenues													(1,145)
Total expenses													(1,130)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit													605
Net income (loss)													$	363			$	363

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information (continued)



Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	U.S.		Asia		Latin America		EMEA		MetLife Holdings		Corporate & Other		Total		Adjustments		Total Consolidated
	(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums	$	5,674	$	1,636	$	640	$	568	$	904	$	12	$	9,434	$	32	$	9,466
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees	275		430		270		116		294		—		1,385		46		1,431
Net investment income	1,766		937		218		69		1,315		16		4,321		(1,260)		3,061
Other revenues	240		14		11		13		35		84		397		42		439
Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(288)		(288)
Net derivative gains (losses)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,201		4,201
Total revenues	7,955		3,017		1,139		766		2,548		112		15,537		2,773		18,310
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends	5,435		1,321		610		310		1,661		26		9,363		(49)		9,314
Interest credited to policyholder account balances	458		445		70		27		218		—		1,218		(1,138)		80
Capitalization of DAC	(112)		(421)		(100)		(130)		(5)		(3)		(771)		(3)		(774)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	119		315		74		130		100		1		739		49		788
Amortization of negative VOBA	—		(8)		—		(2)		—		—		(10)		—		(10)
Interest expense on debt	2		—		1		—		2		217		222		—		222
Other expenses	1,066		874		345		332		228		136		2,981		66		3,047
Total expenses	6,968		2,526		1,000		667		2,204		377		13,742		(1,075)		12,667
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)	207		141		44		21		67		(166)		314		928		1,242
Adjusted earnings	$	780	$	350	$	95	$	78	$	277	$	(99)	1,481
Adjustments to:
Total revenues													2,773
Total expenses													1,075
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit													(928)
Net income (loss)													$	4,401			$	4,401

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

2. Segment Information (continued)

The following table presents total assets with respect to the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, at:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
U.S.	$	286,236	$	291,483
Asia	167,686		173,884
Latin America	72,691		75,047
EMEA	27,126		28,372
MetLife Holdings	178,030		184,566
Corporate & Other	38,045		41,794
Total	$	769,814	$	795,146

3. Dispositions

Disposition of Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company

In December 2020, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell its wholly-owned subsidiary, Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, “MetLife P&C”) to Farmers Group, Inc. for $3.9 billion in cash. In addition, the Company and the Farmers Exchanges agreed to establish a 10-year strategic partnership through which the Farmers Insurance Group will offer its personal line products on MetLife’s U.S. Group Benefits platform which will commence when the transaction closes. MetLife P&C results of operations are reported in the U.S. segment adjusted earnings through December 31, 2020. See Note 2 for more information on divested businesses. In April 2021, the Company completed the sale of MetLife P&C. As a result of the sale, the Company expects to recognize a gain of approximately $1 billion, net of income tax, subject to certain closing adjustments, in the second quarter of 2021.

The disposition meets the criteria for held-for-sale accounting but does not meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations. As a result, the related assets and liabilities are included in the separate held-for-sale line items of the asset and liability sections of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

3. Dispositions (continued)

The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities held-for-sale:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	3,544	$	4,096
Equity securities	52		57
Mortgage loans	287		355
Other invested assets	2		29
Total investments	3,885		4,537
Cash and cash equivalents	611		765
Accrued investment income	38		38
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	1,398		1,411
Deferred policy acquisition costs	186		196
Goodwill	328		328
Other assets	153		143
Total assets held-for-sale	$	6,599	$	7,418

Liabilities:
Future policy benefits	$	3,507	$	3,506
Other policy-related balances	48		33
Payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions	—		862
Current income tax payable	59		—
Deferred income tax liability	5		—
Other liabilities	246		249
Total liabilities held-for-sale	$	3,865	$	4,650

MetLife P&C income (loss) before provision for income tax as reflected in the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations was $121 million and $115 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Disposition of Joint-stock Company MetLife Insurance Company

In January 2021, the Company completed the sale of its wholly-owned Russian subsidiary, the Joint-stock Company MetLife Insurance Company (“MetLife Russia”). See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information.

4. Insurance

Guarantees

As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report, the Company issues directly and assumes through reinsurance variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits. Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”), the non-life contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”) and certain non-life contingent portions of GMIBs are accounted for as embedded derivatives in policyholder account balances and are further discussed in Note 7.

The Company also issues other annuity contracts that apply a lower rate on funds deposited if the contractholder elects to surrender the contract for cash and a higher rate if the contractholder elects to annuitize. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death, maturity or at annuitization. Certain other annuity contracts contain guaranteed annuitization benefits that may be above what would be provided by the current account value of the contract. Additionally, the Company issues universal and variable life contracts where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a secondary guarantee or a guaranteed paid-up benefit.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

4. Insurance (continued)

Information regarding the Company’s guarantee exposure, which includes direct and assumed business, but excludes offsets from hedging or ceded reinsurance, if any, was as follows at:


	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	In the Event of Death			At Annuitization			In the Event of Death			At Annuitization
	(Dollars in millions)
Annuity Contracts:
Variable Annuity Guarantees:
Total account value (1), (2), (3)	$	63,915		$	23,656		$	65,044		$	24,170
Separate account value (1)	$	42,206		$	21,910		$	42,585		$	22,370
Net amount at risk (2)	$	1,682	(4)	$	549	(5)	$	1,579	(4)	$	614	(5)
Average attained age of contractholders	68 years			67 years			68 years			66 years
Other Annuity Guarantees:
Total account value (1), (3)	N/A			$	5,802		N/A			$	6,030
Net amount at risk	N/A			$	440	(6)	N/A			$	459	(6)
Average attained age of contractholders	N/A			51 years			N/A			50 years


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Secondary Guarantees		Paid-Up Guarantees		Secondary Guarantees		Paid-Up Guarantees
	(Dollars in millions)
Universal and Variable Life Contracts:
Total account value (1), (3)	$	13,527	$	2,770	$	13,426	$	2,808
Net amount at risk (7)	$	80,492	$	13,325	$	82,940	$	13,557
Average attained age of policyholders	54 years		66 years		54 years		65 years

__________________

(1)The Company’s annuity and life contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed above may not be mutually exclusive.

(2)Includes amounts, which are not reported on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, from assumed variable annuity guarantees from the Company’s former operating joint venture in Japan.

(3)Includes the contractholder’s investments in the general account and separate account, if applicable.

(4)Defined as the death benefit less the total account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date and includes any additional contractual claims associated with riders purchased to assist with covering income taxes payable upon death.

(5)Defined as the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. This amount represents the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date, even though the contracts contain terms that allow annuitization of the guaranteed amount only after the 10th anniversary of the contract, which not all contractholders have achieved.

(6)Defined as either the excess of the upper tier, adjusted for a profit margin, less the lower tier, as of the balance sheet date or the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. These amounts represent the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contractholders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date.

(7)Defined as the guarantee amount less the account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

4. Insurance (continued)

Liabilities for Unpaid Claims and Claim Expenses

Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

Information regarding the liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	18,591	$	19,216
Less: Reinsurance recoverables	2,417		2,377
Net balance, beginning of period	16,174		16,839
Incurred related to:
Current period	6,671		6,455
Prior periods (1)	613		113
Total incurred	7,284		6,568
Paid related to:
Current period	(3,520)		(3,523)
Prior periods	(3,820)		(3,160)
Total paid	(7,340)		(6,683)
Reclassified to liabilities held-for-sale (2)	(47)		—
Net balance, end of period	16,071		16,724
Add: Reinsurance recoverables	3,095		2,461
Balance, end of period (included in future policy benefits and other policy-related balances)	$	19,166	$	19,185

__________________

(1)For both the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, incurred claim activity and claim adjustment expenses associated with prior periods increased due to events incurred in prior periods but reported in the current period.

(2)See Note 3 for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

5. Closed Block

On April 7, 2000 (the “Demutualization Date”), Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MLIC”) converted from a mutual life insurance company to a stock life insurance company and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. The conversion was pursuant to an order by the New York Superintendent of Insurance approving MLIC’s plan of reorganization, as amended (the “Plan of Reorganization”). On the Demutualization Date, MLIC established a closed block for the benefit of holders of certain individual life insurance policies of MLIC.

Experience within the closed block, in particular mortality and investment yields, as well as realized and unrealized gains and losses, directly impact the policyholder dividend obligation. Amortization of the closed block DAC, which resides outside of the closed block, is based upon cumulative actual and expected earnings within the closed block. Accordingly, the Company’s net income continues to be sensitive to the actual performance of the closed block.

Closed block assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses are combined on a line-by-line basis with the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses outside the closed block based on the nature of the particular item.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

5. Closed Block (continued)

Information regarding the closed block liabilities and assets designated to the closed block was as follows at:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Closed Block Liabilities
Future policy benefits	$	38,521	$	38,758
Other policy-related balances	321		321
Policyholder dividends payable	338		337
Policyholder dividend obligation	1,546		2,969
Deferred income tax liability	149		130
Other liabilities	271		172
Total closed block liabilities	41,146		42,687
Assets Designated to the Closed Block
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at estimated fair value	25,696		27,186
Equity securities, at estimated fair value	22		24
Mortgage loans	6,559		6,807
Policy loans	4,314		4,355
Real estate and real estate joint ventures	556		559
Other invested assets	471		468
Total investments	37,618		39,399
Cash and cash equivalents	228		—
Accrued investment income	400		402
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	79		50
Current income tax recoverable	40		28
Total assets designated to the closed block	38,365		39,879
Excess of closed block liabilities over assets designated to the closed block	2,781		2,808
AOCI:
Unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax	2,460		3,524
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of income tax	12		23
Allocated to policyholder dividend obligation, net of income tax	(1,221)		(2,346)
Total amounts included in AOCI	1,251		1,201
Maximum future earnings to be recognized from closed block assets and liabilities	$	4,032	$	4,009

Information regarding the closed block policyholder dividend obligation was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021		Year Ended December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	2,969	$	2,020
Change in unrealized investment and derivative gains (losses)	(1,423)		949
Balance, end of period	$	1,546	$	2,969

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

5. Closed Block (continued)

Information regarding the closed block revenues and expenses was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums	$	320	$	367
Net investment income	393		407
Net investment gains (losses)	6		(19)
Net derivative gains (losses)	1		26
Total revenues	720		781
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims	546		550
Policyholder dividends	178		219
Other expenses	25		27
Total expenses	749		796
Revenues, net of expenses before provision for income tax expense (benefit)	(29)		(15)
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)	(6)		(3)
Revenues, net of expenses and provision for income tax expense (benefit)	$	(23)	$	(12)

MLIC charges the closed block with federal income taxes, state and local premium taxes and other state or local taxes, as well as investment management expenses relating to the closed block as provided in the Plan of Reorganization. MLIC also charges the closed block for expenses of maintaining the policies included in the closed block.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale by Sector

The following table presents the fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”) by sector. U.S. corporate and foreign corporate sectors include redeemable preferred stock. Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) includes agency, prime, alternative and sub-prime mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) includes securities collateralized by corporate loans and consumer loans. Municipals includes taxable and tax-exempt revenue bonds and, to a much lesser extent, general obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) primarily includes securities collateralized by multiple commercial mortgage loans. RMBS, ABS and CMBS are, collectively, “Structured Products.”


	March 31, 2021										December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized (1)				Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized (1)				Estimated Fair Value
Sector			Allowance for Credit Loss		Gains		Losses						Allowance for Credit Loss		Gains		Losses
	(In millions)
U.S. corporate	$	79,513	$	(43)	$	9,080	$	548	$	88,002	$	79,788	$	(44)	$	13,924	$	252	$	93,416
Foreign government	60,896		(21)		6,970		708		67,137		63,243		(21)		8,883		406		71,699
Foreign corporate	60,042		(33)		6,395		521		65,883		60,995		(16)		8,897		468		69,408
U.S. government and agency	37,827		—		4,370		795		41,402		39,094		—		8,095		89		47,100
RMBS	27,772		—		1,726		196		29,302		28,415		—		2,062		42		30,435
ABS	16,049		—		208		40		16,217		16,963		—		231		75		17,119
Municipals	11,321		—		1,976		85		13,212		10,982		—		2,746		6		13,722
CMBS	11,347		(7)		526		80		11,786		11,331		—		681		102		11,910
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	$	304,767	$	(104)	$	31,251	$	2,973	$	332,941	$	310,811	$	(81)	$	45,519	$	1,440	$	354,809

_________________

(1)Excludes gross unrealized gains (losses) related to assets held-for-sale; these unrealized gains (losses) are included in AOCI as no component of equity is held-for-sale. See Note 3 for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS

The amortized cost, net of allowance for credit loss (“ACL”), and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities AFS, by contractual maturity date, were as follows at March 31, 2021:


	Due in One Year or Less		Due After One Year Through Five Years		Due After Five Years Through Ten Years		Due After Ten Years		Structured Products		Total Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
	(In millions)
Amortized cost, net of ACL	$	12,007	$	48,386	$	58,346	$	130,763	$	55,161	$	304,663
Estimated fair value	$	12,163	$	51,148	$	64,779	$	147,546	$	57,305	$	332,941

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to the exercise of call or prepayment options. Fixed maturity securities AFS not due at a single maturity date have been presented in the year of final contractual maturity. Structured Products are shown separately, as they are not due at a single maturity.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Continuous Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS by Sector

The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities AFS in an unrealized loss position without an ACL by sector and aggregated by length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.


	March 31, 2021								December 31, 2020
	Less than 12 Months				Equal to or Greater than 12 Months				Less than 12 Months				Equal to or Greater than 12 Months
Sector & Credit Quality	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
	(Dollars in millions)
U.S. corporate	$	8,418	$	441	$	1,380	$	98	$	4,338	$	196	$	506	$	50
Foreign government	8,983		421		2,360		284		6,795		305		836		100
Foreign corporate	6,814		305		2,247		216		4,856		321		1,255		147
U.S. government and agency	11,657		779		76		15		4,619		87		33		2
RMBS	5,878		178		450		18		1,531		27		152		14
ABS	2,519		19		1,197		21		3,428		26		2,842		49
Municipals	1,802		85		—		—		273		6		—		—
CMBS	1,678		43		970		37		1,887		63		612		39
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	$	47,749	$	2,271	$	8,680	$	689	$	27,727	$	1,031	$	6,236	$	401
Investment grade	$	45,249	$	2,166	$	7,132	$	534	$	24,572	$	829	$	5,841	$	350
Below investment grade	2,500		105		1,548		155		3,155		202		395		51
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	$	47,749	$	2,271	$	8,680	$	689	$	27,727	$	1,031	$	6,236	$	401
Total number of securities in an unrealized loss position	4,117				852				2,177				690

________________

(1)Excludes gross unrealized losses related to assets held-for-sale; these unrealized losses are included in AOCI as no component of equity is held-for-sale. See Note 3 for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss

Evaluation and Measurement Methodologies

Management considers a wide range of factors about the security issuer and uses its best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. Inherent in management’s evaluation of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. Considerations used in the credit loss evaluation process include, but are not limited to: (i) the extent to which the estimated fair value has been below amortized cost, (ii) adverse conditions specifically related to a security, an industry sector or sub-sector, or an economically depressed geographic area, adverse change in the financial condition of the issuer of the security, changes in technology, discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect future earnings, and changes in the quality of credit enhancement, (iii) payment structure of the security and likelihood of the issuer being able to make payments, (iv) failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest and principal payments, (v) whether the issuer, or series of issuers or an industry has suffered a catastrophic loss or has exhausted natural resources, (vi) whether the Company has the intent to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell a particular security before the decline in estimated fair value below amortized cost recovers, (vii) with respect to Structured Products, changes in forecasted cash flows after considering the changes in the financial condition of the underlying loan obligors and quality of underlying collateral, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, consideration of the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security, and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security, (viii) changes in the rating of the security by a rating agency, and (ix) other subjective factors, including concentrations and information obtained from regulators.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

The methodology and significant inputs used to determine the amount of credit loss are as follows:

•The Company calculates the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the present value of future cash flows. The discount rate is generally the effective interest rate of the security at the time of purchase for fixed-rate securities and the spot rate at the date of evaluation of credit loss for floating-rate securities.

•When determining collectability and the period over which value is expected to recover, the Company applies considerations utilized in its overall credit loss evaluation process which incorporates information regarding the specific security, fundamentals of the industry and geographic area in which the security issuer operates, and overall macroeconomic conditions. Projected future cash flows are estimated using assumptions derived from management’s single best estimate, the most likely outcome in a range of possible outcomes, after giving consideration to a variety of variables that include, but are not limited to: payment terms of the security; the likelihood that the issuer can service the interest and principal payments; the quality and amount of any credit enhancements; the security’s position within the capital structure of the issuer; possible corporate restructurings or asset sales by the issuer; any private and public sector programs to restructure foreign government securities and municipals; and changes to the rating of the security or the issuer by rating agencies.

•Additional considerations are made when assessing the unique features that apply to certain Structured Products including, but not limited to: the quality of underlying collateral, historical performance of the underlying loan obligors, historical rent and vacancy levels, changes in the financial condition of the underlying loan obligors, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, consideration of the payment terms of the underlying loans or assets backing a particular security, changes in the quality of credit enhancement and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security.

With respect to securities that have attributes of debt and equity (“perpetual hybrid securities”), consideration is given in the credit loss analysis as to whether there has been any deterioration in the credit of the issuer and the likelihood of recovery in value of the securities that are in a severe unrealized loss position. Consideration is also given as to whether any perpetual hybrid securities with an unrealized loss, regardless of credit rating, have deferred any dividend payments.

In periods subsequent to the recognition of an initial ACL on a security, the Company reassesses credit loss quarterly. Subsequent increases or decreases in the expected cash flow from the security result in corresponding decreases or increases in the ACL which are recorded within net investment gains (losses); however, the previously recorded ACL is not reduced to an amount below zero. Full or partial write-offs are deducted from the ACL in the period the security, or a portion thereof, is considered uncollectible. Recoveries of amounts previously written off are recorded to the ACL in the period received. When the Company has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, any ACL is written off and the amortized cost is written down to estimated fair value through a charge within net investment gains (losses), which becomes the new amortized cost of the security.

Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS in an Unrealized Loss Position

Gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL increased $1.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to $3.0 billion primarily due to increases in interest rates, partially offset by narrowing credit spreads.

Gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater were $689 million at March 31, 2021, or 23% of the total gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL.

Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS

Of the $689 million of gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater, $534 million, or 78%, were related to 655 investment grade securities. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to widening credit spreads since purchase and, with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Below Investment Grade Fixed Maturity Securities AFS

Of the $689 million of gross unrealized losses on securities without an ACL that have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater, $155 million, or 22%, were related to 197 below investment grade securities. Unrealized losses on below investment grade securities are principally related to U.S. and foreign corporate securities (primarily industrial and consumer), CMBS and foreign government securities and are the result of significantly wider credit spreads resulting from higher risk premiums since purchase, largely due to economic and market uncertainty, as well as, with respect to fixed-rate securities, rising interest rates since purchase. Management evaluates U.S. corporate and foreign corporate securities based on factors such as expected cash flows, financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issuers. Management evaluates CMBS based on actual and projected cash flows after considering the quality of underlying collateral, credit enhancements, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security. Management evaluates foreign government securities based on factors impacting the issuers such as expected cash flows, financial condition of the issuers and any country specific economic conditions or public sector programs to restructure foreign government securities.

Current Period Evaluation

At March 31, 2021, with respect to securities in an unrealized loss position without an ACL, the Company did not intend to sell these securities, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost. Based on the Company’s current evaluation of its securities in an unrealized loss position without an ACL, the Company concluded that these securities had not incurred a credit loss and should not have an ACL at March 31, 2021.

Future provisions for credit loss will depend primarily on economic fundamentals, issuer performance (including changes in the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected), changes in credit ratings and collateral valuation.

Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS By Sector

The rollforward of ACL for fixed maturity securities AFS by sector is as follows:


	U.S. Corporate		Foreign Government		Foreign Corporate		CMBS		Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021	(In millions)

Balance, at beginning of period	$	44	$	21	$	16	$	—	$	81
Additions:
ACL not previously recorded	—		—		21		7		28

Changes for securities with previously recorded ACL	(1)		—		(4)		—		(5)






Balance, at end of period	$	43	$	21	$	33	$	7	$	104
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Balance, at beginning of period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Additions:
ACL not previously recorded	51		136		—		—		187








Balance, at end of period	$	51	$	136	$	—	$	—	$	187

Equity Securities

Equity securities include common and preferred stock which are reported at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value included in net investment gains (losses). See Note 8 for further information.

Contractholder-Directed Equity Securities and Fair Value Option Securities

Contractholder-directed equity securities and FVO securities (“FVO Securities”) (collectively, “Unit-linked and FVO Securities”) include three categories of investments for which the FVO has been elected, or are otherwise required to be carried at estimated fair value. See Note 8 for further information.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Mortgage Loans

Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment

Mortgage loans are summarized as follows at:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
Portfolio Segment	Carrying Value		% of Total		Carrying Value		% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
Mortgage loans:
Commercial	$	52,300	63.0	%	$	52,434	62.5	%
Agricultural	18,051		21.7		18,128		21.6
Residential	13,043		15.7		13,782		16.4
Total amortized cost	83,394		100.4		84,344		100.5
Allowance for credit loss	(528)		(0.6)		(590)		(0.7)
Subtotal mortgage loans, net	82,866		99.8		83,754		99.8
Residential — FVO	149		0.2		165		0.2


Total mortgage loans, net	$	83,015	100.0	%	$	83,919	100.0	%

The Company elects the FVO for certain residential mortgage loans that are managed on a total return basis. See Note 8 for further information.

The amount of net discounts, included within total amortized cost, primarily attributable to residential mortgage loans was $913 million and $944 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The accrued interest income excluded from total amortized cost for commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $199 million and $209 million; $132 million and $174 million; and $110 million and $108 million, respectively.

Purchases of mortgage loans, primarily residential, were $454 million and $1.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Loss Rollforward by Portfolio Segment

The changes in the ACL, by portfolio segment, were as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021								2020
	Commercial		Agricultural		Residential		Total		Commercial		Agricultural		Residential		Total
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	252	$	106	$	232	$	590	$	246	$	52	$	55	$	353
Provision (release)	(5)		(14)		(30)		(49)		15		(3)		24		36
Adoption of credit loss guidance	—		—		—		—		(118)		35		161		78

Charge-offs, net of recoveries	—		(13)		—		(13)		—		—		(3)		(3)

Balance, end of period	$	247	$	79	$	202	$	528	$	143	$	84	$	237	$	464

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Allowance for Credit Loss Methodology

The Company records an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In determining the Company’s ACL, management: (i) pools mortgage loans that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers expected lifetime credit loss over the contractual term of its mortgage loans adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions, and (iii) considers past events and current and forecasted economic conditions. Each of the Company’s commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan portfolio segments are evaluated separately. The ACL is calculated for each mortgage loan portfolio segment based on inputs unique to each loan portfolio segment. On a quarterly basis, mortgage loans within a portfolio segment that share similar risk characteristics, such as internal risk ratings or consumer credit scores, are pooled for calculation of ACL. On an ongoing basis, mortgage loans with dissimilar risk characteristics (i.e., loans with significant declines in credit quality), collateral dependent mortgage loans (i.e., when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is reasonably possible or probable) and reasonably expected troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) (i.e., the Company grants concessions to borrower that is experiencing financial difficulties) are evaluated individually for credit loss. The ACL for loans evaluated individually are established using the same methodologies for all three portfolio segments. For example, the ACL for a collateral dependent loan is established as the excess of amortized cost over the estimated fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral, less selling cost when foreclosure is probable. Accordingly, the change in the estimated fair value of collateral dependent loans, which are evaluated individually for credit loss, is recorded as a change in the ACL which is recorded on a quarterly basis as a charge or credit to earnings in net investment gains (losses).

Commercial and Agricultural Mortgage Loan Portfolio Segments

Commercial and agricultural mortgage loan ACL are calculated in a similar manner. Within each loan portfolio segment, commercial and agricultural, loans are pooled by internal risk rating. Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by internal risk rating, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan, excluding accrued investment income, on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. Internal risk ratings are based on an assessment of the loan’s credit quality, which can change over time. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several loan portfolio segment-specific factors, including (i) the Company’s experience with defaults and loss severity, (ii) expected default and loss severity over the forecast period, (iii) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, (iv) loan specific characteristics including loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, and (v) internal risk ratings. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses its several decades of historical default and loss severity experience which capture multiple economic cycles. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its commercial and agricultural mortgage loans, while a one-year period is used for loans originated in certain markets. After the applicable forecast period, the Company reverts to its historical loss experience using a straight-line basis over two years. For evaluations of commercial mortgage loans, in addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include the impact of a rapid change to the economy, which may not be reflected in the loan portfolio, recent loss and recovery trend experience as compared to historical loss and recovery experience, and loan specific characteristics including debt service coverage ratios (“DSCR”). In estimating expected lifetime credit loss over the term of its commercial mortgage loans, the Company adjusts for expected prepayment and extension experience during the forecast period using historical prepayment and extension experience considering the expected position in the economic cycle and the loan profile (i.e., floating rate, shorter-term fixed rate and longer-term fixed rate) and after the forecast period using long-term historical prepayment experience. For evaluations of agricultural mortgage loans, in addition to historical experience, management considers factors that include increased stress in certain sectors, which may be evidenced by higher delinquency rates, or a change in the number of higher risk loans. In estimating expected lifetime credit loss over the term of its agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s experience is much less sensitive to the position in the economic cycle and by loan profile; accordingly, historical prepayment experience is used, while extension terms are not prevalent with the Company’s agricultural mortgage loans.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Commercial mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, an analysis of the property financial statements and rent roll, lease rollover analysis, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios, DSCR and tenant creditworthiness. The monitoring process focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are classified as restructured, delinquent or in foreclosure, as well as loans with higher LTV ratios and lower DSCR. Agricultural mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis, which review includes, but is not limited to, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios and borrower creditworthiness, as well as reviews on a geographic and property-type basis. The monitoring process for agricultural mortgage loans also focuses on higher risk loans.

For commercial mortgage loans, the primary credit quality indicator is the DSCR, which compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan. Generally, the lower the DSCR, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The Company also reviews the LTV ratio of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio. LTV ratios compare the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. Generally, the higher the LTV ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The DSCR and the values utilized in calculating the ratio are updated routinely. In addition, the LTV ratio is routinely updated for all but the lowest risk loans as part of the Company’s ongoing review of its commercial mortgage loan portfolio.

For agricultural mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is the LTV ratio. The values utilized in calculating this ratio are developed in connection with the ongoing review of the agricultural mortgage loan portfolio and are routinely updated.

Commitments to lend: After loans are approved, the Company makes commitments to lend and, typically, borrowers draw down on some or all of the commitments. The timing of mortgage loan funding is based on the commitment expiration dates. A liability for credit loss for unfunded commercial and agricultural mortgage loan commitments is recorded within net investment gains (losses). The liability is based on estimated lifetime loss rates as described above and the amount of the outstanding commitments, which for lines of credit, considers estimated utilization rates. When the commitment is funded or expires, the liability is adjusted accordingly.

Residential Mortgage Loan Portfolio Segment

The Company’s residential mortgage loan portfolio is comprised primarily of purchased closed end, amortizing residential mortgage loans, including both performing loans purchased within 12 months of origination and reperforming loans purchased after they have been performing for at least 12 months post-modification. Residential mortgage loans are pooled by loan type (i.e., new origination and reperforming) and pooled by similar risk profiles (including consumer credit score and LTV ratios). Estimated lifetime loss rates, which vary by loan type and risk profile, are applied to the amortized cost of each loan excluding accrued investment income on a quarterly basis to develop the ACL. The estimated lifetime loss rates are based on several factors, including (i) industry historical experience and expected results over the forecast period for defaults, (ii) loss severity, (iii) prepayment rates, (iv) current and forecasted economic conditions including growth, inflation, interest rates and unemployment levels, and (v) loan pool specific characteristics including consumer credit scores, LTV ratios, payment history and home prices. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. The Company uses industry historical experience which captures multiple economic cycles as the Company has purchased most of its residential mortgage loans in the last five years. The Company uses a forecast of economic assumptions for a two-year period for most of its residential mortgage loans. After the applicable forecast period, the Company immediately reverts to industry historical loss experience.

For residential mortgage loans, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator is whether the loan is performing or nonperforming. The Company generally defines nonperforming residential mortgage loans as those that are 60 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status which is assessed monthly. Generally, nonperforming residential mortgage loans have a higher risk of experiencing a credit loss.

Mortgage Loan Concessions

In response to the adverse economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, in 2021 and 2020, the Company granted concessions to certain of its commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan borrowers, including payment deferrals and other loan modifications. The Company has elected the option under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 and the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised) issued by bank regulatory agencies, not to account for or report qualifying concessions as TDRs and not to classify such loans as either

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

past due or nonaccrual during the payment deferral period. Additionally, in accordance with the FASB’s published response to a COVID-19 Pandemic technical inquiry, the Company continues to accrue interest income on such loans that have deferred payment. The Company records an ACL on this accrued interest income.

Commercial

For some commercial mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the retail and hotel sectors), the Company granted concessions which were primarily interest and principal payment deferrals generally ranging from three to four months and, to a much lesser extent, maturity date extensions. Deferred commercial mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $55 million at March 31, 2021.

Agricultural

For some agricultural mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the annual crops and agribusiness sectors), the Company granted concessions which were primarily principal payment deferrals generally ranging from three to 12 months, and covenant changes and, to a much lesser extent, maturity date extensions. Deferred agricultural mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $9 million at March 31, 2021.

Residential

For some residential mortgage loan borrowers, the Company granted concessions which were primarily three-month interest and principal payment deferrals. Deferred residential mortgage loan interest and principal payments were $34 million at March 31, 2021.

Credit Quality of Mortgage Loans by Portfolio Segment

The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2021:


Credit Quality Indicator	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans		Total		% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
LTV ratios:
Less than 65%	$	865	$	5,029	$	4,745	$	5,536	$	4,214	$	14,215	$	2,291	$	36,895	70.6	%
65% to 75%	319		1,302		3,999		2,475		1,511		2,749		—		12,355		23.6
76% to 80%	66		33		135		66		404		547		—		1,251		2.4
Greater than 80%	8		8		11		79		422		1,271		—		1,799		3.4
Total	$	1,258	$	6,372	$	8,890	$	8,156	$	6,551	$	18,782	$	2,291	$	52,300	100.0	%
DSCR:
> 1.20x	$	1,258	$	5,761	$	8,365	$	8,138	$	6,226	$	17,051	$	2,291	$	49,090	93.9	%
1.00x - 1.20x	—		351		65		18		193		1,019		—		1,646		3.1
<1.00x	—		260		460		—		132		712		—		1,564		3.0
Total	$	1,258	$	6,372	$	8,890	$	8,156	$	6,551	$	18,782	$	2,291	$	52,300	100.0	%

The amortized cost of agricultural mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2021:


Credit Quality Indicator	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans		Total		% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
LTV ratios:
Less than 65%	$	431	$	3,119	$	2,174	$	2,903	$	1,008	$	5,800	$	910	$	16,345	90.6	%
65% to 75%	223		389		172		83		53		590		103		1,613		8.9
76% to 80%	—		—		—		—		—		51		—		51		0.3
Greater than 80%	—		—		—		—		—		42		—		42		0.2
Total	$	654	$	3,508	$	2,346	$	2,986	$	1,061	$	6,483	$	1,013	$	18,051	100.0	%

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

The amortized cost of residential mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and vintage year was as follows at March 31, 2021:


Credit Quality Indicator	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans		Total		% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
Performance indicators:
Performing	$	40	$	599	$	2,153	$	906	$	445	$	8,371	$	—	$	12,514	95.9	%
Nonperforming (1)	—		6		51		15		10		447		—		529		4.1
Total	$	40	$	605	$	2,204	$	921	$	455	$	8,818	$	—	$	13,043	100.0	%

__________________

(1)Includes residential mortgage loans in process of foreclosure of $94 million and $103 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

LTV ratios compare the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. At March 31, 2021, the amortized cost of commercial and agricultural mortgage loans with an LTV ratio in excess of 100% was $641 million, or less than 1% of total commercial and agricultural mortgage loans, however after considering the reduction in carrying value from the related ACL, no loans have a ratio greater than 100%.

Past Due and Nonaccrual Mortgage Loans

The Company has a high quality, well performing mortgage loan portfolio, with 99% of all mortgage loans classified as performing at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The Company defines delinquency consistent with industry practice, when mortgage loans are past due more than two or more months, as applicable, by portfolio segment. The past due and nonaccrual mortgage loans at amortized cost, prior to ACL, by portfolio segment, were as follows:


	Past Due				Greater than 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest				Nonaccrual
Portfolio Segment	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Commercial	$	—	$	10	$	—	$	7	$	136	$	317
Agricultural	229		252		5		20		259		266
Residential	529		556		13		64		519		534
Total	$	758	$	818	$	18	$	91	$	914	$	1,117

The amortized cost for nonaccrual commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans at beginning of year 2020 was $176 million, $137 million and $418 million, respectively. The amortized cost for nonaccrual commercial mortgage loans with no ACL was $0 and $168 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The amortized cost for nonaccrual agricultural mortgage loans with no ACL was $192 million and $178 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. There were no nonaccrual residential mortgage loans without an ACL at either March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The Company’s real estate investment portfolio is diversified by property type, geography and income stream, including income from operating leases, operating income and equity in earnings from equity method real estate joint ventures. Real estate investments, by income type, as well as income earned, were as follows at and for the periods indicated:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		Three Months Ended March 31,
					2021		2020
Income Type	Carrying Value				Income
	(In millions)
Leased real estate investments	$	5,384	$	5,450	$	111	$	106
Other real estate investments	425		419		42		35
Real estate joint ventures	6,198		6,064		23		24
Total real estate and real estate joint ventures	$	12,007	$	11,933	$	176	$	165

The carrying value of real estate investments acquired through foreclosure was $191 million and $20 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Depreciation expense on real estate investments was $30 million and $28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Real estate investments were net of accumulated depreciation of $1.1 billion at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Leases

Leased Real Estate Investments - Operating Leases

The Company, as lessor, leases investment real estate, principally commercial real estate for office and retail use, through a variety of operating lease arrangements, which typically include tenant reimbursement for property operating costs and options to renew or extend the lease. In some circumstances, leases may include an option for the lessee to purchase the property. In addition, certain leases of retail space may stipulate that a portion of the income earned is contingent upon the level of the tenants’ revenues. The Company has elected a practical expedient of not separating non-lease components related to reimbursement of property operating costs from associated lease components. These property operating costs have the same timing and pattern of transfer as the related lease component, because they are incurred over the same period of time as the operating lease. Therefore, the combined component is accounted for as a single operating lease. Risk is managed through lessee credit analysis, property type diversification, and geographic diversification.

See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for a summary of leased real estate investments and income earned, by property type.

Leveraged and Direct Financing Leases

The Company has diversified leveraged lease and direct financing lease portfolios. Its leveraged leases principally include renewable energy generation facilities, rail cars, commercial real estate and commercial aircraft, and its direct financing leases principally include commercial real estate. These assets are leased through a variety of lease arrangements, which may include options to renew or extend the lease and options for the lessee to purchase the property. Residual values are estimated using available third-party data at inception of the lease. Risk is managed through lessee credit analysis, asset allocation, geographic diversification, and ongoing reviews of estimated residual values, using available third-party data and, in certain leases, linking the amount of future rental receipts to changes in inflation rates. Generally, estimated residual values are not guaranteed by the lessee or a third party.

Lease receivables are generally due in periodic installments. The payment periods for leveraged leases generally range from one to 11 years, but in certain circumstances can be over 11 years, while the payment periods for direct financing leases generally range from one to 25 years but in certain circumstances can be over 25 years.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

The Company records an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the investment in leases that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in the investment in leases being presented at the net amount expected to be collected. In determining the ACL, management: (i) pools leases that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers expected lifetime credit loss over the contractual term of the lease, and (iii) considers past events and current and forecasted economic conditions. Leases with dissimilar risk characteristics are evaluated individually for credit loss. Expected lifetime credit loss on leveraged lease receivables is estimated using a probability of default and loss given default model, where the probability of default incorporates third party credit ratings of the lessee and the related historical default data. Direct financing leases principally relate to leases of commercial real estate; accordingly, expected lifetime credit loss is estimated on such lease receivables consistent with the methodology for commercial mortgage loans (see “— Mortgage Loans — Allowance for Credit Loss Methodology”). The Company also assesses the non-guaranteed residual values for recoverability by comparison to the current estimated fair value of the leased asset and considers other relevant market information such as independent third-party forecasts, consulting, asset brokerage and investment banking reports and data, comparable market transactions, and factors such as the competitive dynamics impacting specific industries, technological change and obsolescence, government and regulatory rules, tax policy, potential environmental liabilities and litigation.

The investment in leveraged and direct financing leases, net of ACL, was $795 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, at March 31, 2021 and $816 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2020. The ACL for leveraged and direct financing leases was $42 million and $44 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Lease Concessions

In response to the adverse economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Company granted concessions to certain of its lessees (operating and direct financing leases), primarily in the form of rent deferrals. In accordance with a Question and Answer document issued by the FASB in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Company has elected not to evaluate whether such lease concessions are lease modifications, continues to accrue income on such leases and records rent receivables on real estate operating leases. The rent deferrals generally range from one to six months for operating leases and three to six months for commercial real estate direct financing leases. The Company granted COVID-19 Pandemic-related lease concessions in 2021 and 2020 that are not material to the lease portfolio. The Company has interests in certain unconsolidated real estate joint ventures which also have granted COVID-19 Pandemic-related lease concessions.

Cash Equivalents

The carrying value of cash equivalents, which includes securities and other investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase, was $9.7 billion at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)

Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives and the effect on DAC, VOBA, deferred sales inducements (“DSI”), future policy benefits and the policyholder dividend obligation, that would result from the realization of the unrealized gains (losses), are included in net unrealized investment gains (losses) in AOCI.

The components of net unrealized investment gains (losses), included in AOCI, were as follows:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS	$	28,447	$	44,415
Derivatives	656		1,924
Other	194		267
Subtotal	29,297		46,606
Amounts allocated from:
Policyholder liabilities	(3,989)		(10,797)
DAC, VOBA and DSI	(2,781)		(4,050)
Subtotal	(6,770)		(14,847)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(5,794)		(8,009)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	16,733		23,750
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(21)		(20)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc.	$	16,712	$	23,730

The changes in net unrealized investment gains (losses) were as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	23,730
Unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period	(17,309)
Unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to:
Policyholder liabilities	6,808
DAC, VOBA and DSI	1,269
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	2,215
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	16,713
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)
Balance, end of period	$	16,712
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses)	$	(7,017)
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) attributable to MetLife, Inc.	$	(7,018)

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Investments in any counterparty that were greater than 10% of the Company’s equity, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, at estimated fair value at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, were in fixed income securities of the Japanese government and its agencies of $33.9 billion and $35.8 billion, respectively, and in fixed income securities of the South Korean government and its agencies of $7.4 billion and $8.0 billion, respectively.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements

Securities, Collateral and Reinvestment Portfolio

A summary of the outstanding securities lending and repurchase agreements is as follows:


		March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
		Securities (1)						Securities (1)
Agreement Type		Estimated Fair Value		Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2), (3)		Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value		Estimated Fair Value		Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (2), (3)		Reinvestment Portfolio at Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Securities lending		$	18,584	$	19,039	$	19,133	$	18,262	$	18,628	$	18,884
Repurchase agreements		$	3,504	$	3,460	$	3,472	$	3,276	$	3,210	$	3,251

__________________

(1)Securities on loan in connection with these programs are included within fixed maturity securities AFS and short-term investments.

(2)In connection with securities lending and repurchase agreements, in addition to cash collateral received, the Company received from counterparties non-cash security collateral of $0 and $1 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which is not reflected on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

(3)The liability for cash collateral for these programs is included within payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions and other liabilities.

Contractual Maturities

A summary of the remaining contractual maturities of securities lending and repurchase agreements is as follows:


	March 31, 2021										December 31, 2020
	Remaining Maturities										Remaining Maturities
Security Type	Open (1)		1 Month or Less		Over 1 Month to 6 Months		Over 6 Months to 1 Year		Total		Open (1)		1 Month or Less		Over 1 Month to 6 Months		Over 6 Months to 1 Year		Total
	(In millions)
Cash collateral liability by loaned security type:
Securities lending:
U.S. government and agency	$	4,153	$	9,698	$	4,028	$	—	$	17,879	$	2,946	$	10,553	$	4,009	$	—	$	17,508
Foreign government	—		326		703		—		1,029		—		291		826		—		1,117
U.S. corporate	1		—		—		—		1		3		—		—		—		3
Agency RMBS	—		129		—		—		129		—		—		—		—		—
Municipals	1		—		—		—		1		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	4,155	$	10,153	$	4,731	$	—	$	19,039	$	2,949	$	10,844	$	4,835	$	—	$	18,628

Repurchase agreements:
U.S. government and agency	$	—	$	3,460	$	—	$	—	$	3,460	$	—	$	3,210	$	—	$	—	$	3,210

__________________

(1)The related loaned security could be returned to the Company on the next business day, which would require the Company to immediately return the cash collateral.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

If the Company is required to return significant amounts of cash collateral on short notice and is forced to sell securities to meet the return obligation, it may have difficulty selling such collateral that is invested in securities in a timely manner, be forced to sell securities in a volatile or illiquid market for less than what otherwise would have been realized under normal market conditions, or both.

The securities lending and repurchase agreements reinvestment portfolios consist principally of high quality, liquid, publicly-traded fixed maturity securities AFS, short-term investments, cash equivalents or cash. If the securities on loan or the reinvestment portfolio become less liquid, liquidity resources within the general account are available to meet any potential cash demands when securities on loan are put back by the counterparty.

Invested Assets on Deposit, Held in Trust and Pledged as Collateral

Invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral are presented below at estimated fair value for all asset classes, except mortgage loans, which are presented at carrying value at:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits)	$	1,849	$	1,933
Invested assets held in trust (external reinsurance agreements) (1)	1,056		1,124
Invested assets pledged as collateral (2)	25,818		25,884
Total invested assets on deposit, held in trust and pledged as collateral	$	28,723	$	28,941

__________________

(1) Represents assets held in trust related to external reinsurance agreements. Excludes assets held in trust of $2.1 billion and $2.4 billion related to reinsurance agreements between wholly-owned subsidiaries as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

(2) The Company has pledged invested assets in connection with various agreements and transactions, including funding agreements, secured debt, a collateral financing arrangement (see Notes 4, 13 and 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report) and derivative transactions (see Note 7).

See “— Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements” for information regarding securities supporting securities lending and repurchase agreement transactions and Note 5 for information regarding investments designated to the closed block. In addition, the Company’s investment in Federal Home Loan Bank common stock, which is considered restricted until redeemed by the issuers, was $814 million, at redemption value, at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company has invested in legal entities that are VIEs. In certain instances, the Company holds both the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity, as well as an economic interest in the entity and, as such, is deemed to be the primary beneficiary or consolidator of the entity. The determination of the VIE’s primary beneficiary requires an evaluation of the contractual and implied rights and obligations associated with each party’s relationship with or involvement in the entity, an estimate of the entity’s expected losses and expected residual returns and the allocation of such estimates to each party involved in the entity.

Consolidated VIEs

Creditors or beneficial interest holders of VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, as the Company’s obligation to the VIEs is limited to the amount of its committed investment.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

The following table presents the total assets and total liabilities relating to investment-related VIEs for which the Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary and which are consolidated at:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
Asset Type	Total Assets		Total Liabilities		Total Assets		Total Liabilities
	(In millions)
Investment funds (1)	$	300	$	1	$	258	$	1
Renewable energy partnership (1)	87		—		87		—
Other investments (2)	1		—		4		5
Total	$	388	$	1	$	349	$	6

__________________

(1)Assets of the investment funds and renewable energy partnership primarily consisted of other invested assets.

(2)Assets of other investments primarily consisted of other assets at March 31, 2021, and cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2020.

Unconsolidated VIEs

The carrying amount and maximum exposure to loss relating to VIEs in which the Company holds a significant variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary and which have not been consolidated were as follows at:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
Asset Type	Carrying Amount		Maximum Exposure to Loss (1)		Carrying Amount		Maximum Exposure to Loss (1)
	(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS (2)	$	58,442	$	58,442	$	60,115	$	60,115



Other limited partnership interests	9,771		16,133		8,355		14,911
Other invested assets	1,289		1,369		1,320		1,404
Other investments	634		637		619		639
Total	$	70,136	$	76,581	$	70,409	$	77,069

__________________

(1)The maximum exposure to loss relating to fixed maturity securities AFS is equal to their carrying amounts or the carrying amounts of retained interests. The maximum exposure to loss relating to other limited partnership interests is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments. For certain of its investments in other invested assets, the Company’s return is in the form of income tax credits which are guaranteed by creditworthy third parties. For such investments, the maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying amounts plus any unfunded commitments, reduced by income tax credits guaranteed by third parties of $3 million at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Such a maximum loss would be expected to occur only upon bankruptcy of the issuer or investee.

(2)For variable interests in Structured Products included within fixed maturity securities AFS, the Company’s involvement is limited to that of a passive investor in mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities issued by trusts that do not have substantial equity.

As described in Note 15, the Company makes commitments to fund partnership investments in the normal course of business. Excluding these commitments, the Company did not provide financial or other support to investees designated as VIEs for either the three months ended March 31, 2021 or 2020.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Net Investment Income

The components of net investment income were as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
Asset Type	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Investment income:
Fixed maturity securities AFS	$	2,753	$	2,875
Equity securities	11		14
FVO Securities (1)	36		(78)
Mortgage loans	863		884
Policy loans	121		126
Real estate and real estate joint ventures	176		165
Other limited partnership interests	1,282		320
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments	25		92
Operating joint ventures	23		25
Other	54		102
Subtotal	5,344		4,525
Less: Investment expenses	237		324
Subtotal, net	5,107		4,201
Unit-linked investments (1)	207		(1,140)


Net investment income	$	5,314	$	3,061

__________________

(1)Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for investments still held as of the end of the respective periods and included in net investment income were principally from contractholder-directed equity securities supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities (“Unit-linked investments”), and were $197 million and ($1.1) billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Net investment income from equity method investments, comprised of real estate joint ventures, other limited partnership interests, tax credit and renewable energy partnerships and operating joint ventures, totaled $1.3 billion and $323 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

6. Investments (continued)

Net Investment Gains (Losses)

Components of Net Investment Gains (Losses)

The components of net investment gains (losses) were as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
Asset Type	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS	$	(67)	$	4



Equity securities (1)	75		(284)



FVO securities	3		1
Mortgage loans	60		(63)
Real estate and real estate joint ventures	48		1
Other limited partnership interests	(5)		4
Other (2)	20		24
Subtotal	134		(313)




Change in estimated fair value of other limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures	9		1
Non-investment portfolio gains (losses)	(9)		24
Subtotal	—		25
Total net investment gains (losses)	$	134	$	(288)

__________________

(1)Changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase for equity securities still held as of the end of the period included in net investment gains (losses) were $71 million and ($288) million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(2)Other gains (losses) included de-designated cash flow hedge gains of $29 million and $12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Gains (losses) from foreign currency transactions included within net investment gains (losses) were $9 million and $51 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Fixed Maturity Securities AFS - Sales and Disposals and Credit Loss

Sales of securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Proceeds from sales or disposals and the components of net investment gains (losses) were as shown in the table below:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Proceeds	$	15,640	$	12,089
Gross investment gains	$	218	$	337
Gross investment (losses)	(259)		(118)
Net credit loss (provision) release	(26)		(215)
Net investment gains (losses)	$	(67)	$	4

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives

Accounting for Derivatives

Freestanding Derivatives

Freestanding derivatives are carried on the Company’s balance sheet either as assets within other invested assets or as liabilities within other liabilities at estimated fair value. The Company does not offset the estimated fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement.

Accruals on derivatives are generally recorded in accrued investment income or within other liabilities. However, accruals that are not scheduled to settle within one year are included with the derivative’s carrying value in other invested assets or other liabilities.

If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivative are reported in net derivative gains (losses) except as follows:


Statement of Operations Presentation:	Derivative:
Policyholder benefits and claims	•	Economic hedges of variable annuity guarantees included in future policy benefits
Net investment income	•	Economic hedges of equity method investments in joint ventures
	•	Derivatives held within Unit-linked investments
	•	Economic hedges of FVO Securities which are linked to equity indices

Hedge Accounting

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge. Hedge designation and financial statement presentation of changes in estimated fair value of the hedging derivatives are as follows:

•Fair value hedge - a hedge of the estimated fair value of a recognized asset or liability - in the same line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. The carrying value of the hedged recognized asset or liability is adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk.

•Cash flow hedge - a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability - in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) and reclassified into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.

•Net investment in a foreign operation (“NIFO”) hedge - a hedge of changes in exchange rates - in OCI, consistent with the translation adjustment for the hedged net investment in the foreign operation.

The changes in estimated fair values of the hedging derivatives are exclusive of any accruals that are separately reported on the statement of operations within interest income or interest expense to match the location of the hedged item. Accruals on derivatives in net investment hedges are recognized in OCI.

In its hedge documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and at least quarterly throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship. Assessments of hedge effectiveness are also subject to interpretation and estimation and different interpretations or estimates may have a material effect on the amount reported in net income.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item, (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised, (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur, or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in net derivative gains (losses). The carrying value of the hedged recognized asset or liability under a fair value hedge is no longer adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk, and the cumulative adjustment to its carrying value is amortized into income over the remaining life of the hedged item. Provided the hedged forecasted transaction is still probable of occurring, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is no longer probable that the forecasted transactions will occur on the anticipated date or within two months of that date, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized currently in net derivative gains (losses). Deferred gains and losses of a derivative recorded in OCI pursuant to the discontinued cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction that is no longer probable of occurring are recognized immediately in net investment gains (losses).

In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value on the balance sheet, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as net derivative gains (losses).

Embedded Derivatives

The Company issues certain products, which include variable annuities and investment contracts, and is a party to certain reinsurance agreements that have embedded derivatives. The Company assesses each identified embedded derivative to determine whether it is required to be bifurcated. The embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as a freestanding derivative if:

•the combined instrument is not accounted for in its entirety at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value recorded in earnings;

•the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract; and

•a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would qualify as a derivative instrument.

Such embedded derivatives are carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value with the host contract and changes in their estimated fair value are generally reported in net derivative gains (losses). If the Company is unable to properly identify and measure an embedded derivative for separation from its host contract, the entire contract is carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in the current period in net investment gains (losses) or net investment income. Additionally, the Company may elect to carry an entire contract on the balance sheet at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in the current period in net investment gains (losses) or net investment income if that contract contains an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation. At inception, the Company attributes to the embedded derivative a portion of the projected future guarantee fees to be collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of projected future guaranteed benefits. Any additional fees represent “excess” fees and are reported in universal life and investment-type product policy fees.

See Note 8 for information about the fair value hierarchy for derivatives.

Derivative Strategies

The Company is exposed to various risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. The Company uses a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives.

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

Derivatives are financial instruments with values derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and/or other financial indices. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC-cleared”), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“OTC-bilateral”). The types of derivatives the Company uses include swaps, forwards, futures and option contracts. To a lesser extent, the Company uses credit default swaps and structured interest rate swaps to synthetically replicate investment risks and returns which are not readily available in the cash markets.

Interest Rate Derivatives

The Company uses a variety of interest rate derivatives to reduce its exposure to changes in interest rates, including interest rate swaps, interest rate total return swaps, caps, floors, swaptions, futures and forwards.

Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). In an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company utilizes interest rate swaps in fair value, cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

The Company uses structured interest rate swaps to synthetically create investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and a cash instrument such as a U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. Structured interest rate swaps are included in interest rate swaps and are not designated as hedging instruments.

Interest rate total return swaps are swaps whereby the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Interest rate total return swaps are used by the Company to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). The Company utilizes interest rate total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

The Company purchases interest rate caps primarily to protect its floating rate liabilities against rises in interest rates above a specified level, and against interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities, and interest rate floors primarily to protect its minimum rate guarantee liabilities against declines in interest rates below a specified level. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased caps and floors by entering into offsetting written caps and floors. The Company utilizes interest rate caps and floors in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

In exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of interest rate securities, to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures are used primarily to hedge mismatches between the duration of assets in a portfolio and the duration of liabilities supported by those assets, to hedge against changes in value of securities the Company owns or anticipates acquiring, to hedge against changes in interest rates on anticipated liability issuances by replicating Treasury or swap curve performance, and to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded interest rate futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Swaptions are used by the Company to hedge interest rate risk associated with the Company’s long-term liabilities and invested assets. A swaption is an option to enter into a swap with a forward starting effective date. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased swaptions by entering into offsetting written swaptions. The Company pays a premium for purchased swaptions and receives a premium for written swaptions. The Company utilizes swaptions in nonqualifying hedging relationships. Swaptions are included in interest rate options.

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

The Company enters into interest rate forwards to buy and sell securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at a specified future date. The Company utilizes interest rate forwards in cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

A synthetic guaranteed interest contract (“GIC”) is a contract that simulates the performance of a traditional GIC through the use of financial instruments. The contractholder owns the underlying assets, and the Company provides a guarantee (or “wrap”) on the participant funds for an annual risk charge. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on synthetic GICs is the notional amount, in the event the values of all of the underlying assets were reduced to zero. The Company’s risk is substantially lower due to contractual provisions that limit the portfolio to high quality assets, which are pre-approved and monitored for compliance, as well as the collection of risk charges. In addition, the crediting rates reset periodically to amortize market value gains and losses over a period equal to the duration of the wrapped portfolio, subject to a 0% floor. While plan participants may transact at book value, contractholder withdrawals may only occur immediately at market value, or at book value paid over a period of time per contract provisions. Synthetic GICs are not designated as hedging instruments.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Derivatives

The Company uses foreign currency exchange rate derivatives, including foreign currency swaps, foreign currency forwards, currency options and exchange-traded currency futures, to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. The Company also uses foreign currency derivatives to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with certain of its net investments in foreign operations.

In a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another currency at a fixed exchange rate, generally set at inception, calculated by reference to an agreed upon notional amount. The notional amount of each currency is exchanged at the inception and termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company utilizes foreign currency swaps in fair value, cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

In a foreign currency forward transaction, the Company agrees with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. The Company utilizes foreign currency forwards in fair value, NIFO hedges and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

The Company enters into currency options that give it the right, but not the obligation, to sell the foreign currency amount in exchange for a functional currency amount within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts may also be net settled in cash, based on differentials in the foreign currency exchange rate and the strike price. The Company uses currency options to hedge against the foreign currency exposure inherent in certain of its variable annuity products. The Company also uses currency options as an economic hedge of foreign currency exposure related to the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries. The Company utilizes currency options in NIFO hedges and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

To a lesser extent, the Company uses exchange-traded currency futures to hedge currency mismatches between assets and liabilities, and to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded currency futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Credit Derivatives

The Company enters into purchased credit default swaps to hedge against credit-related changes in the value of its investments. In a credit default swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to pay, at specified intervals, a premium to hedge credit risk. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the delivery of par quantities of the referenced investment equal to the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the payment of cash amounts by the counterparty equal to the par value of the investment surrendered. Credit events vary by type of issuer but typically include bankruptcy, failure to pay debt obligations and involuntary restructuring for corporate obligors, as well as repudiation, moratorium or governmental intervention for sovereign obligors. In each case, payout on a credit default swap is triggered only after the Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) deems that a credit event has occurred. The Company utilizes credit default swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

The Company enters into written credit default swaps to synthetically create credit investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and one or more cash instruments, such as U.S. government and agency, or other fixed maturity securities AFS. These credit default swaps are not designated as hedging instruments.

The Company enters into forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of certain securities. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for the contract is made at a specified future date. When the primary purpose of entering into these transactions is to hedge against the risk of changes in purchase price due to changes in credit spreads, the Company designates these transactions as credit forwards. The Company utilizes credit forwards in cash flow hedging relationships.

Equity Derivatives

The Company uses a variety of equity derivatives to reduce its exposure to equity market risk, including equity index options, equity variance swaps, exchange-traded equity futures and equity total return swaps.

Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company enters into contracts to sell the underlying equity index within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts will be net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. Certain of these contracts may also contain settlement provisions linked to interest rates. In certain instances, the Company may enter into a combination of transactions to hedge adverse changes in equity indices within a pre-determined range through the purchase and sale of options. The Company utilizes equity index options in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Equity variance swaps are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. In an equity variance swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange amounts in the future, based on changes in equity volatility over a defined period. The Company utilizes equity variance swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

In exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by indices on equity securities, to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products issued by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded equity futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

In an equity total return swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and a benchmark interest rate, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. In most cases, no cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. The Company uses equity total return swaps to hedge its equity market guarantees in certain of its insurance products. Equity total return swaps can be used as hedges or to synthetically create investments. The Company utilizes equity total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

Primary Risks Managed by Derivatives

The following table presents the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s derivatives, excluding embedded derivatives, held at:


		March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Primary Underlying Risk Exposure	Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value				Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value
				Assets		Liabilities				Assets		Liabilities
		(In millions)
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	2,998	$	2,649	$	7	$	3,186	$	3,224	$	4
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency exchange rate	992		6		64		1,106		8		78
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency exchange rate	1,836		—		89		1,936		24		—
Subtotal		5,826		2,655		160		6,228		3,256		82
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	4,480		22		19		4,750		44		—
Interest rate forwards	Interest rate	7,313		28		320		7,377		513		120
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency exchange rate	39,879		1,334		1,987		38,604		1,549		2,017
Subtotal		51,672		1,384		2,326		50,731		2,106		2,137
NIFO hedges:
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency exchange rate	164		3		1		164		—		3
Currency options	Foreign currency exchange rate	3,000		103		—		3,600		70		—
Subtotal		3,164		106		1		3,764		70		3
Total qualifying hedges		60,662		4,145		2,487		60,723		5,432		2,222
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	41,760		2,878		117		49,561		3,683		38
Interest rate floors	Interest rate	12,201		280		—		12,701		350		—
Interest rate caps	Interest rate	71,943		80		—		40,730		13		—
Interest rate futures	Interest rate	2,359		7		—		1,498		—		2
Interest rate options	Interest rate	11,963		543		19		17,746		502		5
Interest rate forwards	Interest rate	352		—		60		351		—		10
Interest rate total return swaps	Interest rate	1,048		—		115		1,048		—		59
Synthetic GICs	Interest rate	38,514		—		—		38,646		—		—
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency exchange rate	13,310		658		612		13,265		603		693
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency exchange rate	16,950		202		730		15,643		209		310
Currency futures	Foreign currency exchange rate	876		—		7		914		3		—
Currency options	Foreign currency exchange rate	900		—		—		1,350		—		—
Credit default swaps — purchased	Credit	2,989		15		117		2,978		9		121
Credit default swaps — written	Credit	9,358		179		1		9,609		196		—
Equity futures	Equity market	4,099		10		12		5,427		14		38
Equity index options	Equity market	35,028		949		462		22,954		834		437
Equity variance swaps	Equity market	716		16		13		716		15		12
Equity total return swaps	Equity market	2,591		—		77		3,294		3		282
Total non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives		266,957		5,817		2,342		238,431		6,434		2,007
Total		$	327,619	$	9,962	$	4,829	$	299,154	$	11,866	$	4,229

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

Based on gross notional amounts, a substantial portion of the Company’s derivatives was not designated or did not qualify as part of a hedging relationship at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The Company’s use of derivatives includes (i) derivatives that serve as macro hedges of the Company’s exposure to various risks and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting due to the criteria required under the portfolio hedging rules, (ii) derivatives that economically hedge insurance liabilities that contain mortality or morbidity risk and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting because the lack of these risks in the derivatives cannot support an expectation of a highly effective hedging relationship, (iii) derivatives that economically hedge embedded derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting because the changes in estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives are already recorded in net income, and (iv) written credit default swaps and interest rate swaps that are used to synthetically create investments and that do not qualify for hedge accounting because they do not involve a hedging relationship. For these nonqualified derivatives, changes in market factors can lead to the recognition of fair value changes on the statement of operations without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged.

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

The Effects of Derivatives on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the interim condensed consolidated financial statement location and amount of gain (loss) recognized on fair value, cash flow, NIFO, nonqualifying hedging relationships and embedded derivatives:


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	Net Investment Income		Net Investment Gains (Losses)		Net Derivative Gains (Losses)		Policyholder Benefits and Claims		Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances		Other Expenses		OCI
	(In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	(602)	$	—	$	—	N/A
Hedged items	(3)		—		—		573		—		—		N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)	13		(128)		—		—		—		—		N/A
Hedged items	(12)		123		—		—		—		—		N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness	—		(2)		—		—		—		—		N/A
Subtotal	1		(7)		—		(29)		—		—		N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		$	(1,221)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income	12		29		—		—		—		1		(42)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		(153)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income	3		(219)		—		—		—		—		216
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items	—		211		—		—		—		—		—
Credit derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		(68)
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	15		21		—		—		—		1		(1,268)
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		29
Non-derivative hedging instruments	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		27
Subtotal	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		56
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives (1)	2		—		(2,250)		(47)		—		—		N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)	—		—		(483)		3		—		—		N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1)	—		—		19		—		—		—		N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1)	—		—		5		—		—		—		N/A
Equity derivatives (1)	(17)		—		(676)		(104)		—		—		N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items	—		—		225		—		—		—		N/A
Subtotal	(15)		—		(3,160)		(148)		—		—		N/A
Earned income on derivatives	39		—		252		53		(39)		—		—
Embedded derivatives (2)	N/A		N/A		673		—		N/A		N/A		N/A
Total	$	40	$	14	$	(2,235)	$	(124)	$	(39)	$	1	$	(1,212)

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Net Investment Income		Net Investment Gains (Losses)		Net Derivative Gains (Losses)		Policyholder Benefits and Claims		Interest Credited to Policyholder Account Balances		Other Expenses		OCI
	(In millions)
Gain (Loss) on Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)	$	(11)	$	—	$	—	$	774	$	—	$	—	N/A
Hedged items	5		—		—		(769)		—		—		N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (1)	72		12		—		—		—		—		N/A
Hedged items	(65)		(10)		—		—		—		—		N/A
Amount excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness	—		(20)		—		—		—		—		N/A
Subtotal	1		(18)		—		5		—		—		N/A
Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges:
Interest rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		$	2,011
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income	6		6		—		—		—		1		(13)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		1,614
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income	—		(451)		—		—		—		—		451
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items	—		453		—		—		—		—		—
Credit derivatives: (1)
Amount of gains (losses) deferred in AOCI	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		62
Amount of gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI into income	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	6		8		—		—		—		1		4,125
Gain (Loss) on NIFO Hedges:
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		110
Non-derivative hedging instruments	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		(2)
Subtotal	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		108
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives (1)	(4)		—		4,177		48		—		—		N/A
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives (1)	—		—		135		(8)		—		—		N/A
Credit derivatives — purchased (1)	—		—		73		—		—		—		N/A
Credit derivatives — written (1)	—		—		(311)		—		—		—		N/A
Equity derivatives (1)	—		—		1,559		208		—		—		N/A
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items	—		—		(157)		—		—		—		N/A
Subtotal	(4)		—		5,476		248		—		—		N/A
Earned income on derivatives	77		—		147		39		(44)		—		—
Embedded derivatives (2)	N/A		N/A		(1,422)		—		N/A		N/A		N/A
Total	$	80	$	(10)	$	4,201	$	292	$	(44)	$	1	$	4,233

__________________

(1)Excludes earned income on derivatives.

(2)The valuation of guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were ($43) million and $185 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and accounts for the following as fair value hedges when they have met the requirements of fair value hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate assets and liabilities to floating rate assets and liabilities, (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, and (iii) foreign currency forwards to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated investments.

The following table presents the balance sheet classification, carrying amount and cumulative fair value hedging adjustments for items designated and qualifying as hedged items in fair value hedges:


Balance Sheet Line Item	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) (1)
	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS	$	2,413	$	2,699	$	(1)	$	(1)
Mortgage loans	$	892	$	952	$	14	$	20
Future policy benefits	$	(4,598)	$	(5,512)	$	(731)	$	(1,307)

__________________

(1)Includes ($1) million of hedging adjustments on discontinued hedging relationships at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

For the Company’s foreign currency forwards, the change in the estimated fair value of the derivative related to the changes in the difference between the spot price and the forward price is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The Company has elected to record changes in estimated fair value of excluded components in earnings. For all other derivatives, all components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

Cash Flow Hedges

The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the requirements of cash flow hedging: (i) interest rate swaps to convert floating rate assets and liabilities to fixed rate assets and liabilities, (ii) foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, (iii) interest rate forwards and credit forwards to lock in the price to be paid for forward purchases of investments, (iv) interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards to hedge the forecasted purchases of fixed-rate investments, and (v) interest rate swaps and interest rate forwards to hedge forecasted fixed-rate borrowings.

In certain instances, the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring. Because certain of the forecasted transactions also were not probable of occurring within two months of the anticipated date, the Company reclassified amounts from AOCI into income. These amounts were ($2) million and ($5) million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

At both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed eight years.

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the balance in AOCI associated with cash flow hedges was $656 million and $1.9 billion, respectively.

All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

At March 31, 2021, the Company expected to reclassify ($19) million of deferred net gains (losses) on derivatives in AOCI to earnings within the next 12 months.

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

NIFO Hedges

The Company uses foreign currency exchange rate derivatives, which may include foreign currency forwards and currency options, to hedge portions of its net investments in foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The Company also designates a portion of its foreign-denominated debt as a non-derivative hedging instrument of its net investments in foreign operations. The Company assesses hedge effectiveness of its derivatives based upon the change in forward rates and assesses its non-derivative hedging instruments based upon the change in spot rates. All components of each derivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

When net investments in foreign operations are sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI are reclassified to the statement of operations.

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the cumulative foreign currency translation gain (loss) recorded in AOCI related to NIFO hedges was $220 million and $164 million, respectively. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the carrying amount of debt designated as a non-derivative hedging instrument was $380 million and $407 million, respectively.

Credit Derivatives

In connection with synthetically created credit investment transactions, the Company writes credit default swaps for which it receives a premium to insure credit risk. Such credit derivatives are included within the effects of derivatives on the interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) table. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the Company paying the counterparty the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the delivery of par quantities of the referenced credit obligation. The Company’s maximum amount at risk, assuming the value of all referenced credit obligations is zero, was $9.4 billion and $9.6 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The Company can terminate these contracts at any time through cash settlement with the counterparty at an amount equal to the then current estimated fair value of the credit default swaps. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company would have received $178 million and $196 million, respectively, to terminate all of these contracts.

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of written credit default swaps at:


	March 31, 2021					December 31, 2020
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations (1)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps		Weighted Average Years to Maturity (2)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps		Weighted Average Years to Maturity (2)
	(Dollars in millions)
Aaa/Aa/A
Single name credit default swaps (3)	$	4	$	203	2.4	$	5	$	208	2.7
Credit default swaps referencing indices	24		1,779		2.2	27		1,779		2.5
Subtotal	28		1,982		2.2	32		1,987		2.5
Baa
Single name credit default swaps (3)	3		244		2.2	3		249		2.5
Credit default swaps referencing indices	142		7,077		5.6	156		7,318		5.5
Subtotal	145		7,321		5.6	159		7,567		5.4




B

Credit default swaps referencing indices	5		55		4.7	5		55		5.0
Subtotal	5		55		4.7	5		55		5.0
Total	$	178	$	9,358	4.7	$	196	$	9,609	4.8

__________________

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

(1)The rating agency designations are based on availability and the midpoint of the applicable ratings among Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings. If no rating is available from a rating agency, then an internally developed rating is used.

(2)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average gross notional amounts.

(3)Single name credit default swaps may be referenced to the credit of corporations, foreign governments, or municipals.

Credit Risk on Freestanding Derivatives

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by its counterparties to derivatives. Generally, the current credit exposure of the Company’s derivatives is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivatives at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of master netting or similar agreements and any collateral received pursuant to such agreements.

The Company manages its credit risk related to derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties and establishing and monitoring exposure limits. The Company enters into contracts with counterparties in jurisdictions which it understands that close-out netting should be enforceable. The Company’s OTC-bilateral derivative transactions are governed by ISDA Master Agreements which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties in the event of early termination of a transaction, which includes, but is not limited to, events of default and bankruptcy. In the event of an early termination, close-out netting permits the Company (subject to financial regulations such as the Orderly Liquidation Authority under Title II of Dodd-Frank) to set off receivables from the counterparty against payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions and to apply collateral to the obligations, without application of the automatic stay, upon the counterparty’s bankruptcy. All of the Company’s ISDA Master Agreements also include Credit Support Annex provisions which require both the pledging and accepting of collateral in connection with its OTC-bilateral derivatives as required by applicable law.

The Company’s OTC-cleared derivatives are effected through central clearing counterparties and its exchange-traded derivatives are effected through regulated exchanges. Such positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by brokers and central clearinghouses to such derivatives.

See Note 8 for a description of the impact of credit risk on the valuation of derivatives.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

The estimated fair values of the Company’s net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral were as follows at:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
Derivatives Subject to a Master Netting Arrangement or a Similar Arrangement	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
	(In millions)
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives:
OTC-bilateral (1)	$	9,611	$	4,685	$	11,348	$	4,111
OTC-cleared (1)	428		103		593		20
Exchange-traded	17		19		17		40
Total gross estimated fair value of derivatives presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets (1)	10,056		4,807		11,958		4,171
Gross amounts not offset on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets:
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: (2)
OTC-bilateral	(2,988)		(2,988)		(2,926)		(2,926)
OTC-cleared	(43)		(43)		(7)		(7)
Exchange-traded	(1)		(1)		—		—
Cash collateral: (3), (4)
OTC-bilateral	(5,464)		—		(6,842)		—
OTC-cleared	(373)		(28)		(530)		(5)
Exchange-traded	—		(2)		—		(23)
Securities collateral: (5)
OTC-bilateral	(1,077)		(1,568)		(1,453)		(1,100)
OTC-cleared	—		(33)		—		(1)
Exchange-traded	—		(17)		—		(1)
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral	$	110	$	127	$	200	$	108

__________________

(1)At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, derivative assets included income (expense) accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $94 million and $92 million, respectively, and derivative liabilities included (income) expense accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of ($22) million and ($58) million, respectively.

(2)Estimated fair value of derivatives is limited to the amount that is subject to set-off and includes income or expense accruals.

(3)Cash collateral received by the Company for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, where the centralized clearinghouse treats variation margin as collateral, is included in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments or in fixed maturity securities AFS, and the obligation to return it is included in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions on the balance sheet.

(4)The receivable for the return of cash collateral provided by the Company is inclusive of initial margin on exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives and is included in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the balance sheet. The amount of cash collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company received excess cash collateral of $358 million and $265 million, respectively, and provided excess cash collateral of $206 million and $238 million, respectively, which is not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

(5)Securities collateral received by the Company is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but at March 31, 2021, none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. Securities collateral pledged by the Company is reported in fixed maturity securities AFS on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the counterparties are permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral. The amount of securities collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements and cash collateral. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company received excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $166 million and $231 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company provided excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $283 million and $269 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, $1.4 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, for its OTC-cleared derivatives, and $229 million and $318 million, respectively, for its exchange-traded derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.

The Company’s collateral arrangements for its OTC-bilateral derivatives generally require the counterparty in a net liability position, after considering the effect of netting agreements, to pledge collateral when the collateral amount owed by that counterparty reaches a minimum transfer amount. All of the Company’s netting agreements for derivatives contain provisions that require both the Company and the counterparty to maintain a specific investment grade credit rating from each of Moody’s and S&P. If a party’s credit or financial strength rating, as applicable, were to fall below that specific investment grade credit rating, that party would be in violation of these provisions, and the other party to the derivatives could terminate the transactions and demand immediate settlement and payment based on such party’s reasonable valuation of the derivatives. A small number of these arrangements also include credit-contingent provisions that include a threshold above which collateral must be posted. Such agreements provide for a reduction of these thresholds (on a sliding scale that converges toward zero) in the event of downgrades in the credit ratings of MetLife, Inc. and/or the counterparty. At March 31, 2021, the amount of collateral not provided by the Company due to the existence of these thresholds was $15 million.

The following table presents the estimated fair value of the Company’s OTC-bilateral derivatives that were in a net liability position after considering the effect of netting agreements, together with the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the collateral pledged.


	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Derivatives Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions		Derivatives Not Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions		Total		Derivatives Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions		Derivatives Not Subject to Credit- Contingent Provisions		Total
	(In millions)
Estimated fair value of derivatives in a net liability position (1)	$	1,687	$	10	$	1,697	$	1,182	$	3	$	1,185
Estimated fair value of collateral provided:
Fixed maturity securities AFS	$	1,673	$	7	$	1,680	$	1,222	$	2	$	1,224

__________________

(1)After taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company issues certain products or purchases certain investments that contain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and accounted for as freestanding derivatives.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

7. Derivatives (continued)

The following table presents the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivatives that have been separated from their host contracts at:


	Balance Sheet Location	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
		(In millions)
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts:
Ceded guaranteed minimum benefits	Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	$	47	$	55
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts:
Direct guaranteed minimum benefits	Policyholder account balances	$	176	$	651
Assumed guaranteed minimum benefits	Policyholder account balances	172		283
Funds withheld on ceded reinsurance	Other liabilities	48		100
Fixed annuities with equity indexed returns	Policyholder account balances	151		138
Other guarantees	Policyholder account balances	8		24
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts		$	555	$	1,196

8. Fair Value

Considerable judgment is often required in interpreting the market data used to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, including those items for which the Company has elected the FVO, are presented below at:


	March 31, 2021 (1)
	Fair Value Hierarchy
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities AFS:
U.S. corporate	$	—	$	78,190	$	9,812	$	88,002
Foreign government	—		67,005		132		67,137
Foreign corporate	—		52,276		13,607		65,883
U.S. government and agency	20,896		20,506		—		41,402
RMBS	107		26,009		3,186		29,302
ABS	—		14,603		1,614		16,217
Municipals	—		13,207		5		13,212
CMBS	—		11,079		707		11,786
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	21,003		282,875		29,063		332,941
Equity securities	649		260		154		1,063
Unit-linked and FVO Securities (2)	10,325		1,838		812		12,975
Short-term investments (3)	2,652		1,453		102		4,207
Residential mortgage loans — FVO	—		—		149		149
Other investments	82		257		656		995
Derivative assets: (4)
Interest rate	7		6,455		25		6,487
Foreign currency exchange rate	—		2,156		150		2,306
Credit	—		170		24		194
Equity market	10		947		18		975
Total derivative assets	17		9,728		217		9,962
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (5)	—		—		47		47
Separate account assets (6)	90,042		105,010		1,148		196,200
Total assets (7)	$	124,770	$	401,421	$	32,348	$	558,539
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities: (4)
Interest rate	$	—	$	327	$	330	$	657
Foreign currency exchange rate	7		3,448		35		3,490
Credit	—		117		1		118
Equity market	12		539		13		564
Total derivative liabilities	19		4,431		379		4,829
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (5)	—		—		555		555
Separate account liabilities (6)	8		10		15		33
Total liabilities	$	27	$	4,441	$	949	$	5,417

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)


	December 31, 2020 (1)
	Fair Value Hierarchy
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities AFS:
U.S. corporate	$	—	$	83,214	$	10,202	$	93,416
Foreign government	—		71,582		117		71,699
Foreign corporate	—		55,509		13,899		69,408
U.S. government and agency	23,180		23,920		—		47,100
RMBS	—		27,133		3,302		30,435
ABS	—		15,734		1,385		17,119
Municipals	—		13,722		—		13,722
CMBS	—		11,308		602		11,910
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	23,180		302,122		29,507		354,809
Equity securities	636		293		150		1,079
Unit-linked and FVO Securities (2)	10,559		2,059		701		13,319
Short-term investments (3)	2,762		568		43		3,373

Residential mortgage loans — FVO	—		—		165		165


Other investments	83		229		573		885
Derivative assets: (4)
Interest rate	—		7,840		489		8,329
Foreign currency exchange rate	3		2,287		176		2,466
Credit	—		180		25		205
Equity market	14		830		22		866
Total derivative assets	17		11,137		712		11,866
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (5)	—		—		55		55
Separate account assets (6)	91,850		107,035		1,085		199,970
Total assets (7)	$	129,087	$	423,443	$	32,991	$	585,521
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities: (4)
Interest rate	$	2	$	168	$	68	$	238
Foreign currency exchange rate	—		3,063		38		3,101
Credit	—		121		—		121
Equity market	38		719		12		769
Total derivative liabilities	40		4,071		118		4,229
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (5)	—		—		1,196		1,196
Separate account liabilities (6)	12		8		6		26
Total liabilities	$	52	$	4,079	$	1,320	$	5,451

__________________

(1)Excludes amounts for financial instruments reclassified to assets held-for-sale or liabilities held-for-sale. Assets held-for-sale and liabilities held-for-sale are valued on a basis consistent with similar instruments described herein. See Note 3 for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

(2)Unit-linked and FVO Securities were primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

(3)Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.

(4)Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables.

(5)Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables and other invested assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within policyholder account balances and other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(6)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders whose liability is reflected within separate account liabilities. Separate account liabilities are set equal to the estimated fair value of separate account assets. Separate account liabilities presented in the tables above represent derivative liabilities.

(7)Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude other limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of such investments was $77 million and $75 million, respectively.

The following describes the valuation methodologies used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

Investments

Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments

When available, the estimated fair value of these financial instruments is based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. Generally, these are the most liquid of the Company’s securities holdings and valuation of these securities does not involve management’s judgment.

When quoted prices in active markets are not available, the determination of estimated fair value of securities is based on market standard valuation methodologies, giving priority to observable inputs. The significant inputs to the market standard valuation methodologies for certain types of securities with reasonable levels of price transparency are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation methodologies rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs can be based in large part on management’s judgment or estimation and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Even though these inputs are unobservable, management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities and are considered appropriate given the circumstances.

The estimated fair value of short-term investments and other investments is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described herein for securities.

The valuation approaches and key inputs for each category of assets or liabilities that are classified within Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are presented below. The primary valuation approaches are the market approach, which considers recent prices from market transactions involving identical or similar assets or liabilities, and the income approach, which converts expected future amounts (e.g. cash flows) to a single current, discounted amount. The valuation of most instruments listed below is determined using independent pricing sources, matrix pricing, discounted cash flow methodologies or other similar techniques that use either observable market inputs or unobservable inputs.

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument

Level 2

Observable Inputs

Level 3

Unobservable Inputs

Fixed maturity securities AFS

U.S. corporate and Foreign corporate securities

Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.

Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.

Key Inputs:

•

quoted prices in markets that are not active

•

illiquidity premium

•

benchmark yields; spreads off benchmark yields; new issuances; issuer ratings

•

delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues

•

trades of identical or comparable securities; duration

•

credit spreads

•

privately-placed securities are valued using the additional key inputs:

•

quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2

•

market yield curve; call provisions

•

observable prices and spreads for similar public or private securities that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer

•

independent non-binding broker quotations

•

delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues

Foreign government securities, U.S. government and agency securities and Municipals

Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.

Key Inputs:

•

quoted prices in markets that are not active

•

independent non-binding broker quotations

•

benchmark U.S. Treasury yield or other yields

•

quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2

•

the spread off the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the identical security

•

issuer ratings and issuer spreads; broker-dealer quotations

•

credit spreads

•

comparable securities that are actively traded

Structured Products

Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.

Key Inputs:

•

quoted prices in markets that are not active

•

credit spreads

•

spreads for actively traded securities; spreads off benchmark yields

•

quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2

•

expected prepayment speeds and volumes

•

current and forecasted loss severity; ratings; geographic region

•

independent non-binding broker quotations

•

weighted average coupon and weighted average maturity

•

credit ratings

•

average delinquency rates; debt-service coverage ratios

•

credit ratings

•

issuance-specific information, including, but not limited to:

•

collateral type; structure of the security; vintage of the loans

•

payment terms of the underlying assets

•

payment priority within the tranche; deal performance

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Instrument

Level 2

Observable Inputs

Level 3

Unobservable Inputs

Equity securities

Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.

Valuation Approaches: Principally the market and income approaches.

Key Input:

Key Inputs:

•

quoted prices in markets that are not considered active

•

credit ratings; issuance structures

•

quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar securities that are less liquid and based on lower levels of trading activity than securities classified in Level 2

•

independent non-binding broker quotations

Unit-linked and FVO Securities, Short-term investments and Other investments

•

Unit-linked and FVO Securities include mutual fund interests without readily determinable fair values given prices are not published publicly. Valuation of these mutual funds is based upon quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers, which were based on observable inputs.

•

Unit-linked and FVO Securities, short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and unobservable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above.

•

Short-term investments and other investments are of a similar nature and class to the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities described above; accordingly, the valuation approaches and observable inputs used in their valuation are also similar to those described above.

Residential mortgage loans — FVO

•

N/A

Valuation Approaches: Principally the market approach.

Valuation Techniques and Key Inputs: These investments are based primarily on matrix pricing or other similar techniques that utilize inputs from mortgage servicers that are unobservable or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

Separate account assets and Separate account liabilities (1)

Mutual funds and hedge funds without readily determinable fair values as prices are not published publicly

Key Input:

•

N/A

•

quoted prices or reported NAV provided by the fund managers

Other limited partnership interests

•

N/A

Valued giving consideration to the underlying holdings of the partnerships and adjusting, if appropriate.

Key Inputs:

•

liquidity; bid/ask spreads; performance record of the fund manager

•

other relevant variables that may impact the exit value of the particular partnership interest

__________________

(1)Estimated fair value equals carrying value, based on the value of the underlying assets, including: mutual fund interests, fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, hedge funds, other limited partnership interests, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. Fixed maturity securities, equity securities, derivatives, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents are similar in nature to the instruments described under “— Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments” and “— Derivatives — Freestanding Derivatives.”

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Derivatives

The estimated fair value of derivatives is determined through the use of quoted market prices for exchange-traded derivatives, or through the use of pricing models for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives. The determination of estimated fair value, when quoted market values are not available, is based on market standard valuation methodologies and inputs that management believes are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk, nonperformance risk, volatility, liquidity and changes in estimates and assumptions used in the pricing models.

The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Certain OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives may rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments.

Most inputs for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives are mid-market inputs but, in certain cases, liquidity adjustments are made when they are deemed more representative of exit value. Market liquidity, as well as the use of different methodologies, assumptions and inputs, may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s derivatives and could materially affect net income.

The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company are considered in determining the estimated fair value for all OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives, and any potential credit adjustment is based on the net exposure by counterparty after taking into account the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements. The Company values its OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives using standard swap curves which may include a spread to the risk-free rate, depending upon specific collateral arrangements. This credit spread is appropriate for those parties that execute trades at pricing levels consistent with similar collateral arrangements. As the Company and its significant derivative counterparties generally execute trades at such pricing levels and hold sufficient collateral, additional credit risk adjustments are not currently required in the valuation process. The Company’s ability to consistently execute at such pricing levels is, in part, due to the netting agreements and collateral arrangements that are in place with all of its significant derivative counterparties. An evaluation of the requirement to make additional credit risk adjustments is performed by the Company each reporting period.

Freestanding Derivatives

Level 2 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:

This level includes all types of derivatives utilized by the Company with the exception of exchange-traded derivatives included within Level 1 and those derivatives with unobservable inputs as described in Level 3.

Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:

These valuation methodologies generally use the same inputs as described in the corresponding sections for Level 2 measurements of derivatives. However, these derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Freestanding derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations of non-option-based derivatives utilize present value techniques, whereas valuations of option-based derivatives utilize option pricing models. Key inputs are as follows:

Instrument

Interest Rate

Foreign Currency
Exchange Rate

Credit

Equity Market

Inputs common to Level 2 and Level 3 by instrument type

•

swap yield curves

•

swap yield curves

•

swap yield curves

•

swap yield curves

•

basis curves

•

basis curves

•

credit curves

•

spot equity index levels

•

interest rate volatility (1)

•

currency spot rates

•

recovery rates

•

dividend yield curves

•

cross currency basis curves

•

equity volatility (1)

•

currency volatility (1)

Level 3

•

swap yield curves (2)

•

swap yield curves (2)

•

swap yield curves (2)

•

dividend yield curves (2)

•

basis curves (2)

•

basis curves (2)

•

credit curves (2)

•

equity volatility (1), (2)

•

repurchase rates

•

cross currency basis curves (2)

•

credit spreads

•

correlation between model inputs (1)

•

currency correlation

•

repurchase rates

•

currency volatility (1)

•

independent non-binding broker quotations

__________________

(1)Option-based only.

(2)Extrapolation beyond the observable limits of the curve(s).

Embedded Derivatives

Embedded derivatives principally include certain direct, assumed and ceded variable annuity guarantees, annuity contracts, and investment risk within funds withheld related to certain reinsurance agreements. Embedded derivatives are recorded at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income.

The Company issues certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits. GMWBs, GMABs and certain GMIBs contain embedded derivatives, which are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company calculates the fair value of these embedded derivatives, which is estimated as the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, projecting future cash flows from the embedded derivative over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates.

Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience.

The valuation of these guarantee liabilities includes nonperformance risk adjustments and adjustments for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the priority of these liabilities and the claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to MetLife, Inc.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions as annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees. These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; changes in nonperformance risk; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of the guarantees that could materially affect net income.

The Company ceded the risk associated with certain of the GMIBs previously described. These reinsurance agreements contain embedded derivatives which are included within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses) or policyholder benefits and claims depending on the statement of operations classification of the direct risk. The value of the embedded derivatives on the ceded risk is determined using a methodology consistent with that described previously for the guarantees directly written by the Company with the exception of the input for nonperformance risk that reflects the credit of the reinsurer.

The estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives within funds withheld related to certain ceded reinsurance is determined based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying assets held by the Company in a reference portfolio backing the funds withheld liability. The estimated fair value of the underlying assets is determined as described in “— Investments — Securities, Short-term Investments and Other Investments.” The estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives is included, along with their funds withheld hosts, in other liabilities on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). Changes in the credit spreads on the underlying assets, interest rates and market volatility may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of these embedded derivatives that could materially affect net income.

The Company issues certain annuity contracts which allow the policyholder to participate in returns from equity indices. These equity indexed features are embedded derivatives which are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host fixed annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The estimated fair value of the embedded equity indexed derivatives, based on the present value of future equity returns to the policyholder using actuarial and present value assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior, is calculated by the Company’s actuarial department. The calculation is based on in-force business and uses standard capital market techniques, such as Black-Scholes, to calculate the value of the portion of the embedded derivative for which the terms are set. The portion of the embedded derivative covering the period beyond where terms are set is calculated as the present value of amounts expected to be spent to provide equity indexed returns in those periods. The valuation of these embedded derivatives also includes the establishment of a risk margin, as well as changes in nonperformance risk.

Embedded Derivatives Within Asset and Liability Host Contracts

Level 3 Valuation Approaches and Key Inputs:

Direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits

These embedded derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. Valuations are based on option pricing techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include swap yield curves, currency exchange rates and implied volatilities. These embedded derivatives result in Level 3 classification because one or more of the significant inputs are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. Significant unobservable inputs generally include: the extrapolation beyond observable limits of the swap yield curves and implied volatilities, actuarial assumptions for policyholder behavior and mortality and the potential variability in policyholder behavior and mortality, nonperformance risk and cost of capital for purposes of calculating the risk margin.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Reinsurance ceded on certain guaranteed minimum benefits

These embedded derivatives are principally valued using the income approach. The valuation techniques and significant market standard unobservable inputs used in their valuation are similar to those described above in “— Direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits” and also include counterparty credit spreads.

Transfers between Levels

Overall, transfers between levels occur when there are changes in the observability of inputs and market activity.

Transfers into or out of Level 3:

Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:


					March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020				Impact of Increase in Input on Estimated Fair Value (2)
	Valuation Techniques		Significant Unobservable Inputs		Range			Weighted Average (1)	Range			Weighted Average (1)
Fixed maturity securities AFS (3)
U.S. corporate and foreign corporate	•	Matrix pricing	•	Offered quotes (4)	—	-	167	110	—	-	186	117	Increase
	•	Market pricing	•	Quoted prices (4)	—	-	125	98	—	-	116	98	Increase
	•	Consensus pricing	•	Offered quotes (4)	53	-	103	100	54	-	104	101	Increase
RMBS	•	Market pricing	•	Quoted prices (4)	—	-	129	98	—	-	159	98	Increase (5)
ABS	•	Market pricing	•	Quoted prices (4)	3	-	112	100	1	-	112	100	Increase (5)
	•	Consensus pricing	•	Offered quotes (4)	101	-	101	101	100	-	100	100	Increase (5)
Derivatives
Interest rate	•	Present value techniques	•	Swap yield (6)	173	-	265	240	92	-	184	149	Increase (7)
			•	Repurchase rates (8)	1	-	20	11	(12)	-	1	(6)	Decrease (7)
Foreign currency exchange rate	•	Present value techniques	•	Swap yield (6)	(307)	-	1,938	(52)	(309)	-	248	(144)	Increase (7)
Credit	•	Present value techniques	•	Credit spreads (9)	98	-	99	98	96	-	99	98	Decrease (7)
	•	Consensus pricing	•	Offered quotes (10)
Equity market	•	Present value techniques or option pricing models	•	Volatility (11)	18%	-	28%	27%	21%	-	29%	28%	Increase (7)
			•	Correlation (12)	30%	-	30%	30%	10%	-	30%	10%
Embedded derivatives
Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum benefits	•	Option pricing techniques	•	Mortality rates:
				Ages 0 - 40	0%	-	0.17%	0.06%	0%	-	0.17%	0.06%	Decrease (13)
				Ages 41 - 60	0.03%	-	0.75%	0.30%	0.03%	-	0.75%	0.30%	Decrease (13)
				Ages 61 - 115	0.12%	-	100%	1.90%	0.12%	-	100%	1.90%	Decrease (13)
			•	Lapse rates:
				Durations 1 - 10	0.25%	-	100%	6.86%	0.25%	-	100%	6.86%	Decrease (14)
				Durations 11 - 20	0.50%	-	100%	5.18%	0.50%	-	100%	5.18%	Decrease (14)
				Durations 21 - 116	0.50%	-	100%	5.18%	0.50%	-	100%	5.18%	Decrease (14)
			•	Utilization rates	0%	-	22%	0.17%	0%	-	22%	0.17%	Increase (15)
			•	Withdrawal rates	0%	-	20%	3.98%	0%	-	20%	3.98%	(16)
			•	Long-term equity volatilities	8.41%	-	27%	18.70%	8.33%	-	27%	18.70%	Increase (17)
			•	Nonperformance risk spread	0.05%	-	1.27%	0.40%	0.04%	-	1.18%	0.40%	Decrease (18)

__________________

(1)The weighted average for fixed maturity securities AFS and derivatives is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities and derivatives. The weighted average for embedded derivatives is determined based on a combination of account values and experience data.

(2)The impact of a decrease in input would have resulted in the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For embedded derivatives, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions; changes to ceded guaranteed minimum benefits are based on asset positions.

(3)Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would have resulted in substantially lower (higher) valuations.

(4)Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities AFS of dollars per hundred dollars of par.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

(5)Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default would have been accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates.

(6)Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.

(7)Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions.

(8)Ranges represent different repurchase rates utilized as components within the valuation methodology and are presented in basis points.

(9)Represents the risk quoted in basis points of a credit default event on the underlying instrument. Credit derivatives with significant unobservable inputs are primarily comprised of written credit default swaps.

(10)At both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of less than 1% of the total net derivative estimated fair value.

(11)Ranges represent the underlying equity volatility quoted in percentage points. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across multiple volatility surfaces to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.

(12)Ranges represent the different correlation factors utilized as components within the valuation methodology. Presenting a range of correlation factors is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation. Increases (decreases) in correlation in isolation will increase (decrease) the significance of the change in valuations.

(13)Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.

(14)Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.

(15)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contractholders with GMIBs or a lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.

(16)The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.

(17)Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.

(18)Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Generally, all other classes of assets and liabilities classified within Level 3 that are not included in the preceding table use the same valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs as previously described for Level 3. The sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in the significant unobservable inputs for these other assets and liabilities is similar in nature to that described in the preceding table.

The following tables summarize the change of all assets (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Fixed Maturity Securities AFS
	Corporate (6)		Foreign Government		Structured Products		Municipals		Equity Securities		Unit-linked and FVO Securities
	(In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Balance, beginning of period	$	24,101	$	117	$	5,289	$	—	$	150	$	701
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	(1)		—		9		—		4		18
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	(1,182)		—		(46)		—		—		—
Purchases (3)	1,012		23		613		5		4		10
Sales (3)	(274)		(3)		(356)		—		(4)		(12)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	235		7		13		—		—		101
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(472)		(12)		(15)		—		—		(6)
Balance, end of period	$	23,419	$	132	$	5,507	$	5	$	154	$	812
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	14,229	$	117	$	4,458	$	7	$	430	$	625
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	(60)		(2)		10		—		(28)		(63)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	(1,200)		(7)		(311)		—		—		—
Purchases (3)	2,392		32		372		—		2		140
Sales (3)	(565)		(3)		(186)		—		(32)		(103)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (3)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	5,503		28		45		—		—		14
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(490)		(61)		(374)		(7)		—		(96)
Balance, end of period	$	19,809	$	104	$	4,014	$	—	$	372	$	517
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2021 (5)	$	(4)	$	—	$	7	$	—	$	3	$	19
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020 (5)	$	(59)	$	(2)	$	11	$	—	$	(12)	$	(65)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2021 (5)	$	(1,175)	$	—	$	(43)	$	—	$	—	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020 (5)	$	(1,201)	$	(7)	$	(312)	$	—	$	—	$	—

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Short-term Investments		Residential Mortgage Loans — FVO		Other Investments		Net Derivatives (7)		Net Embedded Derivatives (8)		Separate Accounts (9)
	(In millions)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Balance, beginning of period	$	43	$	165	$	573	$	594	$	(1,141)	$	1,079
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	—		(2)		13		(251)		673		(10)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	(2)		—		—		(604)		21		—
Purchases (3)	61		—		70		—		—		79
Sales (3)	(1)		(9)		—		—		—		(13)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		(1)
Settlements (3)	—		(5)		—		96		(61)		2
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	4		—		—		1		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(3)		—		—		2		—		(3)
Balance, end of period	$	102	$	149	$	656	$	(162)	$	(508)	$	1,133
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	32	$	188	$	455	$	(146)	$	(742)	$	980
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (1), (2)	—		2		4		71		(1,422)		(8)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI	(1)		—		—		1,200		(4)		—
Purchases (3)	354		—		16		(10)		—		144
Sales (3)	(8)		(5)		—		—		—		(62)
Issuances (3)	—		—		—		—		—		(1)
Settlements (3)	—		(5)		—		(76)		(64)		—
Transfers into Level 3 (4)	5		—		—		—		—		10
Transfers out of Level 3 (4)	(14)		—		—		—		—		(17)
Balance, end of period	$	368	$	180	$	475	$	1,039	$	(2,232)	$	1,046
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2021 (5)	$	—	$	(5)	$	14	$	(162)	$	671	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020 (5)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	40	$	(1,422)	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2021 (5)	$	(2)	$	—	$	—	$	(538)	$	21	$	—
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI for the instruments still held at March 31, 2020 (5)	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	1,122	$	(4)	$	—

__________________

(1)Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments charged to net income (loss) on securities are included in net investment gains (losses), while changes in estimated fair value of residential mortgage loans — FVO are included in net investment income. Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).

(2)Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward.

(3)Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.

(4)Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

(5)Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) and included in AOCI relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).

(6)Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.

(7)Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(8)Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(9)Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contractholders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net investment gains (losses). Separate account assets and liabilities are presented net for the purposes of the rollforward.

Fair Value Option

The Company elects the FVO for certain residential mortgage loans that are managed on a total return basis. The following table presents information for residential mortgage loans which are accounted for under the FVO and were initially measured at fair value.


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Unpaid principal balance	$	151	$	172
Difference between estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance	(2)		(7)
Carrying value at estimated fair value	$	149	$	165
Loans in nonaccrual status	$	38	$	45
Loans more than 90 days past due	$	23	$	27
Loans in nonaccrual status or more than 90 days past due, or both — difference between aggregate estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance	$	(8)	$	(13)

Table of Contents

MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value

The following tables provide fair value information for financial instruments that are carried on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value. These tables exclude the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions, short-term debt and those short-term investments that are not securities, such as time deposits, and therefore are not included in the three-level hierarchy table disclosed in the “— Recurring Fair Value Measurements” section. The Company believes that due to the short-term nature of these excluded assets, which are primarily classified in Level 2, the estimated fair value approximates carrying value. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the tables below are not considered financial instruments subject to this disclosure.

The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:


	March 31, 2021 (1)
			Fair Value Hierarchy
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Mortgage loans	$	82,866	$	—	$	—	$	86,894	$	86,894
Policy loans	$	9,334	$	—	$	—	$	11,058	$	11,058

Other invested assets	$	1,167	$	—	$	814	$	353	$	1,167
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	$	2,948	$	—	$	1,145	$	1,979	$	3,124
Other assets	$	693	$	—	$	510	$	185	$	695
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances	$	127,897	$	—	$	—	$	132,533	$	132,533
Long-term debt	$	14,409	$	—	$	17,078	$	—	$	17,078
Collateral financing arrangement	$	833	$	—	$	—	$	699	$	699
Junior subordinated debt securities	$	3,153	$	—	$	4,478	$	—	$	4,478
Other liabilities	$	3,049	$	—	$	1,478	$	2,192	$	3,670
Separate account liabilities	$	112,606	$	—	$	112,606	$	—	$	112,606

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

8. Fair Value (continued)


	December 31, 2020 (1)
			Fair Value Hierarchy
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Assets
Mortgage loans	$	83,754	$	—	$	—	$	88,675	$	88,675
Policy loans	$	9,493	$	—	$	—	$	11,598	$	11,598

Other invested assets	$	1,188	$	—	$	814	$	374	$	1,188
Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	$	2,729	$	—	$	908	$	2,070	$	2,978
Other assets	$	300	$	—	$	111	$	190	$	301
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances	$	126,458	$	—	$	—	$	134,569	$	134,569
Long-term debt	$	14,492	$	—	$	18,332	$	—	$	18,332
Collateral financing arrangement	$	845	$	—	$	—	$	710	$	710
Junior subordinated debt securities	$	3,153	$	—	$	4,604	$	—	$	4,604
Other liabilities	$	2,113	$	—	$	527	$	2,606	$	3,133
Separate account liabilities	$	115,682	$	—	$	115,682	$	—	$	115,682

_________________

(1)Excludes amounts for financial instruments reclassified to assets held-for-sale or liabilities held-for-sale. See Note 3 for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

9. Long Term Debt

Credit Facility

In February 2021, MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc. amended and restated their five-year $3.0 billion unsecured credit agreement (as amended and restated, the “2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement”). The facility may be used for general corporate purposes (including in the case of loans, to back up commercial paper and, in the case of letters of credit, to support variable annuity policy and reinsurance reserve requirements). All borrowings under the 2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement must be repaid by February 26, 2026, except that letters of credit outstanding on that date may remain outstanding until no later than February 26, 2027. MetLife, Inc. incurred costs of $6 million related to the 2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement, which were capitalized and included in other assets. These costs are being amortized over the remaining term of the 2021 Five-Year Credit Agreement.

10. Equity

Preferred Stock

Preferred stock authorized, issued and outstanding was as follows at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:


Series	Shares Authorized	Shares Issued and Outstanding
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A	27,600,000	24,000,000
5.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C	1,500,000	500,000
5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D	500,000	500,000
5.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E	32,200	32,200
4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F	40,000	40,000
3.85% Fixed Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G	1,000,000	1,000,000
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock	10,000,000	—
Not designated	159,327,800	—
Total	200,000,000	26,072,200

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

10. Equity (continued)

The per share and aggregate dividends declared for MetLife, Inc.’s preferred stock were as follows:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
Series	Per Share		Aggregate		Per Share		Aggregate
	(In million, except per share data)
A	$	0.250	$	6	$	0.253	$	6
C	$	9.479	5		$	—	—
D	$	29.375	15		$	29.375	15
E	$	351.563	11		$	351.563	11
F	$	296.875	12		$	—	—
G	$	19.785	19		$	—	—
Total			$	68			$	32

Common Stock

MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized common stock repurchases as follows:


			Authorization Remaining at
Announcement Date	Authorization Amount		March 31, 2021
	(In millions)
December 11, 2020	$	3,000	$	1,835
July 31, 2019	$	2,000	$	—

Under these authorizations, MetLife, Inc. may purchase its common stock from the MetLife Policyholder Trust, in the open market (including pursuant to the terms of a pre-set trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”)), and in privately negotiated transactions. Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors and will depend upon the Company’s capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. repurchased 18,568,138 shares and 10,664,608 shares of its common stock, respectively, through open market purchases for $999 million and $500 million, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Performance Shares and Performance Units

Final Performance Shares are paid in shares of MetLife, Inc. common stock. Final Performance Units are payable in cash equal to the closing price of MetLife, Inc. common stock on a date following the last day of the three-year performance period. The performance factor for the January 1, 2018 – December 31, 2020 performance period was 110.8%, which was determined within a possible range from 0% to 175%. This factor has been applied to the 1,266,651 Performance Shares and 170,214 Performance Units associated with that performance period that vested on December 31, 2020. As a result, in the first quarter of 2021, MetLife, Inc. issued 1,403,449 shares of its common stock (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable), excluding shares that payees choose to defer, and MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates paid the cash value of 188,597 Performance Units (less withholding for taxes and other items, as applicable).

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

10. Equity (continued)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Information regarding changes in the balances of each component of AOCI attributable to MetLife, Inc. was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses), Net of Related Offsets (1)		Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment		Total
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	22,217	$	1,513	$	(3,795)	$	(1,863)	$	18,072
OCI before reclassifications	(7,978)		(1,442)		(753)		3		(10,170)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	1,946		310		(34)		—		2,222
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax	16,185		381		(4,582)		(1,860)		10,124
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	30		174		—		14		218
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(7)		(37)		—		(2)		(46)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax	23		137		—		12		172
Sale of subsidiary, net of income tax (2)	(14)		—		115		—		101
Balance, end of period	$	16,194	$	518	$	(4,467)	$	(1,848)	$	10,397

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses), Net of Related Offsets (1)		Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivatives		Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment		Total
	(In millions)
Balance, beginning of period	$	18,283	$	1,698	$	(4,927)	$	(2,002)	$	13,052
OCI before reclassifications	(3,619)		3,687		(674)		—		(606)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	927		(810)		(26)		—		91
AOCI before reclassifications, net of income tax	15,591		4,575		(5,627)		(2,002)		12,537
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(187)		438		—		21		272
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	48		(96)		—		(4)		(52)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax	(139)		342		—		17		220

Balance, end of period	$	15,452	$	4,917	$	(5,627)	$	(1,985)	$	12,757

__________________

(1)See Note 6 for information on offsets to investments related to policyholder liabilities, DAC, VOBA and DSI.

(2)See Note 3 for further information on the sale of MetLife Russia.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

10. Equity (continued)

Information regarding amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
AOCI Components	Amounts Reclassified from AOCI				Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Locations
	(In millions)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	$	(49)	$	204	Net investment gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(5)		(11)		Net investment income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	24		(6)		Net derivative gains (losses)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax	(30)		187
Income tax (expense) benefit	7		(48)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax	(23)		139
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:
Interest rate derivatives	12		6		Net investment income
Interest rate derivatives	29		6		Net investment gains (losses)
Interest rate derivatives	1		1		Other expenses
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	3		—		Net investment income
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	(219)		(451)		Net investment gains (losses)


Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax	(174)		(438)
Income tax (expense) benefit	37		96
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax	(137)		(342)
Defined benefit plans adjustment: (1)
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses)	(18)		(26)
Amortization of prior service (costs) credit	4		5
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, before income tax	(14)		(21)
Income tax (expense) benefit	2		4
Amortization of defined benefit plan items, net of income tax	(12)		(17)
Total reclassifications, net of income tax	$	(172)	$	(220)

__________________

(1)These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs. See Note 12.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

11. Other Revenues and Other Expenses

Other Revenues

Information on other revenues, which primarily includes fees related to service contracts from customers, was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Vision fee for service arrangements (1)	$	140	$	—
Prepaid legal plans	109		101
Fee-based investment management	85		79
Recordkeeping and administrative services (2)	53		49
Administrative services-only contracts	61		56
Other revenue from service contracts from customers	67		60
Total revenues from service contracts from customers	515		345
Other	116		94
Total other revenues	$	631	$	439

__________________

(1)For information regarding the Company’s acquisition of Versant Health Inc., see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

(2)Related to products and businesses no longer actively marketed by the Company.

Other Expenses

Information on other expenses was as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Employee-related costs (1)	$	974	$	869
Third party staffing costs	312		348
General and administrative expenses	108		190
Pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs	25		39
Premium taxes, other taxes, and licenses & fees	167		193
Commissions and other variable expenses	1,530		1,408
Capitalization of DAC	(775)		(774)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	590		788
Amortization of negative VOBA	(9)		(10)
Interest expense on debt	228		222
Total other expenses	$	3,150	$	3,273

__________________

(1)Includes ($16) million and $40 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for the net change in cash surrender value of investments in certain life insurance policies, net of premiums paid.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

12. Employee Benefit Plans

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Certain subsidiaries of MetLife, Inc. sponsor a U.S. qualified and various U.S. and non-U.S. nonqualified defined benefit pension plans covering employees who meet specified eligibility requirements. These subsidiaries also provide certain postemployment benefits and certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits for U.S. and non-U.S. retired employees.

The components of net periodic benefit costs, reported in other expenses, were as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
	Pension Benefits		Other Postretirement Benefits		Pension Benefits		Other Postretirement Benefits
	(In millions)
Service costs	$	63	$	1	$	62	$	1
Interest costs	78		8		89		10
Expected return on plan assets	(132)		(14)		(132)		(15)
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses	38		(20)		45		(19)
Amortization of prior service costs (credit)	(4)		—		(4)		(1)
Net periodic benefit costs (credit)	$	43	$	(25)	$	60	$	(24)

13. Income Tax

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was (25%) which reflects an income tax benefit despite having income before provision for income tax. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax benefits from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate (versus a tax charge in the prior period), tax credits, non-taxable investment income, and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 22%. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

14. Earnings Per Common Share

The following table presents the weighted average shares, basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021		2020
		(In millions, except per share data)
Weighted Average Shares:
Weighted average common stock outstanding - basic		885.4		914.1
Incremental common shares from assumed exercise or issuance of stock-based awards		6.7		5.9
Weighted average common stock outstanding - diluted		892.1		920.0
Net Income (Loss):
Net income (loss)		$	363	$	4,401
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		5		3
Less: Preferred stock dividends		68		32
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders		$	290	$	4,366
Basic		$	0.33	$	4.78
Diluted		$	0.33	$	4.75

15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees

Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is a defendant in a large number of litigation matters. Putative or certified class action litigation and other litigation and claims and assessments against the Company, in addition to those discussed below and those otherwise provided for in the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements, have arisen in the course of the Company’s business, including, but not limited to, in connection with its activities as an insurer, mortgage lending bank, employer, investor, investment advisor, broker-dealer, and taxpayer.

The Company also receives and responds to subpoenas or other inquiries seeking a broad range of information from state regulators, including state insurance commissioners; state attorneys general or other state governmental authorities; federal regulators, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; federal governmental authorities, including congressional committees; and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, as well as from local and national regulators and government authorities in jurisdictions outside the United States where the Company conducts business. The issues involved in information requests and regulatory matters vary widely, but can include inquiries or investigations concerning the Company’s compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations. The Company cooperates in these inquiries.

In some of the matters, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Modern pleading practice in the United States permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. In addition, jurisdictions may permit plaintiffs to allege monetary damages in amounts well exceeding reasonably possible verdicts in the jurisdiction for similar matters. This variability in pleadings, together with the Company’s actual experience in litigating or resolving through settlement numerous claims over an extended period of time, demonstrates to management that the monetary relief which may be specified in a lawsuit or claim bears little relevance to its merits or disposition value.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. The Company establishes liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Liabilities have been established for a number of the matters noted below. In certain circumstances where liabilities have been established there may be coverage under one or more corporate insurance policies, pursuant to which there may be an insurance recovery. Insurance recoveries are recognized as gains when any contingencies relating to the insurance claim have been resolved, which is the earlier of when the gains are realized or realizable. It is possible that some of the matters could require the Company to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be reasonably estimated at March 31, 2021. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known to management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.

Matters as to Which an Estimate Can Be Made

For some of the matters disclosed below, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, the Company has not made an accrual. As of March 31, 2021, the Company estimates the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of amounts accrued for these matters to be $0 to $175 million.

Matters as to Which an Estimate Cannot Be Made

For other matters disclosed below, the Company is not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. The Company is often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts, and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company reviews relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.

Asbestos-Related Claims

MLIC is and has been a defendant in a large number of asbestos-related suits filed primarily in state courts. These suits principally allege that the plaintiff or plaintiffs suffered personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos and seek both actual and punitive damages. MLIC has never engaged in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products nor has MLIC issued liability or workers’ compensation insurance to companies in the business of manufacturing, producing, distributing or selling asbestos or asbestos-containing products. The lawsuits principally have focused on allegations with respect to certain research, publication and other activities of one or more of MLIC’s employees during the period from the 1920’s through approximately the 1950’s and allege that MLIC learned or should have learned of certain health risks posed by asbestos and, among other things, improperly publicized or failed to disclose those health risks. MLIC believes that it should not have legal liability in these cases. The outcome of most asbestos litigation matters, however, is uncertain and can be impacted by numerous variables, including differences in legal rulings in various jurisdictions, the nature of the alleged injury and factors unrelated to the ultimate legal merit of the claims asserted against MLIC. MLIC employs a number of resolution strategies to manage its asbestos loss exposure, including seeking resolution of pending litigation by judicial rulings and settling individual or groups of claims or lawsuits under appropriate circumstances.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Claims asserted against MLIC have included negligence, intentional tort and conspiracy concerning the health risks associated with asbestos. MLIC’s defenses (beyond denial of certain factual allegations) include that: (i) MLIC owed no duty to the plaintiffs— it had no special relationship with the plaintiffs and did not manufacture, produce, distribute or sell the asbestos products that allegedly injured plaintiffs, (ii) plaintiffs did not rely on any actions of MLIC, (iii) MLIC’s conduct was not the cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries, (iv) plaintiffs’ exposure occurred after the dangers of asbestos were known, and (v) the applicable time with respect to filing suit has expired. During the course of the litigation, certain trial courts have granted motions dismissing claims against MLIC, while other trial courts have denied MLIC’s motions. There can be no assurance that MLIC will receive favorable decisions on motions in the future. While most cases brought to date have settled, MLIC intends to continue to defend aggressively against claims based on asbestos exposure, including defending claims at trials.

As reported in the 2020 Annual Report, MLIC received approximately 2,496 asbestos-related claims in 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, MLIC received approximately 678 and 596 new asbestos-related claims, respectively. See Note 21 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for historical information concerning asbestos claims and MLIC’s update in its recorded liability at December 31, 2020. The number of asbestos cases that may be brought, the aggregate amount of any liability that MLIC may incur, and the total amount paid in settlements in any given year are uncertain and may vary significantly from year to year.

The ability of MLIC to estimate its ultimate asbestos exposure is subject to considerable uncertainty, and the conditions impacting its liability can be dynamic and subject to change. The availability of reliable data is limited and it is difficult to predict the numerous variables that can affect liability estimates, including the number of future claims, the cost to resolve claims, the disease mix and severity of disease in pending and future claims, the impact of the number of new claims filed in a particular jurisdiction and variations in the law in the jurisdictions in which claims are filed, the possible impact of tort reform efforts, the willingness of courts to allow plaintiffs to pursue claims against MLIC when exposure to asbestos took place after the dangers of asbestos exposure were well known, and the impact of any possible future adverse verdicts and their amounts.

The ability to make estimates regarding ultimate asbestos exposure declines significantly as the estimates relate to years further in the future. In the Company’s judgment, there is a future point after which losses cease to be probable and reasonably estimable. It is reasonably possible that the Company’s total exposure to asbestos claims may be materially greater than the asbestos liability currently accrued and that future charges to income may be necessary. While the potential future charges could be material in the particular quarterly or annual periods in which they are recorded, based on information currently known by management, management does not believe any such charges are likely to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position.

The Company believes adequate provision has been made in its interim condensed consolidated financial statements for all probable and reasonably estimable losses for asbestos-related claims. MLIC’s recorded asbestos liability is based on its estimation of the following elements, as informed by the facts presently known to it, its understanding of current law and its past experiences: (i) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims already asserted against MLIC, including claims settled but not yet paid, (ii) the probable and reasonably estimable liability for asbestos claims not yet asserted against MLIC, but which MLIC believes are reasonably probable of assertion, and (iii) the legal defense costs associated with the foregoing claims. Significant assumptions underlying MLIC’s analysis of the adequacy of its recorded liability with respect to asbestos litigation include: (i) the number of future claims, (ii) the cost to resolve claims, and (iii) the cost to defend claims.

MLIC reevaluates on a quarterly and annual basis its exposure from asbestos litigation, including studying its claims experience, reviewing external literature regarding asbestos claims experience in the United States, assessing relevant trends impacting asbestos liability and considering numerous variables that can affect its asbestos liability exposure on an overall or per claim basis. These variables include bankruptcies of other companies involved in asbestos litigation, legislative and judicial developments, the number of pending claims involving serious disease, the number of new claims filed against it and other defendants and the jurisdictions in which claims are pending. Based upon its regular reevaluation of its exposure from asbestos litigation, MLIC has updated its liability analysis for asbestos-related claims through March 31, 2021.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

City of Westland Police and Fire Retirement System v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (S.D.N.Y., filed January 12, 2012)

Plaintiff filed this class action on behalf of a class of persons who either purchased MetLife, Inc. common shares between February 9, 2011, and October 6, 2011, or purchased or acquired MetLife, Inc. common stock in the Company’s August 3, 2010 offering or the Company’s March 4, 2011 offering. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife, Inc. and several current and former directors and executive officers of MetLife, Inc. violated the Securities Act of 1933, as well as the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by issuing, or causing MetLife, Inc. to issue, materially false and misleading statements concerning MetLife, Inc.’s potential liability for millions of dollars in insurance benefits that should have purportedly been paid to beneficiaries or escheated to the states. The parties reached an agreement on a class settlement of the case, and on June 17, 2020, plaintiff filed with the district court a motion to approve notice of the proposed settlement to the classes. The Company has accrued the full amount of the settlement payment. On November 24, 2020, the district court approved notice of the proposed settlement to the classes, and on April 14, 2021, the court approved a nationwide class settlement of the case.

Julian & McKinney v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (S.D.N.Y., filed February 9, 2017)

Plaintiffs filed this putative class and collective action on behalf of themselves and all current and former long-term disability (“LTD”) claims specialists between February 2011 and the present for alleged wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the New York Labor Law, and the Connecticut Minimum Wage Act. The suit alleges that MLIC improperly reclassified the plaintiffs and similarly situated LTD claims specialists from non-exempt to exempt from overtime pay in November 2013. As a result, they and members of the putative class were no longer eligible for overtime pay even though they allege they continued to work more than 40 hours per week. Plaintiffs seek unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, as well as other relief. On March 22, 2018, the court conditionally certified the case as a collective action, requiring that notice be mailed to LTD claims specialists who worked for MLIC from February 8, 2014 to the present. MLIC intends to defend this action vigorously.

Total Asset Recovery Services, LLC. v. MetLife, Inc., et al. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed December 27, 2017)

Total Asset Recovery Services (the “Relator”) brought an action under the qui tam provision of the New York False Claims Act (the “Act”) on behalf of itself and the State of New York. The Relator originally filed this action under seal in 2010, and the complaint was unsealed on December 19, 2017. The Relator alleges that MetLife, Inc., MLIC, and several other insurance companies violated the Act by filing false unclaimed property reports with the State of New York from 1986 to 2017, to avoid having to escheat the proceeds of more than 25,000 life insurance policies, including policies for which the defendants escheated funds as part of their demutualizations in the late 1990s. The Relator seeks treble damages and other relief. On April 3, 2019, the court granted MetLife, Inc.’s and MLIC’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. The Relator filed an appeal with the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, First Department. On December 10, 2020, the Appellate Division reversed the court’s order granting MetLife, Inc. and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss, remanded the case to the trial court, and permitted the Relator’s counsel to file an amended complaint. On March 5, 2021, the Relator filed an amended complaint. The Company intends to defend the action vigorously.

Matters Related to Group Annuity Benefits and Assumed Variable Annuity Guarantee Reserves

In 2018, the Company announced that it identified two material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting related to the practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits and the calculation of reserves associated with certain variable annuity guarantees assumed from the former operating joint venture in Japan. Several regulators have made inquiries into these issues and it is possible that other jurisdictions may pursue similar investigations or inquiries. The Company is exposed to lawsuits, and could be exposed to additional legal actions relating to these issues. These may result in payments, including damages, fines, penalties, interest and other amounts assessed or awarded by courts or regulatory authorities under applicable escheat, tax, securities, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or other laws or regulations. The Company could incur significant costs in connection with these actions.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Litigation Matters

Parchmann v. MetLife, Inc., et. al. (E.D.N.Y., filed February 5, 2018)

Plaintiff filed this putative class action seeking to represent a class of persons who purchased MetLife, Inc. common stock from February 27, 2013 through January 29, 2018. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife, Inc., its former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, and its former Chief Financial Officer violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by issuing materially false and/or misleading financial statements. Plaintiff alleges that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate, and that MetLife had inadequate internal control over financial reporting. Plaintiff seeks unspecified compensatory damages and other relief. On January 11, 2021, the court granted MetLife’s motion to dismiss and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. Plaintiff filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Defendants intend to defend this action vigorously.

Derivative Actions and Demands

Shareholders, seeking to sue derivatively on behalf of MetLife, Inc., commenced three separate actions against certain current and former members of the MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors and/or certain current and former officers of MetLife, Inc., alleging that, among other things, they breached their fiduciary and other duties to the Company. In Kates v. Kandarian, et al. (E.D.N.Y., filed January 18, 2019, transferred to D. Del. July 8, 2019) and Felt, et al. v. Grise, et al. (D. Del., filed April 29, 2019), plaintiffs allege that the defendants disseminated or approved public statements that failed to disclose that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate and that MetLife had inadequate internal control over financial reporting. In Lifschitz v. Kandarian, et al. (Del. Ch., filed June 19, 2019), plaintiff alleges that the MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors knew or should have known that MetLife’s practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits were inadequate. Felt and Lifschitz have been consolidated in the Court of Chancery in Delaware under the caption In re: MetLife, Inc. Derivative Litigation. In all of these actions, plaintiffs allege that because of the defendants’ breaches of duty, MetLife, Inc. has incurred damage to its reputation and has suffered other unspecified damages. On August 17, 2020, the court dismissed the complaint in In re: MetLife, Inc. Derivative Litigation, and on September 8, 2020, the court dismissed the complaint in Kates. Plaintiffs in In re: MetLife, Inc. Derivative Litigation have filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware, and on October 8, 2020, plaintiffs in Kates filed a third amended complaint with the district court. On March 22, 2021, the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the dismissal of In re: MetLife, Inc. Derivative Litigation, and on April 13, 2021, the court in Kates closed the case after the parties filed a stipulation of voluntary dismissal of the action with prejudice.

The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors received six letters, dated March 28, 2018, May 11, 2018, July 16, 2018, December 20, 2018, February 5, 2019, and April 7, 2020, written on behalf of individual stockholders, demanding that MetLife, Inc. take action against current and former directors and officers for alleged breaches of fiduciary duty and/or investigate, remediate, and recover damages allegedly suffered by the Company as a result of (i) the Company’s allegedly inadequate practices and procedures for estimating reserves for certain group annuity benefits, (ii) the Company’s allegedly inadequate internal controls over financial reporting and corporate governance practices and procedures, and (iii) the alleged dissemination of false or misleading information related to these issues. The MetLife, Inc. Board of Directors appointed a special committee to investigate the allegations set forth in these six letters.

Commitments

Mortgage Loan Commitments

The Company commits to lend funds under mortgage loan commitments. The amounts of these mortgage loan commitments were $3.0 billion and $3.3 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Commitments to Fund Partnership Investments, Bank Credit Facilities, Bridge Loans and Private Corporate Bond Investments

The Company commits to fund partnership investments and to lend funds under bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. The amounts of these unfunded commitments were $8.3 billion and $8.5 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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MetLife, Inc.

Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) — (continued)

15. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)

Guarantees

In the normal course of its business, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to third parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. In the context of acquisition, disposition, investment and other transactions, the Company has provided indemnities and guarantees, including those related to tax, environmental and other specific liabilities and other indemnities and guarantees that are triggered by, among other things, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants provided by the Company. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications to counterparties in contracts with triggers similar to the foregoing, as well as for certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. These obligations are often subject to time limitations that vary in duration, including contractual limitations and those that arise by operation of law, such as applicable statutes of limitation. In some cases, the maximum potential obligation under the indemnities and guarantees is subject to a contractual limitation ranging from less than $1 million to $329 million, with a cumulative maximum of $592 million, while in other cases such limitations are not specified or applicable. Since certain of these obligations are not subject to limitations, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future. Management believes that it is unlikely the Company will have to make any material payments under these indemnities, guarantees, or commitments.

In addition, the Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Also, the Company indemnifies its agents for liabilities incurred as a result of their representation of the Company’s interests. Since these indemnities are generally not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these indemnities in the future.

The Company also has minimum fund yield requirements on certain pension funds. Since these guarantees are not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future.

The Company’s recorded liabilities were $20 million at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 for indemnities, guarantees and commitments.

16. Subsequent Events

Disposition

See Note 3 for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Index to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations


			Page
Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information			49
Executive Summary			49
Industry Trends			51
Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates			53
Economic Capital			53
Acquisitions and Dispositions			53
Results of Operations			55
Investments			72
Derivatives			86
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements			88
Policyholder Liabilities			89
Liquidity and Capital Resources			97
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements			106
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements			106
Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures			107

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Forward-Looking Statements and Other Financial Information

For purposes of this discussion, “MetLife,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MetLife, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1999, its subsidiaries and affiliates. This discussion should be read in conjunction with MetLife, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Annual Report”), the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements included below, the “Risk Factors” set forth in Part II, Item 1A, and the additional risk factors referred to therein, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations may contain or incorporate by reference information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes references to our performance measures, adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders, that are not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). See “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for definitions and a discussion of these and other financial measures, and “— Results of Operations” and “— Investments” for reconciliations of historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

Executive Summary

Overview

MetLife is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management. MetLife is organized into five segments: U.S.; Asia; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and MetLife Holdings. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other.

COVID-19 Pandemic

We continue to closely monitor developments relating to the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic (the “COVID-19 Pandemic”) and assess its impact on our business. The COVID-19 Pandemic continues to impact the global economy and financial markets and has caused volatility in the global equity, credit and real estate markets. See “— Industry Trends — Financial and Economic Environment.” We have implemented risk management and business continuity plans and taken preventive measures and other precautions, such as employee business travel restrictions and remote work arrangements which, to date, have enabled us to maintain our critical business processes, customer service levels, relationships with key vendors, financial reporting systems, internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures.

We continue to grant certain accommodations to our customers, borrowers and lessees, including (i) relaxing claim documentation requirements for disability claims, (ii) payment deferrals and other loan modifications on certain commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans, and (iii) certain operating and direct financing lease concessions. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related mortgage loan and lease concessions. See also “— Results of Operations — Segment Results and Corporate & Other” for further information regarding the effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our businesses.

Current Period Highlights

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased compared to the prior period driven by growth in our U.S. segment, which included the acquisition of Versant Health Inc. (“Versant Health”), largely offset by the disposition of Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, “MetLife P&C”). Strong returns in our private equity portfolio resulted in improved investment yields, positive net flows drove an increase in our investment portfolio and interest credited expenses were lower. However, changes in long-term interest rates drove an unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses). Underwriting experience was unfavorable and reflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic.

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The following represents segment level results and percentage contributions to total segment level adjusted earnings available to common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

__________________

(1)Excludes Corporate & Other adjusted loss available to common shareholders of $171 million.

(2)Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is our GAAP measure of segment performance. For additional information, see Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Consolidated Results - Highlights

Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders down $4.1 billion:

•

Unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) of $6.4 billion ($5.1 billion, net of income tax)(2)

•

Favorable change in net investment gains (losses) of $422 million ($333 million, net of income tax)

•

Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders up $516 million

(1) See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results” and “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for reconciliations and definitions of non-GAAP financial measures.

(2) Includes amounts relating to investment hedge adjustments, which are also included in adjusted earnings available to common shareholders. See “— Investments — Investment Portfolio Results” for additional information.

Consolidated Results - Adjusted Earnings Highlights

Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders up $516 million primarily due to (i) higher investment yields, (ii) an increase in net investment income due to a larger asset base and (iii) lower interest credited expenses, partially offset by (i) unfavorable underwriting, which includes impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic, and (ii) the disposition of MetLife P&C, which decreased adjusted earnings by $109 million.

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For a more in-depth discussion of our consolidated results, see “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results,” “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” and “— Results of Operations — Segment Results and Corporate & Other.”

Industry Trends

We continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment that has been affecting the industry.

Financial and Economic Environment

Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally due to our market presence in numerous countries, large investment portfolio and the sensitivity of our insurance liabilities and derivatives to changing market factors.

We are closely monitoring political and economic conditions that might contribute to global market volatility and impact our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives, such as the COVID-19 Pandemic. See “— Investments — Current Environment.”

We are also monitoring the imposition of tariffs or other barriers to international trade, changes to international trade agreements, and their potential impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition, including the impact of the trade agreement reached by the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and the European Union (“EU”) in December 2020. See “Business — Regulation — Cross-Border Trade and Investments” included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Governments and central banks around the world are responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic with unprecedented fiscal and monetary policies, which are expected to have significant and ongoing effects on financial markets and the global economy. In the United States, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System continues to expand its balance sheet and board members’ forecasts suggest the policy rate is likely to remain near zero through 2023. Separately, another COVID-related stimulus package has been passed. The European Central Bank continues to conduct its pandemic asset purchase program and has signaled its intention to continue the program through at least March 31, 2022, while the Bank of England has maintained low interest rates and continued its expanded quantitative easing program which it has indicated will continue through year-end 2021. Additionally, a number of European countries, including the U.K., have implemented large fiscal stimulus programs, as well as the provision of guarantees and loans for private sector companies. The EU also approved a regional stimulus package comprised of grants and low interest financing to member states, which is expected to become operational during 2021.

In Japan, the Bank of Japan has continued its monetary easing program but, in order to further enhance its effectiveness and sustainability, the Bank of Japan (i) has announced that it will introduce a program to promote lending which will enable the Bank of Japan to mitigate potential negative side effects of further reductions in short and long term interest rates; (ii) has clarified the target range of yield curve fluctuations for the 10-year Japanese government bond, including an upper limit when necessary, and (iii) will extend the upper limits on purchases of exchange-traded funds and Japan real estate investment trusts.

Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment

Market interest rates are a key driver of our results. For discussion on the potential impact of low interest rates, as well as our mitigating actions, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment” and “Risk Factors — Economic Environment and Capital Markets Risks” included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Competitive Pressures

See “Business — Competition” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Competitive Pressures” in the 2020 Annual Report for information on our competitive position.

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Regulatory Developments

The following discussion on regulatory developments should be read in conjunction with “Business — Regulation” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Regulatory Developments” included in the 2020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under the caption “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Regulatory Developments.”

NYDFS Guidance on Diversity and Corporate Governance

On March 16, 2021, the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) stated it expects the insurers it regulates to make diversity of their leadership a business priority and a key element of their corporate governance. The NYDFS intends to start collecting data regarding the diversity of corporate boards and management in 2021, and it will include diversity-related questions in its examination process starting in 2022.

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Fiduciary Considerations, and Other Pension and Retirement Regulation

In 2020, the Chilean Congress approved two bills, each of which allowed individuals to withdraw up to 10% of pension accounts or the account balance if it is below a certain amount. ProVida S.A. and other companies in the industry continue to process such payments. The Chilean Congress approved a third bill allowing for additional withdrawals of pension funds which could deplete approximately one third of pension accounts. The bill also requires insurance companies to advance payments of up to 10% of the reserves allocated to a customer’s annuity. Chile also continues to consider other pension reforms.

Securities, Broker-Dealer and Investment Adviser Regulation

In April 2021, the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court overturned NYDFS Regulation 187 -- Suitability and Best Interests in Life Insurance and Annuity Transactions for being unconstitutionally vague. The NYDFS has 30 days to appeal.

Environmental Laws and Regulations

On March 25, 2021, the NYDFS issued for public comment proposed guidance for New York domestic insurers, which states that insurers are expected to take a proportionate approach to managing climate risks that reflects their exposure to climate risks.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) announced that it is continuing its focus on climate, and environmental, social and governance risks and opportunities, which includes a request for public input on climate disclosures.

London Interbank Offered Rate

The Financial Conduct Authority, the U.K. regulator of London Interbank Offered Rates (“LIBOR”), previously indicated that it intends to stop persuading or compelling panel banks to submit quotes used to determine LIBOR after 2021. On March 5, 2021, the Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, announced that it will cease the publication of one week and two-month U.S. Dollar LIBOR and all non-USD (GBP, EUR, CHF and JPY) LIBOR settings at the end of December 2021, but will extend the publication of the remaining U.S. Dollar LIBOR settings (overnight and one, three, six and 12 month U.S. Dollar LIBOR) until the end of June 2023. U.S. bank regulators have advised banks to cease writing, subject to certain limited exceptions, new U.S. Dollar LIBOR contracts by the end of 2021.

We use LIBOR and other interbank offered rates as interest reference rates in many of our financial instruments. Existing contract fallback provisions, and whether, how, and when we and others develop and adopt alternative reference rates, will influence the effect of any changes to or discontinuation of LIBOR on us. We actively participate in the New York Federal Reserve Bank convened Alternative Reference Rate Committee (“ARRC”) and other industry association efforts on the transition to alternative reference rates. In April 2021, the State of New York enacted legislation to address the transition from LIBOR for certain New York law governed agreements, which is generally consistent with the ARRC’s recommendations to facilitate the transition. We continue to assess current and alternative reference rates’ merits, limitations, risks and suitability for our investment and insurance processes.

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Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:

(i)liabilities for future policy benefits and the accounting for reinsurance;

(ii)capitalization and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) and the establishment and amortization of value of business acquired (“VOBA”);

(iii)estimated fair values of investments in the absence of quoted market values;

(iv)investment allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) and impairments;

(v)estimated fair values of freestanding derivatives and the recognition and estimated fair value of embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation;

(vi)measurement of goodwill and related impairment;

(vii)measurement of employee benefit plan liabilities;

(viii)measurement of income taxes and the valuation of deferred tax assets; and

(ix)liabilities for litigation and regulatory matters.

In addition, the application of acquisition accounting requires the use of estimation techniques in determining the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed — the most significant of which relate to the aforementioned critical accounting estimates. In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

The Company’s critical accounting estimates are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” and Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Economic Capital

Economic capital is an internally developed risk capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model accounts for the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in our business. Our economic capital model, coupled with considerations of local capital requirements, aligns segment allocated equity with emerging standards and consistent risk principles. Economic capital-based risk estimation is an evolving science and industry best practices have emerged and continue to evolve. Areas of evolving industry best practices include stochastic liability valuation techniques, alternative methodologies for the calculation of diversification benefits, and the quantification of appropriate shock levels. MetLife’s management is responsible for the ongoing production and enhancement of the economic capital model and reviews its approach periodically to ensure that it remains consistent with emerging industry practice standards. For further information, see “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

Acquisitions

Acquisition of Versant Health

For information regarding the Company’s acquisition of Versant Health, see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Dispositions

Disposition of MetLife P&C

For information regarding the Company's disposition of MetLife P&C, reported as held-for-sale, see Notes 1 and 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Disposition of MetLife Russia

For information regarding the Company's disposition of its wholly-owned Russian subsidiary, the Joint-stock Company MetLife Insurance Company (“MetLife Russia”), see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Disposition of MetLife Seguros de Retiro

For information regarding the Company's sale of one of its wholly-owned Argentinian subsidiaries, MetLife Seguros de Retiro S.A (“MetLife Seguros de Retiro”), see Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

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Results of Operations

Consolidated Results


	Three Months Ended March 31,
			2021		2020
		(In millions)
Revenues
Premiums			$	10,327	$	9,466
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees			1,391		1,431
Net investment income			5,314		3,061
Other revenues			631		439
Net investment gains (losses)			134		(288)
Net derivative gains (losses)			(2,235)		4,201
Total revenues			15,562		18,310
Expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends			10,770		9,314
Interest credited to policyholder account balances			1,351		80

Capitalization of DAC			(775)		(774)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA			590		788
Amortization of negative VOBA			(9)		(10)
Interest expense on debt			228		222
Other expenses			3,116		3,047
Total expenses			15,271		12,667
Income (loss) before provision for income tax			291		5,643
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)			(72)		1,242
Net income (loss)			363		4,401
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests			5		3
Net income (loss) attributable to MetLife, Inc.			358		4,398
Less: Preferred stock dividends			68		32

Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders			$	290	$	4,366

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, net income (loss) decreased $4.0 billion from the prior period, primarily driven by an unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses), net of investment hedge adjustments, partially offset by a lower effective tax rate.

Management of Investment Portfolio and Hedging Market Risks with Derivatives. We manage our investment portfolio using disciplined asset/liability management (“ALM”) principles, focusing on cash flow and duration to support our current and future liabilities. Our intent is to match the timing and amount of liability cash outflows with invested assets that have cash inflows of comparable timing and amount, while optimizing risk-adjusted investment income and risk-adjusted total return. Our investment portfolio is heavily weighted toward fixed income investments, with over 80% of our portfolio invested in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (“AFS”) and mortgage loans. These securities and loans have varying maturities and other characteristics which cause them to be generally well suited for matching the cash flow and duration of insurance liabilities. In addition, our general account investment portfolio includes, within contractholder-directed equity securities and fair value option securities (“FVO Securities”), contractholder-directed equity securities supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities (“Unit-linked investments”), which do not qualify as separate account assets. Returns on these Unit-linked investments, which can vary significantly from period to period, include changes in estimated fair value subsequent to purchase, inure to contractholders and are offset in earnings by a corresponding change in policyholder account balances through interest credited to policyholder account balances.

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We purchase investments to support our insurance liabilities and not to generate net investment gains and losses. However, net investment gains and losses are incurred and can change significantly from period to period due to changes in external influences, including changes in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity markets; counterparty specific factors such as financial performance, credit rating and collateral valuation; and internal factors such as portfolio rebalancing. Changes in these factors from period to period can significantly impact the levels of provision for credit loss and impairments on our investment portfolio, as well as realized gains and losses on investments sold.

We also use derivatives as an integral part of our management of the investment portfolio and insurance liabilities to hedge certain risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and equity market levels. We use freestanding interest rate, equity, credit and currency derivatives to hedge certain invested assets and insurance liabilities. A portion of these hedges are designated and qualify as accounting hedges, which reduce volatility in earnings. For those hedges not designated as accounting hedges, changes in market factors lead to the recognition of fair value changes in net derivative gains (losses) generally without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged, which creates volatility in earnings. We actively evaluate market risk hedging needs and strategies to ensure our free cash flow and capital objectives are met under a range of market conditions.

Certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits contain embedded derivatives that are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value recorded in net derivative gains (losses). We use freestanding derivatives to hedge the market risks inherent in these variable annuity guarantees. The valuation of these embedded derivatives includes a nonperformance risk adjustment, which is unhedged, and can be a significant driver of net derivative gains (losses) and volatility in earnings, but does not have an economic impact on us.

We continuously review and refine our strategy and ongoing refinement of the strategy may be required to take advantage of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) rules related to a statutory accounting election for derivatives that mitigate interest rate sensitivity related to variable annuity guarantees. As a part of our current hedge strategy, we maintain portfolio level derivatives in our macro hedge program. These macro hedge program derivatives, which are included in the non-VA program derivatives section of the table below, mitigate the potential loss of our overall statutory capital from significant adverse economic conditions.

Net Derivative Gains (Losses). The variable annuity embedded derivatives and associated freestanding derivative hedges are collectively referred to as “VA program derivatives.” All other derivatives that are economic hedges of certain invested assets and insurance liabilities are referred to as “non-VA program derivatives.” The table below presents the impact on net derivative gains (losses) from non-VA program derivatives and VA program derivatives:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Non-VA program derivatives:
Interest rate	$	(1,685)	$	4,218
Foreign currency exchange rate	(147)		25
Credit	31		(224)
Equity	(486)		515
Non-VA embedded derivatives	56		125
Total non-VA program derivatives	(2,231)		4,659
VA program derivatives:
Market risks in embedded derivatives	660		(1,487)
Nonperformance risk adjustment on embedded derivatives	(43)		185
Other risks in embedded derivatives	—		(245)
Total embedded derivatives	617		(1,547)
Freestanding derivatives hedging embedded derivatives	(621)		1,089
Total VA program derivatives	(4)		(458)
Net derivative gains (losses)	$	(2,235)	$	4,201

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The unfavorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on non-VA program derivatives was $6.9 billion ($5.4 billion, net of income tax). This was primarily due to long-term rates increasing significantly in the current period versus decreasing significantly in the prior period. This unfavorably impacted the estimated fair value of receive fixed interest rate swaps and receiver options that are part of our macro hedge program. Key equity indexes also increased in the current period versus decreased in the prior period. This unfavorably impacted the estimated fair value of equity options and total rate of return swaps that are part of our macro hedge program. Because certain of these hedging strategies are not designated or do not qualify as accounting hedges, the changes in the estimated fair value of these freestanding derivatives are recognized in net derivative gains (losses) without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the items being hedged.

The favorable change in net derivative gains (losses) on VA program derivatives was $454 million ($359 million, net of income tax). This was due to: (i) a favorable change of $437 million ($345 million, net of income tax) in market risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by freestanding derivatives that hedge market risks in embedded derivatives, (ii) a favorable change of $245 million, ($194 million, net of income tax) in other risks in embedded derivatives (primarily policyholder behavior and other non-market risks that generally cannot be hedged), partially offset by an unfavorable change of $228 million ($180 million, net of income tax) in the nonperformance risk adjustment included in the valuation of embedded derivatives.

The aforementioned $437 million ($345 million, net of income tax) favorable change reflects a $2,147 million ($1,696 million, net of income tax) favorable change in market risks in embedded derivatives, partially offset by a $1,710 million ($1,351 million, net of income tax) unfavorable change in freestanding derivatives that hedge market risks in embedded derivatives.

The primary changes in market factors affecting the valuation of VA program derivatives are summarized as follows:

•Key equity index levels increased in the current period versus decreased in the prior period, contributing to a favorable change in our embedded derivatives and an unfavorable change in our freestanding derivatives. For example, the S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) 500 Index increased 6% in the current period and decreased 20% in the prior period.

•Long-term interest rates increased significantly in the current period and decreased significantly in the prior period, contributing to a favorable change in our embedded derivatives and an unfavorable change in our freestanding derivatives. For example, the 30-year U.S. swap rate increased 80 basis points in the current period and decreased 121 basis points in the prior period.

The aforementioned $245 million ($194 million, net of income tax) favorable change in other risks in embedded derivatives reflects actuarial assumption updates and a combination of other factors, such as fees deducted from accounts, changes in the benefit base, premiums, lapses, withdrawals and deaths, and changes to cross-effect, basis mismatch, risk margin and fund allocation.

The aforementioned $228 million ($180 million, net of income tax) unfavorable change in the nonperformance risk adjustment included in the valuation of embedded derivatives resulted from an unfavorable change of $159 million, before income tax, related to model changes and changes in capital market inputs, such as long-term interest rates and key equity index levels, on variable annuity guarantees. Also included is an unfavorable change of $69 million, before income tax, related to changes in our own credit spread.

When equity index levels decrease in isolation, the variable annuity guarantees become more valuable to policyholders, which results in an increase in the undiscounted embedded derivative liability. Discounting this unfavorable change by the risk adjusted rate results in a smaller loss than by discounting at the risk-free rate, thus creating a gain from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk.

When the risk-free interest rate decreases in isolation, discounting the embedded derivative liability produces a higher valuation of the liability than if the risk-free interest rate had remained constant. Discounting this unfavorable change by the risk adjusted rate results in a smaller loss than by discounting at the risk-free interest rate, thus creating a gain from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk.

When our own credit spread increases in isolation, discounting the embedded derivative liability produces a lower valuation of the liability than if our own credit spread had remained constant. As a result, a gain is created from including an adjustment for nonperformance risk. For each of these primary market drivers, the opposite effect occurs when the driver moves in the opposite direction.

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Net Investment Gains (Losses). The favorable change in net investment gains (losses) of $422 million ($333 million, net of income tax) primarily reflects (i) mark-to-market gains in the current period compared to mark-to-market losses in the prior period on equity securities, which are measured at estimated fair value through net income (loss), (ii) lower provisions for credit loss on fixed maturity securities in the current period, (iii) a release of a mortgage loan credit loss allowance in the current period, as well as (iv) current period gains on sales of real estate investments. These favorable changes were partially offset by prior period gains on sales of fixed maturity securities and lower foreign currency transaction gains in the current period.

Divested Businesses. Income (loss) before provision for income tax related to divested businesses, excluding net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses), increased $83 million ($67 million, net of income tax) to $88 million ($73 million, net of income tax) in the current period from $5 million ($6 million, net of income tax) in the prior period. Included in this increase was an increase in total revenues of $856 million, before income tax, and an increase in total expenses of $773 million, before income tax. Divested businesses primarily include activity related to the disposition of MetLife P&C.

Taxes. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was (25%) which reflects an income tax benefit despite having income before provision for income tax. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2021 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate (versus a tax charge in the prior period), tax credits, non-taxable investment income and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, our effective tax rate on income (loss) before provision for income tax was 22%. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, partially offset by tax benefits related to non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment.

Adjusted Earnings. As more fully described in “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures,” we use adjusted earnings, which does not equate to net income (loss), as determined in accordance with GAAP, to analyze our performance, evaluate segment performance, and allocate resources. We believe that the presentation of adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings, as we measure it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings allow analysis of our performance relative to our business plan and facilitate comparisons to industry results. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss). Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis should not be viewed as substitutes for net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders increased $516 million, net of income tax, to $2.0 billion, net of income tax, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 from $1.4 billion, net of income tax, for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

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Reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders and premiums, fees and other revenues to adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021


		U.S.		Asia		Latin America		EMEA		MetLife Holdings		Corporate& Other		Total
		(In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders		$	758	$	(150)	$	57	$	29	$	(247)	$	(157)	$	290
Add: Preferred stock dividends		—		—		—		—		—		68		68

Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		—		—		2		1		—		2		5
Net income (loss)		758		(150)		59		30		(247)		(87)		363
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:
Revenues:
	Net investment gains (losses)	(45)		(126)		8		17		118		162		134
	Net derivative gains (losses)	9		(964)		(33)		(6)		(1,096)		(145)		(2,235)
	Premiums	865		—		—		—		—		—		865
	Universal life and investment-type product policy fees	—		—		—		5		20		—		25
	Net investment income	(62)		69		(10)		85		(73)		11		20
	Other revenues	11		—		—		—		—		35		46
Expenses:
	Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends	(583)		(23)		70		(60)		(68)		—		(664)
	Interest credited to policyholder account balances	—		(106)		(11)		(93)		—		—		(210)
	Capitalization of DAC	89		—		—		—		—		—		89
	Amortization of DAC and VOBA	(98)		12		—		—		4		—		(82)
	Amortization of negative VOBA	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Interest expense on debt	—		—		—		—		—		(1)		(1)
	Other expenses	(222)		1		6		(2)		—		(45)		(262)
	Goodwill impairment	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit		10		364		(11)		13		230		(1)		605
Adjusted earnings		$	784	$	623	$	40	$	71	$	618	(103)		2,033
Less: Preferred stock dividends												68		68
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders												$	(171)	$	1,965

Premiums, fees and other revenues		$	7,268	$	2,161	$	875	$	683	$	1,183	$	179	$	12,349
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues		876		—		—		5		20		35		936
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues		$	6,392	$	2,161	$	875	$	678	$	1,163	$	144	$	11,413

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2020


		U.S.		Asia		Latin America		EMEA		MetLife Holdings		Corporate& Other		Total
		(In millions)
Net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.'s common shareholders		$	1,053	$	867	$	(213)	$	212	$	2,724	$	(277)	$	4,366
Add: Preferred stock dividends		—		—		—		—		—		32		32

Add: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		—		—		1		1		—		1		3
Net income (loss)		1,053		867		(212)		213		2,724		(244)		4,401
Less: adjustments from net income (loss) to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders:
Revenues:
	Net investment gains (losses)	(33)		98		(11)		(6)		(112)		(224)		(288)
	Net derivative gains (losses)	439		773		(360)		71		3,206		72		4,201
	Premiums	—		32		—		—		—		—		32
	Universal life and investment-type product policy fees	—		21		(3)		6		22		—		46
	Net investment income	(53)		(241)		(53)		(865)		(48)		—		(1,260)
	Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		42		42
Expenses:
	Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends	(12)		(34)		(37)		90		43		(1)		49
	Interest credited to policyholder account balances	4		235		40		859		—		—		1,138
	Capitalization of DAC	—		3		—		—		—		—		3
	Amortization of DAC and VOBA	—		(34)		—		(1)		(14)		—		(49)
	Amortization of negative VOBA	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Interest expense on debt	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Other expenses	—		(14)		—		(2)		—		(50)		(66)
	Goodwill impairment	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit		(72)		(322)		117		(17)		(650)		16		(928)
Adjusted earnings		$	780	$	350	$	95	$	78	$	277	(99)		1,481
Less: Preferred stock dividends												32		32
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders												$	(131)	$	1,449

Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis (1)		$	780	$	367	$	93	$	80	$	277	$	(131)	$	1,466

Premiums, fees and other revenues		$	6,189	$	2,133	$	918	$	703	$	1,255	138		11,336
Less: adjustments to premiums, fees and other revenues		—		53		(3)		6		22		42		120
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues		$	6,189	$	2,080	$	921	$	697	$	1,233	$	96	$	11,216

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis (1)		$	6,189	$	2,161	$	929	$	716	$	1,233	$	96	$	11,324

__________________

(1)Amounts for U.S., MetLife Holdings and Corporate & Other are shown on a reported basis, as constant currency impact is not significant.

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Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased $197 million, or 2%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, increased $89 million, or 1%, compared to the prior period, primarily due to growth in our U.S. segment, despite a decrease of $921 million attributable to the disposition of MetLife P&C. The increase in our U.S. segment was due to growth in our Group Benefits business, including the acquisition of Versant Health, as well as higher premiums in our Retirement and Income Solutions (“RIS”) business. In our Asia segment, adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues were flat compared to the prior period. Lower annuitizations in Chile due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, partially offset by higher sales and persistency in Mexico, resulted in a decrease in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues in our Latin America segment. A decrease in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues in our EMEA segment was due in part to the disposition of MetLife Russia, partially offset by growth in our corporate solutions and accident & health businesses. In our MetLife Holdings segment, we anticipate an average decline in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues of approximately 5% to 7% per year from expected business run-off.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Overview. The primary drivers of the increase in adjusted earnings were higher investment yields due to strong returns in our private equity portfolio, an increase in net investment income due to a larger asset base and lower interest credited expenses, partially offset by unfavorable underwriting, which reflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the disposition of MetLife P&C. The disposition of MetLife P&C decreased adjusted earnings by $109 million. All amounts discussed below are net of the results of this business.

Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates had a $17 million positive impact on adjusted earnings for the first quarter of 2021 compared to the prior period. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Business Growth. We benefited from positive net flows in the majority of our businesses, which increased our invested asset base. Growth in the investment portfolios of all of our segments resulted in higher net investment income. However, consistent with the growth in average invested assets, interest credited expenses on certain insurance-related liabilities increased. In addition, higher premiums, net of corresponding changes in policyholder benefits, from growth in our non-U.S. segments improved adjusted earnings. Lower fee income in our EMEA and MetLife Holdings segments was partially offset by increases in our Asia and U.S. segments. Also, an increase in expenses, net of DAC capitalization, due to business growth was partially offset by the 2021 abatement of the annual health insurer fee under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”). The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth, in addition to lower DAC amortization, resulted in a $53 million increase in adjusted earnings.

Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns, and foreign currency fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Excluding the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on net investment income in our non-U.S. segments and changes in inflation rates on our inflation-indexed investments, investment yields increased. The increase in investment yields was primarily driven by the favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds and FVO Securities, and higher net investment income on derivatives. These increases in net investment income were partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities. The net impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decline in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type and long-duration liabilities, which drove a decrease in interest credited expenses. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in an $833 million increase in adjusted earnings.

Underwriting. Unfavorable underwriting resulted in a $268 million decrease in adjusted earnings and reflected impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Unfavorable mortality, primarily in our U.S. and Latin America segments, was partially offset by net favorable morbidity experience, as well as favorable claims experience in Japan. Favorable morbidity experience in our U.S. and MetLife Holdings segments was partially offset by unfavorable morbidity experience in our EMEA segment.

Expenses. Adjusted earnings increased $36 million compared to the prior period, primarily due to declines in certain corporate-related expenses, lower interest expenses on tax positions due to audit settlements in the current period and lower legal expenses, partially offset by higher employee-related costs.

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Taxes. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 21%, which is equal to the U.S. statutory rate, and reflects tax benefits from tax credits, non-taxable investment income and the corporate tax deduction for stock compensation, offset by tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, our effective tax rate on adjusted earnings was 18%. Our effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits from non-taxable investment income, tax credits and the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment, partially offset by tax charges from foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate.

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Segment Results and Corporate & Other

U.S.

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased $203 million, or 3%, compared to the prior period. Growth in our Group Benefits business, including the acquisition of Versant Health, coupled with an increase in premiums in our RIS business was largely offset by a decrease of $921 million attributable to the disposition of MetLife P&C. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding this disposition. The increase in our Group Benefits business was primarily driven by growth in both core and voluntary products. Growth in core products was driven by increases in the group life and group disability businesses. Growth from our group life business included increased premiums from our participating businesses, which can fluctuate with claims experience. Growth in voluntary products was due to the acquisition of Versant Health, as well as the impact of new sales and growth in membership in our accident & health and legal plans businesses. The increase in premiums in RIS was mainly driven by increases in the post-retirement, longevity reinsurance and structured settlement businesses. Changes in RIS premiums are mostly offset by a corresponding change in policyholder benefits.

Growth in RIS’s stable value and capital market investments businesses drove an increase in policyholder account balances, resulting in higher fees and interest margins.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021		2020
		(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums		$	5,699	$	5,674
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees		297		275
Net investment income		2,010		1,766
Other revenues		396		240
Total adjusted revenues		8,402		7,955
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends		6,142		5,435
Interest credited to policyholder account balances		359		458
Capitalization of DAC		(18)		(112)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA		16		119
Interest expense on debt		1		2
Other expenses		911		1,066
Total adjusted expenses		7,411		6,968
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)		207		207
Adjusted earnings		$	784	$	780

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues		$	6,392	$	6,189

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

The disposition of MetLife P&C decreased adjusted earnings by $109 million. All amounts discussed below are net of the results of this business.

Business Growth. The impact of positive flows from funding agreement issuances and pension risk transfer transactions resulted in higher average invested assets, improving net investment income. However, consistent with the growth in average invested assets, interest credited expenses on long-duration and deposit-type liabilities increased. Higher volume-related, premium tax and direct expenses, driven by business growth, were partially offset by the 2021 abatement of the annual health insurer fee under the PPACA. This net increase in expenses was more than offset by a corresponding increase in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth increased adjusted earnings by $48 million.

Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels, variability in equity market returns and foreign currency fluctuations, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields increased primarily driven by the favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds and higher net investment income on derivatives. These increases were partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. The net impact of interest rate fluctuations resulted in a decrease in our average interest credited rates on deposit-type and long-duration liabilities, which drove a decrease in interest credited expenses. The changes in market factors discussed above resulted in a $268 million increase in adjusted earnings.

Underwriting. Unfavorable mortality in our Group Benefits business resulted in a decrease in adjusted earnings of $302 million. This was primarily driven by increases in both incidence and severity in both COVID-19 and core claims across our life businesses, slightly offset by favorable results in our accidental death & dismemberment business due to lower incidence as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Favorable mortality in our RIS business, including the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, resulted in an increase in adjusted earnings of $47 million, driven by our pension risk transfer and structured settlement businesses. Favorable claims experience, coupled with the impact of growth in our Group Benefits business, resulted in a $54 million increase in adjusted earnings. This increase was primarily driven by: (i) favorable dental results, as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, which reduced utilization in the current period; (ii) the impact of business growth and favorable claims experience in our accident & health business; and (iii) the impact of the acquisition of Versant Health on our vision business, partially offset by less favorable claims experience in our group disability business.

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Asia

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased $81 million, or 4%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, were flat compared to the prior period as growth in foreign currency-denominated life and annuities products in Japan, as well as business growth in other markets, was offset by a decrease in premiums from yen-denominated life products.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
			2021		2020
		(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums			$	1,685	$	1,636
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees			458		430
Net investment income			1,264		937
Other revenues			18		14
Total adjusted revenues			3,425		3,017
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends			1,297		1,321
Interest credited to policyholder account balances			489		445
Capitalization of DAC			(435)		(421)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA			314		315
Amortization of negative VOBA			(7)		(8)
Other expenses			899		874
Total adjusted expenses			2,557		2,526
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)			245		141
Adjusted earnings			$	623	$	350

Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis			$	623	$	367

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues			$	2,161	$	2,080
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis			$	2,161	$	2,161

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased adjusted earnings by $17 million for the first quarter of 2021 compared to the prior period, primarily due to the strengthening of the Australian dollar, Japanese Yen and Korean won against the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Business Growth. Asia’s premiums, fees and other revenues remained flat as compared to the prior period as discussed above; however, a decline in policyholder benefits improved adjusted earnings. Positive net flows in Japan and Korea resulted in higher average invested assets, which improved net investment income. The increase in net investment income was more than offset by a corresponding increase in interest credited expenses on certain insurance liabilities. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth improved adjusted earnings by $8 million.

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Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields increased driven by the favorable impact of equity market returns on our private equity funds and increased net investment income on derivatives. These favorable impacts were partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities supporting products sold in Japan denominated in the Australian and U.S. dollars. In addition, a decrease in interest credited expense improved adjusted earnings. The changes in market factors discussed above increased adjusted earnings by $205 million.

Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Lower claims and lapses in Japan increased adjusted earnings by $22 million. Refinements to certain insurance liabilities and other liabilities in the prior period resulted in an $8 million increase in adjusted earnings.

Expenses. Adjusted earnings increased by $12 million, primarily driven by lower operating expenses in Japan and lower corporate overhead.

Latin America

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021 decreased $46 million, or 5%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, decreased $54 million, or 6%, compared to the prior period, mainly driven by lower annuitizations in Chile due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, partially offset by higher sales and persistency in Mexico.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021		2020
		(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums		$	595	$	640
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees		270		270
Net investment income		299		218
Other revenues		10		11
Total adjusted revenues		1,174		1,139
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends		761		610
Interest credited to policyholder account balances		59		70
Capitalization of DAC		(95)		(100)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA		60		74

Interest expense on debt		1		1
Other expenses		335		345
Total adjusted expenses		1,121		1,000
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)		13		44
Adjusted earnings		$	40	$	95

Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis		$	40	$	93

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues		$	875	$	921
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis		$	875	$	929

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates decreased adjusted earnings by $2 million for the first quarter of 2021 compared to the prior period, mainly due to the weakening of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, primarily the Mexican peso. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Business Growth. Despite the aforementioned decrease in annuity premiums in Chile driven by the COVID-19 Pandemic, Latin America experienced growth in Mexico. The decrease in premiums in Chile was offset by related changes in policyholder benefits. An increase in average invested assets, primarily in Chile, generated higher net investment income. In addition, DAC amortization and interest credited expenses on certain insurance liabilities decreased. Business growth in Mexico also drove an increase in commissions and other variable expenses, net of DAC capitalization. The combined impact of the items affecting business growth increased adjusted earnings by $14 million.

Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns, continued to impact our results; however, certain impacts were mitigated by derivatives used to hedge these risks. Investment yields increased driven by the favorable impact of equity market returns on FVO Securities within our Chilean encaje, and on our private equity funds, partially offset by lower yields on fixed income securities and mortgage loans. The changes in market factors discussed above increased adjusted earnings by $48 million.

Underwriting. Unfavorable underwriting drove a $124 million decrease in adjusted earnings which includes impacts from COVID-19-related life claims, primarily in Mexico.

Expenses and Taxes. Expense discipline across the region drove an increase in adjusted earnings of $7 million. Tax-related adjustments in both periods resulted in a slight net decrease in adjusted earnings.

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EMEA

Business Overview. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021 decreased $19 million, or 3%, compared to the prior period. Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, net of foreign currency fluctuations, decreased $38 million, or 5%, compared to the prior period due in part to the disposition of MetLife Russia, partially offset by growth in our corporate solutions business in the U.K. and Egypt, as well as our accident & health business across the region.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021		2020
		(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums		$	598	$	568
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees		67		116
Net investment income		63		69
Other revenues		13		13
Total adjusted revenues		741		766
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends		343		310
Interest credited to policyholder account balances		24		27
Capitalization of DAC		(127)		(130)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA		62		130
Amortization of negative VOBA		(2)		(2)

Other expenses		349		332
Total adjusted expenses		649		667
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)		21		21
Adjusted earnings		$	71	$	78

Adjusted earnings on a constant currency basis		$	71	$	80

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues		$	678	$	697
Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues on a constant currency basis		$	678	$	716

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Foreign Currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased adjusted earnings by $2 million for the first quarter of 2021 as compared to the prior period, primarily driven by the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the euro, the British pound, and the Polish zloty, partially offset by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Turkish lira. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currency fluctuations can result in significant variances in the financial statement line items.

Business Growth. A decrease in our variable life business in the Gulf was largely offset by increases in our corporate solutions business in the U.K. and our accident and health business across the region, which resulted in a slight decrease in adjusted earnings.

Market Factors. Market factors, including interest rate levels and variability in equity market returns continued to impact results. DAC amortization decreased in our variable life business and resulted in an $8 million increase in adjusted earnings.

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Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Unfavorable underwriting experience, including the impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic, decreased adjusted earnings by $11 million. Unfavorable underwriting experience in our (i) corporate solutions business across the region, (ii) variable life business in the Czech Republic and Lebanon, and (iii) accident & health business in the Gulf was partially offset by favorable underwriting experience in our ordinary life business in Portugal and the Gulf. Refinements to certain insurance-related assets and liabilities in both periods resulted in a $6 million increase in adjusted earnings.

Expenses, Taxes and Other. Lower prior period compensation-related and various other expenses decreased adjusted earnings by $6 million. Taxes decreased adjusted earnings by $3 million, mainly in the U.K. Adjusted earnings decreased by $2 million due to the disposition of MetLife Russia.

MetLife Holdings

Business Overview. Our MetLife Holdings segment consists of operations relating to products and businesses, previously included in our former retail business, that we no longer actively market in the United States. We anticipate an average decline in adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues of approximately 5% to 7% per year from expected business run-off. A significant portion of our adjusted earnings is driven by separate account balances. Most directly, these balances determine asset-based fee income but they also impact DAC amortization and asset-based commissions. Separate account balances are driven by movements in the market, surrenders, deposits, withdrawals, benefit payments, transfers and policy charges. Although we have discontinued selling our long-term care product, we continue to collect premiums and administer the existing block of business, which contributed to asset growth in the segment, and we expect the related reserves to grow as this block matures.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
			2021		2020
		(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums			$	827	$	904
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees			274		294
Net investment income			1,646		1,315
Other revenues			62		35
Total adjusted revenues			2,809		2,548
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends			1,523		1,661
Interest credited to policyholder account balances			210		218
Capitalization of DAC			(8)		(5)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA			54		100
Interest expense on debt			1		2
Other expenses			253		228
Total adjusted expenses			2,033		2,204
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)			158		67
Adjusted earnings			$	618	$	277

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues			$	1,163	$	1,233

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Business Growth. Negative net flows in our annuity business resulted in lower asset-based fee income. In addition, premiums declined due to business run-off and the impact of dividend scale reductions. The combined impact of the items affecting our business growth resulted in a $17 million decrease in adjusted earnings.

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Underwriting and Other Insurance Adjustments. Favorable underwriting in our long-term care and immediate annuity businesses, partially offset by unfavorable underwriting in our traditional life and universal life businesses resulted in a $41 million increase in adjusted earnings, which reflects the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dividend scale reductions, as well as run-off in Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s (“MLIC”) closed block, contributed to lower dividend expense and resulted in a $34 million increase in adjusted earnings.

Expenses. Adjusted earnings decreased by $15 million mainly due to higher corporate-related expenses.

Corporate & Other


	Three Months Ended March 31,
			2021		2020
		(In millions)
Adjusted revenues
Premiums			$	58	$	12
Universal life and investment-type product policy fees			—		—
Net investment income			12		16
Other revenues			86		84
Total adjusted revenues			156		112
Adjusted expenses
Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends			40		26

Capitalization of DAC			(3)		(3)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA			2		1
Interest expense on debt			224		217
Other expenses			107		136
Total adjusted expenses			370		377
Provision for income tax expense (benefit)			(111)		(166)
Adjusted earnings			(103)		(99)
Less: Preferred stock dividends			68		32
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders			$	(171)	$	(131)

Adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues			$	144	$	96

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The table below presents adjusted earnings available to common shareholders by source:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
			2021		2020
		(In millions)
Business activities			$	29	$	18
Net investment income			13		17
Interest expense on debt			(234)		(229)
Corporate initiatives and projects			(25)		(31)
Other			3		(40)
Provision for income tax (expense) benefit and other tax-related items			111		166
Preferred stock dividends			(68)		(32)
Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders			$	(171)	$	(131)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of income tax.

Provision for Income Tax (Expense) Benefit and Other Tax-Related Items. An unfavorable change in Corporate & Other’s taxes was primarily due to the finalization of bankruptcy proceedings for a leveraged lease investment in the prior period. In addition, lower utilization of tax preferenced items, which include tax credits and foreign earnings taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory rate, was partially offset by higher tax deductions for stock compensation.

Other. Adjusted earnings increased $34 million, primarily as a result of decreases in certain corporate-related expenses, lower interest expenses on tax positions due to audit settlements in the current period and lower legal expenses, partially offset by higher employee-related costs.

Preferred Stock Dividends. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders decreased $36 million as a result of dividends paid on the 3.85% Fixed Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G we issued in September 2020, the 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F we issued in January 2020 and a change in the frequency of dividend payments on the 5.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C.

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Investments

Investment Risks

Our primary investment objective is to optimize, net of income tax, risk-adjusted investment income and risk-adjusted total return while ensuring that assets and liabilities are managed on a cash flow and duration basis. The Investments Department, led by the Chief Investment Officer, manages investment risks using a risk control framework comprised of policies, procedures and limits. The Investment Risk Committee and Asset-Liability Steering Committee review and monitor investment risk limits and tolerances. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Investment Risks” included in the 2020 Annual Report for an explanation of investment risks and our risk control framework.

Current Environment

As a global insurance company, we continue to be impacted by the changing global financial and economic environment, the fiscal and monetary policy of governments and central banks around the world and other governmental measures. The COVID-19 Pandemic continues to impact the global economy and financial markets and has caused volatility in the global equity, credit and real estate markets. See “— Industry Trends — Financial and Economic Environment.” Whether or when the global economy will return to the level of output and consumption prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic is uncertain. This uncertainty may persist for some time and may continue to impact pricing levels of risk-bearing investments, as well as our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives.

Governments and central banks around the world are responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic with unprecedented fiscal and monetary policies, which are expected to have significant and ongoing effects on financial markets and the global economy. These policy responses include fiscal and monetary stimulus measures, including, but not limited to, financial assistance, liquidity programs, new financing facilities and reductions in the level of interest rates. As time progresses, we will know more about the efficacy of these policies and what they may mean for the outlook for the global economy and financial markets, but currently the number of factors makes reliably estimating the duration and severity of the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our business operations, investment portfolio and derivatives difficult.

Selected Country and Sector Investments

Selected Country: We have a market presence in numerous countries and, therefore, our investment portfolio, which supports our insurance operations and related policyholder liabilities, as well as our global portfolio diversification objectives, is exposed to risks posed by local political and economic conditions, as well as those resulting from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Our investment portfolios in the countries in the table below are currently the most affected by these conditions. The following table presents a summary of selected country fixed maturity securities AFS, at estimated fair value. The information below is presented on a “country of risk basis” (e.g. where the issuer primarily conducts business).


	Selected Country Fixed Maturity Securities AFS at March 31, 2021
Country	Sovereign (1)			Financial Services			Non-Financial Services			Structured			Total (2)
	(Dollars in millions)
United Kingdom	$	305		$	6,156		$	12,515		$	96		$	19,072
Chile	1,707			1,035			3,388			3			6,133
Mexico	2,674			855			2,173			37			5,739


Peru	137			85			357			—			579
India	141			2			225			—			368
Turkey	97			4			13			—			114

Argentina (3)	66			1			21			—			88
Total	$	5,127		$	8,138		$	18,692		$	136		$	32,093
Investment grade %	94.1		%	99.1		%	93.3		%	83.5		%	94.9		%

__________________

(1)Sovereign includes government and agency.

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(2)The par value, amortized cost net of ACL, and estimated fair value of the net written credit default swaps of these selected country fixed maturity securities AFS were $29.2 billion, $28.7 billion and $32.5 billion, respectively, at March 31, 2021. The notional value and estimated fair value of the net written credit default swaps were $384 million and ($16) million, respectively, at March 31, 2021.

(3)The sovereign securities amount for Argentina was net of ACL of $2 million at March 31, 2021.

Selected Sector: As a result of current economic conditions including the effects on the global economy and financial markets from the COVID-19 Pandemic, certain sectors of our investment portfolio have continued to experience stress. Our fixed maturity securities AFS exposure to stressed sectors is summarized below:


	Selected Sectors at March 31, 2021
Sectors	Book Value (1)		Investment Grade %		% of Total Investments
	(Dollars in millions)
Energy	$	7,869	85	%	1.6	%
Airports	3,210		82	%	0.6	%
Cruise Lines / Leisure	813		98	%	0.2	%
Airlines	412		68	%	0.1	%
Restaurants	409		94	%	0.1	%
Lodging	215		60	%	—	%
Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Exposure to Stressed Sectors (2)	$	12,928			2.6	%
Total Investments (3)	$	505,389

__________________

(1)Fixed maturity securities AFS at amortized cost, net of ACL.

(2)The estimated fair value of these fixed maturity securities AFS was $14.1 billion at March 31, 2021.

(3)Represents total cash, cash equivalents and invested assets.

We maintain a portfolio of energy sector fixed maturity securities AFS that is diversified across sub-sectors and issuers. This portfolio is primarily invested in higher quality, highly rated investment grade securities and is defensively positioned in sub-sectors which are less impacted by volatility in oil prices. Over the five quarters ended March 31, 2021, we reduced our exposure to such securities by 14%. At March 31, 2021, this securities portfolio was in an unrealized gain position of $810 million.

We manage direct and indirect investment exposure in the selected countries and sectors through fundamental analysis and we continually monitor and adjust our level of investment exposure.

Investment Portfolio Results

The reconciliation of net investment income under GAAP to adjusted net investment income is presented below.


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Net investment income — GAAP basis	$	5,314	$	3,061
Investment hedge adjustments	220		138
Unit-linked investment income	(207)		1,140
Other	(33)		(18)
Adjusted net investment income (1)	$	5,294	$	4,321

__________________

(1)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the adjustments made to net investment income under GAAP in calculating adjusted net investment income.

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The following yield table presentation is consistent with how we measure our investment performance for management purposes, and we believe it enhances understanding of our investment portfolio results.


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021				2020
Asset Class	Yield % (1)		Amount		Yield % (1)		Amount
	(Dollars in millions)
Fixed maturity securities (2), (3)	3.72	%	$	2,784	3.82	%	$	2,739
Mortgage loans (3)	4.11		861		4.37		884
Real estate and real estate joint ventures	3.18		95		2.95		81
Policy loans	5.14		121		5.23		126
Equity securities	4.90		11		5.43		14
Other limited partnership interests	50.30		1,285		16.22		323
Cash and short-term investments	0.87		21		1.73		44
Other invested assets			298				266
Investment income	5.05	%	5,476		4.30	%	4,477
Investment fees and expenses	(0.13)		(146)		(0.13)		(134)
Net investment income including divested businesses (4)	4.92	%	5,330		4.17	%	4,343
Less: net investment income from divested businesses (4)			36				22
Adjusted net investment income			$	5,294			$	4,321

__________________

(1)We calculate yields using adjusted net investment income as a percent of average quarterly asset carrying values. Adjusted net investment income excludes recognized gains (losses) and includes the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Average quarterly asset carrying values exclude unrealized gains (losses), collateral received in connection with our securities lending program, annuities funding structured settlement claims, freestanding derivative assets, collateral received from derivative counterparties, the effects of consolidating under GAAP certain variable interest entities that are treated as consolidated securitization entities (“CSEs”) and contractholder-directed equity securities. In addition, average quarterly asset carrying values include invested assets reclassified to held-for-sale. A yield is not presented for other invested assets, as it is not considered a meaningful measure of performance for this asset class.

(2)Investment income from fixed maturity securities includes amounts from FVO Securities of $36 million and ($78) million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(3)Investment income from fixed maturity securities AFS and mortgage loans includes prepayment fees.

(4)See “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion of divested businesses.

See “— Results of Operations — Consolidated Results — Adjusted Earnings” for an analysis of the period over period changes in investment portfolio results.

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Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities

The following table presents fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities by type (public or private) and information about perpetual and redeemable securities held at:


	March 31, 2021					December 31, 2020
	Estimated Fair Value			% of Total		Estimated Fair Value			% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
Fixed maturity securities AFS:
Publicly-traded	$	264,400		79.4	%	$	284,083		80.1	%
Privately-placed	68,541			20.6		70,726			19.9
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	$	332,941		100.0	%	$	354,809		100.0	%
Percentage of cash and invested assets	65.9		%			67.2		%
Equity securities:
Publicly-traded	$	832		78.3	%	$	851		78.9	%
Privately-held	231			21.7		228			21.1
Total equity securities	$	1,063		100.0	%	$	1,079		100.0	%
Percentage of cash and invested assets	0.2		%			0.2		%
Perpetual and redeemable securities:
Perpetual securities included within fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities	$	332				$	344
Redeemable preferred stock with a stated maturity included within fixed maturity securities AFS	$	503				$	912

See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about fixed maturity securities AFS by sector, contractual maturities and continuous gross unrealized losses.

Included within fixed maturity securities AFS are structured securities, including residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) (collectively, “Structured Products”).

Perpetual securities are included within fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities. Upon acquisition, we classify perpetual securities that have attributes of both debt and equity as fixed maturity securities AFS if the securities have an interest rate step-up feature which, when combined with other qualitative factors, indicates that the securities have more debt-like characteristics; while those with more equity-like characteristics are classified as equity securities. Many of such securities, commonly referred to as “perpetual hybrid securities,” have been issued by non-U.S. financial institutions that are accorded the highest two capital treatment categories by their respective regulatory bodies (i.e. core capital, or “Tier 1 capital” and perpetual deferrable securities, or “Upper Tier 2 capital”).

Redeemable preferred stock with a stated maturity is included within fixed maturity securities AFS. These securities, which are commonly referred to as “capital securities,” primarily have cumulative interest deferral features and are primarily issued by U.S. financial institutions.

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Valuation of Securities” included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information on the processes used to value securities and the related controls.

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Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities

Fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding fair value pricing sources are as follows:


	March 31, 2021
Level	Fixed Maturity Securities AFS				Equity Securities
	(Dollars in millions)
Level 1
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets	$	21,003	6.3	%	$	649	61.1	%
Level 2
Independent pricing sources	281,807		84.7		180		16.9
Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques	1,068		0.3		80		7.5
Significant other observable inputs	282,875		85.0		260		24.4
Level 3
Independent pricing sources	23,268		7.0		13		1.2
Internal matrix pricing or discounted cash flow techniques	5,347		1.6		141		13.3
Independent broker quotations	448		0.1		—		—
Significant unobservable inputs	29,063		8.7		154		14.5
Total estimated fair value	$	332,941	100.0	%	$	1,063	100.0	%

See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities fair value hierarchy.

The majority of the Level 3 fixed maturity securities AFS and equity securities were concentrated in three sectors at March 31, 2021: foreign corporate securities, U.S. corporate securities and RMBS. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, Level 3 fixed maturity securities AFS decreased by $444 million, or 2%. The decrease was driven by a decrease in estimated fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and by transfers out of Level 3 in excess of transfers into Level 3, partially offset by purchases in excess of sales.

See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a rollforward of the fair value measurements for securities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs; transfers into and/or out of Level 3; and further information about the valuation approaches and inputs by level by major classes of invested assets that affect the amounts reported above. See also “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Valuation of Securities” included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information on the estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported above.

Fixed Maturity Securities AFS

See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about fixed maturity securities AFS by sector, contractual maturities and continuous gross unrealized losses.

Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Credit Quality — Ratings

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Credit Quality — Ratings” included in the 2020 Annual Report for a discussion of the credit quality ratings assigned by Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”), credit quality designations assigned by and methodologies used by the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC for fixed maturity securities AFS and revised methodologies adopted by the NAIC for certain Structured Products.

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The following table presents total fixed maturity securities AFS by NRSRO rating and the applicable NAIC designation from the NAIC published comparison of NRSRO ratings to NAIC designations, except for non-agency RMBS and CMBS, held by MetLife, Inc.'s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting, which are presented using revised NAIC methodologies. NRSRO ratings are as of the dates shown below. Over time, credit ratings can migrate, up or down, through the NRSRO continuous monitoring process. See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.


		March 31, 2021								December 31, 2020
NAIC Designation	NRSRO Rating	Amortized Cost net of ACL		Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1)		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost net of ACL		Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1)		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
		(Dollars in millions)
1	Aaa/Aa/A	$	211,966	$	19,604	$	231,570	69.6	%	$	218,252	$	31,761	$	250,013	70.5	%
2	Baa	76,562		7,905		84,467		25.4		76,342		11,360		87,702		24.7
	Subtotal investment grade	288,528		27,509		316,037		95.0		294,594		43,121		337,715		95.2
3	Ba	12,002		823		12,825		3.8		11,840		972		12,812		3.6
4	B	3,408		(11)		3,397		1.0		3,688		14		3,702		1.1
5	Caa and lower	677		(44)		633		0.2		536		(33)		503		0.1
6	In or near default	48		1		49		—		72		5		77		—
	Subtotal below investment grade	16,135		769		16,904		5.0		16,136		958		17,094		4.8
	Total fixed maturity securities AFS	$	304,663	$	28,278	$	332,941	100.0	%	$	310,730	$	44,079	$	354,809	100.0	%

__________________

(1) Excludes gross unrealized gains (losses) related to assets held-for-sale. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

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The following tables present total fixed maturity securities AFS, based on estimated fair value, by sector and by NRSRO rating and the applicable NAIC designations from the NAIC published comparison of NRSRO ratings to NAIC designations, except for non-agency RMBS and CMBS, which are presented using the revised NAIC methodologies:


	Fixed Maturity Securities AFS — by Sector & Credit Quality Rating
NAIC Designation	1			2			3			4			5			6			Total Estimated Fair Value
NRSRO Rating	Aaa/Aa/A			Baa			Ba			B			Caa and Lower			In or Near Default
	(Dollars in millions)
March 31, 2021
U.S. corporate	$	43,295		$	37,869		$	4,612		$	1,870		$	331		$	25		$	88,002
Foreign government	57,419			6,121			3,085			436			72			4			67,137
Foreign corporate	24,405			36,725			4,045			495			208			5			65,883
U.S. government and agency	40,878			524			—			—			—			—			41,402
RMBS	28,083			815			217			159			14			14			29,302
ABS	14,335			1,573			211			96			1			1			16,217
Municipals	12,722			472			18			—			—			—			13,212
CMBS	10,433			368			637			341			7			—			11,786
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	$	231,570		$	84,467		$	12,825		$	3,397		$	633		$	49		$	332,941
Percentage of total	69.6		%	25.4		%	3.8		%	1.0		%	0.2		%	—		%	100.0		%

December 31, 2020
U.S. corporate	$	46,847		$	39,552		$	4,649		$	2,018		$	326		$	24		$	93,416
Foreign government	61,322			6,678			3,161			456			77			5			71,699
Foreign corporate	26,812			37,884			3,984			648			74			6			69,408
U.S. government and agency	46,543			557			—			—			—			—			47,100
RMBS	29,347			706			197			153			14			18			30,435
ABS	15,328			1,496			197			96			1			1			17,119
Municipals	13,240			460			22			—			—			—			13,722
CMBS	10,574			369			602			331			11			23			11,910
Total fixed maturity securities AFS	$	250,013		$	87,702		$	12,812		$	3,702		$	503		$	77		$	354,809
Percentage of total	70.5		%	24.7		%	3.6		%	1.1		%	0.1		%	—		%	100.0		%

U.S. and Foreign Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities AFS

We maintain a diversified portfolio of corporate fixed maturity securities AFS across industries and issuers. This portfolio did not have any exposure to any single issuer in excess of 1% of total investments at March 31, 2021. The top 10 holdings comprised 1% and 2% of total investments at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The table below presents our U.S. and foreign corporate securities holdings by industry at:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
Industry	Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
Industrial	$	45,325	29.5	%	$	47,472	29.2	%
Finance	35,623		23.1		37,645		23.1
Consumer	30,879		20.1		33,384		20.5
Utility	28,242		18.3		29,984		18.4
Communications	11,695		7.6		12,107		7.4
Other	2,121		1.4		2,232		1.4
Total	$	153,885	100.0	%	$	162,824	100.0	%

As a result of current economic conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we have experienced stress within certain sub-sectors of our industrial and consumer corporate securities portfolios, principally in Energy, Airports, Cruise Lines / Leisure, Airlines, Restaurants and Lodging. See “— Current Environment — Selected Country and Sector Investments.”

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Structured Products

We held $57.3 billion and $59.5 billion of Structured Products, at estimated fair value, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, as presented in the RMBS, ABS and CMBS sections below.

RMBS

Our RMBS portfolio is diversified by security type and risk profile. The following table presents our RMBS portfolio by security type, risk profile and ratings profile at:


	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1)		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1)
	(Dollars in millions)
Security type
Collateralized mortgage obligations	$	16,834	57.5	%	$	1,199	$	17,342	57.0	%	$	1,468
Pass-through mortgage-backed securities	12,468		42.5		331		13,093		43.0		552
Total RMBS	$	29,302	100.0	%	$	1,530	$	30,435	100.0	%	$	2,020
Risk profile
Agency	$	19,496	66.5	%	$	866	$	20,408	67.1	%	$	1,314
Prime	1,846		6.3		30		1,637		5.4		38
Alt-A	3,580		12.2		330		3,809		12.5		306
Sub-prime	4,380		15.0		304		4,581		15.0		362
Total RMBS	$	29,302	100.0	%	$	1,530	$	30,435	100.0	%	$	2,020
Ratings profile
Rated Aaa/AAA	$	21,427	73.1	%			$	22,555	74.1	%
Designated NAIC 1	$	28,083	95.8	%			$	29,347	96.4	%

__________________

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities — Structured Products — RMBS” included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information about collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through mortgage-backed securities, as well as agency, prime, alternative (“Alt-A”) and sub-prime RMBS.

Historically, we have managed our exposure to sub-prime RMBS holdings by focusing primarily on senior tranche securities, stress testing the portfolio with severe loss assumptions and closely monitoring the performance of the portfolio. Our sub-prime RMBS portfolio consists predominantly of securities that were purchased after 2012 at significant discounts to par value and discounts to the expected principal recovery value of these securities. The vast majority of these securities are investment grade under the NAIC designations (e.g., NAIC 1 and NAIC 2).

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ABS

Our ABS portfolio is diversified by collateral type and issuer. The following table presents our ABS portfolio by collateral type and ratings profile at:


	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1)		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) (1)
	(Dollars in millions)
Collateral type
Collateralized obligations (2)	$	8,765	54.1	%	$	21	$	8,946	52.2	%	$	(16)
Consumer loans	1,659		10.2	%	40		1,535		9.0		46
Student loans	1,045		6.5	%	12		1,174		6.9		7
Credit card loans	526		3.2	%	10		1,006		5.9		13
Automobile loans	783		4.8	%	19		976		5.7		20
Foreign residential loans	910		5.6	%	11		956		5.5		15
Other loans	2,529		15.6	%	55		2,526		14.8		71
Total	$	16,217	100.0	%	$	168	$	17,119	100.0	%	$	156
Ratings profile
Rated Aaa/AAA	$	7,981	49.2	%			$	9,164	53.5	%
Designated NAIC 1	$	14,335	88.4	%			$	15,328	89.5	%

__________________

(2) Includes primarily collateralized loan obligations.

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CMBS

Our CMBS portfolio is comprised primarily of securities collateralized by multiple commercial mortgage loans and is diversified by property type, borrower, geography and vintage year. The following tables present our CMBS portfolio by NRSRO rating and vintage year.


	March 31, 2021
	Aaa					Aa					A					Baa					Below Investment Grade					Total
Vintage Year	Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value
	(Dollars in millions)
2003-2014	$	1,360	$	1,446		$	1,208	$	1,257		$	573	$	578		$	189	$	174		$	94	$	82		$	3,424	$	3,537
2015	461		485			64		69			38		40			7		7			—		—			570		601
2016	260		280			75		80			53		54			1		1			—		—			389		415
2017	717		752			419		443			170		172			8		8			—		—			1,314		1,375
2018	1,661		1,790			570		614			184		193			10		10			—		—			2,425		2,607
2019	1,040		1,065			137		138			640		645			—		—			—		—			1,817		1,848
2020	627		625			276		276			189		192			27		28			—		—			1,119		1,121
2021	97		98			70		70			115		114			—		—			—		—			282		282
Total	$	6,223	$	6,541		$	2,819	$	2,947		$	1,962	$	1,988		$	242	$	228		$	94	$	82		$	11,340	$	11,786
Ratings Distribution			55.5		%			25.0		%			16.9		%			1.9		%			0.7		%			100.0		%

	December 31, 2020
	Aaa					Aa					A					Baa					Below Investment Grade					Total
Vintage Year	Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value			Amortized Cost net of ACL		Estimated Fair Value
	(Dollars in millions)
2003 - 2013	$	958	$	1,011		$	898	$	917		$	373	$	355		$	105	$	96		$	114	$	98		$	2,448	$	2,477
2014	451		480			429		449			169		171			10		9			—		—			1,059		1,109
2015	462		492			65		69			38		40			7		6			—		—			572		607
2016	282		310			56		60			54		53			—		—			—		—			392		423
2017	757		807			432		463			150		150			—		—			—		—			1,339		1,420
2018	1,704		1,891			592		647			205		214			9		9			—		—			2,510		2,761
2019	1,048		1,100			138		141			596		610			—		—			—		—			1,782		1,851
2020	734		748			280		293			186		191			29		30			—		—			1,229		1,262
Total	$	6,396	$	6,839		$	2,890	$	3,039		$	1,771	$	1,784		$	160	$	150		$	114	$	98		$	11,331	$	11,910
Ratings Distribution			57.4		%			25.5		%			15.0		%			1.3		%			0.8		%			100.0		%

The tables above reflect NRSRO ratings including Moody’s Investors Service, S&P, Fitch Ratings and Morningstar, Inc. CMBS designated NAIC 1 were 88.5% and 88.8% of total CMBS at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Evaluation of Fixed Maturity Securities AFS for Credit Loss, Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Loss and Credit Loss on Fixed Maturity Securities AFS Recognized in Earnings

See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the evaluation of fixed maturity securities AFS for credit loss, rollforward of the ACL, net provision (release) for credit loss, as well as gross gains and gross losses on fixed maturity securities AFS sold at and for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Contractholder-Directed Equity Securities and Fair Value Option Securities

The estimated fair value of these investments, which are primarily comprised of Unit-linked investments, was $13.0 billion and $13.3 billion, or 2.6% and 2.5% of cash and invested assets, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See Notes 6 and 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of this portfolio, its fair value hierarchy and a rollforward of the fair value measurements for these investments measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs.

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Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements

We participate in a securities lending program whereby securities are loaned to third parties, primarily brokerage firms and commercial banks. We also participate in short-term repurchase agreement transactions with unaffiliated financial institutions. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements” and Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Mortgage Loans

Our mortgage loans held-for-investment are principally collateralized by commercial, agricultural and residential properties. Mortgage loans held-for-investment are carried at amortized cost and the related ACL are summarized as follows at:


	March 31, 2021									December 31, 2020
Portfolio Segment		Amortized Cost		% of Total		ACL		% of Amortized Cost		Amortized Cost		% of Total		ACL		% of Amortized Cost
		(Dollars in millions)
Commercial		$	52,300	62.7	%	$	247	0.5	%	$	52,434	62.2	%	$	252	0.5	%
Agricultural		18,051		21.7		79		0.4	%	18,128		21.5		106		0.6	%
Residential		13,043		15.6		202		1.5	%	13,782		16.3		232		1.7	%
Total		$	83,394	100.0	%	$	528	0.6	%	$	84,344	100.0	%	$	590	0.7	%

The carrying value of all mortgage loans, net of ACL, was 16.4% and 15.9% of cash and invested assets at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Our commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loan portfolios are subject to uncertain market conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. As a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we granted concessions (e.g., payment deferrals and other loan modifications) to certain of our commercial mortgage loan borrowers (principally in the hotel and retail sectors) and residential mortgage loan borrowers and, to a much lesser extent, some of our agricultural mortgage loan borrowers. While we granted concessions in 2021, the pace has significantly decreased from 2020. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related mortgage loan concessions. See also “— Commercial Mortgage Loans by Geographic Region and Property Type.”

We diversify our mortgage loan portfolio by both geographic region and property type to reduce the risk of concentration. Of our commercial and agricultural mortgage loan held-for-investment portfolios, 83% are collateralized by properties located in the United States, with the remaining 17% collateralized by properties located outside the United States, which includes 4% of properties located in the U.K., 4% of properties located in Mexico and 1% of properties located in Chile, at March 31, 2021. The carrying values of our commercial and agricultural mortgage loans held-for-investment located in California, New York and Texas were 17%, 10% and 6%, respectively, of total commercial and agricultural mortgage loans held for investment at March 31, 2021. Additionally, we manage risk when originating commercial and agricultural mortgage loans by generally lending up to 75% of the estimated fair value of the underlying real estate collateral.

We manage our residential mortgage loan held for investment portfolio in a similar manner to reduce risk of concentration, with 91% collateralized by properties located in the United States, and the remaining 9% collateralized by properties located outside the United States, principally in Chile, at March 31, 2021. The carrying values of our residential mortgage loans located in California, Florida, and New York were 32%, 9%, and 8%, respectively, of total residential mortgage loans at March 31, 2021.

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Commercial Mortgage Loans by Geographic Region and Property Type. Commercial mortgage loans are the largest component of the mortgage loan invested asset class. The tables below present the diversification across geographic regions and property types of commercial mortgage loans held-for-investment at:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
Region
Non-U.S.	$	10,507	20.1	%	$	10,581	20.2	%
Pacific	10,401		19.9		10,235		19.5
Middle Atlantic	8,170		15.6		8,233		15.7
South Atlantic	7,134		13.6		7,217		13.8
West South Central	3,655		7.0		3,887		7.4
East North Central	2,555		4.9		2,494		4.8
New England	2,148		4.1		2,126		4.0
Mountain	1,650		3.2		1,777		3.4
East South Central	753		1.4		700		1.3
West North Central	616		1.2		609		1.2
Multi-Region and Other	4,711		9.0		4,575		8.7
Total amortized cost	52,300		100.0	%	52,434		100.0	%
Less: ACL	247				252
Carrying value, net of ACL	$	52,053			$	52,182
Property Type
Office	$	23,443	44.8	%	$	23,928	45.6	%
Retail	9,028		17.3		8,911		17.0
Apartment	8,748		16.7		8,764		16.7
Industrial	5,625		10.7		5,365		10.2
Hotel	3,281		6.3		3,377		6.5
Other	2,175		4.2		2,089		4.0
Total amortized cost	52,300		100.0	%	52,434		100.0	%
Less: ACL	247				252
Carrying value, net of ACL	$	52,053			$	52,182

Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is well positioned with exposures concentrated in high quality underlying properties located in primary markets typically with institutional investors who are better positioned to manage their assets during periods of market volatility. Our portfolio is comprised primarily of lower risk loans with higher debt-service coverage ratios (“DSCR”) and lower loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios. See “— Mortgage Loan Credit Quality - Monitoring Process” for further information and Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a distribution of our commercial mortgage loans by DSCR and LTV ratios. Excluding loans with a COVID-19 Pandemic-related payment deferral, 100% of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio was current at March 31, 2021, including all of our hotel and retail commercial mortgage loans. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related mortgage loan concessions.

Mortgage Loan Credit Quality - Monitoring Process. We monitor our mortgage loan investments on an ongoing basis, including a review of loans by credit quality indicator and loans that are current, past due, restructured and under foreclosure. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding mortgage loans by credit quality indicator, past due and nonaccrual mortgage loans.

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We review our commercial mortgage loans on an ongoing basis. These reviews may include an analysis of the property financial statements and rent roll, lease rollover analysis, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios, DSCR and tenant creditworthiness. The monitoring process focuses on higher risk loans, which include those that are classified as restructured, delinquent or in foreclosure, as well as loans with higher LTV ratios and lower DSCR and loans with a COVID-19 Pandemic-related payment deferral. The monitoring process for agricultural mortgage loans is generally similar, with a focus on higher risk loans, such as loans with higher LTV ratios. Agricultural mortgage loans are reviewed on an ongoing basis which include, but are not limited to, property inspections, market analysis, estimated valuations of the underlying collateral, LTV ratios and borrower creditworthiness, including reviews on a geographic and property-type basis. We review our residential mortgage loans on an ongoing basis, with a focus on higher risk loans, such as nonperforming loans. See Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our evaluation of residential mortgage loans and related ACL methodology.

LTV ratios and DSCR are common measures in the assessment of the quality of commercial mortgage loans. LTV ratios are a common measure in the assessment of the quality of agricultural mortgage loans. LTV ratios compare the amount of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. An LTV ratio greater than 100% indicates that the loan amount is greater than the collateral value. An LTV ratio of less than 100% indicates an excess of collateral value over the loan amount. Generally, the higher the LTV ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. The DSCR compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan. Generally, the lower the DSCR, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss. For our commercial mortgage loans, our average LTV ratio was 58% at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and our average DSCR was 2.5x at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The DSCR and the values utilized in calculating the ratio are updated routinely. In addition, the LTV ratio is routinely updated for all but the lowest risk loans as part of our ongoing review of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. For our agricultural mortgage loans, our average LTV ratio was 48% at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The values utilized in calculating our agricultural mortgage loan LTV ratio are developed in connection with the ongoing review of our agricultural loan portfolio and are routinely updated.

Mortgage Loan Allowance for Credit Loss. Our ACL is established for both pools of loans with similar risk characteristics and for mortgage loans with dissimilar risk characteristics, collateral dependent loans and reasonably expected troubled debt restructurings, individually on a loan specific basis. We record an allowance for expected lifetime credit loss in an amount that represents the portion of the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans that the Company does not expect to collect, resulting in mortgage loans being presented at the net amount expected to be collected.

In determining our ACL, management (i) pools mortgage loans that share similar risk characteristics, (ii) considers expected lifetime credit loss over the contractual term of our mortgage loans, as adjusted for expected prepayments and any extensions, and (iii) considers past events and current and forecasted economic conditions. Actual credit loss realized could be different from the amount of the ACL recorded. These evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available, which can cause the ACL to increase or decrease over time as such evaluations are revised. Negative credit migration, including an actual or expected increase in the level of problem loans, will result in an increase in the ACL. Positive credit migration, including an actual or expected decrease in the level of problem loans, will result in a decrease in the ACL. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on how the ACL is established and monitored, and activity in and balances of the ACL, as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures

Real estate and real estate joint ventures is comprised of wholly-owned real estate and joint ventures with interests in single property income-producing real estate and, to a lesser extent, joint ventures with interests in multi-property projects with varying strategies ranging from the development of properties to the operation of income-producing properties, as well as a runoff portfolio. The carrying value of real estate and real estate joint ventures was $12.0 billion and $11.9 billion, or 2.4% and 2.3% of cash and invested assets, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

We lease investment real estate, principally commercial real estate, for office and retail use, through a variety of operating lease arrangements. In response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, we granted lease concessions (e.g., rent payment deferrals) to some of our lessees. In addition, we have interests in certain unconsolidated real estate joint ventures which have granted COVID-19 Pandemic-related lease concessions. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related lease concessions.

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Our real estate investments are typically stabilized properties that we intend to hold for the longer-term for portfolio diversification and long-term appreciation. Our real estate investment portfolio has significantly appreciated since acquisition to a $6.2 billion and $6.1 billion unrealized gain position at March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, respectively, that is available to absorb valuation declines from the current economic conditions. We continuously monitor expected future cash flows of our real estate investments and incorporate them into our periodic impairment analyses. As a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we performed impairment analyses during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, which included updated estimates of expected future cash flows. As a result of our impairment analyses, we recorded one impairment during the three months ended March 31, 2020 for $13 million. This impairment was recorded in net investment income as the investment is in a real estate fund. There were no impairments recognized in net investment gains (losses) on real estate and real estate joint ventures for either the three months ended March 31, 2021 or 2020.

We diversify our real estate investments by both geographic region and property type to reduce risk of concentration. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of real estate investments, by income type, as well as income earned.

Other Limited Partnership Interests

Other limited partnership interests are comprised of investments in private funds, including private equity funds and hedge funds. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the carrying value of other limited partnership interests was $11.0 billion and $9.5 billion, which included $640 million and $643 million of hedge funds, respectively. Other limited partnership interests were 2.17% and 1.79% of cash and invested assets at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Cash distributions on these investments are generated from investment gains, operating income from the underlying investments of the funds and liquidation of the underlying investments of the funds.

We use the equity method of accounting for most of our private equity funds. We generally recognize our share of a private equity fund’s earnings in net investment income on a three-month lag when the information is reported to us. Accordingly, changes in equity market levels, which can impact the underlying results of these private equity funds, are recorded in our net investment income on a three-month lag.

Other Invested Assets

The following table presents the carrying value of our other invested assets by type at:


	March 31, 2021					December 31, 2020
Asset Type	Carrying Value			% of Total		Carrying Value			% of Total
	(Dollars in millions)
Freestanding derivatives with positive estimated fair values	$	9,962		53.3	%	$	11,866		57.6	%
Tax credit and renewable energy partnerships	1,701			9.1		1,751			8.5
Direct financing leases	1,331			7.1		1,340			6.5
Annuities funding structured settlement claims	1,259			6.7		1,263			6.1
Leveraged leases	795			4.3		816			4.0
FHLB common stock	814			4.4		814			4.1
Operating joint ventures	747			4.0		733			3.6
Funds withheld	500			2.7		508			2.5
Other	1,568			8.4		1,502			7.2
Total	$	18,677		100.0	%	$	20,593		100.0	%

Percentage of cash and invested assets	3.7		%			3.9		%

Our direct financing and leveraged lease portfolios are subject to uncertain market conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic and related economic slowdown. In response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, we granted lease concessions, primarily in the form of rent deferrals, to some of our lessees. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding COVID-19 Pandemic-related direct financing lease concessions.

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Derivatives

Derivative Risks

We are exposed to various risks relating to our ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. We use a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for:

•A comprehensive description of the nature of our derivatives, including the strategies for which derivatives are used in managing various risks.

•Information about the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount, and estimated fair value of our derivatives by type of hedge designation, excluding embedded derivatives held at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

•The statement of operations effects of derivatives in net investments in foreign operations, cash flow, fair value, or nonqualifying hedge relationships for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Management of Market Risk Exposures — Hedging Activities” included in the 2020 Annual Report for more information about our use of derivatives by major hedge program.

Fair Value Hierarchy

See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding fair value hierarchy.

The valuation of Level 3 derivatives involves the use of significant unobservable inputs and generally requires a higher degree of management judgment or estimation than the valuations of Level 1 and Level 2 derivatives. Although Level 3 inputs are unobservable, management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments and are considered appropriate given the circumstances. The use of different inputs or methodologies could have a material effect on the estimated fair value of Level 3 derivatives and could materially affect net income.

Derivatives categorized as Level 3 at March 31, 2021 include: interest rate forwards with maturities which extend beyond the observable portion of the yield curve; interest rate total return swaps with unobservable repurchase rates; foreign currency swaps and forwards with certain unobservable inputs, including the unobservable portion of the yield curve; credit default swaps priced using unobservable credit spreads, or that are priced through independent broker quotations; equity variance swaps with unobservable volatility inputs; and equity index options with unobservable correlation inputs. At March 31, 2021, less than 1% of the estimated fair value of our derivatives was priced through independent broker quotations.

See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a rollforward of the fair value measurements for derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs.

The gain (loss) on Level 3 derivatives primarily relates to interest rate total return swaps with observable interest rates. Other significant inputs include the unobservable interest rate which extends beyond the observable portion of the yield curve. We validate the reasonableness of these inputs by valuing the positions using internal models and comparing the results to broker quotations.

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The gain (loss) on Level 3 derivatives, percentage of gain (loss) attributable to observable and unobservable inputs, and the primary drivers of observable gain (loss) are summarized as follows:


						Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) (in millions)						($251)
Approximate percentage of gain (loss) attributable to observable inputs						79%
Primary drivers of observable gain (loss)						Increases in interest rates on interest rate total return swaps and increases in certain equity index levels on equity derivatives.
Approximate percentage of gain (loss) attributable to unobservable inputs						21%

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Derivatives” included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information on the estimates and assumptions that affect derivatives.

Credit Risk

See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about how we manage credit risk related to derivatives and for the estimated fair value of our net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral.

Our policy is not to offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement. This policy applies to the recognition of derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets, and does not affect our legal right of offset.

Credit Derivatives

The following table presents the gross notional amount and estimated fair value of credit default swaps at:


	March 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
Credit Default Swaps	Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value
	(In millions)
Purchased	$	2,989	$	(102)	$	2,978	$	(112)
Written	9,358		178		9,609		196
Total	$	12,347	$	76	$	12,587	$	84

The following table presents the gross gains, gross losses and net gains (losses) recognized in net derivative gains (losses) for credit default swaps as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021						2020
Credit Default Swaps	Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Net Gains (Losses)		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Net Gains (Losses)
	(In millions)
Purchased (1)	$	20	$	(1)	$	19	$	78	$	(5)	$	73
Written (1)	12		(7)		5		2		(313)		(311)
Total	$	32	$	(8)	$	24	$	80	$	(318)	$	(238)

__________________

(1)Gains (losses) do not include earned income (expense) on credit default swaps.

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The favorable change in net gains (losses) on written credit default swaps of $316 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020 was due to certain credit spreads on certain credit default swaps used as replications narrowing in the current period as compared to widening in the prior period. The unfavorable change in net gains (losses) on purchased credit default swaps of $54 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020 was due to certain credit spreads on certain credit default swaps narrowing in the current period as compared to widening in the prior period.

The maximum amount at risk related to our written credit default swaps is equal to the corresponding gross notional amount. In a replication transaction, we pair an asset on our balance sheet with a written credit default swap to synthetically replicate a corporate bond, a core asset holding of life insurance companies. Replications are entered into in accordance with the guidelines approved by state insurance regulators and the NAIC and are an important tool in managing the overall corporate credit risk within the Company. In order to match our long-dated insurance liabilities, we seek to buy long-dated corporate bonds. In some instances, these may not be readily available in the market, or they may be issued by corporations to which we already have significant corporate credit exposure. For example, by purchasing Treasury bonds (or other high-quality assets) and associating them with written credit default swaps on the desired corporate credit name, we can replicate the desired bond exposures and meet our ALM needs. In addition, given the shorter tenor of the credit default swaps (generally five-year tenors) versus a long dated corporate bond, we have more flexibility in managing our credit exposures.

Embedded Derivatives

See Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about embedded derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding fair value hierarchy and a rollforward of the fair value measurements for embedded derivatives measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs.

See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information about the nonperformance risk adjustment included in the valuation of guaranteed minimum benefits accounted for as embedded derivatives.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Credit and Committed Facilities

We maintain an unsecured revolving credit facility, as well as certain committed facilities, with various financial institutions. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources — Global Funding Sources — Credit and Committed Facilities” for descriptions of such arrangements. For the classification of expenses on such credit and committed facilities and the nature of the associated liability for letters of credit issued and drawdowns on these credit and committed facilities, see Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Collateral for Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements, Third-Party Custodian Administered Repurchase Programs and Derivatives

We participate in securities lending transactions, repurchase agreements and third-party custodian administered repurchase programs in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Investments — Securities Lending, Repurchase Agreements and FHLB of Boston Advance Agreements” in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further discussion of our securities lending transactions and repurchase agreements, the classification of revenues and expenses, and the nature of the secured financing arrangements and associated liabilities.

Securities lending and repurchase agreements: Periodically we receive non-cash collateral for securities lending and repurchase agreements from counterparties, which is not reflected on our consolidated financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was $0 and $1 million at estimated fair value, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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Third-party custodian administered repurchase programs: We loan certain of our fixed maturity securities AFS to unaffiliated financial institutions and, in exchange, non-cash collateral is put on deposit by the unaffiliated financial institutions on our behalf with third-party custodians. The estimated fair value of securities loaned in connection with these transactions was $144 million and $19 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Non-cash collateral on deposit with third-party custodians held on our behalf was $154 million and $20 million, at estimated fair value, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, which cannot be sold or re-pledged, and which is not reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

Derivatives: We enter into derivatives to manage various risks relating to our ongoing business operations. We receive non-cash collateral from counterparties for derivatives, which can be sold or re-pledged subject to certain constraints, and which is not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. The amount of this non-cash collateral was 1.2 billion and $1.7 billion, at estimated fair value, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See “— Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Pledged Collateral” and Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the earned income on and the gross notional amount, estimated fair value of assets and liabilities and primary underlying risk exposure of our derivatives.

Investment Commitments

We enter into the following commitments in the normal course of business for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio: mortgage loan commitments and commitments to fund partnerships, bank credit facilities, bridge loans and private corporate bond investments. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about these investment commitments. See “Net Investment Income” and “Net Investment Gains (Losses)” in Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the investment income, investment expense, gains and losses from such investments and the liability for credit loss for unfunded mortgage loan commitments. See also “— Investments — Fixed Maturity Securities AFS and Equity Securities,” “— Investments — Mortgage Loans,” “— Investments — Real Estate and Real Estate Joint Ventures” and “— Investments — Other Limited Partnership Interests.”

Lease Commitments

As lessee, we have entered into various lease and sublease agreements for office space and equipment. Our commitments under such lease agreements are included within the contractual obligations table in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Contractual Obligations” in the 2020 Annual Report. See also Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Guarantees

See “Guarantees” in Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Policyholder Liabilities

We establish, and carry as liabilities, actuarially determined amounts that are calculated to meet policy obligations or to provide for future annuity payments. Amounts for actuarial liabilities are computed and reported on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. For more details on Policyholder Liabilities, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Due to the nature of the underlying risks and the uncertainty associated with the determination of actuarial liabilities, we cannot precisely determine the amounts that will ultimately be paid with respect to these actuarial liabilities, and the ultimate amounts may vary from the estimated amounts, particularly when payments may not occur until well into the future.

We periodically review our estimates of actuarial liabilities for future benefits and compare them with our actual experience. We revise estimates, to the extent permitted or required under GAAP, if we determine that future expected experience differs from assumptions used in the development of actuarial liabilities. We charge or credit changes in our liabilities to expenses in the period the liabilities are established or re-estimated. If the liabilities originally established for future benefit payments prove inadequate, we must increase them. Such an increase could adversely affect our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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We have experienced, and will likely in the future experience, catastrophe losses and possibly acts of terrorism, as well as turbulent financial markets that may have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Due to their nature, we cannot predict the incidence, timing, severity or amount of losses from catastrophes and acts of terrorism, but we make broad use of catastrophic and non-catastrophic reinsurance to manage risk from these perils. We also use hedging, reinsurance and other risk management activities to mitigate financial market volatility.

See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Policy and Contract Reserve Adequacy Analysis” included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information regarding required analyses of the adequacy of statutory reserves of our insurance operations.

Future Policy Benefits

The following discussion on future policy benefits should be read in conjunction with “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included in the 2020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under similarly captioned sections, and “— Variable Annuity Guarantees.” See also Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.

We establish liabilities for amounts payable under insurance policies. A discussion of future policy benefits by segment (as well as Corporate & Other) follows.

U.S.

Amounts payable under insurance policies for this segment are comprised of group insurance and annuities. For group insurance, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, liabilities for survivor income benefit insurance, active life policies and premium stabilization and other contingency liabilities held under life insurance contracts. For group annuity contracts, future policyholder benefits are primarily related to payout annuities, including pension risk transfers, structured settlement annuities and institutional income annuities. There is no interest rate crediting flexibility on these liabilities.

Asia

Future policy benefits for this segment are held primarily for traditional life, endowment, annuity and accident & health contracts. They are also held for total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products. They include certain liabilities for variable annuity and variable life guarantees of minimum death benefits, and longevity guarantees. Factors impacting these liabilities include sustained periods of lower than expected yields, lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments.

Latin America

Future policy benefit liabilities for this segment are held primarily for immediate annuities, traditional life contracts and total return pass-through provisions included in certain universal life and savings products. There is limited interest rate crediting flexibility on the immediate annuity and traditional life liabilities. Other factors impacting these liabilities are actual mortality resulting in higher than expected benefit payments and actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income.

EMEA

Future policy benefits for this segment include unearned premium reserves for group life and medical and credit insurance contracts. Future policy benefits are also held for traditional life, endowment and annuity contracts with significant mortality risk and accident & health contracts. Factors impacting these liabilities include lower than expected asset reinvestment rates, market volatility, actual lapses resulting in lower than expected income, and actual mortality or morbidity resulting in higher than expected benefit payments.

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MetLife Holdings

Future policy benefits for the life insurance business are comprised mainly of liabilities for traditional life insurance contracts. For the annuities business, future policy benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for life-contingent income annuities and liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance. For the long-term care business, future policyholder benefits are comprised mainly of liabilities for disabled lives under disability waiver of premium policy provisions, and active life policies. In addition, for our other products, future policyholder benefits related to the reinsurance of our former Japan joint venture are comprised of liabilities for the variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits that are accounted for as insurance.

Corporate & Other

Future policy benefits primarily include liabilities for other reinsurance business.

Policyholder Account Balances

The following discussion on policyholder account balances should be read in conjunction with “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Industry Trends — Impact of a Sustained Low Interest Rate Environment” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included in the 2020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under similarly captioned sections, and “— Variable Annuity Guarantees.” See also Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.

Policyholder account balances are generally equal to the account value, which includes accrued interest credited, but excludes the impact of any applicable charge that may be incurred upon surrender. A discussion of policyholder account balances by segment follows.

U.S.

Policyholder account balances in this segment are comprised of funding agreements, retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs.

Group Benefits

Policyholder account balances in this business are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies and specialized life insurance products for benefit programs. Policyholder account balances are credited interest at a rate we determine, which is influenced by current market rates. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees.

The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Group Benefits:


	March 31, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate	Account Value		Account Value at Guarantee
	(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	5,163	$	5,036
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	$	1,611	$	1,574
Equal to or greater than 4%	$	790	$	762

Retirement and Income Solutions

Policyholder account balances in this business are held largely for investment-type products, mainly funding agreements, as well as postretirement benefits and corporate-owned life insurance to fund non-qualified benefit programs for executives. Interest crediting rates vary by type of contract and can be fixed or variable. Variable interest crediting rates are generally tied to an external index, most commonly (1-month or 3-month) LIBOR or Secured Overnight Financing Rate. We guarantee payment of interest and return of principal at the contractual maturity date.

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The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for RIS:


	March 31, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate	Account Value		Account Value at Guarantee
	(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	146	$	—
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	$	1,047	$	108
Equal to or greater than 4%	$	4,610	$	4,382

Asia

Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for fixed income retirement and savings plans, fixed deferred annuities, interest sensitive whole life products, universal life and, to a lesser degree, liability amounts for Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Also included are certain liabilities for retirement and savings products sold in certain countries in Asia that generally are sold with minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for guarantees on certain variable annuities in Asia are accounted for as embedded derivatives and recorded at estimated fair value and are also included within policyholder account balances. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated underlying investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.

The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for Asia:


	March 31, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate	Account Value		Account Value at Guarantee
	(In millions)
Annuities:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	31,613	$	1,816
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	$	1,034	$	418
Equal to or greater than 4%	$	1	$	1
Life & Other:
Greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	12,563	$	12,055
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	$	31,750	$	9,466
Equal to or greater than 4%	$	280	$	280

Latin America

Policyholder account balances in this segment are held largely for investment-type products, universal life products, deferred annuities and Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder. Many of the other liabilities have minimum credited rate guarantees.

EMEA

Policyholder account balances in this segment are held mostly for universal life, deferred annuities, pension products, and Unit-linked investments that do not meet the GAAP definition of separate accounts. They are also held for endowment products without significant mortality risk. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Liabilities for Unit-linked investments are impacted by changes in the fair value of the associated investments, as the return on assets is generally passed directly to the policyholder.

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MetLife Holdings

Life policyholder account balances in this segment are held for retained asset accounts, universal life policies, the fixed account of variable life insurance policies, and funding agreements. For annuities, policyholder account balances are held for fixed deferred annuities, the fixed account portion of variable annuities, non-life contingent income annuities, and embedded derivatives related to variable annuity guarantees. Interest is credited to the policyholder’s account at interest rates we determine which are influenced by current market rates, subject to specified minimums. Most of these policyholder account balances have minimum credited rate guarantees. Additionally, for our other products, policyholder account balances are held for variable annuity guarantees assumed from a former operating joint venture in Japan that are accounted for as embedded derivatives.

The table below presents the breakdown of account value subject to minimum guaranteed crediting rates for the MetLife Holdings segment:


	March 31, 2021
Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate	Account Value		Account Value at Guarantee
	(In millions)
Greater than 0% but less than 2%	$	1,245	$	1,208
Equal to or greater than 2% but less than 4%	$	17,740	$	16,088
Equal to or greater than 4%	$	7,552	$	6,935

Variable Annuity Guarantees

We issue, directly and through assumed business, certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits that provide the policyholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit (i.e., the benefit base) less withdrawals. In some cases, the benefit base may be increased by additional deposits, bonus amounts, accruals or optional market value resets. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.

Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, have insurance liabilities established that are included in future policy benefits. Guarantees accounted for in this manner include guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”), the life-contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”), elective guaranteed minimum income benefit (“GMIB”) annuitizations, and the life contingent portion of GMIBs that require annuitization when the account balance goes to zero. These liabilities are accrued over the life of the contract in proportion to actual and future expected policy assessments based on the level of guaranteed minimum benefits generated using multiple scenarios of separate account returns. The scenarios are based on best estimate assumptions consistent with those used to amortize DAC. When current estimates of future benefits exceed those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments are lower than those previously projected, liabilities will increase, resulting in a current period charge to net income. The opposite result occurs when the current estimates of future benefits are lower than those previously projected or when current estimates of future assessments exceed those previously projected. At the end of each reporting period, we update the actual amount of business remaining in-force, which impacts expected future assessments and the projection of estimated future benefits resulting in a current period charge or increase to earnings.

Certain guarantees, including portions thereof, accounted for as embedded derivatives, are recorded at estimated fair value and included in policyholder account balances. Guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives include guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”), the non-life contingent portion of GMWBs and certain non-life contingent portions of GMIBs. The estimated fair values of guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives are determined based on the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees. The projections of future benefits and future fees require capital market and actuarial assumptions including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. A risk-neutral valuation methodology is used to project the cash flows from the guarantees under multiple capital market scenarios to determine an economic liability. The reported estimated fair value is then determined by taking the present value of these risk-free generated cash flows using a discount rate that incorporates a spread over the risk-free rate to reflect our nonperformance risk and adding a risk margin. For more information on the determination of estimated fair value, see Note 8 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The table below presents the carrying value for guarantees at:


	Future Policy Benefits				Policyholder Account Balances
	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020		March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Asia
GMDB	$	6	$	6	$	—	$	—
GMAB	—		—		15		26
GMWB	33		35		108		134
EMEA
GMDB	6		6		—		—
GMAB	—		—		23		31
GMWB	35		31		(44)		(23)
MetLife Holdings
GMDB	452		450		—		—
GMIB	934		954		25		323
GMAB	—		—		(1)		—
GMWB	177		179		222		443
Total	$	1,643	$	1,661	$	348	$	934

The carrying amounts for guarantees included in policyholder account balances above include nonperformance risk adjustments of $94 million and $137 million at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. These nonperformance risk adjustments represent the impact of including a credit spread when discounting the underlying risk-neutral cash flows to determine the estimated fair values. The nonperformance risk adjustment does not have an economic impact on us as it cannot be monetized given the nature of these policyholder liabilities. The change in valuation arising from the nonperformance risk adjustment is not hedged.

The carrying values of these guarantees can change significantly during periods of sizable and sustained shifts in equity market performance, equity volatility, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. Carrying values are also impacted by our assumptions around mortality, separate account returns and policyholder behavior, including lapse rates.

As discussed below, we use a combination of product design, hedging strategies, reinsurance, and other risk management actions to mitigate the risks related to these benefits. Within each type of guarantee, there is a range of product offerings reflecting the changing nature of these products over time. Changes in product features and terms are in part driven by customer demand but, more importantly, reflect our risk management practices of continuously evaluating the guaranteed benefits and their associated asset-liability matching. We continue to diversify the concentration of income benefits in our portfolio by focusing on withdrawal benefits, variable annuities without living benefits and index-linked annuities.

The sections below provide further detail by total account value for certain of our most popular guarantees. Total account values include amounts not reported on the consolidated balance sheets from assumed business, Unit-linked investments that do not qualify for presentation as separate account assets, and amounts included in our general account. The total account values and the net amounts at risk include direct and assumed business, but exclude offsets from hedging or ceded reinsurance, if any.

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GMDBs

We offer a range of GMDBs to our contractholders. The table below presents GMDBs, by benefit type, at March 31, 2021:


	Total Account Value (1)
	Asia & EMEA		MetLife Holdings
	(In millions)
Return of premium or five to seven year step-up	$	7,856	$	47,301
Annual step-up	—		3,174
Roll-up and step-up combination	—		5,478
Total	$	7,856	$	55,953

__________________

(1)Total account value excludes $597 million for contracts with no GMDBs. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantees are not mutually exclusive.

Based on total account value, less than 17% of our GMDBs included enhanced death benefits such as the annual step-up or roll-up and step-up combination products at March 31, 2021.

Living Benefit Guarantees

The table below presents our living benefit guarantees based on total account values at March 31, 2021:


	Total Account Value (1)
	Asia & EMEA		MetLife Holdings
	(In millions)
GMIB	$	—	$	20,765
GMWB - non-life contingent (2)	1,081		2,261
GMWB - life-contingent	3,403		8,851
GMAB	1,801		175
Total	$	6,285	$	32,052

__________________

(1)Total account value excludes $26.1 billion for contracts with no living benefit guarantees. The Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed for GMDBs and for living benefit guarantee amounts are not mutually exclusive.

(2)The Asia and EMEA segments include the non-life contingent portion of the GMWB total account value of $1.1 billion with a guarantee at annuitization.

In terms of total account value, GMIBs are our most significant living benefit guarantee. Our primary risk management strategy for our GMIB products is our derivatives hedging program as discussed below. Additionally, we have engaged in certain reinsurance agreements covering some of our GMIB business. As part of our overall risk management approach for living benefit guarantees, we continually monitor the reinsurance markets for the right opportunity to purchase additional coverage for our GMIB business. We stopped selling GMIBs in February 2016.

The table below presents our GMIB associated total account values, by their guaranteed payout basis, at March 31, 2021:


	Total Account Value
	(In millions)
7-year setback, 2.5% interest rate	$	6,258
7-year setback, 1.5% interest rate	1,011
10-year setback, 1.5% interest rate	4,197
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 1.0% interest rate	7,918
10-year mortality projection, 10-year setback, 0.5% interest rate	1,381
	$	20,765

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The annuitization interest rates on GMIBs have been decreased from 2.5% to 0.5% over time, partially in response to the low interest rate environment, accompanied by an increase in the setback period from seven years to 10 years and the introduction of a 10-year mortality projection.

Additionally, 39% of the $20.8 billion of GMIB total account value has been invested in managed volatility funds as of March 31, 2021. These funds seek to manage volatility by adjusting the fund holdings within certain guidelines based on capital market movements. Such activity reduces the overall risk of the underlying funds while maintaining their growth opportunities. These risk mitigation techniques reduce or eliminate the need for us to manage the funds’ volatility through hedging or reinsurance.

Our GMIB products typically have a waiting period of 10 years to be eligible for annuitization. As of March 31, 2021, only 28% of our contracts with GMIBs were eligible for annuitization. The remaining contracts are not eligible for annuitization for an average of three years.

Once eligible for annuitization, contractholders would be expected to annuitize only if their contracts were in-the-money. We calculate in-the-moneyness with respect to GMIBs consistent with net amount at risk as discussed in Note 4 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, by comparing the contractholders’ income benefits based on total account values and current annuity rates versus the guaranteed income benefits. The net amount at risk was $549 million at March 31, 2021, of which $501 million was related to GMIBs. For those contracts with GMIB, the table below presents details of contracts that are in-the-money and out-of-the-money at March 31, 2021:


	In-the- Moneyness	Total Account Value		% of Total
	(In millions)
In-the-money	30% or greater	$	499	2	%
	20% to less than 30%	292		1	%
	10% to less than 20%	475		2	%
	0% to less than 10%	941		5	%
		2,207
Out-of-the-money	-10% to 0%	2,323		11	%
	-20% to less than -10%	4,260		21	%
	Greater than -20%	11,975		58	%
		18,558
Total GMIBs		$	20,765

Derivatives Hedging Variable Annuity Guarantees

Our risk mitigating hedging strategy uses various over-the-counter and exchange traded derivatives. The table below presents the gross notional amount, estimated fair value and primary underlying risk exposure of the derivatives hedging our variable annuity guarantees:


	Instrument Type	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
Primary Underlying Risk Exposure		Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value				Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value
				Assets		Liabilities				Assets		Liabilities
		(In millions)
Interest rate	Interest rate swaps	$	13,953	$	73	$	53	$	14,188	$	85	$	21
	Interest rate futures	1,891		6		—		1,442		—		2
	Interest rate options	637		113		—		637		134		—
Foreign currency exchange rate	Foreign currency forwards	1,867		19		43		1,834		27		13


Equity market	Equity futures	3,519		7		12		4,891		12		38
	Equity index options	4,896		332		414		5,360		558		408
	Equity variance swaps	716		16		13		716		15		12
	Equity total return swaps	2,329		—		69		1,533		3		124
	Total	$	29,808	$	566	$	604	$	30,601	$	834	$	618

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The change in estimated fair values of our derivatives is recorded in policyholder benefits and claims if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in future policy benefits, and in net derivative gains (losses) if such derivatives are hedging guarantees included in policyholder account balances.

Our hedging strategy involves the significant use of static longer-term derivative instruments to avoid the need to execute transactions during periods of market disruption or higher volatility. We continually monitor the capital markets for opportunities to adjust our liability coverage, as appropriate. Futures are also used to dynamically adjust the daily coverage levels as markets and liability exposures fluctuate.

We remain liable for the guaranteed benefits in the event that reinsurers or derivative counterparties are unable or unwilling to pay. Certain of our reinsurance agreements and all derivative positions are collateralized and derivatives positions are subject to master netting agreements, both of which significantly reduce the exposure to counterparty risk. In addition, we are subject to the risk that hedging and other risk management actions prove ineffective or that unanticipated policyholder behavior or mortality, combined with adverse market events, produces economic losses beyond the scope of the risk management techniques employed.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally. Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets, particular markets, or financial asset classes can have an adverse effect on us, in part because we have a large investment portfolio and our insurance liabilities and derivatives are sensitive to changing market factors. Changing conditions in the global capital markets and the economy may affect our financing costs and market interest for our debt or equity securities. For further information regarding market factors that could affect our ability to meet liquidity and capital needs, see “— Industry Trends” and “— Investments — Current Environment.”

Liquidity Management

Based upon the strength of our franchise, diversification of our businesses, strong financial fundamentals and the substantial funding sources available to us as described herein, we continue to believe we have access to ample liquidity to meet business requirements under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios. We continuously monitor and adjust our liquidity and capital plans for MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries in light of market conditions, as well as changing needs and opportunities.

Short-term Liquidity

We maintain a substantial short-term liquidity position, which was $10.3 billion and $9.4 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Short-term liquidity includes cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed, including amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.

Liquid Assets

An integral part of our liquidity management includes managing our level of liquid assets, which was $219.6 billion and $235.1 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly-traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with securities lending, repurchase agreements, derivatives, regulatory deposits, the collateral financing arrangement, funding agreements and secured borrowings, as well as amounts held in the closed block.

Capital Management

We have established several senior management committees as part of our capital management process. These committees, including the Capital Management Committee and the Enterprise Risk Committee (“ERC”), regularly review actual and projected capital levels (under a variety of scenarios including stress scenarios) and our annual capital plan in accordance with our capital policy. The Capital Management Committee is comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), Treasurer, and Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”). The ERC is also comprised of members of senior management, including MetLife, Inc.’s CFO, CRO and Chief Investment Officer.

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MetLife, Inc.’s Board of Directors (“Board of Directors”) and senior management are directly involved in the development and maintenance of our capital policy. The capital policy sets forth, among other things, minimum and target capital levels and the governance of the capital management process. All capital actions, including proposed changes to the annual capital plan, capital targets or capital policy, are reviewed by the Finance and Risk Committee of the Board of Directors prior to obtaining full Board of Directors approval. The Board of Directors approves the capital policy and the annual capital plan and authorizes capital actions, as required.

See “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for information regarding restrictions on payment of dividends and stock repurchases. See also “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases” for information regarding MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchase authorizations.

The Company

Liquidity

Liquidity refers to the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet our needs. In the event of significant cash requirements beyond anticipated liquidity needs, we have various alternatives available depending on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These available alternatives include cash flows from operations, sales of liquid assets, global funding sources including commercial paper and various credit and committed facilities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity” included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Capital

We manage our capital position to maintain our financial strength and credit ratings. Our capital position is supported by our ability to generate strong cash flows within our operating companies and borrow funds at competitive rates, as well as by our demonstrated ability to raise additional capital to meet operating and growth needs despite adverse market and economic conditions.

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Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital

Our primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(In millions)
Sources:
Operating activities, net	$	1,496	$	1,847
Net change in policyholder account balances	2,195		4,343
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions	—		8,796
Cash received for other transactions with tenors greater than three months	—		50
Long-term debt issued	—		1,074
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net	326		—
Preferred stock issued, net of issuance costs	—		972
Other, net	—		93
Total sources	4,017		17,175
Uses:
Investing activities, net	1,054		8,337
Net change in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions	1,426		—
Cash paid for other transactions with tenors greater than three months	100		50
Long-term debt repaid	15		6
Collateral financing arrangement repaid	12		12
Financing element on certain derivative instruments and other derivative related transactions, net	—		167
Treasury stock acquired in connection with share repurchases	999		500
Dividends on preferred stock	68		32
Dividends on common stock	408		404
Other, net	57		—
Effect of change in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents	192		171
Total uses	4,331		9,679
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(314)	$	7,496

Cash Flows from Operations

The principal cash inflows from our insurance activities come from insurance premiums, net investment income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows are the result of various life insurance, property and casualty, annuity and pension products, operating expenses and income tax, as well as interest expense.

Cash Flows from Investments

The principal cash inflows from our investment activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. Additional cash outflows relate to purchases of businesses. We typically have a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with our ALM discipline to fund insurance liabilities. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process.

Cash Flows from Financing

The principal cash inflows from our financing activities come from issuances of debt and other securities, deposits of funds associated with policyholder account balances and lending of securities. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt and the collateral financing arrangement, payments of dividends on and repurchases of MetLife, Inc.’s securities, withdrawals associated with policyholder account balances and the return of securities on loan.

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Liquidity and Capital Sources

In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital sources in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are set forth below.

Global Funding Sources

Liquidity is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including funding agreements, credit and committed facilities and commercial paper. Capital is provided by a variety of global funding sources, including short-term and long-term debt, the collateral financing arrangement, junior subordinated debt securities, preferred securities, equity securities and equity-linked securities. MetLife, Inc. maintains a shelf registration statement with the SEC that permits the issuance of public debt, equity and hybrid securities. As a “Well-Known Seasoned Issuer” under SEC rules, MetLife, Inc.’s shelf registration statement provides for automatic effectiveness upon filing and has no stated issuance capacity. The diversity of our global funding sources enhances our funding flexibility, limits dependence on any one market or source of funds and generally lowers the cost of funds. Our primary global funding sources include:

Preferred Stock

See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Common Stock

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. issued 3,969,713 and 2,895,386 new shares of its common stock, respectively, for $129 million and $114 million, respectively, to satisfy various stock option exercises and other stock-based awards.

Commercial Paper, Reported in Short-term Debt

MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc. (“MetLife Funding”), a subsidiary of MLIC, each have a commercial paper program that is supported by our unsecured revolving credit facility (see “— Credit and Committed Facilities”). MetLife Funding raises cash from its commercial paper program and uses the proceeds to extend loans through MetLife Credit Corp., another subsidiary of MLIC, to affiliates in order to enhance the financial flexibility and liquidity of these companies.

Federal Home Loan Bank Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances

Certain of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are members of a regional Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we issued $8.9 billion and $10.3 billion, respectively, and repaid $8.9 billion and $9.4 billion, respectively, of funding agreements with certain regional FHLBs. At both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $16.3 billion. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advance Agreements, Reported in Liabilities held-for-sale.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we borrowed $0 and $725 million, respectively, and repaid $700 million and $725 million, respectively, under advance agreements with the FHLB of Boston. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these advance agreements were $0 and $700 million, respectively.

Special Purpose Entity Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances

We issue fixed and floating rate funding agreements, which are denominated in either U.S. dollars or foreign currencies, to certain unconsolidated special purpose entities that have issued either debt securities or commercial paper for which payment of interest and principal is secured by such funding agreements. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we issued $11.7 billion and $9.9 billion, respectively, and repaid $10.5 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively, under such funding agreements. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $41.0 billion and $39.9 billion, respectively. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

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Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Funding Agreements, Reported in Policyholder Account Balances

We have issued funding agreements to a subsidiary of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation. The obligations under all such funding agreements are secured by a pledge of certain eligible agricultural mortgage loans. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we issued $225 million and $0, respectively, and repaid $250 million and $0, respectively, under such funding agreements. At both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, total obligations outstanding under these funding agreements were $2.4 billion. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Credit and Committed Facilities

At March 31, 2021, we maintained a $3.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility and certain committed facilities aggregating $3.3 billion, of which MetLife, Inc. is a party and/or guarantor. When drawn upon, these facilities bear interest at varying rates in accordance with the respective agreements.

The unsecured revolving credit facility is used for general corporate purposes, to support the borrowers’ commercial paper programs and for the issuance of letters of credit. At March 31, 2021, we had outstanding $462 million in letters of credit and no drawdowns against this facility. Remaining availability was $2.5 billion at March 31, 2021.

The committed facilities are used as collateral for certain of our affiliated reinsurance liabilities. At March 31, 2021, we had outstanding $2.9 billion in letters of credit and no drawdowns against these facilities. Remaining availability was $415 million at March 31, 2021.

See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for further information on credit and committed facilities.

We have no reason to believe that our lending counterparties will be unable to fulfill their respective contractual obligations under these facilities. As commitments under our credit and committed facilities may expire unused, these amounts do not necessarily reflect our actual future cash funding requirements.

Outstanding Debt Under Global Funding Sources

The following table summarizes our outstanding debt, excluding long-term debt relating to CSEs, at:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Short-term debt (1)	$	302	$	393
Long-term debt (2)	$	14,509	$	14,598
Collateral financing arrangement	$	833	$	845
Junior subordinated debt securities	$	3,153	$	3,153

__________________

(1)Includes $202 million and $293 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Certain subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.

(2)Includes $481 million and $474 million of debt that is non-recourse to MetLife, Inc. and MLIC, subject to customary exceptions, at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Certain investment subsidiaries have pledged assets to secure this debt.

Debt and Facility Covenants

Certain of our debt instruments and committed facilities, as well as our unsecured revolving credit facility, contain various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. We believe we were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants at March 31, 2021.

Dispositions

See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

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Liquidity and Capital Uses

In addition to the general description of liquidity and capital uses in “— Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the Company’s primary uses of liquidity and capital are set forth below.

Common Stock Repurchases

See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to authorizations by the Board of Directors to repurchase MetLife, Inc. common stock, amounts of common stock repurchased pursuant to such authorizations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and the amount remaining under such authorizations at March 31, 2021.

Common stock repurchases are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our capital position, liquidity, financial strength and credit ratings, general market conditions, the market price of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock compared to management’s assessment of the stock’s underlying value, applicable regulatory approvals, and other legal and accounting factors. Restrictions on the payment of dividends that may arise under so-called “Dividend Stopper” provisions would also restrict MetLife, Inc.’s ability to repurchase common stock. See “Business — Regulation,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Dividends

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. paid dividends on its preferred stock of $68 million and $32 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. paid $408 million and $404 million of dividends on its common stock, respectively. See Note 10 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for information regarding the calculation and timing of these dividend payments.

The declaration and payment of common stock dividends are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, and will depend on MetLife, Inc.’s financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements, future prospects, regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information.

Dividend Restrictions

The payment of dividends is also subject to restrictions under the terms of our preferred stock and junior subordinated debentures in situations where we may be experiencing financial stress. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Dividends — “Dividend Stopper” Provisions in MetLife’s Preferred Stock and Junior Subordinated Debentures,” “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Debt Repayments

For both the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, following regulatory approval, MetLife Reinsurance Company of Charleston, a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc., repurchased and canceled $12 million in aggregate principal amount of its surplus notes, which were reported in collateral financing arrangement on the consolidated balance sheets.

Debt Repurchases, Redemptions and Exchanges

We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases, redemptions and/or exchanges for other securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Any such repurchases, redemptions, or exchanges will be dependent upon several factors, including our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, general market conditions, and applicable regulatory, legal and accounting factors. Whether or not to repurchase or redeem any debt and the size and timing of any such repurchases or redemptions will be determined at our discretion.

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Support Agreements

MetLife, Inc. and several of its subsidiaries (each, an “Obligor”) are parties to various capital support commitments and guarantees with subsidiaries. Under these arrangements, each Obligor has agreed to cause the applicable entity to meet specified capital and surplus levels or has guaranteed certain contractual obligations. We anticipate that in the event these arrangements place demands upon us, there will be sufficient liquidity and capital to enable us to meet such demands. See Note 5 of the Notes to the MetLife, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Condensed Financial Information included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Insurance Liabilities

Liabilities arising from our insurance activities primarily relate to benefit payments under various life insurance, annuity and group pension products, as well as payments for policy surrenders, withdrawals and loans. For annuity or deposit type products, surrender or lapse behavior differs somewhat by segment. In the MetLife Holdings segment, which includes individual annuities, lapses and surrenders tend to occur in the normal course of business. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, general account surrenders and withdrawals from annuity products were $340 million and $390 million, respectively. In the RIS business within the U.S. segment, which includes pension risk transfers, bank-owned life insurance and other fixed annuity contracts, as well as funding agreements and other capital market products, most of the products offered have fixed maturities or fairly predictable surrenders or withdrawals. With regard to the RIS business products that provide customers with limited rights to accelerate payments, at March 31, 2021 there were funding agreements totaling $142 million that could be put back to the Company.

Pledged Collateral

We pledge collateral to, and have collateral pledged to us by, counterparties in connection with our derivatives. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had received pledged cash collateral from counterparties of $6.2 billion and $7.6 billion, respectively. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had pledged cash collateral to counterparties of $236 million and $266 million, respectively. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about collateral pledged to us, collateral we pledge and derivatives subject to credit contingent provisions.

We pledge collateral and have had collateral pledged to us, and may be required from time to time to pledge additional collateral or be entitled to have additional collateral pledged to us, in connection with the collateral financing arrangement related to the reinsurance of closed block liabilities.

We pledge collateral from time to time in connection with funding agreements and advance agreements. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements

We participate in a securities lending program and in short-term repurchase agreements whereby securities are loaned to unaffiliated financial institutions. We obtain collateral, usually cash, from the borrower, which must be returned to the borrower when the loaned securities are returned to us. Through these arrangements, we were liable for cash collateral under our control of $22.5 billion and $21.8 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, including a portion that may require the immediate return of cash collateral we hold. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Litigation

We establish liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For material matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible but not probable, no accrual is made but we disclose the nature of the contingency and an aggregate estimate of the reasonably possible range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, when such an estimate can be made. It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. In some of the matters referred to herein, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Contractual Obligations

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Contractual Obligations” included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information regarding the Company’s contractual obligations.

MetLife, Inc.

Liquidity and Capital Management

Liquidity and capital are managed to preserve stable, reliable and cost-effective sources of cash to meet all current and future financial obligations and are provided by a variety of sources, including a portfolio of liquid assets, a diversified mix of short- and long-term funding sources from the wholesale financial markets and the ability to borrow through credit and committed facilities. Liquidity is monitored through the use of internal liquidity risk metrics, including the composition and level of the liquid asset portfolio, timing differences in short-term cash flow obligations, access to the financial markets for capital and debt transactions and exposure to contingent draws on MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity. MetLife, Inc. is an active participant in the global financial markets through which it obtains a significant amount of funding. These markets, which serve as cost-effective sources of funds, are critical components of MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity and capital management. Decisions to access these markets are based upon relative costs, prospective views of balance sheet growth and a targeted liquidity profile and capital structure. A disruption in the financial markets could limit MetLife, Inc.’s access to liquidity.

MetLife, Inc.’s ability to maintain regular access to competitively priced wholesale funds is fostered by its current credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies. We view our capital ratios, credit quality, stable and diverse earnings streams, diversity of liquidity sources and our liquidity monitoring procedures as critical to retaining such credit ratings. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Rating Agencies” included in the 2020 Annual Report.

Liquidity

For a summary of MetLife, Inc.’s liquidity, see “— The Company — Liquidity.”

Capital

For a summary of MetLife, Inc.’s capital, see “— The Company — Capital.” See also “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases” for information regarding MetLife, Inc.’s common stock repurchases.

Liquid Assets

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, MetLife, Inc., collectively with other MetLife holding companies, had $3.8 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively, in liquid assets. Of these amounts, $2.9 billion and $3.6 billion were held by MetLife, Inc. and $959 million and $873 million were held by other MetLife holding companies at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly-traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with derivatives and a collateral financing arrangement.

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — MetLife, Inc. — Liquid Assets” included in the 2020 Annual Report for additional information on the sources and uses of liquid assets, as well as sources and uses of liquid assets included in free cash flow for MetLife, Inc. and other MetLife holding companies.

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Liquidity and Capital Sources

In addition to the description of liquidity and capital sources in “— The Company — Summary of the Company’s Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital” and “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources,” MetLife, Inc.’s primary sources of liquidity and capital are set forth below.

Dividends from Subsidiaries

MetLife, Inc. relies, in part, on dividends from its subsidiaries to meet its cash requirements. MetLife, Inc.’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends imposed by the regulators of their respective domiciles. The dividend limitation for U.S. insurance subsidiaries is generally based on the surplus to policyholders at the end of the immediately preceding calendar year and statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year. Statutory accounting practices, as prescribed by insurance regulators of various states in which we conduct business, differ in certain respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. The significant differences relate to the treatment of DAC, certain deferred income tax, required investment liabilities, statutory reserve calculation assumptions, goodwill and surplus notes.

The table below sets forth the dividends permitted to be paid in 2021 by MetLife, Inc.’s primary U.S. insurance subsidiaries without insurance regulatory approval and the actual dividends paid for the three months ended March 31, 2021:


Company	Paid (1)		Permitted Without Approval (2)
	(In millions)
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company	$	1,030	$	3,392
American Life Insurance Company	$	—	$	800
Metropolitan Property and Casualty Insurance Company (3)	$	—	$	222
Metropolitan Tower Life Insurance Company	$	—	$	82

__________________

(1)Reflects all amounts paid, including those where regulatory approval was obtained as required.

(2)Reflects dividend amounts that may be paid during 2021 without prior regulatory approval. However, because dividend tests may be based on dividends previously paid over rolling 12-month periods, if paid before a specified date during 2021, some or all of such dividends may require regulatory approval.

(3)In April 2021, MetLife P&C paid a $35 million non-cash dividend consisting of the stock of a subsidiary. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

In addition to the amounts presented in the table above, for the three months ended March 31, 2021, MetLife, Inc. also received from certain other subsidiaries cash dividends of $60 million.

The dividend capacity of our non-U.S. operations is subject to similar restrictions established by the local regulators. The non-U.S. regulatory regimes also commonly limit dividend payments to the parent company to a portion of the subsidiary’s prior year statutory income, as determined by the local accounting principles. The regulators of our non-U.S. operations, including Japan’s Financial Services Agency, may also limit or not permit profit repatriations or other transfers of funds to the U.S. if such transfers are deemed to be detrimental to the solvency or financial strength of the non-U.S. operations, or for other reasons. Most of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are second tier subsidiaries which are owned by various non-U.S. holding companies. The capital and rating considerations applicable to our first tier subsidiaries may also impact the dividend flow into MetLife, Inc.

We proactively manage target and excess capital levels and dividend flows and forecast local capital positions as part of the financial planning cycle. The dividend capacity of certain U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries is also subject to business targets in excess of the minimum capital necessary to maintain the desired rating or level of financial strength in the relevant market. See “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — Our Subsidiaries May be Unable to Pay Dividends, a Major Component of Holding Company Free Cash Flow” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

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Credit and Committed Facilities

See “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Sources — Global Funding Sources — Credit and Committed Facilities” for further information regarding the Company’s unsecured revolving credit facility and certain committed facilities.

Long-term Debt Outstanding

The following table summarizes the outstanding long-term debt of MetLife, Inc. at:


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions)
Long-term debt — unaffiliated	$	13,373	$	13,463
Long-term debt — affiliated	$	1,953	$	2,073
Junior subordinated debt securities	$	2,461	$	2,461

Debt and Facility Covenants

Certain of MetLife, Inc.’s debt instruments and committed facilities, as well as its unsecured revolving credit facility, contain various administrative, reporting, legal and financial covenants. MetLife, Inc. believes it was in compliance with all applicable financial covenants at March 31, 2021.

Dispositions

See Note 3 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the disposition of MetLife P&C.

Liquidity and Capital Uses

The primary uses of liquidity of MetLife, Inc. include debt service, cash dividends on common and preferred stock, capital contributions to subsidiaries, common stock, preferred stock and debt repurchases, payment of general operating expenses and acquisitions. Based on our analysis and comparison of our current and future cash inflows from the dividends we receive from subsidiaries that are permitted to be paid without prior insurance regulatory approval, our investment portfolio and other cash flows and anticipated access to the capital markets, we believe there will be sufficient liquidity and capital to enable MetLife, Inc. to make payments on debt, pay cash dividends on its common and preferred stock, contribute capital to its subsidiaries, repurchase its common stock and certain of its other securities, pay all general operating expenses and meet its cash needs under current market conditions and reasonably possible stress scenarios.

In addition to the description of liquidity and capital uses in “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses,” MetLife, Inc.’s primary uses of liquidity and capital are set forth below.

Affiliated Capital and Debt Transactions

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, MetLife, Inc. invested a net amount of $69 million and $123 million, respectively, in various subsidiaries.

MetLife, Inc. lends funds, as necessary, through credit agreements or otherwise to its subsidiaries and affiliates, some of which are regulated, to meet their capital requirements or to provide liquidity. MetLife, Inc. had loans to subsidiaries outstanding of $85 million and $0 at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Support Agreements

MetLife, Inc. is party to various capital support commitments and guarantees with certain of its subsidiaries. Under these arrangements, MetLife, Inc. has agreed to cause each such entity to meet specified capital and surplus levels or has guaranteed certain contractual obligations. See “— The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Support Agreements.”

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures

In this report, the Company presents certain measures of its performance on a consolidated and segment basis that are not calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the understanding for the Company and our investors of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of our business. Segment-specific financial measures are calculated using only the portion of consolidated results attributable to that specific segment.

The following non-GAAP financial measures should not be viewed as substitutes for the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP:


Non-GAAP financial measures:		Comparable GAAP financial measures:
(i)	adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues	(i)	premiums, fees and other revenues
(ii)	adjusted earnings	(ii)	net income (loss)
(iii)	adjusted earnings available to common shareholders	(iii)	net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders
(iv)	adjusted net investment income	(iv)	net investment income

Any of these financial measures shown on a constant currency basis reflect the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and are calculated using the average foreign currency exchange rates for the most recent period and applied to the comparable prior period (“constant currency basis”).

Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable historical GAAP financial measures are included in “— Results of Operations” and “— Investments.” Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are not accessible on a forward-looking basis because we believe it is not possible without unreasonable effort to provide other than a range of net investment gains and losses and net derivative gains and losses, which can fluctuate significantly within or outside the range and from period to period and may have a material impact on net income.

Our definitions of non-GAAP and other financial measures discussed in this report may differ from those used by other companies.

Adjusted earnings and related measures:

•adjusted earnings;

•adjusted earnings available to common shareholders; and

•adjusted earnings available to common shareholders on a constant currency basis.

These measures are used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings and components of, or other financial measures based on, adjusted earnings are also our GAAP measures of segment performance. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings are also the measures by which senior management’s and many other employees’ performance is evaluated for the purposes of determining their compensation under applicable compensation plans. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings allow analysis of our performance relative to our business plan and facilitate comparisons to industry results.

Adjusted earnings is defined as adjusted revenues less adjusted expenses, net of income tax. Adjusted loss is defined as negative adjusted earnings. Adjusted earnings available to common shareholders is defined as adjusted earnings less preferred stock dividends. For information relating to adjusted revenues and adjusted expenses, see “Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition, adjusted earnings available to common shareholders excludes the impact of preferred stock redemption premium, which is reported as a reduction to net income (loss) available to MetLife, Inc.’s common shareholders.

Return on equity, allocated equity and related measures:

•Total MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) other than foreign currency translation adjustments (“FCTA”), is defined as total MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding the net unrealized investment gains (losses) and defined benefit plans adjustment components of AOCI, net of income tax.

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•Adjusted return on MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity is defined as adjusted earnings available to common shareholders divided by MetLife, Inc.’s average common stockholders’ equity.

•Adjusted return on MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI other than FCTA, is defined as adjusted earnings available to common shareholders divided by MetLife, Inc.’s average common stockholders’ equity, excluding AOCI other than FCTA.

•Allocated equity is the portion of MetLife, Inc.’s common stockholders’ equity that management allocates to each of its segments and sub-segments based on local capital requirements and economic capital. See “— Economic Capital.” Allocated equity excludes the impact of AOCI other than FCTA.

The above measures represent a level of equity consistent with the view that, in the ordinary course of business, we do not plan to sell most investments for the sole purpose of realizing gains or losses. Also, refer to the utilization of adjusted earnings and components of, or other financial measures based on, adjusted earnings mentioned above.

Expense ratio and direct expense ratio:

•Expense ratio: other expenses, net of capitalization of DAC, divided by premiums, fees and other revenues.

•Direct expense ratio: adjusted direct expenses divided by adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues. Direct expenses are comprised of employee-related costs, third party staffing costs, and general and administrative expenses.

•Direct expense ratio, excluding total notable items related to direct expenses and pension risk transfers: adjusted direct expenses excluding total notable items related to direct expenses, divided by adjusted premiums, fees and other revenues, excluding pension risk transfers.

The following additional information is relevant to an understanding of our performance results:

•We sometimes refer to sales activity for various products. These sales statistics do not correspond to revenues under GAAP, but are used as relevant measures of business activity. Further, sales statistics for our Latin America, Asia and EMEA segments are on a constant currency basis.

•Near-term represents one to three years.

•Notable items reflect the unexpected impact of events that affect the Company’s results, but that were unknown and that the Company could not anticipate when it devised its business plan. Notable items also include certain items regardless of the extent anticipated in the business plan, to help investors have a better understanding of MetLife’s results and to evaluate and forecast those results. Notable items represent a positive (negative) impact to adjusted earnings available to common shareholders.

•The Company uses a measure of free cash flow to facilitate an understanding of its ability to generate cash for reinvestment into its businesses or use in non-mandatory capital actions. The Company defines free cash flow as the sum of cash available at MetLife’s holding companies from dividends from operating subsidiaries, expenses and other net flows of the holding companies (including capital contributions to subsidiaries), and net contributions from debt to be at or below target leverage ratios. This measure of free cash flow is prior to capital actions, such as common stock dividends and repurchases, debt reduction and mergers and acquisitions. Free cash flow should not be viewed as a substitute for net cash provided by (used in) operating activities calculated in accordance with GAAP. The free cash flow ratio is typically expressed as a percentage of annual adjusted earnings available to common shareholders.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We regularly analyze our exposure to interest rate, equity market price and foreign currency exchange rate risks. As a result of that analysis, we have determined that the estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities are materially exposed to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and changes in the equity markets. We have exposure to market risk through our insurance operations and investment activities. Our exposure is and will remain elevated due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Executive Summary — COVID-19 Pandemic.” We use a variety of strategies to manage interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and equity market risk, including the use of derivatives. A description of our market risk exposures may be found under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included in the 2020 Annual Report.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

There were no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II — Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

See Note 15 of the Notes to the Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Certain factors that may affect the Company’s business or operations are described under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A, of the 2020 Annual Report, as amended or supplemented in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under Item 1A. Risk Factors. There have been no material changes to our risk factors from the risk factors previously disclosed in the 2020 Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Purchases of MetLife, Inc. common stock made by or on behalf of MetLife, Inc. or its affiliates during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 are set forth below:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
January 1 — January 31, 2021	8,600,662	$	49.41	8,600,662	$	2,409,546,262
February 1 — February 28, 2021	4,769,757	$	55.47	4,769,757	$	2,144,958,542
March 1 — March 31, 2021	5,198,353	$	59.63	5,197,719	$	1,835,043,923
Total	18,568,772			18,568,138

__________________

(1)During the periods January 1 through January 31, 2021, February 1 through February 28, 2021 and March 1 through March 31, 2021, separate account index funds purchased 0 shares, 0 shares and 634 shares, respectively, of MetLife, Inc. common stock on the open market in non-discretionary transactions.

(2)In December 2020, MetLife, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors authorized $3.0 billion of common stock repurchases. At March 31, 2021, MetLife, Inc. had $1.8 billion of common stock repurchases remaining under the authorization. For more information on common stock repurchases, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — The Company — Liquidity and Capital Uses — Common Stock Repurchases.” See also “Risk Factors — Capital Risks — We May not be Able to Pay Dividends or Repurchase Our Stock Due to Legal and Regulatory Restrictions or Cash Buffer Needs” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2020 Annual Report.

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Item 6. Exhibits

(Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts: In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, please remember that they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about MetLife, Inc., its subsidiaries or affiliates, or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and (i) should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement; (iii) may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to investors; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about MetLife, Inc., its subsidiaries and affiliates may be found elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and MetLife, Inc.’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission website at www.sec.gov.)

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit No.

Description

Form

File Number

Exhibit

Filing Date

Filed or Furnished Herewith

10.1

Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2021, among MetLife, Inc. and MetLife Funding, Inc., as borrowers, and the other parties signatory thereto.

8-K

001-15787

10.1

March 2, 2021

31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.SCH

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


METLIFE, INC.

By:						/s/ Tamara L. Schock
						Name: Tamara L. Schock Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Authorized Signatory and Principal Accounting Officer)

Date: May 6, 2021

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