Morningstar, Inc. - Annual Report: 2015 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K | ||||
x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015
OR
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 000-51280
MORNINGSTAR, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Illinois | 36-3297908 | |
(State or Other Jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer | |
Incorporation or Organization) | Identification Number) | |
22 West Washington Street
Chicago, Illinois
60602
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(312) 696-6000
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | |
Common stock, no par value | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
(Check one):
Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer ¨ | Non-accelerated filer ¨ | Smaller reporting company ¨ | ||
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | |||||
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
The aggregate market value of shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2015 was $1.5 billion. As of February 19, 2016, there were 42,911,386 shares of the Registrant's common stock, no par value, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Certain parts of the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated into Part III of this Form 10-K.
Table of Contents
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Part I
Item 1. Business
Overview
Morningstar is a leading provider of independent investment research in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Our mission is to create great products that help investors reach their financial goals. We offer an extensive line of data, software, research, and investment management offerings for financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, and individual investors. In addition to our U.S.-based products and services, we offer local versions of our products designed for investors in Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, Latin America, and South Africa. Morningstar serves approximately 250,000 financial advisors, 1,300 asset management firms, 28 retirement plan providers, 300,000 retirement plan sponsors, and 10.1 million individual investors. We have operations in 27 countries.
Our data and research are core assets that we seek to leverage to build Morningstar's long-term value. As of December 31, 2015, we provided extensive data on more than 500,000 investments, including mutual funds, stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), closed-end funds, separate accounts, and variable annuities. We also track real-time market data on more than 17 million exchange-traded equities, derivatives, commodities, currencies, and other investments.
Our data and proprietary analytical tools such as the Morningstar Rating for mutual funds, which rates past performance based on risk- and cost-adjusted returns, and the Morningstar Style Box, which provides a visual summary of a mutual fund's underlying investment style, have become important tools that millions of investors and advisors use in making investment decisions. We've created other tools, such as the Ownership Zone, Sector Delta, and Market Barometer, which allow investors to see how different investments work together to form a portfolio and to track its progress. Our popular Portfolio X-Ray tool helps investors evaluate their portfolios and get a clear view of their underlying holdings.
We’ve been providing independent analyst research on mutual funds and other investment vehicles since the mid-1980s. We use this analyst research to provide a qualitative, forward-looking Morningstar Analyst Rating for funds. We now provide research reports and Morningstar Analyst Ratings for approximately 4,600 funds globally, including active, passive, multi-asset, ETF, and closed-end fund strategies. We also offer qualitative research and ratings on alternative funds, state-sponsored college savings plan portfolios, and target-date funds.
In 2015, we announced plans to launch the industry's first sustainable investing metrics for global mutual funds and ETFs. Our new metrics are based on company-level ratings and research from Sustainalytics, a leading provider of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) and corporate governance ratings and research. We have a long tradition of innovative research centered on good stewardship, lower costs, and more transparency for investors and want to bring even greater transparency and accountability to the investment industry with information about sustainability, while helping investors to put their money to work in ways that are meaningful to them.
As part of our research efforts on individual stocks, we popularized the concepts of economic moat, a measure of competitive advantage originally developed by Warren Buffett, and margin of safety, which reflects the size of the discount in a stock's price relative to its estimated value. The Morningstar Rating for stocks is based on the stock's current price relative to our analyst-generated fair value estimates, as well as the company's level of business risk and economic moat. We offer a variety of other qualitative measures such as Stewardship Grades, which help investors identify companies and fund firms that have demonstrated a high level of commitment to shareholders and stewardship of investors' capital.
Our analysts cover approximately 1,500 stocks, using a consistent, proprietary methodology that focuses on fundamental analysis, competitive advantage assessment, and intrinsic value estimation. In July 2015, we received the “Thought Leadership” award at the Investment Week Investment Marketing and Innovation Awards in London for our independent equity research drawing on our economic moat methodology.
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In addition to our analyst-driven coverage, we provide quantitative ratings and reports for approximately 40,000 companies globally. These equity ratings draw on the fundamental research of our equity analyst team and provide a forward-looking statistical view of the valuation, competitive advantage, and level of uncertainty for stocks that are often under-followed by other research firms.
Through our Morningstar Credit Ratings, LLC subsidiary, which is a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO), we provide new issue and surveillance ratings and analysis for commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) and residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), as well as operational risk assessment services.
In addition, we publish credit ratings and associated research on corporate debt issuers. We currently provide ratings on about 400 issuers. Morningstar, Inc. is not currently an NRSRO, and our credit ratings on corporate issuers are not NRSRO credit ratings.
In our investment management business, we've developed in-depth advice on asset allocation, portfolio construction, and security selection to meet the needs of investors and professionals looking for integrated portfolio solutions. We’ve published research on "Gamma," an innovative measure that quantifies how much additional retirement income investors can generate by making better financial planning decisions. We use the concept of human capital—or potential future earning ability—to provide a more complete picture of an investor’s financial worth and optimize a portfolio’s asset mix.
In 2015, we launched the Global Market Barometer, which delivers our global family of indexes through a signature visual to help investors identify market trends and opportunities. We introduced our Signature Asset Library, a set of curated, interactive components that bring together Morningstar’s strength in research, data, data visualization, design, and technology. We offer these components through a variety of products to help users gain insights into our rich data sets.
We believe investors rely on these tools because they offer a useful framework for comparing potential investments and making decisions. Our independence and our history of innovation make us a trusted resource for investors.
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Strategy and Key Objectives
Our strategy is to widen our economic moat, or sustainable competitive advantage, and build shareholder value by focusing on our three key objectives, which we describe in more detail below. Our investment data, research, and ratings are at the heart of our strategy, allowing us to help investors achieve better investment outcomes whether they make their own investment decisions or outsource management of their portfolios.
1. Produce the most effective investment data, research, and ratings to help investors reach their financial goals.
We believe our leadership position in independent investment research offers a competitive advantage that would be difficult for competitors to replicate. Our goal is to leverage our proprietary research and intellectual property to help investors with both decision support (via Morningstar Direct) and outsourced investment management (via our investment management business).
We’re focusing our research efforts on several different areas, as described below.
•Manager research (including mutual funds, ETFs, separate accounts, and other vehicles)
Our goal for manager research is to leverage our leadership position to reach additional customer groups. In contrast to most other companies, we also integrate manager research with our software, which we believe is another competitive advantage.
As of December 31, 2015, we had 115 manager research analysts globally, including teams in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.
•Equity research
Our equity research complements our approach to manager research, where we focus on analyzing the individual stocks that make up each fund's portfolio. As of December 31, 2015, we had more than 100 equity analysts globally, making us one of the largest providers of independent equity research. We believe our analysts’ long-term approach, deep industry knowledge, and focus on sustainable competitive advantage are important factors that set us apart and help investors achieve better investment outcomes.
•Credit research and ratings
Morningstar Credit Ratings, LLC, our structured credit research and ratings subsidiary, is a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO) that has earned a reputation for innovation and excellence in the structured finance market.
Morningstar Credit Ratings has submitted a preliminary application to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to expand its NRSRO license to include credit ratings for corporate bonds and financial institutions. We’re seeking to expand the license because we believe we can make a difference in the market by bringing transparency, unique perspectives, and superior client service to all investors across the fixed-income markets.
•Holistic advice methodologies (including our research on Gamma and the Total Wealth Approach)
Over the past several years, we’ve developed new research tools that provide a more holistic approach to investing and asset allocation. Whereas traditional asset allocation methodologies focus solely on financial assets (such as stocks and bonds), we’ve developed methodologies that provide a more complete view of all sources of wealth, including financial capital, human capital, housing assets, and retirement and pension benefits.
2. Develop Morningstar Direct as our flagship decision support platform.
In 2015, we began rolling out the next-generation version of Morningstar Direct, our institutional investment research platform.
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The new software is designed to be more intuitive, elegant, and easy-to-use. It provides a more consistent, cohesive experience with a strong emphasis on Morningstar’s proprietary research and tools. We also improved the underlying technology, including a more streamlined development process for commonly used Morningstar capabilities such as portfolio management tools.
The new software is fully web-based, which eliminates the need for desktop software installations and allows immediate access to new features. It allows to us innovate more rapidly and more easily configure our software solutions to meet client needs. It also addresses the growing need for mobile-optimized capabilities to extend the desktop experience onto mobile devices.
Over time, we expect to migrate many of our core software capabilities to Morningstar Direct, which will serve as our main platform for clients looking for information to support the investment decisions they make on their own or validate investment recommendations from another party. We also plan to expand the user base for Morningstar Direct by enhancing workflow capabilities for our existing clients and adding workflows for new types of clients, such as financial advisors.
3. Build world-class investment management solutions based on our proprietary research.
We leverage our innovative, proprietary research by building world-class investment management solutions that help investors achieve better outcomes. Our goal is to connect our existing capabilities to create holistic solutions that help financial advisors, asset managers, and individual investors with portfolio construction, monitoring, security selection, and implementation.
Our investment management solutions include Investment Advisory services, which had $77.8 billion in assets under advisement as of December 31, 2015, and Workplace Solutions (formerly Retirement Solutions), which had a total of $89.7 billion in assets under management and advisement.
For financial advisors, we offer Morningstar Managed Portfolios, a fee-based discretionary asset management service that includes a series of mutual fund, ETF, and stock portfolios tailored to meet specific investment time horizons and risk levels. As of December 31, 2015, we managed $12.9 billion in assets through this service.
We also expect to expand the investment management solutions we offer through our index business. We currently offer more than 300 investment indexes that can be used for both benchmarking and product creation.
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Major Customer Groups
Given the core capabilities discussed above, we're focusing on four primary customer groups:
• | Advisor (including independent financial advisors as well as those affiliated with broker-dealers, other intermediaries, and retail brokerage firms); |
• | Asset management (including fund companies, insurance companies, and other companies that build and manage portfolios of securities for their clients); |
• | Workplace/retirement (including retirement plan providers and plan sponsors); and |
• | Individual investor. |
Advisor
Financial advisors work with individual investors to help them reach their financial goals. This customer group includes independent advisors at registered investment advisor (RIA) firms, advisors affiliated with independent broker-dealers, dually registered advisors, and “captive” advisors who are employees of a broker-dealer. Captive broker-dealers include wirehouses, regional broker-dealers, and banks. In total, Cerulli Associates estimates there were approximately 300,000 financial advisors in the United States as of the end of 2015.
We believe our deep understanding of individual investors’ needs allows us to work with advisors to help them make more efficient use of their time and deliver better investment outcomes for their clients. Our advisor solutions also draw on Morningstar’s proprietary investment research methodologies and research insights.
We sell our advisor-related solutions both directly to independent financial advisors and through enterprise licenses, which allow financial advisors associated with the licensing firm to use our products.
We're expanding the range of services we offer to help financial advisors with all aspects of their daily workflow needs, including investment decision-making, portfolio construction, client monitoring and reporting, practice management, portfolio rebalancing that connects with custodial and trading interfaces, and financial planning. Because advisors are increasingly outsourcing investment management, we're continuing to enhance Morningstar Managed Portfolios to help advisors save time and reduce compliance risk.
We also plan to integrate our investment management solutions with our advisor software to deliver a comprehensive investment platform, focusing on the needs of independent registered investment advisors. With our November 2015 acquisition of Total Rebalance Expert (tRx), we added automated, tax-efficient portfolio rebalancing capabilities for advisors. In addition, we plan to build advisory solutions that incorporate both retirement and non-retirement assets.
Our main products for financial advisors are Morningstar Advisor Workstation (including Morningstar Office) and Morningstar Managed Portfolios.
Asset management
Asset management firms manage and distribute investment portfolios. We estimate that there are more than 3,000 asset management firms globally, ranging from large, global firms to firms with small fund lineups and operations in a single market or region. The asset management customer group includes individuals involved in sales, marketing, product development, and distribution, as well as investment management (often referred to as the “buy side”), which includes portfolio management, research, and securities analysis.
Our asset management offerings help companies connect with their clients because of Morningstar’s strong brand presence with both financial advisors and individual investors. We offer a global reach and have earned investors’ trust in our unbiased approach, investor-centric mission, and thought leadership.
Our goal is to expand the number of asset management firms and individuals at these firms who employ Morningstar’s research offerings to help them achieve better results for their clients. We also plan to leverage our proprietary research and data to continue developing differentiated software and data offerings.
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The key products we offer for asset management firms include Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Data, and Morningstar Indexes. For the buy side, key products include Morningstar Research, Morningstar Credit Ratings, Morningstar Data, and Morningstar Direct.
Workplace/retirement
In the workplace (also known as retirement) market, millions of investors are now charged with planning for their own retirement, mainly through self-directed retirement plans such as 401(k) plans in the United States. Assets in 401(k) plans totaled an estimated $4.7 trillion as of December 31, 2015, based on data from Cerulli Associates. In the wake of the financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, we believe individual investors, financial advisors, employers, and government organizations have all become more aware of the need for advice and guidance that helps individuals build assets for retirement and beyond.
Our retirement offerings help retirement plan participants of all ages plan and invest for retirement. We offer these services both through retirement plan providers (typically third-party asset management companies that offer proprietary mutual funds) and directly to plan sponsors (employers that offer retirement plans to their employees).
Our major products for the workplace/retirement customer group are Workplace Solutions (formerly Retirement Solutions), Investment Advisory services, and Investment Profiles.
Individual investor
We offer products for individual investors who invest to build wealth and save for other goals, such as retirement or college tuition. While the number of individual investors has declined from earlier peaks (before the financial crisis in 2008 and 2009), a Gallup survey released in April 2015 found that approximately 55% of individuals in the United States invest in the stock market either directly or through mutual funds or self-directed retirement plans.
We design most of our products for individual investors who are actively involved in the investing process and want to take charge of their own investment decisions. We also reach individuals who want to learn more about investing or want to validate the advice they receive from brokers or financial advisors. Because many individual investors trust Morningstar’s research and tools, our extensive reach with individual investors also drives demand for our other customer groups.
Our main product for individual investors is Morningstar.com, which includes both paid Premium Memberships and free content available to registered users and visitors. We also reach individual investors through a series of investment newsletters, iPad and mobile applications, and through licensing our content to other websites, such as Yahoo Finance, MSN Money, and Google Finance.
Acquisitions
Since our founding in 1984, we've mainly focused on organic growth by introducing new products and services and expanding our existing offerings. From 2006 through 2015, we also completed 27 acquisitions to support our growth objectives. In 2015, we acquired Total Rebalance Expert (tRx), an automated, tax-efficient investment portfolio rebalancing platform for financial advisors.
For more information about our acquisitions, refer to Note 7 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Major Products and Services
The section below describes some of our major products and services (ranked in order of size based on each product's 2015 revenue).
Morningstar Data
Morningstar Data gives institutions access to a full range of investment data spanning numerous investment databases, including real-time pricing and market data. We offer licenses and data feeds for our proprietary statistics, such as the Morningstar Style Box and Morningstar Rating, and a wide range of other data, including information on investment performance, risk, portfolios, operations data, fees and expenses, cash flows, and ownership. Institutions can use Morningstar Data in a variety of investor communications, including websites, print publications, and marketing fact sheets, as well as for internal research and product development.
We also offer Morningstar Data for equities, including financial statement data, consolidated industry statistics, stock ownership information, and proprietary Morningstar statistics. Our equity database now includes more than 43,000 companies globally covering 98% of the world's market capitalization.
In 2015, we introduced several new types of data feeds for managed products, including historical datasets for asset classification, Modern Portfolio Theory statistics, and summary portfolio statistics. We added portfolio-level information to indicate the percentage of stocks within a portfolio that receive our Economic Moat Ratings of Wide, Narrow, or None to provide investors and asset managers with a view of Morningstar's take on sustainable competitive advantage for the underlying portfolio holdings.
We’ve continued developing our data delivery platforms, including application programming interfaces (APIs), which allow for faster and more flexible client access to large groups of data files. We’ve expanded the number of data sets that are available through APIs and expanded the scope of data provided at the request of our clients.
Pricing for Morningstar Data is based on the number of investment vehicles covered, the amount of information provided for each security, the frequency of updates, the method of delivery, the size of the licensing firm, and the level of distribution.
Our main competitors for Morningstar Data include Activ Financial, Bloomberg, FactSet, Financial Express, Interactive Data, Standard & Poor’s, Thomson Reuters, and Xignite.
Morningstar Data is our largest product based on revenue and accounted for 18.3%, 18.4%, and 18.8% of our consolidated revenue in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.
Morningstar Advisor Workstation
Morningstar Advisor Workstation, a web-based investment planning system, provides financial advisors with a comprehensive set of tools for conducting their core business—including investment research, planning, and presentations. It allows advisors to build and maintain a client portfolio database that can be fully integrated with the firm's back-office technology and resources. Moreover, it helps advisors create customized reports for client portfolios that combine different types of investments.
Morningstar Advisor Workstation is available in two versions: Morningstar Office for independent financial advisors and an enterprise version for financial advisors affiliated with larger firms. As of December 31, 2015, approximately 4,300 financial advisors in the United States were licensed to use Morningstar Office, and approximately 190 companies held licenses for the enterprise version of Morningstar Advisor Workstation.
In 2015, we introduced the new Morningstar for Advisors iPad app that helps advisors interact with clients, monitor investments, and analyze portfolios using Morningstar data and tools. We also added integrations with several leading third-party platforms to help advisors with all aspects of their daily workflows.
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Pricing for Morningstar Advisor Workstation varies based on the number of users, as well as the number of databases licensed and level of functionality. We typically charge annual fees of about $3,400 per licensed user for a base configuration of Morningstar Advisor Workstation, but pricing varies significantly based on the scope of the license. We generally charge $6,000 per user for an annual license for Morningstar Office, as well as additional fees for portfolio accounting and record-keeping services.
Competitors for Morningstar Advisor Workstation and Morningstar Office include Black Diamond, Envestnet, Orion Advisor Services, Standard & Poor's, and Thomson Reuters.
Morningstar Advisor Workstation is our second-largest product based on revenue and made up 13.5%, 13.4%, and 13.3% of our consolidated revenue in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.
Morningstar Direct
Morningstar Direct is an institutional investment research platform that includes data and advanced analytical tools on the complete range of securities in Morningstar's global database, as well as privately held investments and data from third-party providers. It helps portfolio managers, investment consultants, financial product managers, wealth managers, and other professionals develop, select, and monitor investments. Users can create advanced performance comparisons and in-depth analyses of an investment's underlying investment style, as well as custom-branded reports and presentations.
In 2015, we began rolling out the next-generation version of the platform: Morningstar Direct Cloud. So far, we’ve released new modules for Investment Analysis, which represents a complete rebuild of the user interface and data delivery systems, and Research Portal, which presents curated research from Morningstar’s analyst teams. In addition, we introduced a new signature report for stocks as well as upgrades to the global mutual fund and ETF data reports included with the software.
Morningstar Direct's primary competitors are Bloomberg, eVestment Alliance, FactSet Research Systems, Thomson Reuters, and Zephyr Associates.
Morningstar Direct had approximately 11,400 licensed users worldwide as of December 31, 2015.
Pricing for Morningstar Direct is based on the number of licenses purchased. For clients in the United States, we generally charge an annual fee of $17,000 for the first user, $10,500 for the second user, and $9,000 for each additional user.
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Morningstar Direct is our third-largest product based on revenue and accounted for 12.9%, 12.1%, and 11.4% of our consolidated revenue in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.
Workplace Solutions (formerly Retirement Solutions)
This product line includes several different offerings, including retirement advice and managed accounts, plan sponsor advice, custom models, and financial wellness services.
Our advice and managed accounts program, Morningstar Retirement Manager, helps retirement plan participants with their retirement goals. As part of this service, we deliver personalized recommendations for a target savings goal, a recommended contribution rate to help achieve that goal, a portfolio mix based on risk tolerance, and specific investment recommendations. Participants can build their own portfolios based on our recommendations or elect to have their accounts managed by us through our managed retirement account offering. We do not hold assets in custody for the managed retirement accounts we provide.
In our plan sponsor advice business, we work with retirement plan sponsors to help them meet their fiduciary obligations by selecting and monitoring a broad range of diversified plan options.
With our custom models, we work with retirement plan providers to design customized models for their investment lineups, including target maturity models and risk-based models.
Through HelloWallet, we offer personalized financial guidance to more than 500,000 individuals and their families through their employer benefit plans. HelloWallet helps employees build a strong financial foundation by providing them with tools for emergency savings, debt management, and budgeting.
In 2015, we introduced the next-generation version of Morningstar Retirement Manager with a completely redesigned interface and user experience. The redesigned platform is designed to drive participant adoption into managed retirement accounts and improve operational support. We've started rolling out the new platform to clients and plan to continue transitioning our clients to the new platform during 2016.
Pricing for Workplace Solutions depends on several different factors, including the level of services offered (including whether the services involve acting as a fiduciary under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, or ERISA), the number of participants, the level of systems integration required, and the availability of competing products. For HelloWallet, we charge employers for individual employee licenses at a rate of $50 to $100 per user per year.
Our main competitors for Workplace Solutions are Financial Engines, Guided Choice, Learnvest, and Personal Capital, as well as companies that provide automated investment advice, such as Betterment and Wealthfront.
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Workplace Solutions is our fourth-largest product based on revenue and accounted for 8.4% of our consolidated revenue in 2015, compared with 7.5% in 2014 and 6.5% in 2013.
Morningstar.com
Our largest website for individual investors is Morningstar.com. Revenue for this product offering includes both Premium Memberships and Internet advertising sales, which each made up approximately half of Morningstar.com's total revenue in 2015. In addition to our U.S.-based site, we offer more than 30 regional investing websites customized to the needs of investors worldwide. Many of these sites feature coverage in local languages with tools and commentary tailored to specific markets.
We also offer paid Premium Membership, which includes access to written analyst reports on stocks, mutual funds, ETFs, and closed-end funds, as well as our Portfolio X-Ray, asset allocation and portfolio management tools, proprietary stock data, Stewardship Grades and Ratings, and premium stock and fund screeners. We currently offer Premium Membership services in Australia, Canada, China, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
In 2015, we introduced a beta version of the new Morningstar.com to a small group of site users. The site features a new user interface focused on helping individual investors select and monitor investments. As part of this upgrade, we developed a new stocks quote page that better surfaces Morningstar’s proprietary research and ratings and makes it easier for individual investors to understand a company’s performance and compare it with its competitors. We plan to continue rolling out the new site to additional users during 2016.
Morningstar.com primarily competes with The Motley Fool, Seeking Alpha, TheStreet.com, and Yahoo! Finance, as well as other finance and brokerage sites.
As of December 31, 2015, the free membership services offered through Morningstar.com had 10.1 million registered users worldwide. We also had approximately 120,000 paid Premium subscribers for Morningstar.com in the United States plus an additional 16,000 paid Premium subscribers in other global markets. We currently charge $23.95 for a monthly subscription, $199 for an annual subscription, $339 for a two-year subscription, and $439 for a three-year subscription for Morningstar.com's Premium Membership service.
Morningstar.com is our fifth-largest product based on revenue and accounted for 7.6% of our consolidated revenue in 2015, compared with 7.6% in 2014 and 8.0% in 2013.
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Investment Advisory
Our Investment Advisory business provides institutional investment advisory and management services for asset management firms, broker-dealers, and insurance providers. We offer Investment Advisory services through a variety of registered entities in Australia, Dubai, France, Hong Kong, India, Japan, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. All of these entities are wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries of Morningstar, Inc., and are authorized to provide Investment Advisory services by the appropriate regulatory agency in their applicable jurisdictions.
Drawing on our proprietary research and methodologies, we deliver a variety of services, including asset allocation, manager evaluation, portfolio management, and 15(c) board consulting services. Many of our Investment Advisory agreements focus on investment monitoring and asset allocation for multimanager portfolios made up of managed investment products, such as mutual funds, separate accounts, and variable insurance trusts. We do not hold assets in custody in our Investment Advisory business.
Because of the diversity of our offerings, our Investment Advisory business competes with a wide assortment of firms. We compete with consulting firms such as Mercer, Callan, and Wilshire Associates, as well as various in-house providers of investment management services.
We base our pricing for our Investment Advisory services on the scope of work, our degree of investment discretion, and the level of service required. In the majority of our contracts, we receive asset-based fees, reflecting our work as a portfolio construction manager or subadvisor for multimanager portfolios.
Morningstar Enterprise Components
Morningstar Enterprise Components is a set of tools and capabilities that help institutional clients build customized websites or enhance their existing solutions. We offer a series of components, editorial content, and reports that investment firms can license to build or enhance their websites for financial advisors and individual investors. We also offer licenses for investment research, editorial content, and portfolio analysis and comparison tools that allow users to drill down into the underlying data when researching a potential investment.
For Enterprise Components, our primary competitors include Financial Express, Interactive Data Corporation, Markit on Demand, and Thomson Reuters.
Pricing for Enterprise Components consists of both ongoing license fees and one-time development fees and depends on the solution being offered, the number of users and level of distribution, and the amount of client integration involved.
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Morningstar Managed Portfolios
Morningstar Managed Portfolios is a fee-based discretionary asset management service that includes a series of mutual fund, ETF, and stock portfolios tailored to meet specific investment time horizons and risk levels. We offer this service through Morningstar Investment Services LLC, a registered investment advisor, registered broker-dealer, member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA), and wholly owned subsidiary of Morningstar, Inc. We offer Morningstar Managed Portfolios mainly to fee-based independent financial advisors. These advisors are often affiliated with the corporate registered investment arms of insurance companies and independent and registered broker-dealers.
In 2015, we launched a multi-strategy proposal workflow, allowing advisors to create a proposal containing several portfolios.
We had approximately $12.9 billion in assets under management with about 5,800 financial advisors using the service as of December 31, 2015. We charge asset-based fees for Morningstar Managed Portfolios, which are typically based on a tiered schedule that depends on the client's average daily portfolio balance. Fees for our mutual fund and ETF portfolios generally range from 30 to 40 basis points. We charge 45 to 55 basis points for Select Stock Baskets, which are customizable stock portfolios based on Morningstar's proprietary equity research and indexes. We use third-party custodians for Morningstar Managed Portfolios and do not hold the assets in custody.
For Morningstar Managed Portfolios, our primary competitors are AssetMark, Brinker Capital, Envestnet PMC, Loring Ward, and SEI Investments. We also compete with in-house research teams at independent broker-dealers who build proprietary portfolios for use on brokerage firm platforms, as well other registered investment advisors that provide investment strategies or models on these platforms.
Morningstar Research
Morningstar Research includes both Equity Research services and Manager Research services. We offer equity research to institutional investors who use it to supplement their own research, as well as to broker-dealers who provide our research to their affiliated financial advisors or individual investor clients. Our Manager Research services help institutional investors and manager research due diligence teams evaluate funds, investment strategies, and asset management firms.
Our Equity Research services compete with Ford Equity Research, Ned Davis Research Group, Standard & Poor’s, Zacks Investment Research, and several smaller research firms. For institutional clients, we compete with sell-side firms, internal providers, and smaller boutique firms. Our Manager Research services mainly compete with Mercer, Willis Towers Watson, and Wilshire Associates. Competitors for our credit research include Credit Sights, Fitch, Gimme Credit, Moody’s, and Standard & Poor’s.
Pricing for Morningstar Research varies based on the level of distribution, the type of investors who are using our research, the number of securities or investment strategies covered, the amount of custom coverage and client support required, and the length of the contract term.
Morningstar Credit Ratings
Morningstar Credit Ratings, LLC is an NRSRO that provides timely new issue and surveillance ratings and analysis for structured credits, as well as operational risk assessment services. We provide ratings on a broad range of structured finance securities, including commercial mortgage-backed securities, single family rental securities, and residential mortgage-backed securities. In 2015, we expanded our credit ratings and research to include coverage of other asset-backed securities.
Morningstar Credit Ratings has completed a preliminary application with the SEC to expand its NRSRO license to include ratings on corporate credits and financial institutions, including real estate investment trusts (REITs). We anticipate receiving approval for the expanded license during 2016.
This business competes with several other firms, including Dominion Bond Rating Services (DBRS), Fitch, Kroll Bond Ratings, Moody’s, and Standard & Poor’s.
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We charge annual fees for our subscription-based CMBS surveillance software and data services, which are paid for by the user. Pricing for these services varies depending on the solution and the level of access within a client organization. For new-issue ratings, we charge one-time fees to the issuer based on the type of security, the size of the transaction, and the complexity of the issue. In addition to the initial rating fee, clients pay annual surveillance fees that continue until the securities mature.
Morningstar Indexes
We offer an extensive set of investment indexes that can be used to benchmark the market and create investment products, including indexes that track the U.S. market by capitalization, sector, and investment style; dividend indexes; active equity indexes based on Morningstar’s equity research; bond indexes; commodity indexes; hedge fund indexes; and asset allocation indexes.
We currently license Morningstar Indexes to numerous institutions that offer ETFs and exchange-traded notes based on the indexes. Firms can license Morningstar Indexes for both product creation (where we typically receive the greater of a minimum fee or basis points tied to assets under management) and data licensing (where we typically receive annual licensing fees). In both cases, our pricing varies based on the level of distribution, the type of user, and the specific indexes licensed.
Major competitors for Morningstar Indexes include FTSE Russell, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices (offered through McGraw Hill Financial), and Research Affiliates.
Other Products and Services
We offer a variety of other products and services, including:
• | Morningstar Investment Profiles: pre-made or custom-generated investment fact sheets institutions can use for investor communications; |
• | Morningstar Commodity Data: high-quality market data and analytical products for energy data management systems, financial and agricultural data management, historical analysis, trading, risk management and forecasting; |
• | Print and online publications; |
• | ByAllAccounts, which provides innovative data aggregation technology for financial applications; |
• | Investment conferences; |
• | Morningstar Enterprise Data Management: customized data aggregation and performance reporting solutions that help clients integrate data more effectively; |
• | Market data and desktop software; and |
• | Other investment software for financial advisors and institutions. |
International Operations
We conduct our business operations outside of the United States through wholly owned or majority-owned operating subsidiaries based in each of the following 26 countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, People's Republic of China (both Hong Kong and the mainland), Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. See Note 5 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning revenue from customers and long-lived assets from our business operations outside the United States.
Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights
We treat our brand, product names and logos, software, technology, databases, and other products as proprietary. We seek to protect this intellectual property by using trademark, copyright, patent and trade secrets laws; licensing and nondisclosure arrangements; and other security measures. For example, we generally provide our intellectual property to third parties through standard licensing agreements, which define the extent and duration of any third-party usage rights and provide for our continued ownership in any intellectual property furnished.
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Because of the value of our brand name and logo, we generally seek to register one or both of them in all of the relevant international classes under the trademark laws that apply to jurisdictions where we operate. We have registered the Morningstar name and/or logo in numerous countries and the European Union and have applied for registrations in various other countries. In some jurisdictions, we also register certain product names.
“Morningstar” and the Morningstar logo are registered marks of Morningstar in the United States and in certain other jurisdictions. The table below includes some of the trademarks and service marks referenced in this report:
HelloWallet® | Morningstar Office SM | |
Morningstar® Advisor Workstation SM | Morningstar® Ownership Zone SM | |
Morningstar Analyst Rating TM | Morningstar® Portfolio X-Ray® | |
Morningstar® ByAllAccounts® | Morningstar® Principia® | |
Morningstar® Data | Morningstar Rating™ | |
Morningstar Direct SM | Morningstar® Retirement Manager SM | |
Morningstar® Enterprise Components SM | Morningstar® Stewardship Grade SM | |
Morningstar® Managed Portfolios SM | Morningstar Style Box™ | |
Morningstar Market Barometer SM | Morningstar.com® | |
In addition to trademarks, we currently hold several patents in the United States, including patents held by Morningstar Investment Management LLC for lifetime asset allocation and asset allocation with annuities.
License Agreements
We license our products and/or other intellectual property to our customers for a fee. We generally use our standard agreements, whether in paper or electronic form, and we do not provide our products and services to customers or other users without having an agreement in place.
We maintain licensing agreements with most of our larger operating companies. We put these agreements in place so these companies can use our intellectual property, such as our products and trademarks, to market our products and develop and sell country-specific variants of products under the Morningstar name in their operating territories.
In the ordinary course of our business, we obtain and use intellectual property from a wide variety of sources, including licensing it from third-party sources, developing it internally, and recording it based on information found in public filings.
Seasonality
We believe our business has a minimal amount of seasonality. Some of our smaller products, such as our annual investment conference in Chicago, generate the majority of their revenue in the first or second quarter of the year. We sell most of our products with subscription or license terms of at least one year, though, and we recognize revenue ratably over the term of each subscription or license agreement. This tends to offset most of the seasonality in our business.
We believe market movements generally have more influence on our performance than seasonality. The revenue we earn from asset-based fees depends on the value of assets on which we provide advisory services, and the size of our asset base can increase or decrease along with trends in market performance.
Largest Customer
In 2015, our largest customer accounted for less than 3% of our consolidated revenue.
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Competitive Landscape
The economic and financial information industry includes a few large firms as well as numerous smaller companies, including startup firms. Some of our main competitors include Bloomberg; Standard & Poor's, a division of McGraw Hill Financial; and Thomson Reuters. These companies have financial resources that are significantly greater than ours. We also compete with a variety of other companies in specific areas of our business. We discuss some of the key competitors in each area in the Major Products and Services section of this report.
We believe the most important competitive factors in our industry are brand and reputation, data accuracy and quality, technology, breadth of data coverage, quality of investment research and analytics, design, product reliability, and value of the products and services provided.
Research and Development
A key aspect of our growth strategy is to expand our investment research capabilities and enhance our existing products and services. We strive to adopt new technology that can improve our products and services. As a general practice, we manage our own websites and build our own software rather than relying on outside vendors. This allows us to control our technology development and better manage costs, enabling us to respond quickly to market changes and to meet customer needs efficiently. As of December 31, 2015, our technology team consisted of approximately 1,120 programmers and technology and infrastructure professionals.
Government Regulation
United States
Investment advisory and broker-dealer businesses are subject to extensive regulation in the United States at both the federal and state level, as well as by self-regulatory organizations. Financial services companies are among the nation's most extensively regulated. The SEC is responsible for enforcing the federal securities laws and oversees federally registered investment advisors and broker-dealers.
Two of our subsidiaries, Morningstar Investment Management LLC and Morningstar Investment Services LLC, are registered as investment advisors with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (Advisers Act). As registered investment advisors, these companies are subject to the requirements and regulations of the Advisers Act. These requirements relate to, among other things, record-keeping, reporting, and standards of care, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. As registered investment advisors, both subsidiaries are subject to on-site examination by the SEC.
In addition, because these subsidiaries provide investment advisory services to retirement plans and their participants, they may be acting as fiduciaries under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). As fiduciaries under ERISA, they have duties of loyalty and prudence, as well as duties to diversify investments and to follow plan documents to comply with the applicable portions of ERISA.
Morningstar Investment Services is a broker-dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) and a member of FINRA. The regulation of broker-dealers has, to a large extent, been delegated by the federal securities laws to self-regulatory organizations, including FINRA. Subject to approval by the SEC, FINRA adopts rules that govern its members. FINRA and the SEC conduct periodic examinations of the brokerage operations of Morningstar Investment Services.
Broker-dealers are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of the securities business, including sales, capital structure, record-keeping, and the conduct of directors, officers, and employees. Violation of applicable regulations can result in the revocation of a broker-dealer license, the imposition of censures or fines, and the suspension or expulsion of a firm or its officers or employees. As a registered broker-dealer, Morningstar Investment Services is subject to certain net capital requirements under the Exchange Act. These requirements are designed to regulate the financial soundness and liquidity of broker-dealers.
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Morningstar Credit Ratings, LLC is registered with the SEC as a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO) specializing in rating structured finance investments. As an NRSRO, Morningstar Credit Ratings is subject to certain requirements and regulations under the Exchange Act. These requirements relate to, among other things, record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest. As part of its NRSRO registration, Morningstar Credit Ratings is subject to annual examination by the SEC.
Australia
Our subsidiaries that provide financial information services and advice in Australia, Morningstar Australasia Pty Limited and Ibbotson Associates Australia Ltd., are registered under an Australian Financial Services license and are subject to oversight by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). This license requires them to, among other things, maintain positive net asset levels and sufficient cash resources to cover three months of expenses and to comply with the audit requirements of the ASIC.
United Kingdom
Morningstar Investment Management Europe Limited is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) to provide advisory services in the United Kingdom. As an authorized firm, Morningstar Investment Management Europe Limited is subject to the requirements and regulations of the FCA. Such requirements relate to, among other things, financial reporting and other reporting obligations, record-keeping, and cross-border requirements.
Other Regions
We have a variety of other entities (including in Canada, France, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, South Africa, and Thailand) that are registered with their respective regulatory bodies; however, the amount of business conducted by these entities related to the registration is relatively small.
Additional legislation and regulations, including those relating to the activities of investment advisors and broker-dealers, changes in rules imposed by the SEC or other U.S. or non-U.S. regulatory authorities and self-regulatory organizations, or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules may adversely affect our business and profitability.
Employees
We had approximately 3,930 employees globally as of December 31, 2015, including approximately 780 data analysts, 80 designers, 440 investment analysts (including consulting and quantitative research analysts), 1,120 programmers and technology staff, and 530 sales and marketing professionals. Our U.S.-based employees are not represented by any unions, and we have never experienced a walkout or strike.
Executive Officers
As of February 26, 2016, we had 10 executive officers. The table below summarizes information about each of these officers.
Name | Age | Position | ||
Joe Mansueto | 59 | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Director | ||
Stéphane Biehler | 48 | Chief Financial Officer | ||
Bevin Desmond | 49 | Head of Global Markets and Human Resources | ||
Catherine Gillis Odelbo | 53 | Head of Corporate Strategy and Partnerships | ||
Kunal Kapoor | 40 | President | ||
Haywood Kelly | 47 | Head of Global Research | ||
Daniel E. Needham | 37 | President and Chief Investment Officer, Investment Management | ||
Rob Pinkerton | 46 | Chief Marketing Officer | ||
James Tanner | 55 | Head of Global Business Development and Sales | ||
David W. Williams | 55 | Head of Design | ||
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Joe Mansueto
Joe Mansueto founded Morningstar in 1984. He has served as our chairman since our inception and as our chief executive officer from 1984 to 1996 and from 2000 to the present.
Joe holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from The University of Chicago and a master's degree in business administration from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Stéphane Biehler
As chief financial officer, Stéphane Biehler is responsible for corporate finance, accounting, tax, and investor relations. He joined us in 2013 and previously served as executive vice president, chief accounting officer, and corporate controller for NYSE Euronext, a global operator of financial markets, since 2007. Before the 2007 merger of NYSE Group with Euronext to form NYSE Euronext and the 2006 merger of Archipelago Holdings with the New York Stock Exchange to form NYSE Group, he was managing director and corporate controller for Archipelago Holdings, which he joined in 2004.
Stéphane holds a master’s degree in international business from the University of Haute-Alsace in France.
Bevin Desmond
Bevin Desmond is head of global markets and human resources, a role she has held since 2010. She is responsible for identifying, developing, managing and directing international operations, and overseeing human resources functions for all of Morningstar’s global operations. Previously, she was head of international operations from 2001 until 2010. She joined Morningstar in 1993.
Bevin holds a bachelor's degree in psychology from St. Mary's College.
Catherine Gillis Odelbo
Catherine Gillis Odelbo is head of corporate strategy and partnerships, responsible for working with Morningstar’s senior management team on the company’s overall strategic planning process, mergers and acquisitions, and major partnerships. She has been in this role since 2012. Previously, she was president of equity and credit research from 2009 to 2012. Cathy joined Morningstar in 1988.
She holds a bachelor's degree in American history from The University of Chicago and a master's degree in business administration from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Kunal Kapoor
Kunal Kapoor is president of Morningstar. He is responsible for product development and innovation, sales and marketing, and driving strategic prioritization and accountability across the firm.
Before assuming his current role in 2015, Kunal was head of global products and client solutions. Kunal became head of our global client solutions group in 2013 and took on additional responsibility for the products group in February 2014. For part of 2013, he was president of our Data Division, and from 2010 until 2012, he was president of Equity and Market Data/Software. In 2009 and 2010, he was president of Individual Software. Kunal joined Morningstar in 1997.
He holds a bachelor's degree in economics and environmental policy from Monmouth College and a master's degree in business administration from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. He also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation.
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Haywood Kelly
Haywood Kelly is head of global research for Morningstar and oversees our global fund, equity, and credit research and data operations. Before taking on his current role in January 2014, he was head of equity and credit research since 2009 and took on additional responsibility for equity data in 2013. Haywood joined Morningstar in 1991.
He holds a bachelor’s degree in economics from The University of Chicago, where he graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He also holds the CFA designation.
Daniel E. Needham
Daniel Needham is president and chief investment officer (CIO) of Morningstar Investment Management and is responsible for building world-class investment management solutions based on our proprietary research. Before taking on his current role in February 2015, he served as CIO for Morningstar Investment Management, and was previously managing director and CIO for Morningstar Investment Management’s Asia-Pacific Operations. He joined our company when Morningstar acquired Intech Pty Ltd (now Ibbotson Associates Australia) in 2009, where he served as chief investment officer. Before joining Intech in 2002, Daniel worked for Zurich Financial Services in Sydney.
He holds a bachelor's degree in commerce with a major in finance and economics from the University of Sydney. He also holds the CFA designation.
Rob Pinkerton
Rob Pinkerton is our chief marketing officer and is responsible for overseeing our global marketing organization and corporate communications. He joined Morningstar through our June 2014 acquisition of HelloWallet, where he served as chief marketing officer. Before joining HelloWallet in 2012, Rob was a senior director for Adobe Systems, a computer software company, beginning in 2007. He previously served in executive marketing and product roles with LexisNexis and Siebel Systems (which was acquired by Oracle).
He holds a bachelor’s degree in economics, political science, and history from the University of Richmond, a juris doctor degree from the University of Baltimore School of Law, and a master’s degree in business administration with concentrations in information technology management, marketing, and strategy from Carnegie Mellon University.
James Tanner
James Tanner is head of global business development and sales for Morningstar. He joined us in January 2013. Previously he served as CEO of Markit On Demand, an Internet technology company he founded as Wall Street On Demand in 1991.
In addition to his role as founder and CEO of Wall Street On Demand, he served in various roles for the firms that have owned Wall Street On Demand, including vice chairman for business development for Markit in 2012, head of distribution for Markit in 2010 and 2011, and division head for Goldman Sachs from 2006 to 2010.
James holds a bachelor’s degree in Russian language and literature from Haverford College and a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard University.
David W. Williams
David Williams is head of design for Morningstar. He is responsible for corporate design and its application to brand identity, products, communications, and the workplace. He also oversees all aspects of Morningstar's design as it relates to our other core capabilities in research and technology. He joined us in 1993.
David holds a bachelor's degree in industrial design from The Ohio State University and a master's degree in fine arts from the Yale University School of Art.
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Company Information
We were incorporated in Illinois on May 16, 1984. Our corporate headquarters are located at 22 West Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60602.
We maintain a website at http://corporate.morningstar.com. Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to any of these documents are available free of charge on this site as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are filed with or furnished to the SEC. We also post quarterly press releases on our financial results and other documents containing additional information related to our company on this site. We provide this website and the information contained in or connected to it for informational purposes only. That information is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risks described below and all of the other information included in this Form 10-K when deciding whether to invest in our common stock or otherwise evaluating our business. If any of the following risks materialize, our business, financial condition, or operating results could suffer. In this case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Our investment management operations may subject us to liability for any losses that result from a breach of our fiduciary duties.
Two of our subsidiaries, Morningstar Investment Management LLC and Morningstar Investment Services LLC, are registered as investment advisors with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. As registered investment advisors, these companies are subject to the requirements and regulations of the Advisers Act. These requirements relate to, among other things, record-keeping, reporting, and standards of care, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. As registered investment advisors, both subsidiaries are subject to on-site examination by the SEC.
In addition, because these subsidiaries provide investment advisory services to retirement plans and their participants, they may be acting as fiduciaries under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. As fiduciaries under ERISA, they have obligations to act in the best interest of their clients. They also have duties of loyalty and prudence, as well as duties to diversify investments and to follow plan documents to comply with the applicable portions of ERISA.
Our subsidiaries outside the United States that have investment advisory operations are subject to similar requirements.
We may face liabilities for actual or claimed breaches of our fiduciary duties, particularly in areas where we provide retirement advice and managed retirement accounts. In some of our retirement contracts, we act as an ERISA fiduciary by, for example, selecting and monitoring a broad range of diversified plan options. We also provide a managed account service for retirement plan participants who elect to have their accounts managed by our programs. As of December 31, 2015, we had $40.3 billion in assets under management in our managed retirement accounts.
We rely on automated investment technology for our retirement advice and managed retirement accounts services. The Wealth Forecasting Engine is our core advice and managed accounts engine that determines appropriate asset allocations for retirement plan participants and assigns individuals to portfolios. We also rely on automated portfolio construction tools. Problems could arise if these programs assigned retirement plan participants to the wrong portfolios, particularly if we failed to detect program errors over an extended period. Clients may take legal action against us for an actual or claimed breach of a fiduciary duty. If we make an error, we may be subject to potentially large liabilities for make-whole payments and/or litigation. We cannot quantify the potential size of these liabilities with any level of precision.
In addition, we may face other legal liabilities based on the quality and outcome of our investment advisory recommendations, even in the absence of an actual or claimed breach of fiduciary duty, or based on our investment management fees and expenses. In total, we provided investment advisory and management services on approximately $180 billion in assets as of December 31, 2015. We could face substantial liabilities related to our work on these assets.
Failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation may harm our business. Our reputation and business may also be harmed by allegations made about possible conflicts of interest.
We believe independence is at the core of our business, and our reputation is our greatest corporate asset. We depend to a large extent on our reputation for integrity and high-caliber products and services. Any failure to uphold our high ethical standards and ensure that our customers have a consistently positive experience with us could damage our reputation as an objective, honest, and credible source for investment research and information. Allegations of improper conduct, whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable to us, as well as any negative publicity or media reports about Morningstar, whether valid or not, may harm our reputation and damage our business.
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We offer products and services to institutional clients, which include banks, brokerage firms, insurance companies, mutual fund companies, media outlets, and retirement plan providers and sponsors. Our institutional clients generate a significant portion of our overall revenue. We provide ratings, analyst research, and investment recommendations on mutual funds and other investment products offered and securities issued by our institutional clients. We also provide investment advisory and investment management services. In some cases, we make investment recommendations (such as Select Lists) within the framework of client constraints. While we don’t charge asset management firms for their products to be rated, we do charge licensing fees for the use of our ratings. We also receive payments from issuers for our new-issue ratings on commercial mortgage-backed securities. These payments may create the perception that our ratings, research, and recommendations are not impartial.
This perception may undermine the confidence of our customers and potential customers in our reputation as a provider of independent research. Any such loss of confidence or damage to our reputation could hurt our business.
Our reputation may also be harmed by factors outside of our control, such as news reports about our clients or adverse publicity about certain investment products. Our reputation could also suffer if we fail to produce competitive performance in our investment management offerings.
Failing to differentiate our products and continuously create innovative, proprietary research tools may harm our competitive position and business results.
We attribute much of our company's success over the past 30 years to our ability to develop innovative, proprietary research tools, such as the Morningstar Rating, Morningstar Style Box, Ownership Zone, and Portfolio X-Ray. More recently, we’ve developed unique concepts and tools such as the Wealth Forecasting Engine, Gamma, and Total Wealth Approach. We believe these innovations set us apart because most of our competitors focus on providing data or software rather than creating their own proprietary research frameworks. We also believe our ability to develop innovative, proprietary research tools is at the core of what drives Morningstar’s value for all of our customer groups.
If we fail to continuously fuel our innovation engine and develop new tools to meet the needs of our customers, our competitive position and business results may suffer. In addition, our reputation could be harmed if we’re perceived as not moving quickly enough to meet the changing needs of investors.
Our competitive position and business results may also suffer if other companies are able to successfully introduce innovative, proprietary research tools that gain attention from our clients. We believe lower technology costs and the growth of open software platforms have lowered the barriers to entry for new competitors, making it easier for new players to enter the market. Smaller companies, including startup firms funded by private equity and venture capital, may be able to move more quickly to develop research and tools that gain a wide following.
If we fail to introduce innovative, proprietary research tools and frameworks, we may not generate enough interest from potential clients to win new business. We cannot guarantee that we will successfully develop new product features and tools that differentiate our product offerings from those of our competitors.
Failing to respond to technological change, keep pace with new technology developments, or adopt a successful technology strategy may negatively affect our competitive position and business results.
We believe the technology landscape has been changing at an accelerating rate over the past several years. Changes in technology are fundamentally changing the ways investors access data and content. Examples include the shift from local network computing to cloud-based systems, the proliferation of wireless mobile devices, and rapid acceleration in the use of social media platforms.
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While some changes in technology may offer opportunities for Morningstar, we cannot guarantee that we will successfully adapt our product offerings to meet evolving customer needs. We believe our ability to develop innovative technology has historically given us a competitive advantage. As mentioned above, though, we believe lower technology costs and growth in open software platforms have lowered barriers to entry for new competitors. Our competitors may also be able to introduce new technology more rapidly than we are to meet changing market needs. If we fail to develop and implement new technology rapidly enough, we may sacrifice new business opportunities or renewals from existing customers. We may also incur additional operating expense if major software projects take longer than anticipated. Our competitive position and business results may suffer if we fail to develop new technologies to meet client demands, if our execution speed is too slow, or if we adopt a technology strategy that doesn't align with changes in the market.
We could face liability related to our storage of personal information about individuals as well as portfolio and account-level information.
Customers routinely enter personal investment and financial information, including portfolio holdings, account numbers, and credit card information, on our websites. In addition, we handle increasing amounts of personally identifiable information in areas such as Morningstar Retirement Manager, HelloWallet, Morningstar Managed Portfolios, ByAllAccounts, Morningstar Office, Enterprise Data Management, and Morningstar.com. In 2014, we acquired HelloWallet, which provides personalized financial guidance to individuals through their employer benefit plans. Through HelloWallet's website and mobile applications, employees enter their goals and priorities and add their financial information, including income, bank accounts, credit cards, retirement plans, insurance, and investments. We also acquired ByAllAccounts, which uses technology to collect, consolidate, and transform financial account data and deliver it to any platform. Both HelloWallet and ByAllAccounts handle a large volume of personally identifiable information as part of their normal business operations.
Any failure to safeguard this information could damage our reputation and business results. We must continuously invest in systems, processes, and controls to guard against the risk of improper access to this information, which could be disclosed through employee errors, other inadvertent release, failure to restrict access, or failure to properly purge and protect data. We may suffer malicious attacks by individuals or groups seeking to penetrate our network and databases to gain access to personal data. These attacks have become increasingly frequent, sophisticated, and difficult to detect.
Contractual commitments to customers as well as laws and industry regulations related to data protection, system availability, and privacy require us to safeguard critical data. We are also required to take appropriate steps to safeguard credit card numbers, Social Security numbers, and other information about individuals or their accounts. Given the growing concern over data privacy and identity theft, we have been and expect to continue to be subject to increased scrutiny by clients and regulators. We could be subject to liability if we were to inappropriately disclose any user's personal information or if third parties were able to penetrate our network security or otherwise gain access to any user's name, address, Social Security number, account numbers, portfolio holdings, credit card information, or other personal information.
Compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws applicable to our investment advisory or credit rating operations could adversely affect our business.
Our investment management operations are a growing part of our overall business. The securities laws and other laws that govern our investment advisory activities are complex. The activities of our investment advisory operations are subject to provisions of the Advisers Act and ERISA. In addition, Morningstar Investment Services is a broker-dealer registered under the Exchange Act and is subject to the rules of FINRA. We also provide investment advisory services in other areas around the world, and our operations are subject to additional regulations in markets outside the United States. If we fail to comply with securities laws and other regulatory requirements, we may be subject to fines or other events that could have a negative effect on our business.
Over the past several years, we have also made significant investments in our credit rating business. Our Morningstar Credit Ratings, LLC subsidiary is an NRSRO that specializes in structured finance. As an NRSRO, Morningstar Credit Ratings is subject to various requirements and regulations under the Exchange Act relating to, among other things, record-keeping, reporting, governance, and conflicts of interest. As part of its NRSRO registration, Morningstar Credit Ratings is subject to annual examination by the SEC.
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We also publish credit ratings and research on corporate debt issuers and have completed a preliminary application to expand our NRSRO license to include ratings for corporate credits and financial institutions. Credit rating and research providers have been under increasing regulatory scrutiny.
The laws, rules, and regulations applicable to our business may change in the future, and we may not be able to comply with these changes. In addition, the broad scope of our business operations makes it more difficult to monitor areas that may be subject to regulatory and compliance risk. If we fail to comply with any applicable law, rule, or regulation, we could be fined, sanctioned, or barred from providing investment advisory or credit rating services in the future, which could adversely affect our business.
An outage of our database, technology-based products and services, or network facilities could result in reduced revenue and the loss of customers.
The success of our business depends upon our ability to deliver time-sensitive, up-to-date data and information. We rely on our computer equipment, database storage facilities, and other network equipment, much of which is geographically concentrated in our Chicago headquarters and other backup locations in the United States. We also have extensive information systems outside the United States. Our mission-critical databases and networks are increasingly complex and interdependent, which increases the risk of failure. Problems in our network systems may lead to cascading effects involving product downtime, overloading of third-party data centers, and other issues that may affect our clients. Many of our client contracts contain service-level agreements that require us to meet certain obligations for delivering time-sensitive, up-to-date data and information. We may not be able to meet these obligations in the event of failure or downtime in our information systems.
Our operations and those of our suppliers and customers are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, wars, computer viruses, and other events beyond our control. Our database and network facilities may also be vulnerable to external attacks that misappropriate our data, corrupt our databases, or limit access to our information systems. To defend against these threats, we implement a series of controls focusing on both prevention and detection, including firewalls, intrusion detection systems, automated scanning and testing, server hardening, anti-virus software, and patch management. We make significant investments in servers, storage, and other network infrastructure to prevent incidents of network failure and downtime, but we cannot guarantee that these efforts will work as planned.
Most of our products and services depend heavily on our electronic delivery systems and the Internet. Our ability to deliver information using the Internet may be impaired because of infrastructure failures, service outages at third-party Internet providers, malicious attacks, or other factors. If disruptions, failures, or slowdowns of our electronic delivery systems or the Internet occur, our ability to distribute our products and services effectively and to serve our customers may be impaired.
We maintain off-site back-up facilities for our data, but we cannot guarantee that these facilities will operate as expected during an interruption that affects our headquarters. There may be single points of failure that affect our core databases, data transfer interfaces, or storage area networks. We may not be able to fully recover data or information lost during a database or network facility outage. Any losses, service disruption, or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.
The concentration of data and development work carried out at our offshore facilities may have a negative effect on our business operations, products, and services.
We now have approximately 850 employees working in our data and technology development center in Shenzhen, China, or about one-fifth of our total workforce. We rely on these employees to maintain and update our mutual fund database and work on other projects. Because China has a restrictive government under centralized control, our operations are subject to political and regulatory risk, which is inherently unpredictable. Recent news reports have heightened concerns about problems related to data privacy, security, and protection of intellectual property rights in China, as well. The concentration of development and data work carried out at this facility also involves operational risks for our network infrastructure. While we have short-term backup plans in place, it would be difficult for us to maintain and update our mutual fund database if we were unable to access our Shenzhen operations for an extended period of time. Any difficulties that we face in continuing to operate our development center in China may harm our business and have a negative impact on the products and services we provide.
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We have approximately 500 employees who work at our data collection facility in Mumbai, India, which may also be subject to regulatory and political risk (including potential terrorist acts). Like the Shenzhen operation, these facilities also involve operational risks for our network infrastructure.
Our results could suffer if the mutual fund industry continues to experience slower growth, or if actively managed equity funds continue to attract less investor attention.
We generate a significant portion of our revenue from products and services related to mutual funds, and part of our growth since 1984 can be attributed to favorable industry trends. The mutual fund industry has experienced substantial growth over the past 30 to 40 years, but suffered along with the market downturn in 2008 and early 2009. Since then, fund assets have increased, but at a slower rate than in previous years.
A significant portion of our fund research has historically focused on equity-related funds. In addition, we are best-known for our data and analyst research on actively managed equity funds. Over the past 15 years, passively managed index funds have seen greater investor interest, and this trend has been more dramatic in recent years. In 2015, actively managed mutual funds suffered more than $200 billion of net outflows, compared with net inflows of more than $400 billion for passively managed funds. Overall, we estimate that passively managed portfolios now account for nearly one-third of combined mutual fund and ETF assets.
Continued downturns or volatility in the financial markets, increased investor interest in other investment vehicles, or a lack of investor confidence could continue to reduce investor interest and investment activity. In addition, a continued lessening of investor interest in actively managed equity funds could decrease demand for our products, including our software, data, and analyst research.
Downturns in the financial sector, global financial markets, and global economy may hurt our results, resulting in lower revenue from asset-based fees, transaction-based revenue, or other parts of our business.
Our business results are partly driven by factors outside of our control, including general economic and financial market trends. Any unfavorable changes in the environment we operate in could cause a corresponding negative effect on our business results. As a result, we may experience lower revenue, operating income, and other financial results in the event of a market downturn.
Many of our customers are asset management firms and other financial services companies, which are also subject to external trends and changes. For example, the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009 led to spending cutbacks among many of the companies we sell to. Some institutional clients have implemented additional review processes for new contracts or started providing certain services, such as investment management, in-house rather than hiring outside service providers. Some institutional clients have also reduced the scope of their operations. For example, several large insurers withdrew from the variable annuity market in recent years, while others curtailed their new sales efforts. This has had a negative effect on the services we provide to institutional clients that offer variable annuities.
Many companies in the financial services industry have also been subject to increasing government regulation and pressure to reduce fees, which may increase their operating costs and cause them to reduce spending.
In addition, our revenue from asset-based fees may be adversely affected by market declines as well as the level of cash outflows from portfolios that we help manage.
In 2015, revenue from asset-based fees made up approximately 15% of our consolidated revenue and a greater percentage of our operating income. The amount of revenue we earn from asset-based fees depends on the value of assets on which we provide advisory services, and the size of our asset base can increase or decrease along with trends in market performance. The value of assets under advisement may show substantial declines during periods of significant market volatility. Asset levels can also be affected if net inflows into the portfolios on which we provide investment advisory services drop or if these portfolios experience redemptions. If the level of assets on which we provide investment advisory or investment management services goes down, we expect our fee-based revenue to show a corresponding decline.
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Our business results may also be hurt by negative trends in Internet advertising sales, which made up about 4% of consolidated revenue in 2015. Our structured credit rating business, which made up about 5% of consolidated revenue in 2015, is subject to volatility from trends in new issuance of commercial mortgage-backed securities and other structured credits. If industry-wide issuance for commercial mortgage-backed securities declines, our revenue associated with this line of business may also go down.
Our future success depends on our ability to recruit, develop, and retain qualified employees.
We experience competition for analysts, technology experts, and other employees from other companies and organizations. These organizations often have greater resources than we do and are often able to offer significantly more attractive compensation packages to potential employees. Competition for these employees is intense, and we may not be able to retain our existing employees or be able to recruit and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future.
Our future success also depends on the continued service of our executive officers, including Joe Mansueto, our chairman, chief executive officer, and controlling shareholder. Joe is heavily involved in our day-to-day operations, business strategy, and overall company direction. The loss of Joe or other executive officers could hurt our business, operating results, or financial condition. We do not have employment agreements, non-compete agreements, or life insurance policies in place with any of our executive officers. They may leave us and work for our competitors or start their own competing businesses.
Our operations outside of the United States involve additional challenges that we may not be able to meet.
Our operations outside of the United States generated $203.7 million in revenue in 2015, or about 26% of our consolidated revenue. There are risks inherent in doing business outside the United States, including challenges in reaching new markets because of established competitors and limited brand recognition; difficulties in staffing, managing, and integrating non-U.S. operations; difficulties in coordinating and sharing information globally; differences in laws and policies from country to country; exposure to varying legal standards, including intellectual property protection laws; potential tax exposure related to transfer pricing and other issues; heightened risk of fraud and noncompliance; and currency exchange rates and exchange controls. These risks could hamper our ability to expand around the world, which may hurt our financial performance and ability to grow.
We don't engage in currency hedging or have any positions in derivative instruments to hedge our currency risk. Our reported revenue could suffer if certain foreign currencies decline relative to the U.S. dollar, although the impact on operating income may be offset by an opposing currency impact on locally based operating expense.
We could face liability for the information we publish, including information based on data we obtain from other parties.
We may be subject to claims for securities law violations, defamation (including libel and slander), negligence, or other claims relating to the information we publish, including our research and ratings on issuers of structured credits and corporate credits. For example, investors may take legal action against us if they rely on published information that contains an error, or a company may claim that we have made a defamatory statement about it or its employees. We could also be subject to claims based on the content that is accessible from our website through links to other websites. We rely on a variety of outside parties as the original sources for the information we use in our published data. These sources include securities exchanges, fund companies, hedge funds, transfer agents, and other data providers. Accordingly, in addition to possible exposure for publishing incorrect information that results directly from our own errors, we could face liability based on inaccurate data provided to us by others. Defending claims based on the information we publish could be expensive and time-consuming and could adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.
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Failure to protect our intellectual property rights could harm our brand and ability to compete effectively.
The steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be adequate to safeguard our proprietary information. Further, effective trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which we offer our services. Our continued ability to market one or more of our products under their current names could be adversely affected in those jurisdictions where another person registers or has a pre-existing registration on one or more of them. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our brand, devalue our proprietary content, and affect our ability to compete in the marketplace.
From time to time, we encounter jurisdictions in which one or more third parties have a pre-existing trademark registration in certain relevant international classes that may prevent us from registering our own marks in those jurisdictions. Our continued ability to use the “Morningstar” name or logo, either on a stand-alone basis or in association with certain products or services, could be compromised in those jurisdictions because of these pre-existing registrations. Similarly, from time to time, we encounter situations in certain jurisdictions where one or more third parties are already using the Morningstar name, either as part of a registered corporate name, a registered domain name or otherwise. Our ability to effectively market certain products and/or services in those locations could be adversely affected by these pre-existing usages.
Control by a principal shareholder could adversely affect our other shareholders.
As of December 31, 2015, Joe Mansueto, our chairman and chief executive officer, owned approximately 56% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, he has the ability to control substantially all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale of our assets. He also has the ability to control our management and affairs. This concentration of ownership may delay or prevent a change in control; impede a merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination involving Morningstar; discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the company; or result in actions that may be opposed by other shareholders.
Fluctuations in our operating results may negatively affect our stock price.
We believe our business has relatively large fixed costs and low variable costs, which magnify the impact of revenue fluctuations on our operating results. As a result, a decline in our revenue may lead to a larger decline in operating income. In addition, because we manage our business with a long-term perspective, we generally don’t make significant adjustments to our strategy or cost structure in response to short-term factors. As a result, our operating results may suffer in the short term. In addition, we do not provide earnings guidance or hold one-on-one meetings with institutional investors and research analysts. Because of this policy and limited analyst coverage on our stock, our stock price may be volatile. If our operating results or other operating metrics fail to meet the expectations of outside research analysts and investors, the market price of our common stock may decline.
The future sale of shares of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price.
If our shareholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could fall. A reduction in ownership by Joe Mansueto or any other large shareholder could cause the market price of our common stock to fall. In addition, the average daily trading volume in our stock is relatively low. The lack of trading activity in our stock may lead to greater fluctuations in our stock price. Low trading volume may also make it difficult for shareholders to make transactions in a timely fashion.
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Our shareholders may experience dilution in their ownership positions.
In the past, we granted stock options to employees as a significant part of their overall compensation package. In 2006, we began granting restricted stock units to our employees and non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2015, our employees and non-employee directors held options to acquire 52,096 shares of common stock, all of which were exercisable at a weighted average price of approximately $57.52 per share. As of December 31, 2015, there were 587,450 restricted stock units outstanding, which have an average remaining vesting period of 31 months. Generally speaking, the company issues a share of stock when a restricted stock unit vests. To the extent that option holders exercise outstanding options to purchase common stock and we issue shares when restricted stock units vest, there will be further dilution. Future grants of stock options or restricted stock units may also result in dilution. We may raise additional funds through future sales of our common stock. Any such financing would result in additional dilution to our shareholders.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
We do not have any unresolved comments from the Staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding our periodic or current reports under the Exchange Act.
Item 2. Properties
As of December 31, 2015, we leased approximately 377,000 square feet of office space for our U.S. operations, primarily for our corporate headquarters located in Chicago, Illinois. We also lease approximately 375,000 square feet of office space in 26 other countries around the world, including 141,000 square feet in Shenzhen, China. We believe that our existing and planned office facilities are adequate for our needs and that additional or substitute space is available to accommodate growth and expansion.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in legal proceedings and litigation that arise in the normal course of our business. Although we may not be able to predict the outcome of a particular proceeding, we do not believe that the result of any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol MORN.
The following table shows the high and low price per share of our common stock for the periods indicated, as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market:
2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||
High | Low | High | Low | |||||||||||
First Quarter | $ | 78.51 | $ | 62.14 | $ | 84.05 | $ | 73.97 | ||||||
Second Quarter | 80.93 | 71.89 | 80.00 | 67.77 | ||||||||||
Third Quarter | 86.88 | 76.60 | 72.76 | 66.30 | ||||||||||
Fourth Quarter | 84.99 | 77.61 | 71.08 | 61.03 | ||||||||||
As of February 19, 2016, the last reported sale price on the Nasdaq Global Select Market for our common stock was $78.97 per share, and there were 1,377 shareholders of record of our common stock.
The following table shows dividends declared and paid for the periods indicated:
2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||
Dividends declared | Dividends paid | Dividends declared | Dividends paid | |||||||||||
First Quarter | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | ||||||
Second Quarter | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.17 | ||||||||||
Third Quarter | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.17 | ||||||||||
Fourth Quarter | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.17 | ||||||||||
We paid four dividends during 2015. While subsequent dividends will be subject to board approval, we expect to pay a regular quarterly dividend of 22.0 cents per share in 2016.
Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law, and other factors deemed relevant by the board of directors. Future indebtedness and loan facilities could also prohibit or restrict our ability to pay dividends and make distributions to our shareholders.
See Note 11 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of our equity compensation plans.
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities*
The following table presents information related to repurchases of common stock we made through September 30, 2015 and during the three months ended December 31, 2015:
Period: | Total number of shares purchased | Average price paid per share | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs (1) | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the programs (1) | ||||||||||
Cumulative through September 30, 2015 | 8,538,441 | $ | 65.17 | 8,538,441 | $ | 143,421,906 | ||||||||
October 1, 2015 - October 31, 2015 | 8,336 | 78.98 | 8,336 | $ | 142,763,338 | |||||||||
November 1, 2015 - November 30, 2015 | 775,049 | 79.17 | 775,049 | $ | 81,388,504 | |||||||||
December 1, 2015 - December 31, 2015 | 61,306 | 79.52 | 61,306 | $ | 376,512,276 | |||||||||
Total | 9,383,132 | $ | 66.43 | 9,383,132 | ||||||||||
_________________________________________________
* Subject to applicable law, we may repurchase shares at prevailing market prices directly on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.
(1) | We have an ongoing authorization, originally approved by our board of directors in September 2010, and subsequently amended, to repurchase up to $1.0 billion in shares of our outstanding common stock. The authorization expires on December 31, 2017. |
Rule 10b5-1 Sales Plans
Our directors and executive officers may exercise stock options or purchase or sell shares of our common stock in the market from time to time. We encourage them to make these transactions through plans that comply with Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1(c). Morningstar will not receive any proceeds, other than proceeds from the exercise of stock options, related to these transactions. The following table, which we are providing on a voluntary basis, shows the Rule 10b5-1 sales plans entered into by our directors and executive officers that were in effect as of February 15, 2016:
Name and Position | Date of Plan | Plan Termination Date | Number of Shares to be Sold under the Plan | Timing of Sales under the Plan | Number of Shares Sold under the Plan through February 15, 2016 | Projected Beneficial Ownership (1) | ||||||||||
Gail Landis Director | 8/21/2015 | 5/31/2016 | 690 | Shares to be sold under the plan if the stock reaches specified prices | 300 | 1,782 | ||||||||||
David Williams Head of Design | 8/21/2015 | 8/30/2016 | 5,000 | Shares to be sold under the plan if the stock reaches specified prices | — | 40,203 | ||||||||||
_______________________________
(1) This column reflects an estimate of the number of shares each identified director and executive officer will beneficially own following the sale of all shares under the Rule 10b5-1 sales plan. This information reflects the beneficial ownership of our common stock on December 31, 2015, and includes shares of our common stock subject to options that were then exercisable or that will have become exercisable by March 1, 2016 and restricted stock units that will vest by March 1, 2016. The estimates do not reflect any changes to beneficial ownership that may have occurred since December 31, 2015. Each director or executive officer identified in the table may amend or terminate his or her Rule 10b5-1 sales plan and may adopt additional Rule 10b5-1 plans in the future.
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The selected historical financial data shown below should be read in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have derived our Consolidated Statements of Income Data and Consolidated Cash Flow Data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 and Consolidated Balance Sheet Data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Consolidated Statements of Income Data and Consolidated Cash Flow Data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 and Consolidated Balance Sheet Data as of December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 were derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Consolidated Statements of Income Data | |||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions except per share amounts) | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 631.4 | $ | 658.3 | $ | 698.3 | $ | 760.1 | $ | 788.8 | |||||||||||
Operating expense | 493.0 | 507.6 | 527.6 | 654.5 | (1) | 598.2 | |||||||||||||||
Operating income | 138.4 | 150.7 | 170.7 | 105.6 | (1) | 190.6 | |||||||||||||||
Non-operating income, net | 1.8 | 3.0 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 3.1 | ||||||||||||||||
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | 140.2 | 153.7 | 178.0 | 114.0 | 193.7 | ||||||||||||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.4 | — | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||||
Income tax expense | 43.7 | 52.9 | 56.0 | 35.7 | 62.7 | ||||||||||||||||
Consolidated net income from continuing operations | 98.3 | 102.8 | 123.4 | 78.3 | 132.8 | ||||||||||||||||
Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 5.2 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Consolidated net income | 98.3 | 108.0 | 123.4 | 78.3 | 132.8 | ||||||||||||||||
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | — | (0.2 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to Morningstar, Inc. | $ | 98.4 | $ | 108.1 | $ | 123.5 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 132.6 | |||||||||||
Net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Basic: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Continuing operations | $ | 1.96 | $ | 2.12 | $ | 2.68 | $ | 1.75 | $ | 3.00 | |||||||||||
Discontinued operations | — | 0.11 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1.96 | $ | 2.23 | $ | 2.68 | $ | 1.75 | $ | 3.00 | |||||||||||
Diluted: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Continuing operations | $ | 1.92 | $ | 2.10 | $ | 2.66 | $ | 1.74 | $ | 3.00 | |||||||||||
Discontinued operations | — | 0.10 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1.92 | $ | 2.20 | $ | 2.66 | $ | 1.74 | $ | 3.00 | |||||||||||
Dividends per common share: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.250 | $ | 0.425 | $ | 0.545 | $ | 0.700 | $ | 0.790 | |||||||||||
Dividends paid per common share | $ | 0.200 | $ | 0.525 | $ | 0.375 | $ | 0.680 | $ | 0.760 | |||||||||||
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Weighted average common shares outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | 50.0 | 48.5 | 46.2 | 44.7 | 44.2 | ||||||||||||||||
Diluted | 51.0 | 49.1 | 46.5 | 44.9 | 44.3 | ||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Cash Flow Data (in millions) | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
Cash provided by (used for) investing activities (2) | $ | (110.8 | ) | $ | 80.2 | $ | (14.9 | ) | $ | (31.2 | ) | $ | (79.5 | ) | |||||||
Cash used for financing activities (3) | $ | (32.6 | ) | $ | (265.2 | ) | $ | (166.4 | ) | $ | (71.7 | ) | $ | (124.9 | ) | ||||||
Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 165.0 | $ | 146.0 | $ | 186.7 | $ | 132.2 | (1) | $ | 238.9 | ||||||||||
Capital expenditures | (23.3 | ) | (30.0 | ) | (33.6 | ) | (58.3 | ) | (57.3 | ) | |||||||||||
Free cash flow (4) | $ | 141.7 | $ | 116.0 | $ | 153.1 | $ | 73.9 | (1) | $ | 181.6 | ||||||||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data | |||||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31 (in millions) | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
Cash, cash equivalents, and investments | $ | 470.2 | $ | 321.4 | $ | 298.6 | $ | 224.6 | $ | 248.6 | |||||||||||
Working capital | 336.3 | 213.5 | 173.5 | 97.0 | 105.5 | ||||||||||||||||
Total assets | 1,167.0 | 1,038.3 | 1,026.8 | 1,010.3 | 1,029.0 | ||||||||||||||||
Deferred revenue (5) | 155.5 | 146.0 | 149.2 | 146.0 | 140.7 | ||||||||||||||||
Long-term liabilities | 39.4 | 54.0 | 66.0 | 62.1 | 84.0 | ||||||||||||||||
Total equity | 857.0 | 726.9 | 691.3 | 654.4 | 640.6 | ||||||||||||||||
(1) Operating income and free cash flow for 2014 included a $61.0 million litigation settlement expense and corresponding cash outflow.
(2) Cash provided by (used for) investing activities consists primarily of cash used for acquisitions, purchases of investments, net of proceeds from the sale of investments, capital expenditures, purchases of equity and cost- method investments, and proceeds from the sale of businesses. The level of investing activities can vary from period to period depending on the level of activity in these categories. Refer to Item 7—Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources for more information concerning cash used for investing activities.
(3) Cash used for financing activities consists primarily of cash used to repurchase outstanding common stock through our share repurchase program and dividend payments. These cash outflows are partially offset by proceeds from our revolving credit facility, stock option exercises, and excess tax benefits. Refer to Item 7—Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources for more information concerning cash used for financing activities.
(4) Free cash flow is considered a non-GAAP financial measure under SEC regulations. We present this measure as supplemental information to help investors better understand trends in our business results over time. Our management team uses free cash flow to evaluate our business. Free cash flow is not equivalent to any measure required to be reported under GAAP, nor should this data be considered an indicator of liquidity. Moreover, the free cash flow definition we use may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
(5) We frequently invoice or collect cash in advance of providing services or fulfilling subscriptions for our customers. These amounts are recorded as deferred revenue on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The discussion included in this section, as well as other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, contains forward-looking statements as that term is used in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on our current expectations about future events or future financial performance. Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain, and often contain words such as “may,” “could,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or “continue.” These statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause the events we discuss not to occur or to differ significantly from what we expect. For us, these risks and uncertainties
include, among others:
• | liability for any losses that result from an actual or claimed breach of our fiduciary duties; |
• | failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation; |
• | failing to differentiate our products and continuously create innovative, proprietary research tools; |
• | failing to respond to technological change, keep pace with new technology developments, or adopt a successful technology strategy; |
• | liability related to the storage of personal information related to individuals as well as portfolio and account-level information; |
• | compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws applicable to our investment advisory or credit rating operations; |
• | downturns in the financial sector, global financial markets, and global economy; |
• | the effect of market volatility on revenue from asset-based fees; |
• | a prolonged outage of our database, technology-based products and services, or network facilities; |
• | challenges faced by our non-U.S. operations, including the concentration of data and development work at our offshore facilities in China and India; and |
• | trends in the mutual fund industry, including the increasing popularity of passively managed investment vehicles. |
A more complete description of these risks and uncertainties can be found in Item 1A—Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of these risks and uncertainties materialize, our actual future results may vary significantly from what we expected. We do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements as a result of new information or future events.
All dollar and percentage comparisons, which are often accompanied by words such as “increase,” “decrease,” “grew,” “declined,” “was up,” “was down,” “was flat,” or “was similar” refer to a comparison with the same period in the prior year unless otherwise stated.
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Understanding Our Company
Key Business Characteristics
Our mission is to create great products that help investors reach their financial goals. We offer an extensive line of products and services for financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, and individual investors. Many of our products are sold through subscriptions or license agreements. As a result, we typically generate recurring revenue.
Revenue
We generate revenue by selling a variety of investment-related products and services. We sell many of our products and services, including Morningstar Data, Morningstar Advisor Workstation, Morningstar Direct, and Morningstar Research, through license agreements. Our license agreements typically range from one to three years. We sell some of our other products, such as Premium Membership service on Morningstar.com, via subscriptions. These subscriptions are mainly offered for a one-year term, although we offer terms ranging from one month to three years. We also sell advertising on our websites throughout the world. In our credit research and rating business, we generate transaction-based revenue for our ratings on new issues of commercial mortgage-backed securities and other structured credits.
Our investment management business has multiple fee structures, which vary by client. In general, we seek to receive asset-based fees for any work we perform that involves managing investments or acting as a subadvisor to investment portfolios. For any individual contract, we may receive flat fees, variable asset-based fees, or a combination of the two. Some of our contracts include minimum fee levels that provide us with a flat payment up to a specified asset level, above which we also receive variable asset-based fees. In the majority of our contracts that include variable asset-based fees, we bill clients quarterly in arrears based on average assets for the quarter. Other contracts may include provisions for monthly billing or billing based on assets as of the last day of the billing period rather than on average assets.
In our Workplace Solutions area, our contracts may include one-time setup fees, technology licensing fees, asset-based fees for managed retirement accounts, fixed and variable fees for advice and guidance, or a combination of these fee structures. We also offer plan sponsor advice and custom target-date consulting arrangements. Fees for these services may be based on the level of assets under advisement.
We do not disclose a fee range for our Investment Advisory services and Workplace Solutions businesses because our fee structures vary by client. In addition, we believe disclosing a fee range could be detrimental to our competitive position. We disclose changes in the services we provide or their associated fee structures (for example, a change from flat fees to asset-based fees) in our SEC filings to the extent that they are material to our consolidated financial results.
For Morningstar Managed Portfolios, we charge asset-based fees, which are based on a tiered schedule that depends on the client’s account balance.
Deferred Revenue
We invoice some of our clients and collect cash in advance of providing services or fulfilling subscriptions for our customers. We use some of this cash to fund our operations and invest in new product development. Deferred revenue is the largest liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and, at the end of 2015, totaled $152.0 million (of which $140.7 million was classified as a current liability with an additional $11.3 million included in other long-term liabilities). At the end of 2014, the amount of deferred revenue was $146.0 million, all of which was classified as a current liability. We expect to recognize this deferred revenue in future periods as we fulfill the service obligations under our subscription, license, and service agreements.
In recent years, our deferred revenue balance has increased at a more moderate rate, partly because we've been issuing more quarterly and monthly invoices versus up-front, annual invoices. In addition, as we’ve migrated Principia subscribers to Morningstar Advisor Workstation and other products that meet their needs, we have less subscription-based revenue contributing to the deferred revenue balance.
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Significant Operating Leverage
Our business requires significant investments to create and maintain proprietary software, databases, and content. While the fixed costs of the investments we make in our business are relatively high, the variable cost of adding customers is relatively low, partly because our business focuses on Internet-based platforms and assets under management. At times, we may make investments in building our databases and content that cause weaker short-term operating results. During other periods, our profitability may improve because we're able to increase revenue without increasing our cost base at the same rate. When revenue decreases, however, we may not be able to adjust our cost base at a corresponding rate.
Operating Expense
We classify our operating expense into separate categories for cost of revenue, sales and marketing, general and administrative, and depreciation and amortization, as described below. We include stock-based compensation expense, as appropriate, in each of these categories.
• Cost of revenue. This category includes compensation expense for employees who produce the products and services we deliver to our customers. For example, this category covers production teams and analysts who write investment research reports. It also includes compensation expense for programmers, designers, and other employees who develop new products and enhance existing products. In some cases, we capitalize the compensation costs associated with certain software development projects. This reduces the expense that we would otherwise report in this category. Cost of revenue also includes other expense such as third-party data purchases and data lines.
• Sales and marketing. This category includes compensation expense for our sales teams, product managers, and other marketing professionals. We also include the cost of advertising, direct mail campaigns, and other marketing and promotion efforts in this category.
• General and administrative. This category includes compensation expense for our management team and other corporate functions, including employees in our compliance, finance, human resources, and legal departments. It also includes costs for corporate systems and facilities.
• Depreciation and amortization. Our capital expenditures are mainly for information technology equipment, leasehold improvements, and capitalized software development costs. We depreciate property and equipment primarily using the straight-line method based on the useful lives of the assets, which range from three to seven years. We amortize leasehold improvements over the lease term or their useful lives, whichever is shorter. We amortize capitalized software development costs over their estimated economic life, which range from three to seven years. We also include amortization related to intangible assets, which is mainly driven by acquisitions, in this category. We amortize intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated economic useful lives, which range from one to 25 years.
International Operations
As of December 31, 2015, we had majority-owned operations in 26 countries outside of the United States and included their results of operations and financial condition in our consolidated financial statements. We account for our minority-owned investment in Morningstar Japan K.K. (MJKK) using the equity method.
How We Evaluate Our Business
When our analysts evaluate a stock, they focus on assessing the company's estimated intrinsic value, which is based on estimated future cash flows, discounted to their value in today's dollars. Our approach to evaluating our own business works the same way.
Our goal is to increase the intrinsic value of our business over time, which we believe is the best way to create value for our shareholders. We do not make public financial forecasts for our business because we want to avoid creating any incentives for our management team to make speculative statements about our financial results that could influence our stock price or take actions that help us meet short-term forecasts but may not build long-term shareholder value.
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We provide three specific measures that can help investors generate their own assessment of how our intrinsic value has changed over time:
• Revenue (including organic revenue);
• Operating income (loss); and
• Free cash flow, which we define as cash provided by or used for operating activities less capital expenditures.
Organic revenue and free cash flow are not measures of performance set forth under GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles).
We define organic revenue as consolidated revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and foreign currency translations. We present organic revenue because we believe it helps investors better compare our period-to-period results, and our management team uses this measure to evaluate the performance of our business.
We present free cash flow as supplemental information to help investors better understand trends in our business results over time. Our management team uses free cash flow to evaluate our business. Free cash flow is not equivalent to any measure required under GAAP and should not be considered an indicator of liquidity. Moreover, the free cash flow definition we use may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
To evaluate how successful we've been in maintaining existing business for products and services that have renewable revenue, we calculate retention and renewal rates using two different methods. For subscription-based products, we track the number of subscriptions retained during the year. For products sold through contracts and licenses, we use the contract value method, which is based on tracking the dollar value of renewals compared with the total dollar value of contracts up for renewal during the period. We include changes in the contract value in the renewal amount, unless the change specifically results from adding a new product that we can identify. We also include variable-fee contracts in this calculation and use the previous quarter's actual revenue as the base rate for calculating the renewal percentage. The renewal rate excludes setup and customization fees, migrations to other Morningstar products, and contract renewals that were pending as of January 31, 2016.
The Year 2015 in Review
We monitor developments in the economic and financial information industry on an ongoing basis. We use these insights to help inform our company strategy, product development plans, and marketing initiatives.
After posting double-digit gains for each of the three previous years, the U.S. stock market finished 2015 barely in positive territory. Morningstar's U.S. Market Index, a broad market benchmark, ended the year with a 0.7% gain. Morningstar’s Global Markets ex-U.S. Index finished the year down 0.6%.
With a less favorable market as a backdrop, the fund industry was relatively flat in 2015. Total U.S. mutual fund assets were down slightly to $15.7 trillion as of December 31, 2015, compared with $15.9 trillion as of December 31, 2014, based on data from the Investment Company Institute (ICI). Based on Morningstar’s analysis of fund flow trends, long-term mutual funds had aggregate net inflows of about $200 billion in 2015, down from about $460 billion in 2014.
Investors have also continued to favor passively managed index funds rather than actively managed portfolios—a trend that continued accelerating in 2015. In 2015, actively managed mutual funds suffered more than $200 billion of net outflows, compared with net inflows of more than $400 billion for passively managed funds.
ETFs continued to increase in popularity relative to traditional mutual funds. The U.S. ETF industry closed out 2015 with $2.1 trillion in assets under management based on ICI data, up from about $2.0 trillion as of December 2014.
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Based on data from ComScore, aggregate monthly average page views to financial and investment sites were down about 7% in 2015, while the number of unique users decreased by about 12%. The number of pages viewed per visit was up about 5%, though, and time spent per visit increased by about 8%. We believe these results indicate that while fewer investors visited financial and investment sites during 2015, the remaining users were more engaged. Results for Morningstar.com generally showed similar trends, with the exception of monthly average page views. Monthly average page views for Morningstar.com increased by approximately 25% in 2015 based on ComScore data, driven by a large increase in pages viewed per visit.
Amid these trends, we believe online advertising spending by financial services companies was generally positive in 2015. A report published by eMarketer in September 2015 estimated that global online advertising spending would increase by about 18% across all industries in 2015. We believe advertising spending in the financial services industry also increased versus 2014.
Longer-Term Trends and Regulatory Environment
In addition to industry developments in 2015, there are several longer-term trends we consider relevant to our business, as outlined below.
In the wake of the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, regulators have continued to implement new frameworks for financial services companies globally. Many of these rules relate to financial advisor compensation, fees and expenses, investor disclosure, and the use of hedge funds and alternative investments.
In the United Kingdom, for example, the Retail Distribution Review (RDR), which emphasizes increased regulation of advisory fees, higher professional standards for financial advisors, and "whole of market" investment solutions, became effective in January 2013. Advisors are now required to give clients a choice of all investment vehicles (including funds, ETFs, and other products) and demonstrate that they consider different investment options without bias. Financial advisors are also required to fully disclose and have clients agree on fees for advice and charge separately for any funds or investments. The RDR also restricted the use of commission payments for products sold to individual investors, although UK regulators are reportedly considering changes to this restriction.
In September 2015, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) published a final draft of an updated version of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, also known as MiFID II. The new regulatory framework is scheduled to go into effect in January 2017 and aims to ensure that secondary markets are fair, transparent, and safe. It also seeks to ensure that investors’ interests are safeguarded when being sold investment products. The main provisions include, among other things, limits on portfolio managers' use of third-party research, quality and organizational rules regarding the provision of advice, additional governance requirements for the manufacturing and distribution of financial instruments and structured deposits, requirements for firms to provide clients with details of all costs and charges related to their investments, and new rules for disclosing the cumulative effect of costs on investor returns.
In Australia, the government has continued to implement the series of Future of Financial Advice reforms that began in July 2013. Some of these reforms include requirements relating to annual fee disclosure and compensation structures for financial advisors. In response, we believe financial advisors have become more focused on client engagement to demonstrate the value of the services they provide.
In December 2015, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority published a series of new reporting standards for superannuation funds (a type of pension plan for employees to use in saving for retirement) with additional reporting requirements regarding assets held. We've expanded our data collection and distribution services to help asset management firms and superannuation funds meet these standards.
In the United States, the Department of Labor (DOL) has proposed a rule that would impose a fiduciary standard for financial advisors working with defined contribution plans and individual retirement accounts. The new standard would require them to act in the best interest of clients when making investment recommendations instead of the looser “suitability” standards currently in place. President Obama has endorsed the proposed rule for a fiduciary standard for financial advisors providing retirement advice. We believe the increased regulatory scrutiny of advisors could have a broad impact on the financial services sector, including a greater need for independent advice, tools, and solutions.
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Overall, we believe the business environment for the financial services industry remains challenging. Asset management firms are facing increasing regulatory burdens, which are leading to higher costs and more cautious spending. Further, the historically low interest rate environment continues to put pressure on margins for some firms, most notably those in the variable annuity space. As a result, we expect there will be further pressure on revenue from clients in this area.
Recent Developments
Beginning in the second half of 2015, the global financial markets began showing significantly higher levels of volatility, and equity market returns have generally turned negative. For the year to date through February 25, 2016, Morningstar's U.S. Market Index was down 4.8%. The recent market downturn has significantly increased the level of uncertainty for individual investors, financial advisors, and asset management firms.
In addition, new issuance volume for commercial mortgage-backed securities began declining in the second half of 2015 and has remained weak during the first two months of 2016.
A downturn in the financial markets directly impacts several of our businesses in an adverse fashion, including revenue from asset-based fees and Morningstar Credit Ratings. It also may have other negative effects on our clients, including increased caution, longer sales cycles, and reduced spending.
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Supplemental Operating Metrics (Unaudited)
The tables below summarize our key product metrics and other supplemental data.
As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | |||||||||||||
Our business | |||||||||||||||||
Morningstar.com Premium Membership subscriptions (U.S.) | 120,557 | 123,274 | 124,027 | (2.2 | )% | (0.6 | )% | ||||||||||
Morningstar.com registered users (U.S.) | 8,529,792 | 8,189,569 | 7,848,057 | 4.2 | % | 4.4 | % | ||||||||||
Advisor Workstation clients (U.S.) (1) | 189 | 181 | 162 | 4.4 | % | 11.7 | % | ||||||||||
Morningstar Office licenses (U.S.) (1) | 4,342 | 4,268 | 4,073 | 1.7 | % | 4.8 | % | ||||||||||
Morningstar Direct licenses | 11,428 | 10,055 | 8,514 | 13.7 | % | 18.1 | % | ||||||||||
Assets under management and advisement (approximate) ($bil) | |||||||||||||||||
Investment Advisory services (2) | $ | 77.8 | $ | 81.0 | $ | 83.5 | (4.0 | )% | (3.0 | )% | |||||||
Workplace Solutions | |||||||||||||||||
Managed retirement accounts (3) | $ | 40.3 | $ | 36.8 | $ | 31.7 | 9.5 | % | 16.1 | % | |||||||
Plan sponsor advice | 30.7 | 26.7 | 22.9 | 15.0 | % | 16.6 | % | ||||||||||
Custom models | 18.7 | 13.3 | 11.0 | 40.6 | % | 20.9 | % | ||||||||||
Workplace Solutions (total) | $ | 89.7 | $ | 76.8 | $ | 65.6 | 16.8 | % | 17.1 | % | |||||||
Morningstar Managed Portfolios | $ | 12.9 | $ | 12.6 | (4) | $ | 10.3 | 2.4 | % | 22.3 | % | ||||||
Average assets under management and advisement ($bil) | $ | 176.8 | $ | 166.3 | $ | 161.6 | 6.3 | % | 2.9 | % | |||||||
Number of commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) new-issue ratings completed | 56 | 52 | 38 | 7.7 | % | 36.8 | % | ||||||||||
Asset value of CMBS new-issue ratings ($bil) | $ | 46.4 | $ | 33.7 | $ | 24.5 | 37.7 | % | 37.6 | % | |||||||
Our employees (approximate) | |||||||||||||||||
Worldwide headcount | 3,930 | 3,760 | 3,565 | 4.5 | % | 5.5 | % | ||||||||||
Number of equity and credit analysts | 190 | 172 | 165 | 10.5 | % | 4.2 | % | ||||||||||
Number of manager research analysts | 115 | 110 | (5) | 105 | 4.5 | % | 4.8 | % | |||||||||
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | ||||||||||||
Key product revenue (6) | |||||||||||||||||
Morningstar Data | $ | 144.5 | $ | 139.5 | (7) | $ | 131.2 | (7) | 3.6 | % | 6.3 | % | |||||
Morningstar Advisor Workstation | 106.3 | 101.7 | 93.1 | 4.6 | % | 9.3 | % | ||||||||||
Morningstar Direct | 101.7 | 91.8 | 79.4 | 10.8 | % | 15.7 | % | ||||||||||
Workplace Solutions | 66.6 | 57.3 | 45.5 | 16.3 | % | 25.7 | % | ||||||||||
Morningstar.com | 59.9 | 58.1 | 55.6 | 3.0 | % | 4.5 | % | ||||||||||
(1) Beginning in the second quarter of 2014, we changed our reporting to show the number of enterprise clients for Morningstar Advisor Workstation instead of individual licenses. We believe this is a better way to capture underlying business trends because per-user pricing varies significantly depending on the scope of the license. We also began disclosing the number of licenses for Morningstar Office as a separate line item.
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(2) The asset totals include relationships for which we receive basis-point fees, including consulting arrangements and other agreements where we act as a portfolio construction manager for a mutual fund or variable annuity. We also provide Investment Advisory services for some assets for which we receive a flat fee; we do not include these assets in the total reported above.
Excluding changes related to new contracts and cancellations, changes in the value of assets under advisement can come from two primary sources: gains or losses related to overall trends in market performance, and net inflows or outflows caused when investors add to or redeem shares from these portfolios.
Because we don't have custody of the underlying assets, it's difficult for us to quantify cash inflows and outflows for these portfolios. The information we receive from most of our clients does not separately identify the effect of cash inflows and outflows on asset balances for each period. We also cannot specify the effect of market appreciation or depreciation because the majority of our clients have discretionary authority to implement their own portfolio allocations.
(3) Many factors can cause changes in assets under management and advisement for our managed retirement accounts, including employer and employee contributions, plan administrative fees, market movements, and participant loans and hardship withdrawals. The information we receive from the plan providers does not separately identify these transactions or the changes in balances caused by market movement.
(4) Revised to include Ibbotson Australia and a minor classification change.
(5) Revised.
(6) Key product revenue includes the effect of foreign currency translations.
(7) Revised to include a minor classification change.
Consolidated Results
Key Metrics (in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | ||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 788.8 | $ | 760.1 | $ | 698.3 | 3.8 | % | 8.9 | % | |||||||||
Operating income | $ | 190.6 | $ | 105.6 | (1) | $ | 170.7 | 80.5 | % | (38.1 | )% | ||||||||
Operating margin | 24.2 | % | 13.9 | % | 24.4 | % | 10.3 | pp | (10.5 | ) | pp | ||||||||
Cash used for investing activities | $ | (79.5 | ) | $ | (31.2 | ) | $ | (14.9 | ) | 154.8 | % | 109.4 | % | ||||||
Cash used for financing activities | $ | (124.9 | ) | $ | (71.7 | ) | $ | (166.4 | ) | 74.2 | % | (56.9 | )% | ||||||
Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 238.9 | $ | 132.2 | (1) | $ | 186.7 | 80.7 | % | (29.2 | )% | ||||||||
Capital expenditures | (57.3 | ) | (58.3 | ) | (33.6 | ) | (1.7 | )% | 73.5 | % | |||||||||
Free cash flow | $ | 181.6 | $ | 73.9 | (1) | $ | 153.1 | 145.7 | % | (51.7 | )% | ||||||||
____________________________________________________________________________________________
pp — percentage points
(1) Operating income and free cash flow for 2014 include a $61.0 million litigation settlement expense and corresponding cash outflow.
We define free cash flow as cash provided by or used for operating activities less capital expenditures. Please refer to the discussion in How We Evaluate our Business for more detail.
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Consolidated Revenue
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated revenue | $ | 788.8 | $ | 760.1 | $ | 698.3 | 3.8 | % | 8.9 | % | |||||||||
In 2015, our consolidated revenue rose 3.8%. Currency movements were a major factor in our 2015 results, as continued strength in the U.S. dollar reduced revenue from our international operations when translated into U.S. dollars. This has been an ongoing trend for several quarters and reduced revenue by $26.9 million in 2015.
Some of the main contributors to the 2015 revenue increase were Morningstar Direct, Workplace Solutions, Morningstar Credit Ratings, Morningstar Data, and Morningstar Advisor Workstation (including Morningstar Office). Positive results for these products were partially offset by decreases in Morningstar Enterprise Components and Principia.
Morningstar Direct was the biggest contributor to growth in both 2015 and 2014, with revenue increasing by $9.9 million in 2015 and $12.5 million in 2014. The number of licenses for Morningstar Direct increased to about 11,400 worldwide at the end of 2015, compared with about 10,000 at the end of 2014 and 8,500 at the end of 2013, with strong growth in both the United States and internationally. Growth in Morningstar Direct reflects additional licenses for both new and existing clients.
Revenue for Workplace Solutions increased by $9.3 million. Assets under management and advisement for Workplace Solutions rose 16.8% year over year, mainly reflecting growth in custom models.
Revenue for Morningstar Credit Ratings rose $5.8 million, reflecting both higher new issuance volume for the year overall and a significant increase in the asset value of new-issue ratings.
Revenue for Morningstar Data increased $5.0 million, mainly reflecting new contracts and renewals for managed products data. In addition, several larger contracts renewed during 2015 with additional revenue added upon renewal.
Morningstar Advisor Workstation's revenue increased an additional $4.7 million, mainly driven by clients migrating from legacy software products.
Revenue from Morningstar Principia and a few other legacy software products declined $10.0 million because we've been migrating subscribers to newer workflow solutions.
The asset-based fees we earn are generally based on average asset levels during each quarter. Average assets under management and advisement (calculated based on available average quarterly or monthly data) were approximately $176.8 billion in 2015, compared with $166.3 billion in 2014 and $161.6 billion in 2013. We had $116.9 million in revenue from asset-based fees in 2015, an increase of $22.8 million compared with $94.1 million in 2014. In 2013, revenue from asset-based fees was $88.6 million. Revenue from asset-based fees made up approximately 14.8% of consolidated revenue in 2015, an increase of 2.4 percentage points compared with 12.4% in 2014.
In 2014, our consolidated revenue increased 8.9%. Some of the main contributors to the increase were Morningstar Direct, Workplace Solutions, Morningstar Managed Portfolios, and Morningstar Credit Ratings. Positive results for these products were partially offset by a $9.1 million decline in Principia. Revenue for Investment Advisory services was down $2.3 million, reflecting the ongoing effect of clients moving to in-house management for fund-of-funds portfolios in the variable annuity industry.
Organic revenue
To make it easier to compare our results in different periods, we provide information about organic revenue, which reflects our underlying business excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations. In November 2015, we acquired Total Rebalance Expert (tRx). In April 2014, we acquired ByAllAccounts, Inc. (ByAllAccounts) and in June 2014, we acquired an additional 81.3% interest in HelloWallet Holdings, Inc. (HelloWallet) to become the sole owner.
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We exclude revenue from businesses acquired or divested from organic revenue for a period of 12 months after we complete the acquisition or divestiture.
In 2015, we had $4.1 million in incremental revenue from acquisitions, primarily from ByAllAccounts and HelloWallet. In addition, currency translations reduced revenue by about $26.9 million in 2015, mainly because of the weaker Euro, Australian dollar, British pound, and Canadian dollar. Excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and foreign currency translations, organic revenue was up 6.8% in 2015.
In 2014, we had $11.4 million in incremental revenue from acquisitions, primarily from ByAllAccounts and HelloWallet. In addition, currency translations reduced revenue by about $2.5 million in 2014, mainly because of the weaker Australian dollar and Canadian dollar, partially offset by the stronger British pound. Excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and foreign currency translations, organic revenue was up 7.6% in 2014.
The tables below reconcile consolidated revenue with organic revenue (revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations):
2015 vs. 2014 (in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | Change | ||||||||
Consolidated revenue | $ | 788.8 | $ | 760.1 | 3.8 | % | |||||
Less: acquisitions | (4.1 | ) | — | NMF | |||||||
Less: divestitures | — | — | — | ||||||||
Unfavorable effect of foreign currency translations | 26.9 | — | NMF | ||||||||
Organic revenue | $ | 811.6 | $ | 760.1 | 6.8 | % | |||||
2014 vs. 2013 (in millions) | 2014 | 2013 | Change | ||||||||
Consolidated revenue | $ | 760.1 | $ | 698.3 | 8.9 | % | |||||
Less: acquisitions | (11.4 | ) | — | NMF | |||||||
Less: divestitures | — | — | — | ||||||||
Unfavorable effect of foreign currency translations | 2.5 | — | NMF | ||||||||
Organic revenue | $ | 751.2 | $ | 698.3 | 7.6 | % | |||||
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Organic revenue (revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations) is considered a non-GAAP financial measure. The definition of organic revenue we use may not be the same as similarly titled measures used by other companies. Organic revenue should not be considered an alternative to any measure of performance as promulgated under GAAP.
Revenue by region
Year ended December 31 | ||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | |||||||||||||
United States | $ | 585.1 | $ | 550.8 | $ | 500.8 | 6.2 | % | 10.0 | % | ||||||||
United Kingdom | 64.2 | 61.8 | 56.2 | 3.9 | % | 9.9 | % | |||||||||||
Continental Europe | 58.8 | 62.7 | 57.6 | (6.2 | )% | 8.9 | % | |||||||||||
Australia | 30.5 | 35.0 | 35.3 | (12.9 | )% | (0.9 | )% | |||||||||||
Canada | 27.9 | 30.8 | 31.8 | (9.4 | )% | (3.3 | )% | |||||||||||
Asia | 18.5 | 15.8 | 13.9 | 17.1 | % | 14.2 | % | |||||||||||
Other | 3.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 18.8 | % | 20.6 | % | |||||||||||
Total International | 203.7 | 209.3 | 197.5 | (2.7 | )% | 6.0 | % | |||||||||||
Consolidated revenue | $ | 788.8 | $ | 760.1 | $ | 698.3 | 3.8 | % | 8.9 | % | ||||||||
International revenue made up about 26% of our consolidated revenue in 2015, compared to 28% in both 2014 and 2013. About 60% of our international revenue is from Continental Europe and the United Kingdom. We also have a fairly large revenue base in Australia and Canada.
Revenue from international operations decreased 2.7% in 2015. Excluding acquisitions and foreign currency translations, revenue from international operations increased 10.2%. Our operations in the United Kingdom were the main contributors to the organic increase, followed by Continental Europe and Japan.
In 2014, revenue from international operations rose 6.0%, as our operations in Continental Europe enjoyed stronger product sales, and revenue growth was also relatively strong in United Kingdom and Australia.
The tables below present a reconciliation from international revenue to international organic revenue (international revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations):
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | Change | ||||||||
International revenue | $ | 203.7 | $ | 209.3 | (2.7 | )% | |||||
Less: acquisitions | — | — | NMF | ||||||||
Less: divestitures | — | — | — | ||||||||
Unfavorable effect of foreign currency translations | 26.9 | — | NMF | ||||||||
International organic revenue | $ | 230.6 | $ | 209.3 | 10.2 | % | |||||
(in millions) | 2014 | 2013 | Change | ||||||||
International revenue | $ | 209.3 | $ | 197.5 | 6.0 | % | |||||
Less: acquisitions | (1.9 | ) | — | NMF | |||||||
Less: divestitures | — | — | — | ||||||||
Unfavorable effect of foreign currency translations | 2.5 | — | NMF | ||||||||
International organic revenue | $ | 209.9 | $ | 197.5 | 6.2 | % | |||||
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International organic revenue (international revenue excluding acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations) is considered a non-GAAP financial measure. The definition of international organic revenue we use may not be the same as similarly titled measures used by other companies. International organic revenue should not be considered an alternative to any measure of performance as promulgated under GAAP.
Retention and Renewal Rates
As discussed in How We Evaluate Our Business, we calculate retention and renewal rates to help measure how successful we've been in maintaining existing business for products and services that have renewable revenue. The graph below illustrates these two metrics over the past five years:
For contract-based products and services (such as Morningstar Data, Investment Advisory services, Morningstar Direct, and Morningstar Advisor Workstation), we estimate that our weighted average annual renewal rate was approximately 99% in 2015, compared with 95% in 2014. The increase partly reflects some larger renewals for Morningstar Data, Enterprise Components, and Morningstar Research that included additional business upon renewal. These positive trends were partly offset by slightly lower renewal rates for Morningstar Direct and Morningstar Advisor Workstation. The figure for contract-based products includes the effect of price changes and changes to the contract value upon renewal, as well as changes in the value of variable-fee contracts.
In 2015, we estimate that our annual retention rate for subscription-based products, including Morningstar.com's Premium Membership service, Morningstar Office, and newsletter products, was approximately 67% in 2015, compared with 69% in 2014. The decline was mainly driven by a lower retention rate for Morningstar.com Premium Memberships, partly offset by positive retention trends for Morningstar Office and our international operations.
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Consolidated Operating Expense
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | |||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue | $ | 330.1 | $ | 318.6 | $ | 271.4 | 3.6 | % | 17.4 | % | ||||||||||
% of revenue | 41.9 | % | 41.9 | % | 38.9 | % | — | pp | 3.0 | pp | ||||||||||
Sales and marketing | 96.6 | 111.1 | 103.6 | (13.1 | )% | 7.2 | % | |||||||||||||
% of revenue | 12.2 | % | 14.6 | % | 14.8 | % | (2.4) | pp | (0.2) | pp | ||||||||||
General and administrative | 107.1 | 108.9 | 106.9 | (1.7 | )% | 1.9 | % | |||||||||||||
% of revenue | 13.6 | % | 14.3 | % | 15.3 | % | (0.7) | pp | (1.0) | pp | ||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 64.4 | 54.9 | 45.7 | 17.3 | % | 20.1 | % | |||||||||||||
% of revenue | 8.2 | % | 7.2 | % | 6.5 | % | 1.0 | pp | 0.7 | pp | ||||||||||
Litigation settlement | — | 61.0 | — | NMF | NMF | |||||||||||||||
% of revenue | — | % | 8.0 | % | — | NMF | NMF | |||||||||||||
Total operating expense | $ | 598.2 | $ | 654.5 | $ | 527.6 | (8.6 | )% | 24.0 | % | ||||||||||
% of revenue | 75.8 | % | 86.1 | % | 75.6 | % | (10.3) | pp | 10.5 | pp | ||||||||||
____________________________________________________________________________________________
NMF — Not meaningful
Note: Following our change to a more centralized structure during 2013, we refined the classification of employees within operating expense categories. As a result, approximately 180 net positions shifted from the general and administrative and sales and marketing categories to cost of revenue starting in the second half of 2013. These changes added approximately $14 million of compensation expense to cost of revenue in 2014 versus 2013, and reduced the compensation expense included in the sales and marketing and general and administrative categories by approximately $8 million and $6 million, respectively, in the same period. These changes did not affect total operating expense or operating income for any of the periods presented.
In 2015, our operating expense was down $56.3 million, or 8.6%. We settled a dispute with Business Logic for $61.0 million in 2014, which did not recur in 2015. In addition, as a result of the continued strength in the U.S. dollar, foreign currency translations had a favorable effect of $23.9 million on operating expense during 2015.
Commission expense decreased $14.7 million in 2015, mainly because we changed to a new sales commission structure that requires a different accounting treatment. In the first quarter of 2014, we started expensing sales commissions as incurred instead of amortizing them over the term of the underlying contracts. However, we continued to amortize the prepaid commission balance from the previous commission plan. This amortization triggered an additional $3.5 million and $9.8 million of sales commission cost in 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Legal and other professional fees were down $4.2 million in 2015, mainly reflecting litigation-related legal fees in 2014 that did not recur in 2015.
Also reducing operating expense was an increase in capitalized software development. In 2015, we capitalized $21.8 million of software development expense for ongoing enhancements of key platforms and new development of upgraded software platforms. In comparison, we capitalized a total of $18.8 million of software development expense in 2014.
Compensation expense (including salaries, bonus, and other company-sponsored benefits) increased $6.3 million in 2015. While headcount remained relatively flat during the first nine months of the year, net headcount increased by about 100 employees during the fourth quarter as we continued to invest in our key growth initiatives. The new hires mainly reflect technology, client support, and credit analyst roles in the United States and India. Overall, we had 3,930 employees worldwide at the end of 2015, compared with 3,760 at the end of 2014.
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Depreciation expense was up $9.8 million in 2015, mainly reflecting additional capitalized software development and computer software purchases for our U.S. operations. Advertising and marketing, computer and software supplies, rent, and production expense were also higher during 2015.
In 2014, our operating expense was up $126.9 million, or 24.0%. The $61.0 million litigation settlement expense incurred in 2014 contributed approximately half of this increase. Higher compensation expense (including salaries, bonus, and other company-sponsored benefits) also contributed to the change. We had approximately 3,760 employees worldwide at the end of 2014, compared with 3,565 at the end of 2013—an increase of approximately 200 employees. The ByAllAccounts and HelloWallet acquisitions added approximately 100 employees on a combined basis. We also added product and technology roles in the United States as well as equity data analysts in India.
Depreciation expense was up $8.4 million in 2014, mainly reflecting additional capitalized software development and computer software purchases for our U.S. operations.
Production expense was up $6.7 million in 2014, mainly reflecting higher costs for information technology maintenance agreements and infrastructure, as well as an unrealized loss on some of our model portfolios.
This expense growth was partially offset by an increase in capitalized software development, which reduced operating expense. In 2014, we capitalized $18.8 million of software development costs for ongoing enhancements as well as new development of upgraded software platforms, compared with $8.1 million in 2013.
Total operating expense also includes bonus expense and stock-based compensation expense, which we include in each of the cost categories shown in the table above. Bonus expense was $50.7 million in 2015, compared with $48.1 million in 2014 and $40.9 million in 2013. Stock-based compensation expense was $17.4 million in 2015, compared with $17.6 million in 2014 and $15.0 million in 2013.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue is our largest category of operating expense, representing about one-half of our total operating expense. Our business relies heavily on human capital, and cost of revenue includes the compensation expense for employees who produce our products and services. We include compensation expense for approximately 80% of our employees in this category.
In 2015, cost of revenue was up $11.5 million. Higher salary expense of $7.9 million was the main reason for the increase, reflecting new hires we made to support the growth of our business as well as annual merit increases. Higher expense for bonus, professional fees, and production expense also contributed to the change in this category.
Partially offsetting these increases was a higher level of capitalized software development, which reduced cost of revenue during 2015. We capitalized $21.8 million associated with software development activities in 2015 versus $18.8 million in 2014.
Cost of revenue rose $47.2 million in 2014. The $14.0 million of additional expense from the shift in employee cost categories discussed above was a major factor behind the growth in cost of revenue. In 2014, other increases in salary expense, bonus, and other compensation costs—which totaled about $44.4 million—also contributed to growth in this category. Production expense was up $6.7 million in 2014, mainly reflecting higher costs for information technology maintenance agreements and infrastructure, as well as an unrealized loss on some of our model portfolios.
These increases were partially offset by a higher level of capitalized software development in 2014, which reduced cost of revenue during 2014. We capitalized $18.8 million of software development in 2014, compared with $8.1 million in 2013.
As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue decreased by about 0.1 percentage points in 2015 and increased 3.0 percentage points in 2014, with approximately 2 percentage points of the change in 2014 driven by the shift in employee cost categories.
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Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expense decreased $14.5 million in 2015. Lower sales commission expense of $13.9 million (mainly reflecting the change in sales commission structure discussed above) as well as lower salary expense of $2.1 million were the primary contributors to the decrease. Partly offsetting these decreases was an increase in advertising and marketing expense of $3.0 million.
In 2014, the shift in employee cost categories reduced sales and marketing expense by approximately $8.0 million. Despite this reduction, total sales and marketing expense was still up $7.5 million in 2014, mainly because of higher sales commission costs following the change in commission plan discussed above. Additional costs for advertising and marketing also contributed to this increase, but to a lesser extent. This expense growth was partly offset by lower costs for travel, training, and conferences.
As a percentage of revenue, sales and marketing expense was down 2.4 percentage points in 2015 and 0.2 percentage points in 2014.
General and administrative
General and administrative expense decreased $1.8 million in 2015. Legal fees decreased $3.5 million as a result of litigation-related legal fees in 2014 that did not recur in 2015. Salary expense also decreased $0.9 million in 2015. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $3.1 million in rent and utilities expense, mainly because of new and expanded office space in New York and London.
In 2014, the shift in employee cost categories discussed above reduced general and administrative (G&A) expense by approximately $6.0 million. Despite this reduction, total G&A expense still increased by $2.0 million in 2014. Rent and facilities costs were up $2.8 million versus 2013, mainly because we expanded our office space in the United States. This additional expense was partially offset by a $1.5 million credit we recorded for damages received in connection with a legal matter in the first quarter of 2014, which partially offset growth in legal and other professional fees.
G&A expense as a percentage of revenue was down 0.7 percentage points in 2015 and 1.0 percentage points in 2014, mainly because of the shift in employee cost categories.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation expense rose $9.8 million in 2015 and $8.4 million in 2014, mainly because of higher capital expenditures for computer software and incremental capitalized software development costs for our operations in the United States. Intangible amortization expense decreased $0.3 million in 2015 as certain intangible assets from some of our earlier acquisitions are now fully amortized. Intangible amortization expense increased $0.8 million in 2014, as additional amortization expense for the intangible assets of HelloWallet and ByAllAccounts was largely offset by the completed amortization of intangible assets from some previous acquisitions.
We expect that amortization of intangible assets will be an ongoing cost for the remaining lives of the assets. We estimate that this expense will total approximately $17.7 million in 2016. Our estimates of future amortization expense for intangible assets may be affected by additional acquisitions, dispositions, changes in the estimated average useful lives, and currency translations.
Overall, depreciation and amortization increased $9.5 million in 2015 and $9.2 million in 2014.
Litigation settlement
We recorded a $61.0 million litigation settlement expense in the second quarter of 2014 that did not recur in 2015. This expense is included in our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 and contributed nearly half of the increase in operating expense in 2014.
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Consolidated Operating Income
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
Operating income | $ | 190.6 | $ | 105.6 | $ | 170.7 | |||||||
% change | 80.5 | % | (38.1 | )% | 13.3 | % | |||||||
Operating margin | 24.2 | % | 13.9 | % | 24.4 | % | |||||||
Change | 10.3 | pp | (10.5 | ) | pp | 1.5 | pp | ||||||
Consolidated operating income increased $85.0 million in 2015 as our revenue increased $28.7 million and operating expense decreased by $56.3 million. Operating margin was 24.2%, an increase of 10.3 percentage points compared with 2014. The decrease in operating expense in 2015 mainly reflects the $61.0 million litigation settlement expense incurred in the second quarter of 2014 that did not recur in 2015.
In 2014, the $61.0 million settlement was the biggest contributor to the decline in operating income and operating margin compared with 2013. We also had higher salary and other compensation-related expense from additional headcount, reflecting both new hires and employees added with the ByAllAccounts and HelloWallet acquisitions.
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | |||||||||||||
Operating income | $ | 190.6 | $ | 105.6 | $ | 170.7 | 80.5 | % | (38.1 | )% | ||||||||
Less: litigation settlement | — | 61.0 | — | NMF | NMF | |||||||||||||
Adjusted operating income | $ | 190.6 | $ | 166.6 | $ | 170.7 | 14.4 | % | (2.4 | )% | ||||||||
We reported adjusted operating income, which excludes the settlement, of $166.6 million in 2014. Adjusted operating income is a non-GAAP measure; the table above shows a reconciliation to the comparable GAAP measure.
We present adjusted operating income (operating income excluding the settlement) to show the effect of this charge, better reflect period-over-period comparisons, and improve overall understanding of our current and future financial performance.
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | ||||||||||||
Operating margin | 24.2 | % | 13.9 | % | 24.4 | % | 10.3 | pp | (10.5 | ) | pp | |||||
Less: litigation settlement | — | % | 8.0 | % | — | % | NMF | NMF | ||||||||
Adjusted operating margin | 24.2 | % | 21.9 | % | 24.4 | % | 2.3 | pp | (2.5 | ) | pp | |||||
We reported an adjusted operating margin, which excludes the settlement, of 21.9% in 2014. Adjusted operating margin is a non-GAAP measure; the table above shows a reconciliation to the comparable GAAP measure.
We present adjusted operating margin (operating margin excluding the settlement) for the same reasons mentioned above.
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Non-Operating Income, Equity in Net Income of Unconsolidated Entities, and Effective Tax Rate and Income Tax Expense
Non-Operating Income
The following table presents the components of non-operating income, net:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Interest income | $ | 1.8 | $ | 2.6 | $ | 2.9 | ||||||
Interest expense | (0.5 | ) | (0.5 | ) | (0.2 | ) | ||||||
Gain on sale of investments, net | 0.6 | 1.0 | 4.2 | |||||||||
Holding gain upon acquisition of additional ownership of equity-method investments | — | 5.2 | 3.6 | |||||||||
Other income (expense), net | 1.2 | 0.1 | (3.2 | ) | ||||||||
Non-operating income, net | $ | 3.1 | $ | 8.4 | $ | 7.3 | ||||||
Interest income mainly reflects interest from our investment portfolio. Interest expense mainly relates to the outstanding principal balance on the credit facility we established in 2014.
Non-operating income in 2014 includes the $5.2 million gain we recorded with our purchase of the remaining ownership interest in HelloWallet, which was previously a minority investment. Non-operating income in 2013 includes the $3.6 million gain we recorded with our purchase of the remaining ownership interest in Morningstar Sweden, which was also previously a minority investment.
Other income (expense), net primarily includes foreign currency exchange gains and losses arising from the ordinary course of our business operations.
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Equity in Net Income of Unconsolidated Entities
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | $ | 1.8 | $ | — | $ | 1.4 | ||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities primarily reflects Morningstar Japan K.K. (MJKK). The $1.4 million decrease in 2014 reflects an impairment charge for our ownership interest in a smaller unconsolidated entity.
We describe our investments in unconsolidated entities in more detail in Note 8 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Effective Tax Rate and Income Tax Expense
The following table summarizes the components of our effective tax rate:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | $ | 193.7 | $ | 114.0 | $ | 178.0 | ||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | 1.8 | — | 1.4 | |||||||||
Net loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest | (0.2 | ) | — | 0.1 | ||||||||
Total | $ | 195.3 | $ | 114.0 | $ | 179.5 | ||||||
Income tax expense | $ | 62.7 | $ | 35.7 | $ | 56.0 | ||||||
Effective tax rate | 32.1 | % | 31.3 | % | 31.2 | % | ||||||
For a reconciliation of the U.S. federal tax rate to our effective income tax rate, refer to Note 13 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our effective tax rate in 2015 was 32.1%, an increase of 0.8 percentage points compared with 31.3% in 2014, primarily reflecting higher state taxes.
Our effective tax rate in 2014 was 31.3%, almost exactly at par with 2013, when we provided for income taxes at an effective tax rate of 31.2%.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We believe our available cash balances and investments, along with cash generated from operations and our line of credit, will be sufficient to meet our operating and cash needs for at least the next 12 months. We invest our cash reserves in cash equivalents and investments. We maintain a conservative investment policy for our investments. We invest a portion of our investments balance (approximately $26.1 million, or 63% of our total investments balance as of December 31, 2015) in stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider.
Approximately 26% of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments as of December 31, 2015 was held by our operations in the United States, down from about 28% as of December 31, 2014. We do not expect to repatriate earnings from our foreign subsidiaries in the foreseeable future. We have not recognized deferred tax liabilities for the portion of the outside basis differences (including unremitted earnings) relating to foreign subsidiaries because the investment in these subsidiaries is considered to be permanent in duration. It is not practical to quantify the deferred tax liability associated with these outside basis differences.
As of December 31, 2015, we had cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $248.6 million, an increase of $24.0 million compared with $224.6 million as of December 31, 2014. The increase reflects net income, adjusted for non-cash items, and the net effect of changes in our operating assets and liabilities. These items were partially offset by $97.0 million used to repurchase common stock through our share repurchase program, $57.3 million of capital expenditures, bonus payments of $47.8 million, and dividend payments of $33.7 million.
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We intend to use our cash, cash equivalents, and investments for general corporate purposes, including working capital and funding future growth.
Cash provided by operating activities is our main source of cash. In 2015, cash provided by operating activities was $238.9 million, driven by $212.5 million of net income, adjusted for non-cash items and $26.4 million in positive changes from our net operating assets and liabilities.
In December 2015, our board of directors approved a $300.0 million increase to our share repurchase program, bringing the total amount authorized under the program to $1.0 billion. In 2015, we repurchased a total of approximately 1.2 million shares for $97.0 million. As of December 31, 2015, we had repurchased a total of 9.4 million shares for $623.5 million since we announced the share repurchase program in September 2010.
In 2015, we also paid dividends of $33.7 million. In February 2016, our board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of 22 cents per share. The dividend is payable on April 29, 2016 to shareholders of record as of April 8, 2016. We expect to make regular quarterly dividend payments of 22 cents per share in 2016.
We expect to continue making capital expenditures in 2016, primarily for computer hardware and software, internally developed software, and leasehold improvements for new and existing office locations.
We also expect to use a portion of our cash and investments balances in the first quarter of 2016 to make annual bonus payments of approximately $50.0 million related to the 2015 bonus.
In July 2015, we renewed our $75.0 million single-bank revolving credit facility in the United States, which we intend to use for general corporate purposes. We had an outstanding principal balance of $35.0 million as of December 31, 2015 at an interest rate of LIBOR plus 100 basis points, leaving borrowing availability of $40.0 million.
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Consolidated Free Cash Flow
As described in more detail above, we define free cash flow as cash provided by or used for operating activities less capital expenditures. We present free cash flow solely as supplemental disclosure to help investors better understand how much cash is available after we spend money to operate our business. Our management team uses free cash flow to evaluate our business. Free cash flow is not a measure of performance set forth under GAAP. Also, the free cash flow definition we use may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 Change | 2014 Change | |||||||||||||
Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 238.9 | $ | 132.2 | $ | 186.7 | 80.7 | % | (29.2 | )% | ||||||||
Capital expenditures | (57.3 | ) | (58.3 | ) | (33.6 | ) | (1.7 | )% | 73.7 | % | ||||||||
Free cash flow | $ | 181.6 | $ | 73.9 | $ | 153.1 | 145.7 | % | (51.7 | )% | ||||||||
We generated free cash flow of $181.6 million in 2015, an increase of $107.7 million versus 2014. The change reflects a $106.7 million increase in cash provided by operating activities as well as a $1.0 million decrease in capital expenditures. Free cash flow for 2014 included a $61.0 million cash outflow in connection with the litigation settlement.
In 2014, free cash flow was down $79.2 million from 2013, largely because of the $61.0 million litigation settlement payment, as well as growth in capital expenditures.
Acquisitions
We invested a total of $86.6 million, less cash acquired, related to acquisitions over the past three years. We describe these acquisitions, including purchase price and product offerings, in Note 7 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We discuss our significant accounting policies in Note 2 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires our management team to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expense, and related disclosures included in our Consolidated Financial Statements.
We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable. Based on these assumptions and estimates, we make judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results could vary from these estimates and assumptions. If actual amounts are different from previous estimates, we include revisions in our results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known.
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We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect the significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements:
Revenue Recognition
Much of our revenue comes from the sale of subscriptions or licenses for data, software, and Internet-based products and services. We recognize this revenue in equal amounts over the term of the subscription or license, which generally ranges from one to three years. We also provide research, investment advisory, retirement advice, and other services. We recognize this revenue when the service is provided or during the service obligation period defined in the contract.
We make significant judgments related to revenue recognition, including whether fees are fixed or determinable and whether the collection of payment is probable. For contracts that combine multiple products and services, we make judgments regarding the value of each element in the arrangement based on selling prices of the items when sold separately. Delivery of our products and services is a prerequisite to the recognition of revenue. If arrangements include an acceptance provision, we begin recognizing revenue upon the receipt of customer acceptance.
We make judgments at the beginning of an arrangement regarding whether or not collection is probable. We typically sell to institutional customers with whom we have a history of successful collections and assess the probability of collection on a case-by-case basis.
Deferred revenue is the amount invoiced or collected in advance for subscriptions, licenses, or services that has not yet been recognized as revenue. Deferred revenue is the largest liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and, at the end of 2015, totaled $152.0 million (of which $140.7 million was classified as a current liability with an additional $11.3 million included in other long-term liabilities). We expect to recognize this deferred revenue in future periods as we fulfill our service obligations.
The amount of deferred revenue may increase or decrease based on the mix of contracted products and services and the volume of new and renewal subscriptions. The timing of future revenue recognition may change depending on the terms of the license agreements and the timing of fulfilling our service obligations. We believe that the estimate related to revenue recognition is a critical accounting estimate, and to the extent that there are material differences between our determination of deferred revenue and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations may be affected.
Acquisitions, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets
Our financial statements reflect the operations of an acquired business starting from the completion of the transaction. We record the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition.
Allocating the purchase price to the acquired assets and liabilities involves management judgment. On occasion we may obtain the assistance of third-party valuation experts for significant assets. We base the fair value estimates on available historical information and on future expectations and assumptions that we believe are reasonable, but these estimates are inherently uncertain.
Determining the fair value of intangible assets requires significant management judgment in each of the following areas:
• | Identify the acquired intangible assets: For each acquisition, we identify the intangible assets acquired. These intangible assets generally consist of customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, technology-related intangibles (including internally developed software and databases), and non-compete agreements. |
• | Estimate the fair value of these intangible assets: We consider various approaches to value the intangible assets. These include the cost approach, which measures the value of an asset based on the cost to reproduce it or replace it with another asset of like utility; the market approach, which values the asset through an analysis of sales and offerings of comparable assets; and the income approach, which measures the value of an asset based on the present value of the economic benefits it is expected to produce. |
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• | Estimate the remaining useful life of the assets: For each intangible asset, we use judgment and assumptions to establish the remaining useful life of the asset. For example, for customer relationships, we determine the estimated useful life with reference to observed customer attrition rates. For technology-related assets such as databases, we make judgments about the demand for current data and historical metrics in establishing the remaining useful life. For internally developed software, we estimate an obsolescence factor associated with the software. |
We record any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired as goodwill, which is not amortized. Instead, it is subject to an impairment test annually, or whenever indicators of impairment exist, based on a discounted cash-flow model. We review the carrying value of goodwill for impairment at least annually based on the estimated fair value of our reporting unit. If we determine that goodwill is impaired, we reduce the goodwill balance to reflect the revised fair value.
For purposes of performing the impairment test, fair values are determined using a discounted cash-flow methodology. This requires significant judgments including estimation of future cash flows, which, among other factors, is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for businesses and determination of weighted average cost of capital.
We believe the accounting estimates related to purchase price allocations in connection with acquisitions and subsequent goodwill impairment testing are critical accounting estimates because changes in these assumptions could materially affect the amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as well as the amount of amortization and depreciation expense, if any, recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Stock-Based Compensation
We include stock-based compensation expense in each of our operating expense categories. Our stock-based compensation expense primarily reflects grants of restricted stock units, restricted stock, and performance share awards.
We measure stock-based compensation expense at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and recognize the expense ratably over the award's vesting period. We measure the fair value of our restricted stock units on the date of grant based on the market price of the underlying common stock as of the close of trading on the day before the grant. We estimate expected forfeitures of stock-based awards at the grant date and recognize compensation cost only for those awards expected to vest. We later adjust this forfeiture assumption to the actual forfeiture rate. Therefore, changes in the forfeiture assumptions do not change the total amount of expense ultimately recognized over the vesting period. Instead, different forfeiture assumptions would only affect the timing of expense recognition over the vesting period.
We adjust the stock-based compensation expense to reflect those awards that ultimately vested and update our estimate of the forfeiture rate that will be applied to awards not yet vested.
We believe the estimates related to stock-based compensation expense are critical accounting estimates because the assumptions used could significantly impact the timing and amount of stock-based compensation expense recorded in our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate is based on the mix of income and losses in our U.S. and non-U.S. operations, statutory tax rates, and tax-planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required to evaluate our tax positions.
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Tax law requires us to include items in our tax return at different times from when these items are reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Income. As a result, the effective tax rate reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements is different from the tax rate reported on our tax return (our cash tax rate). Some of these differences, such as expenses that are not deductible in our tax return, are permanent. Other differences, such as depreciation expense, reverse over time. These timing differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. We determine our deferred tax assets and liabilities based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. The excess tax benefits associated with stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units also create a difference between our cash tax rate and the effective tax rate in our Consolidated Income Statement.
As of December 31, 2015, we had gross deferred tax assets of $40.8 million and gross deferred tax liabilities of $59.4 million. The deferred tax assets include $3.7 million of deferred tax assets related to $18.4 million of net operating losses (NOLs) of our non-U.S. operations. In assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have recorded a valuation allowance against all but approximately $12.1 million of the non-U.S. NOLs, reflecting the likelihood that the benefit of the NOLs will not be realized.
In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider both positive and negative evidence, including tax-planning strategies, projected future taxable income, and recent financial performance. If we determine a lesser allowance is required at some point in the future, we would record a reduction to our tax expense and valuation allowance. These adjustments would be made in the same period we determined the change in the valuation allowance was needed. This would cause our income tax expense, effective tax rate, and net income to fluctuate.
We use judgment to identify, recognize, and measure the amounts of uncertain tax positions to be recorded in the financial statements related to tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We recognize liabilities to represent our potential future obligations to taxing authorities for the benefits taken in our tax returns. We adjust these liabilities, including any impact of the related interest and penalties, in light of changing facts and circumstances such as the progress of a tax audit. A number of years may elapse before a particular matter for which we have established a reserve is audited and finally resolved. The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction.
We use judgment to classify unrecognized tax benefits as either current or noncurrent liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Settlement of any particular issue would usually require the use of cash. We generally classify liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits as noncurrent liabilities. It typically takes several years between our initial tax return filing and the final resolution of any uncertain tax positions with the tax authority. We recognize favorable resolutions of tax matters for which we have previously established reserves as a reduction to our income tax expense when the amounts involved become known.
Assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our Consolidated Financial Statements or tax returns requires judgment. Variations in the actual outcome of these future tax consequences could materially impact our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Contingencies
We are subject to various claims and contingencies related to legal proceedings and investigations. These legal proceedings involve inherent uncertainties including, but not limited to, court rulings, negotiations between affected parties, and government actions. Assessing the probability of loss for such contingencies and determining how to accrue the appropriate liabilities requires judgment. If actual results differ from our assessments, our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows would be affected.
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
On May 28, 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The original effective date for ASU 2014-09 would have required the Company to adopt beginning on January 1, 2017. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Deferral of the Effective Date, which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for one year and permits early adoption as early as the original effective date of ASU 2014-09. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2018. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2014-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. We have not yet selected a transition method nor have we determined the effect of the standard on our ongoing financial reporting.
On September 28, 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement Period Adjustments, which eliminates the requirement to restate prior period financial statements for adjustments made during the measurement period. The new standard requires that the cumulative impact of a measurement period adjustment (including the impact on prior periods) be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment is identified. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2016. We elected to early adopt ASU No. 2015-16 in the quarter ended December 31, 2015. The adoption of ASU No. 2015-16 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
On November 20, 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position and apply to all entities that present a classified statement of financial position. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2017. The standard permits the use of either the prospective or retrospective method. We elected to early adopt ASU No. 2015-17 retrospectively in the quarter ended December 31, 2015. The adoption of ASU No. 2015-17 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Contractual Obligations
The table below shows our known contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015 and the expected timing of cash payments related to these contractual obligations:
(in millions) | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum commitments on non-cancelable operating lease obligations (1) | $ | 20.9 | $ | 20.3 | $ | 18.1 | $ | 13.5 | $ | 13.1 | $ | 35.7 | $ | 121.6 | ||||||||||||||
Minimum payments related to long-term financing agreements | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | — | — | — | 9.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum payments on credit facility (2) | 35.2 | — | — | — | — | — | 35.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Unrecognized tax benefits (3) | 4.2 | — | — | — | — | — | 4.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 63.6 | $ | 23.6 | $ | 21.4 | $ | 13.5 | $ | 13.1 | $ | 35.7 | $ | 170.9 | ||||||||||||||
(1) The non-cancelable operating lease obligations are mainly for lease commitments for office space.
(2) The 2016 minimum payments on the credit facility reflect the current outstanding principal balance of $35.0 million and an estimate for interest and commitment fees. Only the interest and commitment fees are mandatory payments during 2016, as we anticipate renewing the one-year revolving credit facility in July 2016 and any outstanding principal balance at that time.
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(3) Represents unrecognized tax benefits (including penalties and interest, less the impact of any associated tax
benefits). The amount included in the table represents items that may be resolved through settlement of tax audits or for which the statutes of limitations are expected to lapse during 2016. The table excludes $6.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits, included as a long-term liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015, for which we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period of payment.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Our investment portfolio is actively managed and may suffer losses from fluctuating interest rates, market prices, or adverse security selection. These accounts may consist of stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider. As of December 31, 2015, our cash, cash equivalents, and investments balance was $248.6 million. Based on our estimates, a 100 basis-point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair value of our investment portfolio.
We are subject to risk from fluctuations in foreign currencies from our operations outside of the United States. To date, we have not engaged in currency hedging, and we do not currently have any positions in derivative instruments to hedge our currency risk.
The table below shows our exposure to foreign currency denominated revenue and operating income for the year ended December 31, 2015:
Year ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
(in millions, except foreign currency rates) | Euro | British Pound | Australian Dollar | Other Foreign Currencies | ||||||||||||
Foreign currency rate in U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2015 | 1.0927 | 1.4826 | 0.7289 | — | ||||||||||||
Foreign denominated percentage of revenue | 5.0 | % | 8.1 | % | 3.8 | % | 8.9 | % | ||||||||
Foreign denominated percentage of operating income | 6.2 | % | (1.3 | )% | 1.5 | % | (8.9 | )% | ||||||||
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on revenue | $ | (4.5 | ) | $ | (8.2 | ) | $ | (3.8 | ) | $ | (10.2 | ) | ||||
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on operating income | $ | (1.4 | ) | $ | 0.3 | $ | (0.5 | ) | $ | 1.6 | ||||||
The table below shows our net investment exposure in foreign currencies as of December 31, 2015:
As of December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | Euro | British Pound | Australian Dollar | Other Foreign Currencies | ||||||||||||
Assets, net of unconsolidated entities | $ | 77.1 | $ | 133.9 | $ | 68.6 | $ | 138.0 | ||||||||
Liabilities | 32.0 | 41.5 | 49.7 | 57.1 | ||||||||||||
Net currency position | $ | 45.1 | $ | 92.4 | $ | 18.9 | $ | 80.9 | ||||||||
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on equity | $ | (4.5 | ) | $ | (9.2 | ) | $ | (1.9 | ) | $ | (8.1 | ) | ||||
60
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Morningstar, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Morningstar, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2015. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited the financial statement Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Morningstar, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Morningstar, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) , and our report dated February 26, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of Morningstar Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting.
Chicago, Illinois
February 26, 2016
61
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Morningstar, Inc.:
We have audited Morningstar, Inc.’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Morningstar, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Morningstar, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Morningstar, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, and the financial statement schedule, and our report dated February 26, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and accompanying schedule.
Chicago, Illinois
February 26, 2016
62
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
Year ended December 31 (in millions except per share amounts) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Revenue | $ | 788.8 | $ | 760.1 | $ | 698.3 | ||||||
Operating expense: | ||||||||||||
Cost of revenue | 330.1 | 318.6 | 271.4 | |||||||||
Sales and marketing | 96.6 | 111.1 | 103.6 | |||||||||
General and administrative | 107.1 | 108.9 | 106.9 | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 64.4 | 54.9 | 45.7 | |||||||||
Litigation settlement | — | 61.0 | — | |||||||||
Total operating expense | 598.2 | 654.5 | 527.6 | |||||||||
Operating income | 190.6 | 105.6 | 170.7 | |||||||||
Non-operating income: | ||||||||||||
Interest income, net | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.7 | |||||||||
Gain on sale of investments, reclassified from other comprehensive income | 0.6 | 1.0 | 4.2 | |||||||||
Holding gain upon acquisition of additional ownership of equity method investments | — | 5.2 | 3.6 | |||||||||
Other income (expense), net | 1.2 | 0.1 | (3.2 | ) | ||||||||
Non-operating income, net | 3.1 | 8.4 | 7.3 | |||||||||
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | 193.7 | 114.0 | 178.0 | |||||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | 1.8 | — | 1.4 | |||||||||
Income tax expense | 62.7 | 35.7 | 56.0 | |||||||||
Consolidated net income | 132.8 | 78.3 | 123.4 | |||||||||
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (0.2 | ) | — | 0.1 | ||||||||
Net income attributable to Morningstar, Inc. | $ | 132.6 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 123.5 | ||||||
Net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.: | ||||||||||||
Basic | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.75 | $ | 2.68 | ||||||
Diluted | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.74 | $ | 2.66 | ||||||
Dividends per common share: | ||||||||||||
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.790 | $ | 0.700 | $ | 0.545 | ||||||
Dividends paid per common share | $ | 0.760 | $ | 0.680 | $ | 0.375 | ||||||
Weighted average shares outstanding: | ||||||||||||
Basic | 44.2 | 44.7 | 46.2 | |||||||||
Diluted | 44.3 | 44.9 | 46.5 | |||||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
63
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Year ended December 31 (in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Consolidated net income | $ | 132.8 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 123.4 | ||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (28.2 | ) | (29.8 | ) | (4.5 | ) | ||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities: | ||||||||||||
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period | (1.0 | ) | 0.4 | 2.4 | ||||||||
Reclassification of gains included in net income | (0.4 | ) | (0.6 | ) | (2.6 | ) | ||||||
Other comprehensive loss | (29.6 | ) | (30.0 | ) | (4.7 | ) | ||||||
Comprehensive income | 103.2 | 48.3 | 118.7 | |||||||||
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | (0.4 | ) | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||||||||
Comprehensive income attributable to Morningstar, Inc. | $ | 102.8 | $ | 48.4 | $ | 119.0 | ||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
64
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
As of December 31 (in millions except share amounts) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Assets | ||||||||
Current assets: | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 207.1 | $ | 185.2 | ||||
Investments | 41.5 | 39.4 | ||||||
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $1.8 and $1.5, respectively | 139.3 | 136.7 | ||||||
Other | 22.0 | 29.5 | ||||||
Total current assets | 409.9 | 390.8 | ||||||
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net | 134.5 | 117.6 | ||||||
Investments in unconsolidated entities | 35.6 | 28.8 | ||||||
Goodwill | 364.2 | 370.1 | ||||||
Intangible assets, net | 74.2 | 95.9 | ||||||
Other assets | 10.6 | 7.1 | ||||||
Total assets | $ | 1,029.0 | $ | 1,010.3 | ||||
Liabilities and equity | ||||||||
Current liabilities: | ||||||||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 39.2 | $ | 34.3 | ||||
Accrued compensation | 80.9 | 80.5 | ||||||
Deferred revenue | 140.7 | 146.0 | ||||||
Short-term debt | 35.0 | 30.0 | ||||||
Other current liabilities | 8.6 | 3.0 | ||||||
Total current liabilities | 304.4 | 293.8 | ||||||
Accrued compensation | 8.9 | 7.9 | ||||||
Deferred tax liability, net | 19.8 | 17.0 | ||||||
Deferred rent | 25.4 | 26.4 | ||||||
Other long-term liabilities | 29.9 | 10.8 | ||||||
Total liabilities | 388.4 | 355.9 | ||||||
Equity: | ||||||||
Morningstar, Inc. shareholders’ equity: | ||||||||
Common stock, no par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, of which 43,403,076 and 44,345,763 shares were outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively | — | — | ||||||
Treasury stock at cost, 9,478,449 and 8,257,214 shares as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively | (619.8 | ) | (524.3 | ) | ||||
Additional paid-in capital | 575.5 | 561.1 | ||||||
Retained earnings | 739.2 | 641.5 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss: | ||||||||
Currency translation adjustment | (53.5 | ) | (25.1 | ) | ||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments | (1.1 | ) | 0.3 | |||||
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss | (54.6 | ) | (24.8 | ) | ||||
Total Morningstar, Inc. shareholders’ equity | 640.3 | 653.5 | ||||||
Noncontrolling interest | 0.3 | 0.9 | ||||||
Total equity | 640.6 | 654.4 | ||||||
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,029.0 | $ | 1,010.3 | ||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
65
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Morningstar, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Non Controlling Interests | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions, except share amounts) | Shares Outstanding | Par Value | Treasury Stock | Retained Earnings | Total Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2012 | 46,541,571 | $ | — | $ | (301.8 | ) | $ | 521.4 | $ | 496.4 | $ | 9.6 | $ | 1.3 | $ | 726.9 | |||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | — | — | — | 123.5 | — | (0.1 | ) | 123.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments, net of tax of $1.5 | — | — | — | — | 2.4 | — | 2.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reclassification of adjustments for gains included in net income, net of income tax of $1.6 | — | — | — | — | (2.6 | ) | — | (2.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net | — | — | — | — | (4.3 | ) | (0.2 | ) | (4.5 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net | — | — | — | — | (4.5 | ) | (0.2 | ) | (4.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock related to stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units, net | 437,263 | — | 1.6 | (2.9 | ) | — | — | — | (1.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — restricted stock units | — | — | 14.1 | — | — | — | 14.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — restricted stock | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — stock options | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Excess tax benefit derived from stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units | — | — | 5.9 | — | — | — | 5.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased | (2,011,411 | ) | — | (148.8 | ) | — | — | — | — | (148.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared — common shares outstanding | — | — | — | (25.0 | ) | — | — | (25.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared — restricted stock units | — | — | 0.2 | (0.3 | ) | — | — | (0.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2013 | 44,967,423 | — | (449.0 | ) | 539.6 | 594.6 | 5.1 | 1.0 | 691.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | 78.3 | — | — | 78.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax of $0.2 | — | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reclassification of adjustments for gains included in net income, net of income tax of $0.4 | — | — | — | — | (0.6 | ) | — | (0.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net | — | — | — | — | (29.7 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (29.8 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net | — | — | — | — | (29.9 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (30.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock related to stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units, net | 452,344 | — | 1.4 | (0.6 | ) | — | — | — | 0.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — restricted stock units | — | — | 16.3 | — | — | — | 16.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — restricted stock | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — performance share awards | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — stock-options | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Excess tax benefit derived from stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units | — | — | 4.4 | — | — | — | 4.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased | (1,074,004 | ) | — | (76.7 | ) | — | — | — | — | (76.7 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared — common shares outstanding | — | — | — | (31.2 | ) | — | — | (31.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared — restricted stock units | — | — | 0.1 | (0.2 | ) | — | — | (0.1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 44,345,763 | — | (524.3 | ) | 561.1 | 641.5 | (24.8 | ) | 0.9 | 654.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | 132.6 | — | 0.2 | 132.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of income tax of $0.4 | — | — | — | — | (1.0 | ) | — | (1.0 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Reclassification of adjustments for gains included in net income, net of income tax of $0.1 | — | — | — | — | (0.4 | ) | — | (0.4 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net | — | — | — | — | (28.4 | ) | 0.2 | (28.2 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net | — | — | — | — | (29.8 | ) | 0.2 | (29.6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock related to stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units, net | 298,435 | — | 1.5 | (3.2 | ) | — | — | — | (1.7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — restricted stock units | — | — | 16.1 | — | — | — | 16.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — restricted stock | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — performance share awards | — | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation — stock-options | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | — | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Excess tax benefit derived from stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units | — | — | 2.6 | — | — | — | 2.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased | (1,241,122 | ) | (97.0 | ) | — | — | — | — | (97.0 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared — common shares outstanding | — | — | — | (34.8 | ) | — | — | (34.8 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared — restricted stock units | — | — | (0.1 | ) | — | — | (0.1 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of remaining interest in majority-owned investment | — | — | (2.4 | ) | — | — | (1.0 | ) | (3.4 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 43,403,076 | $ | — | $ | (619.8 | ) | $ | 575.5 | $ | 739.2 | $ | (54.6 | ) | $ | 0.3 | $ | 640.6 | ||||||||||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
66
Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Year ended December 31 (in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||||||
Consolidated net income | $ | 132.8 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 123.4 | ||||||
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 64.4 | 54.9 | 45.7 | |||||||||
Deferred income taxes | 2.9 | 3.0 | (1.1 | ) | ||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | 17.4 | 17.6 | 15.0 | |||||||||
Provision for bad debt | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | |||||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | (1.8 | ) | — | (1.4 | ) | |||||||
Excess tax benefits from stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units | (2.6 | ) | (4.4 | ) | (5.9 | ) | ||||||
Gain on sale of cost-method investment | — | (0.4 | ) | — | ||||||||
Holding gain upon acquisition of additional ownership of equity-method investments | — | (5.2 | ) | (3.6 | ) | |||||||
Other, net | (1.1 | ) | (0.7 | ) | (1.8 | ) | ||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: | ||||||||||||
Accounts receivable | (6.9 | ) | (25.9 | ) | (1.6 | ) | ||||||
Other assets | 0.7 | (5.3 | ) | (2.3 | ) | |||||||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 4.7 | (2.0 | ) | (1.2 | ) | |||||||
Accrued compensation | 7.0 | 19.5 | 3.2 | |||||||||
Income taxes—current | 10.1 | 2.3 | 16.8 | |||||||||
Deferred revenue | 10.6 | (1.7 | ) | 3.7 | ||||||||
Deferred rent | (0.3 | ) | 3.0 | (1.5 | ) | |||||||
Other liabilities | 0.5 | (1.3 | ) | (1.5 | ) | |||||||
Cash provided by operating activities | 238.9 | 132.2 | 186.7 | |||||||||
Investing activities | ||||||||||||
Purchases of investments | (34.7 | ) | (20.4 | ) | (140.1 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from maturities and sales of investments | 30.0 | 111.6 | 171.2 | |||||||||
Capital expenditures | (57.3 | ) | (58.3 | ) | (33.6 | ) | ||||||
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (11.1 | ) | (64.4 | ) | (11.1 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from sale of a business, net | — | — | 1.0 | |||||||||
Purchases of equity- and cost-method investments | (6.2 | ) | — | (2.8 | ) | |||||||
Other, net | (0.2 | ) | 0.3 | 0.5 | ||||||||
Cash used for investing activities | (79.5 | ) | (31.2 | ) | (14.9 | ) | ||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||||||
Common shares repurchased | (97.0 | ) | (76.7 | ) | (153.5 | ) | ||||||
Dividends paid | (33.7 | ) | (30.5 | ) | (17.4 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from short-term debt | 50.0 | 30.0 | — | |||||||||
Repayment of short-term debt | (45.0 | ) | — | — | ||||||||
Proceeds from stock-option exercises | 3.9 | 6.6 | 4.5 | |||||||||
Employee taxes withheld for restricted stock units | (5.6 | ) | (5.8 | ) | (5.8 | ) | ||||||
Excess tax benefits from stock-option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units | 2.6 | 4.4 | 5.9 | |||||||||
Other, net | (0.1 | ) | 0.3 | (0.1 | ) | |||||||
Cash used for financing activities | (124.9 | ) | (71.7 | ) | (166.4 | ) | ||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (12.6 | ) | (12.3 | ) | (1.1 | ) | ||||||
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 21.9 | 17.0 | 4.3 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period | 185.2 | 168.2 | 163.9 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period | $ | 207.1 | $ | 185.2 | $ | 168.2 | ||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | ||||||||||||
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 50.1 | $ | 30.4 | $ | 40.4 | ||||||
Cash paid for interest | $ | 0.4 | $ | 0.3 | $ | — | ||||||
Supplemental information of non-cash investing and financing activities: | ||||||||||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments | $ | 2.0 | $ | (0.4 | ) | $ | (0.3 | ) | ||||
Software obtained under long-term financing arrangement | $ | 5.3 | $ | — | $ | 4.9 | ||||||
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
67
MORNINGSTAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. | Description of Business |
Morningstar, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Morningstar, we, our), provides independent investment research for investors around the world. We offer an extensive line of products and services for financial advisors, asset managers, retirement plan providers and sponsors, and individual investors. We have operations in 27 countries.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The acronyms that appear in these Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements refer to the following:
ASC | Accounting Standards Codification |
ASU | Accounting Standards Update |
EITF | Emerging Issues Task Force |
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board |
SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission |
Principles of Consolidation. We conduct our business operations through wholly owned or majority-owned operating subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Morningstar, Inc. and our subsidiaries. We consolidate assets, liabilities, and results of operations of subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest and eliminate all significant intercompany accounts and transactions.
We account and report the noncontrolling (minority) interest in our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with FASB ASC 810, Consolidation. A noncontrolling interest is the portion of equity (net assets) in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the parent company. We report the noncontrolling interest in our Consolidated Balance Sheet within equity separate from the shareholders' equity attributable to Morningstar, Inc. In addition, we present the net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Morningstar, Inc.'s shareholders and the noncontrolling interest in our Consolidated Statements of Income, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, and Consolidated Statements of Equity.
We account for investments in entities in which we exercise significant influence, but do not control, using the equity method.
As part of our investment management operations, we manage certain funds outside of the United States that are considered variable interest entities. For the majority of these variable interest entities, we do not have a variable interest in them. In cases where we do have a variable interest, we are not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, we do not consolidate any of these variable interest entities.
Comprehensive Income. In accordance with ASU No. 2011-05, Presentation of Comprehensive Income, we present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income, and the components of other comprehensive income (OCI) in two separate but consecutive statements, our Consolidated Statements of Income and separately, our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In addition, effective January 1, 2013, we adopted FASB ASU No. 2013-02, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220). We show the effects of items reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income to net income on the face of the financial statement along with net income.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Reclassifications. Certain amounts reported in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
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Separately, as a result of our move to a more centralized structure in 2013 (including new positions created, changes in focus for some existing roles, and the refinement of employee cost categorizations as we moved to a more centralized structure), approximately 180 net positions shifted from the general and administrative and sales and marketing categories to cost of revenue. These changes added approximately $14 million of compensation expense to cost of revenue in 2014 versus 2013, and reduced the compensation expense included in the sales and marketing and general and administrative categories by approximately $8 million and $6 million, respectively, in the same period. These changes did not affect total operating expense or operating income for any of the periods presented.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consists of cash and investments with original maturities of three months or less. We state them at cost, which approximates fair value. We state the portion of our cash equivalents that are invested in money market funds at fair value, as these funds are actively traded and have quoted market prices.
Investments. We account for our investments in accordance with FASB ASC 320, Investments—Debt and Equity Securities. We classify our investments into three categories: held-to-maturity, trading, and available-for-sale.
• | Held-to-maturity: We classify certain investments, primarily certificates of deposit, as held-to-maturity securities, based on our intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. We record held-to-maturity investments at amortized cost in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. |
• | Trading: We classify certain other investments, primarily equity securities, as trading securities, primarily to satisfy the requirements of one of our wholly owned subsidiaries, which is a registered broker-dealer. We include realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with these investments as a component of our operating income in our Consolidated Statements of Income. We record these securities at their fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. |
• | Available-for-sale: Investments not considered held-to-maturity or trading securities are classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities primarily consist of equity securities, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds. We report unrealized gains and losses for available-for-sale securities as other comprehensive income (loss), net of related income taxes. We record these securities at their fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. |
Fair Value Measurements. We follow FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. FASB ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Under FASB ASC 820, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The standard applies whenever other standards require (or permit) assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value. The standard does not expand the use of fair value in any new circumstances and does not require any new fair value measurements.
FASB ASC 820 uses a fair value hierarchy based on three broad levels of valuation inputs:
• | Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the company has the ability to access. |
• | Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. |
• | Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. |
We provide additional information about our cash equivalents and investments that are subject to valuation under FASB ASC 820 in Note 6.
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Concentration of Credit Risk. No single customer is large enough to pose a significant credit risk to our operations or financial condition. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, no single customer represented 5% or more of our consolidated revenue. If receivables from our customers become delinquent, we begin a collections process. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts based on our estimate of the probable losses of accounts receivable.
Property, Equipment, and Depreciation. We state property and equipment at historical cost, net of accumulated depreciation. We depreciate property and equipment primarily using the straight-line method based on the useful life of the asset, which ranges from three to seven years. We amortize leasehold improvements over the lease term or their useful lives, whichever is shorter.
Computer Software and Internal Product Development Costs. We capitalize certain costs in accordance with FASB ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software, FASB ASC 350-50, Website Development Costs, and FASB ASC 985, Software. Internal product development costs mainly consist of employee costs for developing new web-based products and certain major enhancements of existing products. We amortize these costs on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic life, which is generally three to five years. We include capitalized software development costs related to projects that have not been placed into service in our construction in progress balance.
The table below summarizes our capitalized software development costs for the past three years:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Capitalized software development costs | $ | 21.8 | $ | 18.8 | $ | 8.1 | ||||||
Business Combinations. Over the past several years, we have acquired companies that complement our business operations. For each acquisition, we allocate the purchase price to the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and goodwill. We follow FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. We recognize and measure the fair value of the acquired operation as a whole, as well as the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, at their full fair values as of the date we obtain control, regardless of the percentage ownership in the acquired operation or how the acquisition was achieved. We expense direct costs related to the business combination, such as advisory, accounting, legal, valuation, and other professional fees, as incurred. We recognize restructuring costs, including severance and relocation for employees of the acquired entity, as post-combination expenses unless the target entity meets the criteria of FASB ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, on the acquisition date.
As part of the purchase price allocation, we follow the requirements of FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. This includes establishing deferred tax assets or liabilities reflecting the difference between the values assigned for financial statement purposes and income tax purposes. In certain acquisitions, the goodwill resulting from the purchase price allocation may not be deductible for income tax purposes. FASB ASC 740 prohibits recognition of a deferred tax asset or liability for temporary differences in goodwill if goodwill is not amortizable and deductible for tax purposes.
Goodwill. Changes in the carrying amount of our recorded goodwill are mainly the result of business acquisitions, divestitures, and the effect of foreign currency translations. In accordance with FASB ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, we do not amortize goodwill; instead, goodwill is subject to an impairment test annually, or whenever indicators of impairment exist. An impairment would occur if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeded the fair value of that reporting unit. We performed annual impairment reviews in the fourth quarter of 2015, 2014, and 2013. We did not record any impairment losses in 2015, 2014, or 2013.
Intangible Assets. We amortize intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from one to 25 years. We have no intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. In accordance with FASB ASC 360-10-35, Subsequent Measurement—Impairment or Disposal of Long Lived Assets, we review intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If the value of future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of an asset group, we record an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the asset group. We did not record any impairment losses in 2015, 2014, or 2013.
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Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenue in accordance with SEC SAB Topic 13, Revenue Recognition, ASC 605-25, Revenue Recognition: Multiple Element Arrangements, and ASC 985-605, Software: Revenue Recognition.
We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are met:
• | There is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, as evidenced by a signed contract; |
• | Delivery of our products and services has taken place. If arrangements include an acceptance provision, we generally begin recognizing revenue when we receive customer acceptance; |
• | The amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and |
• | The collectibility of the fees is reasonably assured. |
We generate revenue through sales of Morningstar Data, Morningstar Advisor Workstation (including Morningstar Office), Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Research, Premium Membership subscriptions for Morningstar.com, our structured credit research and ratings offerings, and a variety of other investment-related products and services. We generally structure the revenue agreements for these offerings as licenses or subscriptions. We recognize revenue from licenses and subscription sales ratably as we deliver the product or service and over the service obligation period defined by the terms of the customer contract. For new-issue ratings and analysis for commercial mortgage- backed securities (CMBS), we charge asset-based fees that are paid by the issuer on the rated balance of the transaction and recognize the revenue immediately upon issuance.
We also generate revenue from Internet advertising, primarily from “impression-based” contracts. For advertisers who use our cost-per-impression pricing, we charge fees each time we display their ads on our site.
Our Investment Advisory business includes a broad range of services. Pricing for consulting services is based on the scope of work and the level of service provided, and includes asset-based fees for work we perform that involves investment management or acting as a subadvisor to investment portfolios. In arrangements that involve asset-based fees, we generally invoice clients quarterly in arrears based on average assets for the quarter. We recognize asset-based fees once the fees are fixed and determinable assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.
Our Workplace Solutions offerings help retirement plan participants plan and invest for retirement. We offer these services both through retirement plan providers (typically third-party asset management companies that offer proprietary mutual funds) and directly to plan sponsors (employers that offer retirement plans to their employees). For our Workplace Solutions offerings, we provide both a hosted solution as well as proprietary installed software advice solution. Clients can integrate the installed customized software into their existing systems to help investors accumulate wealth, transition into retirement, and manage income during retirement. The revenue arrangements for Workplace Solutions generally extend over multiple years. Our contracts may include one-time setup fees, implementation fees, technology licensing and maintenance fees, asset-based fees for managed retirement accounts, fixed and variable fees for advice and guidance, or a combination of these fee structures. Upon customer acceptance, we recognize revenue ratably over the term of the agreement. We recognize asset-based fees and variable fees in excess of any minimum once the value is fixed and determinable.
Some of our revenue arrangements combine multiple products and services. These products and services may be provided at different points in time or over different time periods within the same arrangement. We allocate fees to the separate deliverables based on the deliverables’ relative selling price, which is generally based on the price we charge when the same deliverable is sold separately.
We record taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions (such as sales, use, value-added, and some excise taxes) on a net basis; therefore, we exclude such taxes from revenue in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Deferred revenue represents the portion of licenses or subscriptions billed or collected in advance of the service being provided which we expect to recognize as revenue in future periods. Certain arrangements may have cancellation or refund provisions. If we make a refund, it typically reflects the amount collected from a customer for which we have not yet provided services. The refund therefore results in a reduction of deferred revenue.
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Sales Commissions. Through December 31, 2013, we paid sales commissions based on a formula driven by the total contract value of sales opportunities closed, with any subsequent adjustments (such as clawbacks for contract cancellations) reflected in future commission payouts. We considered the corresponding commission expense an incremental direct acquisition cost and treated it as a deferred charge, which we expensed over the term of the underlying sales contracts.
In the first quarter of 2014, we modified our sales incentive plan. The revised plan is based on a combination of net new sales and specific business objectives not solely tied to revenue growth. Because of this new structure and the discretion involved in determining the related incentives, we started expensing sales commissions as incurred instead of amortizing them over the contract terms.
However, we continued to amortize the deferred charge capitalized in connection with sales commissions paid in 2013 and previous periods as part of the previous incentive plan. This amortization added $3.5 million and $9.8 million of sales commission cost in 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Advertising Costs. Advertising costs include expenses incurred for various print and Internet ads, search engine fees, and direct mail campaigns. We expense advertising costs as incurred. The table below summarizes our advertising expense for the past three years:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Advertising expense | $ | 8.3 | $ | 7.5 | $ | 6.9 | ||||||
Stock-Based Compensation Expense. We account for our stock-based compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Our stock-based compensation expense reflects grants of restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance share awards, and stock options. We measure the fair value of our restricted stock units, restricted stock, and performance share awards on the date of grant based on the closing market price of Morningstar's common stock on the day prior to grant. For stock options, we estimate the fair value of our stock options on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. We amortize the fair values to stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, ratably over the vesting period.
We estimate expected forfeitures of all employee stock-based awards and recognize compensation cost only for those awards expected to vest. We determine forfeiture rates based on historical experience and adjust the estimated forfeitures to actual forfeiture experience as needed.
Liability for Sabbatical Leave. In certain of our operations, we offer employees a sabbatical leave. Although the sabbatical policy varies by region, Morningstar's full-time employees are generally eligible for six weeks of paid time off after four years of continuous service. We account for our sabbatical liability in accordance with FASB ASC 710-10-25, Compensated Absences. We record a liability for employees' sabbatical benefits over the period employees earn the right for sabbatical leave and include this liability in Accrued Compensation in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Income Taxes. We record deferred income taxes for the temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial statement purposes and tax purposes in accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. FASB ASC 740 prescribes the minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. It also provides guidance on derecognition, measurement, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, and disclosure for uncertain tax positions.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. We classify liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits as either current or long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet, depending on when we expect to make payment.
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Income per Share. We compute and present income per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. The difference between weighted average shares outstanding and diluted shares outstanding mainly reflects the dilutive effect associated with our stock-based compensation plans. We further compute income per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10-45-59A, Participating Securities and the Two-Class Method. Under the two-class method, we allocate earnings between common stock and participating securities. The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each class of common stock according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period. For purposes of calculating earnings per share, we reduce our reported net earnings by the amount allocated to participating securities to arrive at the earnings allocated to common stock shareholders.
ASC 260-10-45-59A requires the dilutive effect of participating securities to be calculated using the more dilutive of the treasury stock or the two-class method. We have determined the two-class method to be the more dilutive. As such, we adjusted the earnings allocated to common stock shareholders in the basic earnings per share calculation for the reallocation of undistributed earnings to participating securities to calculate diluted earnings per share.
Foreign Currency. We translate the financial statements of non-U.S. subsidiaries to U.S. dollars using the period-end exchange rate for assets and liabilities and an average exchange rate for revenue and expense. We use the local currency as the functional currency for all of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. We record translation adjustments for non-U.S. subsidiaries as a component of “Other comprehensive income (loss)” in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. We include exchange gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency in “Other income (expense), net” in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
3. Credit Arrangements
In July 2015, we renewed our $75.0 million, single-bank revolving credit facility. We drew on the credit facility during the fourth quarter of 2015 and had an outstanding principal balance of $35.0 million at an interest rate of LIBOR plus 100 basis points as of December 31, 2015, leaving borrowing availability of $40.0 million.
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4. Income Per Share
The following table shows how we reconcile our net income and the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted income per share:
(in millions, except per share amounts) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Basic net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.: | ||||||||||||
Net income attributable to Morningstar, Inc.: | $ | 132.6 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 123.5 | ||||||
Less: Distributed earnings available to participating securities | — | — | — | |||||||||
Less: Undistributed earnings available to participating securities | — | — | — | |||||||||
Numerator for basic net income per share — undistributed and distributed earnings available to common shareholders | $ | 132.6 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 123.5 | ||||||
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 44.2 | 44.7 | 46.2 | |||||||||
Basic net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc. | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.75 | $ | 2.68 | ||||||
Diluted net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc.: | ||||||||||||
Numerator for basic net income per share — undistributed and distributed earnings available to common shareholders | $ | 132.6 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 123.5 | ||||||
Add: Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities | — | — | — | |||||||||
Less: Undistributed earnings reallocated to participating securities | — | — | — | |||||||||
Numerator for diluted net income per share — undistributed and distributed earnings available to common shareholders | $ | 132.6 | $ | 78.3 | $ | 123.5 | ||||||
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 44.2 | 44.7 | 46.2 | |||||||||
Net effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock units | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |||||||||
Weighted average common shares outstanding for computing diluted income per share | 44.3 | 44.9 | 46.5 | |||||||||
Diluted net income per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc. | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.74 | $ | 2.66 | ||||||
The following table shows the number of weighted average restricted stock units and performance share awards excluded from our calculation of diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:
(in thousands) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||
Weighted average restricted stock units | 38 | 47 | 17 | ||||||
Weighted average performance share awards | 4 | 6 | — | ||||||
Total | 42 | 53 | 17 | ||||||
Stock options could be included in the calculation in the future.
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5. Segment and Geographical Area Information
Segment Information
We report our results in a single reportable segment, which reflects how our chief operating decision maker allocates resources and evaluates our financial results.
Because we have a single reportable segment, all required financial segment information can be found directly in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The accounting policies for our reportable segment are the same as those described in Note 2. We evaluate the performance of our reporting segment based on revenue and operating income.
Geographical Area Information
The tables below summarize our revenue and long-lived assets by geographical area:
External revenue by geographical area | ||||||||||||
Year ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
United States | $ | 585.1 | $ | 550.8 | $ | 500.8 | ||||||
United Kingdom | 64.2 | 61.8 | 56.2 | |||||||||
Continental Europe | 58.8 | 62.7 | 57.6 | |||||||||
Australia | 30.5 | 35.0 | 35.3 | |||||||||
Canada | 27.9 | 30.8 | 31.8 | |||||||||
Asia | 18.5 | 15.8 | 13.9 | |||||||||
Other | 3.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | |||||||||
Total International | 203.7 | 209.3 | 197.5 | |||||||||
Consolidated revenue | $ | 788.8 | $ | 760.1 | $ | 698.3 | ||||||
Long-lived assets by geographical area | ||||||||
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
United States | $ | 116.9 | $ | 98.1 | ||||
United Kingdom | 8.6 | 8.1 | ||||||
Continental Europe | 2.2 | 2.1 | ||||||
Australia | 0.9 | 0.8 | ||||||
Canada | 0.7 | 0.9 | ||||||
Asia | 5.2 | 7.5 | ||||||
Other | — | 0.1 | ||||||
Total International | 17.6 | 19.5 | ||||||
Consolidated property, equipment, and capitalized software, net | $ | 134.5 | $ | 117.6 | ||||
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6. Investments and Fair Value Measurements
We account for our investments in accordance with FASB ASC 320, Investments—Debt and Equity Securities. We classify our investments into three categories: available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, and trading. Our investment portfolio consists of stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider. We classify our investment portfolio as shown below:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Available-for-sale | $ | 17.3 | $ | 13.2 | ||||
Held-to-maturity | 15.3 | 17.9 | ||||||
Trading securities | 8.9 | 8.3 | ||||||
Total | $ | 41.5 | $ | 39.4 | ||||
The following table shows the cost, unrealized gains (losses), and fair values related to investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity:
As of December 31, 2015 | As of December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | Cost | Unrealized Gain | Unrealized Loss | Fair Value | Cost | Unrealized Gain | Unrealized Loss | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity securities and exchange-traded funds | 17.4 | 0.3 | (1.6 | ) | 16.1 | 11.4 | 0.8 | (0.3 | ) | 11.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mutual funds | 1.3 | — | (0.1 | ) | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | (0.1 | ) | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 18.7 | $ | 0.3 | $ | (1.7 | ) | $ | 17.3 | $ | 12.6 | $ | 1.0 | $ | (0.4 | ) | $ | 13.2 | ||||||||||||||
Held-to-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Certificates of deposit | $ | 15.3 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 15.3 | $ | 17.9 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 17.9 | ||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, investments with unrealized losses for greater than a 12-month period were not material to the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were not deemed to have other than temporary declines in value.
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The table below shows the cost and fair value of investments classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity based on their contractual maturities as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. The expected maturities of certain fixed-income securities may differ from their contractual maturities because some of these holdings have call features that allow the issuers the right to prepay obligations without penalties.
As of December 31, 2015 | As of December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||
(in millions) | Cost | Fair Value | Cost | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
Available-for-sale: | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds | 18.7 | 17.3 | 12.6 | 13.2 | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 18.7 | $ | 17.3 | $ | 12.6 | $ | 13.2 | ||||||||
Held-to-maturity: | ||||||||||||||||
Due in one year or less | $ | 15.3 | $ | 15.3 | $ | 17.9 | $ | 17.9 | ||||||||
Total | $ | 15.3 | $ | 15.3 | $ | 17.9 | $ | 17.9 | ||||||||
As of December 31, 2014, held-to-maturity investments included a $1.5 million certificate of deposit, held as collateral against bank guarantees for our office leases, primarily in Australia.
The following table shows the realized gains and losses arising from sales of our investments classified as available-for-sale recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Realized gains | $ | 1.3 | $ | 1.5 | $ | 5.5 | ||||||
Realized losses | (0.7 | ) | (0.5 | ) | (1.3 | ) | ||||||
Realized gains, net | $ | 0.6 | $ | 1.0 | $ | 4.2 | ||||||
We determine realized gains and losses using the specific identification method.
The following table shows the net unrealized gains (losses) on trading securities as recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses), net | $ | (0.8 | ) | $ | (0.2 | ) | $ | 0.8 | ||||
The table below shows the fair value of our assets subject to fair value measurements that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the fair value hierarchy and the necessary disclosures under FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement:
Fair Value | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||
as of | Using Fair Value Hierarchy | |||||||||||||||
(in millions) | December 31, 2015 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||
Available-for-sale investments | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities and exchange-traded funds | 16.1 | 16.1 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Mutual funds | 1.2 | 1.2 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Trading securities | 8.9 | 8.9 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Cash equivalents | 0.2 | 0.2 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 26.4 | $ | 26.4 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||
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Fair Value | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||
as of | Using Fair Value Hierarchy | |||||||||||||||
(in millions) | December 31, 2014 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||
Available-for-sale investments | ||||||||||||||||
Equity securities and exchange-traded funds | 11.9 | 11.9 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Mutual funds | 1.3 | 1.3 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Trading securities | 8.3 | 8.3 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Cash equivalents | 0.5 | 0.5 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 22.0 | $ | 22.0 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||
Level 1: | Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. |
Level 2: | Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. |
Level 3: | Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. |
Based on our analysis of the nature and risks of our investments in equity securities and mutual funds, we have determined that presenting each of these investment categories in the aggregate is appropriate.
We measure the fair value of money market funds, mutual funds, equity securities, and exchange-traded funds based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. We did not hold any securities categorized as Level 2 or Level 3 as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014.
7. Acquisitions, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets
2015 Acquisitions
Increased Ownership Interest in Ibbotson Associates Japan K.K. (IAJ)
In July 2015, we acquired an additional 28.9% interest in Ibbotson Associates Japan K.K. (IAJ), increasing our ownership to 100% from 71.1%. As we previously owned more than 50% of the company, IAJ's financial results were consolidated in our Consolidated Financial Statements prior to acquiring the remaining interest.
Total Rebalance Expert (tRx)
In November 2015, we acquired Total Rebalance Expert (tRx), an automated, tax-efficient investment portfolio rebalancing platform for financial advisors. tRx streamlines the rebalancing process for advisors and automates the complexities involved in rebalancing and managing portfolios. We began consolidating the financial results of tRx in our Consolidated Financial Statements on November 2, 2015.
2014 Acquisitions
Increased Ownership Interest in HelloWallet Holdings, Inc.
In June 2014, we acquired an additional 81.3% interest in HelloWallet Holdings, Inc. (HelloWallet), increasing our ownership to 100% from 18.7%. HelloWallet combines behavioral economics and the psychology of decision-making with sophisticated technology to provide personalized, unbiased financial guidance to U.S. workers and their families through their employer benefit plans. We began consolidating the financial results of this acquisition in our Consolidated Financial Statements on June 3, 2014.
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HelloWallet's total estimated fair value of $54.0 million includes $40.5 million in cash paid to acquire the remaining 81.3% interest in HelloWallet and pay off HelloWallet's indebtedness as well as $13.5 million related to the 18.7% of HelloWallet we previously held. We recorded a non-cash holding gain of $5.2 million for the difference between the fair value and the book value of our previously held investment. The gain is classified as "Holding gain upon acquisition of additional ownership of equity-method investments" in our Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2014.
The following table summarizes our allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition:
(in millions) | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3.7 | ||
Accounts receivable and other current assets | 0.2 | |||
Other current and non-current assets | 0.3 | |||
Deferred tax asset | 8.6 | |||
Intangible assets | 9.5 | |||
Goodwill | 39.2 | |||
Deferred revenue | (2.9 | ) | ||
Deferred tax liability | (3.6 | ) | ||
Other current and non-current liabilities | (1.0 | ) | ||
Total fair value of HelloWallet | $ | 54.0 | ||
The allocation includes $9.5 million of acquired intangible assets, as follows:
(in millions) | Weighted Average Useful Life (years) | |||||
Technology based assets | $ | 6.7 | 5 | |||
Intellectual property (trademarks and trade names) | 0.2 | 3 | ||||
Non-competition agreement | 2.6 | 5 | ||||
Total intangible assets | $ | 9.5 | 5 | |||
We recognized a deferred tax liability of $3.6 million mainly because the amortization expense related to certain intangible assets is not deductible for income tax purposes.
We recognized a deferred tax asset of $8.6 million mainly because of net operating losses of HelloWallet which will become available to Morningstar.
Goodwill of $39.2 million represents the premium over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. We paid this premium for a number of reasons, including the opportunity to bring together HelloWallet's comprehensive financial wellness expertise with Morningstar's independent, research-based retirement advice to create a holistic retirement savings and advice offering.
ByAllAccounts, Inc.
In April 2014, we acquired ByAllAccounts, Inc. (ByAllAccounts), a provider of innovative data aggregation technology for financial applications for $27.9 million in cash. ByAllAccounts uses a knowledge-based process, including patented artificial intelligence technology, to collect, consolidate, and enrich financial account data and deliver it to virtually any platform. We began including the financial results of this acquisition in our Consolidated Financial Statements on April 1, 2014.
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The following table summarizes our allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition:
(in millions) | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 0.3 | ||
Accounts receivable and other current assets | 0.1 | |||
Deferred tax asset | 4.0 | |||
Other current and non-current assets | 0.3 | |||
Intangible assets | 8.7 | |||
Goodwill | 18.5 | |||
Deferred revenue | (0.1 | ) | ||
Deferred tax liability | (3.3 | ) | ||
Other current and non-current liabilities | (0.6 | ) | ||
Total purchase price | $ | 27.9 | ||
The allocation includes $8.7 million of acquired intangible assets, as follows:
(in millions) | Weighted Average Useful Life (years) | |||||
Customer-related assets | $ | 5.5 | 24 | |||
Technology-based assets | 3.0 | 4.5 | ||||
Intellectual property (trademarks and trade names) | 0.1 | 1 | ||||
Non-competition agreement | 0.1 | 3 | ||||
Total intangible assets | $ | 8.7 | 19 | |||
We recognized a deferred tax liability of $3.3 million mainly because the amortization expense related to certain intangible assets is not deductible for income tax purposes.
We recognized a deferred tax asset of $4.0 million mainly because of net operating losses of ByAllAccounts which will become available to Morningstar.
Goodwill of $18.5 million represents the premium we paid over the fair value of the acquired net tangible and intangible assets. We paid this premium for a number of reasons, including the opportunity to integrate the service into our offerings as well as expand and develop ByAllAccounts' third-party distribution relationships.
2013 Acquisitions
Increased Ownership Interest in Morningstar Sweden AB
In May 2013, we acquired an additional 76% interest in Morningstar Sweden AB (Morningstar Sweden), increasing our ownership to 100% from 24%. Morningstar’s main offerings in Sweden include Morningstar Direct, Morningstar Data, Morningstar Enterprise Components (formerly Integrated Web Tools), and Morningstar.se, a website for individual investors. We began consolidating the financial results of this acquisition in our Consolidated Financial Statements on May 2, 2013.
Morningstar Sweden's total estimated fair value of $18.5 million included $14.5 million in cash paid to acquire the remaining 76% interest in Morningstar Sweden and $4.0 million related to the 24% of Morningstar Sweden we previously held. We determined the fair value of the previously held 24% investment independent of the acquired controlling interest by applying a minority interest discount based on analysis of comparable transactions. Accordingly, we recorded a non-cash holding gain of $3.6 million, which is classified as "Holding gain upon acquisition of additional ownership of equity-method investments" in our Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2013.
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The following table summarizes our allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition:
(in millions) | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3.5 | ||
Accounts receivable and other current assets | 0.5 | |||
Other non-current assets | 0.2 | |||
Intangible assets | 9.7 | |||
Goodwill | 8.9 | |||
Deferred revenue | (1.2 | ) | ||
Deferred tax liability | (2.3 | ) | ||
Other current and non-current liabilities | (0.8 | ) | ||
Total fair value of Morningstar Sweden | $ | 18.5 | ||
The allocation included acquired intangible assets, as follows:
(in millions) | Weighted Average Useful Life (years) | |||||
Customer-related assets | $ | 9.7 | 14 | |||
Total intangible assets | $ | 9.7 | 14 | |||
We recognized a deferred tax liability of $2.3 million mainly because the amortization expense related to certain intangible assets is not deductible for income tax purposes.
Goodwill of $8.9 million represents the premium over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired with this acquisition. We paid this premium for a number of reasons, including the opportunity to offer Morningstar's full suite of products and services to investors in Sweden and further leverage Morningstar's global reach, investment databases, and technology expertise.
Goodwill
The following table shows the changes in our goodwill balances from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015:
(in millions) | ||||
Balance as of January 1, 2014 | $ | 326.5 | ||
Acquisition of HelloWallet and ByAllAccounts | 57.6 | |||
Other, primarily foreign currency translation | (14.0 | ) | ||
Balance as of December 31, 2014 | $ | 370.1 | ||
Other, primarily foreign currency translation | (5.9 | ) | ||
Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 364.2 | ||
We did not record any impairment losses in 2015, 2014, or 2013, as the estimated fair values of our reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. We perform our annual impairment testing during the fourth quarter of each year.
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Intangible Assets
The following table summarizes our intangible assets:
As of December 31, 2015 | As of December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net | Weighted Average Useful Life (years) | Gross | Accumulated Amortization | Net | Weighted Average Useful Life (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Intellectual property | $ | 28.3 | $ | (26.7 | ) | $ | 1.6 | 9 | $ | 29.0 | $ | (25.0 | ) | $ | 4.0 | 9 | ||||||||||||
Customer-related assets | 137.5 | (92.3 | ) | 45.2 | 12 | 141.5 | (83.6 | ) | 57.9 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||
Supplier relationships | 0.2 | (0.1 | ) | 0.1 | 20 | 0.2 | (0.1 | ) | 0.1 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||
Technology-based assets | 89.5 | (64.4 | ) | 25.1 | 8 | 88.8 | (57.4 | ) | 31.4 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-competition agreement | 4.6 | (2.4 | ) | 2.2 | 5 | 4.4 | (1.9 | ) | 2.5 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total intangible assets | $ | 260.1 | $ | (185.9 | ) | $ | 74.2 | 10 | $ | 263.9 | $ | (168.0 | ) | $ | 95.9 | 10 | ||||||||||||
The following table summarizes our amortization expense related to intangible assets:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Amortization expense | $ | 22.0 | $ | 22.3 | $ | 21.5 | ||||||
We did not record any impairment losses involving intangible assets in 2015, 2014, or 2013.
We amortize intangible assets using the straight-line method over their expected economic useful lives.
Based on acquisitions and divestitures completed through December 31, 2015, we expect intangible amortization expense for 2016 and subsequent years to be as follows:
(in millions) | ||||
2016 | $ | 17.7 | ||
2017 | 12.8 | |||
2018 | 10.7 | |||
2019 | 8.2 | |||
2020 | 4.7 | |||
Thereafter | 20.1 | |||
Our estimates of future amortization expense for intangible assets may be affected by additional acquisitions, divestitures, changes in the estimated average useful life, and currency translations.
8. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
Our investments in unconsolidated entities consist primarily of the following:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Investment in MJKK | $ | 24.3 | $ | 23.0 | ||||
Other equity method investments | 3.7 | 3.5 | ||||||
Investments accounted for using the cost method | 7.6 | 2.3 | ||||||
Total investments in unconsolidated entities | $ | 35.6 | $ | 28.8 | ||||
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Morningstar Japan K.K. Morningstar Japan K.K. (MJKK) develops and markets products and services customized for the Japanese market. MJKK’s shares are traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange under the ticker 47650. We account for our investment in MJKK using the equity method. The following table summarizes our ownership percentage in MJKK and the market value of this investment based on MJKK’s publicly quoted share price:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
2015 | 2014 | |||||||
Morningstar’s approximate ownership of MJKK | 34 | % | 34 | % | ||||
Approximate market value of Morningstar’s ownership in MJKK: | ||||||||
Japanese yen (¥ in millions) | ¥ | 8,200.5 | ¥ | 7,347.4 | ||||
Equivalent U.S. dollars ($ in millions) | $ | 68.1 | $ | 61.3 | ||||
Other Equity Method Investments. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, other equity method investments consist of our investment in Inquiry Financial Europe AB (Inquiry Financial) and YCharts, Inc. (YCharts). Inquiry Financial is a provider of sell-side consensus estimate data. Our ownership interest in Inquiry Financial was approximately 34% as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. YCharts is a technology company that provides stock research and analysis. Our ownership interest in YCharts was approximately 22% as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.
During 2014, we recorded an impairment loss of $1.7 million on our investment in an unconsolidated entity. We did not record any impairment losses on these investments in 2015 or 2013.
9. Property, Equipment, and Capitalized Software
The following table shows our property, equipment, and capitalized software summarized by major category:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Computer equipment | $ | 60.3 | $ | 53.4 | ||||
Capitalized software | 144.0 | 87.8 | ||||||
Furniture and fixtures | 24.3 | 23.2 | ||||||
Leasehold improvements | 61.9 | 54.3 | ||||||
Telephone equipment | 2.1 | 1.9 | ||||||
Construction in progress | 11.7 | 29.9 | ||||||
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, at cost | 304.3 | 250.5 | ||||||
Less accumulated depreciation | (169.8 | ) | (132.9 | ) | ||||
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net | $ | 134.5 | $ | 117.6 | ||||
The following table shows the amount of capitalized software development costs included in construction in progress:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Capitalized software development costs not yet placed into service | $ | — | $ | 18.1 | ||||
The following table summarizes our depreciation expense:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Depreciation expense | $ | 42.4 | $ | 32.6 | $ | 24.2 | ||||||
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10. Operating Leases
The following table shows our minimum future rental commitments due in each of the next five years and thereafter for all non-cancelable operating leases, consisting primarily of leases for office space:
Minimum Future Rental Commitments | (in millions) | |||
2016 | $ | 20.9 | ||
2017 | 20.3 | |||
2018 | 18.1 | |||
2019 | 13.5 | |||
2020 | 13.1 | |||
Thereafter | 35.7 | |||
Total | $ | 121.6 | ||
The following table summarizes our rent expense including taxes, insurance, and related operating costs:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Rent expense | $ | 27.1 | $ | 24.5 | $ | 22.2 | ||||||
Deferred rent includes build-out and rent abatement allowances received, which are amortized over the remaining portion of the original term of the lease as a reduction in office lease expense. We include deferred rent, as appropriate, in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” and “Deferred rent, noncurrent” on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Deferred rent | $ | 28.5 | $ | 29.1 | ||||
11. Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Our shareholders approved the Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2011 Plan) on May 17, 2011. As of that date, we stopped granting awards under the Morningstar 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (the 2004 Plan). The 2004 Plan amended and restated the Morningstar 1993 Stock Option Plan, the Morningstar 2000 Stock Option Plan, and the Morningstar 2001 Stock Option Plan.
The 2011 Plan provides for a variety of stock-based awards, including, among other things, restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance share awards, and stock options. We granted restricted stock units, restricted stock, and stock options under the 2004 Plan.
All of our employees and our non-employee directors are eligible for awards under the 2011 Plan.
Grants awarded under the 2011 Plan or the 2004 Plan that are forfeited, canceled, settled, or otherwise terminated without a distribution of shares, or shares withheld by us in connection with the exercise of options, will be available for awards under the 2011 Plan. Any shares subject to awards under the 2011 Plan, but not under the 2004 Plan, that are withheld by us in connection with the payment of any required income tax withholding will be available for awards under the 2011 Plan.
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The following table summarizes the number of shares available for future grants under our 2011 Plan:
As of December 31 | |||
(in millions) | 2015 | ||
Shares available for future grants | 4.0 | ||
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation Awards
The following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefit we recorded in the past three years:
Year ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Restricted stock units | $ | 16.1 | $ | 16.3 | $ | 14.1 | ||||||
Restricted stock | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||||||||
Performance share awards | 1.0 | 0.5 | — | |||||||||
Stock options | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |||||||||
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 17.4 | $ | 17.6 | $ | 15.0 | ||||||
Income tax benefit related to the stock-based compensation expense | $ | 5.0 | $ | 5.1 | $ | 4.0 | ||||||
The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense included in each of our operating expense categories for the past three years:
Year ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Cost of revenue | $ | 8.1 | $ | 7.8 | $ | 6.8 | ||||||
Sales and marketing | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | |||||||||
General and administrative | 7.1 | 7.7 | 6.2 | |||||||||
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 17.4 | $ | 17.6 | $ | 15.0 | ||||||
The following table summarizes the amount of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of December 31, 2015 and the expected number of months over which the expense will be recognized:
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense (in millions) | Weighted average expected amortization period (months) | |||||
Restricted stock units | $ | 31.4 | 31 | |||
Performance share awards | 1.2 | 24 | ||||
Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense | $ | 32.6 | 31 | |||
In accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, we estimate forfeitures of employee stock-based awards and recognize compensation cost only for those awards expected to vest. Our largest annual equity grants typically have vesting dates in the second quarter. We adjust the stock-based compensation expense annually in the third quarter to reflect those awards that ultimately vested and update our estimate of the forfeiture rate that will be applied to awards not yet vested.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock units represent the right to receive a share of Morningstar common stock when that unit vests. Restricted stock units granted to employees vest ratably over a four-year period. Restricted stock units granted to non-employee directors vest ratably over a three-year period. For restricted stock units granted through December 31, 2008, employees could elect to defer receipt of the Morningstar common stock issued upon vesting of the restricted stock unit.
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We measure the fair value of our restricted stock units on the date of grant based on the closing market price of the underlying common stock on the day prior to grant. We amortize that value to stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, ratably over the vesting period.
The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity during the past three years:
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | Unvested | Vested but Deferred | Total | Weighted Average Grant Date Value per RSU | |||||||||
RSUs Outstanding - January 1, 2013 | 727,145 | 18,782 | 745,927 | $ | 53.37 | ||||||||
Granted | 287,848 | — | 287,848 | 72.04 | |||||||||
Dividend equivalents | 2,773 | 157 | 2,930 | 57.39 | |||||||||
Vested | (278,549 | ) | — | (278,549 | ) | 50.41 | |||||||
Issued | — | (2,257 | ) | (2,257 | ) | 49.40 | |||||||
Forfeited | (59,215 | ) | — | (59,215 | ) | 57.58 | |||||||
RSUs Outstanding - December 31, 2013 | 680,002 | 16,682 | 696,684 | $ | 62.02 | ||||||||
Granted | 279,524 | — | 279,524 | 72.68 | |||||||||
Dividend equivalents | 2,621 | 150 | 2,771 | 55.70 | |||||||||
Vested | (268,115 | ) | — | (268,115 | ) | 58.91 | |||||||
Issued | — | (2,054 | ) | (2,054 | ) | 53.54 | |||||||
Forfeited | (38,098 | ) | — | (38,098 | ) | 65.21 | |||||||
RSUs Outstanding - December 31, 2014 | 655,934 | 14,778 | 670,712 | $ | 67.51 | ||||||||
Granted | 235,213 | — | 235,213 | 77.17 | |||||||||
Dividend equivalents | 1,409 | 146 | 1,555 | 56.42 | |||||||||
Vested | (253,038 | ) | — | (253,038 | ) | 64.65 | |||||||
Forfeited | (66,992 | ) | — | (66,992 | ) | 53.61 | |||||||
RSUs Outstanding - December 31, 2015 | 572,526 | 14,924 | 587,450 | $ | 72.14 | ||||||||
Performance Share Awards
In 2014, we introduced a long-term incentive award program consisting of performance shares. In March 2015, executive officers, other than Joe Mansueto, and certain other employees, were granted performance share awards. These awards entitle the holder to a number of shares of Morningstar common stock equal to the number of notional performance shares that become vested. Each award specifies a number of performance shares that will vest if pre-established target performance goals are attained. The number of performance shares that actually vest may be more or less than the specified number of performance shares to the extent Morningstar exceeds or fails to achieve, respectively, the target performance goals over a three-year performance period.
We base the grant date fair value for these awards on the closing market price of the underlying common stock on the day prior to the grant date. We amortize that value to stock-based compensation expense ratably over the vesting period based on the satisfaction of the performance condition that is most likely to be satisfied over the three-year performance period.
The table below shows target performance share awards granted and shares that would be issued at current performance levels for performance share awards granted as of December 31, 2015:
As of December 31, 2015 | ||||
Target performance share awards granted | 75,947 | |||
Weighted average fair value per award | $ | 76.33 | ||
Number of shares that would be issued based on current performance levels | 34,713 | |||
Unamortized expense, based on current performance levels (in millions) | $ | 1.2 | ||
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Stock Options
Stock options granted to employees vest ratably over a four-year period. Grants to our non-employee directors vest ratably over a three-year period. All grants expire 10 years after the date of grant.
In May 2011, we granted 86,106 stock options under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. In November 2011, we granted 6,095 stock options under the 2011 Plan. All options granted in 2011 have an exercise price equal to the fair market value on the grant date. We estimated the fair value of the options on the grant date using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The weighted average fair value of options granted during 2011 was $23.81 per share, based on the following assumptions:
Assumptions for Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model | |||
Expected life (years): | 7.4 | ||
Volatility factor: | 35.1 | % | |
Dividend yield: | 0.35 | % | |
Interest rate: | 2.87 | % | |
The following tables summarize stock option activity in the past three years for our various stock option grants. The first table includes activity for options granted at an exercise price below the fair value per share of our common stock on the grant date; the second table includes activity for all other option grants.
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||
Options Granted At an Exercise Price Below the Fair Value Per Share on the Grant Date | Underlying Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Underlying Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Underlying Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||||||
Options outstanding—beginning of year | — | $ | — | 179,559 | $ | 21.47 | 282,695 | $ | 20.55 | ||||||||||||
Granted | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Canceled | — | — | (150 | ) | 22.24 | (250 | ) | 21.48 | |||||||||||||
Exercised | — | — | (179,409 | ) | 22.08 | (102,886 | ) | 21.09 | |||||||||||||
Options outstanding—end of year | — | $ | — | — | $ | — | 179,559 | $ | 21.47 | ||||||||||||
Options exercisable—end of year | — | $ | — | — | $ | — | 179,559 | $ | 21.47 | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||
All Other Option Grants, Excluding Activity Shown Above | Underlying Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Underlying Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Underlying Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||||||
Options outstanding—beginning of year | 169,810 | $ | 40.20 | 253,972 | $ | 36.48 | 391,784 | $ | 28.98 | ||||||||||||
Granted | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Canceled | — | — | (526 | ) | 38.61 | (1,352 | ) | 16.19 | |||||||||||||
Exercised | (117,714 | ) | 32.91 | (83,636 | ) | 30.82 | (136,460 | ) | 16.84 | ||||||||||||
Options outstanding—end of year | 52,096 | $ | 57.52 | 169,810 | $ | 40.20 | 253,972 | $ | 36.48 | ||||||||||||
Options exercisable—end of year | 52,096 | $ | 57.52 | 154,864 | $ | 38.53 | 219,449 | $ | 33.18 | ||||||||||||
The following table summarizes the total intrinsic value (difference between the market value of our stock on the date of exercise and the exercise price of the option) of options exercised:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Intrinsic value of options exercised | $ | 5.1 | $ | 12.0 | $ | 12.8 | ||||||
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The table below shows additional information for options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2015:
Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Range of Exercise Prices | Number of Options | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions) | Exercisable Shares | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||
$57.28 - $59.35 | 52,096 | 4.77 | $ | 57.52 | $ | 1.2 | 52,096 | 4.77 | $ | 57.52 | $ | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||
Vested or Expected to Vest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
$57.28 - $59.35 | 52,096 | 4.77 | $ | 57.52 | $ | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value all option holders would have received if they had exercised all outstanding options on December 31, 2015. The intrinsic value is based on our closing stock price of $81.18 on December 30, 2015.
Excess Tax Benefits Related to Stock-Based Compensation
FASB ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, requires that we classify the cash flows that result from excess tax benefits as financing cash flows. Excess tax benefits correspond to the portion of the tax deduction taken on our income tax return that exceeds the amount of tax benefit related to the compensation cost recognized in our Consolidated Statement of Income. The following table summarizes our excess tax benefits for the past three years:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation | $ | 2.6 | $ | 4.4 | $ | 5.9 | ||||||
12. Defined Contribution Plan
We sponsor a defined contribution 401(k) plan, which allows our U.S.-based employees to voluntarily contribute pre-tax dollars up to a maximum amount allowable by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. In 2015, 2014, and 2013, we made matching contributions to our 401(k) plan in the United States in an amount equal to 75 cents for every dollar of an employee's contribution, up to a maximum of 7% of the employee's compensation in the pay period.
The following table summarizes our matching contributions:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
401(k) matching contributions | $ | 8.3 | $ | 7.5 | $ | 6.9 | ||||||
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13. Income Taxes
Income Tax Expense and Effective Tax Rate
The following table shows our income tax expense and our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | $ | 193.7 | $ | 114.0 | $ | 178.0 | ||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | 1.8 | — | 1.4 | |||||||||
Net loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest | (0.2 | ) | — | 0.1 | ||||||||
Total | $ | 195.3 | $ | 114.0 | $ | 179.5 | ||||||
Income tax expense | $ | 62.7 | $ | 35.7 | $ | 56.0 | ||||||
Effective tax rate | 32.1 | % | 31.3 | % | 31.2 | % | ||||||
The following table reconciles our income tax expense at the U.S. federal income tax rate of 35% to income tax expense as recorded:
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||
(in millions, except percentages) | Amount | % | Amount | % | Amount | % | |||||||||||||||
Income tax expense at U.S. federal rate | $ | 68.4 | 35.0 | % | $ | 39.9 | 35.0 | % | $ | 62.8 | 35.0 | % | |||||||||
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit | 6.6 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 1.7 | |||||||||||||||
Equity in net income of unconsolidated subsidiaries | — | — | (1.4 | ) | (1.2 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||
Net change in valuation allowance related to non-U.S. deferred tax assets, primarily net operating losses | (2.0 | ) | (1.0 | ) | (0.6 | ) | (0.5 | ) | (1.8 | ) | (1.0 | ) | |||||||||
Difference between U.S. federal statutory and foreign tax rates | (4.4 | ) | (2.3 | ) | (4.0 | ) | (3.5 | ) | (2.5 | ) | (1.4 | ) | |||||||||
Change in unrecognized tax benefits | (1.4 | ) | (0.7 | ) | 1.5 | 1.3 | (0.2 | ) | (0.1 | ) | |||||||||||
Credits and incentives | (5.1 | ) | (2.6 | ) | (2.9 | ) | (2.6 | ) | (4.4 | ) | (2.5 | ) | |||||||||
Recognition of deferred tax assets | — | — | (0.1 | ) | (0.1 | ) | (1.4 | ) | (0.8 | ) | |||||||||||
Other - net | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||
Total income tax expense | $ | 62.7 | 32.1 | % | $ | 35.7 | 31.3 | % | $ | 56.0 | 31.2 | % | |||||||||
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Income tax expense consists of the following:
Year ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
Current tax expense: | ||||||||||||
U.S. | ||||||||||||
Federal | $ | 42.8 | $ | 20.8 | $ | 42.8 | ||||||
State | 8.3 | 2.0 | 3.9 | |||||||||
Non-U.S. | 8.7 | 9.6 | 10.5 | |||||||||
Current tax expense | 59.8 | 32.4 | 57.2 | |||||||||
Deferred tax expense (benefit): | ||||||||||||
U.S. | ||||||||||||
Federal | 4.3 | 3.7 | 2.6 | |||||||||
State | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 | |||||||||
Non-U.S. | (3.2 | ) | (1.7 | ) | (4.6 | ) | ||||||
Deferred tax expense (benefit), net | 2.9 | 3.3 | (1.2 | ) | ||||||||
Income tax expense | $ | 62.7 | $ | 35.7 | $ | 56.0 | ||||||
The following table provides our income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities, generated by our U.S. and non-U.S. operations:
Year ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
U.S. | $ | 160.6 | $ | 80.4 | $ | 144.1 | ||||||
Non-U.S. | 33.1 | 33.6 | 33.9 | |||||||||
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | $ | 193.7 | $ | 114.0 | $ | 178.0 | ||||||
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Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
We recognize deferred income taxes for the temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial statement purposes and their tax basis. The tax effects of the temporary differences that give rise to the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Deferred tax assets: | ||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 3.1 | $ | 3.3 | ||||
Accrued liabilities | 14.3 | 13.6 | ||||||
Deferred revenue | 0.9 | — | ||||||
Net operating loss carryforwards - U.S. federal and state | 7.6 | 10.5 | ||||||
Net operating loss carryforwards - Non-U.S. | 3.7 | 7.7 | ||||||
Credits and incentive carryforwards | 0.6 | — | ||||||
Deferred royalty revenue | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts | 1.0 | 0.9 | ||||||
Deferred rent | 8.9 | 10.0 | ||||||
Unrealized exchange losses, net | 0.4 | — | ||||||
Total deferred tax assets | 40.8 | 46.4 | ||||||
Deferred tax liabilities: | ||||||||
Acquired intangible assets | (13.2 | ) | (16.4 | ) | ||||
Property, equipment, and capitalized software | (28.1 | ) | (23.2 | ) | ||||
Unrealized exchange gains, net | — | (0.2 | ) | |||||
Prepaid expenses | (4.3 | ) | (3.7 | ) | ||||
Investments in unconsolidated entities | (13.7 | ) | (12.8 | ) | ||||
Other | (0.1 | ) | (0.4 | ) | ||||
Total deferred tax liabilities | (59.4 | ) | (56.7 | ) | ||||
Net deferred tax liability before valuation allowance | (18.6 | ) | (10.3 | ) | ||||
Valuation allowance | (1.2 | ) | (6.7 | ) | ||||
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (19.8 | ) | $ | (17.0 | ) | ||
The deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Deferred tax asset, net - current | $ | — | $ | — | ||||
Deferred tax liability, net - non-current | (19.8 | ) | (17.0 | ) | ||||
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (19.8 | ) | $ | (17.0 | ) | ||
As a result of our retrospective adoption of ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, our December 31, 2014 Consolidated Balance Sheet reflects a $9.0 million reclassification of current deferred tax assets to non-current liabilities.
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The following table summarizes our U.S. net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards:
As of December 31 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||
Expiration Dates | Expiration Dates | |||||||||
U.S. federal NOLs subject to expiration dates | $ | 21.6 | 2023-2034 | $ | 30.0 | 2023-2034 | ||||
The decrease in U.S. NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2015 compared with 2014 primarily reflects the use of NOL carryforwards in our U.S. operations.
The following table summarizes our NOL carryforwards for our non-U.S. operations:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Non-U.S. NOLs subject to expiration dates from 2019 through 2035 | $ | 2.9 | $ | 5.2 | ||||
Non-U.S. NOLs with no expiration date | 15.5 | 32.7 | ||||||
Total | $ | 18.4 | $ | 37.9 | ||||
Non-U.S. NOLs not subject to valuation allowances | $ | 12.1 | $ | 5.1 | ||||
The decrease in non-U.S. NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2015 compared with 2014 primarily reflects the use of NOL carryforwards.
We have not provided federal and state income taxes on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries aggregating approximately $142.7 million as of December 31, 2015, because these earnings have been permanently reinvested. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to the undistributed earnings.
In assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have recorded a valuation allowance against all but approximately $12.1 million of the non-U.S. NOLs, reflecting the likelihood that the benefit of these NOLs will not be realized.
Uncertain Tax Positions
We conduct business globally and as a result, we file income tax returns in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business we are subject to examination by tax authorities throughout the world. The open tax years for our U.S. Federal tax returns and most state tax returns include the years 2008 to the present.
We are currently under audit by federal, state and local tax authorities in the United States as well as tax authorities in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions. It is likely that the examination phase of some of these U.S. federal, state, local, and non-U.S. audits will conclude in 2016. It is not possible to estimate the effect of current audits on previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits.
As of December 31, 2015, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included a current liability of $4.2 million and a non-current liability of $6.0 million for unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2014, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included a current liability of $5.1 million and a non-current liability of $6.6 million for unrecognized tax benefits. These amounts include interest and penalties, less any associated tax benefits.
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The table below reconciles the beginning and ending amount of the gross unrecognized tax benefits as follows:
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Gross unrecognized tax benefits - beginning of the year | $ | 11.9 | $ | 13.0 | ||||
Increases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior-year period | 4.4 | 0.9 | ||||||
Decreases as a result of tax positions taken during a prior-year period | (0.7 | ) | (0.1 | ) | ||||
Increases as a result of tax positions taken during the current period | 2.4 | 2.0 | ||||||
Decreases relating to settlements with tax authorities | (1.8 | ) | (2.4 | ) | ||||
Reductions as a result of lapse of the applicable statute of limitations | (1.7 | ) | (1.5 | ) | ||||
Gross unrecognized tax benefits - end of the year | $ | 14.5 | $ | 11.9 | ||||
In 2015, we recorded a net increase of $6.0 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits before settlements and lapses of statutes of limitations, of which $2.1 million increased our income tax expense by $2.1 million. In addition, we reduced our unrecognized tax benefits by $3.5 million for settlements and lapses of statutes of limitations, of which $3.4 million decreased our income tax expense by $3.2 million.
As of December 31, 2015, we had $14.5 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, of which $10.5 million, if recognized, would reduce our effective income tax rate and decrease our income tax expense by $9.4 million.
We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of our income tax expense. The following table summarizes our gross liability for interest and penalties:
As of December 31 | ||||||||
(in millions) | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Liabilities for interest and penalties | $ | 1.2 | $ | 1.5 | ||||
We recorded the decrease in the liability, net of any tax benefits, to income tax expense in our Consolidated Statement of Income in 2015.
14. Contingencies
We are involved in legal proceedings and litigation that have arisen in the normal course of our business. Although the outcome of a particular proceeding can never be predicted, we do not believe the result of any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.
15. Share Repurchase Program
We have an ongoing authorization, originally approved by our board of directors in September 2010, and subsequently amended, to repurchase up to $1.0 billion in shares of our outstanding common stock. The authorization expires on December 31, 2017. We may repurchase shares from time to time at prevailing market prices on the open market or in private transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.
As of December 31, 2015, we had repurchased a total of 9,383,132 shares for $623.5 million under this authorization, leaving approximately $376.5 million available for future repurchases.
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16. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The original effective date for ASU 2014-09 would have required the Company to adopt beginning on January 1, 2017. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Deferral of the Effective Date, which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for one year and permits early adoption as early as the original effective date of ASU 2014-09. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2018. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2014-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. We have not yet selected a transition method nor have we determined the effect of the standard on our ongoing financial reporting.
On September 28, 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement Period Adjustments, which eliminates the requirement to restate prior period financial statements for measurement period adjustments. The new standard requires that the cumulative impact of a measurement period adjustment (including the impact on prior periods) be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment is identified. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2016. We elected to early adopt ASU No. 2015-16 in the quarter ended December 31, 2015. The adoption of ASU No. 2015-16 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
On November 20, 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position and apply to all entities that present a classified statement of financial position. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2017. The standard permits the use of either the prospective or retrospective method. We elected to early adopt ASU No. 2015-17 retrospectively in the quarter ended December 31, 2015. The adoption of ASU No. 2015-17 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
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17. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
2014 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions except per share amounts) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 181.2 | $ | 189.4 | $ | 193.1 | $ | 196.4 | $ | 189.8 | $ | 202.1 | $ | 195.3 | $ | 201.6 | ||||||||||||||||
Total operating expense | 142.7 | 214.2 | 147.8 | 149.8 | 145.3 | 152.4 | 149.1 | 151.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating income (loss) | 38.5 | (24.8 | ) | 45.3 | 46.6 | 44.5 | 49.7 | 46.2 | 50.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-operating income (expense), net | 0.9 | 5.9 | (0.3 | ) | 1.8 | (0.4 | ) | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated entities | 39.4 | (18.9 | ) | 45.0 | 48.4 | 44.1 | 50.3 | 47.6 | 51.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated entities | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | (1.4 | ) | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) | 13.7 | (8.6 | ) | 15.1 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 18.7 | 14.6 | 14.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated net income (loss) | 26.3 | (9.8 | ) | 30.2 | 31.5 | 29.8 | 32.2 | 33.5 | 37.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interests | 0.1 | — | — | — | (0.1 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Morningstar, Inc. | $ | 26.4 | $ | (9.8 | ) | $ | 30.2 | $ | 31.5 | $ | 29.7 | $ | 32.2 | $ | 33.5 | $ | 37.3 | |||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) per share attributable to Morningstar, Inc. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | $ | 0.59 | $ | (0.22 | ) | $ | 0.67 | $ | 0.71 | $ | 0.67 | $ | 0.73 | $ | 0.76 | $ | 0.85 | |||||||||||||||
Diluted | $ | 0.58 | $ | (0.22 | ) | $ | 0.67 | $ | 0.71 | $ | 0.67 | $ | 0.72 | $ | 0.76 | $ | 0.85 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends per common share: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.22 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends paid per common share | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.19 | $ | 0.19 | ||||||||||||||||
Weighted average shares outstanding: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | 44.8 | 44.8 | 44.7 | 44.4 | 44.3 | 44.3 | 44.2 | 43.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Diluted | 45.1 | 44.8 | 44.9 | 44.5 | 44.5 | 44.4 | 44.3 | 43.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We design disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2015. Management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, participated in and supervised this evaluation. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act meets the requirements listed above.
(b) Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued its report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K under the caption “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended December 31, 2015, we migrated several of our international operations to the new version of our primary accounting system. This application is an integral part of our financial reporting process and materially affects our internal control environment over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2015, management is not aware of any control deficiencies related to this change.
Other than the change noted above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
There is no information that was required to be disclosed in a report on Form 8-K during the fourth quarter of the year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that was not reported.
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Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
The information contained under the headings Proposal 1—Election of Directors, Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Independent Directors, Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Board Committees and Charters, and Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance in the definitive proxy statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the Proxy Statement) and the information contained under the heading Executive Officers in Part I of this report is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
We have adopted a code of ethics, which is posted in the Investor Relations section of our website at http://corporate.morningstar.com. We intend to include on our website any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of the code of ethics that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, or controller that relates to any element of the code of ethics definition contained in Item 406(b) of SEC Regulation S-K. Shareholders may request a free copy of these documents by sending an e-mail to investors@morningstar.com.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information contained under the headings Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Directors' Compensation, Compensation Discussion and Analysis, Compensation Committee Report, Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation, and Executive Compensation in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information contained under the headings Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Equity Compensation Plan Information in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information contained under the headings Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions and Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Independent Directors in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information contained under the headings Audit Committee Report and Principal Accounting Firm Fees in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
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Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)
1. Consolidated Financial Statements
The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | |
Financial Statements: | |
Consolidated Statements of Income—Years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 | |
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 | |
Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2015 and 2014 | |
Consolidated Statements of Equity—Years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 | |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 | |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |
2. Financial Statement Schedules
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The report of KPMG LLP dated February 26, 2016 concerning the Financial Statement Schedule II, Morningstar, Inc., and subsidiaries Valuation and Qualifying Accounts, is included at the beginning of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2015, December 31, 2014, and December 31, 2013.
The following financial statement schedule is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
Schedule II: Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
All other schedules have been omitted as they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is otherwise included.
(in millions) | Balance at Beginning of Year | Charged (Credited) to Costs & Expenses | Additions (Deductions) Including Currency Translations | Balance at End of Year | ||||||||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts: | ||||||||||||||||
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
2015 | $ | 1.5 | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.2 | ) | $ | 1.8 | |||||||
2014 | 1.1 | 0.5 | (0.1 | ) | 1.5 | |||||||||||
2013 | 0.6 | 0.8 | (0.3 | ) | 1.1 | |||||||||||
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3. Exhibits
Exhibit | Description | ||
3.1 | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Morningstar are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, Registration No. 333-115209 (the Registration Statement). | ||
3.2 | By-laws of Morningstar, as in effect on July 28, 2006, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on July 31, 2006. | ||
4.1 | Specimen Common Stock Certificate is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement. | ||
10.1* | Form of Indemnification Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registration Statement. | ||
10.2* | Morningstar Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2014, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. | ||
10.3* | Morningstar 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective as of July 24, 2009, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2009. | ||
10.4* | Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on May 18, 2011. | ||
10.5* | Form of Morningstar 2004 Stock Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005. | ||
10.6* | Form of Morningstar 2004 Stock Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement for awards made on May 15, 2011 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011 (the June 2011 10-Q). | ||
10.7* | Form of Morningstar 2004 Stock Incentive Plan Director Stock Option Agreement for awards made on May 15, 2011 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the June 2011 10-Q. | ||
10.8* | Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for awards made on and after August 15, 2011 and prior to May 15, 2013 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011 (the September 2011 10-Q). | ||
10.9* | Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Stock Option Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 (the 2011 10-K). | ||
10.10* | Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Director Stock Option Agreement is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the 2011 10-K. | ||
10.11* | Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement for awards made on and after May 15, 2013 is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013 (the June 2013 10-Q). | ||
10.12†* | Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, as amended and restated effective December 3, 2015. | ||
10.13†* | Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Performance Share Award Agreement, as amended and restated effective December 3, 2015, for awards made on March 15, 2014. | ||
10.14†* | Form of Morningstar 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Performance Share Award Agreement, as amended and restated effective December 3, 2015, for awards made on and after March 15, 2015. | ||
10.15 | Settlement Agreement dated July 17, 2014 between Morningstar, Ibbotson Associates, and Business Logic is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on July 17, 2014. | ||
21.1† | Subsidiaries of Morningstar. | ||
23.1† | Consent of KPMG LLP. | ||
31.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. | ||
31.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. | ||
32.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | ||
32.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | ||
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101† | The following financial information from Morningstar Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2016, formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. | ||
* Management contract with a director or executive officer or a compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.
† Filed herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized on February 26, 2016.
MORNINGSTAR, INC. | |||
By: | /s/ Joe Mansueto | ||
Joe Mansueto | |||
Title: Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer | |||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature | Title | Date | ||
/s/ Joe Mansueto | Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive | February 26, 2016 | ||
Joe Mansueto | Officer (principal executive officer) | |||
/s/ Stéphane Biehler | Chief Financial Officer (principal | February 26, 2016 | ||
Stéphane Biehler | financial and accounting officer) | |||
/s/ Donald J. Phillips II | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Donald J. Phillips II | ||||
/s/ Robin Diamonte | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Robin Diamonte | ||||
/s/ Cheryl Francis | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Cheryl Francis | ||||
/s/ Steven Kaplan | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Steven Kaplan | ||||
/s/ Gail Landis | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Gail Landis | ||||
/s/ Bill Lyons | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Bill Lyons | ||||
/s/ Jack Noonan | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Jack Noonan | ||||
/s/ Paul Sturm | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Paul Sturm | ||||
/s/ Hugh Zentmyer | Director | February 26, 2016 | ||
Hugh Zentmyer | ||||
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