NI Holdings, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2017 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017

For the transition period from                 to                

Commission file number 001-37973

NI HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(701) 298-4200

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  x  Yes    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   x  Yes    No  o

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   o  Yes    No  x

The number of shares of Registrant’s common stock outstanding on May 12, 2017 was 22,760,000. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q:

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This document contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of such words as “estimate”, “project”, “believe”, “could”, “may”, “intend”, “anticipate”, “plan”, “seek”, “expect” and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include:

The forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, the factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” that could affect the actual outcome of future events.

All of these factors are difficult to predict and many are beyond our control. These important factors include those discussed under “Risk Factors” and those listed below:

Because forward-looking information is subject to various risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from that expressed or implied by the forward-looking information.

Part I. - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. - Financial Statements

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets

(dollars in thousands) 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations

(dollars in thousands, except per share data) 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(dollars in thousands) 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(dollars in thousands) 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 

NI Holdings, Inc.

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(dollars in thousands) 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 

NI Holdings, Inc. (“NI Holdings”) is a North Dakota business corporation that is the stock holding company of Nodak Insurance Company and became such in connection with the conversion of Nodak Mutual Insurance Company from a mutual to stock form of organization and the creation of a mutual holding company. The conversion was consummated on March 13, 2017. Immediately following the conversion, all of the outstanding shares of common stock of Nodak Insurance Company were issued to Nodak Mutual Group, which then contributed the shares to NI Holdings in exchange for 55% of the outstanding shares of common stock of NI Holdings. Nodak Insurance Company then became a wholly owned stock subsidiary of NI Holdings. Prior to completion of the conversion, NI Holdings conducted no business and had no assets or liabilities. As a result of the conversion, NI Holdings became the holding company for Nodak Insurance Company and its existing subsidiaries.

The consolidated financial statements of NI Holdings consist primarily of five entities: Nodak Insurance Company (“Nodak Insurance”), Nodak Agency, Inc. (“Nodak Agency”), American West Insurance Company (“American West”), Primero Insurance Company (“Primero”), and an affiliated company, Battle Creek Mutual Insurance Company (“Battle Creek”).

Nodak Insurance, an affiliated company of the North Dakota Farm Bureau, is the largest domestic property and casualty insurance company in North Dakota. Nodak Insurance was incorporated on April 15, 1946 under the laws of North Dakota. Nodak Insurance is a leading writer of property and casualty insurance in North Dakota, specializing in providing private passenger auto, homeowners, farmowners, commercial, crop hail, and Federal crop insurance coverages.

Nodak Agency, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, is a non-active shell corporation.

American West, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, is a property and casualty insurance company licensed in eight states in the Midwest and Western regions of the United States. The company began writing policies in 2002 and currently writes in Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota.

Primero Insurance Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tri-State, Ltd. Tri-State, Ltd. is a non-active shell corporation 100% owned by Nodak Insurance. Primero is a property and casualty insurance company writing non-standard automobile coverage in the states of Nevada, Arizona, North Dakota and South Dakota.

Battle Creek is controlled by Nodak Insurance via a surplus note and 100% quota share agreement. The terms of the surplus note and quota share allow Nodak Insurance to appoint two-thirds of the board of directors. Battle Creek is a property and casualty insurance company writing personal auto, homeowners, and farm coverages solely in the state of Nebraska.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business, pricing practices, and underwriting standards of Nodak Insurance and its insurance subsidiaries. In addition, the insurance companies share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. Distinctions within the products of the insurance companies generally relate to the states in which the risk is located and specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business.

Our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), include our accounts and those of our wholly owned subsidiaries, as well as Battle Creek, an entity we control via contract. We have eliminated all significant inter-company accounts and transactions in consolidation. The terms “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company” as used herein refer to the consolidated entity.

Use of Estimates:

In preparing our consolidated financial statements, our management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

We make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our consolidated financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, valuation of investments, determination of other-than-temporary impairments, valuation allowances for deferred income tax assets,

and deferred policy acquisition costs. While we believe our estimates are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current results of operations.

Variable-Interest Entities:

Any company deemed to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) is required to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

We assess our investments in other entities at inception to determine if any meet the qualifications of a VIE. We consider an investment in another company to be a VIE if either (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) the characteristics of a controlling financial interest are missing (either the ability to make decisions through voting or other rights, the obligation to absorb expected losses of the entity or the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity), or (c) the voting rights of the equity holders are not proportional to their obligations to absorb the expected losses of the entity and/or the rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. Upon the occurrence of certain events, we would reassess our initial determination of whether the investment is a VIE.

We evaluate whether we are the primary beneficiary of each VIE and we consolidate the VIE if we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity. We consider the contractual agreements that define the ownership structure, distribution of profits and losses, risks, responsibilities, indebtedness, voting rights, and board representation of the respective parties in determining whether we qualify as the primary beneficiary. Our assessment of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE is performed at least annually.

We control Battle Creek via a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement between Nodak Insurance and Battle Creek, as well as the ability to control a majority of the Board of Directors of Battle Creek. Through the effects of the 100% quota share agreement with Battle Creek, we are considered the primary beneficiary of Battle Creek’s operating results excluding investment income, bad debt expense, and income taxes. Therefore, we consolidate Battle Creek, and Battle Creek’s policyholders’ interest in Battle Creek is reflected as a non-controlling interest in equity in our consolidated balance sheet.

Cash and Cash Equivalents:

Cash and cash equivalents include certain investments in highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less. Cost approximates fair value for these short term investments.

Investments:

We have categorized our investment portfolio as “available-for-sale” and have reported the portfolio at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of income tax, reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities. Amortization of premium and accretion of discount are computed using an effective interest method. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and included in the determination of income. Net investment income includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of market premiums and discounts, and is net of investment management and custody fees.

We review our investments each quarter to determine whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other than temporary. Accordingly, we assess whether we intend to sell or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit losses. For debt securities that are considered other-than-temporarily impaired and that we do not intend to sell and will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis, we separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings and is the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. The remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of future expected cash flows is due to factors that are not credit related and, therefore, is not required to be recognized as losses in the consolidated statement of operations, but is recognized in other comprehensive income.

We classify each fair value measurement at the appropriate level in the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market price in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level I measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level III measurements). An asset’s or liability’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is

based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation.

Level I – Quoted price in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level II – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly. Level II inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities other than quoted in prices in Level I; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level III – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Level III assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments:

Our other financial instruments aside from investments are cash and cash equivalents, premium and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable. The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, premium and agents’ balances receivable, and accrued expenses and accounts payable approximate their fair value based on their short-term nature. Other invested assets that do not have observable inputs and little or no market activity are carried on a cost basis. The carrying value of these other invested assets was $1,972 at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

Reclassifications:

Certain amounts in 2016 have been reclassified to conform to the 2017 presentation.

Revenue Recognition:

We record premiums written at policy inception and recognize them as revenue on a pro rata basis over the policy term. The portion of premiums that could be earned in the future is deferred and reported as unearned premiums. When policies lapse, the Company reverses the unearned portion of the written premium and removes the applicable unearned premium. Policy-related fee income is recognized when collected.

The Company uses the direct write-off method for recognizing bad debts. Accounts are deemed to be delinquent after 60 days except for those accounts associated with amounts due from insureds for premiums in which case policy cancellation procedures are commenced in accordance with state insurance regulations. Any earned but uncollected premiums are written off immediately upon the effective date of policy cancellation.

Policy Acquisition Costs:

We defer our policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding commissions, which vary with and relate directly to the production of business. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which we earn the premiums. The method we follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss adjustment expenses, and certain other costs we expect to incur as we earn the premium.

Property and Equipment:

We report property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses:

Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances then known. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. We base

our estimates of liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability, and other factors. During the loss adjustment period, we may learn additional facts regarding certain claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for us to refine and adjust our estimates of liability. We reflect any adjustments to our liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses in our operating results in the period in which we determine the need for a change in the estimates.

We maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. We establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. We base the amount of our liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim, and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss our policyholder incurred. We determine the amount of our liability for unreported claims and loss adjustment expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. We account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. We closely monitor our liabilities and update them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. We do not discount our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions as to our internal operations. Assumptions related to our external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment which may impact liability exposure, the trends in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions, and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodologies, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business, and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent we determine that underlying factors impacting our assumptions have changed, we attempt to make appropriate adjustments for such changes in our reserves. Accordingly, our ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded.

Income Taxes:

With the exception of Battle Creek, which files a stand-alone federal income tax return, we file a consolidated federal income tax return.

The Company reports any tax related interest and penalties as part of income tax expense in the year such amounts are determinable.

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts.

Credit Risk:

Our objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed income securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments, is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay the debt. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our investment staff and advisors. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

Property and liability insurance coverages are marketed through captive agents in North Dakota and through independent insurance agencies located throughout all other operating areas. All business is billed directly to policyholders.

We maintain cash balances primarily at one bank, which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250. During the normal course of business, balances are maintained above the FDIC insurance limit. The Company maintains short-term investment balances in investment grade money market accounts that are insured by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) up to $500. On occasion, balances for these accounts are maintained in excess of the SIPC insurance limit.

Reinsurance:

The Company limits the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks in concentrated areas of exposure by

reinsuring (ceding) certain levels of risks to other insurers or reinsurers, either on an automatic basis under general reinsurance contracts knows as “treaties” or by negotiation on substantial individual risks. Ceded reinsurance is treated as the risk and liability of the assuming companies.

In the event that all or any of the reinsuring companies might be unable to meet their obligations under existing reinsurance agreements, the Company would be liable for such defaulted amounts.

Advertising Costs:

Advertising costs are expensed as they are incurred. Advertising expense was $183 and $207 for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets:

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment upon the occurrence of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods. We did not record any impairments of goodwill or other intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2017 or the year ended December 31, 2016.

Goodwill representing the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is reported separately in the consolidated balance sheet. The purchase price in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired was negotiated at arms-length with an unrelated party and was based upon the strategic decision by Company management to expand both the geographic footprint and product lines of the Company. The nature of the business acquired was such that there were limited intangible assets not reflected in the net assets acquired. The purchase price was paid with a combination of cash and cancellation of obligations owed to the acquired company by the sellers. The goodwill which arose from this transaction is included in the basis of the net assets acquired and this is not deductible for tax purposes.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued guidance that requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. While the guidance will replace most existing GAAP revenue recognition guidance, the scope of the guidance excludes insurance contracts. The new standard is effective on January 1, 2018. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or the cumulative effect transition method. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2015, the FASB issued guidance that requires entities to provide additional disclosures about their liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses to increase the transparency of significant estimates for annual reporting periods. The guidance requires entities to disclose information about significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including the reasons for the changes and the effects on the entities’ financial statements, and the timing, frequency and severity of claims. The guidance also requires entities to disclose a rollforward of the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for annual and interim reporting periods. The guidance was effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows but changes to our disclosures were required.

In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance that generally requires entities to measure equity investments at fair value and recognize changes in fair value in their results of operations. The guidance also simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments, without readily determinable fair values by requiring entities to perform a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. The FASB issued other disclosure and presentation improvements related to financial instruments within the guidance. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance that requires lessees to recognize leases, including operating leases, on the

lessee’s balance sheet, unless a lease is considered a short-term lease. The guidance also requires entities to make new judgments to identify leases. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and permits early adoption. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued a new standard that will require timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The guidance will require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better form their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. Organizations will continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. Additionally, the guidance requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Finally, the guidance amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. We are evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations, and our cash flows.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, were as follows:

The amortized costs and estimated fair value of fixed income securities at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations which may or may not include call or prepayment penalties.

Fixed income securities with a market value of $3,525 at March 31, 2017 and $3,530 at December 31, 2016 were deposited with various state regulatory agencies as required by law. The Company has not pledged any assets to secure any obligations.

The following tables summarize, for all securities in an unrealized loss position, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

We frequently review our investment portfolio for declines in fair value. Our process for identifying declines in the fair value of investments that are other than temporary involves consideration of several factors. These factors include (i) the time period in which there has been a significant decline in value, (ii) an analysis of the liquidity, business prospects and overall financial condition of the issuer, (iii) the significance of the decline, and (iv) our intent and ability to hold the investment for a sufficient period of time for the value to recover. When our analysis of the above factors results in the conclusion that declines in fair values are other than temporary, the cost of the securities is written down to fair value and the previously unrealized loss is therefore reflected as a realized loss. The Company did not record any impairments in the three months ended March 31, 2017 or 2016. As of March 31, 2017, 114 fixed income securities had unrealized losses. As of December 31, 2016, 129 fixed income securities had unrealized losses. In conjunction with our outside investment advisors, we analyzed the credit ratings of the securities as well as the historical monthly amortized cost to fair value ratio of securities in an unrealized loss position. This analysis yielded no fixed income securities which had fair values less than 80% of amortized cost values for the preceding 12-month period.

Net investment income consisted of the following for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:

Net realized capital gains on investments consisted of the following for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016:

We maximize the use of observable inputs in our valuation techniques and apply unobservable inputs only to the extent that observable inputs are unavailable. The largest class of assets and liabilities carried at fair value by the Company at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were fixed income securities.

Prices provided by independent pricing services and independent broker quotes can vary widely, even for the same security.

Our available-for-sale investments are comprised of a variety of different securities, which are classified into levels based on the valuation technique and inputs used in their valuation. The valuation of cash equivalents and equity securities are generally based on Level I inputs, which use the market approach valuation technique. The valuation of fixed income securities generally

incorporates significant Level II inputs using the market and income approach techniques. We may assign a lower level to inputs typically considered to be Level II based on our assessment of liquidity and relative level of uncertainty surrounding inputs. There were no assets or liabilities classified as Level III at March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.

The following tables set forth our assets which are measured on a recurring basis by the level within the fair value hierarchy in which fair value measurements fall as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.

The Company will assume and cede certain premiums and losses to and from various companies and associations under various reinsurance agreements. The Company seeks to limit the maximum net loss that can arise from large risks or risks in concentrated areas of exposure through use of these agreements, either on an automatic basis under general reinsurance contracts known as treaties or by negotiation on substantial individual risks.

Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligation to policyholders. Additionally, failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in significant losses to us. There can be no assurance that reinsurance will continue to be available to us at the same extent, and at the same cost, as it has in the past. The Company may choose in the future to reevaluate the use of reinsurance to increase or decrease the amounts of risk ceded to reinsurers.

As a group at December 31, 2016, the Company retained $5,000 of losses from catastrophic events and had reinsurance under various reinsurance agreements up to $74,600 in excess of its $5,000 retained risk. Effective January 1, 2017, the catastrophic retention amount was increased to $10,000.

The Company actively monitors and evaluates the financial condition of the reinsurers and develops estimates of the uncollectible amounts due from reinsurers. Such estimates are made based on periodic evaluation of balances due from reinsurers, judgments regarding reinsurers’ solvency, known disputes, reporting characteristics of the underlying reinsured business, historical experience, current economic conditions, and the state of reinsurer relations in general. Collection risk is mitigated from reinsurers by entering into reinsurance arrangements only with reinsurers that have strong credit ratings and statutory surplus above certain levels. The Company’s largest reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses were due from reinsurance companies with A.M. Best ratings of A- or higher.

A reconciliation of direct to net premiums on both a written and an earned basis for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

A reconciliation of direct to net losses and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

If 100% of our ceded reinsurance was cancelled as of March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016, no ceded commissions would need to be returned to the reinsurers.

Activity with regards to our deferred policy acquisition costs during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:

Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2016 is summarized as follows:

The prior years’ provision for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses decreased by $2,799 during the first three months of 2017, and decreased $4,756 during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. As additional information becomes known regarding individual claims, original estimates are increased or decreased accordingly.

Property and equipment at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 consisted of the following:

Depreciation expense was $124 and $126 for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

As described in Note 1, the conversion of the mutual company to a stock company resulted in the issuance of NI Holdings common shares on March 13, 2017. Earnings per share are computed by dividing net income for the period by the average number of common shares outstanding of 22,760,000 for the period. There were no dilutive potential common shares outstanding during this period. Unearned ESOP shares are not considered outstanding until they are released and allocated to plan participants. Earnings per share calculations were not applicable for periods prior to first quarter 2017.

We were organized by the North Dakota Farm Bureau (“NDFB”) to provide insurance protection for its members and, accordingly, the two organizations operate for the mutual benefit of each other. We have a royalty agreement with the NDFB which calls for royalties based on the premiums written on Nodak Insurance’s insurance policies. Royalties paid to the NDFB were $294 and $285 during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Royalties of $118 and $96 were accrued as liabilities to the NDFB at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

The following table illustrates the impact of consolidating Battle Creek into our consolidated balance sheets prior to intercompany eliminations:

Total revenues and expenses of Battle Creek prior to intercompany eliminations were $58 and $0 during the three months ended March 31, 2017, and $28 and $0 during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

The Company sponsors a money purchase plan that covers all eligible employees. Plan costs are funded annually as they earned. The Company’s contribution accrual for the money purchase plan totaled $154 and $197 for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company also sponsors a 401(k) plan with an automatic contribution to all eligible employees and a matching contribution for eligible employees of 50% up to 3% of eligible compensation. The Company’s contribution accrual to the 401(k) plan totaled $115 and $118 for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. All fees associated with both plans are deducted from the eligible employee accounts.

Effective April 28, 2016, the Board of Directors authorized a non-qualified deferred compensation plan covering key executives of the Company as designated by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company’s policy is to fund the plan in a given calendar year by amounts that exceed the maximum contribution allowed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”). Funds deposited during the three months ended March 31, 2017 totaled $105.

Nodak Mutual has a $3,000 line of credit with Wells Fargo, N.A., of which there were no outstanding amounts as of March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016. This line of credit is due to expire on October 31, 2017.

At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had no unrecognized tax benefits, no accrued interest and penalties, and no significant uncertain tax positions. No interest and penalties were recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2017 or the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.

At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company, other than Battle Creek, had no income tax related carryovers for net operating losses, alternative minimum tax credits, or capital losses. Battle Creek, which files its income tax returns on a stand-alone basis, had $5,171 and $5,171 of net operating loss carryover at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The net operating loss carryforward expires beginning in 2021 through 2030. In 2016, a $247 capital loss carryover expired and none of the capital loss carryover was utilized against realized capital gains.

We lease facilities, equipment, and software under non-cancellable operating leases expiring at various times through November 2017. Expenses related to these commitments were $80 and $86 for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Minimum future payments under these non-cancellable leases having remaining terms in excess of one year as of March 31, 2017 were less than $100 per year.

We also lease a portion of our home office building under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in December 2017.

We have been named as a defendant in various lawsuits relating to our insurance operations. Contingent liabilities arising from litigation, income taxes and other matters are not considered to be material to our financial position.

The Company does not have any unrecorded or potential contingent liabilities or material commitments requiring the use of assets as of March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.

We have three primary insurance product lines, which consist of multi-peril crop and hail, non-standard auto and other property and casualty coverages. We do not allocate assets, underwriting expenses or fee and other income to the individual product lines and generally review the products in the aggregate for purposes of managerial decision making. We operate only in the United States, and no single customer or agent provides 10 percent or more of our revenues. The table below outlines revenue by insurance product line for the three months ended as of March 31, 2017 and 2016.

We have evaluated subsequent events through May 11, 2017, the date these consolidated financial statements were available for issuance.

Item 2. - Management’s s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Company’s operating results and financial condition than can be obtained from reading the Consolidated Unaudited Financial Statements alone. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Unaudited Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.” Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information. You should review “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described, or implied by, the forward-looking statements contained herein.

Overview

NI Holdings is a North Dakota business corporation that is the stock holding company of Nodak Insurance Company and became such in connection with the conversion of Nodak Mutual Insurance Company from a mutual to stock form of organization and the creation of a mutual holding company. The conversion was consummated on March 13, 2017. Immediately following the conversion, all of the outstanding shares of common stock of Nodak Insurance Company were issued to Nodak Mutual Group, which then contributed the shares to NI Holdings in exchange for 55% of the outstanding shares of common stock of NI Holdings. Nodak Insurance Company then became a wholly owned stock subsidiary of NI Holdings. Prior to completion of the conversion, NI Holdings conducted no business and had no assets or liabilities. As a result of the conversion, NI Holdings became the holding company for Nodak Insurance Company and its existing subsidiaries.

Nodak Insurance offers property and casualty insurance, crop hail, and multi-peril crop insurance to members of the North Dakota Farm Bureau through captive agents in North Dakota. American West and Battle Creek offer similar insurance coverage through independent agents in South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska. Primero offers nonstandard auto insurance coverage in Arizona, Nevada, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Nodak Insurance and Battle Creek are rated an “A” by A.M. Best, which is the third highest out of a possible 15 ratings. American West is rated “A-” as of March 16, 2017, and Primero is unrated.

American West is a wholly owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance, and Primero is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Nodak Insurance. Battle Creek is managed by Nodak Insurance, and Nodak Insurance reinsures 100% of the risk on all insurance policies issued by Battle Creek. NI Holdings’ financial statements included herein are the consolidated financial results of NI Holdings, Nodak Insurance, American West, Battle Creek, and Primero.

For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had consolidated direct premiums written of $36,830 and $33,816, respectively, consolidated net premiums earned of $32,809 and $30,115, respectively, and consolidated net income of $4,749 and $6,219, respectively. At March 31, 2017, the Company had total assets of $374,471 and equity of $248,977, compared to total assets of $278,703 and equity of $153,418 at December 31, 2016.

Marketplace Conditions and Trends

The property and casualty insurance industry is affected by recurring industry cycles known as “hard” and “soft” markets. A soft cycle is characterized by intense competition resulting in lower pricing in order to compete for business. A hard market, generally considered a beneficial industry trend, is characterized by reduced competition that results in higher pricing. Management of NI Holdings believes that the market generally may be in a hard market, but that variations exist by line of business and geography.

Unlike property and casualty insurance, the total crop insurance premiums written each year vary mainly based on prevailing commodity prices for the type of crops planted, because the aggregate number of acres planted does not vary much from year to year. Because the premiums that are charged for crop insurance are established by the Risk Management Agency (“RMA”), which is a division of the United States Department of Agriculture, and the policy forms and terms are also established by the RMA, insurers do not compete on price or policy terms and conditions. Moreover, because participation in other federal farm programs by a farmer is conditioned upon participation in the federal crop insurance program, most commercial farmers obtain crop insurance on their plantings each year.

Principal Revenue and Expense Items

The Company derives its revenue primarily from premiums earned, net investment income, and net realized gains (losses) from investments.

Gross and net premiums written

Gross premiums written is equal to direct premiums written and assumed premiums before the effect of ceded reinsurance. Net premiums written is the difference between gross premiums written and premiums ceded or paid to reinsurers (ceded premiums written).

Premiums earned

Premiums earned is the earned portion of net premiums written. Gross premiums written include all premiums recorded by an insurance company during a specified policy period. Insurance premiums on property and casualty policies are recognized in proportion to the underlying risk insured and are earned ratably over the duration of the policies. At the end of each accounting period, the portion of the premiums that is not yet earned is included in unearned premiums and is realized as revenue in subsequent periods over the remaining term of the policy. NI Holdings’ property and casualty policies typically have a term of twelve months. Thus, for example, for a policy that is written on July 1, 2017, one-half of the premiums would be earned in 2017 and the other half would be earned in 2018.

Due to the nature of the crop planting and harvesting cycle and the deadlines for filing and processing claims under the federal crop insurance program, insurance premiums for crop insurance are generally recognized and earned during the same calendar year as the year in which the policy is written. Under the federal crop insurance program, farmers must purchase crop insurance with respect to spring planted crops by March 15. By July 15, the farmer must report the number of acres he has planted in each crop. On September 1, the insurer bills the farmer for the insurance premium, which is due and payable by the farmer by October 1. If the farmer does not pay the premium by such date, the insurer must essentially provide a loan to the farmer in an amount equal to the premium at an annual rate of 15% because the insurer is required to pay the farmer’s portion of the premium to the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (“FCIC”) by November 15, regardless of whether the farmer pays the premium to the insurer. Except for claims made in the spring (primarily for prevented planting and required replanting claims), claims are required to be made by December 15. A different cycle exists for crops planted in the fall, such as winter wheat, but the vast majority of crop insurance written by NI Holdings covers crops planted in the spring.

Net investment income and net realized gains (losses) on investments

NI Holdings invests its surplus and the funds supporting its insurance liabilities (including unearned premiums and unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses) in cash, cash equivalents, equities, and debt securities. Investment income includes interest and dividends earned on invested assets. Net realized gains and losses on invested assets are reported separately from net investment income. NI Holdings recognizes realized gains when invested assets are sold for an amount greater than their cost or amortized cost (in the case of fixed income securities) and recognizes realized losses when investment securities are written down as a result of an other than temporary impairment or sold for an amount less than their cost or amortized cost, as applicable. NI Holdings’ portfolio of investment securities is managed by Conning, Inc. and Disciplined Growth Investors, who have discretion to buy and sell securities in accordance with the investment policy approved by our board of directors.

NI Holdings’ expenses consist primarily of:

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Loss and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) represent the largest expense item and include (1) claim payments made, (2) estimates for future claim payments and changes in those estimates for prior periods, and (3) costs associated with investigating, defending and adjusting claims, including legal fees.

Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and underwriting and administrative expenses

Expenses incurred to underwrite risks are referred to as policy acquisition costs and underwriting and administrative expenses. Policy acquisition costs consist of commission expenses, premium taxes, and certain other underwriting expenses that vary with and are primarily related to the writing and acquisition of new and renewal business. These policy acquisition costs are deferred and amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. Underwriting and administrative expenses consist of salaries, rent, office supplies, depreciation, and all other operating expenses not otherwise classified separately, as well as payments to bureaus and assessments of statistical agencies for policy service and administration items such as rating manuals, rating plans, and experience data.

Income taxes

NI Holdings uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of its assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred income tax asset will not be realized.

At both March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had recorded valuation allowances with respect to its deferred income tax assets of $1,022. The effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period of the enactment date.

Key Financial Measures

NI Holdings evaluates its insurance operations by monitoring certain key measures of growth and profitability. In addition to reviewing its financial performance based on results determined in accordance with GAAP, NI Holdings utilizes certain non-GAAP financial measures that are used widely in the property and casualty insurance industry and which it believes are valuable in managing its business and for comparison to its peers. These non-GAAP measures are the expense ratio, loss and LAE ratio, combined ratio, written premiums, ratio of net written premiums to statutory surplus, underwriting income, return on average equity, and risk based capital.

NI Holdings measures growth by monitoring changes in gross premiums written and net premiums written. The Company measures underwriting profitability by examining its loss and LAE ratio, expense ratio, and combined ratio. It also measures profitability by examining underwriting income (loss), net income (loss), and return on average equity.

Loss and LAE ratio

The loss and LAE ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of losses and LAE incurred to premiums earned. NI Holdings measures the loss and LAE ratio on an accident year and calendar year loss basis to measure underwriting profitability. An accident year loss ratio measures losses and LAE for insured events occurring in a particular year, regardless of when they are reported, as a percentage of premiums earned during that year. A calendar year loss ratio measures losses and LAE for insured events occurring during a particular year and the change in loss reserves from prior policy years as a percentage of premiums earned during that year.

Expense ratio

The expense ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and net underwriting and administrative expenses (attributable to insurance operations) to premiums earned, and measures our operational efficiency in producing, underwriting and administering the company’s insurance business.

Combined ratio

The Company’s combined ratio is the sum of the loss and LAE ratio and the expense ratio and measures its overall underwriting profit. Generally, if the combined ratio is below 100%, NI Holdings is making an underwriting profit. If the combined ratio is above 100%, it is not profitable without investment income and may not be profitable if investment income is insufficient.

Net premiums written to statutory surplus ratio

The net premiums written to statutory surplus ratio represents the ratio of net premiums written, after reinsurance ceded, to statutory surplus. This ratio measures the Company’s exposure to pricing errors in its current book of business. The higher the ratio, the greater the impact on surplus should pricing prove inadequate.

Underwriting income (loss)

Underwriting income (loss) measures the pre-tax profitability of insurance operations. It is derived by subtracting losses and LAE, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, and underwriting and administrative expenses from earned premiums. Each of these items is presented as a caption in NI Holdings’ statements of operations.

Net income (loss) and return on average equity

NI Holdings uses net income (loss) to measure its profit and return on average equity to measure its effectiveness in utilizing equity to generate net income. In determining return on average equity for a given year, net income (loss) is divided by the average of the beginning and ending equity for that year.

Critical Accounting Policies

General

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires both the use of estimates and judgment relative to the application of appropriate accounting policies. NI Holdings is required to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in its financial statements and related footnotes. NI Holdings evaluates these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis based on historical developments, market conditions, industry trends, and other information that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. There can be no assurance that actual results will conform to its estimates and assumptions and that reported results of operations will not be materially adversely affected by the need to make accounting

adjustments to reflect changes in these estimates and assumptions from time to time. The Company believes the following policies are the most sensitive to estimates and judgments.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

How reserves are established

With respect to its traditional property and casualty insurance products, the Company maintains reserves for the payment of claims (indemnity losses) and expenses related to adjusting those claims (loss adjustment expenses or LAE). The Company’s loss reserves consist of case reserves, which are reserves for claims that have been reported to it, and reserves for claims that have been incurred but have not yet been reported and for the future development of case reserves (“IBNR”).

When a claim is reported to NI Holdings, its claims personnel establish a case reserve for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment to the extent it can be determined or estimated. The amount of the loss reserve for the reported claim is based primarily upon an evaluation of coverage, liability, damages suffered, and any other information considered pertinent to estimating the exposure presented by the claim. Each claim is contested or settled individually based upon its merits, and some property and casualty claims may take years to resolve, especially if legal action is involved. Case reserves are reviewed on a regular basis and are updated as new information becomes available.

When a catastrophe occurs, which in the Company’s case mostly involves the weather perils of wind and hail, NI Holdings utilizes mapping technology through geographic coding of its property risks to overlay the path of the storm. This enables the company to establish estimated damage amounts based on the wind speed and size of the hail for case or per claim loss amounts. This process allows the company to determine within a reasonable time (5 – 7 days) an estimated number of claims and estimated loss payments from the storm. If the Company estimates the damages to be in excess of its retained catastrophe amount, reinsurers are notified immediately of a potential loss so that the Company can quickly recover reinsurance payments once the retention is exceeded.

In addition to case reserves, NI Holdings maintains estimates of reserves for losses and LAE incurred but not reported. These reserves include estimates for the future development of case reserves. Some claims may not be reported for several years. As a result, the liability for unpaid loss and LAE reserves includes significant estimates for IBNR.

As multi-peril crop insurance claims must be reported within a specified time period established by the FCIC, this line of business is not impacted by IBNR loss or LAE reserves. The Company estimates losses on a quarterly basis based upon historical loss patterns, current crop conditions, current weather patterns, and input from crop loss adjusters. These estimates have proven to be a very good indicator of the Company’s anticipated losses for this line of business.

NI Holdings utilizes an independent actuary to assist with the estimation of its loss and LAE reserves. This actuary prepares estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaid losses and LAE based on established actuarial methods described below. The Company’s management reviews these estimates and supplements the actuarial analysis with information not fully incorporated into the actuarially based estimate, such as changes in the external business environment and changes in internal company processes and strategy. NI Holdings may adjust the actuarial estimates based on this supplemental information in order to arrive at the amount recorded in the financial statements.

NI Holdings accrues liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE based upon estimates of the ultimate amount payable. The Company projects its estimate of ultimate losses and LAE by using the following actuarial methodologies:

Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method — The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method is a blended method that explicitly takes into account both actual loss development to date and expected future loss emergence. This method is applied on both a paid loss basis and an incurred loss basis. This method uses the selected loss development patterns from the Loss Development Methods to calculate the expected percentage of loss unpaid (or unreported). The expected future loss component of the method is calculated by multiplying earned premium for the given exposure period by a selected a priori (i.e. deductive) loss ratio. The resulting dollars are then multiplied by the expected percentage of unpaid (or unreported) loss described above. This provides an estimate of future paid (or reported) losses that is then added to actual paid (or incurred) loss data to produce estimated ultimate loss.

Paid and Case Incurred Loss Methods — The Paid and Case Incurred Loss Development Methods utilize ratios of cumulative paid or case incurred loss or loss adjustment expense at each age of development as a percent of the preceding development age. Selected ratios are then multiplied together to produce a set of loss development factors which when applied to the most current data value, by accident year, develop estimated ultimate losses or LAE. Ultimate losses or LAE are then selected for each accident year from the various methods employed.

Ratio of Paid ALAE to Paid Loss Method — This method utilizes the ratio of paid adjusted loss adjustment expense (“ALAE”) to paid losses and is similar to the Paid and Case Incurred Methods described above, except that the data projected are the ratios of paid ALAE to paid losses. The projected ultimate ratio is then multiplied by the selected ultimate losses, by accident year, to yield ultimate ALAE. ALAE reserves are calculated by subtracting paid losses from ultimate ALAE.

NI Holdings estimates IBNR reserves by first deriving an actuarially based estimate of the ultimate cost of total loss and LAE incurred as of the financial statement date. NI Holdings then reduces the estimated ultimate loss and LAE by loss and LAE payments and case reserves carried as of the financial statement date. The actuarially determined estimate is based upon indications from one of the above actuarial methodologies or uses a weighted average of these results. The specific method used to estimate the ultimate losses will vary depending on the judgment of the actuary as to what is the most appropriate method for the property and casualty business. Finally, the Company considers other factors that impact reserves that are not fully incorporated in the actuarially based estimate, such as changes in the external business environment and changes in internal company processes and strategy.

The process of estimating loss reserves involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both internal and external events, such as changes in claims handling procedures, inflation, legal trends, and legislative changes, among others. The impact of many of these items on ultimate costs for claims and claim adjustment expenses is difficult to estimate. Loss reserve estimation is affected by the volume of claims, the potential severity of individual claims, the determination of occurrence date for a claim, and reporting lags (the time between the occurrence of the policyholder event and when it is actually reported to the insurer). Informed judgment is applied throughout the process, including the application of various individual experiences and expertise to multiple sets of data and analyses. NI Holdings continually refines its loss reserve estimates in a regular ongoing process as historical loss experience develops and additional claims are reported and settled. NI Holdings considers all significant facts and circumstances known at the time loss reserves are established.

There is an inherent amount of uncertainty in the establishment of insurance liabilities. This uncertainty is greatest in the current and most recent accident years due to the relative newness of the claims being reported and the relatively small percentage of these claims that have been reported, investigated, and adjusted by the company’s claims staff. Therefore, the reserves carried in these more recent accident years are generally more conservative than those carried for older accident years. As the company has the opportunity to investigate and adjust the reported claims, both the case and IBNR reserves are adjusted to more closely reflect the ultimate expected loss.

Other factors that have or can have an impact on the Company’s case and IBNR reserves include but are not limited to those described below. The potential impact described under “Inflation”, “Case Reserves”, and “Unallocated Loss Adjustment Reserve (All other Loss Adjustment)” reflect reasonably likely changes in such factors.

Changes in law regarding insureds’ liability and public attitudes regarding damage awards can significantly impact prior claims

Laws governing liability claims and judicial interpretations thereof can change over time, which can expand the scope of coverage anticipated by insurers when initially establishing reserves for claims. In addition, public attitudes regarding damage awards can result in judges and juries granting higher recoveries for damages than expected by claims personnel when claims are presented. In addition, these changes can result in both increased claim frequency and severity as both plaintiffs and their legal counsel perceive the opportunity for higher damage awards. Reserves established for claims that occurred in prior years would not have anticipated these legal changes and, therefore, could prove to be inadequate for the ultimate loss paid by the company, causing the company to experience adverse development and higher loss payments in future years.

Change in claims handling and/or setting case reserves

Changes in company personnel and/or the approach to how claims are reported, adjusted, and reserved may affect the reserves established by a company. As discussed above, the setting of IBNR reserves is not an exact science and involves the expert judgment of an actuary. One actuary’s reserve opinion may differ slightly from another actuary’s opinion. This is the primary reason why the IBNR reserve estimate is customarily reported as a range by a company’s actuary, which provides the company with an acceptable “range” to use in establishing its estimate for IBNR reserves.

Economic inflation

A sudden and extreme increase in the economic inflation rate could have a significant impact on a company’s case and IBNR reserves. When establishing case reserves, claims personnel generally establish an amount that in their opinion will provide a conservative amount to settle the loss. If the time to settle the claim extends over a period of years, the initial reserve may not anticipate an economic inflation rate that is significantly higher than the current inflation rate. This can also apply to IBNR reserves. Should the economic inflation rate increase significantly, it is likely that a company may not anticipate the need to adjust the IBNR reserves accordingly, which could lead to the company being deficient in its IBNR reserves.

Increases or decreases in claim severity for reasons other than inflation

Factors exist that can drive the cost to settle claims for reasons other than standard inflation. For example, demand surge (as in the case of Hurricane Katrina) caused by a very large catastrophe has an impact on not only the availability and cost of building materials such as roofing and other such materials but also on the availability and cost of labor. Other factors such as increased

vehicle traffic in an area not designed to handle the increased congestion and increased speed limits on busy roads are examples of changes that could cause claim severity to increase beyond what a company’s historic reserves would reflect.

Actual settlement experience different than historical data trends

When establishing IBNR reserves, the Company’s actuary takes into account many of the factors discussed above. One of the more important factors that is considered when setting reserves is the past or historical claim settlement experience. Our actuary considers factors such as the number of files entering litigation, payment patterns, length of time it takes company claims personnel to settle the claims, and average payment amounts when estimating reserve amounts. Should future settlement patterns change due to legal environment, company claims handling philosophy, or personnel, it may have an impact on the future claims payments, which could cause existing reserves to either be redundant (excessive) or deficient (below) compared to the actual loss amount.

Change in Reporting Lag

As discussed above, NI Holdings and its actuary utilize historical patterns to provide an accurate estimate of what will take place in the future. Should we experience a change in reporting time (claims are slower to be reported than in the past), we or our actuary may underestimate the anticipated number of future claims, which could cause us and our actuary to underestimate the ultimate loss we may experience. A lag in reporting may be caused by changes in how claims are reported (online vs. through company personnel), the type of business or lines of business the company is writing, the company’s distribution system (direct writer, independent agent, or captive agent), and the geographic area where the company chooses to insure risk.

Due to the inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates, final resolution of the estimated liability for losses and LAE may be higher or lower than the related loss reserves at the reporting date. Therefore, actual paid losses, as claims are settled in the future, may be materially higher or lower in amount than current loss reserves. NI Holdings reflects adjustments to loss reserves in the results of operations during the period in which the estimates are changed.

NI Holdings’ reserves for unpaid losses and LAE are summarized below (dollars in thousands):

The Company’s actuary is required to exercise a considerable degree of judgment in the evaluation of all of these and other factors in the analysis of NI Holdings’ loss and LAE reserves and the related range of anticipated losses. The method of determining the loss reserves has not changed and the reserve generated by the actuary is consistent with the observed development of NI Holdings’ loss reserves over the last few years.

The variability in establishing loss reserves arises primarily because specific losses may not be known and reported for some period and the ultimate losses paid and LAE incurred with respect to known losses may be larger than currently estimated. In addition, we continue to process claims from losses incurred from policy years more than ten years ago. The ultimate frequency or severity of these claims can be very different than the assumptions NI Holdings used in its estimation of ultimate reserves for these exposures.

Specifically, the following factors could impact the frequency and severity of claims, and therefore, the ultimate amount of losses and LAE paid:

The estimation process for determining the liability for unpaid losses and LAE inherently results in adjustments each year for claims incurred (but not paid) in preceding years. Negative amounts reported for claims incurred related to prior years are a result of claims being settled or resolved for amounts less than originally estimated (favorable development). Positive amounts reported for claims incurred related to prior years are a result of claims being settled or resolved for amounts greater than originally estimated (adverse development).

Actuarial Loss Reserves

The selection of the ultimate loss is based on information unique to each accident year and the judgment and expertise of NI Holdings’ actuary and management.

The following table provides case and IBNR reserves for losses and LAE as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

As discussed earlier, the estimation of NI Holdings’ reserves is based on several actuarial methods, each of which incorporates many quantitative assumptions. The judgment of the actuary plays an important role in selecting among various loss development factors and selecting the appropriate method, or combination of methods, to use for a given accident year.

Liabilities for Property and Casualty Claims and Claim Expenses

Loss reserves represent management’s best estimate of ultimate unpaid losses and settlement expenses for claims that have been reported and claims that have been incurred but not yet reported. In evaluating whether the reserves make a reasonable provision for the unpaid losses and LAE, it is necessary to project future loss and LAE payments. It is certain that the actual future losses and LAE will not develop exactly as projected and may vary significantly from the projections.

The projections make no provision for extraordinary future emergence of new classes of losses or types of losses not sufficiently represented in the Company’s historical data base or which are not yet quantifiable. Also, there may be a change in the Company’s reporting pattern or case reserve adequacy that is not identifiable. Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating reserves for losses and LAE, we cannot be certain that the ultimate liability will not exceed amounts reserved, with a resulting adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For this reason, the carried reserves reflect prudently conservative assumptions. As the carried reserves run off, the overall expectation is that, more often than not, favorable development will occur. However, there is also the possibility that the ultimate settlement of liabilities associated with these reserves will be greater, perhaps significantly, than the carried reserves.

If we conclude that the reserve estimate needs to be increased, the result is an increase in losses, reducing our net income for the period in which the revised estimate is identified. Accordingly, an increase in loss reserves could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, and financial condition.

Management has identified the impact on earnings of various factors used in establishing loss reserves so that users of the Company’s financial statements can better understand how development on prior years’ reserves might impact the Company’s results of operations.

Total Reserves

As of March 31, 2017, the impact of a 1% change in our estimate for loss and LAE reserves, net of reinsurance recoverables, on our net income after tax would be approximately $315.

Inflation

Inflation is not explicitly selected in the loss reserve analysis. However, historical inflation is embedded in the estimated loss development factors. The following table displays the impact on net income after tax resulting from various changes from the

inflation factor implicitly embedded in the estimated payment pattern as of December 31, 2016, which is deemed consistent with March 31, 2017. A change in inflation may or may not fully impact loss payments in the future because some of the underling expenses have already been paid. The table below assumes that any change in inflation will be fully reflected in future loss payments. This variance in future IBNR emergence could occur in one year or over multiple years, depending when the change is recognized.

Inflation includes actual inflation as well as social inflation which includes future emergence of new classes of losses or types of losses, change in judicial awards, and any other changes beyond assumed levels that impact the cost of claims.

Case Reserves

When a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a case reserve for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment to the extent it can be determined or estimated. It is possible that the level of adequacy in the case reserve may differ from historical levels and/or the claims reporting pattern may change. The following table displays the impact on net income after tax that results from various changes from the historical inflation factor that is implicitly embedded in the estimated payment pattern to develop the reserves as of December 31, 2016, which is deemed consistent with March 31, 2017. This variance in future IBNR emergence could occur in one year or over multiple years, depending when the change is recognized.

Unallocated Loss Adjustment Reserve (All Other Loss Adjustment)

In addition to establishing loss reserves, as described above, we establish reserves for unallocated loss adjustment expenses (“ULAE”). Historical patterns of paid ULAE relative to paid loss are analyzed. The result of this analysis is an estimate of the relationship or ratio, between ULAE and losses paid. This ratio is used to estimate the required ULAE reserve. Consequently, this component of the loss expense reserve has a proportional relationship to the overall loss reserves excluding loss adjustment expense. This method assumes that the underlying claims process and mix of business do not change materially from period to period.

The following table displays the impact on net income after tax that various changes in this factor would have on the ULAE reserves as of December 31, 2016, which is deemed consistent with March 31, 2017. This variance in future reserve emergence could occur in one year or over multiple years, depending when the change is recognized.

Investments

NI Holdings’ fixed income securities and equity securities are classified as available-for-sale and carried at estimated fair value as determined by management based upon quoted market prices or a recognized pricing service at the reporting date for those or similar investments. Changes in unrealized investment gains or losses on these investments, net of applicable income taxes, are reflected directly in equity as a component of comprehensive income (loss) and, accordingly, have no effect on net income (loss). Investment income is recognized when earned, and capital gains and losses are recognized when investments are sold, or determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired.

NI Holdings evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) at least on a quarterly basis. NI Holdings assesses whether OTTI is present when the fair value of a security is less than its amortized cost. All investment securities are evaluated for OTTI under FASB guidance regarding “Investments — Debt & Equity Securities”. Under this guidance, OTTI is considered to have occurred with respect to debt securities if (1) an entity intends to sell the security, (2) it is more likely than not an e

ntity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (3) the present value of the expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis. In addition, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell the security. If an entity intends to sell the security or will be required to sell the security, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis at the balance sheet date. If an entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI shall be separated into two amounts, the credit-related loss and the noncredit-related loss. The credit-related loss is based on the present value of the expected cash flows and is recognized in earnings.

The fair value and unrealized losses for NI Holdings’ securities that were temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows: