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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP /DE/ - Quarter Report: 2019 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
10-Q
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2019
or
 
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number 1-16411
NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
 
80-0640649
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
 
 
2980 Fairview Park Drive
 
 
Falls Church,
Virginia
 
22042
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)
(703) 280-2900
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock
NOC
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
Large Accelerated Filer ☒     Accelerated Filer ☐
Non-accelerated Filer ☐    Smaller Reporting Company                 
Emerging Growth Company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes     No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
As of July 19, 2019, 169,198,172 shares of common stock were outstanding.


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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
Page
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 3.
Item 4.
 
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 6.
 

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.    Financial Statements
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)
 
Three Months Ended June 30

Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions, except per share amounts
2019

2018

2019

2018
Sales











Product
$
5,880


$
4,790


$
11,608


$
9,079

Service
2,576


2,329


5,037


4,775

Total sales
8,456


7,119


16,645


13,854

Operating costs and expenses











Product
4,661


3,698


9,178


6,967

Service
2,065


1,865


4,041


3,772

General and administrative expenses
784


739


1,544


1,450

Operating income
946


817


1,882


1,665

Other (expense) income











Interest expense
(137
)

(144
)

(275
)

(287
)
FAS (non-service) pension benefit
200


258


400


512

Other, net
19


45


55


85

Earnings before income taxes
1,028


976


2,062


1,975

Federal and foreign income tax expense
167


187


338


346

Net earnings
$
861


$
789


$
1,724


$
1,629













Basic earnings per share
$
5.07


$
4.52


$
10.15


$
9.34

Weighted-average common shares outstanding, in millions
169.7


174.5


169.9


174.4

Diluted earnings per share
$
5.06


$
4.50


$
10.11


$
9.29

Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding, in millions
170.3


175.4


170.5


175.4













Net earnings (from above)
$
861


$
789


$
1,724


$
1,629

Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in unamortized prior service credit, net of tax
(12
)
 
(15
)
 
(23
)
 
(30
)
Change in cumulative translation adjustment and other, net
(4
)
 
(3
)
 

 
(6
)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
(16
)
 
(18
)
 
(23
)
 
(36
)
Comprehensive income
$
845

 
$
771

 
$
1,701

 
$
1,593

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(Unaudited)
$ in millions, except par value
June 30,
2019
 
December 31,
2018
Assets
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
1,088

 
$
1,579

Accounts receivable, net
1,832

 
1,448

Unbilled receivables, net
5,657

 
5,026

Inventoried costs, net
810

 
654

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
772

 
973

Total current assets
10,159

 
9,680

Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $5,628 for 2019 and $5,369 for 2018
6,522

 
6,372

Operating lease right-of-use assets
1,278

 

Goodwill
18,708

 
18,672

Intangible assets, net
1,206

 
1,372

Deferred tax assets
85

 
94

Other non-current assets
1,626

 
1,463

Total assets
$
39,584

 
$
37,653

 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
Trade accounts payable
$
1,962

 
$
2,182

Accrued employee compensation
1,528

 
1,676

Advance payments and billings in excess of costs incurred
1,942

 
1,917

Other current liabilities
2,723

 
2,499

Total current liabilities
8,155

 
8,274

Long-term debt, net of current portion of $545 for 2019 and $517 for 2018
13,838

 
13,883

Pension and other postretirement benefit plan liabilities
5,535

 
5,755

Operating lease liabilities
1,081

 

Deferred tax liabilities
140

 
108

Other non-current liabilities
1,621

 
1,446

Total liabilities
30,370

 
29,466

 
 
 
 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)

 

 
 
 
 
Shareholders’ equity
 
 
 
Preferred stock, $1 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding

 

Common stock, $1 par value; 800,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding: 2019—169,305,793 and 2018—170,607,336
169

 
171

Paid-in capital

 

Retained earnings
9,120

 
8,068

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(75
)
 
(52
)
Total shareholders’ equity
9,214

 
8,187

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
39,584

 
$
37,653

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
Operating activities
 
 
 
Net earnings
$
1,724

 
$
1,629

Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
479

 
281

Non-cash lease expense
127

 

Stock-based compensation
55

 
53

Deferred income taxes
48

 
49

Changes in assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
Accounts receivable, net
(384
)
 
(145
)
Unbilled receivables, net
(658
)
 
(570
)
Inventoried costs, net
(156
)
 
(73
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(48
)
 
57

Accounts payable and other liabilities
(367
)
 
(422
)
Income taxes payable, net
194

 
186

Retiree benefits
(285
)
 
(394
)
Other, net
(35
)
 
(13
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
694

 
638

 
 
 
 
Investing activities
 
 
 
Acquisition of Orbital ATK, net of cash acquired

 
(7,657
)
Capital expenditures
(536
)
 
(504
)
Other, net
1

 
2

Net cash used in investing activities
(535
)
 
(8,159
)
 
 
 
 
Financing activities
 
 
 
Payments of long-term debt

 
(1,550
)
Net payments to credit facilities
(20
)
 
(314
)
Net borrowings on commercial paper
101

 
249

Common stock repurchases
(231
)
 
(41
)
Cash dividends paid
(435
)
 
(407
)
Payments of employee taxes withheld from share-based awards
(63
)
 
(80
)
Other, net
(2
)
 
(22
)
Net cash used in financing activities
(650
)
 
(2,165
)
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents
(491
)
 
(9,686
)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
1,579

 
11,225

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
$
1,088

 
$
1,539

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions, except per share amounts
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Common stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
170

 
$
174

 
$
171

 
$
174

Common stock repurchased
(1
)
 

 
(2
)
 

End of period
169

 
174

 
169

 
174

Paid-in capital
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period

 

 

 
44

Common stock repurchased

 
(34
)
 

 
(34
)
Stock compensation

 
34

 

 
(10
)
End of period

 

 

 

Retained earnings
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
8,628

 
7,502

 
8,068

 
6,913

Impact from adoption of ASU 2018-02 and ASU 2016-01

 

 

 
(21
)
Common stock repurchased
(172
)
 
(15
)
 
(234
)
 
(15
)
Net earnings
861

 
789

 
1,724

 
1,629

Dividends declared
(226
)
 
(210
)
 
(432
)
 
(405
)
Stock compensation
29

 

 
(6
)
 
(35
)
End of period
9,120

 
8,066

 
9,120

 
8,066

Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
(59
)
 
4

 
(52
)
 
1

Impact from adoption of ASU 2018-02 and ASU 2016-01

 

 

 
21

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
(16
)
 
(18
)
 
(23
)
 
(36
)
End of period
(75
)
 
(14
)
 
(75
)
 
(14
)
Total shareholders’ equity
$
9,214

 
$
8,226

 
$
9,214

 
$
8,226

Cash dividends declared per share
$
1.32

 
$
1.20

 
$
2.52

 
$
2.30

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
1.    BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Principles of Consolidation and Reporting
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (the “financial statements”) include the accounts of Northrop Grumman Corporation and its subsidiaries and joint ventures or other investments for which we consolidate the financial results (herein referred to as “Northrop Grumman,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). Material intercompany accounts, transactions and profits are eliminated in consolidation. Investments in equity securities and joint ventures where the company has significant influence, but not control, are accounted for using the equity method.
On June 6, 2018 (the “Merger date”), the company completed its previously announced acquisition of Orbital ATK, Inc. (“Orbital ATK”) (the “Merger”). On the Merger date, Orbital ATK became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company and its name was changed to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, Inc., which we established as a new, fourth business sector (“Innovation Systems”). The operating results of Innovation Systems subsequent to the Merger date have been included in the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated results of operations. See Note 2 for further information regarding the Merger.
These financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP” or “FAS”) and in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim reporting. The financial statements include adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary by management for a fair presentation of the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
The results reported in these financial statements are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the information contained in the company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The quarterly information is labeled using a calendar convention; that is, first quarter is consistently labeled as ending on March 31, second quarter as ending on June 30 and third quarter as ending on September 30. It is the company’s long-standing practice to establish actual interim closing dates using a “fiscal” calendar, in which we close our books on a Friday near these quarter-end dates in order to normalize the potentially disruptive effects of quarterly closings on business processes. This practice is only used at interim periods within a reporting year.
As previously announced, effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 842, Leases, using the optional transition method to apply the standard through a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption. The adoption of this standard is reflected in the amounts and disclosures set forth in this Form 10-Q.
Accounting Estimates
Preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of sales and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared using the most current and best available information; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition
The majority of our sales are derived from long-term contracts with the U.S. government for the production of goods, the provision of services, or a combination of both. The company classifies sales as product or service based on the predominant attributes of each contract.
The company recognizes revenue for each separately identifiable performance obligation in a contract representing a promise to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer. In most cases, goods and services provided under the company’s contracts are accounted for as single performance obligations due to the complex and integrated nature of our products and services. These contracts generally require significant integration of a group of goods and/or services to deliver a combined output. In some contracts, the company provides multiple distinct goods or services to a customer, most commonly when a contract covers multiple phases of the product lifecycle (e.g., development, production, sustainment, etc.). In those cases, the company accounts for the distinct contract deliverables as separate performance obligations and allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price, which is generally estimated using a cost plus a reasonable margin approach. Warranties are provided on certain contracts, but do not typically provide for services beyond standard assurances and are therefore

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

not considered to be separate performance obligations. Assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract are not material.
Contracts are often modified for changes in contract specifications or requirements, which may result in scope and/or price changes. Most of the company’s contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct in the context of the contract and are therefore accounted for as part of the original performance obligation through a cumulative estimate-at-completion (EAC) adjustment.
The company recognizes revenue as control is transferred to the customer, either over time or at a point in time. In general, our U.S. government contracts contain termination for convenience and/or other clauses that generally provide the customer rights to goods produced and/or in-process. Similarly, our non-U.S. government contracts generally contain contractual termination clauses or entitle the company to payment for work performed to date for goods and services that do not have an alternative use. As control is effectively transferred while we perform on our contracts, we generally recognize revenue over time using the cost-to-cost method (cost incurred relative to total cost estimated at completion) as the company believes this represents the most appropriate measurement towards satisfaction of its performance obligations. Revenue for contracts in which the control of goods produced does not transfer until delivery to the customer is recognized at a point in time (i.e., typically upon delivery).
Contract Estimates
Use of the cost-to-cost method requires us to make reasonably dependable estimates regarding the revenue and cost associated with the design, manufacture and delivery of our products and services. The company estimates profit on these contracts as the difference between total estimated sales and total estimated cost at completion and recognizes that profit as costs are incurred. Significant judgment is used to estimate total sales and cost at completion.
Contract sales may include estimates of variable consideration, including cost or performance incentives (such as award and incentive fees), contract claims and requests for equitable adjustment (REAs). Variable consideration is included in total estimated sales to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. We estimate variable consideration as the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled.
We recognize changes in estimated contract sales or costs and the resulting changes in contract profit on a cumulative basis. Cumulative EAC adjustments represent the cumulative effect of the changes on current and prior periods; sales and operating margins in future periods are recognized as if the revised estimates had been used since contract inception. If it is determined that a loss is expected to result on an individual performance obligation, the entire amount of the estimable future loss, including an allocation of general and administrative (G&A) costs, is charged against income in the period the loss is identified. Each loss provision is first offset against costs included in Unbilled receivables or Inventoried costs; remaining amounts are reflected in Other current liabilities.
Significant EAC adjustments on a single contract could have a material effect on the company’s financial statements. When such adjustments occur, we generally disclose the nature, underlying conditions and financial impact of the adjustments. No discrete event or adjustments to an individual contract were material to the financial statements during the three months ended June 30, 2019. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the company recognized $69 million of favorable EAC adjustments on multiple restricted programs at Aerospace Systems.
The following table presents the effect of aggregate net EAC adjustments:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions, except per share data
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Operating income
$
158

 
$
143

 
$
296

 
$
259

Net earnings(1)
125

 
113

 
234

 
205

Diluted earnings per share(1)
0.73

 
0.64

 
1.37

 
1.17

(1) 
Based on a 21 percent statutory tax rate.
Revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in previous reporting periods was $154 million and $320 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and $156 million and $289 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Backlog
Backlog represents the future sales we expect to recognize on firm orders received by the company and is equivalent to the company’s remaining performance obligations at the end of each period. It comprises both funded backlog (firm orders for which funding is authorized and appropriated) and unfunded backlog. Unexercised contract options and indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts are not included in backlog until the time the option or IDIQ task order is exercised or awarded.
Company backlog as of June 30, 2019 was $63.0 billion. We expect to recognize approximately 40 percent and 65 percent of our June 30, 2019 backlog as revenue over the next 12 and 24 months, respectively, with the remainder to be recognized thereafter.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
For each of the company’s contracts, the timing of revenue recognition, customer billings, and cash collections results in a net contract asset or liability at the end of each reporting period. Fixed-price contracts are typically billed to the customer either using progress payments, whereby amounts are billed monthly as costs are incurred or work is completed, or performance based payments, which are based upon the achievement of specific, measurable events or accomplishments defined and valued at contract inception. Cost-type contracts are typically billed to the customer on a monthly or semi-monthly basis.
Contract assets are equivalent to and reflected as Unbilled receivables in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position and are primarily related to long-term contracts where revenue recognized under the cost-to-cost method exceeds amounts billed to customers. Unbilled receivables are classified as current assets and, in accordance with industry practice, include amounts that may be billed and collected beyond one year due to the long-cycle nature of many of our contracts. Accumulated contract costs in unbilled receivables include costs such as direct production costs, factory and engineering overhead, production tooling costs, and allowable G&A. Unbilled receivables also include certain estimates of variable consideration described above. These contract assets are not considered a significant financing component of the company’s contracts as the payment terms are intended to protect the customer in the event the company does not perform on its obligations under the contract.
Contract liabilities are equivalent to and reflected as Advance payments and billings in excess of costs incurred in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position. Certain customers make advance payments prior to the company’s satisfaction of its obligations on the contract. These amounts are recorded as contract liabilities until such obligations are satisfied, either over time as costs are incurred or at a point in time when deliveries are made. Contract liabilities are not a significant financing component as they are generally utilized to pay for contract costs within a one-year period or are used to ensure the customer meets contractual requirements.
The amount of revenue recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 that was included in the December 31, 2018 contract liability balance was $333 million and $1.0 billion, respectively. The amount of revenue recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 that was included in the December 31, 2017 contract liability balance was $364 million and $1.1 billion, respectively.
Disaggregation of Revenue
See Note 11 for information regarding the company’s sales by customer type, contract type and geographic region for each of our segments. We believe those categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:
$ in millions
 
June 30,
2019
 
December 31,
2018
Unamortized prior service credit, net of tax expense of $24 for 2019 and $32 for 2018
 
$
75

 
$
98

Cumulative translation adjustment
 
(145
)
 
(144
)
Other, net
 
(5
)
 
(6
)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
 
$
(75
)
 
$
(52
)

Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings related to the amortization of prior service credit were $12 million and $23 million, net of taxes, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively and were $15 million and $30 million, net of taxes, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018,

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

respectively. The reclassifications are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (benefit). See Note 8 for further information.
Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings relating to cumulative translation adjustments and effective cash flow hedges were not material for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.
Leases
The company leases certain buildings, land and equipment. Under ASC 842, at contract inception we determine whether the contract is or contains a lease and whether the lease should be classified as an operating or a finance lease. Operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use assets, Other current liabilities, and Operating lease liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position.
The company recognizes operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. We use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date to determine the present value of future payments and the appropriate lease classification. Many of our leases include renewal options aligned with our contract terms. We define the initial lease term to include renewal options determined to be reasonably certain. In our adoption of ASC 842, we elected not to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We elected the practical expedient to not separate lease components from nonlease components and applied that practical expedient to all material classes of leased assets.
Many of the company’s real property lease agreements contain incentives for tenant improvements, rent holidays or rent escalation clauses. For tenant improvement incentives, if the incentive is determined to be a leasehold improvement owned by the lessee, the company generally records a deferred rent liability and amortizes the deferred rent over the term of the lease as a reduction to rent expense. For rent holidays and rent escalation clauses during the lease term, the company records rental expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. For these lease incentives, the company uses the date of initial possession as the commencement date, which is generally when the company is given the right of access to the space and begins to make improvements in preparation for intended use.
Finance leases are not material to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the company is not a lessor in any material arrangements. We do not have any material restrictions or covenants in our lease agreements, sale-leaseback transactions, land easements or residual value guarantees.
Related Party Transactions
The company had no material related party transactions in any period presented.
Restricted Cash
On occasion, we are required to maintain cash deposits with banks in connection with certain contingent obligations. As of June 30, 2019, we had no restricted cash, as the contingencies that existed in connection with the company’s restricted cash balance as of March 31, 2019 were satisfied. We had no restricted cash as of December 31, 2018.
Accounting Standards Updates
On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASC Topic 842 supersedes existing lease guidance, including ASC 840 - Leases. Among other things, ASU 2016-02 requires recognition of a right-of-use asset and liability for future lease payments for contracts that meet the definition of a lease and requires disclosure of certain information about leasing arrangements. On July 30, 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which, among other things, allows companies to elect an optional transition method to apply the new lease standard through a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period of adoption.
We adopted the standard on January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method and, as a result, did not recast prior period unaudited condensed consolidated comparative financial statements. All prior period amounts and disclosures are presented under ASC 840. We elected the package of practical expedients, which, among other things, allows us to carry forward our prior lease classifications under ASC 840. We did not elect to adopt the hindsight practical expedient and are therefore maintaining the lease terms we previously determined under ASC 840. Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of additional lease assets and lease liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position with no cumulative impact to retained earnings and did not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows.
Other accounting standards updates adopted and/or issued, but not effective until after June 30, 2019, are not expected to have a material effect on the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial position, annual results of operations and/or cash flows.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

2.  ACQUISITION OF ORBITAL ATK
On June 6, 2018, the company completed its previously announced acquisition of Orbital ATK, by acquiring all of the outstanding shares of Orbital ATK for a purchase price of $7.7 billion in cash. On the Merger date, Orbital ATK became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company and its name was changed to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, Inc. We established Innovation Systems as a new, fourth business sector. Its main products include precision munitions and armaments; tactical missiles and subsystems; ammunition; launch vehicles; space and strategic propulsion systems; aerospace structures; space exploration products; and national security and commercial satellite systems and related components/services. The acquisition was financed with proceeds from the company’s debt financing completed in October 2017 and cash on hand. We believe this acquisition will enable us to broaden our capabilities and offerings, provide additional innovative solutions to meet our customers’ emerging requirements, create value for shareholders and provide expanded opportunities for our combined employees.
Purchase Price Allocation
The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase business combination. As such, the company recorded the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant judgment, including the amount and timing of expected future cash flows, long-term growth rates and discount rates. In some cases, the company used discounted cash flow analyses, which were based on our best estimate of future sales, earnings and cash flows after considering such factors as general market conditions, customer budgets, existing firm and future orders, changes in working capital, long term business plans and recent operating performance. Use of different estimates and judgments could yield materially different results.
During the second quarter of 2019, the company finalized its determination of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the Merger date. Based on additional information obtained during the measurement period, the company refined its initial assessment of fair value and recognized the following significant adjustments to its preliminary purchase price allocation: Intangible assets increased $220 million, Other current liabilities increased $114 million, Pension and other postretirement benefit (OPB) plan liabilities increased $56 million, Other non-current liabilities increased $53 million, Other current assets increased $44 million and Goodwill decreased $36 million. These adjustments did not result in a material impact on the financial results of prior periods.
The Merger date fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $7.7 billion in cash, which was comprised of the following:
$ in millions, except per share amounts
 
Purchase price
Shares of Orbital ATK common stock outstanding as of the Merger date
 
57,562,152

Cash consideration per share of Orbital ATK common stock
 
$
134.50

Total purchase price
 
$
7,742



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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

The following purchase price allocation table presents the company’s final determination of the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Merger date:
$ in millions
 
As of
June 6, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
85

Accounts receivable
 
596

Unbilled receivables
 
1,237

Inventoried costs
 
220

Other current assets
 
237

Property, plant and equipment
 
1,509

Goodwill
 
6,259

Intangible assets
 
1,525

Other non-current assets
 
151

Total assets acquired
 
11,819

Trade accounts payable
 
(397
)
Accrued employee compensation
 
(158
)
Advance payments and billings in excess of costs incurred
 
(222
)
Below market contracts(1)
 
(151
)
Other current liabilities
 
(412
)
Long-term debt
 
(1,687
)
Pension and OPB plan liabilities
 
(613
)
Deferred tax liabilities
 
(248
)
Other non-current liabilities
 
(189
)
Total liabilities assumed
 
(4,077
)
Total purchase price
 
$
7,742

(1) 
Included in Other current liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position.
The following table presents a summary of purchased intangible assets and their related estimated useful lives:
 
 
Fair Value
(in millions)
 
Estimated Useful Life in Years
Customer contracts
 
$
1,245

 
9
Commercial customer relationships
 
280

 
13
Total customer-related intangible assets
 
$
1,525

 
 

The purchase price allocation resulted in the recognition of $6.3 billion of goodwill, a majority of which was allocated to the Innovation Systems sector. The goodwill recognized is attributable to expected revenue synergies generated by the integration of Aerospace Systems, Mission Systems and Technology Services products and technologies with those of legacy Orbital ATK, synergies resulting from the consolidation or elimination of certain costs, and intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, such as the assembled workforce of Orbital ATK. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Unaudited Supplemental Pro Forma Information
The following table presents unaudited pro forma financial information prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X and computed as if Orbital ATK had been included in our results as of January 1, 2017:
$ in millions, except per share amounts
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Sales
$
8,078

 
$
16,078

Net earnings
882

 
1,796

Diluted earnings per share
5.03

 
10.24


The unaudited supplemental pro forma financial data has been calculated after applying our accounting policies and adjusting the historical results of Orbital ATK with pro forma adjustments, net of tax, that assume the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2017. Significant pro forma adjustments include the following:
1.
The elimination of intercompany sales and costs of sales between the company and Orbital ATK of $33 million and $80 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
2.
The elimination of nonrecurring transaction costs incurred by the company and Orbital ATK in connection with the Merger of $64 million and $71 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
3.
The recognition of additional depreciation expense, net of removal of historical depreciation expense, of $5 million and $11 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, related to the step-up in fair value of acquired property, plant and equipment.
4.
The recognition of additional amortization expense, net of removal of historical amortization expense, of $48 million and $114 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets.
5.
The elimination of Orbital ATK's historical amortization of net actuarial losses and prior service credits and impact of the revised pension and OPB net periodic benefit cost as determined under the company’s plan assumptions of $20 million and $51 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
6.
The income tax effect on the pro forma adjustments, which was calculated using the federal statutory tax rate, of $(7) million and $0.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
The unaudited pro forma financial information does not reflect the potential realization of revenue synergies or cost savings, nor does it reflect other costs relating to the integration of the two companies. This unaudited pro forma financial information should not be considered indicative of the results that would have actually occurred if the acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2017, nor are they indicative of future results.
3.    EARNINGS PER SHARE, SHARE REPURCHASES AND DIVIDENDS ON COMMON STOCK
Basic Earnings Per Share
We calculate basic earnings per share by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period.
Diluted Earnings Per Share
Diluted earnings per share include the dilutive effect of awards granted to employees under stock-based compensation plans. The dilutive effect of these securities totaled 0.6 million shares for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. The dilutive effect of these securities totaled 0.9 million shares and 1.0 million shares for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.
Share Repurchases
On September 16, 2015, the company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $4.0 billion of the company’s common stock (the “2015 Repurchase Program”). Repurchases under the 2015 Repurchase Program commenced in March 2016.
On December 4, 2018, the company’s board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to an additional $3.0 billion in share repurchases of the company’s common stock (the “2018 Repurchase Program”). By its terms, repurchases under the 2018 Repurchase Program will commence upon completion of the 2015 Repurchase Program and will expire when we have used all authorized funds for repurchases.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

During the fourth quarter of 2018, the company entered into an accelerated share repurchase (ASR) agreement with Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (Goldman Sachs) to repurchase $1.0 billion of the company’s common stock under the 2015 Repurchase Program. Under the agreement, we made a payment of $1.0 billion to Goldman Sachs and received an initial delivery of 3.0 million shares valued at $800 million that were immediately canceled by the company. The remaining balance was settled on January 4, 2019 with a final delivery of 0.9 million shares from Goldman Sachs. The final average purchase price was $260.32 per share.
As of June 30, 2019, repurchases under the 2015 Repurchase Program totaled $3.2 billion; $0.8 billion remained under this share repurchase authorization. By its terms, the 2015 Repurchase Program is set to expire when we have used all authorized funds for repurchases.
Share repurchases take place from time to time, subject to market conditions and management’s discretion, in the open market and in privately negotiated transactions. The company retires its common stock upon repurchase and, in the periods presented, has not made any purchases of common stock other than in connection with these publicly announced repurchase programs.
The table below summarizes the company’s share repurchases to date under the authorizations described above:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares Repurchased
(in millions)
Repurchase Program
Authorization Date
 
Amount
Authorized
(in millions)
 
Total
Shares Retired
(in millions)
 
Average 
Price
Per Share
(1)
 
Date Completed
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
2019
 
2018
September 16, 2015
 
$
4,000

 
13.0

 
$
243.90

 

 
1.7

 
0.2

December 4, 2018
 
$
3,000

 

 

 

 

 


(1) 
Includes commissions paid.
Dividends on Common Stock
In May 2019, the company increased the quarterly common stock dividend 10 percent to $1.32 per share from the previous amount of $1.20 per share.
In May 2018, the company increased the quarterly common stock dividend 9 percent to $1.20 per share from the previous amount of $1.10 per share.
In January 2018, the company increased the quarterly common stock dividend 10 percent to $1.10 per share from the previous amount of $1.00 per share.
4.    INCOME TAXES
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
2019

2018
Federal and foreign income tax expense
$
167

 
$
187

 
$
338

 
$
346

Effective income tax rate
16.2
%
 
19.2
%
 
16.4
%
 
17.5
%

Current Quarter
The second quarter 2019 effective tax rate decreased to 16.2 percent from 19.2 percent in the second quarter of 2018 primarily due to higher research credits. The company’s effective tax rate for the second quarter of 2019 includes $36 million of current year research credits and $15 million of additional research credits related to a prior year, as compared to $22 million of research credits in the second quarter of 2018.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Year to Date
The year to date 2019 effective tax rate decreased to 16.4 percent from 17.5 percent in same period of 2018 primarily due to higher research credits, partially offset by lower excess tax benefits for employee share-based compensation. The company’s year to date 2019 effective tax rate includes $67 million of current year research credits, $15 million of additional research credits related to a prior year and $13 million of excess tax benefits for employee share-based compensation. The company’s year to date 2018 effective tax rate included $42 million of research credits and $26 million of excess tax benefits for employee share-based compensation.
Since enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in late 2017, the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department have issued and are expected to further issue interpretive guidance that impacts taxpayers. We will continue to evaluate such guidance as it is issued, and, at this time, the company expects it is reasonably possible that within the next twelve months our unrecognized tax benefits, primarily related to timing items, may increase by up to an additional $70 million.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Northrop Grumman 2014-2017 federal tax returns and refund claims related to its 2007-2016 federal tax returns are currently under IRS examination. In addition, legacy Orbital ATK federal tax returns for the year ended March 31, 2015, the nine-month transition period ended December 31, 2015 and calendar years 2016-2017 are currently under IRS examination.
5.    FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The company holds a portfolio of marketable securities consisting of securities to partially fund non-qualified employee benefit plans. A portion of these securities are held in common/collective trust funds and are measured at fair value using net asset value (NAV) per share as a practical expedient; and therefore are not required to be categorized in the fair value hierarchy table below. Marketable securities are included in Other non-current assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position.
The company’s derivative portfolio consists primarily of commodity forward contracts and foreign currency forward contracts. The company periodically uses commodity forward contracts to hedge forecasted purchases of certain commodities. The contracts generally establish a fixed price for the underlying commodity and are designated and qualify as effective cash flow hedges of such commodity purchases. Commodity derivatives are valued based on prices of future exchanges and recently reported transactions in the marketplace. For foreign currency forward contracts, where model-derived valuations are appropriate, the company utilizes the income approach to determine the fair value and uses the applicable London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) swap rates.
The following table presents the financial assets and liabilities the company records at fair value on a recurring basis identified by the level of inputs used to determine fair value:
 
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
$ in millions
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Total
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Total
Financial Assets (Liabilities)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable securities
 
$
337

 
$

 
$
337

 
$
319

 
$
1

 
$
320

Marketable securities valued using NAV
 
 
 
 
 
16

 


 


 
15

Total marketable securities
 
337

 

 
353

 
319

 
1

 
335

Derivatives
 

 
(8
)
 
(8
)
 

 
(10
)
 
(10
)

At June 30, 2019, the company had commodity forward contracts outstanding that hedge forecasted commodity purchases of 12 million pounds of copper and 5 million pounds of zinc. Gains or losses on the commodity forward contracts are recognized in product and service cost as the performance obligations on related contracts are satisfied.
The notional value of the company’s foreign currency forward contracts at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $99 million and $114 million, respectively. The portion of notional value designated as a cash flow hedge at June 30, 2019 was $12 million. At December 31, 2018, no portion of the notional value was designated as a cash flow hedge.
The derivative fair values and related unrealized gains/losses at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were not material. There were no transfers of financial instruments between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2019.
The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents and commercial paper approximates fair value.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Long-term Debt
The estimated fair value of long-term debt was $15.4 billion and $14.3 billion as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. We calculated the fair value of long-term debt using Level 2 inputs, based on interest rates available for debt with terms and maturities similar to the company’s existing debt arrangements. The carrying value of long-term debt was $14.4 billion as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The current portion of long-term debt is recorded in Other current liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position.
6.    INVESTIGATIONS, CLAIMS AND LITIGATION
On May 4, 2012, the company commenced an action, Northrop Grumman Systems Corp. v. United States, in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. This lawsuit relates to an approximately $875 million firm fixed-price contract awarded to the company in 2007 by the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) for the construction and delivery of flats sequencing systems (FSS) as part of the postal automation program. The FSS have been delivered. The company’s lawsuit is based on various theories of liability. The complaint seeks approximately $63 million for unpaid portions of the contract price, and approximately $115 million based on the company’s assertions that, through various acts and omissions over the life of the contract, the USPS adversely affected the cost and schedule of performance and materially altered the company’s obligations under the contract. The United States responded to the company’s complaint with an answer, denying most of the company’s claims, and counterclaims seeking approximately $410 million, less certain amounts outstanding under the contract. The principal counterclaim alleges that the company delayed its performance and caused damages to the USPS because USPS did not realize certain costs savings as early as it had expected. On April 2, 2013, the U.S. Department of Justice informed the company of a False Claims Act complaint relating to the FSS contract that was filed under seal by a relator in June 2011 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. On June 3, 2013, the United States filed a Notice informing the Court that the United States had decided not to intervene in this case. The relator alleged that the company violated the False Claims Act in a number of ways with respect to the FSS contract, alleged damage to the USPS in an amount of at least approximately $179 million annually, alleged that he was improperly discharged in retaliation, and sought an unspecified partial refund of the contract purchase price, penalties, attorney’s fees and other costs of suit. The relator later voluntarily dismissed his retaliation claim and reasserted it in a separate arbitration, which he also ultimately voluntarily dismissed. On September 5, 2014, the court granted the company’s motion for summary judgment and ordered the relator’s False Claims Act case be dismissed with prejudice. On February 16, 2018, both the company and the United States filed motions to dismiss many of the claims and counterclaims referenced above, in whole or in part. The United States also filed a motion seeking to amend its answer and counterclaim, including to reduce its counterclaim to approximately $193 million, which the court granted on June 11, 2018. On October 17, 2018, the court granted in part and denied in part the parties’ motions to dismiss. On December 17, 2018, the court issued a Scheduling Order, proposed by the parties, providing for the parties to engage in mediation through March 1, 2019. After the government shutdown, the mediation was rescheduled for May 2019. The parties filed joint motions to suspend the deadlines for pretrial activities while the parties engage in mediation. On April 29, 2019 and June 5, 2019, the court issued Orders suspending the deadlines. Those suspensions ended on July 1, 2019, and on July 12, 2019, the court issued an Order scheduling trial to commence on February 3, 2020. Although the ultimate outcome of these matters (“the FSS matters,” collectively), including any possible loss, cannot be predicted or reasonably estimated at this time, the company intends vigorously to pursue and defend the FSS matters.
On August 8, 2013, the company received a court-appointed expert’s report in litigation pending in the Second Federal Court of the Federal District in Brazil brought by the Brazilian Post and Telegraph Corporation (ECT), a Brazilian state-owned entity, against Solystic SAS (Solystic), a French subsidiary of the company, and two of its consortium partners. In this suit, commenced on December 17, 2004, and relatively inactive for some period of time, ECT alleges the consortium breached its contract with ECT and seeks damages of approximately R$111 million (the equivalent of approximately $29 million as of June 30, 2019), plus interest, inflation adjustments and attorneys’ fees, as authorized by Brazilian law, which amounts could be significant over time. The original suit sought R$89 million (the equivalent of approximately $23 million as of June 30, 2019) in damages. In October 2013, ECT asserted an additional damage claim of R$22 million (the equivalent of approximately $6 million as of June 30, 2019). In its counterclaim, Solystic alleges ECT breached the contract by wrongfully refusing to accept the equipment Solystic had designed and built and seeks damages of approximately €31 million (the equivalent of approximately $35 million as of June 30, 2019), plus interest, inflation adjustments and attorneys’ fees, as authorized by Brazilian law. The Brazilian court retained an expert to consider certain issues pending before it. On August 8, 2013 and September 10, 2014, the company received reports from the expert, which contain some recommended findings relating to liability and the damages calculations put forth by ECT. Some of the expert’s recommended findings were favorable to the company and others were favorable to ECT. In November 2014, the parties submitted

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

comments on the expert’s most recent report. On June 16, 2015, the court published a decision denying the parties’ request to present oral testimony. In a decision dated November 13, 2018, the trial court ruled in ECT’s favor on one of its claims against Solystic, and awarded damages of R$41 million (the equivalent of approximately $11 million as of June 30, 2019) against Solystic and its consortium partners, with that amount to be adjusted for inflation and interest from November 2004 through any appeal, in accordance with the Manual of Calculations of the Federal Justice, as well as attorneys’ fees. On March 22, 2019, ECT appealed the trial court’s decision to the intermediate court of appeals. Solystic filed its appeal on April 11, 2019. The parties are exploring whether there is a possible path for a negotiated resolution of the dispute.
We are engaged in remediation activities relating to environmental conditions allegedly resulting from historic operations at the former United States Navy and Grumman facilities in Bethpage, New York. For over 20 years, we have worked closely with the United States Navy, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, the New York State Department of Health and other federal, state and local governmental authorities, to address legacy environmental conditions in Bethpage. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, as included in Note 7, substantial remediation costs related to these environmental conditions. The remediation standards or requirements to which we are subject are being reconsidered and may change and costs may increase materially. As discussed in Note 7, the State of New York recently issued a Feasibility Study and Proposed Amended Record of Decision, proposing to impose additional remedial requirements. The company, along with other interested parties, has submitted comments on that proposal. The State of New York has said that, among other things, it is also evaluating potential natural resource damages. In addition, we are a party to various, and expect to become a party to additional, legal proceedings and disputes related to remediation, costs, allowability and/or alleged environmental impacts in Bethpage, including with federal and state entities, the Navy, local municipalities and water districts, and insurance carriers, as well as class action and individual plaintiffs alleging personal injury and property damage and seeking both monetary and non-monetary relief. These Bethpage matters could result in additional costs, fines, penalties, sanctions, compensatory or other damages (including natural resource damages), determinations on allocation, allowability and coverage, and non-monetary relief. We cannot at this time predict or reasonably estimate the potential cumulative outcomes or ranges of possible liability of these aggregate Bethpage matters.
On August 12, 2016, a putative class action complaint, naming Orbital ATK and two of its then-officers as defendants, Steven Knurr, et al. v. Orbital ATK, Inc., No. 16-cv-01031 (TSE-MSN), was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. The complaint asserts claims on behalf of purchasers of Orbital ATK securities for violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5, allegedly arising out of false and misleading statements and the failure to disclose that: (i) Orbital ATK lacked effective control over financial reporting; and (ii) as a result, it failed to record an anticipated loss on a long-term contract with the U.S. Army to manufacture and supply small caliber ammunition at the U.S. Army's Lake City Army Ammunition Plant. On April 24, 2017 and October 10, 2017, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints naming additional defendants and asserting claims for alleged violations of additional sections of the Exchange Act and alleged false and misleading statements in Orbital ATK’s Form S-4 filed in connection with the Orbital-ATK Merger. The complaint seeks damages, reasonable costs and expenses at trial, including counsel and expert fees, and such other relief as deemed appropriate by the Court. On June 7, 2019, the court approved the parties’ proposal to resolve the litigation for $108 million, subject to certain terms and conditions. The company continues to negotiate with and pursue coverage litigation against various of its insurance carriers.
The SEC has been investigating Orbital ATK’s historical accounting practices relating to the restatement of Orbital’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarterly periods ended July 5, 2015 and October 4, 2015 described in the Transition Report on Form 10-K for the nine-month period ending December 31, 2015 previously filed on March 15, 2016. The SEC has also been investigating matters relating to a voluntary disclosure Orbital ATK made concerning the restatement described in Orbital ATK’s Form 10-K/A for the nine-month period ending December 31, 2015 filed on February 24, 2017. The Staff of the SEC Division of Enforcement has advised the company that it has concluded its investigation and does not intend to recommend enforcement action.
The company is a party to various other investigations, lawsuits, arbitration, claims, enforcement actions and other legal proceedings, including government investigations and claims, that arise in the ordinary course of our business. The nature of legal proceedings is such that we cannot assure the outcome of any particular matter. However, based on information available to the company to date, the company does not believe that the outcome of any of these other matters pending against the company is likely to have a material adverse effect on the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial position as of June 30, 2019, or its annual results of operations and/or cash flows.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

7.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
U.S. Government Cost Claims
From time to time, the company is advised of claims by the U.S. government concerning certain potential disallowed costs, plus, at times, penalties and interest. When such findings are presented, the company and U.S. government representatives engage in discussions to enable the company to evaluate the merits of these claims, as well as to assess the amounts being claimed. Where appropriate, provisions are made to reflect the company’s estimated exposure for such potential disallowed costs. Such provisions are reviewed periodically using the most recent information available. The company believes it has adequately reserved for disputed amounts that are probable and reasonably estimable, and that the outcome of any such matters would not have a material adverse effect on its unaudited condensed consolidated financial position as of June 30, 2019, or its annual results of operations and/or cash flows.
Environmental Matters
The table below summarizes management’s estimate of the range of reasonably possible future costs for environmental remediation, the amount accrued within that range, and the deferred costs expected to be recoverable through overhead charges on U.S. government contracts as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
$ in millions
 
Range of Reasonably Possible Future Costs(1)
 
Accrued Costs(2)
 
Deferred Costs(3)
June 30, 2019
 
$532 - $1,018
 
$
547

 
$
426

December 31, 2018
 
447 - 835
 
461

 
343

(1) 
Estimated remediation costs are not discounted to present value. The range of reasonably possible future costs does not take into consideration amounts expected to be recoverable through overhead charges on U.S. government contracts.
(2) As of June 30, 2019, $167 million is recorded in Other current liabilities and $380 million is recorded in Other non-current liabilities.
(3) As of June 30, 2019, $133 million is deferred in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and $293 million is deferred in Other non-current assets.
Although management cannot predict whether new information gained as our environmental remediation projects progress, or as changes in facts and circumstances occur, will materially affect the estimated liability accrued, except with respect to Bethpage, we do not anticipate that future remediation expenditures associated with our currently identified projects will have a material adverse effect on the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial position as of June 30, 2019, or its annual results of operations and/or cash flows. With respect to Bethpage, the State of New York recently issued a Feasibility Study and Proposed Amended Record of Decision, proposing to impose additional remedial requirements. The company, along with other interested parties, has submitted comments on that proposal. The comments address, among other things, the adequacy of the existing remedy, concerns with the state’s proposal, and an alternative approach. As discussed in Note 6, the remediation standards or requirements to which we are subject are being reconsidered and may change and costs may increase materially.
Financial Arrangements
In the ordinary course of business, the company uses standby letters of credit and guarantees issued by commercial banks and surety bonds issued principally by insurance companies to guarantee the performance on certain obligations. At June 30, 2019, there were $489 million of stand-by letters of credit and guarantees and $208 million of surety bonds outstanding.
Commercial Paper
The company maintains a commercial paper program that serves as a source of short-term financing with capacity to issue unsecured commercial paper notes up to $2.0 billion. At June 30, 2019, there were $299 million of outstanding short-term commercial paper borrowings at a weighted-average interest rate of 2.61 percent that have original maturities of three months or less from the date of issuance. The outstanding balance of commercial paper borrowings is recorded in Other current liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial position.
Credit Facilities
The company maintains a five-year senior unsecured credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 billion (the “2018 Credit Agreement”) that matures in August 2023. At June 30, 2019, there was no balance outstanding

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under this facility; however, the outstanding balance of commercial paper borrowings reduces the amount available for borrowing under the 2018 Credit Agreement.
In December 2016, a subsidiary of the company entered into a two-year credit facility, with two additional one-year option periods, in an aggregate principal amount of £120 million (the equivalent of approximately $152 million as of June 30, 2019) (the “2016 Credit Agreement”). The company exercised the second option to extend the maturity to December 2020. The 2016 Credit Agreement is guaranteed by the company. At June 30, 2019, there was £70 million (the equivalent of approximately $89 million) outstanding under this facility, which bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 1.10 percent. All of the borrowings outstanding under this facility mature less than one year from the date of issuance, but may be renewed under the terms of the facility. Based on our intent and ability to refinance the obligations on a long-term basis, a large majority of the borrowings are classified as non-current.
At June 30, 2019, the company was in compliance with all covenants under its credit agreements.
8.    RETIREMENT BENEFITS
The cost (benefit) to the company of its retirement plans is shown in the following table:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
Six Months Ended June 30
 
Pension
Benefits
 
OPB
Pension
Benefits
 
OPB
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Components of net periodic benefit cost (benefit)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service cost
$
92

 
$
100

 
$
4

 
$
5

$
184

 
$
199

 
$
8

 
$
10

Interest cost
340

 
300

 
20

 
19

680

 
590

 
40

 
38

Expected return on plan assets
(526
)
 
(544
)
 
(23
)
 
(24
)
(1,051
)
 
(1,073
)
 
(46
)
 
(49
)
Amortization of prior service credit
(14
)
 
(14
)
 

 
(6
)
(29
)
 
(29
)
 
(1
)
 
(11
)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)
$
(108
)
 
$
(158
)
 
$
1

 
$
(6
)
$
(216
)
 
$
(313
)
 
$
1

 
$
(12
)

Employer Contributions
The company sponsors defined benefit pension and OPB plans, as well as defined contribution plans. We fund our defined benefit pension plans annually in a manner consistent with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.
Contributions made by the company to its retirement plans are as follows:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Defined benefit pension plans
$
23

 
$
23

 
$
46

 
$
45

OPB plans
12

 
11

 
24

 
22

Defined contribution plans
88

 
88

 
279

 
192



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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

9.    STOCK COMPENSATION PLANS AND OTHER COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS
Stock Awards
The following table presents the number of restricted stock rights (RSRs) and restricted performance stock rights (RPSRs) granted to employees under the company's long-term incentive stock plan and the grant date aggregate fair value of those stock awards for the periods presented:
 
Six Months Ended June 30
in millions
2019
 
2018
RSRs granted
0.1

 
0.1

RPSRs granted
0.2

 
0.2

Grant date aggregate fair value
$
92

 
$
114


RSRs typically vest on the third anniversary of the grant date, while RPSRs generally vest and pay out based on the achievement of financial metrics over a three-year period.
Cash Awards
The following table presents the minimum and maximum aggregate payout amounts related to cash units (CUs) and cash performance units (CPUs) granted to employees in the periods presented:
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
 
2019
2018
Minimum aggregate payout amount
 
$
36

$
36

Maximum aggregate payout amount
 
203

205


CUs typically vest and settle in cash on the third anniversary of the grant date, while CPUs generally vest and pay out in cash based on the achievement of financial metrics over a three-year period.
10.    LEASES
As described in Note 1, effective January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC 842 using the optional transition method. In accordance with the optional transition method, we did not recast the prior period unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and all prior period amounts and disclosures are presented under ASC 840. Finance leases are not material to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and are therefore not included in the following disclosures.
Total Lease Cost
Total lease cost is included in Product and Service costs and General and administrative expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of earnings and comprehensive income and is recorded net of immaterial sublease income. Total lease cost is comprised of the following:
$ in millions
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Operating lease cost
 
$
77

 
$
159

Variable lease cost
 
2

 
4

Short-term lease cost
 
12

 
29

Total lease cost
 
$
91

 
$
192



-18-

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Supplemental Balance Sheet Information
Supplemental operating lease balance sheet information consists of the following:
$ in millions
 
June 30, 2019
Operating lease right-of-use assets
 
$
1,278

 
 
 
Other current liabilities
 
245

Operating lease liabilities
 
1,081

Total operating lease liabilities
 
$
1,326


Other Supplemental Information
Other supplemental operating lease information consists of the following:
$ in millions
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities
 
$
153

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities
 
101

 
 
 
Weighted average remaining lease term
 
10.3 years

Weighted average discount rate
 
3.9
%

Maturities of Lease Liabilities
Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2019 are as follows:
$ in millions
 
 
Year Ending December 31
 
 
2019 (1)
 
$
137

2020
 
270

2021
 
219

2022
 
183

2023
 
145

Thereafter
 
746

Total lease payments
 
1,700

Less: imputed interest
 
(374
)
Present value of operating lease liabilities
 
$
1,326

(1) 
Excludes the six months ended June 30, 2019.
As of June 30, 2019, we have a rental commitment of $226 million for a real estate lease that has not yet commenced. This operating lease is expected to commence in the fourth quarter of 2019 with a lease term of approximately 17 years.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Rental expense for operating leases classified under ASC 840 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $81 million and $173 million, respectively. These amounts are net of immaterial amounts of sublease income. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum lease payments under long-term non-cancelable operating leases as classified under ASC 840 were as follows:
$ in millions
  
Year Ending December 31
 
2019
$
312

2020
270

2021
221

2022
186

2023
152

Thereafter
939

Total minimum lease payments
$
2,080


11.    SEGMENT INFORMATION
The company is aligned in four operating sectors, which also comprise our reportable segments: Aerospace Systems, Innovation Systems, Mission Systems and Technology Services.
The following table presents sales and operating income by segment:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Sales
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aerospace Systems
$
3,390

 
$
3,337

 
$
6,886

 
$
6,617

Innovation Systems
1,498

 
400

 
2,936

 
400

Mission Systems
3,128

 
2,874

 
6,014

 
5,757

Technology Services
1,044

 
1,048

 
2,021

 
2,192

Intersegment eliminations
(604
)
 
(540
)
 
(1,212
)
 
(1,112
)
Total sales
8,456

 
7,119

 
16,645

 
13,854

Operating income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aerospace Systems
361

 
357

 
743

 
698

Innovation Systems
169

 
39

 
336

 
39

Mission Systems
408

 
352

 
791

 
723

Technology Services
113

 
95

 
215

 
217

Intersegment eliminations
(73
)
 
(64
)
 
(140
)
 
(136
)
Total segment operating income
978


779

 
1,945

 
1,541

Net FAS (service)/CAS pension adjustment
107

 
137

 
215

 
264

Unallocated corporate expense
(139
)
 
(99
)
 
(278
)
 
(140
)
Total operating income
$
946

 
$
817

 
$
1,882

 
$
1,665


Net FAS (Service)/CAS Pension Adjustment
For financial statement purposes, we account for our employee pension plans in accordance with FAS. However, the cost of these plans is charged to our contracts in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the related U.S. Government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS). The net FAS (service)/CAS pension adjustment reflects the difference between CAS pension expense included as cost in segment operating income and the service cost component of FAS expense included in total operating income.
Unallocated Corporate Expense
Unallocated corporate expense includes the portion of corporate costs not considered allowable or allocable under applicable CAS or FAR, and therefore not allocated to the segments, such as a portion of management and

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

administration, legal, environmental, compensation, retiree benefits and other corporate unallowable costs. Unallocated corporate expense also includes costs not considered part of management’s evaluation of segment operating performance, such as amortization of purchased intangible assets and the additional depreciation expense related to the step-up in fair value of property, plant and equipment acquired through business combinations.
Disaggregation of Revenue
Sales by Customer Type
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
$ in millions
$
%(3)
 
$
%(3)
 
$
%(3)
 
$
%(3)
Aerospace Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government (1)
$
2,918

86
%
 
$
2,799

84
%
 
$
5,940

86
%
 
$
5,707

86
%
International (2)
390

11
%
 
449

13
%
 
784

11
%
 
720

11
%
Other customers
30

1
%
 
38

1
%
 
64

1
%
 
80

1
%
Intersegment sales
52

2
%
 
51

2
%
 
98

2
%
 
110

2
%
Aerospace Systems sales
3,390

100
%
 
3,337

100
%
 
6,886

100
%
 
6,617

100
%
Innovation Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government (1)
1,061

71
%
 
265

66
%
 
2,076

71
%
 
265

66
%
International (2)
227

15
%
 
92

23
%
 
474

16
%
 
92

23
%
Other customers
118

8
%
 
30

8
%
 
232

8
%
 
30

8
%
Intersegment sales
92

6
%
 
13

3
%
 
154

5
%
 
13

3
%
Innovation Systems sales
1,498

100
%
 
400

100
%
 
2,936

100
%
 
400

100
%
Mission Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government (1)
2,348

75
%
 
2,155

75
%
 
4,515

75
%
 
4,345

76
%
International (2)
459

15
%
 
391

14
%
 
826

14
%
 
770

13
%
Other customers
39

1
%
 
34

1
%
 
73

1
%
 
64

1
%
Intersegment sales
282

9
%
 
294

10
%
 
600

10
%
 
578

10
%
Mission Systems sales
3,128

100
%
 
2,874

100
%
 
6,014

100
%
 
5,757

100
%
Technology Services
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government (1)
617

59
%
 
597

57
%
 
1,170

58
%
 
1,199

54
%
International (2)
225

22
%
 
193

18
%
 
434

21
%
 
413

19
%
Other customers
24

2
%
 
76

7
%
 
57

3
%
 
169

8
%
Intersegment sales
178

17
%
 
182

18
%
 
360

18
%
 
411

19
%
Technology Services sales
1,044

100
%
 
1,048

100
%
 
2,021

100
%
 
2,192

100
%
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government (1)
6,944

82
%
 
5,816

82
%
 
13,701

82
%
 
11,516

83
%
International (2)
1,301

16
%
 
1,125

16
%
 
2,518

15
%
 
1,995

15
%
Other customers
211

2
%
 
178

2
%
 
426

3
%
 
343

2
%
Total Sales
$
8,456

100
%
 
$
7,119

100
%
 
$
16,645

100
%
 
$
13,854

100
%
(1) 
Sales to the U.S. government include sales from contracts for which we are the prime contractor, as well as those for which we are a subcontractor and the ultimate customer is the U.S. government. Each of the company’s segments derives substantial revenue from the U.S. government.
(2) International sales include sales from contracts for which we are the prime contractor, as well as those for which we are a subcontractor and the ultimate customer is an international customer. These sales include foreign military sales contracted through the U.S. government.
(3) Percentages calculated based on total segment sales.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Sales by Contract Type
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
$ in millions
$
%(1)
 
$
%(1)
 
$
%(1)
 
$
%(1)
Aerospace Systems
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

Cost-type
$
1,979

59
%
 
$
1,934

59
%
 
$
3,981

59
%
 
$
3,836

59
%
Fixed-price
1,359

41
%
 
1,352

41
%
 
2,807

41
%
 
2,671

41
%
Intersegment sales
52

 
 
51

 
 
98

 
 
110

 
Aerospace Systems sales
3,390

 
 
3,337

 
 
6,886

 
 
6,617

 
Innovation Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost-type
405

29
%
 
99

26
%
 
813

29
%
 
99

26
%
Fixed-price
1,001

71
%
 
288

74
%
 
1,969

71
%
 
288

74
%
Intersegment sales
92

 
 
13

 
 
154

 
 
13

 
Innovation Systems sales
1,498

 
 
400

 
 
2,936

 
 
400

 
Mission Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost-type
1,316

46
%
 
1,207

47
%
 
2,590

48
%
 
2,486

48
%
Fixed-price
1,530

54
%
 
1,373

53
%
 
2,824

52
%
 
2,693

52
%
Intersegment sales
282

 
 
294

 
 
600

 
 
578

 
Mission Systems sales
3,128

 
 
2,874

 
 
6,014

 
 
5,757

 
Technology Services
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost-type
412

48
%
 
385

44
%
 
804

48
%
 
822

46
%
Fixed-price
454

52
%
 
481

56
%
 
857

52
%
 
959

54
%
Intersegment sales
178

 
 
182

 
 
360

 
 
411

 
Technology Services sales
1,044

 
 
1,048

 
 
2,021

 
 
2,192

 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost-type
4,112

49
%
 
3,625

51
%
 
8,188

49
%
 
7,243

52
%
Fixed-price
4,344

51
%
 
3,494

49
%
 
8,457

51
%
 
6,611

48
%
Total Sales
$
8,456

 
 
$
7,119

 
 
$
16,645

 
 
$
13,854

 
(1) 
Percentages calculated based on external customer sales.  

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Sales by Geographic Region
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
2019
2018
 
2019
 
2018
$ in millions
$
%(2)
 
$
%(2)
 
$
%(2)
 
$
%(2)
Aerospace Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States
$
2,948

88
%
 
$
2,837

86
%
 
$
6,004

88
%
 
$
5,787

89
%
Asia/Pacific
220

7
%
 
249

8
%
 
459

7
%
 
378

6
%
All other (1)
170

5
%
 
200

6
%
 
325

5
%
 
342

5
%
Intersegment sales
52

 
 
51

 
 
98

 
 
110

 
Aerospace Systems sales
3,390

 
 
3,337

 
 
6,886

 
 
6,617

 
Innovation Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States
1,179

84
%
 
296

77
%
 
2,308

83
%
 
296

77
%
Asia/Pacific
48

3
%
 
24

6
%
 
93

3
%
 
24

6
%
All other (1)
179

13
%
 
67

17
%
 
381

14
%
 
67

17
%
Intersegment sales
92

 
 
13

 
 
154

 
 
13

 
Innovation Systems sales
1,498

 
 
400

 
 
2,936

 
 
400

 
Mission Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States
2,387

84
%
 
2,193

85
%
 
4,588

85
%
 
4,413

85
%
Asia/Pacific
154

5
%
 
160

6
%
 
300

5
%
 
313

6
%
All other (1)
305

11
%
 
227

9
%
 
526

10
%
 
453

9
%
Intersegment sales
282

 
 
294

 
 
600

 
 
578

 
Mission Systems sales
3,128

 
 
2,874

 
 
6,014

 
 
5,757

 
Technology Services
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States
641

74
%
 
673

78
%
 
1,227

74
%
 
1,368

77
%
Asia/Pacific
62

7
%
 
36

4
%
 
100

6
%
 
68

4
%
All other (1)
163

19
%
 
157

18
%
 
334

20
%
 
345

19
%
Intersegment sales
178

 
 
182

 
 
360

 
 
411

 
Technology Services sales
1,044

 
 
1,048

 
 
2,021

 
 
2,192

 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States
7,155

84
%
 
5,999

84
%
 
14,127

85
%
 
11,864

85
%
Asia/Pacific
484

6
%
 
469

7
%
 
952

6
%
 
783

6
%
All other (1)
817

10
%
 
651

9
%
 
1,566

9
%
 
1,207

9
%
Total Sales
$
8,456

 
 
$
7,119

 
 
$
16,645

 
 
$
13,854

 
(1) 
All other is principally comprised of Europe and the Middle East.  
(2) 
Percentages calculated based on external customer sales.  

-23-


REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Northrop Grumman Corporation
Falls Church, Virginia
Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position of Northrop Grumman Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2019, and the related condensed consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income and changes in shareholders’ equity for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and of cash flows for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “interim financial information”). Based on our review, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying interim financial information for it to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statement of financial position of Northrop Grumman Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated January 30, 2019, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements, which included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s change in its method of accounting for recognizing pension and other postretirement benefit plans actuarial gains and losses and the manner in which it accounts for revenue from contracts with customers. In our opinion, the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2018, is consistent, in all material respects, with the audited consolidated financial statements from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
This interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

/s/  Deloitte & Touche LLP
McLean, Virginia
July 23, 2019


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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
OVERVIEW
Northrop Grumman Corporation (herein referred to as “Northrop Grumman,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading global security company. We offer a broad portfolio of capabilities and technologies that enable us to deliver innovative platforms, systems and solutions for applications that range from undersea to outer space and into cyberspace. We provide capabilities in autonomous systems; cyber; command, control, communications and computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR); space; strike; and logistics and modernization. We participate in many high-priority defense and government programs in the United States (U.S.) and abroad. We conduct most of our business with the U.S. government, principally the Department of Defense (DoD) and intelligence community. We also conduct business with foreign, state and local governments, as well as commercial customers.
The following discussion should be read along with the financial statements included in this Form 10-Q, as well as our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which provides additional information on our business and the environment in which we operate and our operating results.
Acquisition of Orbital ATK
On June 6, 2018 (the “Merger date”), the company completed its previously announced acquisition of Orbital ATK, Inc. (“Orbital ATK”) (the “Merger”). On the Merger date, Orbital ATK became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company and its name was changed to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, Inc., which we established as a new, fourth business sector (“Innovation Systems”). The operating results of Innovation Systems subsequent to the Merger date have been included in the company’s unaudited condensed consolidated results of operations. See Note 2 to the financial statements for further information regarding the acquisition of Orbital ATK.
U.S. Political and Economic Environment
Since the filing of our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, full year appropriations for FY 2019 were enacted for all remaining U.S. government agencies and the President proposed an FY 2020 budget requesting $750 billion for national security. The President’s budget request addresses various capabilities highlighted in the U.S. National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Missile Defense Review. Congress is evaluating the President’s budget request as it drafts authorization and appropriations legislation for FY 2020, and also seeks to address budget caps established by the Budget Control Act and the debt limit for FY 2020 and FY 2021. We believe our capabilities, particularly in space, missiles, missile defense, hypersonics, counter-hypersonics, survivability and cyber will allow us to continue to profitably grow our business in support of our customers’ needs.
CONSOLIDATED OPERATING RESULTS
Selected financial highlights are presented in the table below:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
%
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
%
$ in millions, except per share amounts
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Sales
$
8,456

 
$
7,119

 
19
 %
 
$
16,645

 
$
13,854

 
20
 %
Operating costs and expenses
7,510

 
6,302

 
19
 %
 
14,763

 
12,189

 
21
 %
Operating costs and expenses as a % of sales
88.8
%
 
88.5
%
 
 
 
88.7
%
 
88.0
%
 
 
Operating income
946

 
817

 
16
 %
 
1,882

 
1,665

 
13
 %
Operating margin rate
11.2
%
 
11.5
%
 
 
 
11.3
%
 
12.0
%
 
 
Federal and foreign income tax expense
167

 
187

 
(11
)%
 
338

 
346

 
(2
)%
Effective income tax rate
16.2
%
 
19.2
%
 
 
 
16.4
%
 
17.5
%
 
 
Net earnings
861

 
789

 
9
 %
 
1,724

 
1,629

 
6
 %
Diluted earnings per share
$
5.06

 
$
4.50

 
12
 %
 
$
10.11

 
$
9.29

 
9
 %
Sales
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 sales increased $1.3 billion primarily due to the addition of a full quarter of Innovation Systems sales as well as higher sales at Mission Systems and Aerospace Systems.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Year to Date
Year to date 2019 sales increased $2.8 billion primarily due to the addition of a full six months of Innovation Systems sales as well as higher sales at Aerospace Systems and Mission Systems, partially offset by lower sales at Technology Services.
See “Segment Operating Results” below for further information by segment and “Product and Service Analysis” for product and service detail. See Note 11 to the financial statements for information regarding the company’s sales by customer type, contract type and geographic region for each of our segments.
Operating Income and Margin Rate
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 operating income increased $129 million, or 16 percent, primarily due to a $199 million increase in segment operating income, partially offset by a $40 million increase in unallocated corporate expense, largely due to intangible asset amortization and PP&E step-up depreciation, and a $30 million decrease in net FAS (service)/CAS pension adjustment. Operating margin rate declined to 11.2 percent from 11.5 percent primarily due to higher intangible asset amortization and PP&E step-up depreciation, partially offset by improved segment performance.
Second quarter 2019 general and administrative (G&A) costs as a percentage of sales decreased to 9.3 percent from 10.4 percent primarily due to cost management, including cost synergies realized in connection with the 2018 acquisition of Orbital ATK, and the addition of Innovation Systems at a lower G&A rate.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 operating income increased $217 million, or 13 percent, primarily due to a $404 million increase in segment operating income, partially offset by a $138 million increase in unallocated corporate expense, largely due to intangible asset amortization and PP&E step-up depreciation, and a $49 million decrease in net FAS (service)/CAS pension adjustment. Operating margin rate declined to 11.3 percent from 12.0 percent due to higher intangible asset amortization and PP&E step-up depreciation, partially offset by improved segment performance.
Year to date 2019 G&A costs as a percentage of sales decreased to 9.3 percent from 10.5 percent primarily due to cost management, including the cost synergies described above, and the addition of Innovation Systems at a lower G&A rate.
For information regarding product and service operating costs and expenses, see “Product and Service Analysis” below.
Federal and Foreign Income Taxes
Current Quarter
The second quarter 2019 effective tax rate decreased to 16.2 percent from 19.2 percent in the second quarter of 2018 primarily due to higher research credits. See Note 4 to the financial statements for additional information.
Year to Date
The year to date 2019 effective tax rate decreased to 16.4 percent from 17.5 percent in same period of 2018 primarily due to higher research credits, partially offset by lower excess tax benefits for employee share-based compensation. See Note 4 to the financial statements for additional information.
Net Earnings
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 net earnings increased $72 million primarily due to higher operating income and a lower effective tax rate, partially offset by a $58 million decrease in FAS (non-service) pension benefit and a $26 million decrease in other, net, principally due to lower interest income.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 net earnings increased $95 million primarily due to higher operating income, partially offset by a $112 million decrease in FAS (non-service) pension benefit.
Diluted Earnings Per Share
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 diluted earnings per share increased $0.56, or 12 percent reflecting a 9 percent increase in net earnings and a 3 percent reduction in weighted-average diluted shares outstanding.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 diluted earnings per share increased $0.82, or 9 percent, reflecting a 6 percent increase in net earnings and a 3 percent reduction in weighted-average diluted shares outstanding.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

SEGMENT OPERATING RESULTS
Basis of Presentation
The company is aligned in four operating sectors, which also comprise our reportable segments: Aerospace Systems, Innovation Systems, Mission Systems and Technology Services. As described above, on the effective date of the Merger, we established Innovation Systems as a new, fourth business sector. The segment operating results below include sales and operating income for Innovation Systems subsequent to the Merger date.
We present our sectors in the following business areas, which are reported in a manner reflecting core capabilities:
Aerospace Systems
 
Innovation Systems
 
Mission Systems
 
Technology Services
Autonomous Systems
 
Defense Systems
 
Advanced Capabilities
 
Global Logistics and Modernization
Manned Aircraft
 
Flight Systems
 
Cyber and ISR
 
Global Services
Space
 
Space Systems
 
Sensors and Processing
 
 
Effective January 1, 2019, the former Advanced Defense Services and System Modernization and Services business areas of Technology Services were merged to create the Global Services business area. This change had no impact on the segment operating results of Technology Services as a whole.
This section discusses segment sales, operating income and operating margin rates. In evaluating segment operating performance, we look primarily at changes in sales and operating income. Where applicable, significant fluctuations in operating performance attributable to individual contracts or programs, or changes in a specific cost element across multiple contracts, are described in our analysis. Based on this approach and the nature of our operations, the discussion of results of operations below first focuses on our four segments before distinguishing between products and services. Changes in sales are generally described in terms of volume, while changes in margin rates are generally described in terms of performance and/or contract mix. For purposes of this discussion, volume generally refers to increases or decreases in sales or cost from production/service activity levels and performance generally refers to non-volume related changes in profitability. Contract mix generally refers to changes in the ratio of contract type and/or lifecycle (e.g., cost-type, fixed-price, development, production, and/or sustainment).

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Segment Operating Income and Margin Rate
Segment operating income, as reconciled in the table below, and segment operating margin rate (segment operating income divided by sales) are non-GAAP (accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America) measures that reflect total earnings from our four segments, including allocated pension expense recognized under the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the related U.S. Government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), and excluding FAS pension expense and unallocated corporate expenses (certain corporate-level expenses, which are not considered allowable or allocable under applicable CAS or FAR, and costs not considered part of management’s evaluation of segment operating performance). These non-GAAP measures may be useful to investors and other users of our financial statements as supplemental measures in evaluating the financial performance and operational trends of our sectors. These measures may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner and should not be considered in isolation or as alternatives to operating results presented in accordance with GAAP.
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
%
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
%
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Segment operating income
$
978

 
$
779

 
26
 %
 
$
1,945

 
$
1,541

 
26
 %
Segment operating margin rate
11.6
%
 
10.9
%
 
 
 
11.7
%
 
11.1
%
 
 
CAS pension expense
199

 
237

 
(16
)%
 
399

 
463

 
(14
)%
Less: FAS (service) pension expense
(92
)
 
(100
)
 
(8
)%
 
(184
)
 
(199
)
 
(8
)%
Net FAS (service)/CAS pension adjustment
107

 
137

 
(22
)%
 
215

 
264

 
(19
)%
Intangible asset amortization and PP&E step-up depreciation
(98
)
 
(30
)
 
NM

 
(194
)
 
(30
)
 
NM

Other unallocated corporate expense
(41
)
 
(69
)
 
(41
)%
 
(84
)
 
(110
)
 
(24
)%
Unallocated corporate expense
(139
)
 
(99
)
 
40
 %
 
(278
)
 
(140
)
 
99
 %
Operating income
$
946

 
$
817

 
16
 %
 
$
1,882

 
$
1,665

 
13
 %
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 segment operating income increased $199 million, or 26 percent, due to higher operating income at all four sectors, including a full quarter of operating income from Innovation Systems. Segment operating margin rate increased to 11.6 percent from 10.9 percent largely due to improved performance at Mission Systems and Technology Services. In addition, segment operating income and margin rate benefited from cost synergies realized in connection with the 2018 acquisition of Orbital ATK.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 segment operating income increased $404 million, or 26 percent, primarily due to the inclusion of a full six months of operating income from Innovation Systems as well as higher operating income at Mission Systems and Aerospace Systems. Segment operating margin rate increased due to improved performance at all four sectors. In addition, segment operating income and margin rate benefited from the cost synergies described above.
Net FAS (service)/CAS Pension Adjustment
The decrease in our second quarter and year to date 2019 net FAS (service)/CAS pension adjustment is primarily due to lower CAS expense largely as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions as of December 31, 2018, partially offset by increased CAS expense due to the addition of Innovation Systems.
Unallocated Corporate Expense
Current Quarter
The increase in second quarter 2019 unallocated corporate expense is primarily due to a $68 million increase of intangible asset amortization and PP&E step-up depreciation. This increase was partially offset by $23 million of non-recurring transaction costs related to the Orbital ATK acquisition in the second quarter of 2018.
Year to Date
The increase in year to date 2019 unallocated corporate expense is primarily due to a $164 million increase of intangible asset amortization and PP&E step-up depreciation. This increase was partially offset by $29 million of non-recurring transaction costs related to the Orbital ATK acquisition during the first six months of 2018.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Net Estimate-at-Completion (EAC) Adjustments - We record changes in estimated contract earnings at completion (net EAC adjustments) using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. Net EAC adjustments can have a significant effect on reported sales and operating income and the aggregate amounts are presented in the table below:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Favorable EAC adjustments
$
283

 
$
237

 
$
518

 
$
444

Unfavorable EAC adjustments
(125
)
 
(94
)
 
(222
)
 
(185
)
Net EAC adjustments
$
158

 
$
143

 
$
296

 
$
259

Net EAC adjustments by segment are presented in the table below:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Aerospace Systems
$
54

 
$
95

 
$
104

 
$
149

Innovation Systems(1)
31

 

 
81

 

Mission Systems
58

 
50

 
88

 
95

Technology Services
20

 
(2
)
 
31

 
20

Eliminations
(5
)
 

 
(8
)
 
(5
)
Net EAC adjustments
$
158

 
$
143

 
$
296

 
$
259

(1) 
Amounts reflect EAC adjustments after the percent complete on Innovation Systems contracts was reset to zero as of the Merger date.
For purposes of the discussion in the remainder of this Segment Operating Results section, references to operating income and operating margin rate reflect segment operating income and segment operating margin rate, respectively.
AEROSPACE SYSTEMS
Three Months Ended June 30
 
%
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
%
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Sales
$
3,390

 
$
3,337

 
2
%
 
$
6,886

 
$
6,617

 
4
%
Operating income
361

 
357

 
1
%
 
743

 
698

 
6
%
Operating margin rate
10.6
%
 
10.7
%
 
 
 
10.8
%
 
10.5
%
 
 
Sales
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 sales increased $53 million, or 2 percent, due to higher volume on Manned Aircraft and Space programs. Manned Aircraft sales reflect a higher rate of F-35 production activity. Space sales principally reflect higher volume on a civil space program. Autonomous Systems sales were comparable to the prior year period.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 sales increased $269 million, or 4 percent, due to higher sales in all three business areas. Manned Aircraft sales reflect increased restricted volume and a higher rate of F-35 production activity. Space sales reflect higher volume on a secure communications satellite program. Autonomous Systems sales increased due to higher volume on several programs, including Triton, partially offset by lower NATO AGS volume as that program nears completion.
Operating Income
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 operating income increased $4 million, or 1 percent, due to higher sales. Operating margin rate of 10.6 percent was comparable to the prior year period.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Year to Date
Year to date 2019 operating income increased $45 million, or 6 percent, due to higher sales and a higher operating margin rate. Operating margin rate increased to 10.8 percent from 10.5 percent due to improved performance in all three business areas.
INNOVATION SYSTEMS
Three Months Ended June 30
 
%
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
%
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Sales
$
1,498

 
$
400

 
NM
 
$
2,936

 
$
400

 
NM
Operating income
169

 
39

 
NM
 
336

 
39

 
NM
Operating margin rate
11.3
%
 
9.8
%
 
 
 
11.4
%
 
9.8
%
 
 
The sales and operating income above reflect the operating results of Innovation Systems subsequent to the Merger date. In our comparative discussion below, we reference pro forma sales prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X and computed as if Orbital ATK had been included in our results in the year prior to the Merger, or as of January 1, 2017. Refer to Note 2 to the financial statements for additional supplemental consolidated pro forma financial information. This pro forma financial information should not be considered indicative of the results that would have actually occurred if the Merger had been consummated on January 1, 2017, nor are they indicative of future results.
Sales
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 sales increased $106 million, or 8 percent, compared with pro forma sales of $1.4 billion in the second quarter of 2018, principally due to higher sales at Flight Systems and Defense Systems. Flight Systems sales increased due to higher volume on military aerospace structures and launch vehicles. Defense Systems sales reflect higher volume on tactical missiles and subsystems, including the Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM) program.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 sales increased $233 million, or 9 percent, compared with year to date 2018 pro forma sales of $2.7 billion due to higher sales in all three business areas. Flight Systems sales reflect higher volume on launch vehicles, principally Ground-based Midcourse Defense, and military aerospace structures. Defense Systems sales increased due to higher volume on tactical missiles and subsystems, including the AARGM program, and precision munitions and armament products, partially offset by lower sales on ammunition products. Space Systems sales reflect higher volume on national security satellite systems.
Operating Income
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 operating income totaled $169 million and operating margin rate was 11.3 percent.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 operating income totaled $336 million and operating margin rate was 11.4 percent. Year to date results benefited from the timing of favorable negotiations on certain commercial contracts.
MISSION SYSTEMS
Three Months Ended June 30
 
%
 
Six Months Ended June 30
%
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Sales
$
3,128

 
$
2,874

 
9
%
 
$
6,014

 
$
5,757

 
4
%
Operating income
408

 
352

 
16
%
 
791

 
723

 
9
%
Operating margin rate
13.0
%
 
12.2
%
 
 
 
13.2
%
 
12.6
%
 
 
Sales
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 sales increased $254 million, or 9 percent, due to higher sales in all three business areas. Sensors and Processing sales increased principally due to higher volume on infrared countermeasures, airborne radar and restricted programs. Advanced Capabilities sales increased due to higher volume on restricted programs. Cyber and ISR sales reflect higher volume on space payloads and mission programs.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Year to Date
Year to date 2019 sales increased $257 million, or 4 percent, across all three business areas. Sensors and Processing sales increased principally due to higher volume on restricted and airborne radar programs, partially offset by lower volume on communications programs. Cyber and ISR sales increased principally due to higher volume on space payloads and mission programs as well as higher intercompany volume. Advanced Capabilities sales increased due to higher volume on restricted programs, partially offset by lower missile defense volume, primarily related to the JRDC program.
Operating Income
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 operating income increased $56 million, or 16 percent, due to higher sales and a higher operating margin rate. Operating margin rate increased to 13.0 percent from 12.2 percent, primarily due to improved performance on Advanced Capabilities programs.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 operating income increased $68 million, or 9 percent, due to a higher operating margin rate and higher sales. Operating margin rate increased to 13.2 percent from 12.6 percent primarily due to improved performance on Advanced Capabilities and Sensors and Processing programs, partially offset by lower performance on Cyber and ISR programs.
TECHNOLOGY SERVICES
Three Months Ended June 30
 
%
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
%
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
Change
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Sales
$
1,044

 
$
1,048

 
 %
 
$
2,021

 
$
2,192

 
(8
)%
Operating income
113

 
95

 
19
 %
 
215

 
217

 
(1
)%
Operating margin rate
10.8
%
 
9.1
%
 
 
 
10.6
%
 
9.9
%
 
 
Sales
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 sales were comparable to the second quarter of 2018, and reflect lower Global Services sales, principally due to the completion in 2018 of a state and local services contract, offset by higher Global Logistics and Modernization volume.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 sales decreased $171 million, or 8 percent, due to program completions across the sector. Global Services sales declined principally due to the completions in 2018 of a state and local services contract and of certain defense services contracts, largely the JRDC program. Global Logistics and Modernization sales declined primarily due to the completion in 2018 of a manned aircraft sustainment program, KC-10, partially offset by sales growth on strategic and electronic systems sustainment programs.
Operating Income
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 operating income increased $18 million, or 19 percent, and operating margin rate increased to 10.8 percent from 9.1 percent primarily due to improved performance on Global Services programs and the absence in 2019 of a negative EAC adjustment recognized on a state and local services contract in the prior year period.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 operating income decreased $2 million, or 1 percent, due to lower sales, largely offset by a higher operating margin rate. Operating margin rate increased to 10.6 percent from 9.9 percent primarily due to improved performance on Global Services programs.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

PRODUCT AND SERVICE ANALYSIS
The following table presents product and service sales and operating costs and expenses by segment:
 
Three Months Ended June 30
 
Six Months Ended June 30
$ in millions
2019
2018
 
2019
2018
Segment Information:
Sales
Operating Costs and Expenses
Sales
Operating Costs and Expenses
 
Sales
Operating Costs and Expenses
Sales
Operating Costs and Expenses
Aerospace Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product
$
2,853

$
2,572

$
2,813

$
2,514

 
$
5,827

$
5,224

$
5,564

$
4,979

Service
537

457

524

466

 
1,059

919

1,053

940

Innovation Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product
1,328

1,177

354

317

 
2,568

2,273

354

317

Service
170

152

46

44

 
368

327

46

44

Mission Systems
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product
1,960

1,678

1,812

1,566

 
3,744

3,201

3,531

3,042

Service
1,168

1,042

1,062

956

 
2,270

2,022

2,226

1,992

Technology Services
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product
140

126

118

109

 
263

242

224

206

Service
904

805

930

844

 
1,758

1,564

1,968

1,769

Segment Totals
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Product
$
6,281

$
5,553

$
5,097

$
4,506

 
$
12,402

$
10,940

$
9,673

$
8,544

Total Service
2,779

2,456

2,562

2,310

 
5,455

4,832

5,293

4,745

Intersegment eliminations
(604
)
(531
)
(540
)
(476
)
 
(1,212
)
(1,072
)
(1,112
)
(976
)
Total segment(1)
$
8,456

$
7,478

$
7,119

$
6,340

 
$
16,645

$
14,700

$
13,854

$
12,313

(1) 
A reconciliation of segment operating income to total operating income is included in “Segment Operating Results.”
Product Sales and Costs
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 product sales increased $1.2 billion, or 23 percent. The increase was primarily due to a full quarter of product sales from Innovation Systems and higher product sales on Sensors and Processing programs at Mission Systems.
Second quarter 2019 product costs increased $1.0 billion, or 23 percent, consistent with the higher product sales described above.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 product sales increased $2.7 billion, or 28 percent. The increase was primarily due to a full six months of product sales from Innovation Systems, higher restricted and F-35 volume at Aerospace Systems and higher product sales on Sensors and Processing programs at Mission Systems.
Year to date 2019 product costs increased $2.4 billion, or 28 percent, consistent with the higher product sales described above.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Service Sales and Costs
Current Quarter
Second quarter 2019 service sales increased $217 million, or 8 percent. The increase was primarily due to a full quarter of service sales from Innovation Systems and higher service sales at Mission Systems.
Second quarter 2019 service costs increased $146 million, or 6 percent, consistent with the higher service sales described above and reflects improved performance on service contracts at each sector.
Year to Date
Year to date 2019 service sales increased $162 million, or 3 percent. The increase was primarily driven by a full six months of service sales from Innovation Systems and higher service sales at Mission Systems, partially offset by lower service sales at Technology Services principally due to several program completions.
Year to date 2019 service costs increased $87 million, or 2 percent. The increase was primarily driven by the higher service sales described above and reflects improved performance at Aerospace Systems and Technology Services.
BACKLOG
Backlog represents the future sales we expect to recognize on firm orders received by the company and is equivalent to the company’s remaining performance obligations at the end of each period. It comprises both funded backlog (firm orders for which funding is authorized and appropriated) and unfunded backlog. Unexercised contract options and indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts are not included in backlog until the time the option or IDIQ task order is exercised or awarded. Backlog is converted into sales as costs are incurred or deliveries are made.
Backlog consisted of the following as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
 
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
$ in millions
 
Funded
 
Unfunded
 
Total
Backlog
 
Total
Backlog
 
% Change in 2019
Aerospace Systems
 
$
12,622

 
$
21,127

 
$
33,749

 
$
26,440

 
28
 %
Innovation Systems
 
5,775

 
2,660

 
8,435

 
8,207

 
3
 %
Mission Systems
 
10,638

 
6,963

 
17,601

 
15,408

 
14
 %
Technology Services
 
2,793

 
445

 
3,238

 
3,445

 
(6
)%
Total backlog
 
$
31,828

 
$
31,195

 
$
63,023

 
$
53,500

 
18
 %
New Awards
Second quarter and year to date 2019 net awards totaled $13.5 billion and $25.8 billion, respectively, and backlog increased to $63.0 billion as of June 30, 2019. Significant new awards in the second quarter include $4.1 billion for the F-35 program, $3.6 billion to deliver an additional 24 E-2D Advance Hawkeye aircraft and related equipment to the U.S. Navy, $843 million for space restricted programs, $316 million for the Global Hawk program and $265 million for the Intermediate Range Conventional Prompt Strike hypersonic program.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We endeavor to ensure the most efficient conversion of operating income into cash for deployment in our business and to maximize shareholder value through cash deployment activities. In addition to our cash position, we use various financial measures to assist in capital deployment decision-making, including cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow, a non-GAAP measure described in more detail below.
Cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operating activities, supplemented by borrowings under credit facilities, commercial paper and/or in the capital markets, if needed, are expected to be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Operating Cash Flow
The table below summarizes key components of cash flow provided by operating activities:
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
%
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Net earnings
$
1,724

 
$
1,629

 
6
 %
Non-cash items(1)
709

 
383

 
85
 %
Changes in assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Trade working capital
(1,419
)
 
(967
)
 
47
 %
Retiree benefits
(285
)
 
(394
)
 
(28
)%
Other, net
(35
)
 
(13
)
 
169
 %
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
694

 
$
638

 
9
 %
(1) 
Includes depreciation and amortization, non-cash lease expense, stock based compensation expense and deferred income taxes.
Year to date 2019 cash provided by operating activities increased $56 million principally due to higher net earnings, partially offset by an increase in trade working capital.
Free Cash Flow
Free cash flow, as reconciled in the table below, is a non-GAAP measure defined as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures, and may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. We use free cash flow as a key factor in our planning for, and consideration of, acquisitions, the payment of dividends and stock repurchases. This non-GAAP measure may be useful to investors and other users of our financial statements as a supplemental measure of our cash performance, but should not be considered in isolation, as a measure of residual cash flow available for discretionary purposes, or as an alternative to operating cash flows presented in accordance with GAAP.
The table below reconciles net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow:
 
Six Months Ended June 30
 
%
$ in millions
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
694

 
$
638

 
9
%
Less: capital expenditures
(536
)
 
(504
)
 
6
%
Free cash flow
$
158

 
$
134

 
18
%
Year to date 2019 free cash flow increased $24 million principally due to the increase in net cash provided by operating activities.
Investing Cash Flow
Year to date 2019 net cash used in investing activities decreased to $535 million from $8.2 billion principally due to $7.7 billion paid in 2018 for the acquisition of Orbital ATK, net of cash acquired.
Financing Cash Flow
Year to date 2019 net cash used in financing activities decreased to $650 million from $2.2 billion principally due to $1.8 billion in debt and credit facility repayments in 2018, partially offset by increased share repurchases and lower net borrowings on commercial paper in 2019.
Credit Facilities, Commercial Paper and Financial Arrangements - See Note 7 to the financial statements for further information on our credit facilities, commercial paper and our use of standby letters of credit and guarantees.
Share Repurchases - See Note 3 to the financial statements for further information on our share repurchase programs.
Long-term Debt - See Note 5 to the financial statements for further information.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES, ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies, estimates or judgments from those discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES
See Note 1 to our financial statements for further information on accounting standards updates.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND PROJECTIONS
This Form 10-Q and the information we are incorporating by reference contain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “believe,” “estimate,” “outlook,” “trends,” “goals” and similar expressions generally identify these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to our future financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows. Forward-looking statements are based upon assumptions, expectations, plans and projections that we believe to be reasonable when made, but which may change over time. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and inherently involve a wide range of risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Specific risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those identified and discussed more fully in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K and from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). They include:
our dependence on the U.S. government for a substantial portion of our business
significant delays or reductions in appropriations for our programs and U.S. government funding more broadly
investigations, claims, disputes, enforcement actions and/or litigation
the use of estimates when accounting for our contracts and the effect of contract cost growth and/or changes in estimated contract revenues and costs
our exposure to additional risks as a result of our international business, including risks related to geopolitical and economic factors, laws and regulations
the improper conduct of employees, agents, subcontractors, suppliers, business partners or joint ventures in which we participate and the impact on our reputation, our ability to do business, and our financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows
cyber and other security threats or disruptions faced by us, our customers or our suppliers and other partners
the performance and financial viability of our subcontractors and suppliers and the availability and pricing of raw materials, chemicals and components
changes in procurement and other laws, regulations and practices applicable to our industry, findings by the U.S. government as to our compliance with such laws and regulations, and changes in our customers’ business practices globally
increased competition within our markets and bid protests
the ability to maintain a qualified workforce
our ability to meet performance obligations under our contracts, including obligations that are technologically complex, require certain manufacturing expertise or are dependent on factors not wholly within our control
environmental matters, including unforeseen environmental costs and government and third party claims
natural disasters
the adequacy and availability of our insurance coverage, customer indemnifications or other liability protections
products and services we provide related to hazardous and high risk operations, including the production and use of such products, which subject us to various environmental, regulatory, financial, reputational and other risks

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

the future investment performance of plan assets, changes in actuarial assumptions associated with our pension and other postretirement benefit plans and legislative or other regulatory actions impacting our pension, postretirement and health and welfare plans
our ability successfully to integrate the Orbital ATK business and realize fully the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, without adverse consequences
our ability to exploit or protect intellectual property rights
our ability to develop new products and technologies and maintain technologies, facilities, and equipment to win new competitions and meet the needs of our customers
changes in business conditions that could impact business investments and/or recorded goodwill or the value of other long-lived assets
unanticipated changes in our tax provisions or exposure to additional tax liabilities, including qualification of the Alliant Techsystems Inc. spin-off of Vista Outdoor Inc. as a tax-free transaction
You are urged to consider the limitations on, and risks associated with, forward-looking statements and not unduly rely on the accuracy of forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date this report is first filed or, in the case of any document incorporated by reference, the date of that document. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
There have been no material changes to our contractual obligations from those discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes to our market risks from those discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures
DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Our principal executive officer (Chief Executive Officer and President) and principal financial officer (Corporate Vice President and Chief Financial Officer) have evaluated the company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act)) as of June 30, 2019, and have concluded that these controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. These disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
During the three months ended June 30, 2019, no changes occurred in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We have provided information about certain legal proceedings in which we are involved in Notes 6 and 7 to the financial statements.
We are a party to various investigations, lawsuits, arbitration, claims, enforcement actions and other legal proceedings, including government investigations and claims, that arise in the ordinary course of our business. These types of matters could result in administrative, civil or criminal fines, penalties or other sanctions (which terms include judgments or convictions and consent or other voluntary decrees or agreements); compensatory, treble or other damages; non-monetary relief or actions; or other liabilities. Government regulations provide that certain allegations against a contractor may lead to suspension or debarment from future government contracts or suspension of export privileges for the company or one or more of its components. The nature of legal proceedings is such that we cannot assure the outcome of any particular matter. For additional information on pending matters, please see Notes 6 and 7 to the financial statements, and for further information on the risks we face from existing and future investigations, lawsuits, arbitration, claims, enforcement actions and other legal proceedings, please see “Risk Factors” in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
For a discussion of our risk factors please see the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Purchases of Equity Securities – The table below summarizes our repurchases of common stock during the second quarter of 2019:
Period
Number
of Shares
Purchased
 
Average Price
Paid per
Share
(1)
 
Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs
 
Approximate
Dollar Value of
Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased
under the
Plans or Programs
($ in millions)
March 30, 2019 - April 26, 2019
112,600

 
$
277.21

 
112,600

 
 
$
3,989

April 27, 2019 - May 24, 2019
252,485

 
295.98

 
252,485

 
 
3,914

May 25, 2019 - June 28, 2019
211,700

 
312.05

 
211,700

 
 
3,848

Total
576,785

 
$
298.21

 
576,785

 
 
$
3,848

(1) 
Includes commissions paid.
Share repurchases take place from time to time, subject to market conditions and management’s discretion, in the open market and in privately negotiated transactions. The company retires its common stock upon repurchase and, in the periods presented, has not made any purchases of common stock other than in connection with these publicly announced repurchase programs.
See Note 3 to the financial statements for further information on our share repurchase programs.

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

Item 6. Exhibits
2.1
 
 
2.2
 
 
2.3
 
 
2.4
 
 
+*10.1
 
 
*15
 
 
*31.1
 
 
*31.2
 
 
**32.1
 
 
**32.2
 
 
*101
Northrop Grumman Corporation Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Cover Page, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
+
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
 
 
*
Filed with this report
 
 
**
Furnished with this report

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NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION                        

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION
(Registrant)
 
 
By:
 
 
/s/ Michael A. Hardesty
 
 
Michael A. Hardesty
Corporate Vice President, Controller and
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: July 23, 2019

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