NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS INC - Annual Report: 2002 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Form 10-K

Commission File Number 0-26825

Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value

      Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     þ

      Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.     o

      Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).     Yes o          No þ

      The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the closing price on the consolidated transaction reporting system on June 28, 2002 was approximately $33.9 million.

      As of March 18, 2003, the Registrant had outstanding 18,930,276 shares of common stock.

Documents incorporated by reference:

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PART I

Special Note on Forward-Looking Statements

      The following description of our business, discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected. The words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” and similar expressions are used to identify forward-looking statements, but their absence does not mean that such statement is not forward-looking. You are encouraged to carefully review the various disclosures made by us in this report and in the documents incorporated herein by reference, in our previous SEC filings, and those factors described under “Factors That May Affect Results of Operations and Financial Condition, beginning on page 18 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.” These factors, among others, could cause results to differ materially from those presently anticipated by us. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to “Northwest Biotherapeutics,” “company”, “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.

Item 1.     Business

Overview

      Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in July 1998 as the successor to Northwest Biotherapeutics, LLC, a limited liability company formed in Washington in March 1996. We are a biotechnology company focused on discovering, developing and commercializing immunotherapy products that safely generate and enhance immune system responses to effectively treat cancer. Currently approved cancer treatments are frequently ineffective and can cause undesirable side effects. Our approach in developing cancer therapies combines our expertise in the biology of dendritic cells, which are a type of white blood cells that activate the immune system, monoclonal antibodies, which are antibodies that are identical to each other and target only one specific disease target, or antigen, and immunology and antigen discovery. We use our proprietary technologies to develop cancer therapies. These therapies are derived from our two versatile product development programs, DCVax® and HuRx^TM. (DCVax and HuRx are trademarks of Northwest Biotherapeutics.)

      On October 9, 2002, our Board of Directors authorized management to initiate immediate actions to conserve cash. For that purpose, we reduced and eliminated certain future commitments and sold certain fixed assets. We are continuing to assess our alternatives. Subsequently, we implemented changes to restructure as a pre-clinical antibody and dendritic cell development company, to lower cash expenditures, and, if successful in restructuring, to shift our focus to further develop diagnostic and therapeutic antibodies against our proprietary cancer targets for potential use in new cancer products.

      In November 2002, we suspended all clinical trial activity for our DCVax product candidates. We withdrew our Investigational New Drug Application (IND) for DCVax-Prostate, a prostate cancer treatment, and for DCVax-Lung, a potential treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. We maintained our FDA clearance and our Orphan Drug designation for a multi-site Phase II clinical trial to evaluate DCVax-Brain product candidate as a possible treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme. However, this trial cannot be initiated without additional funding.

      As a further result of our restructuring activities, approximately forty-five (45) members of our research and administrative staff were terminated, including our Chief Financial Officer and our Chief Medical Officer. Severance and other related costs of this downsizing totaled $596,000, of which $9,000 remained accrued at December 31, 2002. After these terminations, our remaining staff of 20 consisted of 9 employees in administration and 11 employees in research and development.

      As a critical factor of restructuring, we entered into an agreement to sell certain rights, title, and interest in certain antigen targets pertaining to our fully human monoclonal antibodies to Medarex, Inc. Pursuant to

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      Under the terms of our agreement with Medarex, we acquired the rights to certain other cancer targets in exchange for 2.0 million newly issued non-registered shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 800,000 non-registered shares of our common stock that are dilutive to our stockholders.

      The signing of our agreement with Medarex was a major step in our restructuring as a pre-clinical antibody and dendritic cell development company. We believe that we can manage our operating cash requirements so that our current cash balance, including the $3.0 million in working capital from Medarex, will be sufficient to fund our restructured operations into the fourth quarter of 2003. While continuing as a restructured company, we intend to advance our monoclonal antibody and dendritic cell-based product candidates, pursue potential corporate partnerships, and further consider other strategic alternatives including the possible sale of some or all of our assets.

      On December 23, 2002, our common stock was delisted from the Nasdaq National Market for our failure to maintain minimum stockholders’ equity of at least $10 million. In addition, our shares did not meet the minimum bid price requirement of one dollar per share and our “public float” was not in compliance with the $5 million requirement contained in the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Our common stock is currently trading on the Over The Counter (OTC) Bulletin Board. We do not expect to regain compliance with the Nasdaq common stock listing requirements in the foreseeable future.

      Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2002 have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. Nevertheless, we have experienced recurring losses from operations and have a deficit accumulated during the development stage of $58.5 million that raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Website Access to Reports

      Our website is located at: http://www.nwbio.com Our periodic SEC filings are available through clicking on “News and Investor” to “Stock Quote” to “Real-Time SEC Filings”.

      Additionally, our Press Releases can be accessed through clicking on “News and Investor” to “Stock Quote” to “Press Releases”. The “Archive” button will display our historical Press Releases.

Industry Background

Incidence of Cancer in the United States

      The American Cancer Society estimates that in the United States, men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing cancer, while women have a risk of 1 in 3. Doctors were expected to diagnose approximately 1.3 million new cases of cancer in the United States during 2002. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease and was estimated to result in approximately 555,500 deaths, or 1,578 per day, in 2002. The direct medical costs related to treating cancer in the United States were estimated to be $56 billion in 2002. Our initial therapeutic targets, prostate, brain and lung cancers, cause approximately 36% of the cancer deaths in the United States each year. The American Cancer Society estimated that the

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Cancer

      Cancer is characterized by aberrant cells that multiply uncontrollably. As cancer progresses, the cancer cells may invade other tissues throughout the body producing additional cancers, called metastases. Cancer growth can cause tissue damage, organ failure and, ultimately, death.

      Many immunologists believe that cancer cells occur frequently in the human body, yet are effectively controlled by the immune system because these cells are recognized as aberrant. Cancer growth occurs if this natural process fails.

      Cancer cells produce abnormal kinds and amounts of substances called antigens, which may be distinguishable from those produced by healthy cells. The use of these cancer-associated antigens is essential to the successful development of products capable of stimulating the immune system to seek and destroy cancer cells marked by these antigens.

The Human Immune System

      The immune system is the body’s defense mechanism responsible for recognizing and eliminating cancer cells, viruses, bacteria and other disease-causing organisms. This system consists of populations of white blood cells whose components are responsible for initiating the cellular immune response, and the humoral, or antibody-based, immune response.

      Dendritic cells, a component of white blood cells, initiate the cellular immune response by processing and displaying disease-associated antigen fragments on their outer cell surface, where they are recognized by white blood cells, known as naive T cells, that have not yet been exposed to antigens. Upon exposure to these antigen fragments, naive T cells become disease-specific Helper T cells or Killer T cells. Helper T cells then induce Killer T cells to seek and destroy the cells marked by the disease-associated antigen.

      B cells direct the humoral immune response by binding to disease-associated antigens on the surface of various cell types, producing disease-specific antibodies. Helper T cells also enhance B cell production of disease-specific antibodies. These antibodies bind to and initiate the destruction of cells marked by the associated disease-specific antigens.

      A small population of activated Helper T cells, Killer T cells, and antibody-producing B cells survive for long periods of time, retaining the memory of what the disease fragment looks like. These cells can respond very rapidly to subsequent exposure to disease-specific antigens and fragments. The most effective natural immune response is one in which both Killer T cells and antibody-producing B cells are activated.

      The immune system response to cancer is generally characterized by the following sequence:

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Limitations of Current Cancer Therapies

Traditional Cancer Therapy Approaches

      Cancer is characterized by aberrant cells that multiply uncontrollably. As cancer progresses, the cancer cells may invade other tissues throughout the body producing additional cancers, called metastases. Effective therapies must attack the cancer both at its site of origin and at sites of metastases. Traditional treatments for cancer include:

Current Cancer Immunotherapy Approaches

      Immunotherapy can stimulate and enhance the body’s natural mechanism for destroying pathogens, such as cancer cells, and may overcome many of the limitations of traditional cancer therapies. Immunotherapy may be particularly useful to augment traditional cancer therapies. In recent years, two cancer immunotherapy approaches have emerged, with FDA approved products to address the limitations of traditional therapies:

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Our Approaches

      We have developed two proprietary approaches, DCVax and HuRx, for stimulating and enhancing a patient’s cellular and humoral immune response to cancer. Given appropriate levels of future funding for development, which is not available to us at this time, we believe that DCVax and HuRx products may overcome the limitations of current cancer therapies and offer cancer patients safe and effective treatment alternatives, alone or in combination with other therapies.

DCVax

      Our DCVax platform combines our expertise in dendritic cell biology, immunology and antigen discovery with our proprietary process of producing and activating dendritic cells outside a patient’s body to develop therapeutic products that stimulate beneficial immune responses to treat cancer. We believe that DCVax has the following significant characteristics, the total of which, we believe makes it a potentially attractive alternative to current therapies.

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HuRx

      Our HuRx platform is based on combining our expertise in monoclonal antibodies, immunology and antigen discovery with the efforts of strategic partners who have expertise in humanized and, or fully human monoclonal antibody development and production. We co-developed an initial HuRx product with Medarex, our first HuRx strategic partner. This strategic partnership enabled us to create a proprietary fully human monoclonal antibody-based prostate cancer product candidate that has been acquired by Medarex and is currently entering a FDA Phase I clinical trial. Products derived from our HuRx efforts are intended to have the following characteristics the total of which, we believe, will make them potentially attractive alternatives to current therapies:

      In addition, we believe that HuRx antibodies may be useful for the development of cancer diagnostic imaging products.

      Although we have suspended our previous clinical trials in order to conserve cash, we are continuing our efforts to develop DCVax- and HuRx-based therapeutic product candidates for the treatment of cancer. We have completed or largely completed our research and pre-clinical testing phases of four product candidates. Additionally, we have numerous projects in pre-clinical research and development. We are also actively engaged in the research and discovery of cancer-associated antigens and fragments of cancer-associated antigens that can be used with our DCVax and HuRx programs.

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      The following table summarizes the targeted indications and status of our product candidates:

                                   Phase I:   Evaluation of safety and dosing.

                                   Phase II:  Evaluation of safety and efficacy.

                                   Phase III: Larger scale evaluation of safety and efficacy.

      The DCVax platform uses our proprietary process to efficiently produce and activate dendritic cells outside of a patient’s body. Our Phase I/ II clinical trial for DCVax-Prostate demonstrated that these cells can generate an effective immune system response when administered therapeutically. Manufacture of a DCVax product takes approximately 30 days to complete, and is characterized by the following sequence:

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      We believe that, our DCVax platform affords us the flexibility to target many different forms of cancer through the direct intra-tumoral injection of dendritic cells or the pairing of dendritic cells with cancer-associated antigens, pieces of cancer-associated antigens or deactivated whole cancer cells. We have either patented or licensed critical intellectual property encompassing this technology.

DCVax Product Candidates

DCVax-Prostate

      DCVax-Prostate, our initial, and now abandoned, dendritic cell-based product candidate, resulted from combining our DCVax platform with the cancer-associated antigen prostate specific membrane antigen, or PSMA. PSMA is located on the surface of prostate cells. It is expressed at very low levels on benign or healthy prostate cells, and at much higher levels on prostate cancer cells. Because PSMA is over-expressed in virtually all prostate cancers, it represents an effective target for prostate cancer therapeutics. Although we are no longer evaluating DCVax-Prostate, our Phase I/ II clinical trial provided us with important results supporting the potential value of our DCVax platform as the basis for new cancer immunotherapies.

      In September 1999, we filed an application to conduct a Phase I/II clinical trial for DCVax-Prostate to treat late-stage prostate cancer patients for whom hormone therapy was no longer effective. This trial was carried out at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and at UCLA, involved the administration of DCVax-Prostate to thirty-two evaluable patients in order to establish the safety and efficacy of three different dosage levels of DCVax-Prostate.

      We observed stabilization of disease at 26 weeks in 52% (16 of 31) of the patients in our Phase I/II clinical trial. Twelve of these stable patients did not have measurable metastatic disease at the time of treatment and all twelve were stable, as measured by radiographic criteria, at weeks 26 to 28 with a median time to progression of 40 weeks. These results can be compared to results for another experimental therapy given to similar patients without metastatic disease that had a median time to progression of 29 weeks. Patients with measurable metastatic disease in our Phase I/II clinical trial had a median time to progression of 20 weeks. These results can be compared to results for another experimental therapy given to patients with metastatic disease that had a median time to progression of 16 weeks with control or placebo progression occurring at 9 weeks. Eighty-three percent (83%) of patients had an immune response following treatment with DCVax-Prostate, as measured by the amount of immune-reactive substances found in the blood of patients, which formed specifically in response to PSMA.

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DCVax-Brain and DCVax-Direct

      DCVax-Brain uses our DCVax platform in combination with glioblastoma-associated antigen fragments. Our clinical collaborators at UCLA conducted a Phase I clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma. They have informed us that it has been safely administered to 12 patients and provided us with preliminary data. Seven of these patients were newly diagnosed and to date have a mean time to progression of 18.2 months (two patients have yet to progress after 19 and 29 months respectively) compared to 7 months for historical controls. Survival to date averages 20.7 months compared to 15 months of survival for historical controls. Only one patient, from the newly diagnosed group, has died (at 19 months). The five patients with recurrent disease all progressed with a mean of 15.2 months compared to 5 months for historical controls. Average survival to date is 11.8 months compared to 10 months for historical controls. Three of these patients, from the recurring group, remain alive. Based on these results, we have received clearance from the FDA to conduct a Phase II clinical trial with DCVax-Brain and we have been granted Orphan Drug designation for this application of DCVax.

      DCVax-Direct uses our DCVax platform to produce dendritic cells suitable for direct injection into solid tumors. Several scientific studies have shown that dendritic cells injected into solid tumors in animal models can result in tumor regression. We have continued pre-clinical development of this application and have requested a grant from the National Institutes of Health to potentially fund a future DCVax-Direct Phase I clinical trial for brain cancer.

      Target Market. The American Cancer Society estimated that 17,000 new cases of brain cancer would be diagnosed in the United States during 2002. Deaths from brain cancer are estimated at 13,100 per year. The most common and lethal form of brain cancer is glioblastoma, the indication we are targeting with DCVax-Brain and DCVax-Direct. We estimate that our DCVax products could address a population consisting of approximately 10,000 new patients per year.

      Current Treatments. Existing treatments for glioblastoma include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These existing treatments are often used in various combinations and/or sequences and have significant adverse side effects. In its most recent study, The National Institutes of Health reported that the 1989-1996 five-year survival rate for all brain cancer patients was only 31%. Following initial treatment, virtually all cases of this cancer recur, with a life expectancy of approximately one year following recurrence. Few effective therapies exist for these patients. We believe that DCVax-Brain and DCVax-Direct may address this critical unmet medical need.

DCVax-Lung and DCVax Direct

      DCVax-Lung was designed to use our DCVax platform in combination with isolated and deactivated lung cancer cells as antigens. Although we received clearance from the FDA to conduct a Phase I clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of DCVax-Lung, due to lack of financial resources, we suspended the initiation of this trial.

      DCVax-Direct uses our DCVax platform to produce dendritic cells suitable for direct injection into solid tumors. Several scientific studies have shown that dendritic cells injected into solid tumors in animal models can result in tumor regression. We have continued pre-clinical development for this application and have requested a grant from the National Institutes of Health to potentially fund a future DCVax-Direct Phase I clinical trial for non-small cell lung cancer.

      Target Market. The American Cancer Society estimated that 169,400 new cases of lung cancer would be diagnosed in the United States during 2002. Approximately 80% of these cases are expected to be attributable to non-small cell lung cancer, the indication we were targeting with DCVax-Lung and are now targeting with DCVax-Direct. Deaths from all forms of lung cancer are estimated at 154,900 per year.

      Current Treatments. Existing treatments for non-small cell lung cancer include surgery and radiation therapy, which are used in various combinations. These treatments have significant adverse side effects. In its most recent study, the National Institutes of Health reported that the 1989-1996 five-year survival rate for non-small cell lung cancer patients was only 6.2%. Following initial treatment, virtually all cases of this cancer

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Our HuRx Platform

      Our HuRx platform is based on combining our expertise in monoclonal antibodies, immunology and antigen discovery with strategic partners who have expertise in humanized and, fully human monoclonal antibody development. We co-developed our initial HuRx products with Medarex. We believe our relationship with Medarex and future strategic partners may enable us to create proprietary humanized and fully human monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapies. We develop our HuRx products in the following sequence:

      We believe that, given additional funding, our antigen discovery program may enable us to identify and develop cancer-associated antigens for the HuRx platform, potentially expanding our portfolio of potential therapeutic products. We expect that the antibodies generated by the HuRx platform may be useful as potential products or as products coupled with cytotoxins or radioactive agents.

HuRx Product Candidates

HuRx-Prostate

      HuRx-Prostate resulted from combining the HuRx platform with the cancer-associated antigen PSMA to create therapeutically useful antibodies. These antibodies bind to and initiate the destruction of cancer cells marked by PSMA. We co-developed and then sold this product to Medarex. Medarex has filed an IND with the FDA to begin a Phase I clinical trial in 2003.

      Target Market. The American Cancer Society estimated that 189,100 new cases of prostate cancer would be diagnosed in the United States during 2002. Deaths from prostate cancer are estimated at 30,200 per year. We estimate that there is an initial HuRx-Prostate target population of approximately 73,000 patients with late stage or hormone refractory prostate cancer.

      Current Treatments. Existing treatments for localized prostate cancer include surgery and various forms of radiation therapy. The current standard-of-care for treating metastatic prostate cancer is hormone therapy. Although this therapy achieves temporary tumor control, the National Cancer Institutes’ 1989-1996 five-year survival rate for metastatic prostate cancer is only 33%. Moreover, hormone therapy may cause significant adverse side effects such as bone loss, hot flashes, impotence and blood clots. Disease progression in the presence of hormone therapy occurs on average in two years, and is then classified as hormone refractory prostate cancer. Approximately 50% of patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer will die within one

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HuRx-Lung, HuRx-Breast, HuRx-Brain, HuRx-Colon and HuRx-Melanoma

      We have selected cancer-associated antigens for non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, glioblastoma, colon cancer and melanoma. Medarex has acquired certain rights to the cancer associated antigen to small cell lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, these conditions represent approximately 32% of all cancers expected to be diagnosed in the United States in the year 2002. We are currently developing antibodies to be humanized or immunizing materials for the generation of fully human monoclonal antibodies targeted to antigens associated with these cancers.

Gene Therapy Program

      Cancer is characterized by normal cellular activity becoming aberrant as a result of altered gene function or expression. The result of this alteration is uncontrolled cell division. Gene therapy involves the use of genes for the purpose of expressing specific proteins in cancer cells that alter the aberrant behavior of those cancer cells in order to:

      We have identified two genes, which we are evaluating as potential targets for developing therapies for breast cancer, glioblastoma, colon cancer, melanoma and prostate cancer. We intend to use the pre-clinical data developed to explore opportunities to license this technology to others.

Strategic Partnerships

      We have entered into the following strategic partnerships:

      Medarex, Inc. In April 2001, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Medarex to produce fully human monoclonal antibodies to certain antigen targets identified by us. The agreement called for joint development of antibodies to at least eight cancer-associated antigen targets. Under the agreement, certain profits, losses and costs associated with the development of our HuRx products were to be shared equally by both of us, and certain other costs were borne entirely by each party. This relationship was governed by a joint steering committee composed of representatives of both companies to make development and commercialization decisions concerning jointly developed fully human monoclonal antibody product candidates. Each of us had the right to elect not to participate in the joint development of antibodies to a given antigen target and receive instead certain milestone and royalty payments on net sales. The agreement was to terminate upon the latter of one year after completion of the research activities thereunder, or the date on which neither party is exploiting any products developed thereunder. The agreement was also subject to termination if either party breached its material obligations under the agreement.

      On December 9, 2002, we signed an agreement with Medarex providing us with $3.0 million in working capital, potential future royalties, and certain diagnostic rights for two of the three cancer-related disease targets being acquired by Medarex. These targets were previously co-owned by the companies. The agreement also provides Medarex with the assignment of certain patents related to the acquired targets for the development and commercialization of antibody-based products including fully human PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen) antibodies for the potential treatment of cancer. Medarex submitted an IND to the FDA in January 2003 to initiate a Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the fully human PSMA antibody co-developed by Medarex and ourselves as a possible treatment for hormone refractory prostate cancer. In addition, this agreement allowed for us to reacquire all development and commercialization rights we

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      UCLA Sponsored Research Agreements. In April 2001, we entered into an agreement with the Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles, pursuant to which scientists at that institution assisted us in our Phase I clinical trials for DCVax-Lung. In August 2001, we entered into another agreement with the Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles, pursuant to which scientists at that institution will assist us in our Phase II clinical trials for DCVax-Brain, if funding can be secured.

      University of Iowa Agreement. In 2002, we effected a material transfer agreement with the University of Iowa, pursuant to which scientists at that institution will assist us in the supply of patient brain and lung tumor samples necessary for our Phase I clinical trial for DCVax-Direct and our Phase II clinical trial for DCVax-Brain, if funding can be secured.

      Department of Molecular Medicine, Northwest Hospital. In August 2001, we entered into an agreement with the Department of Molecular Medicine, Northwest Hospital, which provides us the right of first refusal to use and exploit any of their cancer-related intellectual property in exchange for our payment of the costs associated with pursuing patent protection and our payment of a royalty based on the industry standard rates at such time.

Manufacturing

      We have limited manufacturing facilities for the production of our product candidates currently under development. We expect to rely upon third-party manufacturers to produce some of our product candidates for pre-clinical, clinical and commercial purposes. Furthermore, the product candidates under development by us have never been manufactured on a commercial scale and may not be able to be manufactured at a cost or in sufficient quantities to make commercially viable products.

Marketing

      In the event that we secure funding and develop an approved product, we plan to market such product in strategic partnership with established pharmaceutical companies. Our collaboration with these companies may take the form of royalty agreements, licensing agreements or other co-marketing arrangements. The U.S. oncology market is characterized by highly concentrated distribution channels. To be successful in producing a commercially viable product, we may need to develop a direct sales force to market that product in the United States.

Intellectual Property

      We seek to protect our commercially relevant proprietary technologies through patents both in the United States and abroad. We have several issued United States and foreign patents and patent applications pending in a number of areas that we believe will be valuable to our business, including dendritic cell isolation and manipulation and the use of dendritic cells for immunotherapy as well as monoclonal antibodies which bind to the portion of PSMA outside of the cell. Our issued patents expire on dates between 2015 and 2017. We intend to continue using our scientific expertise to pursue and patent new developments with respect to uses, methods, and compositions to enhance our position in the field of cancer treatment.

      On December 9, 2002 we entered into an agreement with Medarex selling certain rights, titles and interest in three antigen targets pertaining to our fully human monoclonal antibodies. The agreement terms include certain upfront payments and a royalty on future products sales. The agreement expires upon the latter of the expiration of the underlying patents or 10 years after the first commercial sale in an applicable country of an applicable royalty product.

      Any patents that we obtain may be circumvented, challenged or invalidated by our competitors. Our patent applications may not result in the issuance of any patents, and any patents that may issue may not offer

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      In addition to patents, we rely on copyright protection, trade secrets, proprietary know-how and trademarks to maintain our competitive position. Our success will depend in part on our ability to preserve our copyrights and trade secrets. Although our officers, employees, consultants, contractors, manufacturers, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors are required to sign agreements obligating them not to disclose our confidential information, these parties may nevertheless disclose such information and compromise our trade secrets. We may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. It is also possible that our trade secrets or proprietary know-how will otherwise become known or be independently replicated or otherwise circumvented by competitors.

      Our technologies may infringe the patents or violate other proprietary rights of third parties. In the event of infringement or violation, we may be prevented from pursuing further licensing, product development or commercialization. Such a result would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

      If we become involved in any litigation, interference or other administrative proceedings, we will incur substantial expenses and the efforts of our technical and management personnel will be significantly diverted. An adverse determination may subject us to significant liabilities or require us to seek licenses, which may not be available. We may also be restricted or prevented from manufacturing and selling our products, if any, in the event of an adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding, or if we fail to obtain necessary licenses. In addition, any potential litigation or dispute may, as a result of our lack of funding, require us to further reduce or even curtail our operations entirely.

Competition

      The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. Several companies, such as Cell Genesys, Inc., Dendreon Corporation and Genzyme Molecular Oncology, a division of Genzyme Corporation, are actively involved in research and development of cell-based cancer therapeutics. Of these companies, we believe that only Dendreon is carrying-out Phase III clinical trials with a cell-based therapy. No cell-based therapeutic product is currently available for commercial sale. Additionally, several companies, such as Abgenix, Inc., Agensys, Inc., IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation and Genentech, Inc. are actively involved in research and development of monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapies. Currently, at least three antibody-based products are approved for commercial sale for cancer therapy. Genentech is also engaged in several Phase III clinical trials for additional antibody-based therapeutic products for a variety of cancers, and several other companies are in early stage clinical trials for such products. Many other third parties compete with us in developing alternative therapies to treat cancer, including:

      Most of our competitors have significantly greater resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing. In addition, many of these competitors have become more active in seeking patent protection and licensing arrangements in anticipation of collecting royalties for use of technology they have developed. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors may prevent us from recruiting and

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      We expect that our ability to compete effectively will be dependent upon our ability to:

Governmental Regulation

      Governmental authorities in the United States and other countries extensively regulate the pre-clinical and clinical testing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion, export, marketing and distribution, among other things, of immunotherapeutics. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration subjects pharmaceutical and biologic products to rigorous review. Even if we ultimately receive FDA approval for one or more of our products, if we or our strategic partners do not comply with applicable requirements, we may be fined, our products may be recalled or seized, our production may be totally or partially suspended, the government may refuse to approve our marketing applications or allow us to distribute our products, and we may be criminally prosecuted. The FDA also has the authority to revoke previously granted marketing authorizations.

      In order to obtain approval of a new product from the FDA, we must, among other requirements, submit proof of safety and efficacy as well as detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product. In most cases, this proof requires documentation of extensive laboratory tests, and pre-clinical and clinical trials. This testing, and the preparation of necessary applications and processing of those applications by the FDA are expensive and typically take several years to complete. The FDA may not act quickly or favorably in reviewing these applications, and we may encounter significant difficulties or costs in our efforts to obtain FDA approvals that could delay or preclude us from marketing any products we may develop. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the effects of approved products or place conditions on any approvals that could restrict the commercial applications of these products. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals if we fail to comply with regulatory standards or if we encounter problems following initial marketing. With respect to patented products or technologies, delays imposed by the governmental approval process may materially reduce the period during which we will have the exclusive right to exploit the products or technologies.

      After an investigational new drug application becomes effective, a sponsor may commence human clinical trials. The sponsor typically conducts human clinical trials in three sequential phases, but these phases may overlap. In Phase I clinical trials, the product is tested in a small number of patients or healthy volunteers, primarily for safety at one or more doses. In Phase II, in addition to safety, the sponsor evaluates the efficacy of the product in a patient population somewhat larger than Phase I clinical trials. Phase III clinical trials typically involve additional testing for safety and clinical efficacy in an expanded population at geographically dispersed test sites. The sponsor must submit to the FDA a clinical plan, or protocol, accompanied by the approval of a clinical site responsible for ongoing review of the investigation, prior to commencement of each clinical trial. The FDA or a clinical site may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time, if the trial is not being conducted in accordance with FDA or clinical site requirements or presents a danger to its subjects.

      The sponsor must submit to the FDA the results of the pre-clinical and clinical trials, together with, among other things, detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product, in the form of a new drug application or, in the case of a biologic, a biologics license application. The FDA is regulating our therapeutic vaccine product candidates as biologics and, therefore, we must submit biologics license

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      Congress enacted the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997, in part, to ensure the availability of safe and effective drugs, biologics and medical devices by expediting the FDA review process for new products. The Modernization Act establishes a statutory program for the approval of fast-track products, including biologics. A fast-track product is defined as a new drug or biologic intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition that demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition. Under the fast-track program, the sponsor of a new drug or biologic may request the FDA to designate the drug or biologic as a fast-track product at any time during the clinical development of the product, prior to marketing approval.

      The Modernization Act specifies that the FDA must determine if the product qualifies for fast-track designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor’s request. The FDA can base approval of a marketing application for a fast-track product on an effect, on a surrogate endpoint, or on another endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA may subject approval of an application for certain fast-track products to post-approval studies to validate the surrogate endpoint or confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint and prior review of all promotional materials. In addition, the FDA may withdraw its approval of a

      If a preliminary review of clinical data suggests that a fast-track product may be effective, the FDA may initiate review of entire sections of a marketing application for a fast-track product before the sponsor completes the application. This rolling review is available if the applicant provides a schedule for submission of remaining information and pays applicable user fees. However, the time periods specified under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act concerning timing goals to which the FDA has committed in reviewing an application, do not begin until the sponsor submits the entire application.

      The FDA may, during its review of a new drug application or biologics license application, ask for additional test data. If the FDA does ultimately approve a product, it may require post-marketing testing, including potentially expensive Phase IV studies, and surveillance to monitor the safety and effectiveness of the drug. In addition, the FDA may in some circumstances impose restrictions on the use of an approved drug, which may be difficult and expensive to administer, and may require prior approval of promotional materials.

      Before approving a new drug application or biologics license application, the FDA also will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured and will not approve the product unless the manufacturing facilities are in compliance with guidelines for the manufacture, holding, and distribution of a product. Following approval, the FDA periodically inspects drug and biologic manufacturing facilities to ensure continued compliance with manufacturing guidelines. Manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production, quality control, record keeping and reporting to ensure full compliance with those requirements. The labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and distribution of a drug or biologic product must also be in compliance with FDA regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with applicable requirements can lead to the FDA demanding that production and shipment cease, and, in some cases, that the manufacturer recall products, or to FDA enforcement actions that can include seizures, injunctions and criminal prosecution. These failures can also lead to FDA withdrawal of approval to market the product.

      We, and our strategic partners, are also subject to regulation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and other foreign, federal, state and local agencies under various regulatory statutes, and may in the future be subject to other environmental, health and safety regulations that may affect our research, development and manufactur-

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      Sales of pharmaceutical products outside the United States are subject to foreign regulatory requirements that vary widely from country to country. Whether or not we have obtained FDA approval, we must obtain approval of a product by comparable regulatory authorities in foreign countries prior to the commencement of marketing the product in those countries. The time required to obtain this approval may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The foreign regulatory approval process includes all the risks associated with FDA regulation set forth above, as well as country-specific regulations.

Employees

      As of December 31, 2002, we employed 20 personnel, including 9 in manufacturing, support and administration and 11 employees in research and development. Each of our employees has signed a confidentiality agreement and none is covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced employment-related work stoppages and consider our employee relations to be positive.

Executive Officers

      The names of our senior executives and our officers as of December 31, 2002 and information about them is presented below.

      Daniel O. Wilds. Mr. Wilds was named Chairman of our board of directors in June 2001, and has served as President, Chief Executive Officer and a director since February 1998. Prior to joining us, Mr. Wilds was President and Chief Executive Officer of Shiloov Biotechnologies (USA), Inc., from July 1997 to January 1998. In early 1997, Mr. Wilds was a self-employed consultant, providing advisory services to biotechnology companies. From 1992 through 1996, Mr. Wilds was President and Chief Executive Officer of Adeza Biomedical Corporation, prior to which he served in several general and senior management positions in the biomedical and biopharmaceutical fields during his 24 years with Baxter International and Baxter Healthcare Corporation. Mr. Wilds holds a B.A. from California State University, Los Angeles and an MBA from Northwestern University.

      Alton L. Boynton, Ph.D. Dr. Boynton co-founded our company, has served as our Secretary and Chief Operating Officer since August 2001, has served as our Executive Vice President since July 2000, has served as our Chief Scientific Officer and a director since our inception in 1996. Dr. Boynton has also served as Director of the Department of Molecular Medicine of Northwest Hospital since 1995 where he has coordinated the establishment of a program centered on carcinogenesis. Dr. Boynton is an internationally recognized scientist in the cellular and molecular mechanisms causing cancer. Dr. Boynton has been funded by the National Cancer Institutes for more than 20 years and has authored more than 150 publications. Dr. Boynton received his Ph.D. in Radiation Biology from the University of Iowa in 1972.

      Marnix L. Bosch, Ph.D. Dr. Bosch joined our Company in 2000, and has served as our Vice President for Vaccine R&D since July 2001. Prior to joining us, Dr. Bosch was a member of the faculty of the Department of Pathobiology at the University of Washington, and he continues to serve that Department as an

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      Eric Holmes, Ph.D. Dr. Holmes co-founded our company, and has served as our Vice President of Biomedical Research and Development since September of 2001. He established and coordinated a research program focusing on regulation of biosynthesis of cell surface carbohydrate antigens and monoclonal antibody development. He currently directs our monoclonal antibody development activities. Dr. Holmes is an author of over 90 publications and has had research funding from the National Cancer Institutes for over 20 years. Dr. Holmes received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1979.

      Patricia A. Lodge, Ph.D. Dr. Lodge has served as Vice President of Operations and Process Development since July 2001. Dr. Lodge was a faculty member at Vanderbilt University from July 1995 until she joined us in July 1996. She has authored a variety of publications in autoimmunity, transplantation, infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy. Dr. Lodge is a member of the American Association of Immunologists and the Parenteral Drug Association. Dr. Lodge received her Ph.D. in Cell and Molecular Biology from the University of Vermont in 1992.

Factors That May Affect Results of Operations and Financial Condition

      This section briefly discusses certain risks that should be considered by our stockholders and prospective investors. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the information incorporated by reference. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be harmed. In such case, you could lose all of your investment.

We will need to raise additional capital that may not be available, which could adversely affect our operations.

      We will need to raise more money to continue our operations. We may seek additional funds from public and private stock offerings, strategic partnerships and licenses, borrowing under lease lines of credit or other sources. These additional forms of capital may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Any additional equity financing may be dilutive to stockholders, and debt financing, if available, may include restrictive covenants. If we cannot raise more money when needed, we may have to further reduce our capital expenditures, scale back our development of new product candidates, reduce our workforce or license to others product candidates that we otherwise would seek to commercialize ourselves or, voluntarily liquidate the assets of the company.

      Moreover, our cash used in operations has exceeded cash generated from operations in each period since our inception. For example, we used approximately $6.4 million of net cash in operating activities in 2000, approximately $8.9 million in 2001 and approximately $13.1 in 2002. Due to our late 2002 restructuring, we expect net cash used in operations to decrease in the near future, but our restructuring efforts may not result in the savings we anticipate. We currently expect that our existing resources will be sufficient to fund our reduced operations into the fourth quarter of 2003. However, these circumstances raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We expect to continue to incur substantial losses, and we may never achieve profitability.

      We have incurred net losses every year since our inception in March 1996 and, as of December 31, 2002, we had a deficit accumulated during the development stage of approximately $58.5 million. We have had net losses applicable to common stockholders as follows:

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      We expect that these losses will continue and anticipate negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. Because of our current cash position, we will need to secure additional funding to continue operations. In addition, we will need to generate revenue sufficient to cover operating expenses and research and development costs to achieve profitability. We may never achieve or sustain profitability.

As a company in the early stage of development with an unproven business strategy, our limited history of operations makes an evaluation of our business and prospects difficult.

      We have had a limited operating history and are at an early stage of development. We may not be able to achieve revenue growth in the future. We have generated the following limited revenues:

      We have derived most of these limited revenues from:

      In the future, we anticipate that our revenues will be derived primarily through the sale of research products until the commercialization of our product candidates, none of which are currently approved for commercial sale. As a result of these factors, it is difficult to evaluate our prospects, and our future success is more uncertain than if we had a longer or more proven history of operations.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates could significantly harm our business.

      All of our product candidates are in early stages of development. None of our product candidates will be commercially available prior to FDA approval. Significant further research and development, financial resources and personnel will be required to develop commercially viable products and obtain regulatory approvals. Much of our efforts and expenditures over the next few years will be devoted to our lead product candidates, DCVax-Brain, DCVax-Direct and HuRx antibody-based products. Success in pre-clinical and early clinical trials does not ensure that subsequent large-scale trials will be successful nor is it a basis for predicting final results. A number of companies in the biotechnology industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after promising results have been achieved in earlier trials. Failure to obtain FDA approval for one or more of our product candidates could significantly harm our business.

Clinical trials for our product candidates are expensive and time consuming, their outcome is uncertain and we have limited experience in managing them.

      The process of obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals for new therapeutic products is expensive, lengthy and uncertain. It can vary substantially, based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product involved. Accordingly, any of our current or future product candidates could take a significantly longer time to gain regulatory approval than we expect or may never gain approval, either of which could reduce our anticipated revenues and delay or terminate the potential commercialization of our product candidates.

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      We have limited experience in conducting and managing clinical trials. We rely on third parties, including our strategic partners, to assist us in managing and monitoring all of our clinical trials. Our reliance on these third parties may result in delays in completing, or failure to complete, these trials if the third parties fail to perform under the terms of our agreements with them. For example, we relied solely on Quintiles Laboratories Limited to provide us with analytical and data management services in connection with our Phase III clinical trial for DCVax-Prostate. If the trial had continued, we may have not been able to find a sufficient alternative supplier of these services in a reasonable time period, or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In the future, if we are unable to obtain similar or alternative suppliers or suppliers of these services, we might be forced to curtail some or all of our clinical trial activities.

We may choose to, or may be required to, suspend, repeat or terminate our clinical trials, if we have insufficient funds, if they are not conducted in accordance with regulatory requirements, the results are negative or inconclusive, or the trials are not well designed.

      Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s regulations and guidelines and are subject to oversight by the FDA and the clinical sites where the clinical trials are conducted. In addition, clinical trials must be conducted with product candidates produced under the FDA’s manufacturing guidelines, and may require large numbers of test patients.

      Clinical trials may be suspended by the FDA or a clinical site at any time if the trials are not being conducted in accordance with FDA or clinical site requirements, or if the trials expose patients to unacceptable health risks.

      In addition, we, the clinical site, or the FDA might delay or halt our clinical trials of a product candidate for various reasons, including but not limited to the following:

      We believe we are currently in compliance with all applicable regulations relating to our product candidates, all of which are subject to governmental regulation.

      We have suspended our clinical trials related to DCVax-Prostate and DCVax-Lung. Our other clinical trials are on hold as we have insufficient funds to initiate these trials. It is uncertain whether we will be able to raise sufficient capital to continue any clinical trials.

Because we are not certain that we will obtain necessary regulatory approvals to market our products in the United States and foreign jurisdictions, we do not know if we will be permitted to commercialize our products.

      The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are subject to stringent regulation by a wide range of authorities. We may fail to obtain regulatory approval for any product candidate we develop. We cannot market any of our products in the United States until they have completed rigorous pre-clinical testing and clinical trials and the FDA’s extensive regulatory approval process. Satisfaction of regulatory requirements typically takes many years, is dependent upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product and requires the expenditure of substantial resources for research and development, testing, manufacturing, quality control, labeling and promotion of drugs. Neither the FDA nor international regulatory authorities have approved cancer-therapy products based on our area of scientific focus for commercialization, and we do not know whether our research and clinical approaches to developing new cancer therapies will lead to products that the FDA will consider safe and effective for indicated uses. We must receive FDA approval of preliminary

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      Before receiving FDA approval to market a product, we must demonstrate that the product is safe and effective for the patient population that will be treated. If we fail to comply with applicable FDA or other regulatory requirements, we could be subject to criminal prosecution, civil penalties, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production or injunction, as well as other regulatory actions against our product candidates or us. If we are unable to obtain approval for any of our product candidates, we will not be permitted to bring these product candidates to market.

      Outside the United States, our ability to market a product will depend upon receiving marketing approvals from the appropriate regulatory authorities. This foreign regulatory approval process includes all of the risks associated with FDA approval described above.

Because we lack sales and marketing experience, we may experience significant difficulties commercializing our products.

      Even if we do obtain regulatory approval to market one of our product candidates, the commercial success of any of our products will depend upon the strength of our sales and marketing efforts. We do not have a sales force and have no experience in the sales, marketing or distribution of our pharmaceutical products. If we develop an approved product, we will need to create a substantial marketing staff and sales force with technical expertise and the ability to distribute our products. As an alternative, we could seek assistance from a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company with a large distribution system and a large direct sales force. We may be unable to put either of these plans in place. In addition, if we arrange for others to market and sell our products, our revenues will depend upon the efforts of those parties. Such arrangements may not succeed. If we fail to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, our business will be seriously harmed.

We have limited manufacturing capabilities, which could adversely impact our ability to commercialize our products.

      We have limited manufacturing facilities and expertise to produce our product candidates. For the duration of our potential clinical trials and pre-development efforts, we believe that third-party manufacturers, such as Medarex, will produce some or all of the components of our product candidates. They will also package, label and distribute some or all of those products. Although we believe that such third parties have adequate resources to meet our needs, we cannot directly control the amount or timing of resources they will devote to our product candidates.

      We have never manufactured, on a commercial scale, any of our product candidates. We may be unable to manufacture these product candidates or any other products that we or our strategic partners develop at a reasonable cost or in sufficient quantities to be profitable. If we cannot manufacture or contract with manufacturers to provide a sufficient supply of our product candidates on acceptable terms, it will delay:

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      These delays would seriously harm our business. Any other delays or difficulties that we may have in manufacturing or contracting with manufacturers to produce, package and distribute our products will also harm our ability to market or sell our products.

Our product candidates may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, health care payors and the medical community.

      The degree of market acceptance of any approved product will depend on a number of factors, including:

      In addition, government health administrative authorities, private health insurers and other organizations are increasingly challenging both the need for and the price of new medical products and services. Consequently, uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved therapeutics. For these and other reasons, physicians, patients, third-party payors and the medical community may not accept and utilize any product candidates that we develop and, even if they do, adequate levels of reimbursement may not be available to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment in research and product development.

Our success partially depends on existing and future strategic partners.

      The success of our business strategy partially depends upon our ability to develop and maintain multiple strategic partnerships and to manage them effectively. Therefore, our success depends partially upon the performance of our strategic partners. Currently, our primary strategic partner is Medarex. We cannot directly control the amount and timing of resources that our existing or future strategic partners devote to the research, development or marketing of our products. As a result, those strategic partners:

      We may have disputes with our strategic partners, which could be costly and time consuming. Our failure to successfully defend our rights could seriously harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

      We intend to continue to enter into strategic partnerships in the future. However, we may be unable to successfully negotiate any additional strategic partnerships and any of these relationships, if established, may not be scientifically or commercially successful.

      We also work with scientists and medical professionals at academic and other institutions, including the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of Iowa and Northwest Hospital, some of whom conduct research for us or assist us in developing our research and development strategy. These scientists and medical professionals are not our employees. They may have commitments to, or contracts with, other businesses or institutions that limit the amount of time they have available to work with us. We have little control over these individuals. We can only expect them to devote to our projects the amount of time required by our license, consulting and sponsored research agreements. In addition, these individuals may have arrangements with other companies to assist in developing technologies that may compete with ours. If these individuals do not devote sufficient time and resources to our programs, our business could be seriously harmed.

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Even if we obtain regulatory approval of a product candidate, we will be subject to extensive regulation, which can be costly and time consuming and may subject us to unanticipated delays.

      Even if we obtain regulatory approval of a product candidate, we will continue to be subject to extensive governmental regulation which may be costly and time consuming, and which may adversely impact our ability to commercialize our product candidates. Currently, we are required to comply with FDA manufacturing guidelines for compounds used in our product candidates in clinical trials, and we believe that we and our third-party suppliers of our compounds are in compliance with these guidelines. The principal regulating authority in the United States is the FDA. Similar agencies in other countries will regulate our products. These regulations affect product:

      Any approved product candidate will be subject to extensive governmental regulation. For example, regulatory agencies could:

      We may be subject to any of the following penalties or compliance actions for violating government regulations:

      We must also comply with numerous laws, regulations and recommendations relating to:

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Our product development efforts are based on technologies that may not prove to be viable.

      We intend to devote significant resources to the research and development of new products based upon our DCVax and HuRx technologies. We may not be successful in developing products, and we may never realize any benefits from such research and development activities. Our ability to achieve and sustain profitability depends upon our ability to successfully develop new and commercially viable products, which is particularly difficult for us as our technologies and their commercial viability are unproven.

Competition in our industry is intense and many of our competitors have substantially greater resources than we have.

      The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. Several companies, such as Cell Genesys, Inc., Dendreon Corporation and Genzyme Molecular Oncology, a division of Genzyme Corporation, are actively involved in the research and development of cell-based cancer therapeutics. Of these companies, we believe that only Dendreon is carrying-out Phase III clinical trials with a cell-based therapy. No cell-based therapeutic product is currently approved for commercial sale. Additionally, several companies, such as Abgenix, Inc., Agensys, Inc., IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation and Genentech, Inc., are actively involved in the research and development of monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapies. Currently, at least three antibody-based products are approved for commercial sale for cancer therapy. Genentech is also engaged in several Phase III clinical trials for additional antibody-based therapeutics for a variety of cancers, and several other companies are in early stage clinical trials for such products. Many other third parties compete with us in developing alternative therapies to treat cancer, including:

      Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing than we do. In addition, many of these competitors have become active in seeking patent protection and licensing arrangements in anticipation of collecting royalties for use of technology they have developed. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to our programs.

      We expect that our ability to compete effectively will be dependent upon our ability to:

      Our competitors may develop more effective or affordable products, or achieve earlier patent protection or product marketing and sales than we may. As a result, any products we develop may be rendered obsolete and noncompetitive.

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Our intellectual property rights may not provide meaningful commercial protection for our products, which could enable third parties to use our technology, or very similar technology, and could reduce our ability to compete in the market.

      We rely on patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws to limit the ability of others to compete with us using the same or similar technology in the United States and other countries. However, as described below, these laws afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights to the extent necessary to sustain any competitive advantage we may have. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries.

      We have seven issued patents (four in the United States and three in foreign jurisdictions) and 68 patent applications pending (18 in the United States and 50 in foreign jurisdictions) which cover the use of dendritic cells in DCVax as well as targets for either DCVax or HuRx-based therapies. The issued patents expire at dates from 2015 to 2017.

      We will only be able to protect our technologies from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that they are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. The patent positions of companies developing novel cancer treatments, including our patent position, generally are uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions, particularly concerning the scope and enforceability of claims of such patents against alleged infringement. Recent judicial decisions are prompting a reinterpretation of the limited case law that exists in this area, and historical legal standards surrounding questions of infringement and validity may not apply in future cases. A reinterpretation of existing law in this area may limit or potentially eliminate our patent position and, therefore, our ability to prevent others from using our technologies. The biotechnology patent situation outside the United States is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may therefore diminish the value of our intellectual property.

      We own, or have rights under licenses to a variety of issued patents and pending patent applications. However, the patents on which we rely may be challenged and invalidated, and our patent applications may not result in issued patents. Moreover, our patents and patent applications may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products. We also face the risk that others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design around our patented technologies.

      We have taken security measures to protect our proprietary information, especially proprietary information that is not covered by patents or patent applications. These measures, however, may not provide adequate protection of our trade secrets or other proprietary information. We seek to protect our proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees, strategic partners and consultants. Nevertheless, employees, strategic partners or consultants may still disclose our proprietary information, and we may not be able to protect our trade secrets in a meaningful way. If we lose any employees, we may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or other trade secrets by those former employees despite the existence of nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements and other contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary technology. In addition, others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.

Our success will depend partly on our ability to operate without infringing or misappropriating the proprietary rights of others.

      Our success will depend to a substantial degree upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties and without breaching any licenses we have entered into regarding our product candidates. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the general field of immunotherapy. In particular, we are aware of other patents issued to third parties for monoclonal antibodies that bind to prostate-specific membrane antigen, or PSMA, and patent applications of others that may issue with similar claims. Our ability to market a product based on the binding of antibodies to PSMA may depend on the actual

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      There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries generally. Infringement and other intellectual property claims, with or without merit, can be expensive and time-consuming to litigate and can divert management’s attention from our core business. We may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that our products infringe their intellectual property rights. This risk is exacerbated by the fact that there are numerous issued and pending patents in the biotechnology industry and the fact that the validity and breadth of biotechnology patents involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. Our competitors may assert that our products and the methods we employ are covered by U.S. or foreign patents held by them. In addition, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, which may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe. There could also be existing patents of which we are not aware that one or more of our products may inadvertently infringe.

      If we lose a patent infringement lawsuit, we could be prevented from selling our products unless we can obtain a license to use technology or ideas covered by such patent or are able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. A license may not be available at all or on terms acceptable to us, or we may not be able to redesign our products to avoid any infringement. If we are not successful in obtaining a license or redesigning our products, we may be unable to sell our products and our business could suffer.

Our rights to the use of technologies licensed to us by third parties are not within our control, and without these technologies, our products and programs may not be successful and our business could be harmed.

      We rely on our licenses from our agreement with Medarex and may rely on other licenses in the future to use various technologies that may be material to our business. We rely upon our licensors to prevent infringement of the licensed patents. Our rights to use these technologies and employ the inventions claimed in the licensed patents are or may be subject to our licensors abiding by the terms of those licenses and not terminating them.

If we lose key management or scientific personnel or cannot recruit qualified employees, our business could suffer.

      We are highly dependent on the principal members of our management and scientific staff, including Daniel O. Wilds, our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Alton L. Boynton, our Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Scientific Officer and Secretary, and other members of senior management. Experienced biotechnology executives are few in number, and we believe it would be very difficult and time-consuming to replace either Mr. Wilds or Dr. Boynton. We are dependent upon Mr. Wilds and his position in the biotechnology community to continue our efforts to pursue strategic partnerships and commercialize our product candidates. Dr. Boynton is one of our founders, has substantial experience in immunotherapy research and is a recognized leader in that field of study.

      With the exception of Mr. Wilds and Dr. Boynton, none of the principal members of our management team or scientific staff have entered into employment agreements with us, nor, with the exception of Mr. Wilds and Dr. Boynton, do we have any key person life insurance on such individuals. Additionally, as a practical matter, any employment agreement we enter into will not ensure the retention of the employee who is a party to the agreement.

      Our future success will also depend in part on the continued service of our key scientific and management personnel and our ability to identify, hire and retain additional personnel. We experience intense competition for qualified personnel. We may be unable to attract and retain the personnel necessary for the development of our business. Moreover, our work force is located in the Seattle, Washington area, where demand for personnel with the scientific and technical skills we seek is extremely high and is likely to remain high. Because of this competition, our compensation costs may increase significantly.

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Health care reform and other changes in the health care industry, including changes in reimbursement policies, could adversely affect our potential profitability.

      Recent proposals to change the health care system in the United States have included measures that would limit or eliminate payments for medical procedures and treatments or subject the pricing of medical treatment products to government control. In addition, as a result of the trend towards managed health care in the United States, as well as legislative proposals to reduce government insurance programs, third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new medical treatment products. Even if we are successful in obtaining regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, our commercialization efforts and any potential profits may be adversely affected by these developments in the U.S. health care system.

We are exposed to potential product liability claims, and it is uncertain that insurance against these claims will be available to us at a reasonable rate in the future.

      Testing product candidates and marketing and selling commercial biotechnology and biopharmaceutical products involves unavoidable risks. The use of our product candidates in clinical trials, and the sale of products we may develop, could result in injury to patients receiving our product candidates or products, and may lead to claims or lawsuits against us by:

      We have purchased liability insurance coverage in the amount of $10.0 million for our past clinical trials and for the research products we may sell. We intend to seek additional liability insurance coverage if and when we restart our suspended clinical trials or develop products that are approved for commercialization. We may be unable to obtain or maintain product liability insurance in the future on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to purchase the insurance, the policy limits may be insufficient to cover all potential claims or liabilities. Insufficient insurance to cover any damages resulting from a claim could seriously harm our business.

We use hazardous materials and must comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which can be expensive and restrict how we do business.

      We store, handle, use and dispose of controlled hazardous, radioactive and biological materials in our business. Our current use of these materials generally is below thresholds giving rise to burdensome regulatory requirements. Our development efforts, however, may result in our becoming subject to additional requirements, and if we fail to comply with applicable requirements we could be subject to substantial fines and other sanctions, delays in research and production, and increased operating costs. In addition, if regulated materials were improperly released at our current or former facilities or at locations to which we send materials for disposal, we could be strictly liable for substantial damages and costs, including cleanup costs and personal injury or property damages, and incur delays in research and production and increased operating costs.

      Insurance covering certain types of claims of environmental damage or injury resulting from the use of these materials is available but can be expensive and is limited in its coverage. We have no insurance specifically covering environmental risks or personal injury from the use of these materials and if such use results in liability, our business may be seriously harmed.

The future sale of common stock could negatively affect our stock price.

      As of March 18, 2003, we have 18,930,276 shares of common stock outstanding. The 4.0 million shares sold in our initial public offering are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the federal

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      If our stockholders sell substantial amounts of common stock in the public market, or the market perceives that such sales may occur, the market price of our common stock could fall. The holders of a substantial majority of our outstanding shares of common stock will have rights, subject to some conditions, to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. Furthermore, if we were to include in a company-initiated registration statement shares held by those holders pursuant to the exercise of their registration rights, those sales could impair our ability to raise needed capital by depressing the price at which we could sell our common stock.

      Pursuant to our December 2002 agreement with Medarex, we issued 2.0 million shares of our non-registered common stock and warrants to purchase 800,000 shares of our non-registered common stock at an average exercise price of $0.165 per share. Pursuant to the agreement, Medarex has certain rights to include its shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. Furthermore, if we were to include in a company-initiated registration statement shares held by Medarex pursuant to the exercise of their registration rights, those sales could impair our ability to raise needed capital by depressing the price at which we could sell our common stock.

      Our principal stockholders, executive officers, and directors and entities affiliated with them, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 42.0% of our common stock as of December 31, 2002. This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price for our common stock because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning stock in companies with controlling stockholders. These stockholders, acting together, will have the ability to exert substantial influence over all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election and removal of directors and any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, they could dictate the management of our business and affairs. This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, or impeding a merger or consolidation, takeover or other business combination that could be favorable to you.

There may not be an active, liquid trading market for our common stock.

      Prior to December 14, 2001, there had been no public market for our common stock. On December 23, 2002, we were delisted from the Nasdaq National Market and subsequently listed on the OTC Bulletin Board. You may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at the market price if trading in our stock is not active.

Our common stock may experience extreme price and volume fluctuations, which could lead to costly litigation for us and make an investment in us less appealing.

      The market price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, including:

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      The market prices of the securities of biotechnology companies, particularly companies like ours without earnings and consistent product revenues, have been highly volatile and are likely to remain highly volatile in the future. This volatility has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against companies that experience volatility in the market price of their securities. Moreover, market prices for stocks of biotechnology-related and technology companies, can occasionally reach levels that bear no relationship to the operating performance of such companies. These market prices generally are not sustainable and are subject to wide variations. Whether or not meritorious, litigation brought against us could result in substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Our incorporation documents, bylaws and stockholder rights plan may delay or prevent a change in our management.

      Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, bylaws and stockholder rights plan contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in our management team. Some of these provisions:

      These provisions could allow our board of directors to affect your rights as a stockholder since our board of directors can make it more difficult for common stockholders to replace members of the board. Because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt to replace our current management team.

      We maintain our headquarters in Bothell, Washington where we lease approximately 39,000 square feet of laboratory, research and development, expansion and general administration space. Our lease expires in September 2009 and, at our option, may be extended for two consecutive five-year periods. During 2002, we subleased approximately 3,000 square feet of this facility to the Northwest Hospital Department of Molecular Medicine. This sublease terminated on December 31, 2002.

      As part of our 2002 restructuring, we have engaged the services of a commercial real estate broker to sublet approximately 50% of our existing Bothell, Washington facility. As of March 16, 2003, we have not entered into a sublease agreement for any portion of our Bothell facility.

      We are not a party to any material legal proceedings.

      No matters were submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders during the quarter ended December 31, 2002.

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PART II

Market Information and Price Range of Common Stock

      Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the symbol “NWBT.” Public trading of our common stock commenced on December 14, 2001 on the Nasdaq National Market. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our stock. On December 23, 2002, we were delisted form Nasdaq and subsequently commenced trading on the OTC Bulletin Board. The following table summarizes our common stock’s high and low sales prices for the periods indicated as reported by either the Nasdaq National Market or OTC Bulletin Board, as applicable. These prices do not include retail markups, markdowns or commissions.

As of March 14, 2003, there were approximately 373 holders of record of our common stock. Such holders include any broker or clearing agencies as holders of record but exclude the individual stockholders whose shares are held by broker or clearing agencies.

Dividend Policy

      We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business and do not currently anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Future dividends, if any, will be determined by our board of directors.

Use of Proceeds From Initial Public Offering

      The Registration Statement (SEC File No. 333-67350) for our initial public offering, or IPO, was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 14, 2001, covering an aggregate of 4.0 million shares of our common stock, and on December 19, 2001, we issued 4.0 million shares of our common stock at an initial public offering price of $5.00 per share. Approximately $2.8 million of the aggregate $20.0 million IPO proceeds was used to pay underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses resulting in net IPO proceeds of approximately $17.2 million. C.E. Unterberg, Towbin was the managing underwriter of our IPO, and Fahnstock & Co., Inc. and Roth Capital Partners, LLC were the co-managers. As of December 31, 2001, we had utilized approximately $2.5 million of net proceeds from the IPO for the repayment of a loan from Holmes Harbor Company in the aggregate amount of $751,000 and the payment of a fee to Northwest Hospital in the amount of $1.7 million, as well as for other general corporate purposes. The remainder of the IPO net proceeds, approximately $14.9 million as of December 31, 2001, was invested in money market accounts.

      We spent approximately $13.1 million of the IPO proceeds in 2002 for operating expenses primarily due to costs associated with continued patient enrollment in our initial clinical trial, clinical trial monitoring, manufacturing of DCVax-Prostate for clinical trial use, costs associated with improving DCVax production techniques and expenditures relating to our HuRx platform.

      Our general and administrative operating expenses were primarily related to higher monthly rental costs, increased legal costs related to entering into certain contractual arrangements, increased patent related costs, increased directors and officers liability insurance cost and increased medical benefit plan cost.

      Approximately $628,000 of the remaining IPO proceeds went to additional leasehold improvements to accommodate clinical trial support activities, for additional research and development equipment, and for

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      The majority of the 2002 operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities costs occurred prior to restructuring our operations to conserve cash and prior to the suspension of all clinical trail activity in November 2002. We had approximately $1.2 million of the IPO proceeds remaining on December 31, 2002.

Recent Sale of Unregistered Securities

      On December 9, 2002, we entered into an Assignment and License Agreement wherein we sold certain intellectual property to Medarex and obtained certain intellectual property from Medarex and acquired the rights to certain other intellectual property from Medarex.

      The Company received $3.0 million consisting of $1.0 million in cash and two payments of $1.0 million each payable in Medarex (MEDX) common stock. Medarex guaranteed the value of the common stock at $1.0 million if sold within 30 days of issuance. Remaining Medarex common stock that had not been sold at December 31, 2002 is recorded as marketable securities and the $1.0 million to be issued in January 2003 is included in a receivable from Medarex at December 31, 2002. The Company has realized a total of $3.0 million in cash as all securities have been sold. Additionally, a $400,000 payable to Medarex was forgiven.

      Pursuant to this agreement, we issued to Medarex 2.0 million non-registered shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 800,000 shares of our non-registered common stock.

      The 2.0 million shares of non-registered common stock were issued as follows: On December 26, 2002, we issued 1.0 million shares; on January 8, 2003 we issued 500,000 shares; and on February 9, 2003 we issued the final 500,000 shares.

      On December 9, 2002, the fair market value of the 2.0 million non-registered shares of common stock was $400,000. As of December 31, 2002, we recorded $200,000 of additional paid in capital and a Long Term Liability for $200,000 for the 1.0 million non-registered shares to be issued in fiscal 2003.

      Also in conjunction with the December 9, 2002 Agreement, we issued warrants to purchase non-registered common stock as follows: on December 26, 2002, we issued a warrant to purchase 400,000 shares at an exercise price of $0.216 per share; on January 8, 2003, we issued a warrant to purchase 200,000 shares at an exercise price of $0.177 per share; and on February 9, 2003 we issued the final warrant to purchase 200,000 shares at an exercise price of $0.102 per share.

      The warrants may be exercised at any time after six months following their issue date and prior to the tenth anniversary of the issue date.

      The fair value of the 800,000 warrants was $159,678 on the date of grant which was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: expected dividend yield 0%, risk-free interest rate of 4.17%, volatility of 191%, and an expected life of 10-years. As of December 31, 2002, one-half of the warrant value, $79,839, was recognized as an increase to additional paid in capital and $79,839 was recognized as a Long Term Liability, for the 400,000 warrants to be issued in fiscal 2003.

      The net gain recognized on the above sale of intellectual property was $2.8 million made up of the receipt of $3.0 million of cash and stock from Medarex and forgiveness of the $400,000 payable to Medarex offset by the issuance of 2.0 million shares of non-registered common stock and 800,000 warrants valued at approximately $560,000.

      The following table shows selected consolidated financial data for each of the years ending December 31, 1998 to December 31, 2002 and for the period from our inception through December 31, 2002 and should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of

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      The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the notes to those statements included with this report. In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. The words “believe”, “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” and similar expressions are used to identify forward-looking statements, but their absence does not mean that such statement is not forward-looking. Many factors could affect our actual results, including those factors described under “Factors That May Affect Results of Operations and Financial Condition” and “Business.” These factors, among others, could cause results to differ materially from those presently anticipated by us. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements that may be made to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated events.

Overview

      We are a biotechnology company focused on discovering, developing and commercializing innovative immunotherapy products that safely generate and enhance effective immune responses to treat cancer.

      Since formation in 1996, our activities have primarily been devoted to research and development of our dendritic cell-based immunotherapy platform and our monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapies.

      We have a limited history of operations. Since inception, we have incurred significant losses and, as of December 31, 2002, had a deficit accumulated during the development stage of approximately $58.5 million. We anticipate incurring additional losses as we expand research and development activities.

      In late 2002, we initiated actions to conserve cash including reducing and eliminating certain future commitments, the sale of certain fixed assets, and restructuring as a pre-clinical antibody and dendritic cell development company. Even with these activities, without additional funding, we will only have sufficient operating funds to operate into the fourth quarter, 2003, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

      Operating costs and expenses consist primarily of research and development expenses, including clinical trial expenses, and general and administrative expenses.

      Research and development expenses include salary expenses and costs of supplies used in our internal research and development projects. As a result of our recent restructuring, we expect to expend at least $1.1 million on our research and development during 2003.

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      From our inception in March 1996 through December 31, 2002, we incurred costs of approximately $22.4 million associated with the research into and development of our product candidates. At this time, due to the risks inherent in the clinical trial process imposed on new drug candidates and the fact that our technologies are unproven, we are unable to estimate with any certainty the costs we will incur in the continued development of our product candidates for commercialization.

      General and administrative expenses include compensation expenses related to executive, information technology, finance and administrative personnel, the cost of facilities, insurance and legal support, as well as amortization costs of stock options and warrants granted to consultants and for entering into commercial arrangements. As a result of our restructuring, we expect general and administrative expenses to be approximately $3.5 million in 2003.

      To date, our revenues have primarily been derived from the manufacture and sale of research materials, contract research and development services and research grants from the federal government. Ultimately, we believe our revenue will consist mainly of pharmaceutical product sales, licensing and royalties from marketing and distribution partnerships and technology transfers.

      We lack high volume manufacturing, sales and marketing experience and, as a result, we may experience significant difficulties commercializing our anticipated products.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

      You should understand that accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, as well as the amounts of revenues and expenses during periods covered by our financial statements. The actual amounts of these items could differ materially from those estimates.

      For example, under EITF 94-3, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities, if an entity remains responsible, without realizing ongoing economic benefit, for continued rental payments for premises being vacated, an estimate of the loss over the remaining life of the primary lease is to be made. Sublease rental income is an allowable off set against the total accrued cost of the rental payments that the entity continues to be liable for related to the vacated space.

      Consequently, the Company recognized a liability of approximately $929,000 and a loss on facility sublease of $721,000, net of deferred rent write off, for the year ended December 31, 2002 in estimating the loss of economic benefit from vacating approximately 22,000 square feet of laboratory and administrative space at its Bothell, Washington, facility. Payments over the remaining lease term total $9.9 million. As of March 16, 2003, we had not subleased any space and have made our estimate of expected receipts under sublease payments based on expected fair market value rents. To the extent our estimate of sublease payments to be received is inaccurate, the liability recognized will be adjusted when a better estimate is known.

      Also, the Company made certain estimates in allocating the cost of tenant improvements to the approximate 22,000 square feet of impaired space, at its Bothell Washington facility, and made certain cost estimates related to the impairment of certain equipment. As a result of this analysis, the Company recognized an asset impairment loss of approximately $1.0 million in December 2002.

      The Company also determines its employee stock option compensation costs as the difference between the estimated fair value of our common stock and the exercise price of options on their date of grant. Prior to our initial public offering our common stock was not actively traded. The fair value of our common stock for purposes of determining compensation expense for this period was determined based on our review of the primary business factors underlying the value of our common stock on the date such option grants were made, viewed in light of the expected initial public offering price per share prior to the initial public offering of our common stock. The actual initial public offering price was significantly lower than the expected price used in determining compensation expense.

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      Additionally, we estimate the fair value of stock options and warrants issued to nonemployees using an option valuation method that considers market indicators and the actual value realized could be significantly different than that calculated.

Related Party Transactions

      On December 9, 2002, we entered into an agreement to sell certain rights, title, and interest in certain antigen targets pertaining to our fully human monoclonal antibodies to Medarex. Pursuant to this agreement, we received $3.0 million in working capital, forgiveness of $400,000 payable to Medarex, and we will receive a royalty of 2% of net sales with respect to products deriving from certain intellectual property.

      Under the terms of our agreement with Medarex, we acquired the rights to certain other cancer targets in exchange for 2.0 million newly issued non-registered shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 800,000 shares of our common stock that are dilutive to our stockholders.

      The signing our agreement with Medarex was a critical factor in our attempts to restructure as a pre-clinical antibody and dendritic cell development company.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2001 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2002

      We have restructured our operations, currently employ twenty individuals and have suspended or delayed all clinical trials. As a result, we anticipate our expenses to decrease significantly from those incurred in 2002 discussed below.

      Total Revenues. Total revenues decreased 93% from $129,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001 to $9,000 for the year ended December 31, 2002. Total revenues consisted primarily of research material sales. Our revenues from research material sales will fluctuate depending upon the timing of purchases by BioWhittaker, Inc., our sole customer.

      Cost of Research Material Sales. Cost of research material sales decreased 90% from $67,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001 to $7,000 for the year ended December 31, 2002. This decrease was due to a decrease in sales of research materials.

      Research and Development Expense. Research and development expense increased 21% from $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. This increase was primarily due to increased costs associated with continued patient enrollment in our initial clinical trials, clinical trial monitoring, manufacture of DCVax-Prostate for clinical trial use, research and development costs associated with improving DCVax production techniques and research and development expenditures relating to our HuRx platform. The majority of the R&D cost increase occurred prior to restructuring our operations to conserve cash and prior to suspension of all clinical trial activity in November 2002.

      General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense increased 57% from $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 to $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2002. The increase in costs was primarily due to higher monthly rental costs, and for increased legal costs related to entering into certain contractual arrangements, increased patent related costs, increased directors and officers liability insurance cost and increased medical benefit plan cost.

      Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased 27% from $467,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001 to $593,000 for the year ended December 31, 2002. This increase was primarily due to additional leasehold improvements, purchase of additional research equipment, and additional capital expenditure on computers.

      Loss on Facility Sublease. Restructuring costs of $721,000 are associated with vacating approximately 22,000 square feet of laboratory and administrative space in 2002 as a result of suspending all clinical trial activity and downsizing through the elimination of approximately 45 positions in 2002.

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      Asset Impairment Loss. The asset impairment loss of $1.0 million represents impairment of leasehold improvements related to vacated space at our Bothell Washington facility for which sublease payments will not recover the value of the improvements and impairment of certain equipment to be sold.

      Total Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income (expense), net, consists primarily of interest expense, interest income, and gain on sale of assets. Interest expense decreased 96% from $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 to $38,000 for the year ended December 31, 2002. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to the 2001 period including amortization related to debt discount and the fact that we had no outstanding debt through November 2002. Interest income decreased 19% from $193,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001 compared to $157,000 for the year ended December 31, 2002.

      Gain on Sale of Intellectual Property. The gain realized on the sale of intellectual property of $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2002 relates to the December 2002 Assignment and Licensing agreement with Medarex in which we received $3.0 million in working capital and $400,000 of accrued liabilities to Medarex were forgiven offset by the issuance of 2.0 million shares of non-registered common stock and 800,000 warrants. The stock and warrants are valued at a combined total of approximately $560,000.

Year Ended December 31, 2000 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2001

      Total Revenues. Total revenues decreased 17% from $156,000 for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $129,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001. Total revenues consisted primarily of research material sales, contract research and development fees from related parties and research grants. Sales of research materials to our sole customer increased 16% from $111,000 in 2000 to 129,000 in 2001. This gain in revenue was offset by a decrease in grant research revenues from 2000 to 2001, due to the timing of service performed under research contracts.

      Cost of Research Material Sales. Cost of research material sales increased 31% from $51,000 for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $67,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001. This increase was primarily due to increased variable manufacturing costs associated with supporting increased sales of research materials.

      Research and Development Expense. Research and development expense increased 58% from $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. This increase was primarily due to increased costs associated with patient enrollment in our initial clinical trial, clinical trial monitoring and travel related expenses and manufacture of DCVax-Prostate for clinical trial use.

      General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense increased 30% from $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. This increase was primarily due to increased employee costs as we expanded our administrative support, higher monthly rental costs, and increased legal costs pertaining to contractual agreements and patent research and filings.

      Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased 135% from $199,000 for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $467,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001. This increase was primarily due to incurring a full 12 months of depreciation for our new Bothell, Washington facility and for increasing equipment needs to support our ongoing research and development programs.

      Total Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income (expense), net, consists primarily of interest expense and interest income. Interest expense decreased 83% from $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to recognizing as interest expense the discount of $4.0 million related to the value of the warrants issued with our 6% convertible promissory notes and interest expense of $1.0 million related to the beneficial conversion feature on those notes, in 2000. Interest income increased 16% from $166,000 for the year ended December 31, 2000 to $193,000 for the year ended December 31, 2001. This increase was primarily due to a slightly higher average cash balance over the respective periods.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

      From inception, we have financed our operations primarily through the public and private sale of securities, cash generated from the sale of biomedical research products, equipment leases, sale of intellectual property rights and borrowings from stockholders. We generated approximately $162,000 in cash from financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2002, compared to $23.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2001. During 2001, cash generated from financing activities consists primarily of proceeds from issuances of our common stock, in conjunction with our initial public offering, of $17.1 million, net of issuance costs, and series D convertible preferred stock of $12.8 million, net of issuance costs, offset by payments made on notes payable to stockholders of $4.5 million exclusive of interest and a fee paid to a stockholder of $1.7 million. During 2002, cash generated from financing activities consists primarily of proceeds from a stock subscription receivable.

      At December 31, 2002, we had cash and cash equivalents of $2.5 million compared to $15.0 million at December 31, 2001.

      We also had a $1.1 million receivable due from Medarex, Inc. and marketable Medarex (MEDX) common stock valued at $704,000, as of December 31, 2002, arising from the December 9, 2002 Assignment and License Agreement. This receivable was fully collected as of February 9, 2003 and all Medarex common stock has been sold.

      We used $13.1 million in cash for operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2002, compared to $8.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2001. The change in cash used in operating activities from 2001 to 2002 was primarily due to an increased net loss, exclusive of amortization of debt discount and beneficial conversion feature, resulting from the scaling up of clinical trial activity through the third quarter 2002.

      For the year ended December 31, 2002, $536,000 was provided by investing activities compared to $438,000 used in investing activities during the prior year. Cash used in investing activities consists mainly of purchases of leasehold improvements in 2001 and for laboratory equipment and leasehold improvements to support clinical trial activity that increased through the third quarter of 2002 offset by proceeds from the sale of intellectual property and sale of marketable securities.

      Our independent auditors have indicated in their report on our 2002 financial statements that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We expect to incur substantial costs as we continue our research and pre-clinical development initiatives. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund operations into the fourth quarter of 2003. We will need to raise substantial additional funding to conduct research and development activities, pre-clinical studies and clinical trials necessary to bring our product candidates to market. We intend to seek additional financing through public or private equity financings, strategic alliances with corporate collaborators, government grants or other sources. However, additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. The alternative of issuing additional equity or convertible debt securities also may not be available and, in any event, would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Our future capital needs will depend on many unpredictable factors including the size, duration and number of clinical trials, the progress associated with pre-clinical trials, the time frame for successful development of an effective product, if ever, and the commercialization of such product all of which includes the regulatory approval process. The regulatory process is uncertain, includes extensive pre-clinical testing and clinical trials of each product candidate in order to establish its safety and effectiveness, can take many years and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Additional costs will be incurred for preparing, filing, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, modifications in existing or the establishment of new strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements, and clinical trials manufacturing costs. As a result of these factors, we cannot predict accurately the amount or timing of future cash needs. All of the above raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

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      We do not have committed external sources of funding and we may be unable to obtain additional funds on acceptable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to, among other things:

Overview of Contractual Obligations

Table of Contractual Obligations

      As a result of our withdrawing our Investigational New Drug Application (IND) for our DCVax-Prostate vaccine for prostate cancer, the right to make, use and sublicense Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), granted to us under the August 28, 2000 PSMA Sublicense Agreement with Cytogen, Inc., reverted back to Cytogen.

      On December 9, 2002, the First Amendment to Collaboration Agreement, between Medarex and the Company, waived the right, of each party to the original April 21, 2001 collaboration agreement, to receive reimbursement from the other Party for 50% of research and development expense incurred by the other party. The Company, had recorded $400,000 in the second quarter of 2002 for estimated co-development costs, which was forgiven as part of the agreement and is included as a component of gain on sale of intellectual property to Medarex.

      We have also entered into other collaborative arrangements under which we may be obligated to pay royalties or milestone payments if product development is successful. We do not anticipate that the aggregate amount of any royalty or milestone obligations under these arrangements will be material.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

      In August 2001, the FASB issued SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations, which is applicable for fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2002. SFAS No. 143 requires an enterprise to record the fair value of an asset retirement obligation as a liability in the period in which it incurs a legal obligation associated with the retirement of a tangible long-lived asset. Statement No. 143 also requires the enterprise to record the contra to the initial obligation as an increase to the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset (i.e., the associated asset retirement costs) and to depreciate that cost over the remaining useful life of the asset. The liability is changed at the end of each period to reflect the passage of time (i.e., accretion expense)

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      In July 2002, the FASB issued Statement No. 146, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities, which addresses financial accounting and reporting for costs associated with exit or disposal activities. Statement No. 146 nullifies EITF Issue No. 94-3, “Liability Recognition for Certain Employee Termination Benefits and Other Costs to Exit an Activity (including Certain Costs Incurred in a Restructuring).” The principal difference between Statement No. 146 and Issue No. 94-3 relates to the recognition of a liability for a cost associated with an exit or disposal activity. Statement No. 146 requires that a liability be recognized for those costs only when the liability is incurred, that is, when it meets the definition of a liability in the FASB’s conceptual framework. In contrast, under Issue No. 94-3, a company recognized a liability for an exit cost when it committed to an exit plan. Statement No. 146 also establishes fair value as the objective for initial measurement of liabilities related to exit or disposal activities. The Statement is effective for exit or disposal activities that are initiated after December 31, 2002 although earlier application is encouraged. The Company adopted SFAS 146 on January 1, 2003.

      In November 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board Emerging Issues Task Force issued its consensus concerning Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables (“EITF 00-21”). EITF 00-21 addresses how to determine whether a revenue arrangement involving multiple deliverables should be divided into separate units of accounting, and, if separation is appropriate, how the arrangement consideration should be measured and allocated to the identified accounting units. The guidance in EITF 00-21 is effective for revenue arrangements entered into in fiscal periods beginning after June 15, 2003. We do not anticipate that adoption of EITF 00-21 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

      In November 2002, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 45, Guarantor’s Accounting and Disclosure Requirements for Guarantees, Including Indirect Guarantees of Indebtedness to Others, an interpretation of FASB Statements No. 5, 57 and 107 and a rescission of FASB Interpretation No. 34. This Interpretation elaborates on the disclosures to be made by a guarantor in its interim and annual financial statements about its obligations under guarantees issued. The Interpretation also clarifies that a guarantor is required to recognize, at inception of a guarantee, a liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken. The initial recognition and measurement provisions of the Interpretation are applicable to guarantees issued or modified after December 31, 2002 and are not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. The disclosure requirements are effective for financial statements of interim or annual periods ending after December 15, 2002.

      In January 2003, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 46, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, an interpretation of ARB No. 51. This Interpretation addresses the consolidation by business enterprises of variable interest entities as defined in the Interpretation. The Interpretation applies immediately to variable interests in variable interest entities created after January 31, 2003, and to variable interests in variable interest entities obtained after January 31, 2003. The application of this Interpretation is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements. The Interpretation requires certain disclosures in financial statements issued after January 31, 2003 if it is reasonably possible that the Company will consolidate or disclose information about variable interest entities when the Interpretation becomes effective.

Item 7A.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

      Our exposure to market risk is presently limited to the interest rate sensitivity of our cash and cash equivalents which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. We are exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of our investment activities. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income we receive without significantly increasing risk. To minimize risk, we maintain our cash and cash equivalents in interest-bearing instruments, primarily money market funds. Our interest rate risk management objective with respect to our borrowings is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows. Due to the nature of our

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Item 8.     Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Financial Statements

      Our financial statements required by this item are submitted as a separate section of this Form 10-K. See Item 15(a)(1) for a listing of financial statements provided in the section titled “Financial Statements”.

Item 9.     Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

      None

PART III

Item 10.     Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant

      (a) Code of Ethics

      The information called for by Part III, Item 10 is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or Exchange Act, no later than 120 days after December 31, 2002.

      The information called for by Part III, Item 11 is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after December 31, 2002.

      The information called for by Part III, Item 12 is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after December 31, 2002.

      The information called for by Part III, Item 13 is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act no later than 120 days after December 31, 2002.

      (a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

      (b) Changes in internal controls.

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      (a)(1) Index to Financial Statements and Independent Auditors Report.

      See Exhibit Index on page 64.

      (b) Reports on Form 8-K.

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INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT

To the Board of Directors

      We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. (a development stage company) and subsidiary (Company) as of December 31, 2001 and 2002, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and comprehensive loss, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2002 and the period from March 18, 1996 (inception) through December 31, 2002. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

      We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

      In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. (a development stage company) and subsidiary as of December 31, 2001 and 2002, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2002 and the period from March 18, 1996 (inception) through December 31, 2002, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

      The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in note 3 to consolidated financial statements, the Company has experienced recurring losses from operations, and has a deficit accumulated in the development stage which raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in note 3. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Seattle, Washington

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NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS