NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. - Annual Report: 2007 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007

OR

For the transition period from                     to                    

Commission file number 001-33678

NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (510) 899-8800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by a check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The registrant’s common stock was not publicly traded as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of October 31, 2007, the date of closing of the registrants initial public offering, was approximately $67,948,000 (based on the closing sales price of the common stock on that date). For the purposes of this calculation, shares owned by officers, directors and 10% stockholders known to the registrant have been deemed to be owned by affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

As of March 11, 2008, there were 21,300,218 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III incorporates by reference certain information from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed for the 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007

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Unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this report to “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company” and “NovaBay” refer to NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

NovaBay™, Aganocide™, AgaNase™ and NeutroPhase™ are our trademarks. All other trademarks and trade names appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. These forward-looking statements include but are not limited to statements regarding our product candidates, market opportunities, competition, strategies, anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the markets in which we operate, and anticipated expenses and capital requirements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks in this report in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. You should read this report and the documents that we reference in this report and have filed as exhibits to the report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management’s beliefs and assumptions only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

PART I

Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing innovative product candidates for the treatment or prevention of a wide range of infections in hospital and non-hospital environments. Many of these infections have become increasingly difficult to treat because of the rapid rise in drug resistance. We have discovered and are developing a class of non-antibiotic anti-infective compounds, which we have named Aganocide compounds. These compounds are based upon small molecules that are naturally generated by white blood cells when defending the body against invading pathogens. We believe that our Aganocide compounds could form a platform on which to create a variety of products to address differing needs in the treatment and prevention of bacterial and viral infections. In laboratory testing, our Aganocide compounds have demonstrated the ability to destroy all bacteria against which they have been tested. Furthermore, because of their mechanism of action, we believe that bacteria are unlikely to develop resistance to our Aganocide compounds.

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of California on January 19, 2000 as NovaCal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We had no operations until July 1, 2002, on which date we acquired all of the operating assets of NovaCal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a California limited liability company. In February 2007, we changed our name from NovaCal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In August 2007, we formed two subsidiaries––NovaBay Pharmaceuticals Canada, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated under the laws of British Columbia (Canada), which may conduct research and development in Canada, and DermaBay, Inc., a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, which will explore and pursue dermatological opportunities.

Our Target Indications and Product Candidates

To optimize the commercial opportunities of our Aganocide compounds, we have developed a two-pronged clinical development strategy. Our first approach is to create and retain technology in indications focused on hospital-associated infections, an area that we believe presents a strategic opportunity for NovaBay. Our second approach is to partner out the Aganocide compounds for use in non-hospital applications.

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In-House Programs

Pre-Surgical Nasal Preparation

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of surgical site infection (“SSI”). SSI is a source of significant concern because of the risk to the patient and because of the resulting increase in the cost of post-surgical treatment. In particular, if the strain of S. aureus causing the SSI is an antibiotic-resistant variant known as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (“MRSA”), the treatment options become extremely limited and increasingly problematic. It has been shown that surgical patients that carry S. aureus in their nasal passages are at a significantly higher risk of developing SSIs. Conventional body washing with an antiseptic preparation does not deal with nasal passages, which are a major area of the body for S. aureus colonization. We have formulated NVC-422, our lead Aganocide compound, as a nasal spray and are developing it for the decolonization of S. aureus (including MRSA) from the nasal passages. Studies show that when combined with an antiseptic body wash, nasal decolonization leads to a significant reduction in SSIs. Our formulation of NVC-422 for nasal applications is trademarked as AgaNase and is currently in Phase II clinical trials.

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract catheters have become a routine part of the management of patients in intensive care and long-term care settings with an estimated five million patients undergoing catheterization each year. Catheter associated urinary tract infections (“CAUTI”) are the major source of hospital-acquired infections, accounting for more than 40% of all hospital infections, or 800,000 infections per year. These infections generally prolong hospitalization, require intensive antibiotic therapy and greatly increase the cost of treatment. A contributing factor in CAUTIs is the formation of bacterial biofilm within the catheter. This biofilm provides an on-going reservoir of bacteria that can cause infection. We are developing a formulation of NVC-422 to destroy bacteria in the bladder as well as bacteria that have formed biofilm within the catheter. We are currently conducting Phase I clinical trials to establish the maximum safe dose for our CAUTI formulation.

Partnering Programs

Wound Care

Wound infections are a major problem because they prevent the wounds from healing and can cause serious bloodstream infections. We have developed NVC-101, a proprietary solution of hypochlorous acid which we have trademarked as NeutroPhase, to address this challenge. We have received clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the marketing of this product as a wound cleanser and debriding agent. We are currently working with our partner, an affiliate of Kinetic Concepts, Inc. (“KCI”), to optimize its use with their V.A.C.^® System wound care device.

Eye, Ear, Sinus and Contact Lens Solution

We are currently working with Alcon Manufacturing Ltd. (“Alcon”), an affiliate of Alcon, Inc., to develop NVC-422 for the treatment of eye, ear and sinus infections as well as for use in contact lens solutions.

Dermatology

We are focused on developing products that will potentially eliminate the need to use antibiotic-based products in the dermatology market. In laboratory testing, we have shown that NVC-422 kills P. Acne and other dermal bacteria. We are currently in advanced preclinical development of a variety of formulations for use in the treatment of skin infections. If preclinical studies confirm our initial findings, we plan to bring these formulations into proof of concept clinical development in order to enhance their value as we explore partnering opportunities.

Our Technology and Research

We have developed our lead compounds by understanding the nature of the molecules that are produced by our white blood cells to kill pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Our white blood cells produce small,

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highly active molecules that are extremely efficient in killing these pathogens once their entry into the body has been detected by our defense systems. However, these molecules are not readily usable as pharmaceutical products because our body produces them “on demand” and the molecules are not naturally stable. We have discovered ways to stabilize one of these naturally occurring molecules, which we call NVC-101, or NeutroPhase. Through the modification of another of these natural molecules, we have created NVC-422, which is our lead Aganocide compound. NVC-422 is a stable analog of naturally occurring N-chlorotaurine (“NCT”). We believe NVC-422 is actually safer and more potent than the NCT molecule. In addition, we have made significant discoveries over the past year that have enabled us to understand why the naturally generated molecules cannot be kept stable and used as drugs. Based on this improved understanding, we have created and expect to create additional antimicrobial compounds that have different characteristics than NVC-422, such as ability to penetrate different tissues and speed at which they kill pathogens.

In 2002, the World Health Organization predicted that within ten years we will be entering into a post-antibiotic era—meaning there will be infections for which there will be no effective antibiotic treatments. By using nature’s blueprint for the development of new anti-infective products, we start with the advantage that the natural molecules do not allow pathogens to develop resistance. Extensive laboratory studies appear to confirm that the Aganocide compounds should inherit this advantage. The ability of our Aganocide compounds to be effective without developing resistance is critical in a situation where bacteria are continuing to develop ever more sophisticated mechanisms for protecting themselves from antibiotics.

Additionally, we are continuing our work to expand our understanding of the activity of the Aganocide compounds against bacteria in biofilm. Just as bacteria are found everywhere, we now understand that biofilm is a natural, ever present defense mechanism of bacteria. Biofilm is a cocoon-like shield that forms around a colony of bacteria. Once the biofilm is formed, bacteria go into dormancy. Dormant bacteria reproduce once every few days, while an active bacteria reproduces every 30 to 60 minutes. Antibiotics are generally only effective against fast reproducing bacteria. In controlled laboratory studies, our Aganocide compounds were found to be highly effective at killing bacteria in biofilm. We believe their activity in biofilm is a critical element of their success, particularly in the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infections.

Alcon Collaboration and License Agreement

In August 2006, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Alcon to license to Alcon the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize products incorporating the Aganocide compounds for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solution. Under the terms of the agreement, Alcon agreed to pay an up-front, non-refundable, non-creditable technology access fee of $10.0 million upon the effective date of the agreement. In addition to the technology access fee, we are entitled to receive semi-annual payments from Alcon to support on-going research and development activities over the four year funding term of the agreement. The research and development support payments include amounts to fund a specified number of personnel engaged in collaboration activities and to reimburse for qualified equipment, materials and contract study costs. As product candidates are developed and proceed through clinical trials and approval, we will receive milestone payments. If the products are commercialized, we will also receive royalties on any sales of products containing the Aganocide compounds.

KCI License Agreement

In June 2007, we entered into a license agreement with KCI, under which we granted KCI the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize NeutroPhase, as well as other products containing hypochlorous acid as the principal active ingredient, worldwide for use in wound care in humans, other than products or uses intended for the eye, ear or nose. Under the terms of the agreement, KCI paid to us a non-refundable technology access fee of $200,000. We are also entitled to receive reimbursements for qualified consulting, materials and contract study costs. In addition, we are entitled to receive payments of up to $1.25 million if certain milestones are met. If products covered by the license are commercially launched, we will also receive royalty payments based on net revenues from sales by KCI of such products.

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Research and Development

As of December 31, 2007, we had 28 employees dedicated to research and development. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, laboratory supplies and services provided within our research, development and clinical groups. We expense our research and development expenses as they are incurred. Research and development expenses for 2005, 2006 and 2007 were $2.0 million, $4.1 million and $7.4 million, respectively. All of our research and development employees are engaged in drug research and development activities, including those related to the Alcon agreement described above. We expect to incur significant research and development expenses for the foreseeable future.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our proprietary technology. We also enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and confidentiality agreements with other third parties, and we rigorously control access to our proprietary technology.

We have registered the Aganocide trademark in the European Community and Japan and have a trademark application allowed in the United States. We have allowed trademark applications in the United States for NeutroPhase, NovaBay and the NovaBay design, and a pending application for AgaNase. We have registered the NovaBay, AgaNase and NeutroPhase trademarks in Australia and have applications for these same trademarks pending in a number of other foreign countries.

We have one issued patent, one allowed patent application and eight pending applications in the United States. We also have four pending international applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, and one issued patent in Mexico, one issued patent in China, one allowed patent in Israel and 46 pending foreign national applications in Europe, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong-Kong, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Singapore, New Zealand and Taiwan.

The issued U.S. patent provides coverage for a method of treating burns or promoting wound healing, tissue repair or tissue regeneration using a specific range of formulations of NVC-101. This patent was issued in July 30, 2002 and will expire in 2020. The allowed U.S. patent application claims a method of disinfecting open wounds and burns, promoting wound healing and providing ocular disinfection using a specific range of formulations of NVC-101. NovaBay must pay an issue fee on or before March 27, 2008, in order for this application to issue as a U.S. patent. If NovaBay fails to timely pay this fee, no patent will issue. The subject matter of our patents and patent applications cover the following three key areas: methods relating to the manufacture and use of NVC-101, composition of matter of the Aganocide compounds and their compositions, and methods of treatment utilizing the Aganocide compounds. The U.S. patent application covering the Aganocide compounds will, if granted, expire in 2024, with additional compounds covered by further patent applications that, if granted, would expire in 2025 and 2026.

Competition

The market for drugs and medical devices designed to treat or prevent bacterial infections is highly competitive. If developed, our products would compete against a wide variety of existing products, products and technologies that are currently in development, and products and technologies that could be developed and reach the market before or after any products that we develop may be introduced. In particular, we would be competing against existing antibiotics that are sold by many major pharmaceutical companies, or generic equivalents that are being distributed, typically at low prices. NeutroPhase, if launched for use in wound management, will be competing against multiple products with similar indications for use. However, we believe there is currently no dominant product in this indication.

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Our potential competitors include large and small pharmaceuticals and medical device companies, such as Pfizer, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Abbot Grp. Plc., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Sanofi-Aventis SA, Smith & Nephew Plc, and Novartis AG. Some of these competitors may have far greater resources and experience in the area than we do and may develop and patent processes or products earlier than we are able to, develop and commercialize products that are less expensive or more efficient than any products that we may develop, obtain regulatory approvals for competing products more rapidly than we are able to, and improve upon existing technological approaches or develop new or different approaches that render any technology or products we develop obsolete or uncompetitive.

We believe the principal competitive factors for products in our target markets include their effectiveness in killing bacteria, including bacteria in biofilm, time to kill bacteria, safety, side effects and cost effectiveness. We believe that our compounds may, if approved by the regulatory authorities, have significant advantages over existing compounds and compounds in development of which we are aware, because our Aganocide and NVC-101 compounds could be used to prevent infections or to treat infections where speed of action, action against bacteria in biofilm, action in topical indications or action against multi-drug resistant bacteria is important.

Manufacturing and Supply

We do not currently operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production, as we rely on and leverage the manufacturing and distribution infrastructure of third parties. We have no plans to establish our own manufacturing facilities in the future. Third party vendors supply us with the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (“API”) of NVC-422 and the finished clinical trials materials for NVC-101, which are manufactured in compliance with the FDA’s “Current Good Manufacturing Practice”, or CGMP, regulations. We also intend to work with third parties for future clinical trial materials and commercial supplies of NVC-422.

The Alcon agreement provides for the manufacture by Alcon of finished dosage forms of products incorporating Aganocide compounds for sale under our label in those markets where we have retained marketing rights.

Sales and Marketing

Our lead product candidate, NVC-422, as well as many of the product candidates we expect to develop in the future, are intended to address a variety of different market segments, some of which are large, primary care markets. We do not currently have, nor do we intend in the near term to create, a commercialization organization capable of marketing, selling and distributing our targeted product candidates to large, primary care markets. This applies to markets in both the United States and elsewhere. Rather, we intend to establish commercialization partnerships with pharmaceutical, biotechnology or other leading organizations with the experience and resources to bring our products to market. In some cases, we may enter into agreements with these organizations during the development stage of a product candidate to further benefit from their clinical development, regulatory, market research, pre-marketing and other expertise, as is the case with Alcon. As appropriate, we may establish a specialty sales force with expertise in marketing and selling any future approved products to specialty physicians for specific target indications. We may also establish other complementary capabilities related to marketing and selling targeted medicines, particularly where those capabilities may not currently exist at other organizations.

Government Regulation

The testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, export and marketing of our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities in state and local jurisdictions in the U.S. and in other countries. Because our programs involve product candidates that are considered as medical devices and others that are drugs, we intend to submit applications to regulatory agencies for approval or clearance of both medical devices and pharmaceutical product candidates.

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U.S. Government Regulation

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs and medical devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the agency’s implementing regulations. If we fail to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the product development process, clinical testing, and the approval process or after approval, we may become subject to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, license suspension or revocation, withdrawal of an approval, warning letters, adverse publicity, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal prosecution. Any agency enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our products may be classified by the FDA as a drug or a medical device depending upon the indications for use or claims. We believe the use of NVC-101 as a solution for cleansing and debriding wounds would be considered as a medical device. Similarly, NVC-422 may be classified as a medical device depending on the indication for use. For example, we believe if the indication is for bladder lavage, it would be classified as a medical device, whereas we believe it would be considered a drug when it is indicated for the prevention of urinary tract infection. In addition, the determination as to whether a particular indication is considered a drug or a device is based in part upon prior precedent.

Drug Approval Process

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves satisfactorily completing each of the following:

Medical Devices

We expect some of our products to be regulated as medical devices. Unless an exception applies, each medical device we wish to commercialize in the United States will require either prior 510(k) clearance or premarket approval from the FDA. The FDA classifies medical devices into one of three classes. Devices deemed to pose lower risks are placed in either Class I or II, which requires the manufacturer to submit to the FDA a premarket notification requesting permission to commercially distribute the device. This process is generally known as 510(k) clearance. Some low risk devices are exempt from this requirement. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device, are placed in Class III, requiring premarket approval.

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Continuing Food and Drug Administration Regulation of Medical Devices

After the FDA permits a device to enter commercial distribution, numerous regulatory requirements apply. These include:

In addition, we will be required to register our facility and list our products with the FDA, and we will be subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA and the Food and Drug Branch of the California Department of Health Services to determine compliance with the QSRs and other regulations, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of our subcontractors.

International Regulation

In addition to being subject to the laws and regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of laws and regulations in those other countries in which we seek to study and commercialize products. European and Canadian regulatory requirements and approval processes are similar in principle to those in the United States. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of the European Union, European countries, Canada and other countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those respective countries. The approval process may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing pricing, reimbursement, clinical trials, and to a lesser extent, product licensing vary from country to country.

Third Party Reimbursement and Pricing Controls

In the United States and elsewhere, sales of pharmaceutical products depend in significant part on the availability of reimbursement to the consumer from third party payors, such as government and private insurance plans. Third party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. It will be time consuming and expensive for us to go through the process of seeking reimbursement from Medicare and private payors. Aganocide products from which we may receive revenue in the future may not be considered cost-effective, and reimbursement may not be available or sufficient to allow these products to be sold on a competitive and profitable basis.

Anti-Kickback and False Claims Laws

In the United States, we are subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare “fraud and abuse,” including anti-kickback and false claims laws. The federal Anti-Kickback Law makes it illegal for any person, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on its behalf) to knowingly and willfully solicit, offer, receive or pay any remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for, or to induce, the referral of business, including the purchase, order or prescription of a particular drug or device, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Violations of the law are punishable by

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up to five years in prison, criminal fines, administrative civil money penalties, and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. In addition, many states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Law. Some of these state prohibitions apply to referral of patients for healthcare services reimbursed by any source, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Due to the breadth of these laws, it is possible that our future sales and marketing practices or our future relationships with physicians might be challenged under anti-kickback laws, which could harm us.

False claims laws prohibit anyone from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, for payment to third party payors (including Medicare and Medicaid) claims for reimbursed items or services, including drugs, that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed, or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Our future activities relating to the reporting of wholesaler or estimated retail prices for our products, the reporting of Medicaid rebate information and other information affecting federal, state and third party reimbursement of our products, and the sale and marketing of our products, will be subject to scrutiny under these laws. In addition, pharmaceutical companies have been prosecuted under the federal False Claims Act in connection with their off-label promotion of drugs. Suits filed under the False Claims Act, known as “qui tam” actions, can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government and such individuals (known as “relators” or, more commonly, as “whistleblowers”) may share in the amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement.

Employees

As of December 31, 2007, we had 35 full-time employees, including 16 with doctoral degrees. Of our full time workforce, 28 employees were engaged in research and development, and 7 in finance and administration. None of our employees is represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on our corporate website, located at www.novabaypharma.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Our business is subject to a number of risks, some of which are discussed below. Other risks are presented elsewhere in this report and in the information incorporated by reference into this report. You should consider carefully the following risks in addition to the other information contained in this report and our other filings with the SEC, including our subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K, before deciding to buy, sell or hold our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not important may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, the value of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

We are an early stage company with a history of losses. We expect to incur net losses for the foreseeable future and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We have incurred net losses since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 we had net losses of approximately $3.5 million, $5.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively. Through December 31, 2007, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $18.5 million. To date, we have been, and expect to

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remain for the foreseeable future, mostly in a research and development stage. Since our inception, we have not generated revenue, except for modest revenue in 2006 and 2007 relating to two research and development collaboration and license agreements. We have incurred substantial research and development expenses, which were approximately $2.0 million, $4.1 million and $7.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. We expect to continue to make, for at least the next several years, significant expenditures for the development of products that incorporate our Aganocide compounds, as well as continued research into the biological activities of our Aganocide compounds, which expenditures are accounted for as research and development expenses. We do not expect any of our current product candidates to be commercialized within the next several years, if at all, except as may be commercialized under our agreement with KCI, pursuant to which we granted them the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize NVC-101, as well as other products containing hypochlorous acid as the principal active ingredient, worldwide for use in wound care in humans, other than products or uses intended for the eye, ear or nose. We expect to continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never become profitable. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially in the foreseeable future as we:

We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve and maintain profitability. If we cannot successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our product candidates, either independently or with partners, we will not be able to generate such revenues or achieve or maintain profitability in the future. Our failure to achieve and subsequently maintain profitability could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate our business and to assess our future viability.

Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, developing our technology, researching and developing our compounds, and conducting preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials of our compounds. We have not demonstrated the ability to succeed in achieving clinical endpoints, obtain regulatory approvals, formulate and manufacture products on a commercial scale or conduct sales and marketing activities. Consequently, any predictions you make about our future success or viability are unlikely to be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.

We have very limited data on the use of our products in humans and will need to perform costly and time consuming clinical trials in order to bring our products to market.

Most of the data that we have on our products is from in-vitro (laboratory) studies or in-vivo animal studies. We will need to conduct Phase I, II and III human clinical trials to confirm such results in order to obtain approval from the FDA of our compounds. Often, positive in-vitro or in-vivo animal studies are not followed by positive results in human clinical trials, and we may not be able to demonstrate that our products are safe and effective for indicated uses in humans. In addition, for each indication, we estimate that it will take between three and five years to conduct the necessary clinical trials and will cost between $15 million and $30 million.

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We currently do not have any marketable products, and if we are unable to develop and obtain regulatory approval for products that we develop, we may never generate product revenues.

To date, our revenues have been derived solely from two research and development collaboration and license agreements. We have never generated revenues from sales of products and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable drugs or other products. Satisfaction of all regulatory requirements applicable to our product candidates typically takes many years, is dependent upon the type, complexity, novelty and classification of the product candidates, and requires the expenditure of substantial resources for research and development and testing. Before proceeding with clinical trials, we will conduct pre-clinical studies, which may, or may not be, valid predictors of potential outcomes in humans. If pre-clinical studies are favorable, we will then begin clinical trials. We must demonstrate that our product candidates satisfy rigorous standards of safety and efficacy before we can submit for and gain approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and in other countries. In addition, to compete effectively, our products will need to be easy to use, cost-effective and economical to manufacture on a commercial scale. We may not achieve any of these objectives. We cannot be certain that the clinical development of any of our current product candidates or any other product that we may develop in the future will be successful, that they will receive the regulatory approvals required to commercialize them, or that any of our other in-licensing efforts or pre-clinical testing will yield a product suitable for entry into clinical trials. Our commercial revenues from sales of products will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for at least the next several years, if at all.

We have limited experience in developing drugs and medical devices, and we may be unable to commercialize any of the products we develop.

Development and commercialization of drugs and medical devices involves a lengthy and complex process. We have limited experience in developing products and have never received regulatory approval for, nor commercialized, any of our product candidates. In addition, no one has ever developed or commercialized a product based on our Aganocide compounds, and we cannot assure you that it is possible to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize any products based on these compounds or that we will be successful in doing so.

Before we can develop and commercialize any new products, we will need to expend significant resources to:

The process of developing new products takes several years. Our product development efforts may fail for many reasons, including:

Success in early clinical trials often is not replicated in later studies, and few research and development projects result in commercial products. At any point, we may abandon development of a product candidate or we may be required to expend considerable resources repeating clinical trials, which would eliminate or adversely impact the timing for revenues from those product candidates. If a clinical study fails to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates, we may abandon the development of the product or product feature that was the subject of the clinical trial, which could harm our business.

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Even if we develop products for commercial use, these products may not be accepted by the medical and pharmaceutical marketplaces or be capable of being offered at prices that will enable us to become profitable. We cannot assure you that our products will be approved by regulatory authorities or ultimately prove to be useful for commercial markets, meet applicable regulatory standards, or be successfully marketed.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially, which may result in losses to our shareholders.

The stock prices of many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry have generally experienced wide fluctuations, which are often unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate in response to, among other things:

The volume of trading of our common stock may be low, leaving our common stock open to risk of high volatility.

The number of shares of our common stock being traded may be very low. Any shareholder wishing to sell his/her stock may cause a significant fluctuation in the price of our stock. In addition, low trading volume of a stock increases the possibility that, despite rules against such activity, the price of the stock may be manipulated by persons acting in their own self-interest. We may not have adequate market makers and market making activity to prevent manipulation.

Future sales of shares by our shareholders could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

As of the closing of our initial public offering, we had 21,254,474 shares of common stock outstanding, of which the 5,000,000 shares we sold in the offering may be resold in the public market immediately. Of the remaining shares, 13,282,199 shares are or will become available for sale in the public market during the six months after the closing of the initial public offering, subject in some cases to compliance with the volume and other limitations of Rule 144 and in other cases subject to compliance with applicable Canadian requirements. Thereafter, 2,972,275 additional shares held by certain of our officers and directors will become eligible for sale in the public market over the nine to 24 month period after the closing of the initial public offering, as the shares are released from lock-up agreements with the underwriters and applicable Canadian escrow requirements.

In addition, at any time and without public notice, we and the underwriters may release, at our respective discretions, all or some of the securities subject to our respective lock-up agreements, subject to applicable regulatory requirements. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our stock could drop significantly if the holders of those shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These declines in our stock price could occur even if our business is otherwise doing well.

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We must implement additional and expensive finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls in order to grow our business and organization and to satisfy new reporting requirements, which will increase our costs and require additional management resources.

We completed our initial public offering, or IPO, in October 2007. As a public reporting company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities, including expanded disclosure and accelerated reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. We are also required to comply with marketplace rules and the heightened corporate governance standards of the Toronto Stock Exchange, or TSX, and the American Stock Exchange, or AMEX. Compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which will be required by 2009, and other requirements of the SEC, Canadian securities regulatory authorities, AMEX and the TSX will increase our costs and require additional management resources. We recently have begun upgrading our finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls and will need to continue to implement additional finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls as we grow our business and organization and to satisfy reporting requirements. If we are unable to complete the required Section 404 assessment as to the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, if we fail to maintain or implement adequate controls, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified report as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the date of the first Annual Report on Form 10-K for which compliance is required, our ability to obtain additional financing could be impaired. In addition, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our internal control over financial reporting and in the accuracy of our periodic reports filed with the SEC and with Canadian securities regulatory authorities. A lack of investor confidence in the reliability and accuracy of our public reporting could cause our stock price to decline.

If we do not maintain our current research collaboration with Alcon and KCI and enter into additional collaborations, a portion of our funding may decrease and inhibit our ability to develop new products.

We have entered into a collaborative arrangement with Alcon, and we rely on Alcon for joint intellectual property creation and for substantially all of our near-term revenues. Under the agreement, we licensed to Alcon the exclusive rights (except for certain retained marketing rights) to develop, manufacture and commercialize products incorporating the Aganocide compounds for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solutions. We have also entered into a license agreement with KCI pursuant to which we granted to them the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize our NVC-101 compound worldwide for use in wound care in humans (other than products or uses intended for the eye, ear or nose). We cannot assure you that our collaboration with Alcon or KCI or any other collaborative arrangement will be successful, or that we will receive the full amount of research funding, milestone payments or royalties, or that any commercially valuable intellectual property will be created, from these arrangements. If Alcon or KCI were to breach or terminate its agreement with us or otherwise fail to conduct its collaborative activities successfully and in a timely manner, the research contemplated by our collaboration with them could be delayed or terminated and our costs of performing studies may increase. We plan on entering into additional collaborations and licensing arrangements. We may not be able to negotiate additional collaborations on acceptable terms, if at all, and these collaborations may not be successful. Our current and future success depends in part on our ability to enter into successful collaboration arrangements and maintain the collaboration arrangement we currently have. If we are unable to enter into, maintain or extend successful collaborations, our business may be harmed.

We do not have our own manufacturing capacity, and we plan to rely on partnering arrangements or third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our potential products.

We do not currently operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of our product candidates. We have no experience in drug formulation or manufacturing, and we lack the resources and the capabilities to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. As a result, we expect to partner with third parties to manufacture our products or rely on contract manufacturers to supply, store and distribute product supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our commercial

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partners or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or regulatory approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and reducing the potential for product revenues.

Our products, if developed and commercialized, will require precise, high quality manufacturing. The failure to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards, including the incidence of manufacturing errors, could result in patient injury or death, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously harm our business. Contract manufacturers and partners often encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance, as well as shortages of qualified personnel. These manufacturers and partners are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards; however, we do not have control over third-party compliance with these regulations and standards. If any of our manufacturers or partners fails to maintain compliance, the production of our products could be interrupted, resulting in delays, additional costs and potentially lost revenues.

In addition, if the FDA or other regulatory agencies approve any of our product candidates for commercial sale, we will need to manufacture them in larger quantities. Significant scale-up of manufacturing will require validation studies, which the FDA must review and approve. If we are unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for a product, the regulatory approval or commercial launch of any drugs may be delayed or there may be a shortage in supply and our business may be harmed as a result.

We may acquire other businesses or form joint ventures or in-license compounds that could disrupt our business, harm our operating results, dilute your ownership interest in us, or cause us to incur debt or significant expense.

As part of our business strategy, we may pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses and assets, and enter into technology or pharmaceutical compound licensing arrangements. We also may pursue strategic alliances that leverage our core technology and industry experience to enhance our ability to commercialize our product candidates and expand our product offerings or distribution. We have no experience with respect to acquiring other companies and limited experience with respect to the formation of commercial partnering agreements, strategic alliances, joint ventures or in-licensing of compounds. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. If we in-license any additional compounds, we may fail to develop the product candidates, and spend significant resources before determining whether a compound we have in-licensed will produce revenues. Any future acquisitions or in-licensing by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. Integration of an acquired company also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance or joint venture.

To finance any acquisitions, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute your interest in us. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies for stock. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions by incurring indebtedness. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

We may be unable to raise additional capital on acceptable terms in the future which may in turn limit our ability to develop and commercialize products and technologies.

We expect our capital outlays and operating expenditures to substantially increase over at least the next several years as we expand our product pipeline and increase research and development efforts and clinical and

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regulatory activities. Conducting clinical trials is very expensive, and we expect that we will need to raise additional capital, through future private or public equity offerings, strategic alliances or debt financing, before we achieve commercialization of any of our Aganocide compounds. In addition, we may require even more significant capital outlays and operating expenditures if we do not partner with a third party to develop and commercialize our products.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

We do not currently have any commitments for future external funding. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. Even if we succeed in selling additional securities to raise funds, our existing shareholders’ ownership percentage would be diluted and new investors may demand rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders. If we raise additional capital through strategic alliance and licensing arrangements, we may have to trade our rights to our technology, intellectual property or products to others on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, the financing may involve covenants that restrict our business activities.

In addition, it is often the case that the cost of pharmaceutical development can be significantly greater than initially anticipated. This may be due to any of a large number of possible reasons, some of which could have been anticipated, while others may be caused by unpredictable circumstances. A significant increase in our costs would cause the amount of financing that would be required to enable us to achieve our goals to be likewise increased.

If we determine that we need to raise additional funds and we are not successful in doing so, we may be unable to complete the clinical development of some or all of our product candidates or to seek or obtain FDA approval of our product candidates. Such events could force us to discontinue product development, enter into a relationship with a strategic partner earlier than currently intended, reduce sales and marketing efforts or forego attractive business opportunities.

Our directors, executive officers and principal shareholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

As of December 31, 2007, our officers and directors collectively controlled approximately 18.1% of our outstanding common stock (and approximately 22.7% of our common stock when including options held by them which were exercisable as of or within 60 days of December 31, 2007). Furthermore, as of December 31, 2007, our largest shareholder, a family trust established and controlled by Dr. Ramin Najafi, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owned 14.7% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, Dr. Najafi can

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significantly influence the management and affairs of our company and most matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock. This concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

We depend on skilled and experienced personnel to operate our business effectively. If we are unable to recruit, hire and retain these employees, our ability to manage and expand our business will be harmed, which would impair our future revenue and profitability.

Our success largely depends on the skills, experience and efforts of our officers, especially our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Vice President of Research and Development, Vice President of Clinical Research and Development, Senior Vice President of Corporate and Business Development, and other key employees. The efforts of each of these persons is critical to us as we continue to develop our technologies and as we attempt to transition into a company with commercial products. Any of our officers and other key employees may terminate their employment at any time. The loss of any of our senior management team members could weaken our management expertise and harm our ability to compete effectively, develop our technologies and implement our business strategies.

Our ability to retain our skilled labor force and our success in attracting and hiring new skilled employees will be a critical factor in determining whether we will be successful in the future. Our research and development programs and collaborations depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists and technicians. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and technicians in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel. We have also encountered difficulties in recruiting qualified personnel from outside the San Francisco Bay Area, due to the high housing costs in the area.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan.

Our future growth, if any, may cause a significant strain on our management, and our operational, financial and other resources. Our ability to manage our growth effectively will require us to implement and improve our operational, financial and management information systems and to expand, train, manage and motivate our employees. These demands may require the hiring of additional management personnel and the development of additional expertise by management. Any increase in resources devoted to research and product development without a corresponding increase in our operational, financial and management information systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

It may be difficult to recruit and retain independent members for our Board of Directors.

The burdens being placed on the members of a board of directors by applicable laws and regulations are making it increasingly difficult to recruit qualified candidates to be members of a board of directors of a public company. These same burdens may make it increasingly difficult to retain members of our Board of Directors. If we are unable to maintain a Board of Directors in which our shareholders have confidence, this could have an adverse impact on shareholder confidence and on the price of our stock.

If our facilities become inoperable, we will be unable to perform our research and development activities, fulfill the requirements under our collaboration agreement and continue developing products and, as a result, our business will be harmed.

We do not have redundant laboratory facilities. We perform substantially all of our research, development and testing in our laboratory located in Emeryville, California. Emeryville is situated on or near active

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earthquake fault lines. Our facility and the equipment we use to perform our research, development and testing would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace. The facility may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, flooding and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our research, development and testing for some period of time. The inability to perform our research and development activities may result in the loss of partners or harm our reputation, and we may be unable to regain those partnerships in the future. Our insurance coverage for damage to our property and the disruption of our business may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses, including the loss of time as well as the costs of lost opportunities, and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

Obtaining regulatory approval in the United States does not ensure we will obtain regulatory approval in other countries.

We will aim to obtain regulatory approval in the United States as well as in other countries. To obtain regulatory approval to market our proposed products outside of the United States, we and any collaborator must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements in other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ significantly from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process in other countries include all of the risk associated with FDA approval as well as additional, presently unanticipated risks. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in other countries or any delay or setback in obtaining such approval could have the same adverse effects associated with regulatory approval in the United States, including the risk that our product candidates may not be approved for all indications requested and that such approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. In addition, failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements in other countries can result in, among other things, warning letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, refusal of the government to renew marketing applications and criminal prosecution.

If we are unable to design, conduct and complete clinical trials successfully, we will not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our products.

In order to obtain FDA approval for some of our product candidates, we must submit to the FDA a New Drug Application, or NDA, demonstrating that the product candidate is safe and effective for its intended use. This demonstration requires significant research and animal tests, which are referred to as preclinical studies, as well as human tests, which are referred to as clinical trials.

Any clinical trials we conduct or that are conducted by our partners may not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of our product candidates. Success in pre-clinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. Results of later clinical trials may not replicate the results of prior clinical trials and pre-clinical testing. Even if the results of one or more of our clinical trials are positive, we may have to commit substantial time and additional resources to conducting further preclinical studies or clinical trials before we can submit NDAs or obtain FDA approvals for our product candidates, and positive results of a clinical trial may not be replicated in subsequent trials.

Clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement. The clinical trial process is also time-consuming. Furthermore, if participating patients in clinical studies suffer drug-related adverse reactions during the course of such trials, or if we or the FDA believe that participating patients are being exposed to unacceptable health risks, we will have to suspend or terminate our clinical trials. Failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon clinical trials or to repeat clinical studies.

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In addition, the completion of clinical trials can be delayed by numerous factors, including:

Any of these delays, if significant, could impact the timing, approval and commercialization of our product candidates and could significantly increase our overall costs of drug development.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, their results may not support our expectations or intended marketing claims. The clinical trials process may fail to demonstrate that our products are safe and effective for indicated uses. Such failure would cause us to abandon a product candidate for some indications and could delay development of other product candidates.

Government agencies may establish usage guidelines that directly apply to our proposed products or change legislation or regulations to which we are subject.

Government usage guidelines typically address matters such as usage and dose, among other factors. Application of these guidelines could limit the use of products that we may develop. In addition there can be no assurance that government regulations applicable to our proposed products or the interpretation thereof will not change and thereby prevent the marketing of some or all of our products for a period of time or permanently. The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or in other countries.

Our product candidates may be classified as a drug or a medical device, depending on the indication of use and prior precedent, and a change in the classification may have an adverse impact on our revenues or our ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals.

Several potential indications for our product candidates may be regulated under the medical device regulations of the FDA administered by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health or by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and the same physical product may be regulated by one such agency for one indication and the other agency for another indication. Our products may be classified by the FDA as a drug or a medical device depending upon the indications for use or claims. For example, for NVC-422, if the indication is for bladder lavage, we believe it would be classified as a medical device, whereas we believe it would be considered a drug when it is indicated for the prevention of urinary tract infection. Similarly, the use of NVC-101 as a solution for cleansing and debriding wounds would be considered as a medical device. In addition, the determination as to whether a particular indication is considered a drug or a device is based in part upon prior precedent. A reclassification by the FDA of an indication from a device to a drug indication during our development for that indication could have a significant adverse impact due to the more rigorous approval process required for drugs, as compared to medical devices. Such a change in classification can significantly increase development costs and prolong the time for development and approval, thus delaying revenues. A reclassification of an indication after approval from a drug to a device could result in a change in classification for reimbursement. In many cases, reimbursement for devices is significantly lower than for drugs and there could be a significant negative impact on our revenues.

Conducting clinical trials of our product candidates may expose us to expensive liability claims, and we may not be able to maintain liability insurance on reasonable terms or at all.

The risk of clinical trial liability is inherent in the testing of pharmaceutical and medical device products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any clinical trial claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or

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be required to limit or terminate testing of one or more of our product candidates. Our inability to obtain sufficient clinical trial insurance at an acceptable cost to protect us against potential clinical trial claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our product candidates. Our current clinical trial insurance covers individual and aggregate claims up to $3 million. This insurance may not cover all claims and we may not be able to obtain additional insurance coverage at a reasonable cost, if at all, in the future. In addition, if our agreements with any future corporate collaborators entitle us to indemnification against product liability losses and clinical trial liability, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, they could result in costly litigation and significant liabilities.

The product candidates we are developing or attempting to develop will, in most cases, undergo extensive clinical testing and will require regulated approval from the applicable regulatory authorities prior to sale. However, despite all reasonable efforts to ensure safety, it is possible that we or our collaborators will sell products which are defective, to which patients react in an unexpected manner, or which are alleged to have side effects. The manufacture and sale of such products may expose us to potential liability, and the industries in which our products are likely to be sold have been subject to significant product liability litigation. Any claims, with or without merit, could result in costly litigation, reduced sales, significant liabilities and diversion of our management’s time and attention and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, business and results of operations.

If a product liability claim is brought against us, we may be required to pay legal and other expenses to defend the claim and, if the claim is successful, damage awards may not be covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance. We may not have sufficient capital resources to pay a judgment, in which case our creditors could levy against our assets. We may also be obligated to indemnify our collaborators and make payments to other parties with respect to product liability damages and claims. Defending any product liability claims, or indemnifying others against those claims, could require us to expend significant financial and managerial resources.

If we receive regulatory approval for drug products that we develop, we and our collaborators will also be subject to ongoing FDA obligations and continued regulatory review, such as continued safety reporting requirements, and we and our collaborators may also be subject to additional FDA post-marketing obligations or new regulations, all of which may result in significant expense and which may limit our ability to commercialize our potential drug products.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for drug products that we develop may also be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the drug may be marketed or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing follow-up studies. The FDA may require us to commit to perform lengthy Phase IV post-approval studies (as further described below), for which we would have to expend additional resources, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. In addition, if the FDA approves any of our drug product candidates, the labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and record keeping for the drug will be subject to extensive regulatory requirements. The subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with the drugs, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, may result in restrictions on the marketing of the drugs or the withdrawal of the drugs from the market. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. Any of these events could prevent us from marketing any products we may develop and our business could suffer.

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Failure to obtain sufficient quantities of products and substances necessary for research and development, pre-clinical trials, human clinical trials and product commercialization that are of acceptable quality at reasonable prices or at all could constrain our product development and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have relied and will continue to rely on contract manufacturers for the foreseeable future to produce quantities of products and substances necessary for research and development, pre-clinical trials, human clinical trials and product commercialization. It will be important to us that such products and substances can be manufactured at a cost and in quantities necessary to make them commercially viable. At this point in time, we have not attempted to identify, and do not know whether there will be, any third party manufacturers which will be able to meet our needs with respect to timing, quantity and quality for commercial production. In addition, if we are unable to contract for a sufficient supply or required products and substances on acceptable terms, or if we should encounter delays or difficulties in our relationships with manufacturers, our research and development, pre-clinical and clinical testing would be delayed, thereby delaying the submission of product candidates for regulatory approval or the market introduction and subsequent sales of products. Any such delay may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we use biological and hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury, we could be liable for damages. Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and noncompliance with these regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages and fines.

Our activities currently require the controlled use of potentially harmful biological materials and other hazardous materials and chemicals and may in the future require the use of radioactive compounds. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury to employees or third parties from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources or any applicable insurance coverage we may have. Additionally, we are subject, on an ongoing basis, to U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations might be significant and could negatively affect our operating results. In addition, if more stringent laws and regulations are adopted in the future, the costs of compliance with these new laws and regulations could be substantial or could impose significant changes in our testing and production process.

Because our clinical development activities rely heavily on sensitive and personal information, an area which is highly regulated by privacy laws, we may not be able to generate, maintain or access essential patient samples or data to continue our research and development efforts in the future on reasonable terms and conditions, which may adversely affect our business.

As a result of our clinical development, we will have access to very sensitive data regarding the patients enrolled in our clinical trials. This data will contain information that is personal in nature. The maintenance of this data is subject to certain privacy-related laws, which impose upon us administrative and financial burdens, and litigation risks. For instance, the rules promulgated by the Department of Health and Human Services under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, creates national standards to protect patients’ medical records and other personal information in the United States. These rules require that healthcare providers and other covered entities obtain written authorizations from patients prior to disclosing protected health care information of the patient to companies like NovaBay. If the patient fails to execute an authorization or the authorization fails to contain all required provisions, then we will not be allowed access to the patient’s information and our research efforts can be substantially delayed. Furthermore, use of protected health information that is provided to us pursuant to a valid patient authorization is subject to the limits set forth in the authorization (i.e., for use in research and in submissions to regulatory authorities for product approvals). As such, we are required to implement policies, procedures and reasonable and appropriate security measures to protect individually identifiable health information we receive from covered entities, and to ensure such

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information is used only as authorized by the patient. Any violations of these rules by us could subject us to civil and criminal penalties and adverse publicity, and could harm our ability to initiate and complete clinical studies required to support regulatory applications for our proposed products. In addition, HIPAA does not replace federal, state, or other laws that may grant individuals even greater privacy protections. We can provide no assurance that future legislation will not prevent us from generating or maintaining personal data or that patients will consent to the use of their personal information, either of which may prevent us from undertaking or publishing essential research. These burdens or risks may prove too great for us to reasonably bear, and may adversely affect our ability to function profitably in the future.

We may be subject to fines, penalties, injunctions and other sanctions if we are deemed to be promoting the use of our products for non-FDA-approved, or off-label, uses.

Our business and future growth depend on the development, use and ultimate sale of products that are subject to FDA regulation, clearance and approval. Under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other laws, we are prohibited from promoting our products for off-label uses. This means that we may not make claims about the safety or effectiveness of our products and may not proactively discuss or provide information on the use of our products, except as allowed by the FDA.

There is a risk that the FDA or other federal or state law enforcement authorities could determine that the nature and scope of our sales and marketing activities may constitute the promotion of our products for a non-FDA-approved use in violation of applicable law. We also face the risk that the FDA or other regulatory authorities might pursue enforcement based on past activities that we have discontinued or changed, including sales activities, arrangements with institutions and doctors, educational and training programs and other activities.

Government investigations concerning the promotion of off-label uses and related issues are typically expensive, disruptive and burdensome and generate negative publicity. If our promotional activities are found to be in violation of applicable law or if we agree to a settlement in connection with an enforcement action, we would likely face significant fines and penalties and would likely be required to substantially change our sales, promotion, grant and educational activities. In addition, were any enforcement actions against us or our senior officers to arise, we could be excluded from participation in U.S. government healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could develop and market products similar to ours that may reduce demand for our products.

Our success, competitive position and potential future revenues will depend in significant part on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely on the patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws of the United States and other countries, as well as confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, to protect our intellectual property rights. We apply for patents covering our technologies as we deem appropriate. We have registered the Aganocide trademark in the European Community and Japan and have a trademark application allowed in the United States. We have allowed trademark applications in the United States for NeutroPhase, NovaBay and the NovaBay design, and a pending application for AgaNase. We have registered the NovaBay, AgaNase and NeutroPhase trademarks in Australia and have applications for these same trademarks pending in a number of other foreign countries.

We have one issued patent, one allowed patent application and eight pending applications in the United States. We also have four pending international applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, and one issued patent in Mexico, one issued patent in China, one allowed patent in Israel and 46 pending foreign national applications in Europe, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong-Kong, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Singapore, New Zealand and Taiwan. The subject matter of our patents and patent

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applications cover the following three key areas: methods relating to the manufacture and use of NVC-101, composition of matter of the Aganocide compounds and their compositions, and methods of treatment utilizing the Aganocide compounds. The issued U.S. patent expires in 2020 and provides coverage for a method of treating burns or promoting wound healing, tissue repair or tissue regeneration using a specific range of formulations of NVC-101. The allowed U.S. patent application claims a method of disinfecting open wounds and burns, promoting wound healing and providing ocular disinfection using a specific range of formulations of NVC-101. NovaBay must pay an issue fee on or before March 27, 2008, in order for this application to issue as a U.S. patent. If NovaBay fails to timely pay this fee, no patent will issue.

We cannot assure you that patents will issue from any of our applications or, for those patents that do issue, that the claims will be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary rights, or that it will be economically possible to pursue sufficient numbers of patents to afford significant protection. In addition, we cannot assure you that any patents issued to us or licensed or assigned to us by third parties will not be challenged, invalidated, found unenforceable or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide competitive advantages to us. If we or our collaborators or licensors fail to file, prosecute or maintain certain patents, our competitors could market products that contain features and clinical benefits similar to those of any products we develop, and demand for our products could decline as a result. Further, although we have taken steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, we cannot assure you that third parties will not be able to design around our patents or, if they do infringe upon our technology, that we will be successful in or have sufficient resources to pursue a claim of infringement against those third parties. Any pursuit of an infringement claim by us may involve substantial expense and diversion of management attention.

We also rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and collaborators. We cannot assure you that these agreements will be enforceable, will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets and proprietary know-how will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

In particular, we operate in the State of California and the laws of the State prevent us from imposing a delay before an employee who may have access to trade secrets and proprietary know-how can commence employment with a competing company. Although we may be able to pursue legal action against competitive companies improperly using our proprietary information, we may not be aware of any use of our trade secrets and proprietary know-how until after significant damage has been done to our company.

Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. If our intellectual property does not provide significant protection against foreign or domestic competition, our competitors, including generic manufacturers, could compete more directly with us, which could result in a decrease in our market share. All of these factors may harm our competitive position.

If we are unable to protect the intellectual property and market exclusivity of Aganocide compounds and products, thereby enabling other parties to commercialize competing products, our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our products may be limited or diminished.

We have filed a patent application with claims directed to the NVC-422 Aganocide compounds and claims directed to the method of using the Aganocide compounds with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and related international patent applications in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Patent Office, Hong Kong, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore and Taiwan. We cannot assure you that any national or regional patents will eventually be issued from the U.S. or international patent applications. Should we be unable to obtain patents with sufficiently broad scope to protect our proprietary rights, the interest of potential partners for the development and commercialization of our Aganocide products would be greatly diminished or eliminated.

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If no such patents are issued or if they are issued but are later found invalid or unenforceable or are not of sufficient scope, or after such patents expire in a given jurisdiction, our competitors may produce generic products and make them available at a cost that is cheaper than the price at which we, or our commercial partners, would offer to sell any Aganocide products we develop.

We have also filed two patent applications claiming various derivatives and analogs of NVC-422 Aganocide compounds and their method of use with the USPTO as well as two corresponding PCT applications. If our efforts to protect the intellectual property and market position of the NVC-422 Aganocide products and their methods of use do not succeed, our ability to generate revenues from the sale of any such products may be limited or diminished.

However, we do not have any composition of matter patent directed to the NVC-101 composition. If a potential competitor introduces a similar method of using NVC-101 with a similar composition that does not fall within the scope of the method of treatment claims, then we or a potential marketing partner would be unable to rely on the allowed claims to protect its market position for the method of using the NVC-101 composition, and any revenues arising from such protection would be adversely impacted.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Some of our employees may have been previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key research personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize product candidates, which could severely harm our business.

The pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by patent litigation and any litigation or claim against us may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our business and harm our reputation.

There has been substantial litigation in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries with respect to the manufacture, use and sale of new products that are the subject of conflicting patent rights. For the most part, these lawsuits relate to the validity, enforceability and infringement of patents. Generic companies are encouraged to challenge the patents of pharmaceutical products in the United States because a successful challenger can obtain nine months of exclusivity as a generic product under the Waxman-Hatch Act. We expect that we will rely upon patents, trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovations and licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position and we may initiate claims to defend our intellectual property rights as a result. Other parties may have issued patents or be issued patents that may prevent the sale of our products or know-how or require us to license such patents and pay significant fees or royalties in order to produce our products. In addition, future patents may issue to third parties which our technology may infringe. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be applications now pending of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe.

Intellectual property litigation, regardless of outcome, is expensive and time-consuming, could divert management’s attention from our business and have a material negative effect on our business, operating results or financial condition. If such a dispute were to be resolved against us, we may be required to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys fees if we were to be found to have willfully infringed a third party’s patent, to the party claiming infringement, develop non-infringing technology, stop selling any products

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we develop, cease using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable or commercially practical terms, if at all. Our failure to develop non-infringing technologies or license the proprietary rights on a timely basis could harm our business. Modification of any products we develop or development of new products thereafter could require us to conduct additional clinical trials and to revise our filings with the FDA and other regulatory bodies, which would be time-consuming and expensive. In addition, parties making infringement claims may be able to obtain an injunction that would prevent us from selling any products we develop, which could harm our business.

If bacteria develop resistance to Aganocide compounds, our revenues could be significantly reduced.

Based on our understanding of the hypothesis of the mechanism of action of our Aganocide compounds, we do not expect bacteria to be able to develop resistance to Aganocide compounds. However, we cannot assure you that one or more strains of bacteria will not develop resistance to our compounds, either because our hypothesis of the mechanism of action is incorrect or because a strain of bacteria undergoes some unforeseen genetic mutation that permits it to survive. Since we expect lack of resistance to be a major factor in the commercialization of our product candidates, the discovery of such resistance would have a major adverse impact on the acceptability and sales of our products.

If physicians and patients do not accept and use our products, we will not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

Even if the FDA approves any product candidates that we develop, physicians and patients may not accept and use them. Acceptance and use of our products may depend on a number of factors including:

The failure of any of our products to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing.

If we are unable to develop our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, or if we are not successful in contracting with third parties for these services on favorable terms, or at all, revenues from any products we develop could be disappointing.

We currently have no internal sales, marketing or distribution capabilities. In order to commercialize any product candidates approved by the FDA, we will either have to develop such capabilities internally or collaborate with third parties who can perform these services for us. If we decide to commercialize any products we develop, we may not be able to hire the necessary experienced personnel and build sales, marketing and distribution operations which are capable of successfully launching new products and generating sufficient product revenues. In addition, establishing such operations will take time and involve significant expense.

If we decide to enter into co-promotion or other licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be unable to identify acceptable partners because the number of potential partners is limited and because of competition from others for similar alliances with potential partners. Even if we are able to identify one or more acceptable partners, we may not be able to enter into any partnering arrangements on favorable terms, or at all. If we enter into any partnering arrangements, our revenues are likely to be lower than if we marketed and sold our products ourselves.

In addition, any revenues we receive would depend upon our partners’ efforts which may not be adequate due to lack of attention or resource commitments, management turnover, change of strategic focus, further

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business combinations or other factors outside of our control. Depending upon the terms of our agreements, the remedies we have against an under-performing partner may be limited. If we were to terminate the relationship, it may be difficult or impossible to find a replacement partner on acceptable terms, or at all.

If we cannot compete successfully for market share against other companies, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

The market for our product candidates is characterized by intense competition and rapid technological advances. If our product candidates receive FDA approval, they will compete with a number of existing and future drugs, devices and therapies developed, manufactured and marketed by others. Existing or future competing products may provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication than our products, or may offer comparable performance at a lower cost. If our products are unable to capture and maintain market share, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

We will compete for market share against fully integrated pharmaceutical companies or other companies that develop products independently or collaborate with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, have substantially greater capital resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities, and greater financial resources than we do, as well as significantly greater experience in:

Our competitors may:

We cannot assure you that our competitors will not succeed in developing technologies and products that are more effective than any developed by us or that would render our technologies and any products we develop obsolete. If we are unable to compete successfully against current or future competitors, we may be unable to obtain market acceptance for any product candidates that we create, which could prevent us from generating revenues or achieving profitability and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Our ability to generate revenues from any products we develop will be diminished if we fail to obtain acceptable prices or an adequate level of reimbursement for our products from healthcare payers.

Our ability to commercialize our product candidates will depend, in part, on the extent to which health insurers, government authorities and other third-party payers will reimburse the costs of products which may be developed by us or our partners. We expect that a portion of our economic return from partnering arrangements with pharmaceutical companies and other collaborators will be derived from royalties, fees or other revenues linked to final sales of products that we or our partners develop. Newly-approved pharmaceuticals and other

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products which are developed by us or our partners will not necessarily be reimbursed by third-party payers or may not be reimbursed at levels sufficient to generate significant sales. Government and other third-party payers are increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new drugs or medical devices. Cost control initiatives such as these could adversely affect our or our collaborators’ ability to commercialize products. In addition, real or anticipated cost control initiatives for final products may reduce the willingness of pharmaceutical companies or other potential partners to collaborate with us on the development of new products.

Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly-approved healthcare products. Healthcare payers, including Medicare, health maintenance organizations and managed care organizations, are challenging the prices charged for medical products or are seeking pharmacoeconomic data to justify formulary acceptance and reimbursement practices. We currently have not generated pharmacoeconomic data on any of our product candidates. Government and other healthcare payers increasingly are attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for drugs and medical devices, and by refusing, in some cases, to provide coverage for uses of approved products for disease indications for which the FDA has or has not granted labeling approval. Adequate third-party insurance coverage may not be available to patients for any products we discover and develop, alone or with collaborators. If government and other healthcare payers do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement levels for our products, market acceptance of our product candidates could be limited.

A significant terrorist attack or threat of such attack may adversely impact our ability to obtain financing.

A major terrorist attack, the threat of such attack or other unforeseen events beyond our control, may occur at a time when we need to raise additional financing. Closure or severe perturbation of the financial markets as a result of such events may make such financing impossible or unattractive and our plans may be seriously disrupted. As a consequence, the progress of the company towards revenues or profits could be significantly impaired.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws and California law, contain provisions that could discourage a third party from making a takeover offer that is beneficial to our shareholders.

Anti-takeover provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and California law may have the effect of deterring or delaying attempts by our shareholders to remove or replace management, engage in proxy contests and effect changes in control. The provisions of our charter documents include:

In addition, as a California corporation, we are subject to California law, which includes provisions that may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying or preventing changes in control or management of our company. Provisions of the California Corporations Code could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock by discouraging a hostile bid, or delaying, preventing or deterring a merger, acquisition or tender offer in which our shareholders could receive a premium for their shares, or effect a proxy contest for control of NovaBay or other changes in our management.

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We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future, and any return on investment may be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on our earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our Board of Directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, you will experience a return on your investment in our shares only if our stock price appreciates. We cannot assure you that you will receive a return on your investment when you do sell your shares or that you will not lose the entire amount of your investment.

We may be considered a “foreign investment entity” which may have adverse Canadian tax consequences for our Canadian investors.

Although we believe that we are not currently a “foreign investment entity” within the meaning of the FIE Tax Proposals (as defined in “Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations—Foreign Investment Entity Status”), no assurances can be given in this regard or as to our status in the future. If we become a “foreign investment entity” within the meaning of the FIE Tax Proposals, there may be certain adverse tax consequences for our Canadian investors.

Because we are a California corporation and the majority of our directors and officers are resident in the United States, it may be difficult for investors in Canada to enforce against us certain civil liabilities and judgments based solely upon the securities laws of Canada.

We are organized under the laws of California and our principal executive offices are located in California. A majority of the directors and officers and the experts named in this report reside principally in the United States and all or a substantial portion of their assets and all or a substantial portion of our assets are located in the United States. Consequently, it may be difficult for shareholders to effect service of process within Canada upon us or our directors, officers or experts who are residents of the United States. Furthermore, it may not be possible to enforce against us or such directors, officers or experts, in the United States, judgments obtained in Canadian courts, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable Canadian securities law.

Not applicable.

Our principal executive offices and our research and development and administrative operations are located in Emeryville, California. In total, we lease approximately 19,000 square feet of office space in the facility pursuant to leases with expiration dates ranging from October 2009 to May 2013. We may seek to expand our facilities to meet our operational requirements within the next twelve months.

We are currently not a party to, nor is our property the subject matter of, any pending or, to our knowledge, contemplated material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may become party to litigation and subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business.

In October 2007, our stockholders approved by written consent an amendment to our articles of incorporation and bylaws, to become effective after our initial public offering, to set the size of our Board at no less than nine and no more than eleven, with the exact number of directors within such range to be fixed at nine directors. The amendment was approved by the holders of 13,801,636 shares, or 85%, of our then outstanding common stock and preferred stock, voting together as a single class on an as-converted basis.

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PART II

Market Information

Since October 25, 2007, our common stock has been listed on the American Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “NBY.” Prior to such time, there was no established public trading market for our common stock. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported by the American Stock Exchange:

On March 11, 2008, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the American Stock Exchange was $2.20.

Holders

As of March 11, 2008, there were approximately 442 holders of record of our common stock. This figure does not reflect persons or entities that hold their stock in nominee or “street” name through various brokerage firms.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the growth and development of our business. Therefore, we do not anticipate that we will declare or pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions under any existing indebtedness and other factors the Board of Directors deems relevant.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

The following is a summary of our transactions during the year ended December 31, 2007, involving sales of our securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended:

(1) In January and October 2007, prior to the filing of our registration statement on Form S-8, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 398,125 shares of our common stock to employees and consultants at exercise prices ranging from $2.28 to $4.00 per share. We also granted 452 shares of common stock to our independent directors in November 2007 pursuant to the Director Compensation Plan which were issued prior to the filing of the registration statement on Form S-8.

(2) In January 2007, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 3,707 shares of our common stock outside of our 2005 Stock Option Plan at an exercise price of $2.28 per share as compensation for services rendered to us in connection with a private placement of our preferred stock.

(3) In February 2007, we issued 35,000 shares of common stock to one of our consultants as compensation for services rendered to us.

(4) In October 2007, we issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 350,000 shares of our common stock to the underwriters of our IPO as part of their compensation for their services.

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The issuances of securities in the transactions described in paragraph 1 above were effected without registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(2) thereof or Rule 701 thereunder as transactions pursuant to compensatory benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation. The issuances of securities in the transactions described in paragraphs 2 and 4 above were effected without registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(2) thereof or Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder based on the status of each investor as an accredited investor as defined under the Securities Act. The issuance of securities in the transaction described in paragraph 3 above was effected without registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Rule 903 of Regulation S thereunder as an offer and sale of securities that occurred outside the United States. The sale of securities was made in an offshore transaction, did not involve any directed selling efforts within the United States, and involved only purchasers who were outside the United States and were non-U.S. Persons. In addition, such securities were also exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(2) thereof and Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder based on the status of such investor as an accredited investor as defined under the Securities Act.

Use of Proceeds from Sales of Registered Securities

On October 31, 2007, we completed the initial public offering of our common stock, pursuant to which we sold 5,000,000 shares of our common stock at the initial public offering price of $4.00 per share. The shares of common stock sold in the offering were registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on a registration statement on Form S-1 (File. No. 333-140714) that was declared effective by the SEC on October 24, 2007.

The aggregate purchase price of the shares sold by us in the offering was $20 million. We paid to the underwriters underwriting discounts and commissions totaling $1.4 million in connection with the offering. In addition, we incurred additional expenses of approximately $1.5 million in connection with the offering. After deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, the estimated net proceeds to us from the offering were approximately $17.1 million.

We expect to use the proceeds from our initial public offering for research and development, working capital and other general purposes. Pending such use, the net proceeds from the offering have been invested in various interest-bearing money market accounts and marketable securities. None of the net proceeds from the offering were paid directly or indirectly to any of our directors or officers (or their associates) or persons owning 10% or more of any class of our equity securities or to any other affiliate, other than in the form of wages or salaries, fees and bonuses paid out in the ordinary course of business. We will retain broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds received from our initial public offering. The timing and amount of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending on a number of factors, including the successful early clinical development of our lead product candidates, cash flows from operations and the anticipated growth of our business.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchaser

We did not repurchase any of our outstanding equity securities during the most recent quarter covered by this report.

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The following selected financial information as of and for the dates and periods indicated have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of results of future operations, and should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” in Part II, Item 7 of this report and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report.

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The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and elsewhere in this report, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing innovative product candidates for the treatment or prevention of a wide range of infections in hospital and non-hospital environments. Many of these infections have become increasingly difficult to treat because of the rapid rise in drug resistance. We have discovered and are developing a class of non-antibiotic anti-infective compounds, which we have named Aganocide compounds. These compounds are based upon small molecules that are naturally generated by white blood cells when defending the body against invading pathogens. We believe that our Aganocide compounds could form a platform on which to create a variety of products to address differing needs in the treatment and prevention of bacterial and viral infections. In laboratory testing, our Aganocide compounds have demonstrated the ability to destroy all bacteria against which they have been tested. Furthermore, because of their mechanism of action, we believe that bacteria are unlikely to develop resistance to our Aganocide compounds.

In August 2006, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Alcon, to license to Alcon the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize products incorporating the Aganocide compounds for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solution. Under the terms of the agreement, Alcon agreed to pay an up-front, non-refundable, non-creditable technology access fee of $10.0 million upon the effective date of the agreement. In addition to the technology access fee, we are entitled to receive semi-annual payments from Alcon to support on-going research and development activities over the four year funding term of the agreement. The research and development support payments include amounts to fund a specified number of personnel engaged in collaboration activities and to reimburse for qualified equipment, materials and contract study costs. As product candidates are developed and proceed through clinical trials and approval, we will receive milestone payments. If the products are commercialized, we will also receive royalties on any sales of products containing the Aganocide compounds. Alcon has the right to terminate the agreement in its entirety upon nine months’ notice, or terminate portions of the agreement upon 135 days’ notice, subject to certain provisions. Both parties have the right to terminate the agreement for breach upon 60 days’ notice.

Alcon is responsible for all of the costs that it incurs in developing the products using the Aganocide compounds. We have not achieved any milestones nor has any product been commercialized to date. The achievement of the milestones and product commercialization is subject to many risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to Alcon’s ability to obtain regulatory approval from the FDA and Alcon’s ability to execute its clinical initiatives. Therefore, we cannot predict when, if ever, the milestones specified in the Alcon agreement will be achieved or when we will receive royalties on sales of commercialized product.

In June 2007, we entered into a license agreement with KCI, under which we granted KCI the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize NeutroPhase, as well as other products containing hypochlorous acid as the principal active ingredient, worldwide for use in wound care in humans, other than products or uses intended for the eye, ear or nose. Under the terms of the agreement, KCI paid to us a non-refundable technology access fee of $200,000. We are also entitled to receive reimbursements for qualified consulting, materials and contract study costs. In addition, we are entitled to receive payments of up to $1.25 million if certain milestones are met. If products covered by the license are commercially launched, we will also receive royalty payments based on net revenues from sales by KCI of such products. KCI has the right to terminate the agreement without penalty upon 60 days’ notice. We have the right to terminate the agreement if

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KCI has not commercially launched a product incorporating NVC-101, or any other product containing hypochlorous acid, within 18 months of the date of the agreement. Both parties have the right to terminate the agreement for breach upon 60 days’ notice.

We cannot control whether or when KCI will launch any products incorporating NeutroPhase, or any other products containing hypochlorous acid as the principal active ingredient, and therefore cannot predict whether or when we will receive royalties on sales of commercialized products.

To date, we have generated no revenue from product sales, and we have financed our operations and internal growth primarily through the sale of our capital stock. We have also recently begun to generate revenue under our agreements with Alcon and KCI. We are a development stage company and have incurred significant losses since commencement of our operations in July 2002, as we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development. As of December 31, 2007, we had an accumulated deficit of $18.5 million. Our accumulated deficit resulted from research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses. We expect to continue to incur net losses over the next several years as we continue our clinical and research and development activities and as we apply for patents and regulatory approvals.

Recent Events

In October 2007, we completed the initial public offering of our common stock in which we sold and issued 5,000,000 shares of our common stock, at an issue price of $4.00 per share. We raised a total of $20.0 million from the IPO, or approximately $17.1 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $1.4 million and other offering costs of $1.5 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding automatically converted into 9,613,554 shares of common stock. In connection with the closing of the IPO, we also issued warrants to the underwriters to purchase an aggregate of 350,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per share. The warrants are exercisable on or after October 31, 2008 and expire on October 31, 2010.

In the third and fourth quarters of 2007, we completed two Phase I safety trials of NVC-422, our lead Aganocide compound, for use as a pre-surgical nasal preparation (trademarked as AgaNase). The results from these studies indicate that AgaNase is safe and well tolerated.

In November 2007, we initiated Phase II studies of AgaNase in healthy volunteers who carry S. aureus in their nasal passages. The purpose of these studies is to establish the efficacy of AgaNase as a pre-surgical nasal preparation. We are conducting these studies to demonstrate that AgaNase can reduce the amount of S. aureus, MRSA in particular, in the nasal passages. Used prior to surgery, we believe AgaNase should significantly reduce the number of patients who develop potentially life-threatening blood borne infections. These studies are currently underway.

In December 2007, we filed an IND application with the FDA to initiate Phase I human clinical trials of NVC-422 for the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infections. In January 2008, NovaBay received clearance of the IND and the treatment phase of the study began in late February 2008.

In September 2007, we obtained approval from the FDA for the use of NeutroPhase in a variety of wound care applications and in February 2008 received a Notice of Allowance on the related patent.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. In

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preparing these financial statements, management has made its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements giving due consideration to materiality. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments related to revenue recognition, income taxes, intangible assets, long-term service contracts and other contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report, we believe that the following accounting policies are most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Revenue Recognition

License and collaboration revenue is primarily generated through agreements with strategic partners for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. The terms of the agreements typically include non-refundable upfront fees, funding of research and development activities, payments based upon achievement of certain milestones and royalties on net product sales. In accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue No. 00-21, “Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables”, we analyze our multiple element arrangements to determine whether the elements can be separated. We perform our analysis at the inception of the arrangement and as each product or service is delivered. If a product or service is not separable, the combined deliverables are accounted for as a single unit of accounting and recognized over the performance obligation period. We recognize revenue in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 101, “Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements”, as amended by SAB No. 104 (together, SAB 104). In accordance with SAB 104, revenue is recognized when the following criteria have been met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred and risk of loss has passed; the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and collectibility is reasonably assured.

Assuming the elements meet the EITF No. 00-21 criteria for separation and the SAB 104 requirements for recognition, the revenue recognition methodology prescribed for each unit of accounting is summarized below:

Upfront Fees—We defer recognition of non-refundable upfront fees if we have continuing performance obligations without which the technology licensed has no utility to the licensee. If we have continuing involvement through research and development services that are required because our know-how and expertise related to the technology is proprietary to us, or can only be performed by us, then such up-front fees are deferred and recognized over the period of continuing involvement.

Funded Research and Development—Revenue from research and development services is recognized during the period in which the services are performed and is based upon the number of full-time-equivalent personnel working on the specific project at the agreed-upon rate. Reimbursements from collaborative partners for agreed upon direct costs including direct materials and outsourced, or subcontracted, pre-clinical studies are classified as revenue in accordance with EITF Issue No. 99-19, “Reporting Revenue Gross as a Principal versus Net as an Agent,” and recognized in the period the reimbursable expenses are incurred. Payments received in advance are recorded as deferred revenue until the research and development services are performed or costs are incurred.

Milestones—Substantive milestone payments are considered to be performance bonuses that are recognized upon achievement of the milestone only if all of the following conditions are met: the milestone payments are non-refundable; achievement of the milestone involves a degree of risk and was not reasonably assured at the inception of the arrangement; substantive effort is involved in achieving the milestone; the amount of the milestone is reasonable in relation to the effort expended or the risk associated with achievement of the milestone; and a reasonable amount of time passes between the up-front license payment and the first milestone

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payment as well as between each subsequent milestone payment. If any of these conditions are not met, the milestone payments are deferred and recognized as revenue over the term of the arrangement as we complete our performance obligations.

Royalties—We recognize royalty revenues from licensed products upon the sale of the related products.

Research and Development Costs

We charge research and development costs to expense as incurred. These costs include salaries and benefits for research and development personnel, costs associated with clinical trials managed by contract research organizations, and other costs associated with research, development and regulatory activities. We use external service providers to conduct clinical trials, to manufacture supplies of product candidates and to provide various other research and development-related products and services.

Patent Costs

We expense patent costs, including legal expenses, in the period in which they are incurred. Patent expenses are included as general and administrative expenses in our statements of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

On January 1, 2006, we adopted the fair value recognition provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 123R, “Share-Based Payment”. SFAS No. 123R replaced SFAS No. 123 and superseded Accounting Principles Board (“APB”) Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees” and related interpretations. Under the fair value recognition provisions of SFAS No. 123R, stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date for all stock-based awards to employees and directors and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. We were required to utilize the prospective application method prescribed by SFAS No. 123R, under which prior periods are not revised for comparative purposes. Under the prospective application transition method, non-public entities that previously used the minimum value method of SFAS No. 123 should continue to account for non-vested equity awards outstanding at the date of adoption of SFAS No. 123R in the same manner as they had been accounted for prior to adoption. SFAS No. 123R specifically prohibits pro forma disclosures for those awards valued using the minimum value method. The valuation and recognition provisions of SFAS No. 123R apply to new awards and to awards outstanding as of the adoption date that are subsequently modified. The adoption of SFAS No. 123R had a material effect on our financial position and results of operations. See Note 10 for further information regarding stock-based compensation expense and the assumptions used in estimating that expense.

Prior to the adoption of SFAS No. 123R, we valued our stock-based awards using the minimum value method and provided pro-forma information regarding stock-based compensation and net income required by SFAS No. 123. We did not recognize stock-based compensation expense in our statements of operations for option grants to our employees or directors for the periods prior to our adoption of SFAS No. 123R because the exercise price of options granted was generally equal to the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant.

We account for stock compensation arrangements with non-employees in accordance with SFAS No. 123R and EITF Issue No. 96-18, “Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services”, which require that such equity instruments are recorded at their fair value on the measurement date. The measurement of stock-based compensation is subject to periodic adjustment as the underlying equity instruments vest. Non-employee stock-based compensation charges are amortized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. For stock options granted to non-employees, the fair value of the stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model.

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The adoption of SFAS No.123R had a material effect on our financial position and results of operations. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report, for further information regarding stock-based compensation expense and the assumptions used in estimating that expense.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be recognized.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements”. SFAS No. 157 establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities. This framework is intended to provide increased consistency in how fair value determinations are made under various existing accounting standards which permit, or in some cases require, estimates of fair market value. SFAS No. 157 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier application is encouraged, provided that the reporting entity has not yet issued financial statements for that fiscal year, including any financial statements for an interim period within that fiscal year. We are currently assessing the impact of SFAS No. 157 on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

In February, 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159 “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. SFAS No. 159 permits entities to choose to measure many financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected are reported in earnings. SFAS No. 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. We are currently assessing the impact of SFAS No. 159 on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

In June 2007, the FASB issued EITF Issue No. 07-3, “Accounting for Nonrefundable Advance Payments for Goods or Services Received for Use in Future Research and Development Activities”. EITF No. 07-3 requires that nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities be deferred and capitalized and recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed. EITF No. 07-3 is effective, on a prospective basis, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2007. We are currently assessing the impact of EITF No. 07-3 on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2007

License and Collaboration Revenue

Total license and collaboration revenue was $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2006, compared to $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. License and collaboration revenue consisted of amounts earned under the license and collaboration agreements with Alcon and KCI for amortization of the upfront technology access fees and amounts that have been or will be reimbursed for the funding of research and development activities performed during the period. The increase in revenue during 2007 as compared to 2006 is attributable to the timing of the Alcon and KCI agreements, which were entered into in August 2006 and June 2007, respectively. The upfront technology access fee of $10.0 million from Alcon will be amortized into

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revenue on a straight-line basis over the four year funding term of the agreement, through August 2010. The upfront technology access fee from KCI of $200,000 will be amortized on a straight-line basis over 18 months through December 2008.

To the extent we earn milestone payments under the Alcon and KCI collaborations, we would expect revenues to increase. However, we cannot predict if and when we will receive any milestones from our collaborations.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased by 82% to $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was due in part to an increase in salary and benefits expense of $1.5 million, as the average number of research and development personnel increased by 77% from 2006 to 2007, and included the hiring of several senior personnel. In connection with this increase in hiring, recruiting and relocation costs increased by $110,000 due to an increased reliance on outside personnel recruitment firms and the funding of relocation benefits. Also, during the last three quarters of 2007, we conducted Phase I and Phase II clinical studies for the pre-surgical nasal preparation indication, which caused our clinical expenses for the year ended December 31, 2007 to increase by $730,000 over the year ended December 31, 2006. Additionally, increased efforts around the chemistry, manufacturing and controls related to NVC-422 resulted in an increase of $538,000 from the year ended December 31, 2006 to the year ended December 31, 2007 as we produced more drug substance to support our internal research programs and Alcon collaboration requirements. Costs for outside consultants increased by $245,000 during the year ended December 31, 2007 as a result of increased regulatory activity associated with the IND filings for the pre-surgical nasal preparation and catheter associated urinary tract infection indications and the filing of the 510(k) application related to our NVC-101 compound, as well as due to increased usage of manufacturing and formulation consultants in connection with the KCI agreement. The amortization of stock-based compensation increased by $121,000 from 2006 to 2007 as a result of an increased number of grants becoming subject to the SFAS No. 123R guidance.

We expect that research and development expenses will continue to increase substantially in 2008 and in subsequent years as we continue to increase our focus on developing product candidates, both independently and in collaboration with Alcon. In particular, we are expecting to incur significant toxicology, clinical, chemistry and manufacturing expenses during 2008 in connection with the pre-surgical nasal preparation and catheter associated urinary tract infections programs.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased by 47% to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was due in part to an increase in salary and benefits expense of $494,000 as the average number of general and administrative personnel grew by 27% from 2006 to 2007. The increase in general and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2007 was also attributable to the issuance of $360,000 in cash and stock to a consultant for investor relations and financial advisory services and cash and stock payments of $114,000 made to our non-employee directors upon the closing of the IPO and for ongoing director compensation. Rent expense increased by $209,000 during the year ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in the prior year because we leased additional space in late 2006 and during the second and fourth quarters of 2007 to accommodate our increased personnel and expanded laboratory facilities. Accounting expenses increased by $97,000 from the 2006 to the 2007 period as audit and tax activities increased in preparation for becoming a public company.

We expect that general and administrative expenses will increase during 2008 and in subsequent years due to increasing public company expenses and business development costs and our expanding operational infrastructure. In particular, we expect to incur increasing legal, accounting, investor relations, equity administration and insurance costs in order to operate as a public company.

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Other Income, Net

Other income, net increased to $488,000 for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $240,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was primarily attributable to increased interest income earned due to higher average cash balances as a result of the $10.0 million upfront cash amount received from Alcon in August 2006 and the $17.1 million received upon the closing of the IPO in October 2007.

We expect that other income, net will vary based on fluctuations in our cash balances and borrowings under equipment loans and the interest rate paid on such balances and borrowings.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2005 and December 31, 2006

License and Collaboration Revenue

We recognized license and collaboration revenue of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. License and collaboration revenue consisted of the current period amortization of the upfront technology access fee and amounts received for the funding of research and development activities performed during the year in connection with our collaboration and license agreement with Alcon.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased by 109% to $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2005. This increase was due in part to an increase in salary and benefits expense of $685,000, as the number of research and development personnel more than doubled from December 31, 2005 to December 31, 2006. The increase in research and development expenses was also attributable to a $665,000 increase in toxicology and pharmacology expenses related to the initiation of studies for NVC-422 during the year ended December 31, 2006. Additionally, an increase in expenses related to the NVC-101 clinical studies, which were concluded in late 2006, contributed $384,000 to the increase in research and development expenses. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2006, laboratory supplies and services expenses increased by $318,000, which was directly related to the increase in research and development personnel, which resulted in a higher level of laboratory activities. The increase in research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2006 also included amortization of stock-based compensation expense of $85,000 in connection with the adoption of SFAS No. 123R on January 1, 2006. No amounts were recognized for stock-based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2005.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased 84% to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2005. This increase was due in part to an increase in salary and benefits expense of $410,000, as the number of general and administrative personnel doubled from December 31, 2005 to December 31, 2006. The increase in general and administrative expenses was also attributable to a $272,000 increase in expenditures for audit and legal services, in large part due to the completion of a multi-year audit in the first quarter of 2006 and the current year audit at the end of 2006. No audit fees were recorded during 2005. Also, increased patent activity pertaining to NVC-422 and its analogs contributed $130,000 to the increase in general and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase also included amortization of stock-based compensation expense of $227,000 in connection with the adoption of SFAS No. 123R on January 1, 2006. No amounts were recognized for stock-based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2005. We also incurred additional expenses of $73,000 during the year ended December 31, 2006 to develop our website and other communication capabilities. Rent expense increased by $47,000 during 2006 as we leased additional space to accommodate our increased number of personnel and expanded laboratory facilities.

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Other Income, Net

Other income, net increased to $240,000 for the year ended December 31, 2006 from $106,000 for the year ended December 31, 2005. The increase was primarily due to increased interest income earned as a result of higher average cash balances due to the $10.0 million Alcon payment received in September 2006.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred cumulative net losses of $18.5 million since inception through December 31, 2007. We do not expect to generate significant revenue from product candidates for several years. Since inception, we have funded our operations primarily through the private placement of our preferred stock. We raised total net proceeds of $647,000 through the sale of our Series A Preferred Stock in 2002 and 2003, $3.0 million through the sale of our Series B Preferred Stock in 2003 and 2004, $5.4 million through the sale of our Series C Preferred Stock in 2004 and 2005, and $3.6 million through the sale of our Series D Preferred Stock in 2005 and 2006. In October 2007, we completed our IPO in which we raised a total of $20.0 million, or approximately $17.1 million in net cash proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $1.4 million and other offering costs of $1.5 million.

In August 2006, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Alcon. Under the terms of this agreement, we received an up-front technology access fee of $10.0 million in September 2006. Additionally, we are entitled to receive semi-annual payments each January and July over the four year term of the agreement to support on-going research and development efforts. In both January and July 2007, we received a payment of $1.4 million to support the performance of research and development activities throughout 2007. The Alcon agreement also provides for milestone payments upon the achievement of specified milestones in each field of use and royalty payments upon the sale of commercialized products. The aggregate milestone payments payable in connection with the ophthalmic, otic and sinus fields are $19 million, $12 million and $39 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2007, we have not achieved any milestone nor has any product been commercialized to date. The achievement of the milestones and product commercialization is subject to many risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to Alcon’s ability to obtain regulatory approval from the FDA and Alcon’s ability to execute its clinical initiatives. Therefore, we cannot predict when, if ever, the milestones specified in the Alcon agreement will be achieved or when we will receive royalties on sales of commercialized products.

In June 2007, we entered into a license agreement with KCI. Under the terms of the agreement, we received an upfront technology access fee of $200,000 in June 2007. In addition, we are entitled to receive payments of up to $1.25 million if certain milestones are met. If products covered by the license are commercially launched, we will also receive royalty payments based on net revenues from sales by KCI of such products. As of December 31, 2007, we had not earned or received any milestone or royalty payments under the KCI agreement. We cannot control whether or when KCI will launch any products incorporating NeutroPhase, or any other products containing hypochlorous acid as the principal active ingredient, and therefore cannot predict whether or when we will receive royalties on sales of commercialized products.

During April 2007, we entered into a master security agreement to establish a $1.0 million equipment loan facility with a financial institution. The purpose of the loan is to finance equipment purchases, principally in the build-out of our laboratory facilities. Borrowings under the loan are secured by eligible equipment purchased from January 2006 through April 2008 and will be repaid over 40 months at an interest rate equal to the greater of 5.94% over the three year Treasury rate in effect at the time of funding or 10.45%. There are no loan covenants specified in the agreement. As of December 31, 2007, we had an outstanding equipment loan balance of $716,000 carrying a weighted-average interest rate of 10.57%. The principal and interest due under the loan will be repaid in equal monthly installments through April 2011. As of December 31, 2007 there was $206,000 available for borrowing under this equipment loan facility. In January 2008, we borrowed $203,000 under this equipment loan facility at an interest rate of 10.45%. Upon the close of this funding, there was $3,000 available for borrowing under the equipment loan facility.

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In March 2008, we amended the Financial Advisory and Investor Relations Consulting Agreement dated February 13, 2007 with PM Holdings Ltd. Under the terms of the original agreement, we agreed to pay PM Holdings $28,000 per month through February 2010 for financial and investor relations advisory services. The amendment to this agreement eliminates the monthly cash payment obligation and instead provides for a one-time, upfront cash payment of $264,000 and the issuance of warrants to purchase 300,000 common shares at an exercise price of $4.00 per share. Under the amended agreement, no further cash or equity amounts are payable during the duration of the agreement through February 2010. We expect to pay the upfront cash amount and issue the warrants during April 2008.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

As of December 31, 2007, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $22.4 million compared to $11.1 million at December 31, 2006.

Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2007, cash used in operating activities of $6.3 million was primarily attributable to our net loss of $5.4 million, excluding the amounts recognized for stock-based compensation and depreciation, which are non-cash expenses, and excluding the amounts recognized for the accretion of discount on short-term investments, which is a non-cash revenue item. In addition, deferred revenue decreased by $1.7 million as a result of the ongoing amortization of the upfront technology access fee received from Alcon in 2006. The cash related to this revenue item was received in 2006. Also, prepaid expenses and other assets increased by $193,000, reflecting amounts that were paid during the period but had not yet been expensed. This amount was offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $397,000, in part due to the accrual of annual bonuses of $572,000 which were expensed during the period but were not paid as of December 31, 2007.

For the year ended December 31, 2006, cash provided by operating activities of $4.7 million was attributable primarily to an increase in deferred revenue related to the $10.0 million upfront technology access fee received from Alcon and an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities reflecting amounts that were expensed during the period but not paid until after December 31, 2006. This amount was offset by our net loss of $5.3 million, excluding the amounts recognized for stock-based compensation and depreciation, which are non-cash expenses.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2007, cash used in investing activities of $5.7 million was attributable to purchases of short-term investments (net of maturities or sales) of $5.0 million and purchases of property and equipment of $663,000.

For the year ended December 31, 2006, cash used in investing activities of $5.5 million was attributable to purchases of short-term investments (net of maturities or sales) of $5.2 million and purchases of property and equipment of $362,000.

Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $18.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 was primarily attributable to the net proceeds of $17.1 million received upon the close of the IPO and $794,000 in proceeds from borrowings under our equipment loan.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 was attributable to sales of preferred stock of $2.6 million and proceeds from option and warrant exercises of $1.0 million, partially offset by $93,000 of costs incurred in preparation for our initial public offering.

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We believe our cash balance at December 31, 2007 is sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements through at least the next twelve months. However, we will need to raise additional capital or incur indebtedness to continue to fund our operations in the future. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

We do not anticipate that we will generate significant product revenue for a number of years. Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue, if ever, we expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements, as well as through interest income earned on cash balances and short-term investments. To the extent that we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our shareholders may experience dilution. In addition, debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants. To the extent that we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish some rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or development programs or to obtain funds through collaborations for some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise seek to develop on our own. Such collaborations may not be on favorable terms or they may require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

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Quarterly Results of Operations

The following table presents unaudited quarterly results of operations for the eight quarters ended December 31, 2007. This information has been derived from our unaudited financial statements and has been prepared by us on a basis consistent with our audited annual financial statements and includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which management considers necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented.

Net Operating Losses and Tax Credit Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2007 we had net operating loss carryforwards for both federal and state income tax purposes of $10.1 million. If not utilized, the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will begin expiring at various dates between 2014 and 2027. Current federal and California tax laws include substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards in the event of an ownership change of a corporation. Accordingly, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards may be limited as a result of such ownership changes. Such a limitation could result in the expiration of carryforwards before they are utilized.

Inflation

We do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our business and operating results during the periods presented, and we do not expect it to have a material impact in the near future. There can be no assurances, however, that our business will not be affected by inflation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.

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Contractual Obligations

Our contractual cash commitments as of December 31, 2007 were as follows:

Our commitments under the operating leases shown above consist of payments relating to six leases for laboratory and office space in one office building in Emeryville, California. These leases have a range of expiration dates beginning on October 31, 2009 and ending on May 31, 2013.

Our commitment under the capital lease shown above consists of the total payments due under one lease of laboratory equipment. This amount includes $11,000 of interest payments over the remaining term of the lease.

Our commitment under the equipment loan shown above consists of the total payments due under the loan facility. This amount includes $121,000 of interest payments over the remaining term of the loan.

Our concentration of credit risk consists principally of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. Our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in interest rates, particularly because the majority of our investments are in short-term debt securities.

Our investment policy restricts our investments to high-quality investments and limits the amounts invested with any one issuer, industry, or geographic area. The goals of our investment policy are as follows: preservation of capital; assurance of liquidity needs; best available return on invested capital; and minimization of capital taxation. Some of the securities in which we invest may be subject to market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of the investment to fluctuate. For example, if we hold a security that was issued with an interest rate fixed at the then-prevailing rate and the prevailing interest rate later rises, the principal amount of our investment will probably decline. To minimize this risk, in accordance with our investment policy, we maintain our cash and cash equivalents in short-term marketable securities, including money market mutual funds, Treasury bills, Treasury notes, commercial paper, and corporate and municipal bonds. The risk associated with fluctuating interest rates is limited to our investment portfolio. Due to the short term nature of our investment portfolio, we believe we have minimal interest rate risk arising from our investments. We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio.

To date, we have operated exclusively in the United States and have not had any material exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations. We have recently formed a wholly-owned subsidiary, which is incorporated under the laws of British Columbia (Canada), which may conduct research and development activities in Canada. To the extent we conduct operations in Canada, fluctuations in the exchange rates of the U.S. and Canadian currencies may affect our operating results.

The financial statements required by this Item 8 is set forth in Part IV, Item 15 of this report and is hereby incorporated into this Item 8 by reference. Our quarterly financial information is set forth in Item 7 of this report and is hereby incorporated into this Item 8 by reference.

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None.

ITEM 9A(T).    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

This annual report does not include a report of management’s assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting or an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission for newly public companies.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures necessarily involves the exercise of judgment by management. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the fiscal quarter covered by this report, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, identified by our Chief Executive Officer or our Chief Financial Officer in connection with the evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

On March 12, 2008, we amended the Financial Advisory and Investor Relations Consulting Agreement dated February 13, 2007 with PM Holdings Ltd. Under the terms of the original agreement, we agreed to pay PM Holdings $28,000 per month through February 2010 for financial and investor relations advisory services. The amendment to this agreement eliminates the monthly cash payment obligation and instead provides for a one-time, upfront cash payment of $264,000 and the issuance of warrants to purchase 300,000 common shares at an exercise price of $4.00 per share. Under the amended agreement, no further cash or equity amounts are payable during the duration of the agreement through February 2010. We expect to pay the upfront cash amount and issue the warrants during April 2008.

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PART III

Item incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement to be filed relating to our 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement to be filed relating to our 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement to be filed relating to our 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement to be filed relating to our 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement to be filed relating to our 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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PART IV

(a) Documents filed as part of this report:

(1) Financial Statements. The following financial statements of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. are included in a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K commencing on the pages referenced below:

(2) Financial Statement Schedules.

All schedules have been omitted because they are not required or the required information is included in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

(3) Exhibits.

The following exhibits are filed or furnished herewith or incorporated by reference to the location indicated below:

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

POWER OF ATTORNEY

We, the undersigned officers and directors of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., do hereby constitute and appoint Ramin (“Ron”) Najafi and Thomas J. Paulson, and each of them, our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this report, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby, ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and the Stockholders of

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a development stage company) as at December 31, 2007 and 2006 and the related consolidated statements of operations, cash flows and stockholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 and for the period from July 1, 2002 (date of development stage inception) to December 31, 2007. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as at December 31, 2007 and 2006 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 and for the period from July 1, 2002 (date of development stage inception) to December 31, 2007 in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.

Vancouver, Canada

February 8, 2008

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Table of Contents

NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(a development stage company)

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(a development stage company)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data)