Novo Integrated Sciences, Inc. - Annual Report: 2015 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

For the transition period from ______, 20 ____, to ______, 20_____.

Commission File Number 333-109118

11120 NE 2nd Street, Suite 200, Bellevue, Washington 98004

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(206) 617-9797

(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405) during the preceding 12 months. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act): Yes ¨ No x

The Aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2015 was $569,957.92

There were 22,058,425 shares of the Registrant's $0.001 par value common stock outstanding as of March 18, 2016.

Documents incorporated by reference:

None

TURBINE TRUCK ENGINES, INC.

FORM 10-K INDEX

TURBINE TRUCK ENGINES, INC.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents incorporated herein by reference contain forward-looking statements that have been made pursuant to the provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about Turbine Truck Engines Inc.'s industry, management beliefs, and assumptions made by management. Words such as "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates," variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict; therefore, actual results and outcomes may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in any such forward-looking statements.

PART I

ITEM 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc. ("TTE" or "the Company") was incorporated in Delaware on November 27, 2000. On February 20, 2008, the Company was re-domiciled to the State of Nevada. To date, the Company's activities have been limited to raising capital, organizational matters, engaging in research and development, testing its technology, and the structuring of its business plan. The corporate headquarters are located in Bellevue, Washington. The Company has not yet generated any revenues since inception.

To date, the Company's principal research and development operations have been directed at the potential commercialization, of its (a) Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine technology ("DCGT"); its (b) Gas to Liquid Conversion Process technology ("GTL"); and the (c) Hydrogen Production Burner System ("HPBS").

In addition, the Company continues to conduct diligence to either purchase or merge an intellectual property asset and/or an existing operational company asset. To date, TTE has not entered into a contractual commitment to complete an asset purchase or merger.

On November 14, 2014, the Company closed the Asset Purchase Agreement and Technology Sale/Transfer/Assignment for all Intellectual Property (IP) Agreement, with Robert & Barbara Scragg and Alpha Engines Corporation to obtain ownership of all rights, title, interest, patents, trademarks, and inventor notes for both the Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine (DCGT) and Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technologies.

On May 5, 2015 TTE completed a one-for-twenty (1:20) reverse split of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share.

On May 10, 2015, Michael Rouse, TTE's founder, resigned as the Company's President and member of the Board of Directors, and Christopher David, was appointed to serve as the Company's President, while remaining the Company's Secretary, Treasurer and member of the Board of Directors. To date, Mr. Rouse's seat on the Company's Board of Directors has not be filled.

On September 8, 2015, the Company adopted the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2015 Plan") which authorizes up to 5,000,000 shares of common stock to be available for issuance to certain employees and consultants as defined in the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan supersedes the 2011 Compensation Plan.

The Company will need to raise capital over the coming 12 months to support its activities. The Company's activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including failing to secure additional funding to commercialize the Company's current technology before another company develops similar technology.

PRODUCT STATUS AND DESCRIPTION

I. THE DCGT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

COMPANY HISTORY OF THE DETONATION CYCLE GAS TURBINE ENGINE

Since the formation of Turbine Truck Engines, Inc., on November 27, 2000, the development of the Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine technology ("DCGT"), for the application of heavy-duty highway trucks, has been at the core of the Company's business operations. Up until August 13, 2014, the Company had funded the building and testing of Prototype #5, a 540HP 12-cylinder engine and Prototype #6, a 70HP 4-cylinder engine for the purpose of sufficiently advancing the research and development of the DCGT engine technology to a point of entering into a joint venture agreement with a heavy-duty truck engine manufacturer for advanced research and development. To date, however, the DCGT engine technology is not ready for commercialization, for any application, and remains in the research and development phase.

The ("DCGT") was successfully patented in December 1999 by the inventor, Robert Scragg ("Mr. Scragg"), whom had earlier issued a master license for all rights and potential applications for the DCGT to Alpha Engines, Inc., ("Alpha"), a company owned by he and his wife, Barbara Scragg. On December 15, 2000, TTE acquired the option rights for an exclusive License from Alpha for manufacturing and marketing heavy-duty highway truck engines utilizing Alpha's DCGT engine technology embodied in U.S. Patent No. 6,000,214 and other proprietary technology and rights owned by Alpha, at that time, including Marketing Survey Data in the highway trucking industry. TTE exercised its option and acquired the licensing rights on July 22, 2002.

In August, 2014, the Company changed a majority of its Board of Directors, management and corporate officer personnel, and undertook a revised look at the Company's business operations. While TTE's new management and Board of Directors, in coordination with Mr. Scragg, continued to believe the patented DCGT technology can be developed for commercialization, they determined that the Company should shift its research and development focus to designing a DCGT engine for applications directly related to power generation. Based on this new focus, TTE no longer intends to expend resources on the development of the DCGT engine technology for the heavy-duty truck engine applications and instead is pursuing a path forward to the development of the DCGT engine technology for other commercial applications specifically related to power generation.

On November 14, 2014, TTE executed an Asset Purchase Agreement and a Technology Sale, Transfer, Assignment Agreement for all Intellectual Property, dated October 14, 2014 (the "Asset Purchase Agreements") between the Company, Robert and Barbara Scragg and Alpha Engines Corporation, settling and ending all licensing agreements between TTE and Alpha Engines Corporation and completing the purchase by the Company of all patents, Intellectual Property, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, rights, title, and interest for both (1) the DCGT engine technology; and (2) the electromagnetic process and apparatus for converting methane gas to liquid methanol, on a low-volume scale, also referred to as the Gas-to-Liquid process technology. Under the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreements, all royalty payments due by TTE to Alpha Engines were settled with no future royalty payments due. TTE owns the DCGT engine technology free and clear.

Since taking ownership of the DCGT technology, TTE has had discussions with several North American based engineering firms to re-initiate research and development of the DCGT engine technology for applications directly related to turning a shaft for power generation; however, the Company is not currently engaged in a research and development contract.
 

ABOUT THE DCGT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

This patent in its simplicity makes it very unique. A detonation cycle gas turbine engine includes a turbine rotor contained in a housing. The exhaust ports of respective valve-less combustion chambers are located on opposite sides of the rotor directing combustion gases toward the turbine. The chambers are connected by a valve-less manifold fed with fuel and oxidizer. When combustible gases are detonated by an igniter in one of the combustion chambers, the back pressure from the detonation shuts off the fuel and oxidizer flow to that chamber and redirects the fuel and oxidizer to the opposite chamber, where detonation occurs. The process repeats cyclically. Power is taken off the rotor shaft mechanically or electrically.

The invention utilizes a water wheel as the turbine wheel which has blades that are positively displaced, through a blade race, by the rapid expansion of gases exiting from combustion chambers via nozzles, rather than pistons or gas turbines.
 

Our engine has a blower, rather than a compressor, to supply less air per horsepower hour than required by existing gas turbines or piston engines, thereby producing less exhaust gases per horsepower hour.

The blower supplies low pressure air via a single manifold to two combustion chambers simultaneously thereby requiring less work to complete a detonation cycle, resulting in higher thermos-mechanical efficiencies than gas turbines or piston engines.

The engine manifolds, combustion chambers, and ignition system has the capability of cyclically detonating fuel-air mixtures without using valves. The engine uses a fuel pump and vaporizers to gasify wet fuels prior to mixing with combustion air in the manifolds to produce complete combustion of all fuel-air mixtures in the detonation process. The engine uses a plasma arc ignition, a visibly constant illuminating plasma flame between two electrodes to detonate fuel-air mixtures and does not require critical ignition timing.

Low pressure air and fuel mixtures are detonated instantaneously–in less than one millisecond–producing high velocity shock waves that kinetically compress inert gases resulting in higher working pressures than the pressures produced in constant pressure heating utilized in gas turbine engines, and Otto and Diesel cycle piston engines.

The detonation cycle engine uses less working fluid and produces less exhaust gas per horsepower hour than Brayton cycle turbines and Otto or Diesel cycle piston engines.

Six working prototypes have been developed and constructed over the course of the last 20 years, culminating in the development of the 6th generation prototype engine which consists of two 7-inch, 8-pound turbine wheels mounted on a single shaft, driven by 4 horizontally opposed combustion chambers producing an estimated 70 horsepower at 20,000 rpm.

The DCGT engine technology includes an Electromagnetic Isothermal Combustion ("EIC") process that powers the engine. The EIC process produces complete combustion of fuel-oxidizer mixtures in cyclic detonations that negate unwanted nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emissions. The high pressure gases produced by the detonations drive a unique turbine, producing shaft horsepower.

The EIC process enables the DCGT to operate with blower air at low static pressure, negating the necessity of compressing and preheating fuel-oxidizer mixtures prior to combustion. By eliminating the compression of fuel-oxidizer mixtures, the DCGT engine achieves higher thermal efficiencies in a simplified mechanical structure. The DCGT engine offers the following proprietary and competitive advantages over current diesel, gasoline and gas turbine engines:

COMPETITION FOR THE DCGT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER GENRATION

Given that certain aspects of the Company's DCGT engine technology is still under U.S. patent protection, the Company is not aware of any entity that has successfully commercialized pulse detonation cycle technology for power generation applications. Additionally, until TTE is able to successfully produce data from a prototype of an operational DCGT engine turning a shaft for power generation, it is difficult to provide qualitative comparisons of the DCGT engine technology to the myriad of other technologies available to both residential and business consumers today. Once TTE is able to successfully complete a working bench prototype and collect a myriad of acceptable data on items such as horsepower, torque, efficiency, temperatures, pressures and more, TTE will then be better positioned to identify the target market for commercialization of the DCGT engine technology for power production. At that time, TTE can then provide clarity and direction on competition considerations for our product and its target market.

PATENTS FOR THE DCGT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

The DCGT engine technology currently has a single U. S. Patent No. 6,000,214, a novel patent with a 20-year life from the filing date of December 16, 1997. The patent was based on research and development beginning in 1984, which included the design, construction, and testing of working prototypes #1, #2, #3 and #4. The patent attorneys were Schoemaker & Mattare Ltd. TTE intends to file additional patents to protect any new developments in the engine technology.

II. GAS-TO-LIQUID PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

COMPANY HISTORY OF THE GAS TO LIQUID PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

In addition to the DCGT engine technology, Robert Scragg is also the inventor of an expired patent for a process in which methane gas, the primary component of natural gas, is converted into liquid methanol at low-volume production rates. Low volume is defined as 50 gallons per minute or less. This process is referred to as Gas-to-Liquid ("GTL" or "the Scragg Process").

In 1983, Robert Scragg received patent protection for his "Electromagnetic Process and Apparatus for Making Methanol". While this patent has expired, certain intellectual property and trade secrets remain intact and protected and are now owned by TTE. Mr. Scragg's 1983 patent proved that gentle oxidation of methane gas, a hydrocarbon, using precise electromagnetic activation produces methanol gas which is then condensed in the reactor chamber to form liquid methanol. The Scragg process for gas to liquid conversion provides for production of methanol on a low-volume scale using an easily transportable apparatus and system. When the inventor received his patent for the GTL process technology, he created a working GTL prototype for presentation to the U.S. Patent office. Today, that prototype no longer exists and a new prototype has to be built using the inventor's notes, drawings and data collection, along with newly gathered research information, to prove the viability of the GTL technology.

As noted in Section I above, titled Company History of the DCGT Engine Technology, on November 14, 2014, the Company closed an Asset Purchase Agreement, with Robert and Barbara Scragg and Alpha Engines Corporation, completing the purchase, by Turbine Truck Engines, Inc. of all patents, intellectual property, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, rights, title, and interest for an electromagnetic process and apparatus for converting methane gas to methanol, the Scragg Process. While the Scragg Process patent has expired, certain intellectual property and trade secrets remain intact and protected and are now owned by TTE. 
  

Prior to TTE completing its acquisition of Robert Scragg's GTL process technology, TTE always had an open invitation to pursue a licensing contract, with Alpha, for the development of the Scragg Process. While TTE never completed a licensing agreement for the Scragg Process, TTE's prior management did periodically pursue potential development partners.

On January 23, 2013, the Company entered into a Binding Letter of Intent ("BluGen LOI") with BluGen, Inc., a California corporation ("BluGen"), for the purpose of the joint development of a GTL bench prototype, using the trade secrets of the Scragg Process. Under the terms of the BluGen LOI, BluGen was to work with TTE, and the inventor, Robert Scragg, to recreate and expand upon the original designs created by Mr. Scragg. The BluGen LOI allowed for certain of the Scragg processes' trade secrets and data to be made available to BluGen in a phased manner as certain development milestones were achieved by BluGen. TTE never received notice, from BluGen, that the first milestone had been achieved with no real indication BluGen even undertook a coordinated effort to advance the Scragg Process technology. On October 24, 2014, TTE sent notice to BluGen terminating the January 23, 2013 Binding LOI based on non-performance by BluGen.

On June 3, 2015, TTE signed and executed a Consulting Services Agreement with Justin Dean, an individual, to retain Mr. Dean as the Project and Program Manager for Phase 1 of TTE's product development of its GTL process technology. This agreement further defined Mr. Dean's responsibilities to include conceptual design analysis, product development analysis, product commercialization analysis, business plan analysis, product application analysis, and industry use & application analysis.

On June 3, 2015, TTE signed and executed a Services Agreement with Sahoma Controlware, LLC (the "Sahoma Agreement") to provide the Company with services for the design, modeling and simulation of TTE's Gas-to-Liquid Process technology, to include the Electromagnetic Generator, Chemical Reactor and Process Gas Feed Systems products. The Sahoma Agreement's scope of work included developing individual product simulation models & analysis for flow, thermal, vibration, structural/stress and electrical while also developing simulation models for the entire GTL Reactor Process to determine maximum operational effectiveness and efficiency.

Collectively, both the Sahoma Agreement and the Dean Consulting Services Agreement were executed to provide the Company with engineering, technical and analytical expertise to validate the Company expending additional resources on the development of its Gas-to-Liquid process technology for converting methane and oxygen gas into methanol liquid at low-volume production rates.

On February 19, 2016, the Company executed Settlement Agreements with both Sahoma Controlware, LLC and Justin Dean mutually concluding both the Engineering Services Agreement, dated June 3, 2015, with Sahoma and the Consulting Services Agreement, dated June 3, 2015, with Dean. Under both Services Agreements, the Company has received certain 3D modeling, design and data sets that, while not conclusive, do provide a working baseline for continuing additional research and development to validate the GTL process technologies' operational capacity and efficiency.

Under the terms of the Settlement Agreements, the Company has no further obligation to pay Sahoma the final milestone payment of $10,824 and Dean will retain his 250,000 Rule 144 common shares issued to him under the Consulting Services Agreement.

Since executing the Settlement Agreements, the Company is in ongoing discussions with a U.S. based engineering entity as it considers the best path forward to continue research and development of its GTL low-volume production process technology. The next phase of research to validate the operational and commercial viability of the GTL process technology will require conducting additional modeling and the build of a bench prototype to collect data sets on a multitude of items including, but not limited to, yield rates, species analysis and energy balance calculations.

WHY LOW VOLUME PRODUCTION OF GAS TO LIQUID

Throughout the United States and the world, at sites where drilling operations are producing natural gas as a by-product, a large portion of the natural gas is being flare burned, instead of being sold, as the site is either too far from a pipeline or the accessible pipeline has no additional capacity. When taking into account cost analysis, environmental considerations and commodity pricing in today's marketplace, TTE believes the demand for an easily transportable, self-sustaining apparatus capable of converting gas to liquid, on a low-volume scale, has elevated. 
  

As a result of the market's willingness to consider other options, besides flare burning the on-site natural gas, several companies are working to develop a low-volume, easily transportable GTL apparatus for commercialization. To date, TTE is not aware of any company that has commercialized a low-volume, unmanned, remote GTL system which has proved viable as a self-supporting, profitable business.

TTE believes today's marketplace dynamics allow for a lower volume, easily transportable GTL apparatus to address an enormous, unmet need of redirecting flare burn natural gas for conversion to methanol for commercial resale or reuse onsite even at low-volume production rates.

COMPETITION FOR THE SCRAGG PROCESS GAS TO LIQUID

To date, companies invested in converting natural gas to methanol are primarily engaged in high-volume scale production operations. The current state-of-the-art method of producing liquid methanol involves a low pressure process of preparing synthesis gas by steam reforming or partial oxidation of a gaseous hydrocarbon feedstock or by direct combination of carbon dioxide with purified hydrogen rich gases. Typically, naphtha or a natural gas feedstock is desulfurized, preheated and mixed with a superheated steam, and then reacted over a conventional catalyst in a multi-tubular reformer. After cooling, the synthesis gas is compressed to the required pressure and passed into a hot-wall converter over a low pressure methanol synthesis catalyst at a temperature ranging from 250 to 270 degrees centigrade. The crude methanol that is formed is condensed and separated from the uncondensed gases which are recycled with makeup synthesis gas and fed back into the converter.

Methanex Corp. is the world's largest producer of Methanol. To date, facilities converting gas to liquid are only focused on large scale production. The dollar cost to build and operate a high-volume scale GTL production facility is significant.

PATENTS FOR THE GAS TO LIQUID SCRAGG PROCESS

To date there are no patents or patents pending for the Gas to Liquid Scragg Process. On Feb 15, 1983, the Scragg Process for converting methane to methanol was granted patent protection under US Patent # 4,374,288. The patent has expired, however the process remains protected under Trade Secrets law. 

III. THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BURNER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

COMPANY HISTORY OF THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BURNER SYSTEM

In 2010, TTE was working with various Chinese based partners to develop its licensed DCGT engine technology for use in various applications in Asia. At that time, TTE's CEO was introduced to Falcon Power Co. Ltd. ("Falcon"), a Taiwan based business, that was developing a technology focused on converting methanol to hydrogen, on-demand, using a proprietary technology now known as the Hydrogen Production Burner System ("HPBS"). One of the potential fuel sources for the DCGT engine technology is hydrogen, thus TTE and Falcon began a diligence phase to consider a collaborative effort to blend the 2 technologies having the HPBS produce hydrogen that could then provide a hydrogen fuel source for the DCGT engine.

Commencing in the spring of 2010 and through February 2014, the Company conducted diligence, negotiated, executed, and ultimately terminated certain contractual obligations with certain Taiwanese and/or Chinese based individuals and corporations. The Company's intentions throughout this defined period was to directly participate in commercializing the Hydrogen Production Burner System worldwide through either licensing rights or a Technology Purchase Agreement of the HPBS technology. 
  

In September 2013, the Company was engaged in certain contracts with Energy Technology Services Co. Ltd ("ETS"), a Taiwan based corporation, for business development of the HPBS technology in Asia. Under the terms of these contracts, the Company provided ETS a total of $300,000 (CAN) to fulfill TTE's June 2013 Purchase Order with ETS, for the manufacture of a new 200m3 HPBS unit.

Throughout the fall of 2013 and into January 2014, ETS provided TTE with positive written and video status reports on the progress of the building, completion and delivery of its 200m3 HPBS unit as defined and paid for under the June 2013 Purchase Order. To date, ETS has not fulfilled its contractual obligation to deliver a new 200m3 HPBS.

In February 2014, TTE hired a Taiwan based law firm, Formosan Brothers, to represent the Company, in its pursuit of criminal fraud charges against ETS' principal partners, Chen, Chong-Ping ("Alan Chen") andHuang, Ren-Ju ("Mr. Huang"), both Taiwan citizens, for failure to deliver the newly built 200m3 HPBS unit as provided for under contract. ETS was represented to the Company as the business partners for the inventor Dr. Ching-Chang Chang ("Dr. Chang").

In Spring 2014, given that no direct evidence existed indicating Dr. Chang had knowledge of the fraud against TTE, the Company engaged in negotiations directly with the HPBS inventor for the purchase of the HPBS technology. To date, Dr. Chang claims to have title ownership of the HPBS technology. In October 2014, Dr. Chang presented TTE with both pictures and video of a new 60m3 HPBS unit he completed building, at his own expense. While TTE and Dr. Chang have negotiated proposed terms and conditions for TTE to acquire the HPBS technology, TTE is continuing to undergo extensive due diligence to validate and verify title ownership of the HPBS technology. Until the Company is satisfied with both (a) title ownership of the HPBS; and (b) exactly which Taiwan individuals were engaged in fraud against the Company, any final agreement to purchase the HPBS technology is pending.

On December 25, 2015, TTE received a written ruling from the Taiwan District Prosecutor's Office declining to prosecute Alan Chen and Mr. Huang for criminal fraud.

On January 4, 2016, Formosan Brothers, on behalf of TTE, filed an appeal to the Taiwan High Prosecution Office requesting the High Court review the facts and evidence of the case and grant TTE an appeal of the lower court's decision and send the matter back to the Taiwan District Prosecutor's Office for a new investigation of the facts and evidence.

On February 1, 2016, TTE received notice that the Companies' appeal was granted and that the initial decision, dated December 25, 2015, by the Taiwan District Court prosecutor not to prosecute Alan Chen and Mr. Huang was overturned and rescinded. The case was returned to the Taiwan District Court Prosecutor with instructions to conduct a new investigation of the facts and evidence. TTE and its counsel intend to continue to pursue these charges until a satisfactory resolution is obtained.

ABOUT THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BURNER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

Hydrogen (H2) is an ideal fuel for combustion — it burns easily and efficiently at very high temperatures and emits pure water vapor (H2O) as its only by-product. But the gas is a difficult fuel to work with. Existing methods for transporting and storing hydrogen (namely high-pressure compression and liquefaction) are complex, inefficient, and expensive. It's also the smallest molecule in existence and tends naturally to leak; only exacerbating these problems.

The Hydrogen Production Burner System is an efficient methanol-to-hydrogen production and burner integrated technology which utilizes a steam reformation process, employs a proprietary chemical catalyst and a unique low temperature pyrolytic reaction to convert common methanol into clean-burning hydrogen gas, on-demand, for use as a fuel source to a proprietary burner assembly. The inventor of the HPBS is located in Taiwan and has been developing the technology for over 9 years. 
  

Having a technology available that can produce hydrogen on-demand and on-site eliminates the costly and difficult issues that surround the transportation and storage of hydrogen. Additionally, methanol (CH4O, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol) is inexpensive, widely accessible, and easier to store, handle and transport. The HPBS technology provides a unique and marketable solution for those entities wanting to burn hydrogen as a thermal heat source. 
  

The HPBS system is applicable to a wide array of industrial boilers and steam generators as well as other various residential and commercial applications. The efficiency of the HPBS technology could save the end user 30-60% on energy costs as compared to current sources of energy such as electricity, heavy oils, coal, and natural gas.

COMPETITION FOR THE HPBS TECHNOLOGY

The Company has identified a handful of competitors, including Air-Gas, that manufacture hydrogen producing generators. There are three main types of hydrogen generators, those that (a) convert methane to hydrogen through a catalyst; (b) convert water through electrolysis; and (c) convert methanol through catalysis. There are commercialized units for each method, however, to our knowledge; there are no commercialized units, like the HPBS technology that produce hydrogen from methanol, on demand, for on-site use. In that regard, the Company considers itself uniquely positioned to provide the market with a hydrogen production and burner system that is uniquely different than its competitors.

PATENTS FOR THE HPBS TECHNOLOGY

To date, the Company has no patents (nor does TTE know of any patents pending) for the HPBS technology. The catalytic process used to covert methanol to hydrogen is proprietary and to the best of the companies' knowledge stands alone in marketplace. If TTE is able to secure ownership of the HPBS technology, TTE intends to continue to develop the technology with an eye toward submitting patents for those items that are able to be patented.

EMPLOYEES

We presently have no employees. Staffing levels will be determined as we progress and grow. The level of employees is primarily contingent on the funds available for operations. TTE's Board of Directors will determine the compensation of all new employees based upon job description.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Not applicable.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY

The Companies' corporate office are located at 11120 NE 2^nd Street, Suite 200, Bellevue, WA 98004 with no charge for rent or utilities. 
  

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As of the date of this Report, neither we nor any of our officers or directors is involved in any litigation as defendants. As of this date, there is not any threatened or pending litigation against us or any of our officers or directors.

The Company is currently involved in litigation in Taiwan, wherein the Company engaged Formosan Brothers, a Taiwan based law firm, to file a criminal complaint with the Taipei, Taiwan District Prosecutors Office (the "Prosecutor") seeking criminal charges against the principal partners of ETS, Mr. Chen, Chong-Ping ("Alan Chen") and Huang, Ren-ju ("Mr. Huang") for fraud in connection with their actions related to the Company's business initiative to commercialize the HPBS technology in Asia. 
  

On December 25, 2015, TTE received a written ruling from the Taiwan District Prosecutor's Office that it had declined to prosecute Alan Chen and Mr. Huang for criminal fraud.

On January 4, 2016, Formosan Brothers, on behalf of TTE, filed an appeal to the Taiwan High Prosecution Office requesting the High Court review the facts and evidence of the case and send the matter back to the Taiwan District Prosecutor's Office for a new investigation of the facts and evidence.

On February 1, 2016, TTE received notice that the Companies' appeal was granted and the case was returned to the Taiwan District Court Prosecutor with instructions to conduct a new investigation of the facts and evidence. TTE intends to continue to pursue this matter until a satisfactory resolution is obtained.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISLCOSURE

None 
  

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The Company's Common Stock is quoted on the OTC Markets Group, OTCQB, under the symbol "TTEG." The following table sets forth the range of high and low closing bid quotations of the Common Stock as reported by the OTCQB for each fiscal quarter for the past two fiscal years. High and low bid quotations reflect inter-dealer prices without adjustment for retail mark-ups, markdowns or commissions and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

On May 5, 2015, TTE completed a one-for-twenty (1:20) reverse split of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share. All common shares and options to purchase common shares have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse split.

On March 18, 2016, the closing bid price of the Company's Common Stock as reported by the OTC Marketplace Group was $0.062 and there were approximately 511 shareholders of record.

DIVIDENDS

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common or preferred stock and do not anticipate paying any such cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Earnings, if any, will be retained to finance future growth. We may issue shares of our common stock and preferred stock in private or public offerings to obtain financing, capital or to acquire other businesses that can improve our performance and growth. Issuance and or sales of substantial amounts of common stock could adversely affect prevailing market prices in our common stock. 
  

Common Stock

During the year ended December 31, 2015, there was no modification of any instruments defining the rights of holders of the Company's common stock and no limitation or qualification of the rights evidenced by the Company's common stock as a result of the issuance of any other class of securities or the modification thereof. All shares listed below are post-split.

On March 16, 2015, the Company's Board of Directors accepted an offer from 2367416 Ontario, Inc. ("Ontario") to irrevocably convert eight separate Loan Agreements, dated from June 19, 2013 through October 1, 2014, with a cumulative principal balance of $499,585 and a cumulative accrued interest balance of $69,075, for a total amount of debt owed of $568,660 into 2,369,675 shares of the Company's common stock. The conversion price in this transaction was twenty-four cents ($0.24) per share. The shares were issued to Ontario, Inc. on March 18, 2015. 

On March 16, 2015, the Company executed a Subscription Agreement with 2367416 Ontario, Inc., a Canadian corporation, for the sale and issue of 93,750 shares of the Companies' common stock at a price of $0.16 per share. The shares were issued March 20, 2015.

On May 20, 2015, the Company executed a common stock Subscription Agreement with 2367416 Ontario, Inc. a Canadian corporation, for the sale and issue of 406,250 shares of the common stock of the Company at a price of $0.16 per share. The shares were issued May 21, 2015.

On June 3, 2015, the Company issued 250,000 Rule 144 common shares to Justin Dean, an individual, in consideration of the full contract price for services provided to the Company by Mr. Dean under a Consulting Services Agreement executed between the Company and Justin Dean. The shares were issued June 8, 2015.

On June 22, 2015, the Company executed a common stock Subscription Agreement with 2367416 Ontario, Inc., a Canadian corporation, for the sale and issue of 125,000 shares of the common stock of the Company at a price of $0.16 per share. The shares were issued June 26, 2015.

On September 22, 2015, the Company executed a common stock Subscription Agreement with 2367416 Ontario, Inc., a Canadian corporation, for the sale and issue of 312,500 shares of the common stock of the Company at a price of $0.16 per share. The shares were issued September 23, 2015.

On November 20, 2015, the Company issued 12,500 free-trading shares from the Company's 2015 Employee Compensation Plan to Robert L. and Barbara J. Scragg as provided for under certain terms and conditions outlined in Article 6.1 of the Asset Purchase Agreement, dated October 14, 2014, by and between the Company, Robert L. Scragg and Barbara J. Scragg and Alpha Engines Corporation.

On December 23, 2015, the Company executed a common stock Subscription Agreement with 2367416 Ontario, Inc., a Canadian corporation, for the sale and issue of 125,000 shares of the common stock of the Company at a price of $0.16 per share. The shares were issued December 29, 2015.

The sale and issuance of securities above was deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, by virtue of Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated there under. 
  

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not required.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

THIS FILING CONTAINS FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS. THE WORDS "ANTICIPATED," "BELIEVE," "EXPECT," "PLAN," "INTEND," "SEEK," "ESTIMATE," "PROJECT," "WILL," "COULD," "MAY," AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS ARE INTENDED TO IDENTIFY FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS. THESE STATEMENTS INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, INFORMATION REGARDING FUTURE OPERATIONS, FUTURE CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, AND FUTURE NET CASH FLOW. SUCH STATEMENTS REFLECT THE COMPANY'S CURRENT VIEWS WITH RESPECT TO FUTURE EVENTS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND INVOLVE RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, GENERAL ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS CONDITIONS, CHANGES IN FOREIGN, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, REGULATORY INITIATIVES AND COMPLIANCE WITH GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS, THE ABILITY TO ACHIEVE FURTHER MARKET PENETRATION AND ADDITIONAL CUSTOMERS, AND VARIOUS OTHER MATTERS, MANY OF WHICH ARE BEYOND THE COMPANY'S CONTROL. SHOULD ONE OR MORE OF THESE RISKS OR UNCERTAINTIES OCCUR, OR SHOULD UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS PROVE TO BE INCORRECT, ACTUAL RESULTS MAY VARY MATERIALLY AND ADVERSELY FROM THOSE ANTICIPATED, BELIEVED, ESTIMATED, OR OTHERWISE INDICATED. CONSEQUENTLY, ALL OF THE FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS MADE IN THIS FILING ARE QUALIFIED BY THESE CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS AND THERE CAN BE NO ASSURANCE OF THE ACTUAL RESULTS OR DEVELOPMENTS.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and plan of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere herein. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements including information about possible or assumed results of our financial conditions, operations, plans, objectives and performance that involve risk, uncertainties and assumptions. The actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements. For example, when we indicate that we expect to increase our product sales and potentially establish additional license relationships, these are forward-looking statements. The words expect, anticipate, estimate or similar expressions are also used to indicate forward-looking statements.

For the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014:

Operating Costs – During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, operating costs totaled $401,573 and $335,475, respectively. The increase of $66,098 was mainly attributable to an increase in research and development expenses and stock based compensation.

Bad Debt Expense – During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, bad debt expense totaled $0 and $237,414, respectively. The decrease in bad debt expense is due the increase in the reserve for the deposit.

Other Income – During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, other income totaled $34,000 and $103,861, respectively. The decrease of $69,861 was primarily due to forgiveness of certain accounts payable and accrued expenses in 2014.

Interest (Income) Expense - Net - During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 net interest expense totaled $2.403,141 and $559,374, respectively. The increase of $1,843,767 was primarily due to the Company issuing notes payable during 2015 and 2014 with interest at 20% and through the amortization of deferred non cash debt issuance costs. The unamortized portion of the debt issuance costs were accelerated into amortization expense upon the conversion of all of the notes payable during 2015.

The net loss for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was ($2,770,714) and ($1,033,532), respectively. The increase of $1,737,182 was mainly attributable to the increase in interest expense, stock based compensation, net of the decrease in other income. 
  

Liquidity and capital resources

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had a net loss of $2,770,714. In light of the continued net losses, the Company's ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company's ability to begin operations and to achieve a level of profitability. The Company intends on financing its future development activities and its working capital needs largely from the sale of public equity securities with some additional funding from other traditional financing sources, including term notes and proceeds from sub-licensing agreements until such time that funds provided by operations are sufficient to fund working capital requirements. The financial statements of the Company do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

As previously mentioned, since inception, we have financed our operations largely from the sale of common stock and the issuance of notes payable. During the year ended December 31, 2015 we raised cash of $170,000 through private placements of common stock financings and $17,914 through the issuance of notes payable.

We have incurred significant net losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $22,223,326.

We anticipate that cash used in product development and operations, especially in the marketing, production and sale of our products, may increase significantly in the future.

We will be dependent upon our existing cash, together with anticipated net proceeds from any public offering and future debt issuances and private placements of common stock and potential license fees, to finance our planned operations through the next 12 months.

Additional capital may not be available when required or on favorable terms. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to significantly reduce or refocus our operations or to obtain funds through arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to certain or potential markets, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities would result in ownership dilution to our existing stockholders.

On November 14, 2014, TTE executed an Asset Purchase Agreement and a Technology Sale, Transfer, Assignment Agreement for all Intellectual Property, dated October 14, 2014 (the "Asset Purchase Agreements") with Robert & Barbara Scragg and Alpha Engines, Inc., to obtain all rights, title, interest, patents, trademarks, and inventor notes for both the Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine (DCGT) and Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technologies. The purchase price of the Asset Purchase Agreement for both the DCGT & GTL technologies was 37,500 restricted common shares (reverse split adjusted). Additionally, the Company paid a Royalty payment of $1,000 towards all outstanding Royalty payments. As part of the Asset Purchase Agreement, any and all licensing agreements between the Company and the Sellers were terminated to include that any and all accrued and outstanding royalty payments or other compensation which may have been due by the Company to the Sellers thereunder was forgiven by Sellers.

Under the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreements, Robert & Barbara Scragg consulted with TTE for the purpose of the turnover of all applicable intellectual property, proprietary information, data, notes, hardware, pertinent material, improvements and advancements directly or indirectly related to both technologies. On November 16, 2015, upon completion of this turnover, the Scraggs were issued 12,500 shares of free trading common stock as compensation for the services provided as an independent consultant.

In addition to the above noted consulting compensation the Asset Purchase Agreement allows for the Scraggs to receive an additional 50,000 shares of restricted common stock upon either (a) Purchaser's certification of viability, which shall be made by Purchaser using reasonable commercial standards, of either of the Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine or the Gas-to-Liquid technology, which shall include at a minimum, the independent collection of data proving commercial viability or (b) commercial sales by the Purchaser, or its successors or licensees, of products embodying either of the DCGT or the GTL technology. As of December 31, 2015, no additional shares have been issued for these certain terms and conditions. 
  

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

We believe that the following critical policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in preparation of our financial statements.

The Company entered into various loan agreements with a Canadian company owned by one of the Company's Directors. In accordance with the loan agreements, the Company issued shares of common stock to the Canadian company as additional costs in obtaining the financing. These shares have been accounted for as contra-equity deferred non-cash debt issuance costs and they are being amortized as interest expense over the life of the notes which are five years. Foreign currency translation gains and losses, when material, have been recorded as other comprehensive income in the statement of changes in stockholders' deficit.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant utilizing certain assumptions that require judgments and estimates. These assumptions include estimates for volatility, expected term, and risk-free interest rates in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards.

The Company issues common stock, stock options and warrants to consultants for various services. Costs for these transactions are measured at the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more readily measurable. The determination requires judgment in terms of the consideration being measured.

Research and development costs are charged to operations when incurred and are included in operating expenses.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For a description of recent accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our financial statements, see "Note 3: Significant Accounting Polices: Recent Accounting Standards" in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc.

Financial Statements

For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc.

Bellevue, WA

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Turbine Truck Engines, Inc. ("the Company") as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the related statements of comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the management of Turbine Truck Engines, Inc. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we expressed no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Turbine Truck Engines, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2, the Company incurred a net loss of $2,770,714 and $1,033,532 during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ Warren Averett, LLC                           

Tampa, Florida

March 25, 2016

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc.

Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc.

Statements of Comprehensive Loss

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc.

Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Deficit

For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc.

Statements of Cash Flows

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

1. Background Information

Turbine Truck Engines, Inc. ("TTE" or "the Company") was incorporated in Delaware on November 27, 2000. On February 20, 2008, the Company was re-domiciled to the State of Nevada. To date, the Company's activities have been limited to raising capital, organizational matters, engaging in research and development, testing its technology, and the structuring of its business plan. The corporate headquarters are located in Bellevue, Washington. The Company has not yet generated any revenues since inception.

To date, the Company's principal research and development operations have been directed at the potential commercialization, of its (a) Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine technology ("DCGT"); its (b) Gas to Liquid Conversion Process technology ("GTL"); and the (c) Hydrogen Production Burner System ("HPBS").

In addition, the Company continues to conduct diligence to either purchase or merge an intellectual property asset and/or an existing operational company asset. To date, TTE has not entered into a contractual commitment to complete an asset purchase or merger.

On May 5, 2015 TTE completed a one-for-twenty (1:20) reverse split of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share. All common shares and options to purchase common shares have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse split.

2. Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had a net loss of $2,770,714 with no revenues generated to date. In view of these matters, the Company's ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the Company's ability to begin operations and to achieve a level of profitability. The Company intends on financing its future development activities and its working capital needs largely from the sale of public equity securities with some additional funding from other traditional financing sources, including term notes and proceeds from sub-licensing agreements until such time that funds provided by operations are sufficient to fund working capital requirements. The financial statements of the Company do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. 
  

3. Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies followed are:

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash is maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has never experienced any losses related to these balances. All of the Company's non-interest bearing cash balances were fully insured at December 31, 2015 and 2014. Insurance coverage was $250,000 per depositor at each financial institution. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no amounts held in excess of federally insured limits.

The Company's financial instruments include cash and accounts payable. The carrying amounts of cash and accounts payable approximate their fair value, due to the short-term nature of these items.

Furniture and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated on a declining balance and straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, principally two to seven years. Accelerated methods are used for tax depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations when incurred. Betterments and renewals are capitalized. When furniture and equipment are sold or otherwise disposed of, the asset account and related accumulated depreciation account are relieved, and any gain or loss is included in operations.

The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets or asset groups whenever adverse events or changes in business climate indicate that the expected undiscounted future cash flows from the related assets may be less than previously anticipated. If the net book value of the related assets exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows of the assets, the carrying amount would be reduced to the present value of their expected future cash flows and an impairment loss would be recognized. There have been no impairment losses in any of the periods presented.

Research and development costs are charged to operations when incurred and are included in operating expenses. The Company incurred $25,256 and $0 of research and development costs for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences associated with differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as measured by the enacted tax rates, which are expected to be in effect when these differences reverse. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current, depending on the classification of the assets or liabilities to which they relate. Deferred tax assets and liabilities not related to an asset or liability are classified as current or non-current depending on the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The principal types of temporary differences between assets and liabilities for financial statements and tax return purposes are set forth in Note 8.

The Company follows the provisions of FASB ASC 740-10 "Uncertainty in Income Taxes" (ASC 740-10), January 1, 2007. The Company has not recognized a liability as a result of the implementation of ASC 740-10. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits has not been provided since there are no unrecognized benefits at December 31, 2015 or 2014. The Company has not recognized interest expense or penalties as a result of the implementation of ASC 740-10. If there were an unrecognized tax benefit, the Company would recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. 
  

The Company entered into various loan agreements with a Canadian company. In accordance with the loan agreements, the Company issued shares of common stock to the Canadian company as additional costs in obtaining the financing. These shares have been accounted for as contra-equity deferred non-cash offering issuance costs and they have been amortized as interest expense over the life of the notes which is five years. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses, when material, have been recorded as other income or loss. For the year ended December 31, 2015 the Company recorded a foreign currency transaction gain of $88,791. As of December 31, 2015, the Canadian company has converted all outstanding notes payable and related accrued interest into common stock, therefore, the remaining balance of the deferred non-cash offering issuance costs has been recorded as interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Diluted losses per common share are computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and dilutive options outstanding during the year. Common stock equivalents for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were anti-dilutive due to the net losses sustained by the Company during these periods. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 potentially dilutive common stock options and warrants of 4,600,000 and 120,400 have been excluded from dilutive losses per share due to the Company's losses in all periods presented.

The Company recognizes all share-based payments to employees and directors, including grants of employee stock options, as compensation expense in the financial statements based on their fair values. That expense will be recognized over the period during which an employee or director is required to provide services in exchange for the award, known as the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). Options issued for past services are vested immediately and are expensed at the time of issuance.

The Company issues common stock and common stock options and warrants to consultants for various services. For these transactions, the Company follows the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 505. Costs for these transactions are measured at the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measureable. The value of the common stock is measured at the earlier of (i) the date at which a firm commitment for performance by the counterparty to earn the equity instrument is reached or (ii) the date at which the counterparty's performance is complete.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its EITF), the AICPA, and the SEC did not or are not believed by management to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

4. Furniture and equipment

Furniture and equipment at December 31 consist of the following:

5. Options and warrants

The Company's 2008 Incentive Compensation Plan ("the 2008 Plan") authorizes up to 5,000,000 (not affected for the reverse stock split) shares of common stock to employees or consultants, unless contained in the written award approved by the Board of Directors.

During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company adopted the 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan ("the 2011 Plan") which superseded the 2008 Plan. As a result, no future options are to be issued from the Company's 2008 Plan.

On September 8, 2015, the Company adopted the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan ("the 2015 Plan") which authorizes up to 5,000,000 shares of common stock issuance to certain employees and consultants as defined in the 2015 Plan and approved by the Company's Board of Directors. The 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan supersedes the 2011 Compensation Plan. As a result, there are no future grants, awards, options or share issuance to be issued from the Company's 2011 Plan.

The Company's 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan authorizes up to 5,000,000 shares of common stock issuance to persons employed by the Company either as an employee, officer, director or independent consultant or other person employed by the Company, provided that no person can be granted shares under the 2015 Plan for services related to raising capital or promotional activities. There are no restrictions on resale upon the purchases of the stock from the employees or the consultants, unless contained in the written award approved by the Board of Directors, or otherwise as provided by law. During 2015 and 2014, the Company did not grant any common stock warrants to consultants, directors and employees, respectively, related to either the 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan or the 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan. As of December 31, 2015, 4,987,500 shares are available under the 2015 Plan for future grants, awards, options or share issuance.

The fair value of each option granted under the 2008 and 2011 Incentive Compensation Plans were estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes model that uses assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility is based on the Company's historical market price at consistent points in periods equal to the expected life of the options. The expected term of options granted is based on the Company's historical experience. The risk-free interest rate for the periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates forfeitures; both at the date of grant as well as throughout the requisite service period, based on the Company's historical experience and future expectations.

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2015, based on the Company's closing stock price of $0.03 was $0. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2014, based on the Company's closing stock price of $0.0194 was $0. Intrinsic value is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the options.

There were 4,550,000 options issued to 2 directors and 2 consultants for past services during the year ended December 31, 2015, which were issued outside of the 2011 and 2015 Incentive Compensation Plans. The Company recognized approximately $328,000 of stock based compensation for the year ended December 31, 2015. The grant date fair value of these options was $0.07 per share. The options vest immediately and expire 5 years from date of grant.

The weighted average assumptions made in calculating the fair value of options granted during the nine months ended December 31, 2015 are as follows:

The following table represents our stock option and warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 (post reverse split):

Net cash proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants were $0 for each of the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

6. Commitments and Contingencies

Effective July 1, 2015, the Company moved its headquarters to 11120 NE 2^nd Street, Suite 200, Bellevue, WA 98004 on a month-to-month basis. Through June 30, 2015, the Company leased its previous corporate headquarters on a month-to-month basis with a monthly rental cost of $436. For the year ended December 31, 2015 total rent expense was approximately $2,173.

A total of CAN $300,000 was advanced under the Loan Agreement with 2367416 Ontario, Inc, and was delivered to ETS, as the initial payment on the first machine to be delivered under a purchase order agreement for a Hydrogen Production Burner System (HPBS). Despite positive written and video reports provided to the Company by ETS during the manufacturing of the Equipment. ETS did not deliver the machine as promised under the Agreement. The Company has declared ETS to be in default and the Company has asked to be refunded as per the purchase order agreement. 2367416 Ontario, Inc. has received CAN $50,000, directly from ETS, which has been recorded as a reduction in the outstanding note payable and the deposit. Both 2367416 Ontario, Inc. and the Company are in negotiations to receive the CAN $250,000 plus interest owed, which, when received, will also be shown as a reduction of the outstanding note payable and the deposit. The Company provided a reserve in the amount of $237,414 against this deposit on its balance sheet on December 31, 2014.

During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company hired a Taiwan based law firm, Formosan Brothers, to represent the Company, in its pursuit of criminal fraud charges against ETS' principal partners, Chen, Chong-Ping ("Alan Chen") andHuang, Ren-Ju ("Mr. Huang"), both Taiwan citizens, for failure to deliver the newly built 200m3 HPBS unit as provided for under contract. ETS was represented to the Company as the business partners for the inventor Dr. Ching-Chang Chang ("Dr. Chang").

While TTE and Dr. Chang have been in negotiations for proposed terms and conditions for TTE to acquire the HPBS technology, TTE is continuing to undergo extensive due diligence to validate and verify title ownership of the HPBS technology. Until the Company is satisfied with both (a) title ownership of the HPBS; and (b) exactly which Taiwan individuals were engaged in fraud against the Company, any final agreement to purchase the HPBS technology is pending. Under the proposed terms the Company has negotiated with Dr. Chang, and his new Company ZHENG YU CO. ("ZYC"), Dr. Chang is to provide the Company with the equipment necessary to fulfill the Company's business plan. ZYC has agreed to sell the Company the rights to the HPBS technology for $1.8 million upon independent testing and certification of the HPBS technology. Funding for the Company to purchase the HPBS machinery, as well as the HPBS technology, is provided for in the June 19, 2013 Loan Agreement, between the Company and 2367416 Ontario, Inc. which provides for financing of up to CAN $10,000,000. While the Company and Dr. Chang have negotiated proposed terms and conditions for the Company to acquire the HPBS technology, the Company is continuing to undergo extensive due diligence to validate and verify title ownership of the HPBS technology. Until the Company is satisfied with title ownership of the HPBS technology, any final agreement to purchase the HPBS technology is pending. 
  

On June 3, 2015, TTE signed and executed a Services Agreement with Sahoma Controlware, LLC ("Sahoma") to provide the Company with services for the design, modeling and simulation of Turbine Truck Engine's Gas-to-Liquid ("GTL") Process technology for converting Methane and Oxygen Gas into Methanol Liquid. The contract cash price to complete the design, modeling and simulation as defined under this Phase 1 agreement is $36,080 with payment determined by three separate milestones as follows: (1) $10,824 paid to Sahoma Controlware, on June 3, 2015, upon executing the services agreement (Milestone #1); (2) $14,432 paid to Sahoma on September 11, 2015 upon Sahoma having submitted initial design & modeling documents (Milestone #2); and (3) $10,824, to be paid upon submission, by Sahoma to the Company of all final design, modeling and simulation documents, drawings and electronic files (Milestone #3). As of December 31, 2015, Milestone #3 had not yet occurred. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recognized $25,256 in research and development expense related to the agreement. Subsequent to year end, the Company terminated this agreement. On February 19, 2016, the Company executed Settlement Agreements with both Sahoma and Justin Dean, under which the Company has no further obligation to pay Sahoma the Milestone payment of $10,824.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with a contractor to provide consulting services for a six-month period in exchange for 250,000 shares of common stock valued at $15,000, which represented the fair value of the common stock at the commitment date. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has recognized $15,000 of consulting expenses.

The Company has entered into various other agreements that have been disclosed in previous 10-K and 10-Q filings. These agreements have been either terminated or put on hold and may be reinitiated based on both adequate funding and a viable product development and commercialization plan being approved by the Companies' new Board of Directors.

On November 14, 2014, TTE executed an Asset Purchase Agreement and a Technology Sale, Transfer, Assignment Agreement for all Intellectual Property, dated October 14, 2014 (the "Asset Purchase Agreements") with Robert & Barbara Scragg and Alpha Engines, Inc., to obtain all rights, title, interest, patents, trademarks, and inventor notes for both the Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine (DCGT) and Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technologies. The purchase price of the Asset Purchase Agreement for both the DCGT & GTL technologies was 37,500 restricted common shares (reverse split adjusted). Additionally, the Company paid a Royalty payment of $1,000 towards all outstanding Royalty payments. As part of the Asset Purchase Agreement, any and all licensing agreements between the Company and the Sellers were terminated to include that any and all accrued and outstanding royalty payments or other compensation which may have been due by the Company to the Sellers thereunder was forgiven by Sellers.

Under the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreements, Robert & Barbara Scragg consulted with TTE for the purpose of the turnover of all applicable intellectual property, proprietary information, data, notes, hardware, pertinent material, improvements and advancements directly or indirectly related to both technologies. On November 16, 2015, upon completion of this turnover, the Scraggs were issued 12,500 shares of free trading common stock valued at $625 and recorded as consulting expense in the accounting financial statements.

In addition to the above noted consulting compensation the Asset Purchase Agreement allows for the Scraggs to receive an additional 50,000 shares of restricted common stock upon either (a) Purchaser's certification of viability, which shall be made by Purchaser using reasonable commercial standards, of either of the Detonation Cycle Gas Turbine Engine or the Gas-to-Liquid technology, which shall include at a minimum, the independent collection of data proving commercial viability or (b) commercial sales by the Purchaser, or its successors or licensees, of products embodying either of the DCGT or the GTL technology. As of December 31, 2015, no additional shares have been issued for these certain terms and conditions.

7. Notes Payable

On July 30, 2013, the Company signed an Agreement with 2367416 Ontario, Inc., a Canadian company ("236"), whereby 236 agrees to provide financing to the Company in the initial sum of CAN $450,000 and a maximum of CAN $10,000,000 in accordance with the terms of the Agreement. The financing to be provided is to be funded in tranches, and will have terms between three (3) and five (5) years, with each tranche being separately negotiated. As a part of the loan costs, 236 shall be issued restricted common stock equal to the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company at the time of the initial advance, with such shares being subject to a Lock Up/Leak Out Agreement to be negotiated between the parties. These shares are considered an additional cost in obtaining the financing and the value of these shares at the commitment date is recorded as a contra equity and amortized to interest expense over five years.