NUVASIVE INC - Quarter Report: 2023 June (Form 10-Q)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
___________________________________________________
Form 10-Q
___________________________________________________
(Mark One)
| x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023 | |||||
OR
| o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
| For the transition period from to | |||||
Commission File Number: 000-50744
NUVASIVE, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 33-0768598 | ||||
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
12101 Airport Way
Broomfield, CO 80021
(Address of principal executive offices)
(800) 455-1476
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
___________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | NUVA | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Select Market) | ||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period than the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | x | Accelerated filer | o | |||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | o | |||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | o | |||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of July 31, 2023, there were 52,449,167 shares of the registrant’s common stock (par value $0.001 per share) outstanding.
1
NuVasive, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
June 30, 2023
2
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
NUVASIVE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except par value data)
| June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| ASSETS | (unaudited) | ||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 80,718 | $ | 248,663 | |||||||
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $21,413 and $19,601, respectively | 267,105 | 249,373 | |||||||||
| Inventory, net | 350,805 | 338,601 | |||||||||
| Prepaid income taxes | 8,566 | 7,118 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 21,060 | 21,457 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 728,254 | 865,212 | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 360,433 | 346,510 | |||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 169,848 | 184,289 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 638,428 | 639,663 | |||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 92,160 | 95,112 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax assets | 75,825 | 68,273 | |||||||||
| Restricted cash and investments | 1,494 | 1,494 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 23,108 | 23,952 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 2,089,550 | $ | 2,224,505 | |||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 118,809 | $ | 120,333 | |||||||
| Contingent consideration liabilities | 35,158 | 66,975 | |||||||||
| Accrued payroll and related expenses | 49,867 | 58,448 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 10,785 | 10,019 | |||||||||
| Income tax liabilities | 17,958 | 12,217 | |||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | 350,000 | — | |||||||||
| Senior convertible notes | — | 448,056 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 582,577 | 716,048 | |||||||||
| Long-term senior convertible notes | 445,540 | 444,202 | |||||||||
| Deferred and other tax liabilities | 15,980 | 13,088 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 99,823 | 103,806 | |||||||||
| Contingent consideration liabilities | 35,951 | 63,640 | |||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | 17,136 | 14,831 | |||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized, none outstanding | — | — | |||||||||
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 59,324 shares issued and 52,449 outstanding at June 30, 2023; 58,939 shares issued and 52,134 outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 63 | 63 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 1,487,698 | 1,469,411 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,256) | (3,249) | |||||||||
| Retained earnings | 92,466 | 86,115 | |||||||||
Treasury stock at cost; 6,875 shares and 6,805 shares at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | (686,428) | (683,450) | |||||||||
| Total equity | 892,543 | 868,890 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 2,089,550 | $ | 2,224,505 | |||||||
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
3
NUVASIVE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Products | $ | 288,889 | $ | 280,419 | $ | 568,259 | $ | 546,392 | |||||||||||||||
| Services | 28,897 | 30,032 | 57,238 | 54,821 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales | 317,786 | 310,451 | 625,497 | 601,213 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales (excluding below amortization of intangible assets): | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Products | 66,344 | 65,267 | 131,221 | 122,450 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Services | 23,131 | 20,491 | 44,624 | 42,405 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total cost of sales | 89,475 | 85,758 | 175,845 | 164,855 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 228,311 | 224,693 | 449,652 | 436,358 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 163,859 | 160,696 | 340,051 | 320,977 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 28,654 | 25,913 | 53,227 | 49,271 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 8,021 | 12,637 | 16,817 | 25,669 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Business transition costs | 9,812 | (7,624) | 14,426 | (4,564) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 210,346 | 191,622 | 424,521 | 391,353 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest and other expense, net: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 1,355 | 262 | 3,183 | 305 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (6,008) | (4,352) | (10,386) | (8,731) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | (826) | (29,681) | (5,262) | (13,437) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest and other expense, net | (5,479) | (33,771) | (12,465) | (21,863) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes | 12,486 | (700) | 12,666 | 23,142 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | (5,122) | (193) | (6,315) | (4,834) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net income (loss) | $ | 7,364 | $ | (893) | $ | 6,351 | $ | 18,308 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | 0.14 | $ | (0.02) | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.35 | |||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | 0.14 | $ | (0.02) | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.35 | |||||||||||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 52,418 | 52,022 | 52,331 | 51,926 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 52,907 | 52,022 | 52,843 | 57,299 | |||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
4
NUVASIVE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net income (loss) | $ | 7,364 | $ | (893) | $ | 6,351 | $ | 18,308 | |||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Translation adjustments, net of tax | 136 | 4,531 | 1,993 | 582 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | 136 | 4,531 | 1,993 | 582 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total consolidated comprehensive income | $ | 7,500 | $ | 3,638 | $ | 8,344 | $ | 18,890 | |||||||||||||||
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
5
NUVASIVE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands)
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders' Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | 58,469 | $ | 63 | $ | 1,434,976 | $ | (7,792) | $ | 45,708 | (6,700) | $ | (677,748) | $ | 795,207 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under employee and director equity option and purchase plans | 278 | — | — | — | — | (98) | (5,345) | (5,345) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 6,807 | — | — | — | — | 6,807 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net income | — | — | — | — | 19,201 | — | — | 19,201 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | (3,949) | — | — | — | (3,949) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2022 | 58,747 | $ | 63 | $ | 1,441,783 | $ | (11,741) | $ | 64,909 | (6,798) | $ | (683,093) | $ | 811,921 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under employee and director equity option and purchase plans | 116 | $ | — | $ | 3,716 | $ | — | $ | — | (4) | $ | (220) | $ | 3,496 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 7,514 | — | — | — | — | 7,514 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net loss | — | — | — | — | (893) | — | — | (893) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | 4,531 | — | — | — | 4,531 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at June 30, 2022 | 58,863 | $ | 63 | $ | 1,453,013 | $ | (7,210) | $ | 64,016 | (6,802) | $ | (683,313) | $ | 826,569 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
6
NUVASIVE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY – (Continued)
(in thousands)
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Total Stockholders' Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | 58,939 | $ | 63 | $ | 1,469,411 | $ | (3,249) | $ | 86,115 | (6,805) | $ | (683,450) | $ | 868,890 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under employee and director equity option and purchase plans | 284 | — | — | — | — | (69) | (2,961) | (2,961) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 6,907 | — | — | — | — | 6,907 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net loss | — | — | — | — | (1,013) | — | — | (1,013) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | 1,857 | — | — | — | 1,857 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at March 31, 2023 | 59,223 | $ | 63 | $ | 1,476,318 | $ | (1,392) | $ | 85,102 | (6,874) | $ | (686,411) | $ | 873,680 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under employee and director equity option and purchase plans | 101 | — | 3,432 | — | — | (1) | (17) | 3,415 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 7,948 | — | — | — | — | 7,948 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated net income | — | — | — | — | 7,364 | — | — | 7,364 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | 136 | — | — | — | 136 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at June 30, 2023 | 59,324 | $ | 63 | $ | 1,487,698 | $ | (1,256) | $ | 92,466 | (6,875) | $ | (686,428) | $ | 892,543 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
7
NUVASIVE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
| Six Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
| (unaudited) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Consolidated net income | $ | 6,351 | $ | 18,308 | |||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 66,385 | 73,285 | |||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | (5,008) | (5,304) | |||||||||
| Amortization of non-cash interest | 3,588 | 3,932 | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 14,855 | 14,321 | |||||||||
| Changes in fair value of contingent consideration | (3,910) | (8,836) | |||||||||
| Net loss on strategic investments | 298 | 232 | |||||||||
| Net loss from foreign currency adjustments | 4,962 | 13,574 | |||||||||
| Reserves on current assets | 4,294 | (1,461) | |||||||||
| Other non-cash adjustments | 2,876 | 8,231 | |||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions: | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | (19,715) | (22,596) | |||||||||
| Inventory | (12,407) | (14,632) | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (479) | (111) | |||||||||
| Payment of contingent consideration | (25,462) | (1,198) | |||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 6,072 | (4,859) | |||||||||
| Accrued payroll and related expenses | (8,493) | (5,207) | |||||||||
| Income taxes | 4,280 | 413 | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 38,487 | 68,092 | |||||||||
| Investing activities: | |||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (69,160) | (68,745) | |||||||||
| Acquisitions and investments | (3,082) | (5,250) | |||||||||
| Purchases of intangible assets | (3,000) | — | |||||||||
| Other investing activities | — | (698) | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (75,242) | (74,693) | |||||||||
| Financing activities: | |||||||||||
| Repayment of senior convertible notes | (450,000) | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from borrowings under revolving senior credit facility | 350,000 | — | |||||||||
| Payment of contingent consideration | (31,671) | (6,839) | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of common stock | 3,432 | 3,716 | |||||||||
| Purchases of treasury stock | (2,978) | (5,565) | |||||||||
| Other financing activities | (486) | (982) | |||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | (131,703) | (9,670) | |||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 513 | (3,835) | |||||||||
| Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (167,945) | (20,106) | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 250,157 | 247,585 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 82,212 | $ | 227,479 | |||||||
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
8
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported on the Company's unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the periods presented:
| Six Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 80,718 | $ | 225,985 | |||||||
| Restricted cash | 1,494 | 1,494 | |||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | $ | 82,212 | $ | 227,479 | |||||||
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
9
NUVASIVE, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation
Description of Business
NuVasive, Inc., or the Company, or NuVasive, was incorporated in Delaware on July 21, 1997, and began commercializing its products in 2001. Since its incorporation in 1997, the Company has grown from a small developer of specialty spinal implants into a global medical technology company delivering procedurally integrated solutions for spine surgery. Underlying the Company’s procedurally integrated solutions for spine surgery are technologies designed to enable better clinical, financial, and operational outcomes, including:
•its surgical access instruments, including its integrated split-blade retractor system, designed to enable less-invasive surgical techniques by minimizing soft tissue disruption during spine surgery;
•its Advanced Materials Science portfolio of specialized spinal implants, designed to advance spinal fusion by enhancing the osseointegration and biomechanical properties of implant materials, including porous titanium and porous polyetheretherketone;
•its fixation systems, designed to facilitate the preservation and restoration of patient alignment, while addressing a vast array of spinal pathologies from an open or less-invasive approach across all spinal procedures;
•its cervical total disc replacement, or cTDR, technology, which complements the Company’s portfolio of products and services for cervical spinal fusion surgery and is designed to offer surgeons capabilities across key performance functions—anatomic, physiologic motion, and radiologic design;
•its neuromonitoring systems, which use proprietary software-driven nerve detection and avoidance technology, and the Company's intraoperative neuromonitoring, or IONM, services and support; and
•its Pulse platform, a software ecosystem that integrates multiple hardware technologies into a single, condensed footprint in the operating room, including: radiation reduction, imaging enhancement, rod bending, navigation, IONM, and spinal alignment tools.
In addition, the Company also designs and sells expandable growing rod implant systems for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis that can be non-invasively lengthened following implantation with precise, incremental adjustments via an external remote controller using magnetic technology called MAGnetic External Control, or MAGEC. This technology is also the basis for the Company’s Precice line of products which is designed to support complex orthopedic reconstruction, such as trauma and limb length discrepancy. Precice is an intramedullary device that, once implanted, utilizes the MAGEC technology to non-invasively lengthen the femur and tibia.
Proposed Merger with Globus Medical
On February 8, 2023, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Globus Medical, Inc., or Globus Medical, and Zebra Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Globus Medical, or Merger Sub. The Merger Agreement provides, among other things, that subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into NuVasive, referred to as the Merger, with NuVasive surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Globus Medical.
Under the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger, or the Effective Time, each share of common stock of the Company issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than certain excluded shares as described in the Merger Agreement) will be cancelled and converted into the right to receive 0.75 fully paid and non-assessable shares of Class A common stock of Globus Medical, and cash in lieu of fractional shares.
On April 27, 2023, the Company and Globus Medical announced that the stockholders of each company had approved all proposals related to the Merger at each company’s respective special meeting of stockholders. Completion of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction of the remaining customary closing conditions, including the expiration or termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended.
10
Impact of COVID-19 and Global Macroeconomic Conditions on the Company's Business
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the Company’s business and results of operations during the years 2020 through 2022 and may continue to negatively impact the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and general macroeconomic conditions have led to disruptions in the global supply chain. The Company has experienced challenges associated with material and component availability for certain product lines, longer shipping and delivery times for raw materials and components, constrained logistics capacity related to the movement of products, availability of skilled labor and increased costs of raw materials, components, labor, and freight and courier services. Net sales and profitability from our foreign operations have also been negatively affected by the unfavorable foreign currency exchange impact of the strengthened U.S. dollar against a number of currencies.
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries, collectively referred to as either NuVasive or the Company. The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries using end-of-period exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations. When there is a portion of equity in an acquired subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the respective parent entity, the Company records the fair value of the non-controlling interest at the acquisition date and classifies the amounts attributable to the non-controlling interest separately in equity in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Any subsequent changes in a parent's ownership interest while the parent retains its controlling financial interest in its subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Pursuant to these rules and regulations, the Company has condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures it normally includes in its annual Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. In the opinion of management, the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto include all adjustments that are of a normal and recurring nature that are necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and of the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.
Use of Estimates
To prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management must make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions involve judgments with respect to numerous factors that are difficult to predict. As a result, actual amounts could be materially different from these estimates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In June 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The ASU introduces new disclosure requirements to provide investors with information about contractual restrictions, including the nature and remaining duration of such restrictions. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the standard will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity (acquirer) to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 as of January 1, 2023. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
11
Revenue Recognition
In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue upon the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the expected consideration to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The principles in ASC 606 are applied using the following five steps: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies its performance obligation(s). Specifically, revenue from the sale of implants, fixation products and disposables is generally recognized at an amount that reflects the expected consideration upon notice that the Company’s products have been used in a surgical procedure or upon shipment to a third-party customer assuming control of the products. Revenue from IONM services is recognized in the period the service is performed for the amount of consideration expected to be received. Revenue from the sale of surgical instrument sets is generally recognized upon receipt of a purchase order and the subsequent shipment to a customer who assumes control. In certain cases, the Company does offer the ability for customers to lease surgical instrumentation primarily on a non-sales type basis. Revenue from the sale or lease of capital equipment is recognized when the Company transfers control to the customer, which is generally at the point when acceptance occurs that indicates customer acknowledgment of delivery or installation, depending on the terms of the arrangement. Selling and leasing of surgical instrument sets and capital equipment represents an immaterial amount of the Company’s total net sales in all periods presented. Revenue associated with products holding rights of return or trade-in are recognized when the Company concludes there is not a risk of significant revenue reversal in future periods for the expected consideration in the transaction. Costs incurred by the Company associated with sales contracts with customers are deferred over the performance obligation period and recognized in the same period as the related revenue, with the exception of contracts that complete within one year or less, in which case the associated costs are expensed as incurred.
Accounts Receivable and Related Valuation Accounts
Accounts receivable in the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets are presented net of allowances for credit losses. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses resulting from the inability of its customers, including hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and distributors, to make required payments. The allowance for credit losses is calculated quarterly, and is estimated on a region-by-region basis considering a number of factors including age of account balances, collection history, historical account write-offs, third party credit reports, identified trends, current economic conditions, and supportable forecasted economic expectations. The allowance is adjusted on a specific identification basis for certain accounts as well as pooling of accounts with similar characteristics. An increase in the provision for credit losses may be required when the financial condition of the Company’s customers or its collection experience deteriorates. An increase to the allowance for credit losses results in a corresponding charge to selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company has a diverse customer base and no single customer represented greater than ten percent of net sales or accounts receivable. Historically, the Company’s reserves have been adequate to cover credit losses.
The Company's exposure to credit losses may increase if its customers are adversely affected by changes in healthcare laws, coverage and reimbursement, macroeconomic pressures or uncertainty associated with local or global economic recessions, disruption associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic, or other customer-specific factors. It is possible that there could be a significant adverse impact from potential adjustments to the carrying amount of trade receivables as customers’ cash flows are impacted by their response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the deferral of elective surgical procedures and other macroeconomic challenges.
The following table summarizes the changes in the allowance for credit losses:
| (in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses at January 1 | $ | 11,404 | $ | 10,928 | |||||||
| Current-period provision for expected losses | 1,913 | 748 | |||||||||
| Write-offs charged against the allowance | (137) | (196) | |||||||||
| Recoveries of amounts previously written off | 26 | 31 | |||||||||
| Changes resulting from foreign currency fluctuations | 65 | (107) | |||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses at end of period | $ | 13,271 | $ | 11,404 | |||||||
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Inventory, net
Net inventory as of June 30, 2023 consisted of $338.3 million of finished goods, $3.8 million of work in progress and $8.7 million of raw materials. Net inventory as of December 31, 2022 consisted of $326.1 million of finished goods, $5.8 million of work in progress and $6.7 million of raw materials.
Finished goods primarily consists of specialized implants, fixation products and disposables and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value determined by utilizing a standard cost method, which includes capitalized variances, which approximates the weighted average cost. Work in progress and raw materials represent the underlying material, and labor for work in progress, that ultimately yield finished goods upon completion and are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company reviews the components of its inventory on a periodic basis for excess and obsolescence and adjusts inventory to its net realizable value as necessary.
The Company records an inventory reserve for estimated excess and obsolete inventory based upon historical turnover and assumptions about future demand for its products and market conditions, such as product life cycles and timing of the introduction and development of new or enhanced products. The Company’s allograft products have shelf lives ranging from two years to five years and are subject to demand fluctuations based on the availability and demand for alternative products. The Company’s inventory, which consists primarily of disposables, specialized implants and fixation products, is at risk of obsolescence following the introduction and development of new or enhanced products. One of the Company’s strategic objectives is to continue to rapidly develop and commercialize new products and product enhancements which increases the risk that products will become obsolete prior to the end of their anticipated useful life. The Company’s estimates and assumptions for excess and obsolete inventory are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. The estimates the Company uses for demand are also used for near-term capacity planning and inventory purchasing and are consistent with its net sales forecasts. Increases in the reserve for excess and obsolete inventory result in a corresponding charge to cost of sales.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company recognizes all derivative instruments as assets or liabilities in its unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets and measures these instruments at fair value by revaluing these assets and liabilities at the end of each reporting period. Gains and losses are recorded as a component of other expense, net in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Other comprehensive income (loss) includes net of tax, unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s marketable debt securities and foreign currency translation adjustments. The accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was $(1.3) million and $(3.2) million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Product Shipment Costs
Product shipment costs, included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations, were $8.9 million and $17.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $10.0 million and $18.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The majority of the Company’s shipping costs are associated with providing instrument sets to hospitals for use in individual surgical procedures. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling of products are reflected in net sales and are not material for any period presented.
Business Transition Costs
The Company incurs certain costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which include severance, relocation, consulting, leasehold exit costs, costs related to the proposed merger with Globus Medical, third-party acquisition costs and contingent consideration fair value adjustments and other costs directly associated with such activities. Contingent consideration is accrued based on the fair value of the expected payment, and such accruals are subject to increase or decrease based on the assessment of the likelihood that the contingent milestones will be achieved resulting in payment. If an accrual for contingent consideration decreases based upon the assessment during a particular period, it results in a reduction of costs during such period, which the Company records as a benefit.
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded $9.8 million of costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which includes $8.9 million related to costs associated with the proposed merger with Globus Medical and $0.9 million related to fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with the Company’s 2022, 2021, 2017, and 2016 acquisitions.
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During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded $14.4 million of costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which includes $16.3 million related to costs associated with the proposed merger with Globus Medical, offset by a benefit of $(3.9) million related to fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with the Company’s 2022, 2021, 2018, 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.
During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recorded a benefit of $(7.6) million related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which included $(8.9) million in fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with the Company’s 2021, 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recorded a benefit of $(4.6) million related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which included $(8.8) million in fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with the Company’s 2021, 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.
2. Net Income (Loss) Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted consolidated net income (loss) per share:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except per share data) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Numerator: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) for basic | $ | 7,364 | $ | (893) | $ | 6,351 | $ | 18,308 | |||||||||||||||
| Dilutive potential net income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest and debt issuance costs on the 0.375% Senior Convertible Notes due 2025, net of tax | — | — | — | 1,642 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) for diluted | $ | 7,364 | $ | (893) | $ | 6,351 | $ | 19,950 | |||||||||||||||
| Denominator for basic and diluted net income (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding for basic | 52,418 | 52,022 | 52,331 | 51,926 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive potential common stock outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) | — | — | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance restricted stock units (PRSUs) | 489 | — | 508 | 548 | |||||||||||||||||||
0.375% Senior Convertible Notes due 2025 | — | — | — | 4,824 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding for diluted | 52,907 | 52,022 | 52,843 | 57,299 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Basic net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.14 | $ | (0.02) | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.35 | |||||||||||||||
| Diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.14 | $ | (0.02) | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.35 | |||||||||||||||
In accordance with ASU No. 2020-06, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20), or ASU 2020-06, the Company applies the if-converted method in computing the effect of the Company's senior convertible notes on diluted net income per share. For periods in which the Company reports net income, the numerator of the diluted per share computation is adjusted for interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs, net of tax, and the denominator is adjusted for the weighted average number of shares into which each of the Company’s senior convertible notes could be converted. The effect is only included in the calculation of diluted net income per share for those senior convertible notes which reduce net income per share.
The following weighted average outstanding common stock equivalents were not included in the calculation of net income (loss) per diluted share because their effects were anti-dilutive:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| ESPP, RSUs and PRSUs | 53 | 46 | 69 | 143 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Warrants | 10,169 | 10,169 | 10,169 | 10,169 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Senior convertible notes | 4,824 | 10,169 | 4,824 | 5,345 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 15,046 | 20,384 | 15,062 | 15,657 | |||||||||||||||||||
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3. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
Foreign Currency and Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries using end-of-period exchange rates for assets and liabilities, and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations.
Some of the Company’s reporting entities conduct a portion of their business in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency. These transactions give rise to receivables and payables that are denominated in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency. The value of these receivables and payables is subject to changes in currency exchange rates from the point at which the transactions are originated until the settlement in cash. Both realized and unrealized gains and losses in the value of these receivables and payables are included in the determination of net income or loss. Net currency exchange (losses) gains, which include gains and losses from derivative instruments, were $(0.2) million and $(5.0) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $(29.6) million and $13.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and are included in other expense, net in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations.
To manage foreign currency exposure risks, the Company uses derivatives for activities in entities that have short-term intercompany receivables and payables denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency. The fair value is based on a quoted market price (Level 1). As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, a notional principal amount of $16.0 million and $15.0 million, respectively, was outstanding to hedge currency risk relative to the Company’s foreign currency-denominated receivables and payables. Derivative instrument net gains on the Company’s forward exchange contracts were $1.0 million and $1.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $1.7 million and $2.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and are included in other expense, net in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of the forward contract exchange derivative instrument asset (liability) was $(0.1) million and $(0.2) million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The derivative instruments are recorded in other current assets or other current liabilities in the unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets commensurate with the nature of the instrument at period end.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures certain assets and liabilities in accordance with authoritative guidance, which requires fair value measurements be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted on active markets, but corroborated by market data.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available.
Assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The Company reviews the fair value hierarchy classification on a quarterly basis. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain assets or liabilities within the fair value hierarchy. The Company did not have any transfers of assets and liabilities between the levels of the fair value measurement hierarchy during the periods presented.
15
The fair values of the Company’s assets and liabilities, including cash equivalents, marketable debt and equity securities, restricted investments, derivatives, and contingent consideration are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value of the securities classified as cash equivalents and marketable equity securities are based on quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1). As of June 30, 2023, the Company held investments in securities classified as cash equivalents and marketable equity securities. Unrealized gains (losses) for marketable equity securities was $(0.6) million and $(0.3) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and included in other expense, net in the unaudited Consolidated Statement of Operations. Unrealized gains (losses) for marketable equity securities was $(0.2) million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and included in other expense, net in the unaudited Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2022, the Company held investments in securities classified as cash equivalents and marketable equity securities. During the periods presented, the Company did not hold any such investments that were in a significant unrealized loss position and no impairment charges were recorded on such investments. Realized and unrealized gains and losses and interest income related to marketable debt securities were immaterial during all periods presented. The Company’s assets that are measured at fair value were based on the following fair value categories:
| (in thousands) | Total | Quoted Price in Active Market (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |||||||||||||||||||
| June 30, 2023: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 26,495 | $ | 26,495 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marketable equity securities | 3,185 | 3,185 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash equivalents and other assets | $ | 29,680 | $ | 29,680 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2022: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 176,344 | $ | 176,344 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marketable equity securities | 3,483 | 3,483 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash equivalents and other assets | $ | 179,827 | $ | 179,827 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 approximate their related fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
The fair value of certain financial instruments was measured and classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy based on quoted prices.
Fair Value of Senior Convertible Notes
On June 1, 2023, the Company’s Senior Convertible Notes due 2023 were repaid in full at their scheduled maturity. The fair value, based on a quoted market price (Level 1), of the Company’s outstanding $450.0 million principal amount of Senior Convertible Notes due 2023 at December 31, 2022 was approximately $441.6 million. The fair value, based on a quoted market price (Level 1), of the Company’s outstanding $450.0 million principal amount of Senior Convertible Notes due 2025 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was approximately $411.3 million and $394.9 million, respectively. See Note 5, Indebtedness, in the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report for further discussion on the carrying value of the Company’s outstanding senior convertible notes.
Contingent Consideration Liabilities
The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities assumed in business combinations is recorded as part of the purchase price consideration of the acquisition, and is determined using a model, probability model or Monte Carlo simulation model. The significant inputs of such models are not observable in the market, such as certain financial metric growth rates, volatility rates, projections associated with the applicable milestone, the interest rate, and the related probabilities and payment structure in the contingent consideration arrangement. Fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities are recorded through operating expenses in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations. Contingent consideration arrangements assumed by an asset purchase will be measured and accrued when such contingency is resolved.
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The recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of contingent consideration liabilities associated with commercial sales milestones include the following significant unobservable inputs as of June 30, 2023:
| 2023 | |||||
| Valuation Techniques | Discounted cash flow, probability, Monte Carlo | ||||
| Discount Rate Range | 6.1% - 7.8% | ||||
| Weighted Average Discount Rate | 6.5% | ||||
| Expected Years | 2023 - 2028 | ||||
Contingent consideration liabilities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $71.1 million and $130.6 million, respectively, and were recorded in the unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets commensurate with the respective payment terms. The following table sets forth the changes in the estimated fair value of the Company's contingent consideration liabilities measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
| Six Months Ended June 30, | |||||||||||
(in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Beginning balance at January 1 | $ | 130,615 | $ | 147,810 | |||||||
| Contingent consideration liability recorded upon acquisition | 1,541 | — | |||||||||
| Change in fair value measurement | (3,910) | (8,836) | |||||||||
| Contingent consideration paid or settled | (57,133) | (8,037) | |||||||||
| Changes resulting from foreign currency fluctuations | (4) | 4 | |||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 71,109 | $ | 130,941 | |||||||
During the first quarter of 2021, the Company recorded $103.4 million in contingent consideration liabilities as part of the Simplify Medical acquisition, of which $42.8 million and $60.6 million relate to the regulatory approval and net sales milestones, respectively. In the second quarter of 2021, the Simplify Cervical Disc received approval from the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for two-level cervical total disc replacement which resulted in the payment of $45.8 million for the achievement of the regulatory milestone. As a result of the milestone achievement, the Company recorded a $3.0 million increase in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, which has been recorded within business transition costs in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations in the year ended December 31, 2021. Additional milestone payments, which are uncapped and contingent upon net sales from products incorporating the Simplify Medical cervical disc technology, are payable in the calendar years 2023, 2024 and 2025. The first net sales milestone payment in the amount of $56.5 million was paid in March 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022, the Company decreased the contingent consideration liability by $4.9 million, and $12.2 million, respectively, as a result of updates to the Company's forecasted net sales assumptions and significant unobservable inputs. The remaining contingent consideration liabilities for the Simplify Medical acquisition totaled $34.9 million and $96.3 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Changes in fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liabilities are recorded in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations within the business transition costs line item.
Non-financial assets and liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis
Certain non-financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value, usually with Level 3 inputs including the discounted cash flow method or cost method, on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with authoritative guidance. These include items such as non-financial assets and liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination and non-financial long-lived assets measured at fair value for an impairment assessment. In general, non-financial assets, including goodwill, intangible assets and property and equipment, are measured at fair value when there is an indication of impairment and are recorded at fair value only when any impairment is recognized. The carrying values of the Company’s financing lease obligations approximated their estimated fair value as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
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4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill and intangible assets consisted of the following:
| (in thousands, except years) | Weighted- Average Amortization Period (in years) | Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Intangible Assets, net | |||||||||||||||||||
| June 30, 2023: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets subject to amortization: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | 11 | $ | 366,333 | $ | (248,725) | $ | 117,608 | ||||||||||||||||
| Patents | 10 | 56,291 | (38,487) | 17,804 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing know-how and trade secrets | 12 | 21,380 | (21,380) | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trade name and trademarks | 9 | 24,889 | (22,405) | 2,484 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | 9 | 157,893 | (128,441) | 29,452 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets subject to amortization | 10 | $ | 626,786 | $ | (459,438) | $ | 167,348 | ||||||||||||||||
| In-process research and development | $ | 2,500 | $ | — | $ | 2,500 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets, net | $ | 629,286 | $ | (459,438) | $ | 169,848 | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except years) | Weighted- Average Amortization Period (in years) | Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Intangible Assets, net | |||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2022: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets subject to amortization: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | 11 | $ | 366,521 | $ | (241,119) | $ | 125,402 | ||||||||||||||||
| Patents | 10 | 56,719 | (37,420) | 19,299 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing know-how and trade secrets | 12 | 21,364 | (21,364) | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trade name and trademarks | 9 | 24,967 | (22,124) | 2,843 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | 9 | 156,681 | (122,436) | 34,245 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets subject to amortization | 10 | $ | 626,252 | $ | (444,463) | $ | 181,789 | ||||||||||||||||
| In-process research and development | $ | 2,500 | $ | — | $ | 2,500 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets, net | $ | 628,752 | $ | (444,463) | $ | 184,289 | |||||||||||||||||
The changes to goodwill are comprised of the following:
(in thousands) | |||||
| December 31, 2022 | |||||
| Gross goodwill | $ | 647,963 | |||
| Accumulated impairment loss | (8,300) | ||||
| 639,663 | |||||
| Changes to gross goodwill | |||||
| Changes resulting from foreign currency fluctuations | (1,235) | ||||
| June 30, 2023 | |||||
| Gross goodwill | 646,728 | ||||
| Accumulated impairment loss | (8,300) | ||||
| $ | 638,428 | ||||
Total expense related to the amortization of intangible assets, which is recorded in both cost of sales and operating expenses in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations depending on the functional nature of the intangible asset, was $8.0 million and $16.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $13.4 million and $27.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
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Total future amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization at June 30, 2023 is set forth in the table below:
| (in thousands) | |||||
| Remaining 2023 | $ | 12,741 | |||
| 2024 | 21,550 | ||||
| 2025 | 20,621 | ||||
| 2026 | 15,491 | ||||
| 2027 | 12,733 | ||||
| Thereafter through 2038 | 84,212 | ||||
| Total future amortization expense | $ | 167,348 | |||
5. Indebtedness
The carrying values of the Company’s Senior Convertible Notes are as follows:
| (in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |||||||||
1.00% Senior Convertible Notes due 2023: | |||||||||||
| Principal amount | $ | — | $ | 450,000 | |||||||
| Unamortized debt issuance costs | — | (1,944) | |||||||||
| — | 448,056 | ||||||||||
0.375% Senior Convertible Notes due 2025: | |||||||||||
| Principal amount | 450,000 | 450,000 | |||||||||
| Unamortized debt issuance costs | (4,460) | (5,798) | |||||||||
| 445,540 | 444,202 | ||||||||||
| Total Senior Convertible Notes | $ | 445,540 | $ | 892,258 | |||||||
| Less: Current portion of Senior Convertible Notes | $ | — | $ | (448,056) | |||||||
| Long-term Senior Convertible Notes | $ | 445,540 | $ | 444,202 | |||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contractual coupon interest | $ | 1,172 | $ | 1,547 | $ | 2,719 | $ | 3,094 | |||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 1,449 | 1,816 | 3,282 | 3,626 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest expense recognized on Senior Convertible Notes | $ | 2,621 | $ | 3,363 | $ | 6,001 | $ | 6,720 | |||||||||||||||
| Effective interest rates: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Senior Convertible Notes due 2023(1)(2) | 2.0 | % | 2.0 | % | 2.0 | % | 2.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
Senior Convertible Notes due 2025(1) | 1.0 | % | 1.0 | % | 1.0 | % | 1.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
(1) Interest on Senior Convertible Notes due 2023 and 2025 began accruing upon issuance and is payable semi-annually. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(2) Senior Convertible Notes due 2023 were repaid in full at their scheduled maturity on June 1, 2023. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
19
1.00% Senior Convertible Notes due 2023
In June 2020, the Company issued $450.0 million principal amount of unsecured Senior Convertible Notes with a stated interest rate of 1.00% and a maturity date of June 1, 2023, or the 2023 Notes. On June 1, 2023 the Company repaid in full the 2023 Notes at their scheduled maturity as further discussed below.
The net proceeds from the offering of the 2023 Notes, after deducting initial purchasers’ discounts and costs directly related to the offering, were approximately $436.7 million. The 2023 Notes were initially required to be settled in cash as the Company did not have sufficient reserved shares. On September 10, 2020, the Company held a Special Meeting of Stockholders and received stockholder approval to amend the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of shares of its common stock authorized for issuance from 120,000,000 shares to 150,000,000 shares. As a result of the increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance, as of September 10, 2020 and as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, the Company had sufficient reserved shares. The 2023 Notes permitted the Company to settle conversions of the 2023 Notes in cash, stock, or a combination thereof, solely at the Company’s discretion, and the Company elected to settle all conversions in cash. The initial conversion rate of the 2023 Notes was 11.8778 shares per $1,000 principal amount, which was equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $84.19 per share, subject to adjustments. The Company also entered into transactions for a convertible notes hedge and warrants concurrently with the issuance of the 2023 Notes.
At the time of issuance, the cash conversion feature of the 2023 Notes required bifurcation from the 2023 Notes and was initially accounted for as a derivative liability (the "Embedded Conversion Derivative"), which was included in long-term liabilities in the Company’s unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the 2023 Notes Embedded Conversion Derivative was $57.2 million, and was recorded as the original debt discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the 2023 Notes. On September 10, 2020, as a result of the increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance, the Company had sufficient reserved shares to settle conversions of the 2023 Notes in cash, stock, or a combination thereof, and in accordance with authoritative literature, the Embedded Conversion Derivative was marked to fair value and reclassified to stockholders’ equity, which resulted in recognizing $37.3 million in additional paid-in-capital during 2020. The original issue discount was recognized as interest expense using the effective interest method.
As of January 1, 2021, the Company early adopted ASU 2020-06, which removed the requirement of separating the embedded conversion feature classified within stockholders’ equity from the 2023 Notes. Accordingly, the Company reclassified the unamortized debt discount from its additional paid-in capital to its senior convertible notes within long-term liabilities in the unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets. The impact of the adoption of ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2021 resulted in an increase in senior convertible notes and retained earnings of $46.8 million and $7.9 million, respectively, and a decrease in deferred tax liabilities and additional paid-in capital by $11.2 million and $43.5 million, respectively.
Prior to February 1, 2023, holders could have converted their 2023 Notes only under the following conditions: (a) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2020 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (b) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period, or the measurement period, in which the trading price of the 2023 Notes per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on such trading day; or (c) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as defined in the 2023 Notes. On or after February 1, 2023, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding June 1, 2023, holders could have converted their 2023 Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing conditions.
The Company could not have redeemed the 2023 Notes prior to the maturity date and no principal payments were due on the 2023 Notes prior to maturity. Other than restrictions relating to certain fundamental changes and consolidations, mergers or asset sales and customary anti-dilution adjustments, the 2023 Notes did not contain any financial covenants and did not restrict the Company from conducting significant restructurings, paying dividends or issuing or repurchasing any of its other securities.
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2023 Hedge
In connection with the sale of the 2023 Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated call option transactions with certain dealers, which included affiliates of certain of the initial purchasers of the 2023 Notes and other financial institutions, or the 2023 Counterparties, entitling the Company to purchase up to 5,345,010 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial stock price of $84.19 per share, each of which was subject to adjustment. The 2023 Hedge was initially required to be settled in cash as the Company did not have sufficient reserved shares with respect to the 2023 Notes. As a result, the 2023 Hedge was accounted for as a derivative asset, which was included in long-term assets in the Company’s unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cost of the 2023 Hedge was $69.5 million. On September 10, 2020, as a result of the increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance, the Company had sufficient reserved shares to settle the 2023 Notes, which therefore allowed for the 2023 Hedge to be settled in cash, stock, or a combination thereof. In accordance with authoritative literature, the Convertible Note Hedge Derivative was marked to fair value and reclassified to stockholders’ equity, which resulted in recognizing a reduction of $37.3 million in additional paid-in-capital during 2020. The 2023 Hedge expired on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding June 1, 2023 and was put in place to reduce the potential equity dilution upon conversion of the 2023 Notes if the daily volume-weighted average price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeded the strike price of the 2023 Hedge. Prior to its expiration, an assumed exercise of the 2023 Hedge by the Company was considered anti-dilutive since the effect of the inclusion would always be anti-dilutive with respect to the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
2023 Warrants
In connection with the sale of the 2023 Notes, the Company sold warrants to the 2023 Counterparties, or the 2023 Warrants, to acquire up to 5,345,010 shares of the Company’s common stock. The 2023 Warrants initially limited the amount of shares the Company was required to reserve for issuance under the 2023 Warrants to an aggregate of 3,093,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to adjustment upon the Company having a sufficient amount of authorized and unissued shares which are not reserved for other transactions. As a result of the Company receiving stockholder approval to increase the number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance on September 10, 2020, the Company subsequently entered into amendment agreements with each of the 2023 Counterparties to increase the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock required to be reserved under the 2023 Warrants to the aggregate amount of 6,948,512 shares. The 2023 Warrants will expire on various dates from September 2023 through November 2023 and may be settled in net shares or cash, subject to certain conditions. It is the Company’s current intent and policy to settle all conversions in shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company received $46.8 million in cash proceeds from the sale of the 2023 Warrants, which was recorded in additional paid-in-capital. The 2023 Warrants could have a dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share to the extent that the price of the Company's common stock during a given measurement period exceeds the strike price of the 2023 Warrants, which is $104.84 per share. The Company uses the treasury share method for assumed conversion of its 2023 Warrants to compute the weighted average common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share.
Repayment of the 2023 Notes
On June 1, 2023, the 2023 Notes reached maturity and the Company repaid in full the 2023 Notes. The Company applied $452.3 million in cash to repay the outstanding principal of the 2023 Notes and accrued and unpaid interest thereon at maturity. The Company funded the repayment of the outstanding principal amount of the 2023 Notes and accrued interest thereon using proceeds from borrowings under its senior credit facility and available cash on hand.
0.375% Senior Convertible Notes due 2025
In March 2020, the Company issued $450.0 million principal amount of unsecured Senior Convertible Notes with a stated interest rate of 0.375% and a maturity date of March 15, 2025, or the 2025 Notes. The net proceeds from the offering of the 2025 Notes, after deducting initial purchasers’ discounts and costs directly related to the offering, were approximately $437.0 million. The 2025 Notes may be settled in cash, stock, or a combination thereof, solely at the Company’s discretion. It is the Company's current intent and policy to settle all conversions through combination settlement, which involves satisfying the principal amount outstanding with cash and any note conversion value over the principal amount in shares of the Company’s common stock. The initial conversion rate of the 2025 Notes is 10.7198 shares per $1,000 principal amount, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $93.29 per share, subject to adjustments. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date or if the Company issues a notice of redemption, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2025 Notes in connection with such a corporate event or in connection with such redemption in certain circumstances. The Company also entered into transactions for a convertible notes hedge, or the 2025 Hedge, and warrants, or the 2025 Warrants, concurrently with the issuance of the 2025 Notes.
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At the time of issuance and in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 470, the embedded conversion feature of the 2025 Notes required bifurcation from the notes and was initially accounted for as an equity instrument classified to stockholders’ equity, which resulted in recognizing $78.3 million in additional paid-in-capital during 2020. As of January 1, 2021, the Company early adopted ASU 2020-06, which removed the requirement of separating the embedded conversion feature classified within stockholders’ equity from the 2025 Notes. Accordingly, the Company reclassified the unamortized debt discount and corresponding debt issuance costs from its additional paid-in capital to its senior convertible notes within long-term liabilities in the unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets. The impact of the adoption of ASU 2020-06 as of January 1, 2021 resulted in an increase in senior convertible notes and retained earnings of $64.7 million and $8.8 million, respectively, and a decrease in deferred tax liabilities and additional paid-in capital by $15.9 million and $57.6 million, respectively.
Prior to September 15, 2024, holders may convert their 2025 Notes only under the following conditions: (a) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2020 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (b) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period, or the measurement period, in which the trading price of the 2025 Notes per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on such trading day; (c) if the Company calls any or all of the 2025 Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day preceding the redemption date; or (d) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as defined in the 2025 Notes. On or after September 15, 2024, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding March 15, 2025, holders may convert their 2025 Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing conditions.
The Company may not redeem the 2025 Notes prior to March 20, 2023. The Company may redeem the 2025 Notes, at its option, in whole or in part, on or after March 20, 2023 until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 15, 2024, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company delivers written notice of a redemption. The redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of such 2025 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No principal payments are due on the 2025 Notes prior to maturity. Other than restrictions relating to certain fundamental changes and consolidations, mergers or asset sales and customary anti-dilution adjustments, the 2025 Notes do not contain any financial covenants and do not restrict the Company from conducting significant restructurings, paying dividends or issuing or repurchasing any of its other securities.
2025 Hedge
In connection with the sale of the 2025 Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated call option transactions with certain dealers, which included affiliates of certain of the initial purchasers of the 2025 Notes and other financial institutions, or the 2025 Counterparties, entitling the Company to purchase up to 4,823,910 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial stock price of $93.29 per share, each of which is subject to adjustment. The cost of the 2025 Hedge was $78.3 million and accounted for as an equity instrument by recognizing $78.3 million in additional paid-in-capital during 2020. The 2025 Hedge will expire on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding March 15, 2025. The 2025 Hedge is expected to reduce the potential equity dilution upon conversion of the 2025 Notes if the daily volume-weighted average price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds the strike price of the 2025 Hedge. An assumed exercise of the 2025 Hedge by the Company is considered anti-dilutive since the effect of the inclusion would always be anti-dilutive with respect to the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
2025 Warrants
The Company sold warrants to the 2025 Counterparties to acquire up to 4,823,910 shares of the Company’s common stock. The 2025 Warrants will expire on various dates from June 2025 through October 2025 and may be settled in net shares or cash, subject to certain conditions. It is the Company’s current intent and policy to settle all conversions in shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company received $47.1 million in cash proceeds from the sale of the 2025 Warrants, which was recorded in additional paid-in-capital. The 2025 Warrants could have a dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share to the extent that the price of the Company's common stock during a given measurement period exceeds the strike price of the 2025 Warrants, which is $127.84 per share. The Company uses the treasury share method for assumed conversion of its 2025 Warrants to compute the weighted average common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share.
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Revolving Senior Credit Facility
In February 2020, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, or the 2020 Credit Agreement, for a revolving senior credit facility, or the 2020 Facility, which replaced the previous Amended and Restated Credit Agreement the Company had entered into in April 2017. The 2020 Credit Agreement was amended in May 2020 to, among other things, provide additional flexibility in determining the financial covenant leverage ratios for the second and third fiscal quarters of 2020 and to adjust certain margin and benchmark rates used to determine interest under the 2020 Facility. The 2020 Credit Agreement was further amended in May 2023 to replace the LIBOR-based rates with a SOFR-based rate (including a customary spread adjustment) and other rates for “Alternate Currencies” including, Australian dollars (BBSY), British pound sterling (SONIA), Euros (EURIBOR) and Japanese yen (TIBOR) and adjusts certain other provisions to reflect current documentation standards and other agreed modifications. The 2020 Credit Agreement provides for secured revolving loans, multicurrency loan options and letters of credit in an aggregate amount of up to $550.0 million. The 2020 Credit Agreement also contains an expansion feature, which allows the Company to increase the aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Facility provided the Company remains in compliance with the underlying financial covenants on a pro forma basis, including but not limited to, compliance with the consolidated interest coverage ratio and certain consolidated leverage ratios.
The 2020 Facility matures in February 2025 (subject to an earlier springing maturity date), and includes a sublimit of $50.0 million for standby letters of credit, a sublimit of $250.0 million for multicurrency borrowings, and a sublimit of $5.0 million for swingline loans. All assets of the Company and its material domestic subsidiaries continue to be pledged as collateral under the 2020 Facility (subject to customary exceptions) pursuant to the terms set forth in the Second Amended and Restated Security and Pledge Agreement executed in favor of the administrative agent by the Company. Each of the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries guarantee the 2020 Facility. In connection with the 2020 Facility, the Company incurred issuance costs which will be amortized over the term of the 2020 Facility. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of revolving loans outstanding under the 2020 Facility. The Company did not carry any outstanding revolving loans under the 2020 Facility as of December 31, 2022.
Any borrowings under the 2020 Facility are intended to be used by the Company to provide financing for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including potential mergers and acquisitions and to refinance indebtedness. Borrowings under the 2020 Facility bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a rate equal to an applicable margin plus: (a) the applicable Eurocurrency Rate (as defined in the 2020 Credit Agreement), or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the Bank of America prime rate, and (3) the Eurocurrency Rate plus 1.00%. The margin for the 2020 Facility ranges, based on the Company’s consolidated total net leverage ratio, from 0.50% to 1.25% in the case of base rate loans and from 1.50% to 2.25% in the case of Eurocurrency Rate loans. The 2020 Facility includes an unused line fee ranging, based on the Company’s consolidated total net leverage ratio, from 0.35% to 0.50% per annum on the revolving commitment.
The 2020 Credit Agreement contains affirmative, negative, permitted acquisition and financial covenants, and events of default customary for financings of this type. The financial covenants require the Company to maintain a consolidated interest coverage ratio and certain consolidated leverage ratios, which are measured on a quarterly basis. The 2020 Facility grants the lenders preferred first priority liens and security interests in capital stock, intercompany debt and all of the present and future property and assets of the Company and each guarantor. The Company is currently in compliance with the 2020 Credit Agreement covenants.
6. Business Combinations
The Company recognizes the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest at fair value at the date of acquisition. Certain acquisitions contain contingent consideration arrangements that require the Company to assess the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities. Such liabilities are recorded as part of the purchase price allocation of the acquisition, with subsequent fair value adjustments to the contingent consideration recorded in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 3, Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements, in the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report for further discussion on contingent consideration liabilities.
Variable Interest Entities
The Company provides IONM services through various subsidiaries, which conduct business as NuVasive Clinical Services. In providing IONM services to surgeons and healthcare facilities across the U.S., the Company maintains contractual relationships with several physician practices, or PCs. In accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company has determined that the PCs are variable interest entities and therefore, the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the PCs from the date of acquisition. During the periods presented, the results of the PCs were immaterial to the Company’s financial statements. The creditors of the PCs have claims only to the assets of the PCs, which are not material, and the assets of the PCs are not available to the Company.
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7. Stockholders’ Equity
The Company is authorized to repurchase up to $100 million of its common stock through December 31, 2023. Under this program, the Company is authorized to repurchase its shares in open market purchases, privately negotiated purchases or other transactions. The Company did not repurchase any common stock during the six months ended June 30, 2023.
8. Stock-Based Compensation
The compensation cost that has been included in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Company’s stock-based compensation plans was as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 3,886 | $ | 5,171 | $ | 10,247 | $ | 11,612 | |||||||||||||||
| Research and development expense | 4,048 | 2,288 | 4,557 | 2,617 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | 15 | 55 | 51 | 92 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense before taxes | 7,949 | 7,514 | 14,855 | 14,321 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Related income tax benefit | (734) | (1,331) | (1,373) | (2,536) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense, net of taxes | $ | 7,215 | $ | 6,183 | $ | 13,482 | $ | 11,785 | |||||||||||||||
As of June 30, 2023, there was $59.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense for restricted stock units, or RSUs, and performance-based restricted stock units, or PRSUs, to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.
Restricted Stock Units and Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
The Company issued approximately 7,000 and 291,000 shares of common stock, before net share settlement, upon vesting of RSUs and PRSUs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and issued approximately 329,000 shares of common stock, before net share settlement, upon vesting of RSUs and PRSUs during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock purchase rights under the employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, are as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ESPP | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Volatility | 42 | % | 44 | % | 42 | % | 34 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Expected term (years) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Risk free interest rate | 4.6 | % | 1.2 | % | 4.6 | % | 0.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Expected dividend yield | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||
Under the terms of the ESPP, employees can elect to have up to 15% of their annual compensation, up to a maximum of $21,250 per year, withheld to purchase shares of Company common stock for a purchase price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value per share (at closing) of Company common stock on (i) the commencement date of the six-month offering period, or (ii) the respective purchase date.
9. Income Taxes
Income taxes are determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate applied against income, and then adjusted for the tax impacts of certain significant and discrete items. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company treated the tax impact of the following as discrete events for which the tax effect was recognized separately from the application of the annual effective tax rate: tax expense related to shortfalls on stock-based compensation and tax reserves. The Company’s effective tax rate recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was 50%, primarily due to the size of discrete items of tax expense related to shortfalls on stock-based compensation and tax reserves relative to year-to-date pretax income.
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In accordance with the disclosure requirements as described in Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes, the Company has classified unrecognized tax benefits as non-current income tax liabilities, or a reduction in deferred tax assets, unless expected to be paid within one year. The Company’s continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there was an increase in gross unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $3.6 million, primarily related to research and development credits and the valuation of intangible assets. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that approximately $1.4 million of its remaining unrecognized tax positions may be recognized within the next twelve months primarily attributable to a settlement with the Dutch tax authority related to tax positions involving the valuation of intercompany transactions.
The Company is subject to routine compliance reviews on various tax matters around the world in the ordinary course of business. Currently, the only active audits are with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service for the 2014 – 2016 tax years, Illinois State for the 2020 tax year, the Netherlands for the 2019 tax year, and Italy for the 2017 tax year. California income tax returns are subject to examination in all years due to prior year net operating losses and research and development credits. Income tax returns of other major state and foreign jurisdictions remain subject to examination from 2018 and 2017 forward, respectively.
10. Business Segment, Product and Geographic Information
The Company operates in one segment based upon the Company’s organizational structure, the way in which the operations and investments are managed and evaluated by the chief operating decision maker, or the CODM, as well as the lack of availability of discrete financial information at a lower level. The Company’s CODM reviews net sales at the product line offering level, and manufacturing, operating income and expenses, and net income at the Company wide level to allocate resources and assess the Company’s overall performance. The Company shares common, centralized support functions, including finance, human resources, legal, information technology, and corporate marketing, all of which report directly to the CODM. Accordingly, decision-making regarding the Company’s overall operating performance and allocation of Company resources is assessed on a consolidated basis. The Company has disclosed the net sales for each of its product line offerings to provide the reader of the financial statements transparency into the operations of the Company.
The Company reports under two distinct product lines; spinal hardware and surgical support. The Company’s spinal hardware product line offerings include implants and fixation products. The Company’s surgical support product offerings include IONM services and disposables, biologics, and capital equipment, all of which are used to aid spinal surgery.
Net sales by product line was as follows:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Spinal hardware | $ | 244,462 | $ | 232,679 | $ | 478,762 | $ | 453,475 | |||||||||||||||
| Surgical support | 73,324 | 77,772 | 146,735 | 147,738 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales | $ | 317,786 | $ | 310,451 | $ | 625,497 | $ | 601,213 | |||||||||||||||
Net sales and property and equipment, net, by geographic area were as follows:
| Net Sales | Property and Equipment, Net | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | $ | 240,581 | $ | 238,339 | $ | 477,995 | $ | 459,168 | $ | 304,212 | $ | 295,914 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| International (excludes Puerto Rico) | 77,205 | 72,112 | 147,502 | 142,045 | 56,221 | 50,596 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 317,786 | $ | 310,451 | $ | 625,497 | $ | 601,213 | $ | 360,433 | $ | 346,510 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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11. Commitments
Leases
At the inception of a contractual arrangement, the Company determines whether the contract contains a lease by assessing whether there is an identified asset and whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of the identified asset in exchange for consideration over a period of time. If both criteria are met, the Company records the associated lease liability and corresponding right-of-use asset upon commencement of the lease using a discount rate based on a credit-adjusted secured borrowing rate commensurate with the term of the lease.
The Company records lease liabilities within current liabilities or long-term liabilities based upon the length of time associated with the lease payments. The Company records its operating lease right-of-use assets as long-term assets. Right-of-use assets for financing leases are recorded within in the unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In connection with certain operating leases, the Company has security deposits recorded and maintained as restricted cash totaling $1.5 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
The Company leases office and storage facilities and equipment under various operating and financing lease agreements. The initial terms of these leases range from 1 to 17 years and generally provide for periodic rent increases, and renewal and termination options. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material variable lease payments, residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
Certain leases require the Company to pay taxes, insurance, and maintenance. Payments for the transfer of goods or services such as common area maintenance and utilities represent non-lease components. The Company elected the package of practical expedients and therefore does not separate non-lease components from lease components.
The table below summarizes the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
| (in thousands, except years and rates) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Operating | $ | 92,160 | $ | 95,112 | |||||||
| Financing | 1,697 | 1,893 | |||||||||
| Total leased assets | $ | 93,857 | $ | 97,005 | |||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Current: | |||||||||||
| Operating | $ | 10,785 | $ | 10,019 | |||||||
| Financing | 812 | 1,084 | |||||||||
| Long-term: | |||||||||||
| Operating | 99,823 | 103,806 | |||||||||
| Financing | 890 | 872 | |||||||||
| Total lease liabilities | $ | 112,310 | $ | 115,781 | |||||||
| Supplemental non-cash information: | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) - operating leases | 10.4 | 10.9 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) - finance leases | 2.7 | 2.6 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases | 5.3 | % | 5.3 | % | |||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases | 4.1 | % | 3.7 | % | |||||||
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The table below summarizes the Company’s lease costs, cash payments, and operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets under its operating and financing lease obligations:
| Three Months Ended June 30, | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lease expense: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease expense | $ | 4,156 | $ | 4,049 | $ | 8,346 | $ | 8,156 | |||||||||||||||
| Finance lease expense: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of right-of-use assets | 209 | 437 | 467 | 834 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense on lease liabilities | 21 | 24 | 42 | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total lease expense | $ | 4,386 | $ | 4,510 | $ | 8,855 | $ | 9,044 | |||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows information: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows used for operating leases | $ | 4,251 | $ | 4,139 | $ | 8,545 | $ | 8,292 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows used for financing leases | 21 | 24 | 42 | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financing cash flows used for financing leases | 217 | 461 | 487 | 982 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | $ | 4,489 | $ | 4,624 | $ | 9,074 | $ | 9,328 | |||||||||||||||
| Supplemental non-cash information: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets | $ | 1,699 | $ | 909 | $ | 2,496 | $ | 1,408 | |||||||||||||||
The Company’s future minimum annual lease payments under operating and financing leases at June 30, 2023 are as follows:
| (in thousands) | Financing Leases | Operating Leases | |||||||||
| Remaining 2023 | $ | 504 | $ | 8,316 | |||||||
| 2024 | 668 | 15,542 | |||||||||
| 2025 | 352 | 13,308 | |||||||||
| 2026 | 287 | 12,728 | |||||||||
| 2027 | — | 11,968 | |||||||||
| Thereafter | — | 85,152 | |||||||||
| Total minimum lease payments | $ | 1,811 | $ | 147,014 | |||||||
| Less: amount representing interest | (109) | (36,406) | |||||||||
| Present value of obligations under leases | 1,702 | 110,608 | |||||||||
| Less: current portion | (812) | (10,785) | |||||||||
| Long-term lease obligations | $ | 890 | $ | 99,823 | |||||||
Executive Severance Plans
The Company has employment contracts with key executives and maintains severance plans that provide for the payment of severance and other benefits if such executives are terminated for reasons other than cause, as defined in those agreements and plans. Certain agreements call for payments that are based on historical compensation, and accordingly, the amount of the contractual commitment will change over time commensurate with the executive’s applicable earnings. At June 30, 2023, future commitments for such key executives were approximately $14.2 million. In certain circumstances, the agreements call for the acceleration of equity vesting. Those figures are not reflected in the above information.
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12. Contingencies
The Company is subject to potential liabilities under government regulations and various claims and legal actions that are pending or may be asserted from time-to-time. These matters arise in the ordinary course and conduct of the Company’s business and include, for example, commercial, intellectual property, environmental, securities and employment matters. The Company intends to continue to defend itself vigorously in such matters and when warranted, take legal action against others. Furthermore, the Company regularly assesses contingencies to determine the degree of probability and range of possible loss for potential accrual in its financial statements.
An estimated loss contingency is accrued in the Company’s financial statements if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Based on the Company’s assessment, it has adequately accrued an amount for contingent liabilities currently in existence. The Company does not accrue amounts for liabilities that it does not believe are probable. Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and unfavorable resolutions could occur. As a result, assessing contingencies is highly subjective and requires judgment about future events. The amount of ultimate loss may exceed the Company’s current accruals, and it is possible that its cash flows or results of operations could be materially affected in any particular period by the unfavorable resolution of one or more of these contingencies.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward-Looking Statements May Prove Inaccurate
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q, or Quarterly Report, including the following discussion and analysis, may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors which, if they do not materialize or prove correct, could cause our results to differ from historical results or those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by words like “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “expect”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “believes”, “estimates”, “predicts”, “potential”, “intends”, or “continues” (or the negative of those words and other comparable words). Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:
•the proposed merger with Globus Medical, Inc.;
•the value proposition of our products and procedural solutions;
•our intentions, beliefs and expectations regarding our net sales, expenses, operations and future financial performance;
•our operating results;
•our plans for future product developments and enhancements of existing products and solutions;
•anticipated growth and trends in our business;
•third party reimbursement policies and practices;
•the timing of and our ability to maintain and obtain regulatory clearances or approvals;
•our belief that our cash, cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated obligations;
•the impact of global economic conditions and public health crises and epidemics, such as inflation and the COVID-19 pandemic, on our business and industry;
•our expectations regarding our customers and the adoption of our products and procedures;
•our beliefs and expectations regarding our market penetration and expansion efforts;
•our expectations regarding the benefits and integration of recently-acquired businesses and our ability to make future acquisitions and successfully integrate any such future-acquired businesses;
•our anticipated trends, product pricing pressure, competitive tactics and other challenges in the markets in which we operate; and
•our expectations and beliefs regarding and the impact of policy changes, investigations, claims and litigation.
These statements are not guarantees of future performance or events. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed here. The potential risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to those set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and similar discussions in our other Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, filings. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, future events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law.
This information should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report and with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 contained in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Overview
We are a global medical technology company focused on developing, manufacturing, selling and providing procedural solutions for spine surgery, with a guiding purpose to transform surgery, advance care and change lives. We offer a comprehensive portfolio of procedurally integrated spine surgery solutions, including surgical access instruments, spinal implants, fixation systems, biologics, and enabling technologies, as well as systems and services for intraoperative neuromonitoring. In addition, we develop and sell magnetically adjustable implant systems for spine and specialized orthopedic procedures.
Since our incorporation in 1997, we have grown from a small developer of specialty spinal implants into a leading medical technology company delivering procedurally integrated solutions for spine surgery. A key driver of our growth has been our focus on innovative products and technologies that drive reproducible outcomes for patients, surgeons and providers. In 2003, we introduced the eXtreme Lateral Interbody Fusion procedure, or XLIF, a lateral access spine surgery technique that is less invasive than traditional, open surgical procedures and clinically proven to enable better patient outcomes. Building off the success of XLIF, we have continued to develop innovative less-invasive techniques and technologies for spine surgery, and we have broadened our portfolio of solutions for traditional, open surgical procedures. Our comprehensive portfolio of solutions can be utilized in procedures for the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, supporting surgical approaches from the anterior, including lateral, and posterior. Our solutions are used to treat degenerative conditions and for complex spinal surgery, including adult and pediatric deformities, as well as trauma and tumors.
Underlying our procedurally integrated solutions for spine surgery are innovative technologies designed to enable better clinical, financial, and operational outcomes, including:
•our differentiated surgical access instruments, including our integrated split-blade retractor system, designed to enable less-invasive surgical techniques by minimizing soft tissue disruption during spine surgery;
•our Advanced Materials Science portfolio of specialized spinal implants, designed to advance spinal fusion by enhancing the osseointegration and biomechanical properties of implant materials, including porous titanium and porous polyetheretherketone, or PEEK;
•our comprehensive fixation systems, designed to facilitate the preservation and restoration of patient alignment, while addressing a vast array of spinal pathologies from an open or less-invasive approach across all spinal procedures;
•our cervical total disc replacement, or cTDR, technology, which complements our portfolio of products and services for cervical spinal fusion surgery and is designed to offer surgeons best-in-class capabilities across key performance functions—anatomic, physiologic motion, and radiologic design;
•our neuromonitoring systems, which use proprietary software-driven nerve detection and avoidance technology, and our intraoperative neuromonitoring, or IONM, services and support; and
•our Pulse platform, a software ecosystem that integrates multiple hardware technologies into a single, condensed footprint in the operating room, including: radiation reduction, imaging enhancement, rod bending, navigation, IONM, and spinal alignment tools.
In addition, we also design and sell expandable growing rod implant systems for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis that can be non-invasively lengthened following implantation with precise, incremental adjustments via an external remote controller using magnetic technology called MAGnetic External Control, or MAGEC. This technology is also the basis for our Precice line of products, which are designed to support complex orthopedic reconstruction, such as trauma and limb length discrepancy. Precice is an intramedullary device that, once implanted, utilizes the MAGEC technology to non-invasively lengthen the femur and tibia.
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We intend to continue development on a wide variety of innovation projects to advance our leadership position in less-invasive spine surgery, increase our product offerings and solutions for traditional spine surgery procedures, and further our enabling technologies portfolio. We expect to continue to invest in the Pulse platform to support our global commercialization plan for the technology and to build-out the platform to enable further improvement of the spine care pathway. Our goal is to use technology and data to make spine surgery more intelligent, and we are investing to develop and expand the Pulse platform to include applications and technologies designed to improve pre-operative treatment selection and planning and post-operative workflow and analytics, as well as intra-operative surgical automation and robotics. In addition, we expect to continue to pursue business and technology acquisition targets and strategic relationships to identify opportunities to broaden our participation along the spine care continuum, as well as opportunities outside of traditional spine. Top priorities include opportunities that complement our technology leadership position in spine, targeted geographic expansion, technology that makes procedures even safer, as well as opportunities which advance our strategy to make spine surgery more intelligent.
Proposed Merger with Globus Medical
On February 8, 2023, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Globus Medical, Inc., or Globus Medical, and Zebra Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Globus Medical, or Merger Sub. The Merger Agreement provides, among other things, that subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth therein, Merger Sub will merge with and into NuVasive, referred to as the Merger, with NuVasive surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Globus Medical.
On April 27, 2023, NuVasive and Globus Medical announced that the stockholders of each company had approved all proposals related to the Merger at each company’s respective special meeting of stockholders. Completion of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction of the remaining customary closing conditions, including the expiration or termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended.
For more information, see Note 1, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation, in the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report.
The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Merger Agreement attached as Exhibit 2.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 9, 2023.
Impact of COVID-19 and Global Macroeconomic Conditions on Our Business
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted our business and results of operations during the years 2020 through 2022 and may continue to negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and general macroeconomic conditions have led to disruptions in the global supply chain. We have experienced challenges associated with material and component availability for certain product lines, longer shipping and delivery times for raw materials and components, constrained logistics capacity related to the movement of our products, availability of skilled labor and increased costs of raw materials, components, labor, and freight and courier services. Our net sales and profitability from our foreign operations have also been negatively affected by the unfavorable foreign currency exchange impact of the strengthened U.S. dollar against a number of currencies.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, procedural volume rates for elective surgeries increased in the U.S. and certain international regions compared to the same period in 2022 as hospital systems continue to mitigate healthcare worker shortages and other supply chain disruptions. While many countries have removed or reduced the restrictions initially implemented in response to COVID-19, the pandemic continues to evolve, and its impact on our business will depend on several factors that are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including, the efficacy and adoption of vaccines and treatments, future resurgences of the virus and its variants, the imposition of government lockdowns, quarantine and physical distancing requirements, patient capacity at hospitals and healthcare systems, the duration and severity of healthcare worker shortages, and the willingness and ability of patients to seek care and treatment due to safety concerns or financial hardship. Additionally, due to the significant uncertainty that exists relative to the duration and overall impact of the macroeconomic factors discussed above, our future operating results may be negatively impacted. Further discussion of the potential impacts on our business from the COVID-19 pandemic and global macroeconomic conditions provided under Item 1A – Risk Factors of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Net Sales and Operations
The majority of our net sales are derived from the sale of implants and fixation products, biologics, disposables and IONM services and we expect this trend to continue for the foreseeable future. Our implants and fixation products, biologics, and disposables are currently sold and shipped from our distribution and warehousing operations. We generally recognize net sales from implants and fixation products, biologics and disposables upon notice that our products have been used in a surgical procedure or upon shipment to a third-party customer who has assumed control of the products. Net sales from IONM services are recognized in the period the service is performed for the amount of payment we expect to receive. We make available surgical instrument sets and neuromonitoring systems to hospitals to facilitate surgeon access to the spine to perform restorative and fusion procedures using our implants and fixation products. We sell surgical instrument sets and our proprietary software-driven neuromonitoring systems, however this does not make up a material part of our business. While selling or leasing of capital equipment has not historically made up a material portion of our total net sales, selling and leasing of capital equipment is expected to continue to increase over time as a result of our commercialization of the Pulse platform in 2021.
A substantial portion of our operations are located in the U.S., and the majority of our net sales and cash generation have been made in the U.S. We sell our products in the U.S. through a sales force comprised primarily of directly employed and independent sales representatives. Our sales force provides a delivery and consultative service to surgeon and hospital customers and is compensated based on sales and product placements in their territories. Sales force commissions are reflected in the selling, general and administrative operating expense line item within our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We continue to invest in international expansion with a focus on European, Asia-Pacific and Latin American markets. Our international sales force is comprised of directly-employed sales personnel, independent sales representatives, as well as exclusive and non-exclusive independent third-party distributors.
Results of Operations
Net Sales
| June 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except %) | 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spinal hardware | $ | 244,462 | $ | 232,679 | $ | 11,783 | 5 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Surgical support | 73,324 | 77,772 | (4,448) | (6) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales | $ | 317,786 | $ | 310,451 | $ | 7,335 | 2 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Six Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spinal hardware | $ | 478,762 | $ | 453,475 | $ | 25,287 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Surgical support | 146,735 | 147,738 | (1,003) | (1) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total net sales | $ | 625,497 | $ | 601,213 | $ | 24,284 | 4 | % | |||||||||||||||
Our spinal hardware product line offerings include our implants and fixation products. Our surgical support product line offerings include IONM services and disposables, biologics, and our capital equipment, all of which are used to aid spine surgery.
We expect continued adoption of our innovative less-invasive procedures and deeper penetration into existing accounts and international markets as our sales force executes on our strategy of selling the full mix of our products and services. However, the continued consolidation and increased purchasing power of our hospital customers and group purchasing organizations, continued changes in the public and private insurance markets regarding reimbursement, and ongoing policy and legislative changes in the U.S. have created less predictability. Although the market for procedurally-integrated spine surgery solutions is expected to continue to grow over the long term, economic, political and regulatory influences are subjecting our industry to significant changes that may slow the growth rate of the spine surgery market. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and global macroeconomic conditions have had and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our business.
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Net sales from our spinal hardware product line offerings increased $11.8 million and $25.3 million, or 5% and 6%, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. Product volume within spinal hardware increased our net sales by approximately 7% and 8% during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022, primarily due to increased spine procedural volumes. There were unfavorable pricing changes of approximately 1% during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022. Foreign currency fluctuations decreased our spinal hardware net sales by approximately 1% during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022.
Net sales from our surgical support product line offerings decreased $4.4 million, or 6%, during the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Product and service volume within surgical support decreased our net sales by approximately 5% during the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to decreased IONM service and surgical procedural volumes, compared to the same period in 2022. There were unfavorable pricing changes of approximately 1% during the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Foreign currency fluctuations had a de minimis impact on surgical support net sales during the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Net sales from our surgical support product line offerings decreased $1.0 million, or 1%, during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Foreign currency fluctuations decreased our surgical support net sales by approximately 1% during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Cost of Sales, Excluding Below Amortization of Intangible Assets
| June 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except %) | 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | $ | 89,475 | $ | 85,758 | $ | 3,717 | 4 | % | |||||||||||||||
| % of total net sales | 28 | % | 28 | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Six Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | $ | 175,845 | $ | 164,855 | $ | 10,990 | 7 | % | |||||||||||||||
| % of total net sales | 28 | % | 27 | % | 1 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Cost of sales consists primarily of purchased goods, raw materials, labor and overhead associated with product manufacturing, inventory-related costs and royalty expenses, as well as the cost of providing IONM services, which includes personnel and physician oversight costs. We primarily procure and manufacture our products in the U.S., and accordingly, foreign currency fluctuations have not materially impacted our cost of sales.
Cost of sales increased $3.7 million and $11.0 million, or 4% and 7%, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 28% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. For the three months ended June 30, 2023, cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was flat compared to the same period in 2022. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, cost of sales as a percentage of net sales increased by 1%, compared to the same period in 2022, primarily associated with proportional higher net sales in 2023.
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Operating Expenses
| (in thousands, except %) | Three Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 163,859 | $ | 160,696 | $ | 3,163 | 2 | % | |||||||||||||||
| % of total net sales | 52 | % | 52 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 28,654 | 25,913 | 2,741 | 11 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| % of total net sales | 9 | % | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 8,021 | 12,637 | (4,616) | (37 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Business transition costs | 9,812 | (7,624) | 17,436 | 229 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except %) | Six Months Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 340,051 | $ | 320,977 | $ | 19,074 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||
| % of total net sales | 54 | % | 53 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 53,227 | 49,271 | 3,956 | 8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| % of total net sales | 9 | % | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 16,817 | 25,669 | (8,852) | (34 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Business transition costs | 14,426 | (4,564) | 18,990 | 416 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, commissions and training costs for our employees engaged in sales, marketing and customer support functions. The expense also includes commissions to sales representatives, freight expenses, surgeon training costs, depreciation expense for property and equipment such as surgical instrument sets, and administrative expenses for both employees and third-party service providers.
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $3.2 million and $19.1 million, or 2% and 6%, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The increase during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022, is primarily due to increased sales commissions and depreciation costs for surgical sets associated with higher net sales and increased legal expenses associated with certain ongoing litigation matters. The increase during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was partially offset by a reduction in freight costs and travel expenses, compared to the same period in 2022, as global supply chains began to recover and travel costs continue to normalize after the easing of COVID-19 related restrictions in the prior period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we have continued to experience macroeconomic inflationary pressures within our selling, general and administrative expenses.
Research and Development
Research and development expense consists primarily of product research and development, clinical trial and study costs, regulatory and clinical functions, and compensation and other employee related expenses. In the last several years, we have introduced numerous new products and product enhancements that have significantly expanded our technology platforms and our comprehensive product portfolio. We have also acquired complementary and strategic assets and technology, particularly in the area of spinal hardware products. We continue to invest in research and development programs related to our core product portfolio, as well as in our capital equipment.
Research and development expense increased $2.7 million and $4.0 million, or 11% and 8%, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The increase in spending for the periods is primarily due to higher headcount-related costs and further development, enhancement and functionality of our current and future product offerings, including capital equipment. Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have stayed committed to our investment in research and development in order to further advance our leadership position in spine surgery and our enabling technologies portfolio.
Amortization of Intangible Assets
Amortization of intangible assets relates to the amortization of finite-lived intangible assets acquired. Amortization expense decreased by $4.6 million and $8.9 million, or 37% and 34%, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The decrease during the periods is primarily due to the completion of amortization associated with certain acquisition-related intangible assets during 2022 and the six months ended June 30, 2023, partially offset by amortization associated with intangibles acquired in 2023.
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Business Transition Costs
We incur certain costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which include severance, relocation, consulting, leasehold exit costs, costs related to the proposed merger with Globus Medical, third-party acquisition costs, contingent consideration fair value adjustments and other costs directly associated with such activities. Contingent consideration is accrued based on the fair value of the expected payment, and such accruals are subject to increase or decrease based on the assessment of the likelihood and amount of contingent consideration achievement resulting in payment. If an accrual for contingent consideration decreases during a particular period, it results in a reduction of costs during such period, which we record as a benefit.
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded $9.8 million of costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which includes $8.9 million related to costs associated with the proposed merger with Globus Medical and $0.9 million related to fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with our 2022, 2021, 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.
During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded $14.4 million of costs related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which includes $16.3 million related to costs associated with the proposed merger with Globus Medical, offset by a benefit of $(3.9) million related to fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated our 2022, 2021, 2018, 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.
During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded a benefit of $(7.6) million related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which included $(8.9) million in fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with our 2021, 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded a benefit of $(4.6) million related to acquisition, integration and business transition activities, which included $(8.8) million in fair value adjustments on contingent consideration liabilities associated with our 2021, 2017 and 2016 acquisitions.
Interest and Other Expense, Net
| (in thousands, except %) | June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 1,355 | $ | 262 | $ | 1,093 | 417 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (6,008) | (4,352) | (1,656) | 38 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | (826) | (29,681) | 28,855 | (97) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest and other expense, net | $ | (5,479) | $ | (33,771) | $ | 28,292 | (84) | % | |||||||||||||||
| Six Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 3,183 | $ | 305 | $ | 2,878 | 944 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (10,386) | (8,731) | (1,655) | 19 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | (5,262) | (13,437) | 8,175 | (61) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest and other expense, net | $ | (12,465) | $ | (21,863) | $ | 9,398 | (43) | % | |||||||||||||||
Total interest and other expense, net for the periods presented included gains and losses from strategic investments and net foreign currency exchange gains and losses.
Total interest and other expense, net decreased by $28.3 million and $9.4 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. Other expense, net decreased by $28.9 million and $8.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. This decrease is primarily related to the decrease in net foreign currency exchange losses of $29.4 million and $8.6 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. This decrease was partially offset by interest expense, which increased by $1.7 million during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher interest rates associated with borrowings under our senior credit facility, the proceeds of which were used to repay the Senior Convertible Notes with a stated interest rate of 1.00% and a maturity date of June 1, 2023, or the 2023 Notes, in the current period. Interest income increased by $1.1 million and $2.9 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022, primarily due to higher interest amounts earned on our money market funds.
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Income Tax Expense
| (in thousands, except %) | June 30, | ||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||
| Income tax expense | $ | (5,122) | $ | (193) | |||||||
| Effective income tax rate | 41 | % | (28) | % | |||||||
| Six Months Ended | |||||||||||
| Income tax expense | $ | (6,315) | $ | (4,834) | |||||||
| Effective income tax rate | 50 | % | 21 | % | |||||||
The provision for income tax expense was 41% for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared with a provision for income tax expense of (28)% on pre-tax (loss) for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increased rate during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily due to increased tax reserves and lower return to provision benefits offset by decreased valuation allowances.
The provision for income tax expense was 50% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with a provision for income tax expense of 21% for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increased rate during the six months ended June 30, 2023, was primarily due to increased valuation allowances, increased tax reserves, lower return to provision benefits, and shortfalls on share based compensation offset by reduced foreign income inclusions, and increased foreign tax credits.
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Liquidity, Cash Flows and Capital Resources
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal sources of liquidity are our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, proceeds from our convertible notes issuances, and access to our revolving senior credit facility. We expect that cash provided by operating activities may fluctuate in future periods as a result of a number of factors, including fluctuations in our operating results, which include impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic and general macroeconomic conditions, working capital requirements and capital deployment decisions. We have historically invested our cash primarily in U.S. treasuries and government agencies, corporate debt, and money market funds. Certain of these investments are subject to general credit, liquidity and other market risks. The general condition of the financial markets and the economy may increase those risks and may affect the value and liquidity of investments and restrict our ability to access the capital markets. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and general macroeconomic conditions have led to disruptions in the global supply chain. While we have largely been able to mitigate the impact, we have experienced challenges associated with material and component availability for certain product lines, longer shipping and delivery times for raw materials and components, constrained logistics capacity related to the movement of our products, availability of skilled labor and increased costs of raw materials, components, labor, and freight and courier services.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate in net sales, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of selling, general and administrative activities, the timing of introductions of new products and enhancements to existing products, successful insourcing of our manufacturing process, the continuing market acceptance of our products, the expenditures associated with possible future acquisitions or other business combination transactions, the outcome of current and future litigation, international expansions of our business, and impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic and global macroeconomic factors. We expect our cash flows from operations to continue to fund the ongoing core business. As borrowings become due, we may be required to access the capital markets or utilize our senior credit facility for additional funding. In May 2023, we borrowed $350 million in aggregate principal amount of revolving loans under our senior credit facility and used these funds, together with cash on hand, to repay in full the $450 million of the 2023 Notes at their maturity on June 1, 2023. Following this borrowing and the repayment of the 2023 Notes, we have remaining borrowing capacity of $200 million under the senior credit facility. As we assess inorganic growth strategies, we may need to supplement our internally generated cash flow with outside sources. As part of our liquidity strategy, we will continue to monitor our current level of earnings and cash flow generation as well as our ability to secure additional credit facilities, term loans, or other similar arrangements and access the capital markets in light of those earning levels and general financial market conditions.
A substantial portion of our operations are located in the U.S., and the majority of our net sales and cash generation have been made in the U.S. However, as our business in markets outside of the U.S. continues to increase, our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk related to our foreign operations will increase. Fluctuations in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies, primarily in the Australian dollar, the Brazilian real, the British pound sterling, the Colombian peso, the euro, the Japanese yen and the Singapore dollar, has and could continue to adversely affect our financial results, including our net sales, growth rates in net sales, gross margins, gains and losses as well as assets and liabilities. In particular, as a result of our acquisition of Simplify Medical, we have additional exposure to fluctuations in the Australian dollar. We established intercompany receivables and payables in Australian dollars in connection with the acquisition of Simplify Medical, a proprietary limited company registered in Australia. Additionally, we have future contingent consideration liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars, in connection with the acquisition of Simplify Medical, which are the financial obligation of NuVasive (AUST/NZ) Pty Limited, an Australian dollar denominated company. Both the intercompany receivables and payables and contingent consideration liabilities are subject to foreign currency remeasurement. While we enter into forward currency contracts for certain currencies to partially offset the impact from fluctuations of the foreign currency rates on our third-party and short-term intercompany receivables and payables between our domestic and international operations, we have not entered into hedges with respect to the Australian dollar. In addition, we currently do not hedge future forecasted transactions but will continue to assess whether that strategy is appropriate. As of June 30, 2023, the cash balance held by our foreign subsidiaries with currencies other than the U.S. dollar was approximately $41.4 million and it is our intention to indefinitely reinvest all of our current foreign earnings to increase working capital within our international business and to expand our existing operations outside the U.S. As of June 30, 2023, our account receivable balance held by our foreign subsidiaries with currencies other than the U.S. dollar was approximately $79.8 million. We have operations in markets in which there is governmental financial instability which could impact funds that flow into the medical reimbursement system. In addition, loss of financial stability within these markets could lead to delays in reimbursement or inability to remit payment due to currency controls. Specifically, we have operations and/or sales in Puerto Rico, Brazil and Argentina. We do not have any material financial exposure to one customer or one country that would significantly hinder our liquidity.
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Under the terms of the Merger Agreement with Globus Medical, we have agreed to various covenants and agreements, including, among others, agreements to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct our business in the ordinary course during the period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the closing of the Merger. Subject to certain exceptions, we may not take, commit or agree to take certain actions without Globus Medical’s consent, including, but not limited to, making material acquisitions, disposing of material assets, making capital expenditures in excess of specified amounts, issuing additional capital stock or other equity securities, or incurring additional indebtedness (subject to certain exceptions). We do not believe these restrictions will prevent us from meeting our ongoing operating expenses, working capital needs or capital expenditure requirements.
We are currently, and in the future could be, involved in legal actions and investigations arising out of the normal course of our business. Due to the inherent uncertainties associated with pending legal actions and investigations, we cannot predict the outcome, and, with respect to certain pending litigation or claims where no liability has been accrued, to make a meaningful estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome, other than those matters disclosed in this Quarterly Report. We have no material accruals for pending litigation or claims that are not disclosed in our unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. It is reasonably possible, however, that an unfavorable outcome that exceeds our accrual estimate for a particular legal proceeding or investigation could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and access to capital resources. Additionally, it is possible that in connection with a legal proceeding or investigation we are required to pay fees and expenses of the other party or set aside funds in an escrow or purchase a performance bond, regardless of our assessment of the probability of a loss. These requirements to pay fees and expenses or escrow funding in connection with a legal proceeding or investigation could have an adverse impact on our liquidity or affect our access to additional capital resources. We have disclosed all material accruals for pending litigation or investigations in Note 12, Contingencies, in the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report.
On September 12, 2016, we completed an acquisition of an imaging software and technology platform known as Lessray. In connection with the acquisition, we recorded a purchase accounting fair value estimate of $34.1 million for contingent consideration liabilities related to the achievement of certain regulatory and commercial milestones. In January 2018, we paid $9.0 million of the outstanding contingent consideration liabilities for the achievement of a commercial milestone. In July 2018, we paid $10.0 million of the outstanding contingent consideration liabilities for the achievement of a regulatory approval milestone. As of June 30, 2023, we anticipate the remaining sales-based milestones will become payable between 2023 and 2024 but this date is subject to change based on the achievement of those commercial milestones.
On September 7, 2017, we completed an acquisition of a medical device company that developed interbody implants for spinal fusion using patented porous PEEK technology. In connection with the acquisition, we recorded a purchase accounting fair value estimate of $31.4 million for contingent consideration liabilities related to the achievement of certain manufacturing and commercial milestones. In May 2020, we paid $7.5 million toward the successful achievement of a milestone. In March 2022, we paid $7.5 million toward the successful achievement of a second milestone. As of June 30, 2023, there are two remaining milestones, and we anticipate the next milestone will become payable in 2024 with the final milestone anticipated no earlier than 2027. These dates are subject to change based on the achievement of those manufacturing and commercial milestones.
On February 24, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Simplify Medical, a developer of cervical disc technology for cTDR procedures. In connection with the acquisition, we recorded a purchase accounting fair value estimate of $103.4 million for contingent consideration liabilities related to the achievement of milestones related to regulatory approval and net sales from products incorporating the Simplify Medical cervical disc technology. On April 1, 2021, the Simplify Cervical Disc received approval from the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for two-level cervical total disc replacement, resulting in the achievement of the regulatory milestone. We made a payment of $45.8 million on April 20, 2021 for the regulatory milestone using available cash. Additional milestone payments, which are uncapped and contingent upon net sales from products incorporating the Simplify Medical cervical disc technology, are payable in the calendar years 2023, 2024 and 2025. The first net sales milestone payment in the amount of $56.5 million was paid in March 2023.
On December 6, 2022, we completed the acquisition of certain intellectual property and other assets from a developer of implantable sensor technology for orthopedic procedures. In connection with the acquisition, we recorded a purchase accounting fair value estimate of $5.5 million for contingent consideration liabilities related to the successful achievement of development, regulatory and commercial milestones. We anticipate the milestones will become payable between 2024 and 2028. These dates are subject to change based on the achievement of those milestones.
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Cash and cash equivalents were $80.7 million and $248.7 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. While the efforts to contain and manage the spread and impact of COVID-19 have created significant disruptions to the healthcare system and the global economy, as of the filing date of this report, we believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, projected future cash flows from operations and access to external financing sources are sufficient to satisfy our current and reasonably anticipated requirements for funds to conduct our operations in the ordinary course of our business and pay our obligation as they become due for the next twelve months. Additionally, we have varying needs for cash in connection with our Senior Convertible Notes, as well as for certain acquisition-related obligations and contingent consideration achievements. Future litigation or requirements to escrow funds could also materially impact our liquidity and our ability to invest in and operate our business on an ongoing basis. We expect to use our cash resources or cash borrowings under our senior credit facility to support our business within the context of prevailing market and economic conditions, which, given the continued unpredictability of the COVID-19 pandemic and global macroeconomic conditions, could rapidly and materially deteriorate or otherwise change. During this time, we may seek other sources of liquidity through capital market or bank loan transactions to support our business needs. In addition, we may seek to further adjust or amend the terms of and/or expand the capacity of our existing senior credit facility, or enter into additional credit facilities, term loans, or other similar arrangements. However, with continued uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and the macroeconomic conditions discussed above, our ability to engage in such transactions may be constrained by volatile financial market conditions, unfavorable lending terms, reduced investor and/or lender interest or capacity, as well as our liquidity, leverage, and general creditworthiness and we can provide no assurance as to successfully completing such transactions. Furthermore, our ability to borrow under our existing revolving senior credit facility is subject to remaining in compliance with underlying financial covenants which may be difficult to satisfy if our business experiences additional disruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or global macroeconomic conditions. Further discussion of the potential impacts on our business from the COVID-19 pandemic and global macroeconomics conditions is provided under Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
On January 1, 2022, a provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 went into effect which eliminates the option to deduct research and development expenditures in the year incurred and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize domestic expenditures over five years and foreign expenditures over fifteen years. As of June 30, 2023, there has been no legislation passed to repeal or modify the provision. This provision has adversely impacted cash flows from operations during 2022 and for the three months ended June 30, 2023, and is expected to continue to adversely impact future cash flows from operations unless the provision is repealed or modified.
In February 2023, the Internal Revenue Service offered relief to certain tax filers in Federal Emergency Management Agency designated disaster areas related to severe winter storms. As our San Diego corporate office is located in one of these designated areas, we are eligible to defer certain tax payments due prior to October 16, 2023. We have elected to defer the extension payment for our 2022 U.S. federal income taxes, as well as our quarterly estimated U.S. federal income tax payment for first quarter, and we intend to defer future quarterly estimated U.S. federal income tax payments due prior to October 16, 2023, until October 16, 2023.
The decrease in liquidity during the six months ended June 30, 2023 of $167.9 million was primarily driven by $452.3 million in cash outflows related to the repayment of the 2023 Notes, $56.5 million in cash outflows for the first net sales milestone payment related to the Simplify Medical acquisition, offset by $350.0 million in cash inflows related to proceeds from borrowings under our revolving senior credit facility. At June 30, 2023, we had cash totaling $1.5 million in restricted accounts which is not available to us to meet any ongoing capital requirements if and when needed.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:
| (in thousands, except %) | Six Months Ended June 30, | 2022 to 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 38,487 | $ | 68,092 | $ | (29,605) | (43) | % | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (75,242) | (74,693) | (549) | 1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | (131,703) | (9,670) | (122,033) | 1262 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 513 | (3,835) | 4,348 | 113 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (167,945) | $ | (20,106) | $ | (147,839) | 735 | % | |||||||||||||||
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities was $38.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $68.1 million for the same period in 2022. The $29.6 million decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to the payment of $56.5 million for the first net sales milestone related to the Simplify Medical acquisition, of which $25.5 million was reflected within our operating activities. This decrease was partially offset by the timing of spending for inventory purchases and the timing of collections and payments associated with our accounts receivable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities was $75.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $74.7 million for the same period in 2022. In both periods, cash used in investing activities was primarily related to purchases of property and equipment and expenditures related to acquisitions and investments.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities was $131.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $9.7 million for the same period in 2022. The $122.0 million increase in cash used in financing activities was primarily due to the $450.0 million repayment of the 2023 Notes and the $56.5 million payment for the first net sales milestone related to the Simplify Medical acquisition, of which $31.7 million was reflected within our financing activities. This increase was partially offset by $350.0 million in proceeds from borrowings under our revolving senior credit facility.
Treasury stock purchases related to equity award vesting totaled $3.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. We use net share settlement on stock issuances, which results in cash tax payments. Net share settlement is generally used in lieu of cash payments by employees for minimum tax withholding for equity awards. The net share settlement is accounted for as a treasury share repurchase transaction, with the cost of any deemed repurchased shares included in treasury stock and reported as a reduction in total equity at the time of settlement. Additionally, net share settlement for tax withholding requires us to fund a significant amount of cash for certain tax payment obligations from time-to-time with respect to the employee tax obligations for vested equity awards. We anticipate using cash generated from operating activities to fund such payments.
Senior Convertible Notes
1.00% Senior Convertible Notes due 2023
In June 2020, we issued $450.0 million principal amount of unsecured senior convertible notes with a stated interest rate of 1.00% and a maturity date of June 1, 2023, which we refer to as the 2023 Notes. On June 1, 2023, we repaid in full the 2023 Notes at their scheduled maturity as further discussed below.
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The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchasers’ discounts and costs directly related to the offering, were approximately $436.7 million. Interest on the 2023 Notes began accruing upon issuance and was payable semi-annually. The 2023 Notes permitted us to settle conversions of the 2023 Notes in cash, stock, or a combination thereof, solely at our discretion, and we elected to settle all conversions in cash. We could not have redeemed the 2023 Notes prior to the maturity date and no principal payments were due on the 2023 Notes prior to maturity. Other than restrictions relating to certain fundamental changes and consolidations, mergers or asset sales and customary anti-dilution adjustments, the 2023 Notes did not contain any financial covenants and did not restrict us from conducting significant restructurings, paying dividends or issuing or repurchasing any of our other securities. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2023, the 2023 Notes were convertible at the option of holders only upon the satisfaction of specified conditions and during certain periods. On or after February 1, 2023, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding June 1, 2023, holders could have converted their 2023 Notes at any time, regardless of these conditions.
In connection with the sale of the 2023 Notes, we entered into transactions for convertible notes hedge, which we refer to as the 2023 Hedge, and warrants, which we refer to as the 2023 Warrants. The 2023 Hedge was entered into with certain dealers, which included affiliates of certain of the initial purchasers of the 2023 Notes and other financial institutions, which we refer to as the 2023 Counterparties, entitling us to purchase up to 5,345,010 shares of our own common stock at an initial price of $84.19 per share, each of which is subject to adjustment. The cost of the 2023 Hedge was $69.5 million. The 2023 Hedge expired on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding June 1, 2023 and was put in place to reduce the potential equity dilution upon conversion of the 2023 Notes if the daily volume-weighted average price per share of our common stock exceeds the strike price of the 2023 Hedge. Prior to its expiration, our assumed exercise of the 2023 Hedge was considered anti-dilutive since the effect of the inclusion would always be anti-dilutive with respect to the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
In addition, we sold the 2023 Warrants to the 2023 Counterparties to acquire up to 5,345,010 common shares of our stock. The 2023 Warrants will expire on various dates from September 2023 through November 2023 and may be settled in net shares or cash, subject to certain conditions. It is our current intent and policy to settle all conversions in shares of our common stock. We received $46.8 million in cash proceeds from the sale of the 2023 Warrants. The 2023 Warrants could have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share to the extent that the price of our common stock during a given measurement period exceeds the strike price of the 2023 Warrants, which is $104.84 per share.
On June 1, 2023, the 2023 Notes reached maturity and we repaid in full the 2023 Notes. We applied $452.3 million in cash to repay the outstanding principal of the 2023 Notes and accrued and unpaid interest thereon at maturity. We funded the repayment of the outstanding principal amount of the 2023 Notes and accrued interest thereon using proceeds from borrowings under our senior credit facility and available cash on hand.
0.375% Senior Convertible Notes due 2025
In March 2020, we issued $450.0 million principal amount of unsecured senior convertible notes with a stated interest rate of 0.375% and a maturity date of March 15, 2025, which we refer to as the 2025 Notes. The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchasers’ discounts and costs directly related to the offering, were approximately $437.0 million. Interest on the 2025 Notes began accruing upon issuance and is payable semi-annually. The 2025 Notes may be settled in cash, stock, or a combination thereof, solely at our discretion. It is our current intent and policy to settle all conversions through combination settlement, which involves satisfying the principal amount outstanding with cash and any note conversion value over the principal amount in shares of our common stock. On or after September 15, 2024, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding March 15, 2025, holders may convert their 2025 Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing conditions.
We may not redeem the 2025 Notes prior to March 20, 2023. We may redeem the 2025 Notes, at our option, in whole or in part, on or after March 20, 2023 until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding September 15, 2024, if the last reported sale price of our common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we deliver written notice of a redemption. The redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of such 2025 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No principal payments are due on the 2025 Notes prior to maturity. Other than restrictions relating to certain fundamental changes and consolidations, mergers or asset sales and customary anti-dilution adjustments, the 2025 Notes do not contain any financial covenants and do not restrict us from conducting significant restructurings, paying dividends or issuing or repurchasing any of our other securities.
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In connection with the sale of the 2025 Notes, we entered into transactions for convertible notes hedge, which we refer to as the 2025 Hedge, and warrants, which we refer to as the 2025 Warrants. The 2025 Hedge was entered into with certain dealers, which included affiliates of certain of the initial purchasers of the 2025 Notes and other financial institutions, which we refer to as the 2025 Counterparties, entitling us to purchase up to 4,823,910 shares of our own common stock at an initial stock price of $93.29 per share, each of which is subject to adjustment. The cost of the 2025 Hedge was $78.3 million. The 2025 Hedge will expire on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding March 15, 2025. The 2025 Hedge is expected to reduce the potential equity dilution upon conversion of the 2025 Notes if the daily volume-weighted average price per share of our common stock exceeds the strike price of the 2025 Hedge. Our assumed exercise of the 2025 Hedge is considered anti-dilutive since the effect of the inclusion would always be anti-dilutive with respect to the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
In addition, we sold the 2025 Warrants to the 2025 Counterparties to acquire up to 4,823,910 common shares of our stock. The 2025 Warrants will expire on various dates from June 2025 through October 2025 and may be settled in net shares or cash, subject to certain conditions. It is our current intent and policy to settle all conversions in shares of our common stock. We received $47.1 million in cash proceeds from the sale of the 2025 Warrants. The 2025 Warrants could have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share to the extent that the price of our common stock during a given measurement period exceeds the strike price of the 2025 Warrants, which is $127.84 per share.
Revolving Senior Credit Facility
In February 2020, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, or the 2020 Credit Agreement, for a revolving senior credit facility, referred to as the 2020 Facility, which replaced the previous Amended and Restated Credit Agreement we had entered into in April 2017. The 2020 Credit Agreement was amended in May 2020 to, among other things, provide additional flexibility in determining the financial covenant leverage ratios for the second and third fiscal quarters of 2020 and to adjust certain margin and benchmark rates used to determine interest under the 2020 Facility. The 2020 Credit Agreement was further amended in May 2023 to replace the LIBOR-based rates with a SOFR-based rate (including a customary spread adjustment) and other rates for “Alternate Currencies” including, Australian dollars (BBSY), British pound sterling (SONIA), Euros (EURIBOR) and Japanese yen (TIBOR) and adjusts certain other provisions to reflect current documentation standards and other agreed modifications. The 2020 Credit Agreement provides for secured revolving loans, multicurrency loan options and letters of credit in an aggregate amount of up to $550.0 million. As of June 30, 2023, we had $350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of revolving loans outstanding under the 2020 Facility. We did not carry any outstanding revolving loans under the 2020 Facility as of December 31, 2022.
Any borrowings under the 2020 Facility are intended to be used to provide financing for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including potential mergers and acquisitions and to refinance indebtedness. Borrowings under the 2020 Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to an applicable margin plus: (a) the applicable Eurocurrency Rate (as defined in the 2020 Credit Agreement), or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (2) the Bank of America prime rate, and (3) the Eurocurrency Rate plus 1.00%. The margin for the 2020 Facility ranges, based on our consolidated total net leverage ratio, from 0.50% to 1.25% in the case of base rate loans and from 1.50% to 2.25% in the case of Eurocurrency Rate loans. The 2020 Facility includes an unused line fee ranging, based on our consolidated total net leverage ratio, from 0.35% to 0.50% per annum on the revolving commitment.
The 2020 Credit Agreement contains affirmative, negative, permitted acquisition and financial covenants, and events of default customary for financings of this type. The financial covenants require us to maintain a consolidated interest coverage ratio and certain consolidated leverage ratios, which are measured on a quarterly basis. The 2020 Facility grants the lenders preferred first priority liens and security interests in capital stock, intercompany debt and all of our present and future property and assets including each guarantor. As of June 30, 2023, we are in compliance with the 2020 Credit Agreement covenants.
See Note 5, Indebtedness, in the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report for more information about the repayment of the 2023 Notes, the expiration of the 2023 Hedge, the 2023 Warrants, the 2025 Notes, the 2025 Hedge, the 2025 Warrants and the 2020 Credit Agreement.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, net sales and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to credit losses, inventories, valuation of goodwill, intangibles, other long-term assets, stock-based compensation, income taxes, and legal proceedings. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and there have been no material changes during the six months ended June 30, 2023.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of June 30, 2023, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
As of June 30, 2023, there were no material changes outside of the ordinary course of business, in our outstanding contractual obligations from those disclosed within “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Sensitivity and Risk
As of June 30, 2023, our exposure to interest rate risk is related to our investment portfolio, which consists largely of money market funds of high quality financial institutions, and to our outstanding revolving loans under the 2020 Facility, which have a variable interest rate.
Due to the short-term nature of our investments, we have assessed that there is no material exposure to interest rate risk arising from these investments. Fixed rate investments and borrowings may have their fair market value adversely impacted from changes in interest rates. As of June 30, 2023, we do not hold any material asset-backed investment securities and as of June 30, 2023, we did not realize any losses related to asset-backed investment securities. Based upon our overall interest rate exposure as of June 30, 2023, a change of 10% in interest rates, assuming the amount of our investment portfolio and overall economic environment remains constant, would not have a material effect on interest income. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve the principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly increasing the risk. To achieve this objective, we maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in our investment policy. None of our investments are held for trading purposes. Our policy also limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issue, issuer and type of instrument.
As of June 30, 2023, we only held investments in securities of a short-term nature classified as cash equivalents. During the periods presented, we did not hold any investments that were in a significant unrealized loss position and no impairment charges were recorded. Realized gains and losses related to these investments were immaterial during the periods presented. Interest income of $1.4 million and $3.2 million was recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.
We are also exposed to market risk related to adverse changes in variable interest rates. Our interest rate risk exposure results primarily from fluctuations in short-term rates, which as of our latest amendment to the 2020 Credit Agreement, are SOFR- based rates (and previously, LIBOR- based rates). Fluctuations in these interest rates may result in reductions of earnings or cash flows due to increases in the interest rates we pay on the outstanding revolving loans under the 2020 Facility. Based upon our overall interest rate exposure as of June 30, 2023, a change in interest rates of 10%, assuming the amount of outstanding revolving loans and overall economic environment remains constant, would not have a material effect on interest expense.
As of June 30, 2023, we had $350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of revolving loans outstanding under the 2020 Facility.
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Market Price Sensitive Instruments
In order to reduce the potential equity dilution associated with our 2025 Notes, we entered into the 2025 Hedge entitling us to purchase our common stock. Upon conversion of the 2025 Notes, the 2025 Hedge is expected to reduce the equity dilution if the daily volume-weighted average price per share of our common stock exceeds the strike price of the applicable hedge. We also entered into warrant transactions with the counterparties of the 2023 Hedge and 2025 Hedge entitling them to acquire shares of our common stock. The warrant transactions could have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share to the extent that the price of our common stock during a given measurement period (the quarter or year to date period) exceeds the strike price of the warrants. See Note 5, Indebtedness, in the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report for further discussion.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
A substantial portion of our operations are located in the U.S., and the majority of our sales since inception have been made in the U.S. dollars. However, as our business in markets outside of the U.S. continues to increase, our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk related to our foreign operations will continue to grow. Fluctuations in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies, primarily the Australian dollar, the Brazilian real, the British pound sterling, the Colombian peso, the euro, the Japanese yen, and the Singapore dollar, has had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our financial results, including our net sales, net sales growth rates, gross margins, income and losses as well as assets and liabilities. In particular, as a result of our acquisition of Simplify Medical, we have additional exposure to fluctuations in the Australian dollar. We established intercompany receivables and payables in Australian dollars in connection with the acquisition of Simplify Medical, a proprietary limited company registered in Australia. We also have future contingent consideration liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars, in connection with the acquisition of Simplify Medical, which are the financial obligation of NuVasive (AUST/NZ) Pty Limited, an Australian dollar denominated company. In addition, loss of financial stability within these markets could lead to delays in reimbursement or inability to remit payment due to currency controls. Specifically, we have operations in Puerto Rico, Brazil, and Argentina that have financial instability or currency controls.
We translate the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar into the U.S. dollar for consolidation using end-of-period exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations. Net gains or losses resulting from the translation of foreign financial statements and the effect of exchange rate changes on intercompany receivables and payables of a long-term investment nature are recorded as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. These adjustments will affect net income only upon sale or liquidation of the underlying investment in foreign subsidiaries. Exchange rate fluctuations resulting from the translation of the short-term intercompany balances between domestic entities and our foreign subsidiaries are recorded as foreign currency transaction gains or losses and are included in other expense, net in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations. For those short-term intercompany balances, we enter into the foreign currency forward contracts to partially offset the impact from fluctuation of the foreign currency rates. The notional amount of the outstanding foreign currency forward contracts was $16.0 million as of June 30, 2023. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, a loss of $(5.0) million was recognized in other expense, net due to the change in the fair value of the derivative instruments, and the fair value of the hedge contracts we held was $(0.1) million on our unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023. The derivative instruments are recorded in other current assets or other current liabilities in the unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets commensurate with the nature of the instrument at period end. The notional principal amounts provide one measure of the transaction volume outstanding as of period end, but do not represent the amount of our exposure to market loss. The estimates of fair value are based on applicable and commonly used pricing models using prevailing financial market information. The amounts ultimately realized upon settlement of these financial instruments, together with the gains and losses on the underlying exposures, will depend on actual market conditions during the remaining life of the instruments. The financial exposures by exchange rate fluctuations are monitored and managed by us as an integral part of our overall risk management program, which recognizes the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce potentially adverse effects on our results.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time lines specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and in reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in SEC Rules 13a - 15(e) and 15d - 15(e)) as of June 30, 2023. Based on such evaluation, our management has concluded that as of June 30, 2023, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of any potential changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter covered by this Quarterly Report.
There has been no change to our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that our certifying officers concluded materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, refer to Note 12, Contingencies, in the Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There were no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed and included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described under Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, together with all other information contained or incorporated by reference in this report before you decide to invest in our common stock. If any of the Risk Factors were to actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and our future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Under the circumstances, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, no director or officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, and/or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined pursuant to Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).
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Item 6. Exhibits
| Exhibit Number | Description | ||||
| 2.1† | |||||
| 3.1 | |||||
| 3.2 | |||||
| 3.3 | |||||
| 3.4 | |||||
| 3.5 | |||||
| 3.6 | |||||
| 3.7 | |||||
| 10.1 | |||||
| 31.1* | |||||
| 31.2* | |||||
| 32.1* | |||||
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | ||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema | ||||
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase | ||||
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase | ||||
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase | ||||
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase | ||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibit 101.INS) | ||||
| † | Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; provided, that the Company may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, for any schedules so furnished. | ||||
| * | These certifications are being furnished solely to accompany this annual report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of NuVasive, Inc., whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing. | ||||
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| NUVASIVE, INC. | ||||||||
Date: August 2, 2023 | By: | /s/ J. Christopher Barry | ||||||
| J. Christopher Barry | ||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer | ||||||||
Date: August 2, 2023 | By: | /s/ Matthew K. Harbaugh | ||||||
| Matthew K. Harbaugh | ||||||||
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | ||||||||
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