NVN Liquidation, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2017 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017

OR

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM                      TO

Commission File Number 001-37880

Novan, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 

(919) 485-8080

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of November 7, 2017, there were 15,990,658 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.  

Table of Contents

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

NOVAN, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

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NOVAN, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

4

NOVAN, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

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NOVAN, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

(dollar values in thousands, except per share data)

Note 1: Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

Business Description and Basis of Presentation

Novan, Inc. (“Novan” and together with its subsidiary, the “Company”) is a North Carolina-based clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on leveraging nitric oxide’s natural antiviral and immunomodulatory mechanisms of action to treat dermatological and oncovirus-mediated diseases. Novan was incorporated in January 2006 under the state laws of Delaware and its wholly owned subsidiary, Novan Therapeutics, LLC, was organized in 2015 under the state laws of North Carolina.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.  

Basis of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

On December 30, 2015, the Company completed the distribution of 100% of the outstanding member interests of KNOW Bio, LLC (“KNOW Bio”), a former wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, to Novan’s stockholders (the “Distribution”), pursuant to which KNOW Bio became an independent privately held company. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015, KNOW Bio’s financial results for periods prior to the Distribution were reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, retrospectively, as discontinued operations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company made payments of accounts payable associated with the discontinued operations that were not assumed by KNOW Bio as part of the Distribution. These payments are classified as discontinued operating activities in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

The Company does not own an equity interest in KNOW Bio, but does have variable interests in KNOW Bio through the following contractual arrangements:

KNOW Bio is advancing work in non-dermatologic nitric oxide therapies through its portfolio of operating subsidiary companies. The Company determined that KNOW Bio is currently a variable interest entity based on a reassessment of variable interest entity characteristics, pursuant to FASB ASC 810-10, Consolidation, performed by the Company during the third quarter of 2017. The reassessment was completed in third quarter of 2017 and was required because certain triggering events, including the execution of an additional SOW, occurred during the third quarter of 2017.  

The Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of KNOW Bio and, therefore, does not consolidate KNOW Bio in its condensed consolidated financial statements herein. This conclusion is based on the fact that the Company has no significant power or decision-making authority over KNOW Bio’s drug and medical device development activities, which are the activities most significantly impacting KNOW Bio’s economic performance. Under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement, the Company is providing

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certain development and manufacturing services to KNOW Bio on commercial terms. In exchange for these services, KNOW Bio pays service fees for actual time and materials incurred by the Company on a cost-plus basis.

As of September 30, 2017, the Company has a deferred revenue balance of $12 related to services performed under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement. The Company has no exposure to loss as a result of its involvement with KNOW Bio. The Company’s sublicense arrangement with KNOW Bio does expose the Company to potential future risk of loss, whereby the Company is obligated to pay future milestones or royalties to UNC or other licensors in the event of KNOW Bio non-performance under the sublicense arrangement; however, if KNOW Bio failed to pay these obligations, KNOW Bio would be in breach of its agreements with the Company and intellectual property rights would revert back to the Company. See Note 2—Research and Development Agreements for detailed information regarding potential future milestone and royalty payments due to UNC and other licensors. The contractual terms of the KNOW Bio Services Agreement, including upfront payment requirements, cost-plus pricing and timely payment terms, mitigate the current or potential future risk of loss to the Company for services performed under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement.

Liquidity and Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from uncertainty related to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company has evaluated principal conditions and events that may raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date that these financial statements are issued. The Company identified the following conditions:

The Company has concluded that the conditions faced by the Company raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. To mitigate these conditions, the Company needs and intends to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or generate revenues or other payments from collaborative or licensing partners prior to the commercialization of the Company’s product candidates. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional equity or debt financing or generate revenues or other payments from collaborative or licensing partners, on terms acceptable to the Company, on a timely basis or at all. The failure of the Company to obtain sufficient funds on acceptable terms when needed could cause the Company to alter or reduce its planned operating activities, including but not limited to delaying planned product candidate development activities, to conserve its cash and cash equivalents. Such actions could delay development timelines and have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and market valuation. Additionally, there is no assurance that the Company can achieve its development milestones or that its intellectual property rights will not be challenged.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

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Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements and the related footnote disclosures are unaudited. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements, and in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature that are necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position and its results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any future period. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2017.

Leases

The Company leases office space and certain equipment under non-cancelable lease agreements. The leases are reviewed for classification as operating or capital leases. For operating leases, rent is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease period. For capital leases, the Company records the leased asset with a corresponding liability and amortizes the asset over the lease term. Payments are recorded as reductions to the liability with an appropriate interest charge recorded based on the then-outstanding remaining liability.

The Company considers the nature of the renovations and the Company’s involvement during the construction period of newly leased office space to determine if it is considered to be the owner of the construction project during the construction period. If the Company determines that it is the owner of the construction project, it is required to capitalize the fair value of the building as well as the construction costs incurred, including capitalized interest, on its consolidated balance sheet along with a corresponding financing liability (“build-to-suit accounting”). Upon completion of the construction of the facility under a build-to-suit lease, the Company assesses whether the circumstances qualify for sales recognition under the sale-leaseback accounting guidance. If the lease meets the sale-leaseback criteria, the Company will remove the asset and related financial obligation from the balance sheet and evaluate the lease for treatment as a capital or operating lease. If upon completion of construction, the project does not meet the sale-leaseback criteria, the leased property will be treated as an asset financing for financial reporting purposes. The portion of the facility financing obligation representing the principal that will be repaid in the next 12 months will be classified as a current liability in the consolidated balance sheets, with the remaining portion of the obligation classified as a noncurrent liability. See Note 5—Commitments and Contingencies for further discussion of the Company’s application of this guidance related to the Company’s primary facility lease.

Research and Development Expense Accruals

The Company is required to estimate its expenses resulting from its obligations under contracts with clinical research organizations, clinical site agreements, vendors, and consultants in connection with conducting clinical trials and preclinical development. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations which vary from contract to contract, and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to the Company under such contracts. The Company’s objective is to reflect the appropriate development and clinical trial expenses in its financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which the services and efforts are expended.

For clinical trials, the Company accounts for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by actual hours expended by contract research organization (CRO) personnel, investigator performance or completion of specific tasks, patient progression, or timing of various aspects of the trial. During the course of a clinical trial, the Company adjusts its rate of clinical trial expense recognition if actual results differ from its estimates. The Company utilizes judgment and experience to estimate its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its financial statements based on facts and circumstances known at that time. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, its understanding of status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in increases or decreases in research and development expenses in future periods when the actual results become known.

For preclinical development services performed by outside service providers, the Company determines accrual estimates through financial models, taking into account development progress data received from outside service providers and discussions with applicable Company and service provider personnel.

Revenue Recognition—Licensing Arrangements

The Company entered into a licensing arrangement in the first quarter of 2017, and may enter into additional licensing arrangements in the future, in exchange for non-refundable upfront payments and potential future milestone and royalty payments. Such arrangements include multiple elements, including the sale of licenses and the provision of services. For arrangements that involve the delivery of more than one element, each product, service and/or right to use assets is evaluated to determine whether it qualifies as a

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separate unit of accounting. This determination is based on whether the deliverable has “stand-alone value” to the licensee. The consideration that is fixed or determinable is then allocated to each separate unit of accounting based on the relative selling prices of each deliverable. The consideration allocated to each unit of accounting is recognized as the related goods and services are delivered, limited to the consideration that is not contingent upon future deliverables. When an arrangement is accounted for as a single unit of accounting, we determine the period over which the performance obligations will be performed and revenue recognized. Management exercises significant judgment in the determination of (i) whether a deliverable has stand-alone value, (ii) whether the deliverable is considered to be a separate unit of accounting and (iii) the estimation of the relative fair value of each deliverable in the arrangement.

The Company recognizes a milestone payment when earned if it is substantive and the Company has no ongoing performance obligations related to the milestone. A milestone payment is considered substantive if it: (i) is commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhanced value of the delivered item as a result of a specific outcome from the performance to achieve the milestone; (ii) relates solely to past performance; and (iii) is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms, including consideration of other potential milestones, within the arrangement.

Amounts received prior to satisfying all revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the accompanying balance sheets. See Note 3—Collaboration Arrangements for further information and accounting considerations related to licensing arrangements revenue recognition.

Revenue Recognition—Research and Development Services

During 2017, the Company entered into an arrangement to provide research and development services on a fee-for-service basis and may enter into additional arrangements in the future. Under such arrangements, revenue is recognized when all of the following conditions are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (iii) fees are fixed or determinable, and (iv) collection of fees is reasonably assured. The Company’s contract research and development services revenue is recognized in the period in which the services are performed.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized $218 and $286, respectively, in research and development services revenue for services performed under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement and had current deferred revenue related to these services of $12 as of September 30, 2017.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company applies the fair value method of accounting for share-based compensation, which requires all such compensation to employees, including the grant of employee stock options, to be recognized in the statement of operations based on its fair value at the measurement date (generally the grant date). The expense associated with share-based compensation is recognized over the requisite service period of each award. For awards with only service conditions and graded-vesting features, we recognize compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For awards with performance conditions, once achievement of the performance condition becomes probable, compensation cost is recognized over the expected period from the date the performance condition becomes probable to the date the performance condition is expected to be achieved. The Company will reassess the probability of vesting at each reporting period for performance awards and adjust compensation cost based on its probability assessment. Share-based awards granted to non-employee directors as compensation for serving on the Company’s Board of Directors are accounted for in the same manner as employee share-based compensation awards.

The fair value of each option grant is estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the grant date using expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected life of options and fair value per share assumptions. Due to limited historical data, the Company estimates stock price volatility based on the actual volatility of comparable publicly traded companies over the expected life of the option. In evaluating similarity, the Company considered factors such as industry, stage of life cycle, financial leverage, size and risk profile.

The Company does not have sufficient stock option exercise history to estimate the expected term of employee stock options and thus continues to calculate expected life based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the contractual term, which is in accordance with the simplified method. The expected term for share-based compensation granted to non-employees is the contractual life. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve during the expected life of the option.

Income Taxes

The Company did not record a federal or state income tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 due to its conclusion that a full valuation allowance is required against the Company’s deferred tax assets.

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Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. In estimating future tax consequences, all expected future events are considered other than enactment of changes in the tax law or rates.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position.

The Company’s policy for recording interest and penalties is to record them as a component of general and administrative expenses. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company accrued no interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

Tax years that remain subject to examination by federal and state tax jurisdictions date back to the year ended December 31, 2008. The Company has not been informed by any tax authorities for any jurisdiction that any of its tax years are under examination.

The determination of recording or releasing a tax valuation allowance is made, in part, pursuant to an assessment performed by management regarding the likelihood that the Company will generate future taxable income against which benefits of its deferred tax assets may or may not be realized. This assessment requires management to exercise judgment and make estimates with respect to its ability to generate taxable income in future periods.

In accordance with Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, a change in equity ownership of greater than 50% within a three-year period results in an annual limitation on the Company’s ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards created during the tax periods prior to the change in ownership. The Company has not determined whether ownership changes exceeding this threshold, including the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”), have occurred. If a change in equity ownership has occurred which exceeds the Section 382 threshold, a portion of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards may be limited.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by adjusting weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share, since the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive for all periods presented.

All outstanding stock options and all shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding prior to automatic conversion in the IPO have been excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 because the effect is anti-dilutive due to the net loss reported in each of those periods.

Segment and Geographic Information

The Company has determined that it operates in one segment. The Company uses its nitric oxide-based technology to develop product candidates. The Chief Executive Officer, who is the Company’s chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.  

Although all operations are based in the United States, the Company generated revenue of $1,233, or 81% of total revenue, from its licensing partner in Japan during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.  Revenues are attributed to countries based on the location of the partner or customer.  

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The FASB issued ASU 2016-09 to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. This standard was effective for the Company as of January 1, 2017.  The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Interests Held through Related Parties That Are under Common Control, which amends the consolidation guidance on how a reporting entity that is a single decision maker of a variable interest entity should treat indirect interests in the entity held through related parties that are under common control. This

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guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. This ASU was effective for the Company as of January 1, 2017.  Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Pronouncements Being Evaluated

In May 2014, the FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board issued a converged standard on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The converged standard has been codified within Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers of the FASB Accounting Standard Codification (ASC). The objective of the new standard is to establish a single comprehensive revenue recognition model that is designed to create greater comparability of financial statements across industries and jurisdictions. Under the new standard, companies will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard also will require expanded disclosures on revenue recognition and changes in assets and liabilities that result from contracts with customers. As amended, the effective date of the new standard is January 1, 2018 for calendar year end companies. In 2016, the FASB issued additional ASUs to amend Topic 606 and to provide expanded or clarifying guidance associated with the application of certain principles within the revenue recognition model, including the areas of principle and agent, identification of performance obligations, licensing and other improvements and practical expedients.

Management is currently conducting an assessment of its revenue contract portfolio and is implementing appropriate changes to the Company’s revenue accounting policies, business processes and internal controls in preparation for adoption of the new standard. Management will complete its implementation process prior to the adoption of the new standard. The Company will adopt the Topic 606 guidance on January 1, 2018 and currently plans to use the full retrospective adoption method, which requires the new standard to be applied to each prior reporting period presented and whereby the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This guidance revises the accounting related to leases by requiring lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases. The new lease guidance also simplifies the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The FASB issued ASU 2016-09 to improve U.S. GAAP by providing guidance on the cash flow statement classification of eight specific areas where there is existing diversity in practice. The FASB expects that the guidance in this ASU will reduce the current and potential future diversity in practice in such areas. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, to improve U.S. GAAP by providing guidance on how to classify and present changes in restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents occurring due to transfers between cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.  This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business to provide additional guidance with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The Company plans to adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, to clarify and reduce diversity in practice and cost and complexity of applying guidance for modifications in Topic 718.  Specifically, this ASU further defines which changes to terms or conditions of share-based awards require application of modification accounting in Topic 718.  This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods, with early adoption permitted.  The Company plans to adopt this standard on January 1, 2018 and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.  

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Note 2: Research and Development Licenses

The Company has entered into various licensing agreements with universities and other research institutions under which the Company receives the rights, and in some cases substantially all of the rights, of the inventors, assignees or co-assignees to produce and market technology protected by certain patents and patent applications. The Company’s primary license agreement is with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (“UNC”) and has been described in further detail within the subsection below. The counterparties to the Company’s various other licensing agreements are the University of Akron Research Foundation, Hospital for Special Surgery, Strakan International S.a.r.l., which is a licensee of the University of Aberdeen, and KIPAX AB. Additionally, see Note 9—Subsequent Events regarding the KNOW Bio license and sublicense agreement amendments executed in October 2017. The Company is generally required to make milestone payments based on development milestones and will be required to make royalty payments based on a percentage of future sales of covered products or a percentage of sublicensing revenue. As future royalty payments are directly related to future revenues (either sales or sublicensing), future commitments cannot be determined. No accrual for future payments under these agreements has been recorded, as the Company cannot estimate if, when or in what amount payments may become due.

UNC License Agreement

The Amended, Restated and Consolidated License Agreement dated June 27, 2012, as amended, (the “UNC Agreement”) provides the Company with an exclusive license to issued patents and pending applications directed to the Company’s library of Nitricil compounds, including patents issued in the U.S., Japan and Australia, with claims intended to cover NVN1000, the new chemical entity (“NCE”) for the Company’s current product candidates. The UNC Agreement requires the Company to pay UNC up to $425 in regulatory and commercial milestones on a licensed product by licensed product basis and a running royalty percentage in the low single digits on net sales of licensed products. Licensed products include any products being developed by the Company or by its sublicensees, KNOW Bio and Sato Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“Sato”), as described further in Note 3—Collaboration Arrangements. Additionally, as described in Note 3—Collaboration Arrangements, the Company made a payment to UNC in February 2017 representing the portion of the upfront payment under the license agreement entered into with Sato that was estimated to be directly attributable to the UNC intellectual property rights included in the license to Sato.

Unless earlier terminated, the UNC Agreement remains in effect on a country by country and licensed product by licensed product basis until the expiration of the last to expire issued patent covering such licensed product in the applicable country.

Note 3: Collaboration Arrangements

KNOW Bio Technology Agreements

In connection with the Distribution, the Company entered into exclusive license agreements and sublicense agreements with KNOW Bio, as described below. The agreements will continue for so long as there is a valid patent claim under the respective agreement, unless earlier terminated, and upon expiration, will continue as perpetual non-exclusive licenses. KNOW Bio has the right to terminate each such agreement, for any reason upon 90 days advance written notice to the Company.

License of existing and potential future intellectual property to KNOW Bio.  The Company granted to KNOW Bio exclusive licenses, with the right to sublicense, to certain U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications controlled by the Company as of December 29, 2015 (the “KNOW Bio License Agreement”). The Company also granted to KNOW Bio a non-exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, to any patents and patent applications that may become controlled by the Company during the three years immediately following the agreement’s effective date related to nitric oxide-releasing compositions and methods of manufacturing thereof, including methods of manufacturing and other nitric oxide-based therapeutics.

Sublicense of UNC and other third party intellectual property to KNOW Bio.  The Company also granted to KNOW Bio exclusive sublicenses, with the ability to further sublicense, under certain of the U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications exclusively licensed to the Company from UNC and another third party directed towards nitric oxide-releasing compositions, to develop and commercialize products utilizing the licensed technology (the “KNOW Bio Sublicense Agreements”). Under the exclusive sublicense to the UNC patents and applications, KNOW Bio is subject to the terms and conditions under the UNC License Agreement, including milestone and diligence payment obligations. However, the Company is obligated to pay UNC any future milestones or royalties in the event of KNOW Bio non-performance under the sublicense arrangement. In such an event, KNOW Bio would be in breach of its agreements with the Company and intellectual property rights would revert back to the Company. There were no milestone or royalty payments required during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

See Note 9—Subsequent Events regarding the amendments to the KNOW Bio License Agreement and KNOW Bio Sublicense Agreements executed in October 2017.

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Sato License Agreement

Significant Terms

On January 12, 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement, and related amendment, with Sato, relating to SB204, its drug candidate for the treatment of acne vulgaris in Japan (the “Sato Agreement”). Pursuant to the Sato Agreement, the Company granted to Sato an exclusive, royalty-bearing, non-transferable right and license under certain of the Company’s intellectual property rights, with the right to sublicense with the Company’s prior written consent, to develop, use and sell products in Japan that incorporate SB204 in certain topical dosage forms for the treatment of acne vulgaris, and to make the finished form of such products. The rights granted to Sato do not include the right to manufacture the active pharmaceutical ingredient of SB204, which the Company, or its designated contract manufacturer, will retain the rights to supply to Sato. The Company, or its designated contract manufacturer, will also supply finished product to Sato for use in the development of SB204 in the licensed territory. Under the terms of the Sato Agreement, the Company also has exclusive rights to certain intellectual property that may be developed by Sato in the future, which the Company could choose to use for its own development and commercialization of SB204 outside of Japan.  

Pursuant to the terms of the Sato Agreement, Sato had an exclusive option to negotiate for the license rights in certain additional territories within Asia, subject to Sato’s payment of a specified option exercise fee. During the third quarter of 2017, Sato elected not to execute this option. This option expired, unexercised on September 30, 2017.

In exchange for the licenses granted to Sato under the Sato Agreement, Sato agreed to pay the Company an upfront payment, as well as additional milestone payments upon achievement of various future development, regulatory and commercial milestones. Pursuant to the terms of the Sato Agreement, Sato was required to pay the Company an upfront payment of 1.25 billion Japanese Yen (“JPY”), which the Company received in January 2017 in the amount of $10,813 when converted to U.S. Dollars. Sato is also required to pay the Company an aggregate of 2.75 billion JPY upon the achievement of various development and regulatory milestones. Under the Sato Agreement, Sato also agreed to pay the Company up to an aggregate of 0.9 billion JPY in milestone payments upon the achievement of various commercial milestones. Sato must also pay the Company a royalty equal to a mid-single digit percentage of net sales of licensed products in the licensed territory, subject to a reduction in the royalty payments in certain circumstances.

The term of the Sato Agreement and the period during which Sato must pay royalties under the Sato Agreement expires, on a licensed product-by-licensed product basis, on the tenth anniversary of the first commercial sale of a licensed product in the licensed field in the licensed territory. The term of the Sato Agreement may be renewed by mutual written agreement of the parties for additional two year periods following expiration of the initial term.

The Company, by itself or through its designated third party contract manufacturer, is obligated pursuant to the Sato Agreement to supply Sato with all quantities of licensed products required by Sato to develop the licensed products in the licensed field in the licensed territory. As part of the Sato Agreement, the Company and Sato have also agreed to negotiate a commercial supply agreement pursuant to which the Company, by itself or through its designated third party contract manufacturer, would be the exclusive supplier to Sato of the active pharmaceutical ingredient of licensed products for the manufacture of licensed products in the licensed territory.

Sato is responsible for funding the development and commercial costs for the program that are specific to Japan. The Company is obligated to perform certain oversight, review and supporting activities for Sato, including: (i) using commercially reasonable efforts to obtain marketing approval of SB204 in the U.S, (ii) sharing all future scientific information the Company may obtain during the term of the Sato Agreement pertaining to SB204, (iii) performing certain additional pre-clinical studies if such studies are deemed necessary by the Japanese regulatory authority, up to and not to exceed a total cost of $1,000 and (iv) participating in a joint committee that oversees, reviews and approves Sato’s development and commercialization activities under the Sato Agreement. Additionally, the Company has granted Sato the option to use the Company’s trademarks in connection with the commercialization of licensed products in the licensed territory for no additional consideration, subject to the Company’s approval of such use.

The Sato Agreement may be terminated by (i) Sato without cause upon 120 days’ advance written notice to the Company, (ii) either party in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach upon 60 days’ advance written notice, (iii) force majeure, (iv) either party in the event of the other party’s dissolution, liquidation, bankruptcy or insolvency and (v) the Company immediately upon written notice if Sato challenges the validity, patentability, or enforceability of any of the Company’s patents or patent applications licensed to Sato under the Sato Agreement. In the event of a termination, no portion of the upfront fee received from Sato in January 2017 is refundable.

Accounting Considerations and Revenue Recognition

The Company has identified the following four performance deliverables under the Sato Agreement: (i) the grant of the intellectual property license to Sato, (ii) the obligation to participate in a joint committee that oversees, reviews, and approves Sato’s research and development activities and provides advisory support during Sato’s development process, (iii) the obligation to manufacture and

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supply Sato with all quantities of licensed product required for development activities in Japan, and (iv) the grant of an optional right to use the Company’s trademark. The Sato Agreement also contains an obligation to manufacture and supply all quantities of the active pharmaceutical ingredient contained in the licensed product manufactured by Sato for commercial sale in Japan. The Company concluded this commercial supply obligation was a contingent deliverable because SB204 is not yet a commercially approved product and is currently subject to additional clinical studies prior to commercial approval in Japan. The Company considered the provisions of the multiple-elements arrangement guidance and determined that none of the deliverables have standalone value because Sato’s ability to utilize the value of the licensed intellectual property rights is limited absent the delivery of the other elements of the arrangement. In particular, the Company has maintained control of the methods and expertise necessary to manufacture and supply the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the licensed product, which limits the utility and causes an interdependency of the remaining elements on the delivery of quantities of licensed product required for development activities in Japan. As a result, all deliverables have been combined into a single unit of accounting.

The Company evaluated the timing of delivery for each of the deliverables and concluded that its obligation to participate on the joint committee during Sato’s development process would be the last delivered element under the arrangement and therefore would be the basis for revenue recognition for the combined unit of accounting. The Company began to participate on the joint committee in March 2017 and currently estimates that its participation will continue through the first quarter of 2022. This time period is the Company’s estimated performance period, which the Company montiors and reassesses during each reporting period. The total upfront consideration under this agreement is being recognized as license and collaboration revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period. Prior to the third quarter of 2017, Company had estimated that its participation in the joint committee would continue through third quarter of 2021. The change in estimate resulted in a $69 decrease in revenue recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the revenue that would have been recognized using the previously estimated performance period. The change in estimate does not affect the total amount of revenue expected to be recognized over the term of the Sato Agreement.

As described in Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies, the Company intends to adopt FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, guidance on January 1, 2018, and is currently evaluating the impact that Topic 606 will have on reported revenues in 2017 and in future periods.

The Company determined that the future contingent payments meet the definition of a milestone. The development and regulatory milestones are not considered to be substantive because they do not relate solely to past performance. Accordingly, revenue for the achievement of development milestones will be recognized over the performance period, assuming collectability is reasonably assured. The revenue for the achievement of regulatory milestones will be recognized over the ten year commercial term of the Sato Agreement. As of September 30, 2017, no amounts have been recognized as license and collaboration revenue for any of these potential future milestones and all the contingent payments remained eligible for achievement as of September 30, 2017.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized $532 and $1,233, respectively, in license and collaboration revenue under this agreement. The deferred revenue balance pertaining to the Sato Agreement as of September 30, 2017 was $9,580, including $2,129 and $7,451 in current and non-current deferred revenue, respectively.

Contract Acquisition Costs

The intellectual property rights granted to Sato under the Sato Agreement include certain intellectual property rights which the Company has licensed from UNC. Under the Company’s license agreement with UNC described in Note 2—Research and Development Licenses, the Company is obligated to pay UNC a running royalty percentage in the low single digits on net sales of licensed products, including net sales that may be generated by Sato. Additionally, the Company made a payment to UNC in February 2017 representing the portion of the Sato upfront payment that was estimated to be directly attributable to the UNC intellectual property rights included in the license to Sato.

The Company also entered into an agreement with a third party to assist the Company in exploring the licensing opportunity which led to the execution of the Sato Agreement. The Company paid a fee of $216 to the third party upon execution of the Sato Agreement and is obligated to pay the third party a low-single-digit percentage of any future milestone payments the Company may receive from Sato under the Sato Agreement.

The fees associated with payments made to UNC and the third party have been capitalized as other assets, including current and noncurrent portions, in the accompanying balance sheet and are being amortized as general and administrative expense on a straight-line basis over the same estimated period used to recognize revenue on the upfront payment received from Sato.

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Note 4: Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

Depreciation and amortization expense was $391 and $1,030 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $187 and $575 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. 

Note 5: Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Obligations

Primary Facility Lease

In August 2015, the Company entered into a lease agreement for approximately 51,000 rentable square feet of facility space in Morrisville, North Carolina, commencing in April 2016. The initial term of the lease agreement extends through June 30, 2026. The Company has an option to extend the lease agreement by five years upon completion of the initial lease term. Current contractual base rent payments are $93 per month, subject to a three percent increase annually over the term of the lease agreement.

Pursuant to the Company’s accounting policy and applicable guidance in ASC 840, Leases, the facility is being accounted for as an asset financing, with the building asset and related facility financing obligation remaining on the Company’s balance sheet. The building asset is being depreciated over a 25 year period and the facility financing obligation is being amortized so that the net carrying value of the building asset and the facility financing obligation are equivalent at the end of the initial term of the lease agreement. Monthly rental payments will be allocated between principal and interest expense associated with the facility financing obligation, as well as grounds rent expense of $8 per month.

The Company has recorded an asset related to the building and construction costs within property and equipment of $10,557 as of September 30, 2017. The non-current facility lease obligation on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet is $7,998 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized interest expense of $261 and $783, respectively, including $29 of accrued interest included in other accrued expenses as of September 30, 2017.  

Operating Leases

The Company leased a facility under a non-cancelable operating lease that expired in April 2017. Rent expense for operating leases totaled $94 and $345 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $165 and $374 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business activities. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.

See Note 9—Subsequent Events regarding legal proceedings that arose in November 2017. Aside from these matters, the Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings and is not aware of any claims or actions pending or threatened against the Company that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results, cash flows or

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financial statements. In the future, the Company might from time to time become involved in litigation relating to claims arising from its ordinary course of business.

The Company has entered into, and expects to continue to enter into, contracts in the normal course of business with various third parties who support its clinical trials, preclinical research studies and other services related to its development activities.  The scope of the services under these agreements can generally be modified at any time, and these agreements can generally be terminated by either party after a period of notice and receipt of written notice. There have been no material contract terminations as of September 30, 2017.

Indemnification

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into contractual arrangements under which it has agreed to provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the Company’s breach of such agreements and out of intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In these circumstances, payment may be conditional on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract.

The Company’s obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time or amount, and in some instances, the Company may have recourse against third parties for certain payments. The terms of such obligations vary.

It is not possible to make a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential amount of future payments under these or similar agreements due to the conditional nature of the Company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. No material indemnification liabilities were identified or accrued in the accompanying financial statements.

Compensatory Obligations

In conjunction with the departures of two former Company officers in March and May of 2017, the Company entered into separation and general release agreements with both individuals that included separation benefits consistent with the Company’s obligations under their previously existing employment agreements for “separation from service” for “good reason.”  The resulting combined severance expense recognized in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, totaled zero and approximately $793, respectively. The remaining accrued severance obligation in respect of the two former officers was $439 as of September 30, 2017, which is included in accrued compensation in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company also recognized zero and approximately $374 in stock compensation expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, related to the accelerated vesting of the former officers’ stock options.

In June 2017, the Company reduced its overall employee workforce to reduce operating expenditures and preserve cash on hand. Employee severance costs associated with this action were $224, which were expensed during the second quarter of 2017. The remaining accrued severance obligation was $48 as of September 30, 2017.

Note 6: Stockholders’ Equity

Capital Structure

Authorized Shares. In conjunction with the completion of the IPO in September 2016, the Company further amended its amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated its bylaws. The amendment provides for 210,000,000 authorized shares of capital stock, of which 200,000,000 shares have been designated as $0.0001 par value common stock, and 10,000,000 shares have been designated as $0.0001 par value preferred stock.

Preferred Stock

The Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides the Company’s board of directors with the authority to issue $0.0001 par value preferred stock from time to time in one or more series by adopting a resolution and filing a certificate of designations. Voting powers, designations, preferences, dividend rights, conversion rights and liquidation preferences shall be stated and expressed in such resolutions. There were 10,000,000 shares designated as preferred stock and no shares outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.  

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Common Stock

Authorized, Issued and Outstanding Common Shares

The Company’s common stock has a par value of $0.0001 per share and consists of 200,000,000 authorized shares as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. There were 15,989,408 and 15,939,992 shares of voting common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The following table summarizes common stock share activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017:

The Company had reserved shares of common stock for future issuance as follows:

Note 7: Stock Option Plan

2008 Stock Plan

During 2008, the Company adopted the 2008 Stock Plan (the “2008 Plan”). As amended, a total of 1,416,666 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2008 Plan. Eligible plan participants included employees, directors, and consultants. The 2008 Plan permitted the granting of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, and other stock-based awards.  As further described below, as of September 20, 2016, no additional awards will be granted under the 2008 Plan.

2016 Stock Plan

Effective September 20, 2016 (the “Effective Date”), the Company adopted the 2016 Incentive Award Plan (the “2016 Plan”). The 2016 Plan is the successor to the 2008 Plan. As of the Effective Date, no additional awards will be granted under the 2008 Plan, but all stock awards granted under the 2008 Plan prior to the Effective Date will remain subject to the terms of the 2008 Plan. Any shares associated with stock awards previously granted under the 2008 Plan that are forfeited subsequent to the Effective Date of the 2016 Plan are not eligible for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. All awards granted on and after the Effective Date will be subject to the terms of the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan provides for the grant of the following awards: (i) incentive stock options, (ii) nonstatutory stock options, (iii) stock appreciation rights, (iv) restricted stock awards, (v) restricted stock unit awards and (vi) other stock awards. Eligible plan participants include employees, directors, and consultants. An aggregate of 833,333 shares of the Company’s common stock were initially available for issuance under awards granted pursuant to the 2016 Plan, which shares may be authorized but unissued shares, treasury shares, or shares purchased in the open market.

On June 5, 2017, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2016 Plan to increase the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2016 Plan by an additional 1,200,000 shares. All other material terms of the 2016 Plan otherwise remained unchanged. As of September 30, 2017, there were 1,106,501 shares available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan.

Under both the 2008 Plan and the 2016 Plan, options to purchase the Company’s common stock may be granted at a price no less than the fair value of a common stock share on the date of grant. The fair value shall be the closing sales price for a share as quoted on any established securities exchange for such grant date or the last preceding date for which such quotation exists. Vesting terms of options issued are determined by the board of directors or compensation committee of the board. The Company’s stock options vest based on terms in the stock option agreements and have a maximum term of ten years.

Stock Compensation Expense

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded employee share-based compensation expense of $871 and $3,006, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded employee share-

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based compensation expense of $327 and $861, respectively. Total share-based compensation expense included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations is as follows:

Stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is as follows:

Note 8: Related Party Transactions

Members of the Company’s board of directors held 1,585,916 and 1,561,916 shares of the Company’s common stock as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.  

In June 2017, Kelly Martin assumed the role of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer on an interim basis. Mr. Martin also continues to serve as a member of the Company’s board of directors. Mr. Martin served as chief executive officer of Malin Corporation plc, the parent company of Malin Life Sciences Holdings Limited (“Malin”), a greater than 10% shareholder of the Company, until October 1, 2017. Mr. Martin has not received any additional compensation for his service as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. Mr. Martin continues to be compensated pursuant to the Company’s non-employee director compensation policy.

Upon stepping into the Company’s Chief Executive Officer role, Mr. Martin engaged a number of Malin employees to assist him in certain strategic and tactical initiatives and activities. The Company has agreed to reimburse Malin for its out-of-pocket expenses for Mr. Martin and other Malin employees related to this effort. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company has accrued $230 in out-of-pocket travel expenses owed to Malin.  These expenses are expected to be reimbursed in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Two of the Company’s directors are also affiliated with Malin, including Sean Murphy, who is an executive officer and a director of Malin and is an executive vice president of Malin Corporation plc, and Robert A. Ingram, who is a director of Malin Corporation plc.

Note 9: Subsequent Events

Shelf Registration Filing

On October 2, 2017, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which the SEC declared effective on October 10, 2017. The registration statement contained a prospectus which covers:

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The Company incurred costs directly related to the shelf registration statement filing totaling $110 which were capitalized and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying balance sheet as of September 30, 2017.  

Amendments to License and Sublicense Agreements with KNOW Bio

The Company and KNOW Bio entered into certain amendments dated October 13, 2017 (the “KNOW Bio Amendments”) to the KNOW Bio License Agreement and KNOW Bio Sublicense Agreements (collectively, the “KNOW Bio Agreements”) described in Note 3—Collaboration Arrangements. Pursuant to the terms of the KNOW Bio Amendments, the Company re-acquired from KNOW Bio exclusive, worldwide rights under certain U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications controlled by the Company as of the execution date of the KNOW Bio Agreements, and patents and patent applications which may become controlled by the Company during the three years immediately following the execution date of KNOW Bio Agreements, directed towards nitric oxide-releasing compositions and methods of manufacturing thereof, including methods of manufacturing Nitricil compounds, and other nitric oxide-based therapeutics, to develop and commercialize products for all diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic and palliative uses for any disease, condition or disorder caused by certain oncoviruses (the “Oncovirus Field”). KNOW Bio also granted to the Company an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, under any patents and patent applications which may become controlled by KNOW Bio during the three years immediately following the execution date of the KNOW Bio Agreements and directed towards nitric oxide-releasing compositions and methods of manufacturing thereof, including methods of manufacturing Nitricil compounds, and other nitric oxide-based therapeutics, but not towards medical devices, to develop and commercialize products for use in the Oncovirus Field. Additionally, KNOW Bio agreed that KNOW Bio will not commercialize any products in the Oncovirus Field during the first three years following the execution date of the KNOW Bio Agreements.

The Company is obligated to make the following fixed and contingent payments in exchange for the rights granted to the Company in the Oncovirus Field:

Nitricil is not the nitric oxide-releasing composition specified in the KNOW Bio Amendments as the subject of the foregoing payments. As such, products based on Nitricil are not subject to the foregoing milestone, royalty and sublicensing payment obligations.  

The rights granted to the Company in the Oncovirus Field in the KNOW Bio Amendments continue for so long as there is a valid patent claim under the KNOW Bio Agreements, and upon expiration continue on a perpetual non-exclusive basis, and are subject to the termination rights of KNOW Bio and the Company that are set forth in the KNOW Bio Agreements. In addition, under the KNOW Bio Amendments, KNOW Bio may terminate the rights granted to the Company in the Oncovirus Field if: (i) the Company does not file a first investigational new drug (“IND”) application with the FDA for a product in the Oncovirus Field by October 2020; or (ii) the Company does not file a first new drug application (“NDA”) with the FDA by October 2025 for a product in the Oncovirus Field and does not otherwise have any active clinical programs related to the Oncovirus Field at such time.

The Company also obtained a three-year exclusive option to include within the Company’s rights described above in the Oncovirus Field the development and commercialization of products for all diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic and palliative uses for any disease, condition or disorder caused by up to four other specified oncoviruses (the “Option Field”). If the Company elects to exercise its option, it will pay an exercise fee for each oncovirus for which the option is exercised, and the additional rights included in the

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Oncovirus Field as a result of the option exercise will be subject to the same payment obligations for Covered Products, conditions, and termination rights as described above for the Oncovirus Field.

The KNOW Bio Amendments also provide a mechanism whereby either party can cause a new chemical entity (“NCE”) covered by the KNOW Bio Agreements to become exclusive to such party by filing an IND on the NCE. An NCE that becomes exclusive to a party under this provision may not be commercialized by the other party until the later of expiration of patents covering the NCE or regulatory exclusivity covering the NCE. A party who obtains exclusivity for an NCE must advance development of the NCE pursuant to terms of the KNOW Bio Amendments in order to maintain such exclusivity; otherwise, such exclusivity will expire.

The terms of the KNOW Bio Amendments were negotiated at arms-length and do not provide the Company with an ability to significantly influence KNOW Bio or its operations.

Legal Proceeding

The Company is subject to putative stockholder class action lawsuits that were filed in November 2017 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina against the Company and certain of its current and former directors and officers. The lawsuits were filed on behalf of a putative class of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s securities (1) pursuant or traceable to the Company’s IPO, or (2) on the open market between September 21, 2016 and January 26, 2017. The lawsuits assert claims for violation of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, in connection with statements related to the Company’s Phase 3 clinical trials of SB204. The complaints seek, among other things, an unspecified amount of compensatory damages and attorneys’ fees and costs on behalf of the putative class. The Company believes that the claims lack merit and intends to defend the lawsuits vigorously. However, there can be no assurance that a favorable resolution will be obtained in such lawsuits, and the actual costs may be material.

Other than as described above, the Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings and is not aware of any claims or actions pending or threatened against the Company that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results, cash flows or financial statements. In the future, the Company might from time to time become involved in litigation relating to claims arising from its ordinary course of business.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on March 20, 2017.

In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “due,” “goal,” “objective,” “plan,” “seek,” “target,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “estimate,” or “continue” and similar expressions or variations. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Except as may be required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks, including, without limitation, the following:

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For a further discussion of risks that could cause or contribute to differences between actual results and those implied by forward-looking statements, see the “Risk Factors” section of the Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Novan® is a registered trademark of our company in the United States. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also includes trademarks, trade names and service marks that are the property of other organizations. Solely for convenience, our trademarks and trade names referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q appear without any “™” or “®” symbol, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of any applicable licensor, to these trademarks and trade names.

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Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on leveraging nitric oxide’s natural antiviral and immunomodulatory mechanisms of action to treat dermatological and oncovirus-mediated diseases. Nitric oxide plays a vital role in the natural immune system response against microbial pathogens and is a critical regulator of inflammation. Our ability to harness nitric oxide and its multiple mechanisms of action has enabled us to create a platform with the potential to generate differentiated first-in-class product candidates. The two key components of our nitric oxide platform are our proprietary Nitricil technology, which drives the creation of new chemical entities, or NCEs, and our topical formulation science, both of which we use to tune our product candidates for specific indications. We believe that our ability to conveniently deploy nitric oxide in a solid form, on demand and in localized formulations allows us the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes in a variety of diseases. We are advancing strategic development programs in the fields of virology and immunology with product candidates SB206, SB414 and NVN3100. We also have clinical-stage drug candidates with anti-acne (SB204) and antifungal (SB208) applications, which we intend to advance through partnerships, collaborations or other strategic relationships we are currently exploring.

Key Drug Development Updates

We recently deepened our platform focus in the fields of virology and immunology. In October, we completed a transaction with KNOW Bio, LLC, or KNOW Bio, granting us exclusive worldwide rights for certain oncovirus applications of nitric oxide-based products. An oncovirus is a virus that causes cancer. The agreement allows us to expand our viral platform by exploring nitric oxide’s antiviral activity against neoplasias and carcinomas caused by high-risk human papillomavirus, or HPV. We intend to focus HPV-related development on localized therapies to treat HPV-associated sexually transmitted infections, including pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix and anus. The intellectual property rights also allow for potential future translations of nitric oxide as a treatment for rare and orphan diseases caused by other double stranded DNA viruses including Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). The terms of this transaction are further described in “Note 9—Subsequent Events” to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Additionally, we have leveraged promising preclinical data demonstrating mechanistic evidence of nitric oxide’s potential as a treatment for inflammatory skin diseases and initiated the clinical development of our immunology program with the commencement of a Phase 1b clinical trial for the treatment of psoriasis. Top line results for the Phase 1b trial are targeted in the second quarter of 2018. Also, we are targeting to begin a Phase 1b trial with SB414 in adults with atopic dermatitis before year end with top line results targeted in the third quarter of 2018.

Below is a summary of selected key developments related to our drug candidates during or subsequent to the third quarter of 2017 and certain upcoming milestones.

In November 2017, we agreed in principle to a business structure that would enable further development and advancement of the SB204 program via third-party financing and third-party execution of an additional Phase 3 pivotal trial. Under the transaction contemplated by the non-binding term sheet, a new entity established by the third party would provide both the necessary capital to fund and the clinical expertise to execute an additional Phase 3 pivotal trial for SB204. The financial return to the new entity would be a pre-determined multiple of the costs incurred to execute the trial, assuming successful completion of the trial and Novan’s election to retain all rights to the asset (SB204). The new entity would also be entitled to a milestone payment upon NDA approval, as well as potential future sales-based milestone payments tied to the commercial success of SB204 and potential future payments related to certain agreed variations of SB204 that may be subsequently developed. If Novan does not make the election to retain the asset (SB204), the new entity would be granted an exclusive license to SB204 in all geographies apart from Japan, with proceeds from any monetization of the licensed technology being split between the new entity and Novan after returning a multiple of the execution costs to the new entity. In connection with the proposed transaction, the new entity would be granted an option to acquire shares of Novan’s common stock (currently anticipated to be approximately 500,000 shares) at an exercise price determined by the trailing 30 day average just prior to the execution of definitive agreements.

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The parties have entered into an exclusive negotiation period and anticipate finalizing binding definitive agreements for the proposed transaction and clinical trial execution following the parties’ joint discussion of the Phase 3 pivotal trial protocol with the FDA in the first quarter of 2018.

External Genital Warts

Following a clinically successful Phase 2 dose-ranging trial and a positive end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA, we are targeting the initiation of a maximal use pharmacokinetic trial for SB206 in the first half of 2018. This Phase 1 trial advances the development of SB206 for a number of indications but is not a prerequisite for beginning the Phase 3 pivotal trials in external genital warts. We are also evaluating conducting Phase 3 pivotal trials for the treatment of external genital warts caused by HPV, along with related open label long term safety testing to evaluate recurrence rates and multiple courses of treatment.

Molluscum Contagiosum

Also at the end-of-Phase 2 meeting for SB206, we had a constructive discussion with the FDA regarding expansion of the SB206 program into the treatment of molluscum contagiosum, a contagious skin infection caused by the molluscipoxvirus. Molluscum affects approximately six million people in the U.S. annually, mostly children. There is no FDA-approved treatment for molluscum and practitioners often prescribe products approved for the treatment of external genital warts to patients with molluscum. We believe that observational learning from an in-licensed topical nitric oxide technology study showing clinically meaningful complete clearance rates of baseline molluscum lesions, combined with our SB206 program knowledge, provides a logical pathway for SB206 development in the molluscum indication. We are targeting the initiation of a Phase 2 clinical trial utilizing SB206 for the treatment of molluscum in the first quarter of 2018 with top line results targeted in the fourth quarter of 2018.

HPV-associated Sexually Transmitted Infections

During the 24-month period 2013 through 2014, 22.7% of the total U.S. adult population had high-risk genital HPV – approximately 70 million people. HPV strains 16 and 18 are the most prevalent HPV-associated sexually transmitted infections, or STIs. In some cases, these infections can progress to neoplasias and, eventually, cancers. HPV-16 and HPV-18 cause approximately 60% of all oral cancers in the U.S. and 70% of cervical cancers. We are targeting the initiation of a Phase 1b pharmacology clinical trial to evaluate the effects of SB206 against eradicating high-risk HPV-16 and HPV-18 topically in otherwise asymptomatic volunteers in the first half of 2018 with top lines results targeted in the fourth quarter of 2018.

In addition to the exploration of SB206 as a therapy for HPV-associated STIs, we are also developing NVN3100, a new chemical entity, or NCE, for the treatment of high risk neoplasias, including cervical and anal neoplasias, caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18. We are targeting the initiation of preclinical studies, including IND-enabling studies, in the first half of 2018 and we are targeting an IND submission to the FDA by the end of 2018.  

We submitted an investigational new drug application, or IND, with SB414 cream for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases to the FDA during third quarter of 2017.

Psoriasis

We have initiated clinical development of our nitric oxide platform in the field of immunology. The first patient was dosed in October 2017 in a Phase 1b clinical trial to evaluate SB414 cream for the treatment of psoriasis. The purpose of the Phase 1b trial is to evaluate safety and to assess target engagement through a reduction of key pro-inflammatory biomarkers like interleukin-17, or IL-17, before progressing to Phase 2 clinical trials. According to a recent peer-reviewed article in the British Journal of Dermatology, IL-17 is known to be or is likely to be related to the mechanism and severity of a number of inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis, acne, atopic dermatitis, rosacea and alopecia areata. Earlier this year, we presented mechanistic evidence for SB414, demonstrating a statistically significant reduction in composite psoriasis scores and an inhibition of IL-17a and IL-17f in an animal model. Top line results for the Phase 1b trial are targeted in the second quarter of 2018.

Atopic Dermatitis

In two in vivo models that assess critical components of atopic dermatitis disease pathology, SB414 displayed potent anti-staphylococcal activity and dose-dependent inhibition of inflammation comparable to betamethasone, a mid-potency corticosteroid used to treat patients with atopic dermatitis. Based on preclinical data generated to date and documented literature on nitric oxide’s mechanisms of action, we believe that SB414 cream has the potential to offer non-steroidal,

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immunomodulatory activity and anti-staphylococcal activity for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Additionally, SB414 cream is an occlusive formulation allowing for pH control in the skin and a possible reduction in trans-epidermal water loss, both important factors for treating the disease. We are targeting the initiation of a Phase 1b trial with SB414 in adults with atopic dermatitis before year end with top line results targeted in the third quarter of 2018.

We need and intend to access additional capital through equity financing or debt financing or collaborative, licensing or other non-dilutive sources of capital. Further advancement of our development programs, as described above, is dependent upon our ability to access this capital and our financial priorities.

Corporate Updates—Organizational and Governance Structure Alignment with Current Strategy

We are repositioning our organizational and governance structure to align with the aforementioned drug development strategy. In addition to the recent additions at the board and executive management team levels, as described below, we expect a continued targeted expansion of our internal resources during the remainder of 2017 and into 2018 in alignment with our strategy.

Corporate Updates—Other

On October 2, 2017, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which the SEC declared effective on October 10, 2017. The registration statement contained a prospectus which covers:

Financial Overview

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to developing our nitric oxide platform technology and resulting product candidates, including conducting preclinical and clinical trials and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We conduct these activities in a single operating segment. We have not generated any revenue from product sales and, to date, have funded our operations through a variety of sources described in further detail within the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below. From inception through September 30, 2017, we have raised total equity and debt proceeds of $148.7 million to fund our operations. We have incurred net losses in each year since inception and, as of September 30, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $152.0 million. We incurred net losses of $28.9 million and $46.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We expect to continue to incur substantial losses in the future as we conduct our planned operating activities. We do not expect to generate revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval from the FDA for our clinical-stage product candidates. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, there will be significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution.

In addition, we expect that we will continue to incur substantial expenses as we continue clinical trials and preclinical studies for, and research and development of, our product candidates and maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio. As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our planned and future operating activities. Adequate future funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. The current market value of our common stock may negatively impact funding options

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and the acceptability of funding terms. Our failure to obtain sufficient additional funds on acceptable terms as and when needed could cause us to alter or reduce our planned operating activities, including but not limited to delaying or discontinuing planned product candidate development activities, to conserve our cash and cash equivalents. Such actions could delay development timelines and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and market valuation. As further discussed in our condensed consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, these matters raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

Licensing and collaboration revenue consists of the amortization of a non-refundable $10.8 million upfront payment received under the license agreement we entered into during the first quarter of 2017 with Sato Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. (“Sato”). The material terms of the Sato Agreement and related revenue recognition are described within “Note 3—Collaboration Arrangements” to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The $10.8 million upfront consideration under this agreement is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period, which is currently March 2017 through the first quarter of 2022.

Research and development services revenue is associated with the master development services and clinical supply agreement and related statements of work, or collectively the KNOW Bio Services Agreement, we entered into with KNOW Bio. Under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement, we are providing certain development and manufacturing services to KNOW Bio in exchange for service fees currently expected to total approximately $0.9 million. We recognized approximately $0.2 million and $0.3 million of services revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and expect to perform the remaining services and recognize the remaining revenue during the fourth quarter of 2017 and the first half of 2018. We may also provide additional development and manufacturing services to KNOW Bio under future statements of work. We do not expect the fees received under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement to significantly increase the period over which our cash and cash equivalents can fund our operating expenses. Our accounting policies pertaining to KNOW Bio are included in “Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We will adopt FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, guidance on January 1, 2018. We are currently conducting an assessment of the impact that Topic 606 will have on reported revenues in 2017 and in future periods, including revenues associated with the Sato Agreement and the KNOW Bio Services Agreement. Additional information about our adoption of Topic 606 is included in “Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Research and Development Expenses

Since our inception, we have focused our resources on our research and development activities, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, manufacturing development efforts and activities related to regulatory filings for our product candidates. Research and development expenses, including those paid to third parties for which there is no alternative use, are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses include:

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From inception through September 30, 2017, we have incurred approximately $107.8 million in research and development expenses to develop, expand or otherwise improve our nitric oxide platform and resulting product candidates. The table below sets forth our external research and development expenses incurred for current product candidates and unallocated internal research and development expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. All research and development salaries and related personnel costs, as well as certain manufacturing costs and facilities expenses are included in unallocated internal research and development expenses. 

We expect that for the foreseeable future, the substantial majority of our research and development efforts will be focused on our clinical programs and on our future pipeline development. Major clinical and preclinical development activities conducted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 are summarized as follows:

We expect to continue to incur substantial research and development expenses in the future as we develop our SB206 and SB414 clinical product candidates and as we develop new chemical entities, or NCEs, for use in oncovirus therapies. In particular, we expect to continue to incur substantial external development service provider fees and other research and development costs through the remainder of 2017 and into 2018 associated with the development plan summarized in the “Overview—Key Drug Development Updates” section above. Although we expect external research and development expenses associated with such clinical development activities to be substantial, we expect such expenses to be lower in 2017 than external research and development expenses incurred in 2016. Nonetheless, we also expect our internal research and development personnel costs to increase during the remainder of 2017 and in fiscal year 2018 as we continue to conduct a targeted expansion of our internal resources in support of our drug development strategy. We may decide to revise our plans or the related timing, depending on our ability to access additional capital and our financial priorities.

The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the nature, timing or costs required to complete the remaining development of our current product candidates or any future product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of product candidates. See the “Risk Factors” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2017 and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, including this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for a discussion of the risks and uncertainties associated with our research and development projects.

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General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation and travel expenses for personnel in our executive, finance, commercial, corporate development and other administrative functions. Other general and administrative expenses include allocated depreciation and facility-related costs, legal costs of pursuing patent protection of our intellectual property, insurance coverage, and professional services fees for auditing, tax, general legal, and other corporate and administrative services.

We expect to continue to incur substantial general and administrative expenses during the remainder of 2017 and in fiscal year 2018 that are incurred in support of our product development operating activities and as necessary to operate in a public company environment. Significant general and administrative expenses associated with operations in a public company environment include legal, accounting, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums and investor relations activities.

Other (Expense) Income, net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of (i) lease interest expense on our primary facility lease financing obligation, (ii) interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents and (iii) other miscellaneous expenses. We expect to continue to incur interest expense on our primary facility lease financing obligation during 2017 and throughout the remainder of the initial lease term that expires in 2026.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods indicated:

Revenue

License and collaboration revenue of $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 is related to the amortization of a non-refundable upfront payment received under the Sato Agreement, which was executed in January 2017. Research and development services revenue of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 is associated with development services we performed under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses were $5.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $15 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease of $9.8 million was primarily due to the recent completion of certain clinical trials in our active development programs, including the two parallel Phase 3 pivotal trials (first quarter of 2017) and the long term safety trial (third quarter of 2017) in the SB204 program, which resulted in a decrease of $10.3 million, the Phase 2 clinical trial for SB206 in the fourth quarter of 2016, which resulted in a decrease of $0.4 million and the Phase 2 clinical trial for SB208 program, which resulted in a decrease of $0.6 million. In addition, other programs decreased by $0.1 million. These program cost decreases were partially offset by a $0.3 million increase in SB414 program costs as we (i) completed preclinical studies in preparation for the

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IND submitted in the third quarter of 2017 and (ii) conducted clinical start-up activities associated with the two Phase 1b trials in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

In addition, other unallocated internal research and development expenses increased by $1.3 million due to a $0.7 million increase in research and development personnel costs and a $0.6 million increase in facility and manufacturing costs. The $0.7 million increase in personnel costs is associated with the targeted expansion of our organizational structure in support of our current development strategy and the increase includes $0.4 million of non-cash stock compensation expense associated with recent awards granted to our research and development personnel. The $0.6 million increase in facility and manufacturing costs is primarily due to operating in our current headquarters and manufacturing facility in Morrisville, North Carolina during 2017, which we began to occupy in October 2016.  

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses were $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016.  The increase of $0.3 million is due to an increase of $0.7 million in professional services, insurance, board compensation and other administrative costs necessary to support our operations as a public company. This increase was offset by decreases in personnel related costs of $0.3 million and market research costs of $0.1 million.    

Other (expense) income, net

Other (expense) income, net was ($0.2) million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to approximately $7,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The net expense increase of approximately $0.2 million was primarily due to the recognition of approximately $0.3 million of lease interest expense on our primary facility lease financing obligation, following the completion of the facility’s build-out phase in December 2016. This interest expense incurred during the three months ended September 30, 2017 was partially offset by less than $0.1 million of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents.

Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods indicated:

Revenue

License and collaboration revenue of $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was related to the amortization of a non-refundable upfront payment received under the Sato Agreement, which was executed in January 2017. Research and development services revenue of $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is associated with development services we performed under the KNOW Bio Services Agreement.  

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses were $19.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $37.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease of $18.3 million was primarily due to the recent completion of certain clinical trials in our active development programs, including the two parallel Phase 3 pivotal trials (first quarter of 2017) and the long term safety trial (third quarter of 2017) in the SB204 program, which resulted in a decrease of $20.5 million, the Phase 2 clinical trial

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for SB206, which resulted in a decrease of $2.5 million and the Phase 2 clinical trial for SB208, which resulted in a decrease of $0.9 million. In addition, other programs decreased by $0.2 million. These program cost decreases were partially offset by a $1.3 million increase in SB414 program costs as we (i) conducted and completed preclinical studies in preparation for the IND submitted in third quarter 2017 and (ii) conducted clinical start-up activities associated with the two Phase 1b trials in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

In addition, other unallocated internal research and development expenses increased by $4.5 million due to a $2.7 million increase in research and development personnel costs and a $1.8 million increase in facility and manufacturing costs. The $2.7 million increase in personnel costs includes $0.6 million in cash severance costs associated with a workforce reduction and the departure of our former Chief Medical Officer, both of which occurred in the second quarter of 2017, and a related $0.2 million increase in non-cash stock compensation expense associated with the accelerated vesting of option awards. The remaining increase in personnel costs includes an increase in stock compensation expense of $0.8 million associated with awards recently granted to our research and development personnel and $1.1 million associated with the targeted expansion of our organizational structure in support of our current development strategy. The $1.8 million increase in facilities and manufacturing costs is primarily due to operating in our current headquarters and manufacturing facility in Morrisville, North Carolina during 2017, which we began to occupy in October 2016.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses were $10.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase of $1.4 million is primarily due to an increase of $2.3 million in professional services, insurance, board compensation and other administrative costs necessary to support our operations as a public company. In addition, there was a net increase of $0.7 million in personnel costs primarily due to severance costs related to a workforce reduction and the departure of our former Chief Financial Officer, including $0.5 million of cash severance costs and $0.3 million in related non-cash stock compensation expense associated with the accelerated vesting of option awards. Other changes in personnel costs during the comparative periods included a $0.8 million increase in non-cash stock compensation expense associated with recently granted awards, a $0.2 million increase in travel-related costs and a $1.1 million decrease in salaries, benefits and accrued bonus compensation costs following the aforementioned resource realignment events occurring in 2017. These increases were partially offset by decreases of $1.4 million in market research and related costs and $0.2 million in general corporate costs.  

Other (expense) income, net

Other (expense) income, net was ($0.7) million expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to approximately $50,000 income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.  The net expense increase of approximately $0.8 million was due to the recognition of approximately $0.8 million of interest expense on our primary facility lease financing obligation beginning in the first quarter of 2017, following the completion of the facility’s build-out phase in December 2016.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception through September 30, 2017, we have financed our operations primarily with $148.7 million in net proceeds from the issuance and sale of equity securities and convertible debt securities, including $44.6 million in net proceeds from the sale of common stock in our 2016 initial public offering, or our IPO. Other historical forms of funding have included payments received from licensing and supply arrangements and government research contracts and grants. We received an upfront payment of approximately $10.8 million following the execution of the Sato Agreement in the first quarter of 2017 for the exclusive right to develop, use and sell SB204 in certain topical dosage forms in Japan for the treatment of acne vulgaris.

As of September 30, 2017, we had $11.0 million of cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are held in a variety of interest-bearing instruments, including money market accounts. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested with a view toward liquidity and capital preservation, and we seek to minimize the potential effects of concentration and degrees of risk.

Facility Lease Financing

Our 51,000 square foot leased facility in Morrisville, North Carolina serves as our corporate headquarters and primary research, development and drug compound manufacturing facility. We have accounted for this lease as a capitalized asset and a corresponding facility financing obligation on our balance sheets. We began recognizing interest expense associated with this financing obligation in the first quarter of 2017, following the completion of the build-out phase in December 2016. See “Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 5—Commitments and Contingencies” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion of the accounting for this lease.  

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Cash Flows

The following table sets forth our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Net Cash Used in Continuing Operating Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash used in operating activities was $21.9 million and consisted primarily of a net loss of $28.9 million, with adjustments for non-cash amounts related primarily to depreciation expense of $1.0 million, stock-based compensation expense of $3.0 million, and a $3.0 million favorable change in assets and liabilities. The favorable net change in assets and liabilities was primarily due to receipt of an upfront payment of $10.8 million following the execution of the Sato Agreement. This increase was partially offset by decreases in accounts payable and accrued expense balances associated with our outside research and development activities during the period, including a $4.6 million decrease in accrued outside research and development services. The decrease in payables and accruals for these services was primarily related to the Phase 3 pivotal trials and long term safety trial in our SB204 program and the Phase 2 clinical trial in our SB206 program. In addition, we had approximately $0.5 million in accrued severance costs as of September 30, 2017, which we expect to settle through cash disbursements during the fourth quarter of 2017 and first half of 2018.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net cash used in operating activities was $32.4 million and consisted primarily of a net loss of $46.6 million, with adjustments for non-cash amounts related primarily to depreciation expense of $0.6 million, stock-based compensation expense of $0.9 million, and a $12.8 million favorable change in assets and liabilities. The favorable net change in assets and liabilities was primarily due to increases in accounts payable and accrued expense balances during the period, including an $8.8 million increase in accrued outside research and development services. The increase in accruals for these services was primarily related to (i) our increased development program activities in 2016, including the commencement and conduct of our SB204 Phase 3 clinical trials, SB206 Phase 2 clinical trial, and SB208 Phase 2 clinical program; and (ii) the timing of the invoicing and payment for such services.  

Net Cash Used in Continuing Investing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash used in investing activities was $1.8 million, which primarily related to purchases of laboratory equipment and leasehold improvements at our facility in Morrisville, North Carolina.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net cash used in investing activities was $3.5 million, which represented purchases of property and equipment of $3.4 million and the purchase of intangible assets of $0.1 million.  The purchases of property and equipment in 2016 are primarily associated with facility upfits and laboratory equipment needed to build out our research, development and manufacturing capabilities at our new headquarters and manufacturing facility in Morrisville, North Carolina.  

Net Cash Provided by Continuing Financing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash provided by financing activities was less than $0.1 million, consisting primarily of proceeds from the exercise of stock options, which were partially offset by offering costs.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net cash provided by financing activities was $46.1 million, consisting primarily of $44.6 million in net proceeds from our initial public offering. Net proceeds from our IPO included $1.7 million of offering costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses as of September 30, 2016, which have since been settled through cash disbursements.

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Capital Requirements

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from product sales. We do not expect to generate revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize one of our current or future product candidates. We anticipate that we will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all of the risks incident in the development of new pharmaceutical products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business.

Our primary use of cash is to fund our operating expenses, which consist principally of research and development expenditures necessary to advance our clinical-stage product candidates. Based upon our current operating plan, we anticipate we have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to operate into the first quarter of 2018. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding to continue our operating activities and make further advancements in each of our drug development programs, as summarized in the “Overview—Key Drug Development Updates” section above. Specifically, we anticipate that additional funding will be required to conduct and complete our planned clinical trials and nonclinical studies in our SB206 and SB414 programs, as well as the development of NVN3100 as a new chemical entity for treatment of high risk neoplasias. We are currently reviewing various potential financing options to fund our continued and planned operations for advancement of these product candidates within our current core focus, including traditional public or private equity financings, as well as debt and other structured facilities. We are also currently pursuing a partnering strategy for advancement of the SB204 program, as described in further detail in the “Overview—Key Drug Development Updates” section above. If we are not successful in executing the currently contemplated transaction for our SB204 program, or if we are not successful in identifying a partner for any other product candidate that is outside of our current core focus, we will need to raise additional capital resources to advance that program. We may decide to revise our activities or the relevant timing depending on the availability of additional funding, partnership opportunities and our financial priorities. Our anticipated expenditure levels may change if we make adjustments to our current operating plan. As of September 30, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $152.0 million and there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern if we do not secure adequate additional financing.  

We have based our projections of operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect and we may use all of our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

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We also expect to incur capital expenditures as we continue to invest in information technology systems and equipment at our corporate headquarters and manufacturing facility in Morrisville, North Carolina.

Contractual Obligations and Contingent Liabilities

Except for compensatory obligations described in “Note 5—Commitments and Contingencies” to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, there were no material changes in our commitments under contractual obligations, as disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2017.  

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under SEC rules.

Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (JOBS Act)

In April 2012, the JOBS Act was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for an “emerging growth company.” As an “emerging growth company,” we are electing not to take advantage of the extended transition period afforded by the JOBS Act for the implementation of new or revised accounting standards, and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth public companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision not to take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. We have chosen to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, as an “emerging growth company” we are not required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis) and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items, such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. We may remain an emerging growth company until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenue equals or exceeds $1.07 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. These items are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in “Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in “Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” to our audited consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2017. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies, except as presented below.

Revenue Recognition—Licensing Arrangements

We entered into a licensing arrangement in the first quarter of 2017, and may enter into additional licensing arrangements in the future, in exchange for non-refundable upfront payments and potential future milestone and royalty payments. Such arrangements include multiple elements, including the sale of licenses and the provision of services. For arrangements that involve the delivery of more than one element, each product, service and/or right to use assets is evaluated to determine whether it qualifies as a separate unit

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of accounting. This determination is based on whether the deliverable has “stand-alone value” to the licensee. The consideration that is fixed or determinable is then allocated to each separate unit of accounting based on the relative selling prices of each deliverable. The consideration allocated to each unit of accounting is recognized as the related goods and services are delivered, limited to the consideration that is not contingent upon future deliverables. When an arrangement is accounted for as a single unit of accounting, we determine the period over which the performance obligations will be performed and revenue recognized. Management exercises significant judgment in the determination of (i) whether a deliverable has stand-alone value, (ii) whether the deliverable is considered to be a separate unit of accounting and (iii) the estimation of the relative fair value of each deliverable in the arrangement.

We recognize a milestone payment when earned if it is substantive and we have no ongoing performance obligations related to the milestone. A milestone payment is considered substantive if it: (i) is commensurate with either our performance to achieve the milestone or the enhanced value of the delivered item as a result of a specific outcome from the performance to achieve the milestone; (ii) relates solely to past performance; and (iii) is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms, including other potential milestone consideration, within the arrangement.

Revenue Recognition—Research and Development Services

We recently entered into an arrangement to provide research and development services on a fee-for-service basis and may enter into additional arrangements in the future. Under such arrangements, revenue is recognized when all of the following conditions are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (iii) fees are fixed or determinable, and (iv) collection of fees is reasonably assured. Our contract research and development services revenue is recognized in the period in which the services are performed.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently issued accounting pronouncements that we have adopted or are currently evaluating are described in detail within “Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.  

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. 

Our primary exposure to market risk is limited to our cash and cash equivalents, all of which have maturities of less than three months. The primary objectives of our investment activities are the preservation of principal and maintenance of liquidity for the purpose of funding operations and maximizing total return. The related interest income sensitivity is affected by changes in the general level of short-term U.S. interest rates. We place our cash and cash equivalents with high-credit quality financial institutions. Our investment policy prohibits us from holding corporate bonds, auction rate securities, asset-backed securities, municipal obligations, structured investment vehicles, extendable commercial paper or collateralized debt/loan obligations.

As of September 30, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $11.0 million. We believe that an immediate one percentage point increase or decrease in interest rates would not materially affect the fair value of these cash equivalents. We do not believe that our cash and cash equivalents have significant risk of default or illiquidity and do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected significantly by a sudden change in market interest rates. While we believe our cash and cash equivalents do not contain excessive risk, we cannot provide absolute assurance that in the future our investments will not be subject to adverse changes in fair value. In addition, we maintain significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents at one or more financial institutions that are in excess of federally insured limits.

Following the execution of the Sato Agreement in January 2017, we have become exposed to Japanese yen foreign exchange risk because this transaction is denominated in Japanese yen. All foreign transactions settle on the applicable spot exchange basis at the time such payments are made, and all monetary balances are translated to U.S. dollars using the period-end exchange rate. A hypothetical 10% change in the exchange rate between the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar during any of the periods presented would not have had a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position or financial performance.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, refers to controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation,

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controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to a company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2017, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based upon such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of such date at the reasonable assurance level.

(b) Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during our fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2017 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II— OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are subject to putative stockholder class action lawsuits that were filed in November 2017 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina against us and certain of our current and former directors and officers. The lawsuits were filed on behalf of a putative class of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired our securities (1) pursuant or traceable to our IPO, or (2) on the open market between September 21, 2016 and January 26, 2017. The lawsuits assert claims for violation of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, in connection with statements related to our Phase 3 clinical trials of SB204. The complaints seek, among other things, an unspecified amount of compensatory damages and attorneys’ fees and costs on behalf of the putative class. We believe that the claims lack merit and intend to defend the lawsuits vigorously. However, there can be no assurance that a favorable resolution will be obtained in such lawsuits, and the actual costs may be significant.

Other than as described above, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings and are not aware of any claims or actions pending or threatened against us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial statements. In the future, we may from time to time become involved in litigation relating to claims arising from our ordinary course of business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2017, except as set forth in our subsequent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 11, 2017 and as set forth below.

We recently changed the focus of our near-term product development strategy, and there can be no guarantee that these areas of our platform will be successful or the most profitable.

We recently initiated a strategic shifting of priorities to turn our near-term product development focus to the application of nitric oxide technology in viral infections and inflammatory skin diseases, which signifies a change from our prior focus on multi-factorial diseases, particularly acne. We plan to use our limited cash resources and any new funds we raise to support our newly prioritized core areas of focus, including clinical development of product candidates in these areas and preclinical studies on potential future product candidates. It is possible that current and future product candidates outside these core areas of current focus would achieve regulatory approval more rapidly or have greater commercial success, resulting in better returns for stockholders. Additionally, if we are unable

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to raise additional capital to support the advancement of our current development priorities, we may have to delay, curtail or eliminate one or more of our programs and potentially change our growth strategy.

We may rely on strategic relationships for the further development and commercialization of product candidates outside our current core areas of focus, and if we are unable to enter into such relationships, or if such relationships are unsuccessful, we may be unable to realize the potential economic benefit of those product candidates.

We are exploring alternative pathways for continued development of product candidates outside our current core areas of focus. For example, we have entered into a non-binding term sheet for the collaborative development of SB204. If we are unable to enter into strategic relationships on terms that are beneficial to us, or at all, we may not have sufficient capital to continue developing or commercialize our product candidates that are outside of our current core focus. Even if we enter into such a strategic relationship, we may have to relinquish a significant portion of the future economic value of the underlying product candidate in connection with the applicable transaction and may be limited in our ability, or unable, to recover such value.

Our ability to enter into successful strategic relationships for the continued development of one or more of our product candidates may be impaired by several factors, including, among others, that:

Further, if a strategic relationship terminates or is otherwise unsuccessful, we may need to seek out and establish an alternative arrangement. This may not be possible, or we may not be able to do so on terms which are acceptable to us, in which case, it may be necessary for us to cease the development of the applicable product candidate or candidates, or conduct the remaining clinical development on our own and with our own funds.

We have been named as a defendant in putative securities class action lawsuits. These, and potential similar or related litigation, could result in substantial damages and may divert management's time and attention from our business.

As described in Part II—Item 1—“Legal Proceedings,” putative stockholder class action lawsuits have been filed against us and certain of our current and former directors and officers. These lawsuits were filed on behalf of a putative class of all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired our securities (1) pursuant or traceable to our IPO, or (2) on the open market between September 21, 2016 and January 26, 2017. The lawsuits assert claims for violation of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, in connection with statements related to our Phase 3 clinical trials of SB204. The complaints seek, among other things, an unspecified amount of compensatory damages and attorneys’ fees and costs on behalf of the putative class. We believe that the claims lack merit and intend to defend the lawsuits vigorously, but there can be no assurance that a favorable resolution will be obtained in any of these matters. An unfavorable resolution in such lawsuits, whether by final judgment or an unfavorable settlement, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, the actual cost of the litigation may be significant, and the litigation may divert management's time and attention from our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

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Use of Proceeds from Initial Public Offering

On September 20, 2016, the SEC declared our Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-213276) effective for our initial public offering, which closed on September 26, 2016, pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 4,715,000 shares of our common stock, including the underwriters option to purchase 615,000 additional shares, at a price to the public of $11.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $51.9 million. As a result, we received net proceeds of $44.6 million (after underwriters’ discounts, commissions, and reimbursements totaling $4.1 million and additional offering related costs of $3.2 million). The managing underwriter of the offering was Piper Jaffray & Co.

The net proceeds of the IPO have been invested in accordance with our investment policy. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our initial public offering as described in our final prospectus dated September 20, 2016 and filed with the SEC on September 22, 2016.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: November 9, 2017

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