Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. - Annual Report: 2013 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.
20549

Form 10-K

or

Commission File Number 001-33417

1590 REED ROAD

PENNINGTON, NJ 08534

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (609) 730-0400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes ☑     No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

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The aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates as of October 31, 2012, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $23.8 million based on the closing sale price of the registrant's common stock on that date as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of June 30, 2013 was 10,355,140.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of our Proxy Statement for the 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed within 120 days of April 30, 2013, are incorporated by reference in Part III. Such Proxy Statement, except for the parts therein which have been specifically incorporated by reference, shall not be deemed “filed” for the purposes of this Annual Report or Form 10-K.

OCEAN POWER
TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

INDEX TO REPORT ON FORM 10-K

PowerBuoy^® is a registered trademark of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. The Ocean Power Technologies logo, CellBuoy^®, Talk on Water^®, Making Waves in Power^® and Powertower^® are trademarks or service marks of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. All other trademarks appearing in this annual report are the property of their respective holders.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

We have made statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Annual Report") in, among other sections, Item 1 — "Business," Item 1A — "Risk Factors," Item 3 — "Legal Proceedings," and Item 7 — "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" that are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements convey our current expectations or forecasts of future events. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, plans and objectives of management for future operations. The words "may," "continue," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "will," "believe," "project," "expect," "anticipate" and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. They may be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in Item 1A — "Risk Factors." In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur as contemplated, and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this filing. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or otherwise.

Our fiscal year ends on April 30. References to fiscal 2013 are to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2013.

PART I

ITEM 1.     BUSINESS

Overview

We develop and are seeking to commercialize proprietary systems that generate electricity by harnessing the renewable energy of ocean waves. Our PowerBuoy^® systems use proprietary technologies to convert the mechanical energy created by the rising and falling of ocean waves into electricity. We currently offer and continue to develop two PowerBuoy product lines, which consist of our utility PowerBuoy system and our autonomous PowerBuoy system. We also offer our customers operations and maintenance services for our PowerBuoy systems. In addition, we continue to develop and expect to market our undersea substation pod product and undersea power connection infrastructure services to other companies in the marine energy sector. Since fiscal 2002, the US Navy and other government agencies have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues. These revenues were largely for the support of our product development efforts. Our goal is that an increased portion of our revenues be from the sale of products and maintenance services, as compared to revenue to support our product development efforts. As we continue to advance our proprietary technologies, we expect to have a net decrease in cash from operating activities unless and until we achieve positive cash flow from the planned commercialization of our products and services.

Our PowerBuoy system is based on modular, ocean-going buoys, which we have been ocean testing for over fifteen years. The rising and falling of the waves moves the buoy-like structure creating mechanical energy that our proprietary technologies convert into electricity. We have tested and developed wave power generation and control technology using proven equipment and processes in novel applications and have deployed and maintained our systems in the ocean. The PowerBuoy technology has the unique, patented capability to electronically "tune" itself automatically as wave characteristics change. This enables the PowerBuoy to optimize its efficiency and resulting power output in dynamic ocean wave conditions. Our two PowerBuoy product lines are designed for the following applications:

Our product development and engineering efforts are focused primarily on increasing energy output, reliability and scalability of the design of our utility PowerBuoy system, with the goal of generating electricity from our technology at a levelized cost of energy competitive with other alternative sources of energy. Currently, we are marketing Mark 3 PowerBuoys that drive a peak rated generator with a maximum output of 866 kW. We have also initiated product development efforts in connection with our Mark 4 PowerBuoy (previously referred to as the “500 kW PowerBuoy” or “PB500”). The Mark 4 PowerBuoy is planned to drive a peak rated generator of 2.4 MW. Under a multi-year planned program, structural development of the Mark 4’s major subsystems is in progress, and wave tank tests of models have been performed. Assuming we are able to reach significant annual manufacturing volume levels of our Mark 4 PowerBuoy systems and increase the energy output of our PowerBuoy systems, we believe we will be able to offer a renewable electricity solution that competes with other existing renewable energy systems and, in certain cases, with existing fossil fuel systems in key markets.

If we achieve economies of scale for our Mark 3 PowerBuoy systems and improve energy conversion efficiencies, we expect them to be able to provide a renewable electricity solution that competes in certain local markets where wave energy resources are very strong, where the current retail price of electricity is relatively high, or where sufficient subsidies are available.

We continue to develop and expect to market our undersea substation pod (USP) and marine energy infrastructure services to other companies in the marine energy sector. We completed the successful in-ocean trials of our USP in 2009. The USP, based on our proprietary design, has been developed to facilitate the collection, networking and transforming of power and data generated by multiple offshore energy devices. The USP has been built as an open platform, and can provide connectivity for the PowerBuoy as well as offshore energy systems developed by other companies. The required switching and protection circuits for the individual marine energy devices are also included in the USP.

An important element of our business strategy is to expand our partnerships in key market areas. Our recent relationships are with the following:

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of New Jersey in April 1984 and began commercial operations in 1994. On April 23, 2007, we reincorporated in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 1590 Reed Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, and our telephone number is (609) 730-0400. Our website address is www.oceanpowertechnologies.com. We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. The information on our website is not a part of this Annual Report. Our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Global Market since April 24, 2007, the date on which we commenced our initial public offering in the United States.

Our Market

The World Energy Council has stated that wave energy has the potential to produce around 2,000 terawatt hours of electricity a year, or enough power to meet 10% of the world’s current energy needs. Global demand for electric power is expected to increase from 19.1 trillion kilowatt hours in 2008 to 35.2 trillion kilowatt hours by 2035 according to Energy Information Administration’s Outlook 2011.

According to an April 2013 report from Bloomberg New Energy Finance, annual spending on clean energy projects that do not contribute to greenhouse-gas pollution may rise to $630 billion by 2030 from $190 billion in 2012. There are a variety of factors contributing to the increasing development of renewable energy systems that capture energy from replenishable natural resources, including ocean waves, tides, flowing water, wind and sunlight, and convert it into electricity. These factors include:

Wave Energy

The energy in ocean waves is a form of renewable energy that can be harnessed to generate electricity. Ocean waves are created when wind moves across the ocean surface. The interaction between the wind and the ocean surface causes energy to be exchanged. At first, small waves occur on the ocean surface. As this process continues, the waves become larger and the distance between the tops of the waves becomes longer. The size of the waves, and the amount of energy contained in the waves, depends on the wind speed, the time the wind blows over the waves and the distance covered. The rising and falling of the waves move our PowerBuoy system creating mechanical energy that our proprietary technologies convert into usable electricity.

There are a variety of benefits to using wave energy for electricity generation.

There are currently several approaches, in different stages of development, for capturing wave energy and converting it into electricity. Methods for generating electricity from wave energy can be divided into two general categories: onshore systems and offshore systems. Our PowerBuoy system is an offshore system. Offshore systems are typically located one to five miles offshore and in water depths of between 100 and 200 feet. The system can be above, on or below the ocean surface. Many offshore systems utilize a floatation device to harness wave energy. The heaving or pitching of the floatation device due to the force of the waves creates mechanical energy, which is converted into electricity by various technologies. Onshore and near shore systems are often located on a shore cliff or a breakwater, or a short distance at sea from the shore line, and typically must concentrate the wave energy first before using it to drive an electrical generator. Although maintenance costs of onshore systems may be less than those associated with offshore systems, there are a variety of disadvantages to these systems. As waves approach the shore, the energy in the waves decreases; onshore and near shore wave power stations, therefore, do not take full advantage of the amount of energy that waves in deeper water produce. In addition, there are a limited number of suitable sites for onshore and near shore systems and there are environmental and possible aesthetic issues with these wave power stations due to their size and location at or near the seashore.

Our Products

We offer two types of PowerBuoy systems: our utility PowerBuoy system, which is designed to supply electricity to a local or regional electric power grid, and our autonomous PowerBuoy system, which is designed to generate power for use independent of the power grid in remote locations. Both products use the same PowerBuoy technology. 

Our PowerBuoy system consists of a floating buoy-like device that is loosely moored to the seabed so that it can freely move up and down in response to the rising and falling of the waves, as well as a power take-off device, an electrical generator, a power electronics system and our control system, all of which are sealed in the unit.

The power take-off device converts the mechanical stroking created by the movement of the unit caused by ocean waves into rotational mechanical energy, which, in turn, drives the electrical generator. The power electronics system then conditions the output from the generator into grid-ready electricity. The operation of the PowerBuoy system is controlled by our customized, proprietary control system.

The control system uses sophisticated sensors and an onboard computer to continuously monitor the PowerBuoy subsystems as well as the height, frequency and shape of the waves interacting with the PowerBuoy system. The control system collects data from the sensors and uses proprietary algorithms to electronically adjust the performance of the PowerBuoy system in real-time. By making these electrical adjustments automatically, the PowerBuoy system is able to maximize the amount of usable electricity generated from the waves. We believe that this ability to optimize the performance of the PowerBuoy system in real-time is a significant advantage of our product.

In the event of storm waves larger than 23 feet, the control system for the PowerBuoy automatically locks down the PowerBuoy system and electricity generation is suspended. When the wave heights return to a normal operating range of 23 feet or less, the control system automatically unlocks the PowerBuoy system and electricity generation and transmission recommence. This safety feature prevents the PowerBuoy system from being damaged by the increased amount of energy in storm waves.

Our Mark 3 PowerBuoy system has a maximum diameter of 36 feet near the surface, and is 135 feet long, with approximately 30 feet of the PowerBuoy system protruding above the surface of the ocean. At anticipated deployment distances, generally the system has minimal visibility from the shore.

Utility PowerBuoy System

The utility PowerBuoy system is designed to transmit electricity to shore by an underwater power cable, which would then be connected to a power grid. Our utility PowerBuoy system presently being marketed to customers, the Mark 3, drives a peak rated generator of 866 kW. The utility PowerBuoy system is designed to be positioned in water with a depth of 100 to 200 feet, which can usually be found one to five miles offshore. This depth allows the system to capture meaningful amounts of energy from the waves, since decreasing water depth depletes the energy in the waves.

The mooring system for keeping a utility PowerBuoy system in position connects it by lines to three floats that, in turn, are connected by lines to three anchors. This is a well-established mooring system, referred to as three-point mooring, which we have improved upon with various techniques that reduce cost and deployment time.

We refer to the entire utility power generation system at one location as a wave power station, which can either be comprised of a single PowerBuoy system or an integrated array of PowerBuoy systems connected by our USP to an underwater cable to transmit the electricity to shore. Our system is designed to be scalable, as multiple PowerBuoy units can be integrated to create a wave power station with a larger output capacity. An array of PowerBuoy systems would likely be configured in three staggered rows parallel to the incoming wave front to form a long rectangle. This staggered arrangement would maximize the level of wave energy that the wave power station can capture.

We are also exploring the use of our utility PowerBuoy system for applications that include generating electricity for desalination of water, water treatment and natural resource processing. In these instances, the power generated by the utility PowerBuoy system would bypass the grid and be delivered directly to the point of electricity consumption for these special applications.

Status of Utility PowerBuoy System

Ocean trials of our first Mark 3 PowerBuoy were conducted in 2011. These ocean trials were conducted at a site approximately 33 nautical miles from Invergordon, off Scotland’s northeast coast. Our utility scale Mark 3 structure and mooring system achieved independent certification from Lloyd’s Register.

We completed the successful in-ocean trials of our USP in October 2009. The USP, based on our proprietary design, has been developed to facilitate the collection, networking and transforming of power and data generated by multiple offshore energy devices. The USP has been built as an open platform, and can provide connectivity for the PowerBuoy as well as other offshore energy systems developed by other companies.

In September 2010, working in conjunction with the US Navy, our 40kW-rated PowerBuoy located at Marine Corps Base Hawaii became the first-ever grid connected wave energy device in the United States. This PowerBuoy was deployed from December 2009 to January 2012.

Our product development and engineering efforts are focused primarily on increasing energy output, reliability and scalability of the design of our utility PowerBuoy system with the goal of generating electricity from our technology at a levelized cost of energy consistent with other alternative sources of energy. Currently we are marketing our Mark 3 PowerBuoys. We have also initiated product development efforts in connection with our Mark 4 PowerBuoy that will drive a peak rated generator of 2.4 MW. Development of the Mark 4’s major subsystems is in progress, and wave tank tests of models have been performed. Assuming we are able to reach significant annual manufacturing volume levels of our Mark 4 PowerBuoy systems and increase the energy output of our PowerBuoy systems, we believe we will be able to offer a renewable electricity solution that competes with other existing renewable energy systems and, in certain cases, with existing fossil fuel systems in key markets.

If we achieve economies of scale for our Mark 3 PowerBuoy systems and improve energy conversion efficiencies, we expect them to be able to provide a renewable electricity solution that competes in certain local markets where wave energy resources are very strong, where the current retail price of electricity is relatively high, or where sufficient subsidies are available.

Autonomous PowerBuoy System

The autonomous PowerBuoy system is based on similar technology to the utility PowerBuoy system, but is designed for persistent electricity generation of relatively low amounts of continuous power for use independent of the power grid, in remote deep-ocean locations. The autonomous PowerBuoy range of products has rated continuous output from 10 watts to 350 watts, depending on the application. In addition, the Mark 3 may be utilized in an autonomous mode. Our autonomous PowerBuoy system is designed to operate anywhere in the ocean and in any depth of water.

We believe there are a variety of potential applications for this system, including homeland security, offshore oil and gas platforms, aquaculture and ocean-based communication and data gathering such as for tsunami warnings and seismic surveys. 

Status of Autonomous PowerBuoy System

We received a contract from the US Navy to provide our PowerBuoy to the LEAP program. The LEAP program has been established to enhance the US Navy's anti-terrorism and force protection capability by providing persistent power at sea for port maritime surveillance in near coast, harbor, and offshore areas. In September 2010, the US Navy provided $2.75 million in additional funding to us for the second stage of this program. During the first stage of the LEAP program, we successfully completed delivery of the design and on-land testing of a new power take-off system for the autonomous LEAP PowerBuoy. In the second stage of the program, we built and in 2011 deployed off the coast of New Jersey a LEAP PowerBuoy structure incorporating that new power take-off system. During its deployment, the system successfully endured Hurricane Irene’s storm force waves as high as 50 feet. The ocean test of the LEAP PowerBuoy further supported the use of our technology as a persistent power source for systems requiring remote power at sea. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has awarded to us a CRADA, which will utilize the same APB-350 Autonomous PowerBuoy as was deployed off the coast of New Jersey in 2011 under the LEAP program. In addition to the radar system payload included under the LEAP program, this next deployment of the APB-350 will include an acoustic sensor array which will expand the maritime surveillance capability.

We also have received several contracts from the US Navy to provide our PowerBuoy technology to a unique program for ocean data gathering. Under this program, the Navy has conducted an ocean test of our autonomous PowerBuoy as the power source for the Navy's Deep Water Active Detection System, and we have completed work under a contract for ocean testing by the Navy of an advanced version of the autonomous PowerBuoy for the Navy's operational requirements.

Our Competitive Advantages

We believe that our technology for generating electricity from wave energy and our commercial relationships give us several potential competitive advantages in the renewable energy market.

Our PowerBuoy system uses an ocean-tested technology to generate electricity. 

Our PowerBuoy system's grid connection has been certified and one of our PowerBuoys has been successfully connected to a grid. 

Our PowerBuoy system design is efficient in harnessing wave energy. 

Numerous potential sites for our wave power stations are located near major population centers worldwide. 

We have significant commercial relationships. 

Our systems are environmentally benign and aesthetically non-intrusive. 

Customers/Projects

The table below shows the percentage of our revenue we derived from significant customers for the periods indicated:

These revenues were largely for the support of our product development efforts. Our goal in the future is that an increased portion of our revenues be from the sale of products and maintenance services, as compared to revenue to support our product development efforts.

Our potential customer base for our utility PowerBuoy systems consists of public utilities, independent power producers and other governmental entities and agencies. Our potential customer base for our autonomous PowerBuoy systems consists of different public and private entities that use electricity in and near the ocean. Our efforts to identify new customers are concentrated on four geographic markets: the west coast of North America, the west coast of Europe, the coasts of Australia and the east coast of Japan.

Australia

In December 2008, we announced a Joint Development Agreement with Leighton Contractors Pty. Ltd. (Leighton) for the development of wave power projects off the east and south coasts of Australia. In 2009, Leighton formed Victorian Wave Partners Pty. Ltd. (VWP), a special purpose company for the development of a 19MW (62.5 MW peak generator rating) wave power project off the coast of Victoria, Australia. In November 2009, we announced that VWP was awarded an A$66.5 million (approximately US$62 million) grant from the Federal Government of Australia for the wave power project. The grant is subject to certain terms, including development and funding milestones, which require significant additional funding to enable the receipt of the grant funds and the completion of the project.

In March 2012, our Australian subsidiary Ocean Power Technologies (Australasia) Pty. Ltd acquired 100% ownership of Victorian Wave Partners from Leighton.

In July 2012, we entered into a teaming agreement with Lockheed Martin with the goal of developing the VWP wave energy project in Australia. In order to expedite development of this project, Lockheed Martin plans to assist us with PowerBuoy design and manufacturability, lead the production and system integration of the wave energy converters, and support overall program management. We are assessing various financing opportunities for the project as well as potential power purchase agreements with local industry and utilities.

We are in discussion with the Commonwealth agency that is managing the grant, Australian Renewable Energy Agency, regarding variations to the grant’s funding deed proposed by us and progress toward funding milestones. We have engaged a financial advisor to assist with the negotiations pertaining to power purchase agreements and for financing of Stage 1 of this planned three-stage project.

Japan

In the fiscal year ended April 30, 2013 we worked with Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding under a contract worth ¥70 million (approximately US$0.7 million). This contract funded additional work to enhance our PowerBuoy technology for Japanese sea conditions. We analyzed methods to maximize buoy power capture as well as modeling and wave tank testing. We and Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding also evaluated novel mooring strategies. In fiscal year 2014, we expect a decision to be made on the next steps toward ocean trials of a demonstration PowerBuoy off the coast of Japan. This initial buoy would provide the basis for a potential build-out of a commercial-scale wave power station in Japan.

Reedsport, Oregon Project

Our plan has been to deploy a single, non-grid connected Mark 3 PowerBuoy off the coast of Reedsport, Oregon. This PowerBuoy was to be the first PowerBuoy in a prospective build out of a 1.5 megawatt grid-connected wave power station for 10 PowerBuoys at that location.

We received a License from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in August 2012 which authorized installation and operation of a grid connected wave energy array. The License was the culmination of negotiation and collaboration between us and stakeholders which resulted in the execution of a comprehensive settlement agreement among us and 13 federal and state agencies and non-governmental agencies in July 2010 (“Settlement Agreement”). This first-ever wave energy settlement agreement was reached after extensive technical, policy, and legal discussions regarding appropriate prevention, mitigation and enhancement measures, and study requirements. It covers a broad array of resource areas including aquatic resources, water quality, recreation, public safety, crabbing and fishing, terrestrial resources and cultural resources. The Settlement Agreement includes an Adaptive Management Plan to identify and implement environmental studies that may be required, and to provide a blueprint for the application of this new information as the wave power station develops. In negotiating the Settlement Agreement, we anticipated that we would deploy a single, non-grid connected buoy prior to obtaining the FERC License and subject to separate approvals from the US Army Corp of Engineers, National Marine Fisheries Service, Oregon Department of State Lands and others to ensure the legal and safe deployment and operation of the buoy. This buoy was not deployed prior to FERC’s issuance of the License nor immediately thereafter as had been planned.

FERC staff informed us in February 2013 of their view that the License’s various planning, reporting and other pre- and post-deployment requirements may extend to this first, non-grid connected buoy. In May 2013, we filed a Motion for Extensions to Comply with License Requirements with FERC. This motion sought to move those various requirements into the future, aligning them with deployment of the full array of 10 PowerBuoys, so that they would not apply to the first non-grid connected buoy. In June 2013, FERC issued an order extending certain requirements for one year rather than aligning those requirements with the 10-buoy array as requested. By separate letter, we were informed by the FERC staff that the agency’s position remains that the License’s various requirements extend to the deployment of this initial buoy, and that we may request an amendment of its License seeking to modify various requirements. Pending ultimate resolution of this matter, we may be required to submit certain reports and perform additional studies associated with the first buoy. This process will require significant delay of the deployment of the first PowerBuoy, as well as impose additional costs on us. We continue to evaluate various options in response to the FERC staff’s position; however, absent a successful request by us either challenging FERC’s jurisdiction or seeking to modify the License to alleviate some or all of these new requirements, we will have to comply with the current License in the first buoy deployment.

We intend to seek additional funding specific to this project for deployment of this PowerBuoy in view of costs associated with regulatory issues and weather delays. Deployment of this initial buoy will depend on resolution of these financial and regulatory issues, and such deployment is expected to be delayed beyond calendar 2013.

Previous milestones in connection with this project include the following:

Mark 4 PowerBuoy

In April 2010, we received a $1.5 million award from the DOE for the development of our next generation Mark 4 PowerBuoy wave power system. In the fiscal year ended April 30, 2011, we received awards of an additional $4.7 million for development of the Mark 4, $2.4 million from the DOE and $2.3 million from the UK Government’s Technology Strategy Board. We are using proceeds from these grants to help fund the scale-up of the power output per PowerBuoy. In addition, the technology development effort will focus on increasing the power extraction efficiency and reliability. Further design of the Mark 4 PowerBuoy and major subsystems are in progress, and wave tank tests of the models have been performed.

US Navy:

LEAP – APB-350

In September 2009, we received $2.4 million from the US Navy for the first stage of a contract to provide our PowerBuoy to the Navy's LEAP program. In September 2010, the US Navy awarded $2.75 million in additional funding to us for the second stage of this program. The LEAP program is being developed to enhance the US Navy's anti-terrorism and force protection capability by providing persistent power at sea for port maritime surveillance in the near coast, harbor, piers and offshore areas. During the first stage of the LEAP program, we successfully completed delivery of the design and on-land testing of a new power take-off system for the autonomous LEAP PowerBuoy. In the second stage of the program, we built and deployed a LEAP PowerBuoy structure, incorporating that new power take-off system. The LEAP system was deployed in 2011 by a US Coast Guard vessel and was ocean-tested approximately 20 miles off the coast of New Jersey. It was integrated with the Rutgers University-operated land-based radar network that provides ocean current mapping data for the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and US Coast Guard search and rescue operations. The ocean test of the LEAP vessel detection system demonstrated dual-use capability of the radar network and helped to verify our technology as a persistent power source for systems requiring remote power at sea. The LEAP PowerBuoy continued to operate during Hurricane Irene. We were awarded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, or CRADA, which will utilize the same APB-350 Autonomous PowerBuoy as was deployed off the coast of New Jersey in 2011 under the LEAP program.

Scotland Project

In 2007, we received a $1.8 million contract from the Scottish Executive toward the construction and testing of a Mark 3 grid-connected PowerBuoy system. Ocean trials of that PowerBuoy were conducted in 2011. These ocean trials were conducted at a site approximately 33 nautical miles from Invergordon, off Scotland’s northeast coast. Our utility scale Mark 3 structure and mooring system has achieved independent certification from Lloyd’s Register. This certification from Lloyd’s Register confirms that the Mark 3 design complies with the requirements of Lloyd’s 1999 Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Floating Offshore Installations at Fixed Locations.

We are seeking a customer for the commercial utilization of the buoy, including its deployment at various potential sites.

Spain:

WavePort Project

In March 2010, we announced the award of €2.2 million under the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) by the European Commission's Directorate responsible for new and renewable sources of energy, energy efficiency and innovation. This grant is part of a total award of €4.5 million to a consortium of companies, including us, to deliver a PowerBuoy wave energy device under a project entitled WavePort, with an innovative wave prediction capability and a "wave-by-wave" tuning system. It is anticipated that the PowerBuoy will be deployed at a site on the north coast of Spain. We commenced work under this grant in fiscal 2012.

During fiscal 2013, OPT completed testing of the innovative modular power take-off system for the PowerBuoy. This work demonstrated improved efficiencies of the system. In addition, construction of various parts of the PowerBuoy was completed. It is anticipated that the PowerBuoy will be deployed at a site off the north coast of Spain, along with other components of the project to be provided by members of the consortium.

2006 Spain Project

In July 2006, after exploratory studies were conducted, Iberdrola Energias Marinas de Cantabria, S.A., or Iberdrola Cantabria, was formed for the purpose of constructing and operating a wave power station off the coast of Santoña, Spain. Iberdrola Energias Renovables II, S.A. (Iberdrola Energias), an affiliate of Iberdrola, is the largest shareholder of Iberdrola Cantabria. Minority shareholders include us, Sociedad para el Desarrollo Regional de Cantabria, S.A., or SODERCAN, which is the industrial development agency of the Spanish region of Cantabria, Total Eolica, an affiliate of Total S.A., and Instituto para la Diversificacion y Ahorro de la Energia, S.A. (IDAE), a Spanish government agency dedicated to energy conservation and diversification efforts. Funding is shared among the shareholders based on agreed-upon percentages that reflect the parties' anticipated ownership interest in the wave power station. We own 10% of Iberdrola Cantabria.

In July 2006, we entered into an agreement for the first phase of the construction of a wave power station with our customer, Iberdrola Cantabria (2006 Spain Construction Agreement). In January 2007, the parties entered into a corresponding operations and maintenance agreement. Under the construction agreement, we agreed to manufacture and deploy one 40kW rated PowerBuoy system and the ocean-based substation and infrastructure required to connect nine additional Mark 3 PowerBuoy systems by December 31, 2009. The terms of the construction of the nine additional PowerBuoy units and the installation of the underwater transmission cable and underwater substation pod were not covered by the construction agreement and were to be separately agreed upon.

The initial PB40 PowerBuoy system for this project was deployed in September 2008. After a short testing period, the buoy was removed from the water for work on improvements to the power take-off and control systems. In November 2010, we agreed to negotiate with Iberdrola Cantabria with the goal of cancelling the remaining obligations between the parties under the construction and operations and maintenance agreements, transferring ownership of the equipment manufactured or purchased by us under the construction agreement to Iberdrola Cantabria, and having Iberdrola Cantabria pay certain amounts due to us. Negotiations are underway for such efforts and are still ongoing. If no modification to the 2006 Spain Construction Agreement is agreed to by the parties, the customer may, subject to certain conditions in the agreement, terminate the agreement without the obligation to make further milestone payments and, potentially, collect reimbursement for direct damages, limited as specified in the construction agreement, for the failure of the PowerBuoy to meet certain performance thresholds. We do not expect the termination of the 2006 Spain Construction Agreement or potential liability for damages to materially adversely affect our financial condition.

United Kingdom

In February 2006, we received approval from the UK Government’s Technology Strategy Board to install a demonstration wave power station off the coast of Cornwall, England as part of TSB’s "Wave Hub" project, a planned offshore facility for demonstrating and testing wave energy generation devices. TSB has obtained the necessary permits for this Wave Hub project, and the project received over £40 million of funding for construction of the Wave Hub infrastructure, which was completed during 2010. We are seeking funding for the deployment of our PowerBuoy systems at this site.

Backlog

 At April 30, 2013, our total negotiated backlog was $3.8 million compared with $6.8 million at April 30, 2012. We anticipate that the majority of our backlog will be recognized as revenue over a period exceeding 12 months. The decrease in backlog is a result of revenue recognized during the period offset by new orders during fiscal 2013 of $0.8 million and changes in foreign currency of $0.2 million. New orders during fiscal 2013 included an approximately $0.7 million contract from Mitsui Shipbuilding & Engineering to further work towards development of the Company’s PowerBuoy technology for application in Japanese sea conditions. A portion of our backlog at April 30, 2013, is for our Oregon project, and we intend to seek additional funding to enable completion of this project. Most of our backlog at April 30, 2013 and 2012 consisted of cost-sharing contracts as described in the Financial Operations Overview section of the Management’s Discussion and Analysis included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our backlog can include both funded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders for our products and services for which funding has been both authorized and appropriated by the customer (Congress, in the case of US Government agencies) and unfunded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders from the US Department of Energy (DOE) for which funding has not been appropriated. If any of our contracts were to be terminated, our backlog would be reduced by the expected value of the remaining terms of such contracts. Funded backlog was $3.8 million and $4.8 million at April 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

The amount of contract backlog is not necessarily indicative of future revenue because modifications to or terminations of present contracts and production delays can provide additional revenue or reduce anticipated revenue. A substantial majority of our revenue is recognized using the percentage-of-completion method, and changes in estimates from time to time may have a significant effect on revenue and backlog. Our backlog is also typically subject to large variations from time to time due to the timing of new awards.

Our Business Strategy

Our business goals are to strengthen our leadership in developing wave energy technologies and to achieve commercial status for our utility and autonomous product lines. In order to achieve these goals, we are pursuing the following business strategies:

Marketing and Sales

We are developing our sales capabilities and have begun commercial marketing and selling of our PowerBuoy systems. Because our products use a new technology, the decision process of a customer requires us to make substantial educational efforts.

In addition to our own direct sales, we will continue to enter into development agreements and strategic alliances with regional utility and energy companies committed to providing electricity from renewable energy sources. We plan to leverage these relationships to sell and market our PowerBuoy wave power stations to these companies and their affiliates and to other customers in the region. We plan to expand our relationships by entering into long-term operations and maintenance contracts to support completed wave power stations. In order to penetrate certain international markets, we plan to implement marketing strategies that respond to local market demands. In particular markets, we may grant licenses to local businesses to sell, manufacture or operate PowerBuoy wave power stations.

In 2012, we established a new business unit to assess, target and develop opportunities in the potential markets for our autonomous PowerBuoys.

Utility PowerBuoy System Marketing

We plan to market our utility PowerBuoy systems to utilities and independent power producers interested in adding electricity generated from renewable sources to their existing electricity supply. In addition, we are exploring the use of our utility PowerBuoy systems for applications that include desalination of water, water treatment and natural resource processing. In these instances, the power generated by the utility PowerBuoy system would bypass the grid and be delivered directly to the point of electricity consumption for these special applications.

We expect to be able to use the availability of subsidies and other incentives to market the electricity generated by wave power stations as an alternative to fossil fuel generated electricity. We plan to educate potential customers on the availability of these incentives and, where appropriate, work with them to prepare and file the necessary applications, select sites to meet program requirements and take advantage of these incentives.

Autonomous PowerBuoy System Marketing

There are a variety of potential customers, such as companies within the offshore oil and gas industry, the US Department of Homeland Security and US Department of Defense, and similar governmental agencies in other countries that have specific needs for off-grid power generation that can be supplied by our autonomous PowerBuoy system. Potential applications for off-grid power supply include homeland security, offshore oil and gas platforms, and ocean-based communication and data gathering such as for tsunami warnings.

Manufacturing and Deployment

Manufacturing and Raw Materials

We engage in two types of manufacturing activities: the manufacturing of the high value-added components, or "smart part" power take-off modules, for systems control, power generation and power conversion for each PowerBuoy system, and the contracting to outside companies for the fabrication of the buoy-like structure, anchoring and mooring, and cabling.

Our core in-house manufacturing activity is the assembly and testing of the power generation and control modules at our Pennington, New Jersey facility. The power generation and control modules include the critical electrical and electronic systems that convert the mechanical energy into usable electrical energy. The sensors and control systems use sophisticated technology to monitor ocean conditions and automatically optimize the performance of the PowerBuoy system in response to those changing conditions. We have a portfolio of patents, including those that cover our power generation, power conversion and control technologies. Due to the critical and proprietary nature of these systems, we do not outsource their assembly and testing. After a generator and control module passes our rigorous quality control procedures, it is transported as a ready-to-install subsystem to the project site.

We purchase the remaining components of, and raw materials for, each PowerBuoy system from various vendors. Currently, we contract for these components on a project-by-project basis. We conduct a bidding process to select a supplier with the optimal combination of price, delivery terms and quality. Our goal is to develop ongoing relationships with select vendors centrally located in different regions, which will allow us to reduce unit costs as our volume increases. We provide specifications to each vendor, and they are responsible for performing quality analysis and quality control over the course of construction, subject to our review of the quality test procedures and results. After each vendor completes testing of the component, it is transported ready-to-install to the project site.

Upon arrival at the project site, the generator and control modules are integrated with the balance of the components of the PowerBuoy system. We are highly dependent on our third-party suppliers; however, we actively manage key steps in the supply chain. We act as the general contractor, and retain the ultimate responsibility for building the PowerBuoy wave power station, and installing, testing and deploying the complete wave power station at the project site. This process requires significant project and contract management by us. We currently employ individuals who have experience with all aspects of both the manufacturing and engineering contracting processes, and demonstrated organizational capabilities in these critical areas.

Deployment

For our existing and currently planned deployments, we purchase from subcontractors the mooring system and cables needed to install the PowerBuoy system and connect it to either the power grid or a remote power site. The vendor usually transports these components to the project site.

Each step in the deployment process for our existing and currently planned deployments is outsourced to subcontractors located near the project site. First the mooring system, consisting of floats, anchors and chains, is brought to the wave power station's ultimate ocean location by workboats or barges. At the same time, the cable to transmit the generated electricity is laid by a subcontractor. Next, the PowerBuoy system is towed to the ocean location and fixed to the mooring system. The PowerBuoy system is then connected to the USP, which in turn is connected to the grid or the distributed power site. At this point, the fully assembled PowerBuoy would be ready for final testing and operation. An array of PowerBuoys would be installed using a similar approach, but would add the deployment of the USP to serve as an aggregator for the energy output of multiple PowerBuoys.

We expect that the subcontractor services required for deployment of a wave power station will be readily available in the locations where we currently plan to deploy our systems, although we are dependent on third parties for the entire process. We actively manage each step with personnel who have significant project management and deployment experience. 

Research and Development

Our research and development team consists of employees with a broad range of experience in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, hydrodynamics and systems engineering. We engage in extensive research and development efforts to improve PowerBuoy efficiency, reliability and power output and to reduce manufacturing cost and complexity. Our research and development efforts are currently focused on increasing the output and reliability of our utility PowerBuoy system including the Mark 3 PowerBuoy system and to our research and development of new products, product applications and complementary technologies. We are also conducting research on improvements to our current technology.

Research and development expenses are reflected on our consolidated statements of operations as product development costs. Research and development expenses were $7.3 million for fiscal 2013 and $8.3 million for fiscal 2012.

We are currently working on the design for our Mark 4 PowerBuoy. The key to increasing the energy output of the PowerBuoy system is to increase the system's efficiency as well as its wave energy capture diameter. If we increase the size and efficiency of the wave capture portion of the PowerBuoy system, we will be able to increase the amount of wave energy the system can capture and, in turn, increase the output of the system. For example, if we double the float's diameter, we will approximately quadruple its power capacity. We believe that we will be able to further increase the output capacity of the PowerBuoy system using technology that we are developing, as well as our work on design, manufacture, testing and deployment of the higher capacity systems. We are exploring design and construction techniques that will enable the larger PowerBuoy systems to be deployed cost effectively and safely without damage. For example, our complete 40kW-rated PowerBuoy systems are transported to the onshore deployment sites using standard flatbed trucks; however, the fully-assembled Mark 3 PowerBuoy systems are too large for these trucks and need to be transported in modules and assembled on-site. In addition, we will need to adjust the mooring system to account for the larger-sized PowerBuoy systems.

We also plan to continue our technology development of specific applications for our PowerBuoy systems to expand our growth opportunities. For example, we are exploring applications that would allow our PowerBuoys to provide power for desalination of water, water treatment and natural resource processing.

It is our intent to fund the majority of our research and development expenses, including cost sharing obligations under some of our customer contracts, over the next several years with sources of external funding. If we are unable to obtain external funding, we may curtail our research and development expenses.

Intellectual Property

We believe that our technology differentiates us from other providers of wave and other renewable energy technologies. As a result, our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our products, technology and know-how, to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing United States and foreign patent applications related to our proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, and continuing technological innovation and may rely on licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position.

As of April 30, 2013, we owned a total of 52 issued United States patents and 16 United States patent applications. We have pending foreign counterparts to 23 of our issued patents and 13 of our pending non-provisional patent applications.

Our patent portfolio includes patents and patent applications with claims directed to: 

The expiration dates for our issued United States patents range from 2013 to 2028. We do not consider any single patent or patent application that we hold to be material to our business. The patent positions of companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our technology will depend on our success in continuing to obtain effective patent claims and enforcing those claims once granted. In addition, certain technologies that we developed with US federal government funding are subject to certain government rights as described in "Risk Factors — Risks Related to Intellectual Property."

We use trademarks on nearly all of our products and believe that having distinctive marks is an important factor in marketing our products. We have registered our PowerBuoy^®, Talk on Water^®, CellBuoy^® and PowerTower^® marks and our Making Waves in Power^® service mark in the United States. Trademark ownership is generally of indefinite duration when marks are properly maintained in commercial use.

Competition

We compete and will compete with power generation equipment suppliers in all segments of the electric power industry, including wave energy, other forms of renewable energy and traditional fossil fuel. The renewable energy industry is both highly competitive and continually evolving as participants strive to differentiate themselves within their markets and compete within the larger electric power industry. Many of our competitors in certain of these segments have established a stronger market position than ours and have greater resources and name recognition than we have. In addition, there are many companies, including some of the largest multinational energy companies, that are developing or sponsoring innovative technologies for renewable energy production. Accordingly, our success depends in part on developing and demonstrating the commercial viability of wave energy solutions and identifying markets for and applications of our PowerBuoy systems and technology.

Although the market for equipment that generates electricity from wave energy is in its early stage of commercial development, there are a number of private companies, some with institutional funding, developing technologies to generate electricity from wave energy, and we compete or will compete with them. We believe there are over 75 companies worldwide developing wave energy technologies. Many of these companies are located in the United Kingdom, continental Europe, the United States and Australia, and most are focused on offshore systems. Only a few of these companies, like ourselves, have conducted long-term ocean testing of their systems, which is the critical factor in proving the survivability and performance of any wave energy system.

To compete effectively, we have to demonstrate that our PowerBuoy systems are attractive, compared to other wave energy systems and other renewable energy systems, by differentiating our systems on the basis of performance, survivability in operation and storm wave conditions, cost effectiveness and the operations and maintenance services that we provide. We believe that we compare favorably to our competition with respect to each of these factors.

Government Regulation

The electric power industry is subject to extensive regulation, which varies by jurisdiction. For example, the electricity industry in the United States is governed by both federal and state laws and regulations, with the federal government having jurisdiction over the sale and transmission of electricity at the wholesale level in interstate commerce, and the states having jurisdiction over the sale and distribution of electricity at the retail level. The electricity industry in the EU is primarily governed by national law, but a number of EU-level regulations impose obligations on member states, notably with respect to the liberalization of the electricity markets.

The renewable energy industry has also been subject to increasing regulation, however none of the countries in which we are currently marketing our PowerBuoy systems have comprehensive regulatory schemes tailored to wave energy. As the renewable energy industry continues to evolve and as the wave energy industry in particular develops, we anticipate that wave energy technology and our PowerBuoy systems and their deployment will be subject to increased oversight and regulation in accordance with international, national and local regulations relating to safety, sites, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering and related matters.

Our PowerBuoy wave power stations currently face regulation in the US and in foreign jurisdictions concerning, among other areas, the sale and transmission of electricity, site approval and environmental approval and compliance. In order to encourage the adoption of renewable energy systems, many governments offer subsidies and other financial incentives and have mandated renewable energy targets. These subsidies, incentives and targets may not be applicable to our wave energy technology and therefore may not be available to us or our customers.

Sale and Transmission of Electricity

The US government regulates the electricity wholesale and transmission business through FERC. FERC regulates the rates and terms for sales of electricity at the wholesale level, and the organization, governance and financing of the companies engaged in electricity sales. As a result, FERC regulates the rates charged for sales of electric power from a wave power station into the wholesale market, although it is possible to obtain an exemption from FERC that would allow those sales to occur at market-based rates. FERC also regulates the construction, operation and maintenance of any dam, water conduit, reservoir or powerhouse along or in any of the navigable waters of the United States for the purpose of generating electric power. As a result, the construction and operation of a wave power station in the United States requires the issuance of a license by FERC. In July 2007, we filed a Pre-Application Document and Notice of Intent with FERC for the Reedsport project, which provides notice of our intent to seek a license for the Reedsport power station and information regarding the project. In February 2010, we filed with FERC a full application to build, deploy and connect to the grid a 10-PowerBuoy array (1.5MW). In March 2011, FERC granted us a second preliminary permit to continue to evaluate the feasibility of the Reedsport project. We believe these filings were the first Pre-Application Document, Notice of Intent, and full License Application filed by a wave power company. We received the License from FERC in August 2012 which authorizes installation and operation of a grid connected wave energy array and cable at Reedsport, Oregon. The sale and transmission of electricity outside the US is also subject to governmental rules and regulations.

Site Approval

Generally, we expect that we will deploy our PowerBuoy systems in the range of one to five miles from the shore, subject to water depth and overall wave heights. Although regulations regarding the use of ocean space vary around the world, we generally do not expect significant delay in obtaining site approvals, as governments have to date encouraged the use of renewable energy sources.

In the United States, federal agencies regulate the siting of renewable energy and related-uses located on the outer continental shelf, which is generally more than three miles offshore. For projects located within three miles of the US shore, the adjacent state would be responsible for issuing a lease and other required authorizations for the location of the project. In either case, an assessment of the potential environmental impact of the project would be conducted in addition to other requirements.

Environmental Approval and Compliance

We are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things: the generation, storage, handling, use and transportation of hazardous materials; the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; and the health and safety of our employees. In addition, in the United States, the construction and operation of a power system offshore would require permits and approvals from FERC, the Coast Guard, the Army Corps of Engineers and other governmental authorities. These required permits and approvals evaluate, among other things, whether the proposed project is in the public interest and ensure that the project would not create a hazard to navigation. Other foreign and international laws may require similar approvals.

We believe that a significant advantage of our PowerBuoy systems is that they do not present significant environmental risks when compared to traditional power generation technologies, as there is no significant visual or audible impact and such systems have not been shown to have a significant negative effect on fish or sea mammals. We are not aware of any liabilities in connection with compliance with such laws, regulations, permits and approvals that would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Subsidies and Incentives

Several governments have enacted subsidies and incentives designed to encourage the development of renewable energy resources. Because of the relative novelty of wave energy generation, these government programs often do not apply specifically to wave energy generation, and so these programs may not be available to our customers or us in all cases.

Under a tariff subsidy, the government sets price subsidies to be paid to electricity producers for renewable electricity generated by them. The prices are set above market rates and may be differentiated based on system size or application. Under a renewable portfolio standard, the government requires regulated utilities to supply a portion of their total electricity in the form of renewable electricity. Some programs further specify that a portion of the renewable energy quota must be from a particular renewable energy source, although none have specific quotas for wave energy. Several governments also facilitate low interest loans for renewable energy systems, either through direct lending, credit enhancement or other programs.

Countries in Europe and Asia and several states in the United States have adopted a variety of government subsidies to allow renewable sources of electricity to compete with conventional sources of electricity, such as fossil fuels. Government subsidies and incentives generally focus on grid-connected systems and take several forms, including tariff subsidies, renewable portfolio standards, rebates, tax incentives and low interest loans. In addition, the adoption by governments of limits on carbon dioxide emissions and targets for renewable energy production has spurred a market for trading of surplus carbon credits and renewable energy certificates.

In 2008, the US enacted the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, which enables owners of wave power projects in the US to receive federal tax credits, thereby improving the long-term economics of wave power as a renewable energy source. The Act expands the definition of qualifying facilities for the Production Tax Credit (PTC) to include those that generate power from marine renewables (including wave and tidal sources). As a result, the PTC is now available for electricity produced and generated after October 3, 2008 from marine renewable energy facilities with a "nameplate capacity" of at least 150kW, and that are placed in service anytime between October 3, 2008 and December 31, 2013. The credit rate for marine renewables is $0.01 per kilowatt hour, and the duration of the credit will be ten years after the facility is placed in service. The PTC legislation is scheduled to expire at the end of 2013.

Each of the member states of the EU has a country-specific target for the level of consumption of electricity from renewable sources that it should attain by 2020. The United Kingdom Renewables Obligation of April 2002 included a target of 15% of electricity generation to come from renewable sources by 2015, which will continue until 2027. Electricity suppliers that are unable to otherwise meet their renewables obligation have to pay a buy-out price (currently £0.033 per kilowatt hour) or purchase Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROC) from companies that generate electricity from renewable resources. 

The UK Department of Energy and Climate Change is examining measures for the support of the renewable energy market.  In 2011, the UK Government announced new policies on Electricity Market Reform (EMR) which included, among other measures, a floor price for carbon for electricity generators. Additionally, it is anticipated that specific funding will be made available for both capital and revenue support for marine energy (wave and tidal stream) projects.  In 2017, the existing ROC regime for revenue support will be replaced by a feed-in-tariff system based on a Contract for Difference mechanism, which will ensure a fixed revenue for renewable generators, regardless of the market price for “brown” power.  Consultation on the exact structure of the mechanism is ongoing at this time.

In 2011, the Australian Government passed a Carbon Tax Law, which set the initial carbon price at A$23 per ton. Revenue from this tax will fund A$10 billion to invest in renewable energy, low pollution and energy efficiency technologies, A$3.2 billion to support R&D, demonstration and commercialization of renewable energy and A$200 million to support business development of clean technologies. Other similar programs are currently in place in Australia, but are subject to amendment with possible changes in Government leadership.

Many countries and other local jurisdictions have established limits on carbon dioxide emissions. In particular, a key component of the Kyoto Protocol is the commitments made by certain countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The country, locality or companies within the jurisdiction are given carbon emission allowances, or carbon credits, which represent the right to emit a specific amount of carbon dioxide. A country, locality or company having emissions that exceed its allocated carbon credits may purchase unused carbon credits from a country, locality or company that has reduced its emissions beyond its requirements to do so. The carbon dioxide emissions from a PowerBuoy wave power station are zero, and, therefore, a PowerBuoy wave power station may generate carbon credits that could be used and sold.

Employees

As of April 30, 2013, we had 34 full-time employees. Of these employees, 28 are located in Pennington, New Jersey and 6 are located in Warwick, UK. We believe that our future success will depend in part on our continued ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel. None of our employees is represented by a labor union, and we believe our employee relations are good.

Product Insurance

We currently have a property and liability insurance policy underwritten by Lloyd's Underwriters that covers the deployment and storage of our PowerBuoy systems.

ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and in prior reports pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. If any of the following risks actually occur, they may materially harm our business and our financial condition and results of operations. In this event, the market price of our common stock could decline and your investment could be lost.

Risks Relating to Our Business

We may not be able to raise sufficient capital to continue to operate our business.

We have incurred negative operating cash flows since our inception. We will require additional equity and/or debt financing. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, our ability to operate and grow our business could be impaired. We do not know whether we will be able to secure additional funding or funding on terms favorable to us. Our ability to obtain additional funding will be subject to a number of factors, including market conditions, our operating performance and investor sentiment. These factors may make additional funding unavailable, or the timing, amount, terms and conditions of additional funding unattractive. If we issue additional equity securities, our existing stockholders would experience dilution or may be subordinated to any rights, preferences or privileges granted to the new equity holders.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2013, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 in order to allow us to access the capital markets. More recently, we have entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement, or ATM Agreement, with Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC (“Ascendiant”). Under the ATM Agreement, we may sell and issue from time to time, through Ascendiant as sales agent and/or principal, shares of common stock at prevailing market prices in ordinary brokerage transactions. The sale of common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement, or of other equity or convertible securities, would be dilutive to our stockholders. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of preferred stock or debt securities, these securities could have rights senior to those associated with our common stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us. If we are unable to obtain required financing, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned product development and commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and the market value of our common stock.

If we are unable to obtain financing to meet the requirements of government or other grants, we may be unable to continue the development of our business.

Certain of our current projects depend on government grants to fund research and development, testing and deployment of our PowerBuoy systems. Our receipt of funds under these government grants is frequently conditioned on our obtaining other financing as a prerequisite to receiving all or portions of funds under the grant. For example, our VWP project in Australia has received a grant of A$66.5 million from the Australian government, but receipt of funds under this grant is contingent on the ability to raise significant external funds. If we are unable to secure sufficient external funding on a timely basis, a granting agency could determine to withdraw the grant, change the terms of the grant in ways that make the project less attractive for us, or require us to self-fund the project. We may be unable or unwilling to self-fund a project now or in the future, so our projects are subject to the risk of substantial delay or abandonment based on the availability of external funding. Our inability to obtain grants, or to meet funding or performance milestones related to grants we obtain, could jeopardize the particular project and could damage our reputation and our relations with our commercial partners, any of which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We have a history of operating losses and may never achieve or maintain profitability and positive cash flow.

We have incurred net losses since we began operations in 1994, including net losses attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $14.7 million in fiscal 2013 and $15.1 million in fiscal 2012. As of April 30, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $140.7 million. These losses have resulted primarily from costs incurred in our research and development programs and from our selling, general and administrative costs. As we continue to develop our proprietary technologies, we expect to have a net decrease in cash from operating activities unless or until we achieve positive cash flow from the planned commercialization of our products and services.

We do not know whether or when we will become profitable because of the significant uncertainties with respect to our ability to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoy systems in the emerging renewable energy market. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we are unable to achieve and then maintain profitability, the market value of our common stock may decline.

Our future success in the utility power markets depends on our ability to increase the energy output of our utility PowerBuoy system. If we are unable to increase the energy output of our utility PowerBuoy system, the commercial prospects for our utility PowerBuoy system would be adversely affected.

One of our goals is to increase the energy output of our utility PowerBuoy system. Our success in meeting this objective depends on our ability to significantly increase the energy output of our PowerBuoy system in a cost-effective and timely manner and our ability to overcome the engineering and deployment hurdles that we face, including developing design and construction techniques that will enable the larger PowerBuoy systems to be deployed cost effectively and without damage, and designing the mooring system to account for the larger-sized PowerBuoy systems. We have experienced problems and delays in the development and deployment of our PowerBuoy system in the past, and could experience similar delays or other difficulties in the future. If we cannot increase the energy output of the utility PowerBuoy system, or if it takes us longer to do so than we anticipate, we may be unable to expand our utility business, maintain our competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations or become profitable. In addition, if the cost associated with these development efforts exceeds our projections, our results of operations will be adversely affected.

If we do not reach full commercial scale, we may not be able to offer a cost competitive power station and the commercial prospects of our utility PowerBuoy system would be adversely affected.

Unless we reach full commercial scale, we may not be able to offer an electricity solution that competes on a non-subsidized basis with today's price of wholesale electricity in key markets in certain parts in the world. If we do not reach full commercial scale, the commercial prospects for our utility PowerBuoy system would be adversely affected.

Wave energy technology may not gain broad commercial acceptance, and therefore our revenues may not increase, and we may be unable to achieve and then sustain profitability.

Wave energy technology is at an early stage of development, and the extent to which wave energy power generation will be commercially viable is uncertain. Many factors may affect the commercial acceptance of wave energy technology, including the following: 

If wave energy technology does not gain broad commercial acceptance, our business will be materially harmed and we may need to curtail or cease operations.

If sufficient demand for our PowerBuoy systems does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, our revenues may decline, and we may be unable to achieve and then sustain profitability.

Even if wave energy technology achieves broad commercial acceptance, our PowerBuoy systems may not prove to be a commercially viable technology for generating electricity from ocean waves. We have invested a significant portion of our time and financial resources since our inception in the development of our PowerBuoy systems but have not yet achieved successful commercialization of our PowerBuoy systems. As we begin to manufacture, market, sell and deploy our PowerBuoy systems in greater quantities, we may encounter unforeseen hurdles that would limit the commercial viability of our PowerBuoy systems, including unanticipated manufacturing, deployment, operating, maintenance and other costs. Our target customers and we may also encounter technical obstacles to deploying, operating and maintaining PowerBuoy systems in quantities necessary to generate competitively-priced electricity.

If demand for our PowerBuoy systems fails to develop sufficiently, we may be unable to grow our business or generate sufficient revenues to achieve and then sustain profitability. In addition, demand for PowerBuoy systems in our presently targeted markets, including coastal North America, the west coast of Europe, the coasts of Australia and the east coast of Japan, may not develop or may develop to a lesser extent than we anticipate.

If we are not successful in commercializing our PowerBuoy system, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The reduction or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for renewable energy sources could prevent demand for our PowerBuoy systems from developing, which in turn would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Federal, state and local governmental bodies in many countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan and the United States, have provided subsidies in the form of tariff subsidies, rebates, tax credits and other incentives to utilities, power generators and distributors using renewable energy. However, these incentives and subsidies generally decline over time, and many incentive and subsidy programs have specific expiration dates. Moreover, because the market for electricity generated from wave energy is at an early stage of development, some of the programs may not include wave energy as a renewable energy source eligible for the incentives and subsidies.

Currently, the cost of electricity generated from wave energy, without the benefit of subsidies or other economic incentives, substantially exceeds the price of electricity in most significant markets in the world. As a result, the near-term growth of the market opportunity for our utility PowerBuoy systems, which are designed to feed electricity into a local or regional power grid, depends significantly on the availability and size of government incentives and subsidies for wave energy. As renewable energy becomes more of a competitive threat to conventional energy providers, companies active in the conventional energy business may increase their lobbying efforts in order to encourage governments to stop providing subsidies for renewable energy, including wave energy. We cannot predict the level of any such efforts, or how governments may react to such efforts. The reduction, elimination or expiration of government incentives and subsidies, or the exclusion of wave energy technology from those incentives and subsidies, may result in the diminished competitiveness of wave energy relative to conventional and non-wave energy renewable sources of energy. Such diminished competitiveness could materially and adversely affect the growth of the wave energy industry, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our product development costs are substantial and may increase in the future.

Our product development costs primarily relate to our efforts to increase the output, durability and commercial scalability of our utility PowerBuoy system. Our product development costs were $7.3 million in fiscal 2013 and $8.3 million in fiscal 2012. It is our intent to fund the majority of our research and development expenses, including cost sharing obligations under some of our customer contracts, over the next several years with sources of external funding. If we are unable to obtain external funding, we may curtail our research and development expenses. 

We have invested, and will continue to invest, funds to construct demonstration wave power stations that may generate little or no direct revenue.

We have constructed, and may construct in the future, demonstration wave power stations to establish the feasibility of wave energy technology and to encourage the market adoption of our wave power stations. Demonstration wave power stations allow potential customers to see first-hand the viability of wave energy technology as a source of electricity. We incur significant costs in constructing and maintaining these demonstration wave power stations, and we may generate little or no direct revenue from them.

Our PowerBuoy systems do not have a sufficient operating history to confirm how they will perform over their estimated 25-year useful life.

We began developing and testing wave energy technology over 15 years ago. However, to date we have only manufactured 15 PowerBuoy systems for use in ocean testing and development. The longest continuous in-ocean deployment of our PowerBuoy system had been from December 2009 to January 2012. As a result, our PowerBuoy systems do not have a sufficient operating history to confirm how they will perform over their estimated 20 to 25-year useful life. Our technology has not yet demonstrated that our engineering and test results can be duplicated in volume commercial production. We have conducted and plan to continue to conduct practical testing of our PowerBuoy system. If our PowerBuoy system ultimately proves ineffective or unfeasible, we may not be able to engage in commercial production of our products or we may become liable to our customers for quantities we are obligated but are unable to produce. If our PowerBuoy systems perform below expectations, we could lose customers and face substantial repair and replacement expense which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have not yet deployed a wave power station consisting of an array of two or more PowerBuoy systems. Our planned VWP project in Australia contemplates deploying an array of multiple PowerBuoys in one geographic location. Whether we are able to do so, in Australia or elsewhere, is contingent upon, among other things, receipt of required governmental permits, obtaining adequate financing, successful array design implementation and, finally, successful deployment and connection of the PowerBuoy systems.

We have not yet conducted ocean testing or otherwise installed in the ocean a multiple-system wave power station. In particular, unlike single-system wave power stations, multiple-system wave power stations require the use of an underwater substation to connect the power transmission cables from, and collect the electricity generated by, each PowerBuoy system in the array. We have not yet deployed an underwater substation connected to multiple PowerBuoys. If our underwater substation does not work as we anticipate, we would need to design an alternative system, which could delay our business plans. In addition, unanticipated issues may arise with the logistics and mechanics of deploying and maintaining multiple PowerBuoy systems at a single site and the additional equipment associated with these multiple-system wave power stations.

The development and deployment of an array of PowerBuoy systems may require us to incur significant expenses for preliminary engineering, permitting and legal and other expenses before we can determine whether a project is feasible, economically attractive or capable of being financed. We may be unsuccessful in accomplishing any of these tasks or doing so on a timely basis.

If we are unable to deploy larger PowerBuoy systems cost effectively and without damage to the systems, we may be unable to compete effectively.

We will need to build larger buoys in order to increase the output of our current PowerBuoy systems. The larger buoys will be more difficult than our current buoys to deploy cost effectively and without damage. Our current deployment methodologies, including transportation to the installation site and the mooring of the PowerBuoy systems, will need to be revised as PowerBuoy systems achieve greater output. If we cannot develop cost effective methodologies for deployment of the larger PowerBuoy systems, or if it takes us longer to do so than we anticipate, we may not be able to deploy such systems in the time we anticipate or at all. Therefore, even if we succeed in increasing the power output of our PowerBuoy systems, if we are unable to deploy these larger PowerBuoy systems or encounter problems in doing so, we may be unable to expand our business, maintain our competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations or become profitable.

If we are not successful in negotiating a suitable settlement related to the 2006 Spain Construction Agreement, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The initial PB40 PowerBuoy system for our 2006 Spain project was deployed in September 2008. After a short testing period, the buoy was removed from the water for work on improvements to the power take-off and control systems. In November 2010, we agreed to negotiate with Iberdrola Cantabria with the goal of cancelling the remaining obligations between the parties under the construction and operations and maintenance agreements, transferring ownership of the equipment manufactured or purchased by us under the construction agreement to Iberdrola Cantabria, and having Iberdrola Cantabria pay certain amounts due to us. If negotiations are unsuccessful and no modification to the existing 2006 Spain Construction Agreement is agreed to by the parties, the customer may, subject to certain conditions in the agreement, terminate the agreement without the obligation to make further milestone payments and, potentially, collect reimbursement for direct damages, limited as specified in the construction agreement, for failure of the PowerBuoy to meet certain performance thresholds.

If we are unable to successfully negotiate and enter into operations and maintenance contracts with our customers on terms that are acceptable to us, our ability to diversify our revenue stream will be impaired.

An important element of our business strategy is to maximize our revenue opportunities with our existing and future customers by seeking to enter into operations and maintenance contracts with them under which we would be paid fees for operating and maintaining wave power stations that they have purchased from us. Even if customers purchase our PowerBuoy systems, they may not enter into operations and maintenance contracts with us. We may not be able to negotiate operations and maintenance contracts that provide us with any profit opportunities. Even if we successfully negotiate and enter into such operations and maintenance contracts, our customers may terminate them prematurely or they may not be profitable for a variety of reasons, including the presence of unforeseen hurdles or costs. In addition, our inability to perform adequately under such operations and maintenance contracts could impair our efforts to successfully market the PowerBuoy systems. Any one of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our inability to effectively manage our growth could adversely affect our business and operations.

The scope of our operations to date has been limited, and we do not have experience operating on the scale that we believe will be necessary to achieve profitable operations. Our current personnel, facilities, systems and internal procedures and controls are not adequate to support our projected future growth. As such growth is realized, we may add sales, marketing and engineering offices in additional locations, which may include Australia, Japan, and continental Europe.

To manage the expansion of our operations, we will be required to improve our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, increase our manufacturing capacity and throughput and expand, train and manage our employee base, which must increase significantly if we are to be able to fulfill our current manufacturing and growth plans. Our management will also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers and other third parties, as well as attract new customers and suppliers. If we do not meet these challenges, we may be unable to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures.

Problems with the quality or performance of our PowerBuoy systems could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our agreements with customers will generally include guarantees with respect to the quality and performance of our PowerBuoy systems. Because of the limited operating history of our PowerBuoy systems, we have been required to make assumptions regarding the durability, reliability and performance of the systems, and we cannot predict whether and to what extent we may be required to perform under the guarantees that we expect to give our customers. Our assumptions could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our PowerBuoy systems, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective systems in the future. We will bear the risk of claims long after we have sold our PowerBuoy systems and recognized revenue. Moreover, any widespread product failures could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently depend on a limited number of customers for substantially all of our revenues. The loss of, or a significant reduction in revenues from, any of these customers could significantly reduce our revenues and harm our operating results.

The DOE accounted for 51% of our revenues and the US Navy accounted for 3% of our revenues during fiscal 2013. In fiscal 2012, revenues from the DOE accounted for 32% of our total revenues and the US Navy accounted for 29% of our revenues. In order to receive future funding from the DOE or US Navy, we would be required to enter into additional contracts with the DOE or US Navy, which would require appropriation by the US Congress and other government agencies. Additional funding for projects may not be approved or we may not be able to negotiate future agreements on acceptable terms, if at all.

Generally, we recognize revenue using the percentage-of-completion method based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion. In certain circumstances, revenue under contracts that have specified milestones or other performance criteria may be recognized only when our customer acknowledges that such criteria have been satisfied. In addition, recognition of revenue (and the related costs) may be deferred for fixed-price contracts until contract completion if we are unable to reasonably estimate the total costs of the project prior to completion. Because we currently have a small number of customers and contracts, problems with a single contract can adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Historically, we have relied on a small group of customers for substantially all of our revenue, and such concentration will continue for the foreseeable future. A customer’s payment default, or the loss of a customer as a result of competition, creditworthiness, our failure to perform, our inability to negotiate extensions or replacements of contracts or otherwise could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our relationships with our alliance partners may not be successful, and we may not be successful in establishing additional relationships, either of which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products and services.

An important element of our business strategy is to enter into development agreements and strategic alliances with regional utilities and energy and other companies committed to providing electricity from renewable energy sources. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable alliance partners, we may fail to meet our business objectives for the commercialization of our PowerBuoy system. We may face significant competition in seeking appropriate alliance partners. Moreover, these development agreements and strategic alliances are complex to negotiate and time consuming to document. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish additional strategic relationships or other alternative arrangements. The terms of any additional strategic relationships or other arrangements that we establish may not be favorable to us. Furthermore, even if we are able to find, negotiate and enter into these relationships, such arrangements may be conditional upon our receipt of additional funding. For example, in connection with our Victoria, Australia project, a grant from the Commonwealth of Australia is conditional upon our receipt of significant additional funds. There can be no assurance that we will receive such additional funding. In addition, strategic relationships may not be successful, and we may be unable to sell and market our PowerBuoy systems to these companies and their affiliates and customers in the future, or growth opportunities may not materialize, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our investments in joint ventures could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on a co-venturer's financial condition and disputes between us and our co-venturers.

It is part of our strategy to co-invest in some of our wave power projects with third parties through joint ventures by acquiring non-controlling interests in special purpose entities. In these situations, we will not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the joint venture. Investments in joint ventures involve risks that would not be present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that our co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Our co-venturers may have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions that are contrary to our policies or objectives. Disputes between us and our co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by, or disputes with, partners or co-venturers might result in additional risk to wave power projects undertaken by the joint venture.

Our targeted markets are highly competitive. We compete with other renewable energy companies and may have to compete with larger companies that enter into the renewable energy business. If we are unable to compete effectively, we may be unable to increase our revenues and achieve or maintain profitability.

The renewable energy industry, particularly in our targeted markets of the west coast of North America, the west coast of Europe, the coasts of Australia and the east coast of Japan, is highly competitive and continually evolving as participants strive to distinguish themselves and compete with the larger electric power industry. Competition in the renewable energy industry is likely to continue to increase with the advent of several renewable energy technologies, including tidal and ocean current technologies. Competition may arise from other companies manufacturing similar products, developing different products that produce energy more efficiently than our products, or making improvements to traditional energy-producing methods or technologies, any of which could make our products less attractive or render them obsolete. If we are not successful in manufacturing systems that generate competitively priced electricity, we will not be able to respond effectively to competitive pressures from other renewable energy technologies or improvements to existing technologies.

Moreover, the success of renewable energy generation technologies may cause larger electric utility and other energy companies with substantial financial resources to enter into the renewable energy industry. These companies, due to their greater capital resources and substantial technical expertise, may be better positioned than we are to develop new or improve existing technologies.

Our inability to respond effectively to such competition could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have limited manufacturing experience. If we are unable to increase our manufacturing capacity in a cost-effective manner, our business will be materially harmed.

We plan to manufacture key components of our PowerBuoy systems, including the advanced control and generation systems. However, we have only manufactured our PowerBuoy systems in limited quantities for use in development and testing and have limited commercial manufacturing experience. Our future success depends on our ability to significantly increase both our manufacturing capacity and production throughput in a cost-effective and efficient manner. In order to meet our growth objectives, we will need to increase our engineering and manufacturing staff. There is intense competition for hiring qualified technical and engineering personnel, and we may not be able to hire a sufficient number of qualified personnel to allow us to meet our growth objectives.

We may be unable to develop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that will enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards or production volumes necessary to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoy systems. If we cannot do so, we may be unable to expand our business, satisfy our contractual obligations or become profitable. Even if we are successful in developing our manufacturing capabilities and processes, we may not be able to do so in time to meet our commercialization schedule or satisfy the requirements of our customers.

Failure by third parties to supply or manufacture components of our products or to deploy our systems timely or properly could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are highly dependent on third parties to supply or manufacture components of our PowerBuoy systems. If, for any reason, our third-party manufacturers or vendors are not willing or able to provide us with components or supplies in a timely fashion, or at all, our ability to manufacture and sell many of our products could be impaired.

We do not have long-term contracts with our third-party manufacturers or vendors. If we do not develop ongoing relationships with vendors located in different regions, we may not be successful at controlling unit costs as our manufacturing volume increases. We may not be able to negotiate new arrangements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or at all.

In addition, we rely on third parties, under our oversight, for the deployment and mooring of our PowerBuoy systems. We have utilized several different deployment methods, including towing the PowerBuoy system to the deployment location, and transporting the PowerBuoy system to the deployment location by barge or ocean workboat. If these third parties do not properly deploy our systems, cannot effectively deploy the PowerBuoy system on a large, commercial scale or otherwise do not perform adequately, or if we fail to recruit and retain third parties to deploy our systems in particular geographic areas, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Business activities conducted by our third-party contractors and us involve the use of hazardous materials, which require compliance with environmental and occupational safety laws regulating the use of such materials. If we violate these laws, we could be subject to significant fines, liabilities or other adverse consequences.

Our manufacturing operations, in particular some of the activities undertaken by our third-party suppliers and manufacturers, involve the controlled use of hazardous materials. Accordingly, our third-party contractors and we are subject to foreign, federal, state and local laws governing the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including those relating to the use, handling and disposal of these materials. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these hazardous materials. In the event of an accident or failure to comply with environmental or health and safety laws and regulations, we could be held liable for resulting damages, including damages to natural resources, fines and penalties, and any such liability could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. While we have budgeted for future capital and operating expenditures to maintain compliance, we cannot assure you that environmental laws and regulations will not change or become more stringent in the future. Therefore, we cannot assure you that our costs of complying with current and future environmental and health and safety laws, and any liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances will not adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we become ineligible for or are otherwise unable to replace any contract with the US federal government that is not extended or is terminated, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from US federal government contracts, which are subject to special funding restrictions, regulatory requirements and eligibility standards and which the government may terminate at any time or determine not to extend after their scheduled expiration. During fiscal 2013 and fiscal 2012, we derived 54% and 61%, respectively, of our total revenue from contracts with the DOE and US Navy.

US federal government contracts are also subject to contractual and regulatory requirements that may increase our costs of doing business and could expose us to substantial contractual damages, civil fines and criminal penalties for noncompliance. These requirements include business ethics, equal employment opportunity, environmental, foreign purchasing, most-favored pricing and accounting provisions, among others. Payments that we receive under US federal government contracts are subject to audit and potential refunds for at least three years after the final contract payment is received.

We market and plan to market our products in numerous international markets. If we are unable to manage our international operations effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We market and plan to market our products in a number of foreign countries, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Australia and Japan, and we are therefore subject to risks associated with having international operations. Revenues from customers who are based outside of the United States accounted for 41% of our revenues in fiscal 2013 and 36% of our revenues in fiscal 2012. Risks inherent in international operations include, but are not limited to, the following: 

Our business in foreign markets requires us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries. Our overall success as a global business depends, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions. We may not be able to develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The current economic environment, particularly the macroeconomic pressures in certain European countries, may increase these risks.

Our financial results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance.

Our financial results may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. For these reasons, comparing our financial results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and our past results should not be relied on as an indication of our future performance. Our future quarterly and annual expenses as a percentage of our revenues may be significantly different from those we have recorded in the past or which we expect for the future. Our financial results in some quarters may fall below expectations. Any of these events could cause our stock price to fall. Each of the risk factors listed in this "Risk Factors" section, including the following factors, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations: 

Currency translation and transaction risk may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reporting currency is the US dollar, and we conduct our business and incur costs in the local currency of most countries in which we operate. As a result, we are subject to currency translation risk. A large percentage of our revenues may be generated outside the United States and denominated in foreign currencies in the future. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the US dollar could affect our revenues and cost of revenues, and could result in exchange losses. In addition, we incur currency transaction risk whenever one of our operating subsidiaries enters into either a purchase or a sales transaction using a different currency from our reporting currency. We cannot accurately predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our results of operations. Currently, we do not engage in any exchange rate hedging activities and, as a result, any volatility in currency exchange rates may have an immediate adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Existing regulations and policies and changes to these or new regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers to the use of wave energy technology, which may significantly reduce demand for our PowerBuoy systems.

The market for electricity generation equipment is heavily influenced by foreign, federal, state and local government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as policies promulgated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and connection to the power grid. In the United States and in a number of other countries, these regulations and policies currently are being modified and may be modified again in the future. Utility company and independent power producer purchases of, or further investment in the research and development of, alternative energy sources, including wave energy technology, could be deterred by these regulations and policies, which could result in a significant reduction in the potential demand for our PowerBuoy systems.

If the renewable energy industry continues to develop and if the generation of power from wave energy in particular achieves commercial acceptance, we anticipate that wave energy technology and our PowerBuoy systems and their deployment will be subject to increased oversight and regulation. We are unable to predict the nature or extent of regulations that may be imposed or adopted. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to wave energy or our PowerBuoy systems may result in significant additional expenses to us and our customers and, as a result, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to obtain all necessary regulatory permits and approvals, we will not be able to implement our planned projects.

Offshore development of electric power generating facilities is heavily regulated. Each of our planned projects is subject to multiple permitting and approval requirements. We are dependent on state, federal and regional government agencies for such permits and approvals. Due to the unique nature of large scale commercial wave power stations, we would expect our projects to receive close scrutiny by permitting agencies, approval authorities and the public, which could result in substantial delay in the permitting process. Successful challenges by any parties opposed to our planned projects could result in conditions limiting the project size or in the denial of necessary permits and approvals.

If we are unable to obtain necessary permits and approvals in connection with any or all of our projects, those projects would not be implemented and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. Further, we cannot assure you that we have been or will be at all times in complete compliance with all such permits and approvals. If we violate or fail to comply with these permits and approvals, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators.

We face hurricane- and storm-related risks and other risks typical of a marine environment which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our PowerBuoy systems are deployed in the ocean where they are subject to many hazards including severe storms and hurricanes, which could damage them and result in service interruptions. Our systems are also subject to more frequent lock-downs caused by higher waves during winter storm and hurricane seasons, which will reduce annual energy output. We cannot predict whether we will be able to recover from our insurance providers the additional costs that we may incur due to damage caused to our PowerBuoy systems, or whether we will continue to be able to obtain insurance for hurricane- and storm-related damages or, if obtainable and carried, whether this insurance will be adequate to cover our liabilities. Any future hurricane-or storm-related costs could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Since our PowerBuoy systems can only be deployed in certain geographic locations, our ability to grow our business could be adversely affected.

Our systems are designed to work in sites with average annual wave energy of at least 20kW per meter of wave front. Not all coastal areas worldwide have appropriate natural resources for our PowerBuoy systems to harness wave energy. Seasonal and local variations, water depth and the effect of particular locations of islands and other geographical features may limit our ability to deploy our PowerBuoy systems in coastal areas. If we are unable to identify and deploy PowerBuoy systems at sufficient sites near major population centers, our ability to grow our business could be adversely affected.

We face numerous accident and safety risks and hazards that are inherent in offshore energy operations.

Portions of our operations are subject to hazards and risks inherent in the building, testing, deploying and maintenance of our PowerBuoy systems. These hazards and risks could result in personal injuries, loss of life, and other damages, which may include damage to our properties and the properties of others and other consequential damages, and could lead to the suspension of certain of our operations, large damage claims, damage to our safety reputation and a loss of business. Some of these risks may be uninsurable and some claims may exceed our insurance coverage. Therefore, the occurrence of a significant accident or other risk event or hazard that is not fully covered by insurance could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results and, even if fully covered by insurance, could materially and adversely affect our business due to the impact on our reputation for safety. In addition, the risks inherent in our business are such that we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at reasonable rates.

If we are unable to attract and retain management and other qualified personnel, we may not be able to achieve our business objectives.

Our success depends on the skills, experience and efforts of our senior management and other key product development, manufacturing, and sales and marketing employees. We cannot be certain that we will be able to attract, retain and motivate such employees. The loss of the services of one or more of these employees could have a material adverse effect on our business. There is a risk that we will not be able to retain or replace these key employees. We have entered into employment agreements with Charles Dunleavy, our chairman and chief executive officer, and Dr. George Taylor, our executive vice-chairman; however, the agreements permit the employees to terminate their employment with little notice. Implementation of our expansion plans will be highly dependent upon our ability to hire and retain senior executives as well as talented staff in various fields of expertise.

In addition, our anticipated growth will require us to hire a significant number of qualified technical, commercial and administrative personnel. The majority of our new hires will be engineers with varying levels and areas of expertise, project managers and manufacturing personnel. There is intense competition from other companies and research and academic institutions for qualified personnel in the areas of our activities. If we cannot continue to attract and retain, on acceptable terms, the qualified personnel necessary for the continued development of our business, we may not be able to sustain our operations or grow at a competitive pace.

Any acquisitions that we make or joint venture agreements that we enter into, or any failure to identify appropriate acquisition or joint venture candidates, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we evaluate potential strategic acquisitions of complementary businesses, products or technologies, as well as consider joint ventures and other collaborative projects. We may not be able to identify appropriate acquisition candidates or strategic partners, or successfully negotiate, finance or integrate any businesses, products or technologies that we acquire. We do not have any experience with acquiring companies or products. Any acquisition we pursue could diminish the capital resources otherwise available to us for other uses or be dilutive to our stockholders and could divert management's time and resources from our core operations.

Strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information and loss of control of operations that are material to our business. In addition, strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances may be expensive to implement. Moreover, strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances subject us to the risk of non-performance by a counterparty, which may in turn lead to monetary losses that materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the event we are unable to satisfy regulatory requirements relating to internal control over financial reporting, or if our internal controls are not effective, our business and financial results may suffer.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports and to effectively prevent fraud. If we cannot provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports and effectively prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed. Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to furnish a report by management on internal control over financial reporting, including management's assessment of the effectiveness of such control. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business and operating results could be harmed, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations, and there could also be a material adverse effect on our stock price.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain or maintain intellectual property rights relating to our technology and products, the commercial value of our technology and products may be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part upon our ability to obtain protection in the United States and other countries for our products by establishing and maintaining intellectual property rights relating to or incorporated into our technology and products. We own a variety of patents and patent applications in the United States and corresponding patents and patent applications in several foreign jurisdictions. However, we have not obtained patent protection in each market in which we plan to compete. In addition, we do not know how successful we would be should we choose to assert our patents against suspected infringers. Our pending and future patent applications may not issue as patents or, if issued, may not issue in a form that will be advantageous to us. Even if issued, patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing similar products or limit the length of term of patent protection we may have for our products. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our contracts with the government could negatively affect our intellectual property rights, and our ability to commercialize our products could be impaired.

Our agreements with the US Navy and DOE help fund research and development of our PowerBuoy system. When new technologies are developed with US federal government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, technical data and software, generally including, at a minimum, a nonexclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention, technical data or software for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise "march-in" rights. March-in rights refer to the right of the US government to require us to grant a license to the technology to a responsible applicant or, if we refuse, the government may grant the license itself. US government-funded inventions must be reported to the government. US government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications, and our rights in such inventions will normally be subject to government license rights, periodic post-contract utilization reporting, foreign manufacturing restrictions and march-in rights.

The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the technology or because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give preference to US industry. Our government-sponsored research contracts are subject to audit and require that we provide regular written technical updates on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis, and, at the conclusion of the research contract, a final report on the results of our technical research. Because these reports are generally available to the public, third parties may obtain some aspects of our sensitive confidential information. Moreover, if we fail to provide these reports or to provide accurate or complete reports, the government may obtain rights to any intellectual property arising from the related research. Funding from government contracts also may limit when and how we can deploy our technology developed under those contracts.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to patented technology, we rely upon unpatented proprietary technology, processes and know-how, particularly with respect to our PowerBuoy control and electricity generating systems. We generally seek to protect this information in part by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors.

If we infringe or are alleged to infringe intellectual property rights of third parties, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our products may infringe, or be claimed to infringe, patents or patent applications under which we do not hold licenses or other rights. Third parties may own or control these patents and patent applications in the United States and abroad. From time to time, we receive correspondence from third parties offering to license patents to us. Correspondence of this nature might be used to establish that we received notice of certain patents in the event of subsequent patent infringement litigation. Third parties could bring claims against us that would cause us to incur substantial expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could cause us to pay substantial damages. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay manufacturing or sales of the product or component that is the subject of the suit.

As a result of patent infringement claims, or in order to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be required to seek a license from the third party and be required to pay license fees, royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other types of patent litigation and other proceedings, including interference proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office, regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology. The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. In addition, if we were to license our intellectual property to others, we may be required to indemnify our licensee if the licensed intellectual property is found to be infringing on a third party’s rights. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace. Patent litigation and other proceedings may also absorb significant management time.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may delay or prevent attempts by our stockholders to change our management and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest in us.

As a result of our reincorporation in Delaware in April 2007, provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions include: 

The affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote is necessary to amend or repeal the above provisions of our certificate of incorporation. In addition, absent approval of our board of directors, our bylaws may only be amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, which is generally a person who together with its affiliates owns or within the last three years has owned 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, Section 203 may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for our stockholders for the foreseeable future.

Our stock price is likely to be volatile, and purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to factors that are beyond our control. For the period ended April 30, 2013, the 52-week high and low prices for our common stock were $3.97 and $1.45, respectively. The stock market in general has recently experienced volatility that has often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations could result in fluctuations in the price of our common stock, which could cause purchasers of our common stock to incur substantial losses. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including: 

We may become the target of securities litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend.

In the past, companies that experience significant volatility in the market price of their publicly-traded securities have become subject to class action securities litigation.  If the market value of our securities experiences adverse fluctuations and we become involved in this type of litigation, regardless of the outcome, we could incur substantial legal costs and our management’s attention could be diverted from the operation of our business, causing our business to suffer.

If securities or industry analysts fail to cover us, or do not publish research or publish unfavorable or inaccurate research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business or our industry from time to time. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price or trading volume of our common stock to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover our company downgrade our common stock or release a negative report, or if our operating results do not meet analyst expectations, the price of our common stock could decline.

ITEM 1B.     UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.     PROPERTIES

Our corporate headquarters are located in Pennington, New Jersey, where we occupy approximately 22,000 square feet under a lease expiring on April 30, 2015. We use these facilities for administration, research and development, as well as assembly and testing of the generators and control models for our PowerBuoy systems.

We also have an office in Warwick, United Kingdom, where we occupy 1,390 square feet under a lease expiring on January 1, 2014. Six employees, all members of the executive, engineering, administration and business development teams, operate out of this office, which serves as a hub for our European presence.

In the future, we may add sales, marketing and engineering offices in additional locations, which may include Australia, Japan and continental Europe and the west coast of North America.

ITEM 3.     LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 4.     MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

ITEM 5.     MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Stock Price Information and Stockholders

Our common stock has been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market since April 24, 2007 under the symbol "OPTT." As of June 30, 2013, there were 247 holders of record for shares of our common stock. Since a portion of our common stock is held in "street" or nominee name, we are unable to determine the exact number of beneficial holders.

The following table sets forth the high and the low sale prices of our common stock as quoted by the Nasdaq Global Market for the period indicated.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions, future prospects, contractual restrictions and covenants and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

There have been no unregistered sales of equity securities or purchases of equity securities by the Company that are required to be disclosed.

ITEM 6.     SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not Applicable.  

ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Our fiscal year ends on April 30. References to fiscal 2013 are to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2013.

Overview

We develop and are seeking to commercialize proprietary systems that generate electricity by harnessing the renewable energy of ocean waves. Our PowerBuoy® systems use proprietary technologies to convert the mechanical energy created by the rising and falling of ocean waves into electricity. We currently offer and continue to develop two PowerBuoy product lines, which consist of our utility PowerBuoy system and our autonomous PowerBuoy system. We also offer operations and maintenance services for our PowerBuoy systems. In addition, we continue to develop and expect to market our undersea substation pod product and undersea power connection infrastructure services to other companies in the marine energy sector.  Since fiscal 2002, the US Navy and other government agencies have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues.  These revenues were largely for the support of our product development efforts. Our goal is that an increased portion of our revenues be from the sale of products and maintenance services, as compared to revenue to support our product development efforts. As we continue to advance our proprietary technologies, we expect to have a net decrease in cash from operating activities unless or until we achieve positive cash flow from the planned commercialization of our products and services.

We market our utility PowerBuoy system, which is designed to supply electricity to a local or regional power grid, to utilities and other electrical power producers seeking to add electricity generated by wave energy to their existing electricity supply. We market our autonomous PowerBuoy system, which is designed to generate power for use independent of the power grid, to customers that require electricity in remote locations. We believe there are a variety of potential applications for our autonomous PowerBuoy system, including sonar and radar surveillance, tsunami warning, oceanographic data collection, offshore platforms and offshore aquaculture.

We were incorporated in New Jersey in April 1984, began business operations in 1994, and were re-incorporated in Delaware in 2007. We currently have three wholly-owned subsidiaries, Ocean Power Technologies Ltd., Reedsport OPT Wave Park LLC and Oregon Wave Energy Partners I, LLC, and we own approximately 88% of the ordinary shares of Ocean Power Technologies (Australasia) Pty Ltd (OPTA). In March 2012, OPTA acquired its 100% ownership of Victorian Wave Partners Pty. Ltd.

The development of our technology has been funded by capital we raised and by development engineering contracts we received starting in fiscal 1995. In fiscal 1996, we received the first of several research contracts with the US Navy to study the feasibility of wave energy. As a result of those research contracts, we entered into our first development and construction contract with the US Navy in fiscal 2002 under a project for the development and testing of our wave power systems at the US Marine Corps Base in Oahu, Hawaii. This project included the grid-connection of one of our utility-grade PowerBuoys at the Marine Corps Base. We generated our first revenue relating to our autonomous PowerBuoy system from contracts with Lockheed Martin Corporation, or Lockheed Martin, in fiscal 2003, and we entered into our first development and construction contract with Lockheed Martin in fiscal 2004 for the development and construction of a prototype demonstration autonomous PowerBuoy system. Subsequently, we received a contract from the US Navy to test our autonomous PowerBuoy system as a power source for the Navy’s Deep Water Active Detection System (DWADS). In 2011, an autonomous PowerBuoy was deployed for ocean trials off the coast of New Jersey under a contract from the US Navy under its Littoral Expeditionary Autonomous PowerBuoy (LEAP) program. The LEAP PowerBuoy, or APB-350, incorporates a unique power take-off and on-board storage system, and is significantly smaller and more compact than our standard utility PowerBuoy. It is designed to provide persistent, off-grid clean energy in remote ocean locations for a wide variety of maritime security, monitoring and other commercial applications. Also, in 2011, ocean trials of our first Mark 3 PowerBuoy (previously referred to as “150kW PowerBuoy” or “PB150”) were conducted. These ocean trials were conducted at a site approximately 33 nautical miles from Invergordon, off Scotland’s northeast coast. During the ocean trials, our Mark 3 PowerBuoy produced power in excess of our expectations of performance. Our utility scale Mark 3 PowerBuoy structure and mooring system achieved independent certification from Lloyd’s Register in December 2010. This certification confirms that the Mark 3 PowerBuoy design complies with the requirements of Lloyd’s 1999 Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Floating Offshore Installations at Fixed Locations.

 During fiscal 2013, we continued work on projects with Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding and the US Department of Homeland Security, our WavePort project in Spain and our Mark 3 PowerBuoy in Oregon. We also continued to work on developing our Mark 4 PowerBuoy (previously referred to as “PB500 PowerBuoy”).

We are planning for deployment of a second Mark 3 PowerBuoy, which would be located off the coast of Oregon. However, deployment and commissioning of this PowerBuoy must take into consideration various regulatory, business, and financial factors, including requirements of regulatory agencies and a significant use of funds. The FERC staff informed us in February 2013 of their view that the License’s various planning, reporting and other pre- and post-deployment requirements may extend to this first, non-grid connected buoy. In May 2013, we filed a Motion for Extensions to Comply with License Requirements with FERC. This motion sought to move those various requirements into the future, aligning them with deployment of the full array of 10 PowerBuoys, so that they would not apply to the first non-grid connected buoy. In June 2013, FERC issued an order extending certain requirements for one year rather than aligning those requirements with the 10-buoy array as requested. By separate letter, we were informed by the FERC staff that the agency’s position remains that the License’s various requirements extend to the deployment of this initial buoy, and that we may request an amendment of its License seeking to modify various requirements. Pending ultimate resolution of this matter, we may be required to submit certain reports and perform additional studies associated with the first buoy. This process will require significant delay of the deployment of the first PowerBuoy, as well as impose additional costs on us. We continue to evaluate various options in response to the FERC staff’s position; however, absent a successful request by us either challenging FERC’s jurisdiction or seeking to modify the License to alleviate some or all of these new requirements, we will have to comply with the current License in the first buoy deployment.

OPT intends to seek additional funding specific to this project for deployment of this PowerBuoy in view of costs associated with regulatory issues and weather delays. Deployment of this initial buoy will depend on resolution of these financial and regulatory issues, and such deployment is expected to be delayed beyond calendar 2013.

Our efforts continued toward deployment of the planned 19MW (62.5MW peak generation rating) wave power project off the coast of Victoria, Australia. Funding for this project includes a grant of A$66.5 million (approximately US$62 million) awarded by the Commonwealth of Australia. The grant is subject to certain terms, including achievement of significant external funding milestones, in order to enable our receipt of the grant funds. We have engaged a financial advisor to lead efforts to structure power purchase agreements and secure appropriate financing for this project. The Board of Directors of the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, the Commonwealth agency, that manages the grant, is reviewing the status of the grant, including progress toward funding milestones and amendments to the grant as proposed by us.

 At April 30, 2013, our total negotiated backlog was $3.8 million compared with $6.8 million at April 30, 2012. We anticipate that the majority of our backlog will be recognized as revenue over a period exceeding 12 months. The decrease in backlog is a result of revenue recognized during the period offset by new orders during fiscal 2013 of $0.8 million and changes in foreign currency of $0.2 million. New orders during fiscal 2013 included an approximately $0.7 million contract from Mitsui Shipbuilding & Engineering (“MES”) to further work towards development of the Company’s PowerBuoy technology for application in Japanese sea conditions. A portion of our backlog at April 30, 2013, is for our Oregon project, and we intend to seek additional funding to enable completion of this project. Most of our backlog at April 30, 2013 and 2012 consisted of cost-sharing contracts as described in the Financial Operations Overview section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Our backlog can include both funded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders for our products and services for which funding has been both authorized and appropriated by the customer (Congress, in the case of US Government agencies) and unfunded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders from the US Department of Energy (DOE) for which funding has not been appropriated. If any of our contracts were to be terminated, our backlog would be reduced by the expected value of the remaining terms of such contracts. Funded backlog was $3.8 million and $4.8 million at April 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

For fiscal 2013, we generated revenues of $3.6 million and incurred a net loss attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $14.7 million, and for fiscal 2012, we generated revenues of $5.7 million and incurred a net loss attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $15.1 million. As of April 30, 2013, our accumulated deficit was $140.7 million. We have not been profitable since inception, and we do not know whether or when we will become profitable because of the significant uncertainties with respect to our ability to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoy systems in the emerging renewable energy market.

The continued global economic uncertainty may have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Currently, the cost of electricity generated from wave energy, without the benefit of subsidies or other economic incentives, substantially exceeds the prevailing price of electricity in many significant markets in the world. As a result, the near-term growth of the market opportunity for our utility PowerBuoy systems, which are designed to feed electricity into a local or regional power grid, depends significantly on the availability and magnitude of government incentives and subsidies for wave energy. Federal, state and local governmental bodies in many countries have provided subsidies in the form of tariff subsidies, rebates, tax credits and other incentives to utilities, power generators and distributors using renewable energy. However, these incentives and subsidies generally decline over time, and many incentive and subsidy programs have specific expiration dates.  The timing, scope and size of new government programs for renewable energy is uncertain, and there can be no assurances that we or our customers will be successful in obtaining any additional government funding. We do not believe the continuing global economic uncertainty will have a material negative impact on our sources of supply, as our products incorporate what are substantially non-custom, standard parts found in many regions of the world.

Financial Operations Overview

The following describes certain line items in our statement of operations and some of the factors that affect our operating results.

Revenues

Generally, we recognize revenue using the percentage-of-completion method based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion. In certain circumstances, revenue under contracts that have specified milestones or other performance criteria may be recognized only when our customer acknowledges that such criteria have been satisfied. In addition, recognition of revenue (and the related costs) may be deferred for fixed-price contracts until contract completion if we are unable to reasonably estimate the total costs of the project prior to completion. Because we have a small number of contracts, revisions to the percentage-of-completion determination or delays in meeting performance criteria or in completing projects may have a significant effect on our revenue for the periods involved. Upon anticipating a loss on a contract, we recognize the full amount of the anticipated loss in the current period.

Generally our contracts are either cost plus or fixed price contracts. Under cost plus contracts, we bill the customer for actual expenses incurred plus an agreed-upon fee. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method based on the maximum awarded contract amount. In certain cases, we may choose to incur costs in excess of the maximum awarded contract amounts resulting in a loss on the contract. Currently, we have two types of fixed price contracts, firm fixed price and cost-sharing. Under firm fixed price contracts, we receive an agreed-upon amount for providing products and services that are specified in the contract. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method based on the contract amount. Depending on whether actual costs are more or less than the agreed-upon amount, there is a profit or loss on the project. Under cost-sharing contracts, the fixed amount agreed upon with the customer is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project. We fund the remainder of the costs as part of our product development efforts. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method based on the amount agreed upon with the customer. An amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenues resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. Our share of the costs is recorded as product development expense. Most of our projects in fiscal year 2013 were under cost-sharing contracts.

The following table provides information regarding the breakdown of our revenues by customer for fiscal years 2013 and 2012:

The revenue decrease for fiscal 2013 reflected significant decreases in revenue from the US Navy attributable to completion of the LEAP program in 2012 and the revenue related to our Mark 4 PowerBuoy development project. The revenue decrease was partially offset by increases in revenue from our project with Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding and our PowerBuoy project off the coast of Oregon.

Overall, the US Navy has been our largest customer since fiscal 2002. The DOE was our largest customer in fiscal 2013 and in fiscal 2012. Combined, these two customers accounted for 54% of our revenues in fiscal 2013 and 61% of our revenues in fiscal 2012.

We currently focus our sales and marketing efforts on the west coast of North America, the west coast of Europe, Australia and the east coast of Japan. The following table shows the percentage of our revenues by geographical location of our customers for fiscal years 2013 and 2012:

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues consists primarily of incurred material, labor and manufacturing overhead expenses, such as engineering expense, equipment depreciation and maintenance and facility related expenses, and includes the cost of PowerBuoy parts and services supplied by third-party suppliers. Cost of revenues also includes PowerBuoy system delivery and deployment expenses and may include anticipated losses at completion on some contracts.

We operated at a gross profit of $0.1 million in both fiscal 2013 and 2012. Most of our revenue recorded in fiscal 2013 was generated from cost-sharing contracts, which result in zero gross profit. Our ability to generate a gross profit will depend on the nature of future contracts, our success at increasing sales of our PowerBuoy systems and on our ability to manage costs incurred on fixed price commercial contracts.

Product development costs

Our product development costs consist of salaries and other personnel-related costs and the costs of products, materials and outside services used in our product development and unfunded research activities. Our product development costs primarily relate to our efforts to increase the power output and reliability of our utility PowerBuoy system, especially our Mark 4 PowerBuoy system, and to our research and development of new products, product applications and complementary technologies. We expense all of our product development costs as incurred. Over the next several years, it is our intent to fund the majority of our research and development expenses, including cost-sharing arrangements, with sources of external funding. If we are unable to obtain external funding, we may curtail our research and development expenses.

Selling, general and administrative costs

Our selling, general and administrative costs consist primarily of professional fees, salaries and other personnel-related costs for employees and consultants engaged in sales and marketing and support of our PowerBuoy systems and costs for executive, accounting and administrative personnel, professional fees and other general corporate expenses.

Interest income, net

Interest income consists of interest received on cash and cash equivalents, investments in commercial bank-issued certificates of deposit and US Treasury bills and notes. Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities were $21.7 million as of April 30, 2013 and $33.2 million as of April 30, 2012. Interest income decreased due to a decline in interest rates and a decline in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Interest income reported in future years may decrease from fiscal 2013 as a result of a decrease in invested cash.

Foreign exchange loss

We transact business in various countries and have exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Foreign exchange gains and losses arise in the translation of foreign-denominated assets and liabilities, which may result in realized and unrealized gains or losses from exchange rate fluctuations. Since we conduct our business in US dollars and our functional currency is the US dollar, our main foreign exchange exposure, if any, results from changes in the exchange rate between the US dollar and the British pounds sterling, the Euro, the Australian dollar and Japanese yen.

We invest our cash reserves in certificates of deposit and maintain cash accounts that are denominated in British pounds sterling, Euros and Australian dollars. These foreign denominated certificates of deposit and cash accounts had a balance of $2.5 million as of April 30, 2013 and $2.8 million as of April 30, 2012, compared to our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities balances of $21.7 million as of April 30, 2013 and $33.2 million as of April 30, 2012.

In addition, a portion of our operations is conducted through our subsidiaries in countries other than the United States, specifically Ocean Power Technologies Ltd. in the United Kingdom, the functional currency of which is the British pounds sterling, and Ocean Power Technologies (Australasia) Pty Ltd. in Australia, the functional currency of which is the Australian dollar. Both of these subsidiaries have foreign exchange exposure that results from changes in the exchange rate between their functional currency and other foreign currencies in which they conduct business. Our international revenues for the years ended April 30, 2013 and 2012 were recorded in Euros, British pounds sterling or Japanese yen.

We currently do not hedge our exchange rate exposure. However, we assess the anticipated foreign currency working capital requirements and capital asset acquisitions of our foreign operations and attempt to maintain a portion of our cash and cash equivalents denominated in foreign currencies sufficient to satisfy these anticipated requirements. We also assess the need and cost to utilize financial instruments to hedge currency exposures on an ongoing basis and may hedge against exchange rate exposure in the future.

Income taxes

As of April 30, 2013, we had federal and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $74.7 million and $20.9 million, respectively, and federal and foreign research and development tax credits of $2.1 million, which may be used to offset future taxable income. As of April 30, 2013, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of $28.6 million. If not utilized, the net operating loss carryforwards and credit carryforwards will expire at various dates through 2032. We may not achieve profitability in time to utilize the tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards in full or at all. In addition, we have determined that the future utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards is subject to limitations based upon changes in ownership including changes resulting from our initial public offering in April 2007, pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code. As discussed in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, we have established a valuation allowance for our net deferred tax assets, which were $43.7 million as of April 30, 2013 and April 30, 2012.

During the years ended April 30, 2013 and 2012, we sold New Jersey State net operating losses in the amount of $18.7 million and $12.9 million, respectively, resulting in the recognition of income tax benefits of $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, recorded in our Statement of Operations.

Results of Operations

This section should be read in conjunction with the discussion below under “Liquidity and Capital Resources”.

Fiscal Years Ended April 30, 2013 and 2012

The following table contains statement of operations information, which serves as the basis of the discussion of our results of operations for the years ended April 30, 2013 and 2012:

Revenues

Revenues decreased by $2.1 million in fiscal 2013, or 37%, to $3.6 million as compared to $5.7 million in fiscal 2012. The change in revenues was attributable primarily to the following factors:

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues decreased by $2.2 million, or 39%, to $3.5 million in fiscal 2013, as compared to $5.7 million in fiscal 2012. This decrease in the cost of revenues reflected the decreased costs related to our Mark 4 PowerBuoy development project as well as our LEAP project with the US Navy. This was partially offset by the increased activity on our project with Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding and our PowerBuoy project off the coast of Oregon.

We operated at a gross profit of $0.1 million in fiscal 2013 and in fiscal 2012. Most of our projects in fiscal 2013 and 2012 were under cost-sharing contracts. Under cost-sharing contracts, we receive a fixed amount agreed upon with the customer that is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project. We fund the remainder of the costs as part of our product development efforts. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method applied to the contractual amount agreed upon with the customer. An equal amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenues resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. Our share of the costs is considered to be product development expense. Our ability to generate a gross profit will depend on the nature of future contracts, our success at increasing sales of our PowerBuoy systems and on our ability to manage costs incurred on our fixed price contracts.

Product development costs

Product development costs decreased by $1.0 million, or 12%, to $7.3 million in fiscal 2013, as compared to $8.3 million in fiscal 2012. Product development costs were attributable primarily to our efforts to increase the power output and reliability of our PowerBuoy system, especially for our utility-scale PowerBuoy system. The decrease in product development costs was due primarily to a decrease in activity related to our project off the coast of Scotland. The Scotland project was completed in fiscal 2012. The decrease was partially offset by increases in activity related to our WavePort project off the coast of Spain and our Oregon project. Over the next several years, it is our intent to fund the majority of our research and development expenses, including cost-sharing arrangements, with sources of external funding. If we are unable to obtain external funding, we may curtail our research and development expenses. During fiscal 2013, the majority of funding for our Mark 4 PowerBuoy development project was from external sources.

Selling, general and administrative costs

 Selling, general and administrative costs increased by $0.9 million, or 10%, to $9.1 million for fiscal 2013 as compared to $8.3 million for fiscal 2012. The increase was due primarily to an increase in business development-related legal fees and site development expenses related to the planned VWP wave power station project in Australia.

Interest income

Interest income decreased by $0.3 million, or 70%, to $0.1 million in fiscal 2013, compared to $0.4 million in fiscal 2012, due to a decrease in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and a decrease in interest rates. The average interest yield was approximately 0.46% during fiscal 2013 and approximately 1.03% during fiscal 2012.

Foreign exchange loss

Foreign exchange loss was $0.1 million in fiscal 2013 and in fiscal 2012. The losses in both years were attributable primarily to the relative change in value of the British pound sterling, Euro, Australian dollar and Japanese yen compared to the US dollar during the two periods.

Income tax benefit

During the years ended April 30, 2013 and 2012, we sold New Jersey state net operating losses in the amount of $18.7 million and $12.9 million, respectively, resulting in the recognition of income tax benefits of $1.5 million and $1.1, respectively, recorded in our Statement of Operations.

Net Loss Outlook

We have incurred net losses since we began operations in 1994. To achieve profitability, we believe we will need to increase revenue and gross profit, control our fixed costs and possibly reduce our unfunded research and development expenditures.

We do not know whether or when we will become profitable because of the significant uncertainties with respect to our ability to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoy systems in the emerging renewable market. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, the cash flows from customer revenues have not been sufficient to fund our operations and provide the capital resources for the planned growth of our business. For the two years ended April 30, 2013, our revenues were $9.4 million, our net losses were $30 million and our net cash used in operating activities was $24.8 million.

Net cash used in operating activities

The change in accrued expenses reflects an increase in accruals related to our Mark 3 PowerBuoy project off the coast of Oregon offset by a decrease in employee related costs. The change in other assets includes an approximate $0.7 million decrease in prepaid insurances and interest receivable on treasury bills.

Included in the net loss amounts are the cash receipts related to income tax benefits of $1.5 million and $1.1 million for fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Net cash provided by investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $8.1 million and $19.3 million for fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively. The change was primarily the result of a decrease of $11.6 million in net maturities of marketable securities during fiscal 2013, a decrease in purchases of equipment of $0.2 million and a decrease in capitalized payments of long-lived assets of $0.2 million.

Net cash used in financing activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $0.1 million in fiscal 2013 and $0.2 million for fiscal 2012. The changes were primarily due to a decrease in the repayment of debt.

Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents

Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents was a decrease in cash of $0.1 million in fiscal 2013 and $0.2 million in fiscal 2012. The change was primarily the result of exchange rate losses on consolidation of foreign subsidiaries and foreign denominated cash and cash equivalents.

Liquidity Outlook

We expect to devote substantial resources to continue our development efforts for our PowerBuoy systems and to expand our sales, marketing and manufacturing programs associated with the planned commercialization of the PowerBuoy systems. Our future capital requirements will depend on a number of factors, including:

We are planning for deployment of a Mark 3 PowerBuoy off the coast of Oregon. However, deployment and commissioning of this PowerBuoy must take into consideration various regulatory, business, and financial factors, including requirements of regulatory agencies and a significant use of funds. Therefore, we intend to seek additional funding specifically for this project, in view of risks associated with weather delays, operational needs and other factors.

During the year ended April 30, 2013, we experienced a reduction in employee headcount from 47 to 34 due primarily to attrition. In the coming year we intend fill a portion of these positions, as needed.

We have incurred negative operating cash flows since our inception. As of April 30, 2013, our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash balance was approximately $21.7 million. Based upon cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balance as of April 30, 2013, we believe that we will be able to fund our capital requirements and operations through, at least, July 31, 2014.

During 2013 and 2012, we have continued to make investments in ongoing product development efforts in anticipation of future growth. Our future results of operations involve significant risks and uncertainties. Factors that could affect our future operating results and cause actual results to vary materially from expectations include, but are not limited to risks from competition, new products, technological change, recent economic activity and dependence on key personnel. In order to complete our future growth strategy, we will require additional equity and/or debt financing. There is no assurance that additional equity and/or debt financing will be available to us as needed. However, if financing is not achieved, we may be required to further curtail or limit certain product development costs, and/or selling, general and administrative activities in order to reduce our cash expenditures.

In January 2013, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC registering the sale of up to $40,000,000 of debt, equity and other securities (the “S-3 Shelf”). The S-3 Shelf was declared effective in February 2013 and affords us additional financial flexibility. On June 6, 2013, we entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement (the “Offering Agreement”) with Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC (the “Manager”).  Pursuant to the Offering Agreement, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $10,000,000 from time to time over the three-year term of the Offering Agreement, through or to the Manager, acting as sales agent and/or principal. Subject to certain limited exceptions, these sales will be made in ordinary brokerage transactions at prevailing market prices. The sale of shares under the Offering Agreement will be made pursuant to our instructions (including any price, time or size limits or other customary conditions or parameters that we may impose) and in reliance on, and subject to the limitations of, General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 and other applicable law and regulation. The sale of shares pursuant to the Offering Agreement has been registered on the S-3 Shelf.

We have not sold any shares pursuant to the Offering Agreement as of the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The sale of additional equity or convertible securities could result in dilution to our stockholders. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of debt securities, these securities could have rights senior to those associated with our common stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to obtain required financing, we may be required to reduce the scope of our current projects, planned product development and marketing efforts, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet financing activities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations set forth above are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with US generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those described below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following accounting policies require significant judgment and estimates by us in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition and unearned revenues

Our contracts are either cost plus or fixed price contracts. Under cost plus contracts, customers are billed for actual expenses incurred plus an agreed-upon fee. Currently, we have two types of fixed price contracts, firm fixed price and cost-sharing. Under firm fixed price contracts, we receive an agreed-upon amount for providing products and services specified in the contract. Under cost-sharing contracts, the fixed amount agreed upon with the customer is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project.

Generally, we recognize revenue using the percentage-of-completion method based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion. In certain circumstances, revenue under contracts that have specified milestones or other performance criteria may be recognized only when the customer acknowledges that such criteria have been satisfied. In addition, recognition of revenue (and the related costs) may be deferred for fixed-price contracts until contract completion if we are unable to reasonably estimate the total costs of the project prior to completion. Because we have a small number of contracts, revisions to the percentage-of-completion determination or delays in meeting performance criteria or in completing projects may have a significant effect on revenue for the periods involved.

Under cost plus and firm fixed price contracts there is a profit or loss on the project depending on whether actual costs are more or less than the agreed upon amount. Under cost-sharing contracts, an amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenues, resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. Our share of the costs is recorded as product development expense.

Unbilled receivables represent expenditures on contracts, plus applicable profit margin, not yet billed. Unbilled receivables are normally billed and collected within one year. Billings made on contracts are recorded as a reduction in unbilled receivables, and to the extent that those billings exceed costs incurred plus applicable profit margin, they are recorded as unearned revenues.

Stock-based compensation

Costs resulting from all share-based payment transactions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements at their fair values. Compensation cost for the portion of the awards for which the requisite service had not been rendered that were outstanding as of May 1, 2006 is being recognized in the consolidated statements of operations over the remaining service period after such date based on the award's original estimated fair value.

Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of stock-based awards at the date of grant using any valuation model requires judgment. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of employee stock options. Option pricing models, including the Black-Scholes model, require the use of input assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term and the expected dividend rate. Because our stock has been publicly traded in the United States only since April 2007, we do not have a significant observable share-price volatility for the United States capital markets; therefore, we estimate our expected volatility based on that of what we consider to be similar publicly-traded companies and expect to continue to do so until such time as we have adequate historical data from our traded share price in the United States. We did not estimate our expected volatility based on the price of our common stock on the AIM market of the London Stock Exchange on which our shares traded from October 2003 until we voluntarily delisted in January 2011, because we do not believe, based on the historically low trading volume of our shares on that market, that the volatility of our common stock on the AIM market is an appropriate indicator of the expected volatility of our common stock. Prior to fiscal 2007, we estimated the expected term of our options using our best estimate of the period of time from the grant date that we expect the options to remain outstanding. Beginning in fiscal 2007, we estimate the expected term using the average midpoint between the vesting terms and the contractual terms of our options as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission's Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment. If we determine another method to estimate expected volatility or expected term is more reasonable than our current methods, or if another method for calculating these input assumptions is prescribed by authoritative guidance, the fair value calculated for future stock-based awards could change significantly. Higher volatility and longer expected terms have a significant impact on the value of stock-based compensation determined at the date of grant. The expected dividend rate is not as significant to the calculation of the fair value of our stock-based awards.

In addition, we are required to develop an estimate of the number of stock-based awards that will be forfeited due to employee turnover. Quarterly changes in the estimated forfeiture rate can have a significant effect on reported stock-based compensation. If the actual forfeiture rate is higher than the estimated forfeiture rate, then an adjustment is made to increase the estimated forfeiture rate, which will result in a decrease to the expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements during the quarter of the change. If the actual forfeiture rate is lower than the estimated forfeiture rate, then an adjustment is made to decrease the estimated forfeiture rate, which will result in an increase to the expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements. These adjustments affect our cost of revenues, product development costs and selling, general and administrative costs. To date, the effect of forfeiture adjustments on our consolidated financial statements has been insignificant. The expense we recognize in future periods could differ significantly from the current period and/or our forecasts due to adjustments in the assumed forfeiture rates.

The aggregate share-based compensation expense, related to all share-based transactions related to employees was approximately $0.8 million and $1.0 million in fiscal 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which such items are expected to affect taxable income. The tax consequences of most events recognized in the current year's financial statements are included in determining income taxes currently payable. However, because tax laws and financial accounting standards differ in their recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, expenses, gains and losses, differences arise between the amount of taxable income and pretax financial income for a year and between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. Because we assume that the reported amounts of assets and liabilities will be recovered and settled, respectively, a difference between the tax basis of an asset or a liability and its reported amount in the balance sheet will result in a taxable or a deductible amount in some future years when the related liabilities are settled or the reported amounts of the assets are recovered, giving rise to a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability. We then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance. As discussed in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, we have established a valuation allowance for our net deferred tax assets, which was $43.7 million as of April 30, 2013 and April 30, 2012. During the years ended April 30, 2013 and 2012, we sold New Jersey State net operating losses in the amount of $18.7 million and $12.9 million, respectively, resulting in the recognition of income tax benefits of $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, recorded in our Statement of Operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued additional authoritative guidance related to fair value measurements and disclosures. The new guidance results in a consistent definition of fair value and common requirements for measurement of and disclosure about fair value between U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2011.

In June 2011, the FASB issued amended guidance on the presentation of comprehensive income in financial statements. This amendment provides companies the option to present the components of net income and other comprehensive income either as one continuous statement of comprehensive income or as two separate but consecutive statements. It eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders' equity. The guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company adopted both of these pronouncements during fiscal 2013. The adoption of these two pronouncements did not impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-11, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. ASU 2011-11 requires an entity to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements to enable users of financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on its financial position, and to allow investors to better compare financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP with financial statements prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The new standards are effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2013, and interim periods within those annual periods. Retrospective application is required. We are currently assessing the impact of this guidance.

ITEM 7A.     QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.      FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are listed in Item 15 — "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report.

ITEM 9.     CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

 ITEM 9A.   CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are our controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b). Based upon that evaluation, as of April 30, 2013, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

The annual report of management on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is provided under “Reports of Management” on page F-2.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended April 30, 2013 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B.   OTHER INFORMATION

In December 2012, we amended the employment agreements of our Executive Vice Chairman, Dr. George W. Taylor, and our Chief Executive Officer, Charles F. Dunleavy (each, an “Officer”) to provide for a temporary salary reduction for the period running from January 1, 2013 through July 31, 2013. On July 11, 2013, we and each Officer agreed to extend his temporary salary reduction period through December 31, 2013 (the “Extension”). The other terms of their employment agreements, as modified by the prior amendments, remain unchanged.

In consideration of his agreement to accept the Extension, each Officer will receive, at his election, incentive stock options or restricted stock equal in value to his aggregate salary reduction (an “Equity Grant”). Each Equity Grant will be fully vested on the grant date and will be issued pursuant to the terms of our 2006 Stock Incentive Plan.

PART III

ITEM 10.     DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information with respect to this item is set forth in the Proxy Statement for the 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement") under the headings "Election of Directors," "Executive Officers," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance," "Code of Ethics" and "Corporate Governance" and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 11.     EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information with respect to this item is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Executive Compensation" and "Director Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 12.     SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Information with respect to this item is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Executive Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 13.     CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information with respect to this item is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" and "Corporate Governance" and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 14.     PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Information with respect to this item is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the heading "Ratification of the Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm," and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

PART IV

ITEM 15.     EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) (1) Financial Statements: See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1.

(3) Exhibits: See Exhibits Index on pages 45 to 46.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Exhibits Index

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Reports of Management

Management's Report on Consolidated Financial Statements

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the management of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (the Company) in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles to reflect the financial position of the Company and its operating results. The financial information appearing throughout this Annual Report is consistent with the consolidated financial statements. Management is responsible for the information and representations in such consolidated financial statements, including the estimates and judgments required for their preparation. The consolidated financial statements have been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which appears herein.

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which is composed entirely of directors who are not officers or employees of the Company, meets regularly with management and the independent registered public accounting firm. The independent registered public accounting firm has had, and continues to have, direct access to the Audit Committee without the presence of other management personnel, and have been directed to discuss the results of their audit work and any matters they believe should be brought to the Committee's attention. The independent registered public accounting firm reports directly to the Audit Committee.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2013. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment using those criteria, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of April 30, 2013.

/s/  CHARLES F. DUNLEAVY              

Charles F. Dunleavy

Chief Executive Officer

/s/  BRIAN M. POSNER                        

Brian M. Posner

Chief Financial Officer

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Ocean Power Technologies, Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries as of April 30, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended April 30, 2013. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries as of April 30, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended April 30, 2013, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

July 12, 2013

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity