Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. - Annual Report: 2016 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.
20549

Form 10-K

Commission File Number 001-33417

1590 REED ROAD

PENNINGTON, NJ 08534

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (609) 730-0400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐     No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐     No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☑     No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes ☑     No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☑      

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐     No ☑

The aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates as of October 31, 2015, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $4.1 million based on the closing sale price of the registrant's common stock on that date as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of June 30, 2016 was 2,511,850 (excluding 380,000 shares issuable under a pending litigation settlement).

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the Company’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

INDEX TO REPORT ON FORM 10-K

PowerBuoy^® is a registered trademark of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and the Ocean Power Technologies logo is a trademark of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. All other trademarks appearing in this annual report are the property of their respective holders.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

We have made statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Annual Report") in, among other sections, Item 1 — "Business," Item 1A — "Risk Factors," Item 3 — "Legal Proceedings," and Item 7 — "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" that are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements convey our current expectations or forecasts of future events. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, plans and objectives of management for future operations. The words "may," "continue," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "will," "believe," "project," "expect," "anticipate" and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. They may be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in Item 1A — "Risk Factors." In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur as contemplated and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this filing. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or otherwise.

Our fiscal year ends on April 30. References to fiscal 2016 are to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Special Note regarding Reverse Stock Split

At the annual meeting of stockholders of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (the “Company,” “we” or “us”) on October 22, 2015, our stockholders approved a proposal to amend our Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse split of our common stock, par value $0.001 (“common stock”), at a ratio to be determined by the Company’s Board of Directors within a specific range and a reduction in the authorized number of shares of our common stock. On October 27, 2015, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to affect a one-for-10 reverse stock split of our common stock and to decrease the number of authorized shares of our Common Stock to 50,000,000 shares (the “Reverse Stock Split”). As of the effective date of the Reverse Stock Split, every 10 shares of issued and outstanding common stock were combined into one issued and outstanding share of common stock, without any change in the par value per share. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Total cash payments made by the Company to stockholders in lieu of fractional shares were not material. The common stock began trading on a reverse stock split-adjusted basis on the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) on October 29, 2015. On November 12, 2015, NASDAQ notified the Company that our Common Stock had regained compliance with the NASDAQ listed company closing bid price requirement. All share and per share data included in this report has been retroactively restated to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.

PART I

ITEM 1.        BUSINESS

Overview

Approximately 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, with approximately 44% of the world’s population living within approximately 150 miles of a coast. Thousands of systems are deployed in the oceans today to increase our understanding of weather, climate change, biological processes, and marine mammal patterns and to support exploration and operations for industries such as oil and gas. Most of these systems are powered by battery, solar, wind, fuel cell, or fossil fuel generators that are expensive to operate while also limited in their electric power delivery. Most of these systems require significant tradeoffs in sensor accuracy, data processing and data communications bandwidth and frequency in order to operate within the available power. More persistent power systems requiring less maintenance may have the ability to save costs over current operating systems. Just as importantly, increases in available power may allow for better sensors, and shorter data sampling and data communication intervals which could as a result improve scientific and economic returns.

Founded in 1994 and headquartered in Pennington, NJ, Ocean Power Technologies seeks to become a leader in ocean wave power. We are developing and seeking to commercialize our proprietary systems that generate electricity by harnessing the renewable energy of ocean waves. Our PowerBuoy^® systems use proprietary technologies that convert the mechanical energy created by the heaving motion of ocean waves into electricity. We currently have designed and are seeking to commercialize and continue to develop our PowerBuoy product line which is based on modular, ocean-going buoys, which we have been periodically ocean testing since 1997.

We have designed our autonomous PowerBuoy to generate power for use in remote locations, independent of an existing power grid. Our current product offering, an autonomous PowerBuoy, incorporates a unique power take-off (“PTO”) and onboard system for energy storage and management, and is significantly smaller than our previous iteration utility scale PowerBuoy.  We are continuing to develop and test our PowerBuoys, which we believe could be utilized in a variety of applications. While we believe that we have validated our autonomous PowerBuoy and subsystems through factory and in-ocean tests, we are continuing to develop our PowerBuoy and product offerings, and only beginning to seek to commercialize our products and therefore, we cannot assure you that our products will operate as designed or provide our potential customers with a cost-effective alternative source of in-ocean power for all applications. In our current PowerBuoy design, we are leveraging portions of earlier designs and features that we do not believe require further validation prior to implementation in our current products. Currently, our product development and engineering efforts are focusing primarily on developing technologies that will increase the energy output and reliability of our product, while also seeking to ensure design scalability to meet the power demands in our targeted markets. Our marketing and development efforts are targeting applications that require reliable, persistent, and sustainable power sources operating independently of the utility grid. We also seek to supply electric power to payloads that are integrated directly in our PowerBuoy and/or located in its vicinity when deployed in the ocean, including on the seabed. Based on our market research and available public data, our management believes that there is the potential for us to pursue business opportunities in multiple markets that would have a direct need for our PowerBuoys including oil and gas, ocean observing, defense and security, communications, offshore wind, and ocean aquaculture. Depending on power needs, sensor types and other considerations, we believe our PowerBuoy could have the ability to satisfy several application requirements within these markets. We believe that our current PowerBuoy product, the PB3, generates sufficient persistent power to meet the application needs of many of the potential customers within our target markets, but we also believe that we will need to increase the energy output of the PowerBuoy to generate the power required for other applications within these markets and are seeking to do so with our continued research and development efforts. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to seek commercial adoption of our PowerBuoy and related services.

Since fiscal 2002, government agencies have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues. These revenues were largely for the support of our development efforts relating to our technology and development of our PowerBuoys. Our goal is that an increased portion of our revenues be from the sale or lease of our products and sales of services, as compared to revenue from grants to support our business operations. As we continue to develop and commercialize our products, we expect to have a net loss of cash from operating activities unless and until we achieve positive cash flow from the commercialization of our products and services. During fiscal 2015 and 2016, we continued work on projects with the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”), and Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (“MES”), and we continued our efforts to increase the reliability and power output of our PowerBuoys.

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of New Jersey in April 1984 and began commercial operations in 1994. On April 23, 2007, we reincorporated in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 1590 Reed Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, and our telephone number is (609) 730-0400. Our website address is www.oceanpowertechnologies.com. We make available free of charge on our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The information on our website is not a part of this Annual Report. Our common stock has been listed on NASDAQ since April 24, 2007, the date on which we completed our initial public offering in the United States, and since July 2015, our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Our fiscal year begins on May 1 and ends on April 30. When we refer to a particular fiscal year, we are referring to the fiscal year ending on April 30 of that year. For example, fiscal 2016 refers to the fiscal year beginning on May 1, 2015 and ending on April 30, 2016. Other fiscal years follow similarly.

Competitive Advantages

We are currently seeking to commercialize our PowerBuoy by targeting customers principally in six markets (as discussed in further detail below) that require reliable, persistent, and sustainable power sources operating independently of the utility grid. We believe that our technology for generating electricity from wave energy and our commercial relationships may offer the following potential competitive advantages in the markets we are targeting for commercial sales and leases of our PowerBuoy and related products and services.

Business Strategy 

As part of our strategic pivot in operations initiated in fiscal 2015, we are currently focused on developing and commercializing our PowerBuoy products and services for use in autonomous power applications. Generally, these applications are independent of the power grid and are located in remote offshore locations. We have incorporated our prior knowledge and best practices into our product design and validation processes, some of which were gained during the development of utility scale buoys. Based on market research and available public data, we believe considerable business opportunity could exist in markets which require autonomous offshore power.

Our business strategy is to commercialize our autonomous PowerBuoy systems. In order to achieve this goal, we are pursuing the following business objectives:

Market Opportunities

We are targeting our sales and marketing efforts in the following six markets, which we believe present market opportunities for our Company as we seek to commercialize our products and services.

Oil and Gas

We believe the oil and gas industry is undergoing a significant transformation. In light of industry consolidation due to relatively low oil prices, the industry continues to invest in new technologies which enable cost savings as well as the digitization of operations. We believe that minor improvements in oil field management can equate to significant additional revenues or cost savings for the operator and is driving the industry to search for new and enabling technologies. We believe that the addition of increased offshore power sources could enable activities like powering seafloor processes and/or augmenting associated power systems. We also believe that cost savings, potential increased revenues, and risk management are key drivers for the oil and gas industry. We also believe that applications such as charging stations for autonomous underwater vehicles, equipment monitoring, communications, reservoir management, weather forecasting, ocean current predictions, and seismic mapping are all significant customer market opportunities for our products.

Ocean Observing

Ocean observing provides information for the entire ocean enterprise, consisting of for-profit and not-for-profit businesses which support ocean measurement, observation and forecasting, and is an important provider of information to maritime commerce and the entire “blue economy.” Maritime commerce and the scientific community depend on information about areas such as weather, climate change, ocean seismometry and biological processes in order to inform operations and development. The instruments used to collect maritime data and environmental intelligence require a power and communications solution in remote offshore locations. We believe that our PowerBuoy may provide savings over the project life-cycle of incumbent solutions, and the increased power provided by the PowerBuoy may allow for additional sensors and enhanced data communications and/or may enable brand new and critical sensing missions that may have been prohibited due to the lack of sufficient offshore power as provided by incumbent solutions.

Security and Defense

In 2011, we deployed a prototype autonomous PowerBuoy off the coast of New Jersey, which we designed and manufactured for the U.S. Navy for coastal security and maritime surveillance (described more fully below under “Customers – Historical Projects – U.S. Navy”). Our PowerBuoy provided persistent power to an integrated radar system for nearly three months, and the system successfully extended the U.S. Navy’s surveillance range by a significant amount. Two years later, we redeployed the system, powering both radar and sonar. We believe there is the potential for the U.S. Navy to seek to incorporate this type of surveillance capability in major ports throughout the U.S.

We believe that a PowerBuoy can be used to provide power and communications for multiple applications, while appearing the same regardless of the application. This may be an attractive feature for defense and security, as their systems can hide in plain sight. An example of such would be an array of PowerBuoys providing surveillance across an inlet or harbor, with communications back to a remote base which could be used to help protect critical and high-value infrastructure. Forward deployed energy and communications outposts, above and below sea surface, early detection and warning systems, remote sensing stations, high frequency radar and sonar, electro-optical and infrared sensors, network communications systems and unmanned underwater vehicle docking stations are all applications for domestic and international defense departments and defense contractors.

Other Markets

We believe that opportunities also exist in markets such as offshore wind, communications, and aquaculture. For example, the addition of nearshore and offshore cellular and WiFi platforms with persistent power could decrease communications costs for the marine and airline industries. Continuous power and data communications for the aquaculture industry could potentially transform location requirements of the industry.

Offshore wind requires meteorological and environmental data to permit, finance and build wind turbine installations. Currently two methods of data collection are used for offshore wind: (1) meteorological masts, which are a significant cost to install on the ocean floor and can take more than 12 months for permitting and construction; and (2) floating, which uses a Light Detection and Ranging device (“LiDAR”) and which is gaining acceptance in the industry. Current power and communications platforms for floating LiDAR exist but may not be adequate for continuous data collection. We believe that our PowerBuoy solution may be able to decrease life cycle costs compared to these incumbent solutions. Global wind farm development market data suggest that hundreds of offshore wind sites are in the initial planning stages or beyond, with more being added each year.

Product and Technologies

The following is a summary of the development and history of our current PowerBuoy product and our technologies.

Wave Energy

The energy contained in ocean waves is a form of renewable energy that can be harnessed to generate electricity. Ocean waves are created when wind moves across the ocean surface. The interaction between the wind and the ocean surface causes energy to be exchanged. At first, small waves occur on the ocean surface. As this process continues, the waves become larger and the distance between the top of the waves becomes longer. Wave size, and the amount of kinetic wave energy, depends on wind speed, the duration the wind blows across the waves and the distance covered. The vertical motion of the waves moves the float component of our PowerBuoy, creating mechanical energy which our proprietary technologies convert into usable electricity.

We believe that there are the following potential benefits to using wave energy for electricity generation, compared to existing incumbent solutions.

Methods for generating electricity from wave energy can be divided into two general categories: onshore systems and offshore systems. Our PowerBuoys are the offshore type. Many offshore systems, including our PowerBuoy, utilize a floatation device to harness wave energy. The heaving or pitching of the floatation device due to the force of the waves creates mechanical energy, which is converted into electricity by various technologies. Onshore and near shore systems are often located on a shore cliff or a breakwater, or a short distance at sea from the shore line, and typically must concentrate the wave energy before using it to drive an electrical generator. Although maintenance costs of onshore systems may be less than those associated with offshore systems, we believe there are a variety of disadvantages to the former. As waves approach the shore, their energy decreases, therefore, onshore and near shore wave power stations are not capable of exploiting the same amount of energy produced by waves in deeper water. In addition, suitable sites for onshore and near shore systems are limited and potential environmental and aesthetic issues may impede development of these systems due to wave power station size and proximity of communities.

Our principal product is our autonomous PowerBuoy, which is designed to generate power for use independent of the power grid in remote offshore locations. It consists of a main hull structure surrounded by a floating buoy-like device. The hull is loosely moored to the seabed so that floating buoy can freely move up and down in response to the rising and falling of the waves. The PTO device that includes an electrical generator, a power electronics system, our control system, and our ESS are sealed within the hull. As ocean waves pass the PowerBuoy, the mechanical stroke action created by the waves is converted into rotational mechanical energy by the PTO, which in turn, drives the electrical generator. The power electronics system then conditions the electrical output which is collected within an ESS. The operation of the PowerBuoy is controlled by our customized, proprietary control system.

The control system uses sensors and an onboard computer to continuously monitor the PowerBuoy subsystems as well as the characteristics of the waves which interact with the PowerBuoy. The control system collects data from the sensors and the payloads, and uses proprietary algorithms to electronically adjust the performance of the PowerBuoy. We believe that this ability to optimize and manage the electric power output of the PowerBuoy is a significant advantage of our technology.

In the event of large storm waves, the control system automatically locks the PowerBuoy and electricity generation is suspended. However, the load center (either the on-board payload or that in the vicinity of the PowerBuoy) may continue to receive power from the on-board ESS. When wave heights return to normal operating conditions, the control system automatically unlocks the PowerBuoy and electricity generation and ESS replenishment recommence. This safety feature helps to prevent the PowerBuoy from being damaged by storm wave impacts.

In March 2016, we announced a rebranding of our PowerBuoy systems as part of our commercialization efforts and to closely align our PowerBuoy products with the perceived best practices of analogous industries based on power generation and on-board energy storage capabilities. Under our new naming conventions, our current PowerBuoy is referred to as the “PB3,” corresponding to “PowerBuoy with a peak power rating of three kilowatts.” This naming convention is based upon the ideal yet achievable ocean conditions that would result in a net AC peak power delivered by the PB3 PowerBuoy to a payload over a 20 minute period after converting the incoming wave energy into useful AC electricity. References on our website, and in our SEC filings and this Annual Report to the “APB350” refers to earlier prototype PowerBuoys containing earlier generation PTOs and other earlier technologies.

The PB3 has undergone a design iteration from our immediate prior design focusing on improving its reliability and survivability in the anticipated operating ocean environment, and will continue to undergo further enhancements through customary product life cycle management. The PB3-A1 was an initial prototype that has now undergone in-ocean and accelerated life testing, and we believe that the PB3 will achieve a maturity level for use by early adopters in fiscal 2017, but we are in the early stages of seeking to commercialize our product and we cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to do so. We believe that the PB3 will generate and store sufficient power to address some application requirements in our target markets. Our product development and engineering efforts are focused, in part, on increasing the energy output and efficiency of our PowerBuoys and, if we are able to do so, we believe the PowerBuoy would be useful for additional applications where cost savings and additional power are required by our potential customers. We have only begun to explore opportunities in these target markets, and we have not yet developed any integrated solutions and product offerings in these potential markets. We believe that by increasing the energy output of our PowerBuoys we may be able to address larger segments of our target markets. By improving our design and manufacturing, we also seek to reduce the cost of our PowerBuoys through further design iterations and manufacturing ramp-up. In so doing, we seek to improve customer value, displace more incumbent solutions, and become a viable power source for additional applications in our target market segments.

Research and Development

Our research and development team has a broad range of experience in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, hydrodynamics and systems engineering. We have engaged in extensive research and development efforts to develop the PowerBuoy, improve PowerBuoy efficiency, reliability and power output, and to improve manufacturability while reducing cost and complexity. Our research and development efforts have been focused recently on optimizing the size of our PowerBuoys in order to achieve the most competitive overall cost (both operating and capital expenditures) in our target markets. Such efforts included in recent years reducing overall product size and weight by considering the use of materials other than steel for the external structure of our PowerBuoys. Other recent efforts included the development of scalable, higher efficiency, lower cost, higher reliability and less customized PTO systems, and the use of higher energy density and lower weight energy storage technologies. We continue to seek to increase the capabilities of our PowerBuoy systems by designing flexible interfaces and rendering them sensor and payload agnostic.

Other areas of research and development focus have included the development and implementation of accelerated testing regimens and techniques known as accelerated life testing. Such methods accelerate failures in a laboratory environment, as compared to more lengthy and expensive full scale ocean deployments during normal use conditions. This testing allows us to quantify the life characteristics of critical components and subsystems which would normally require several years of operation in ocean conditions to achieve similar levels of wear and tear. Accelerated life testing is used successfully in other industries such as automotive and aerospace, and is a critical enabler for rapid product and technology development and maturation. We believe that the combination of laboratory and ocean test regimens coupled with carefully planned PowerBuoy ocean tests will help us to improve our effectiveness in commercializing our products.

It is our intent to fund the majority of our research and development expenses over the next several years with sources of external funding, including cost sharing obligations under customer contracts. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to secure additional contracts. If we are unable to obtain external funding, we may curtail our research and development expenses or reduce the scope of our operations as necessary to lower our operating costs.

Deployments

We continue to receive important feedback from in-ocean deployments of our PowerBuoys, as is customary in the marine industry for new vessels and products prior to final acceptance by their customers. If we are able to increase PowerBuoy production, we anticipate that the need for in-ocean trials of our mature products will diminish. Deployment sites are selected based on minimum ocean depth, appropriate wave activity for power generation requirements of associated deployment payloads, and proximity to end-user operations. The PB3 can be transported over land to the deployment port using a standard 40 foot “low-boy” trailer. Once at port, the PB3 can be lifted into the water or onboard a vessel using a readily available crane of appropriate capacity. The PB3 may then be towed to site using a standard vessel (if the location is within an appropriate distance from the port), or the PB3 may be carried aboard a vessel to its offshore location, and craned into the water at site. The PB3 is then attached to the mooring system, which is installed during a separate operation, after which a brief commissioning process places the PB3 into operation. Recent deployments include the PB3-A1 in August and October of 2015, and again in June 2016. In July 2016, we deployed our first commercial PB3 PowerBuoy, approximately four miles off of the coast of New Jersey.  The Company currently anticipates that this deployment will be the final validation of the PB3 prior to the anticipated March 2017 six-month lease of the PB3 PowerBuoy under a previously announced customer agreement.

Product Insurance. We currently have a property loss and liability insurance policy underwritten by Lloyd's Underwriters that covers the deployment and storage of our PowerBuoys.

Site Approval. In the U.S., federal agencies regulate the siting of long-term renewable energy projects and related-uses located on the outer continental shelf (“OCS”), which is generally more than three miles offshore. OCS projects longer than one-year in duration are regulated by the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”). For projects located within three miles of the U.S. shore regardless of duration, the adjacent state would be responsible for issuing a lease and other required authorizations for the location of the project. In either case, an assessment of the potential environmental impact of the project would be conducted in addition to other requirements. Generally, the same process applies to foreign sites where site approval is contingent on meeting both national and local regulatory and environmental requirements. In connection with issuing permits or leases enabling project use, the respective government agency often requires site restoration or other activities at the conclusion of the permit or lease period.

Environmental Approval and Compliance. We are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things: the generation, storage, handling, use and transportation of hazardous materials; the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; and the health and safety of our employees. In addition, in the U.S., the construction and operation of PowerBuoys offshore would require permits and approvals from the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other governmental authorities. These required permits and approvals evaluate, among other things, whether a project is in the public interest and ensure that the project would not create a hazard to navigation. Other foreign and international laws may require similar approvals. We provide you with additional information under “Regulation” below.

Customers

Current Customers

The table below shows the percentage of our revenue we derived from significant customers for the periods indicated:

We currently have one revenue producing contract, which is our agreement with MES. The MES agreement is a $975,587 contract for engineering services and a six-month lease of our PB3 PowerBuoy off the coast of Japan. The lease portion of this contract is currently expected to commence in March 2017 and run through August 2017. MES has the right to cancel all or any separable part of the MES contract for convenience upon 30 days written notice to us, and the contract contains other customary terms and conditions.

In order to be successful, we must expand our customer base and obtain commercial contracts for us to lease or sell our PowerBuoy and related services to customers. Our potential customer base for our PowerBuoys includes various public and private entities, and agencies that require autonomous offshore power. To date, substantially all of our revenue producing contracts have been with a small number of customers under contracts to fund a portion of the costs of our operational efforts to develop and improve our technology, validate our product through ocean and laboratory testing, and business development activities with potential commercial customers. Most of our revenues to date have been cost-reimbursement contracts with customers funding our product development efforts. Our goal in the future is that an increased portion of our revenues will be from the lease or sale of our products and related maintenance and other services. Our significant customers and contracts to date are summarized below.

In June 2016, as described above, we announced a definitive agreement with MES for engineering and other services and a six-month lease of our PB3 PowerBuoy, which is anticipated to commence in March 2017, and currently expected to extend through August 2017.

Strategic Relationships

We also have developed some strategic relationships with companies seeking to validate our PowerBuoy as a source of energy for specific applications. These strategic relationships generally require us to provide services and/or products to, or in conjunction with, our strategic partners, seeking to jointly develop an application. We generally bear our own costs associated with the performance of these strategic arrangements and these relationships generally do not generate any revenues for us. Our current strategic relationships are described below.

Historic Projects

Our relationships and projects during recent years include, but are not limited to, the following:

Manufacturing

We engage in two types of manufacturing activities: 1) the manufacturing of the high value-added PTO components for systems control, power generation and conversion, and energy storage for each PowerBuoy; and 2) contracting with outside companies for the fabrication of the buoy structure, anchoring, mooring, and cabling.

Our core in-house manufacturing activity is the assembly, final systems integration and testing of the PTO and its components, which is conducted at our Pennington, New Jersey facility. The power generation system consists of electro-mechanical components, and the control modules include the critical electrical and electronic systems that convert the mechanical energy into usable electricity. The sensors and control systems use sophisticated technology to optimize the performance of the PowerBuoy in response to changing operating conditions and payload power demand. We maintain a portfolio of patents, including those that cover our power generation, power conversion and control technologies.

We purchase the remaining components and materials for each PowerBuoy from various vendors. We provide specifications to each vendor, and they are responsible for performing quality analysis and quality control over the course of construction, subject to our review of the quality and test procedure results. After the vendor completes the testing of the buoy structure, it is transported to our facility for final integration of the PTO. After each vendor completes testing of the remaining components, they are transported ready-to-install to the project site. We do not believe that we are dependent on any single vendor for manufacturing the components of and materials for our PowerBuoy, and we believe that there are many available manufacturers for our component parts if a particular manufacturing partner should become unavailable or expensive. However, we have only manufactured our PowerBuoys in limited quantities for use in development and testing and have limited commercial manufacturing experience, and our work with our vendors has not included work on multiple orders on time-critical deadlines. Moreover, we do not have long-term contracts with our third-party manufacturers or vendors. In order to be successful in our efforts to commercialize our PowerBuoys, we will need to secure stable relationships with a variety of manufacturers and vendors that can supply component parts and materials for our PowerBuoy products.

Marketing and Sales

We are enhancing our marketing capabilities and have begun marketing our autonomous PowerBuoys. We currently use a direct sales force consisting of employees and consultants. Because our autonomous PowerBuoys use technology which is not yet considered mature by our target markets, we expect that the customer decision process could require us to spend substantial time educating end-users and stakeholders, which may result in a lengthy sales cycle for our PowerBuoys.

We market our PowerBuoys to companies and entities requiring remote power applications; for example, oil and gas companies for potential applications such as remote sensing, trace heating, or autonomous underwater vehicle charging stations. We also see opportunities for security and defense applications using active sensors such as high frequency radar and acoustic systems with significant processing and communications requirements.

Additionally, we continue to seek to enter into strategic relationships to develop application solutions with commercial and military sensor and equipment manufacturers, where we might grant licenses to manufacture, market or operate PowerBuoys or PowerBuoy subsystems.

Backlog

As of April 30, 2016, our backlog was negligible. As of April 30, 2015, our prior negotiated backlog was $0.9 million. In 2016, a utility project with MES was suspended and is excluded from backlog because we do not expect work under that contract to continue as we shift focus to the new autonomous PowerBuoy project with MES. Subsequently, on May 31, 2016, we entered into a contract with MES totaling $975,587, a portion of which was performed in fiscal 2016 as agreed under a LOI signed in March 2016. Our backlog at April 30, 2016 and April 30, 2015 included cost-sharing contracts as described in the Financial Operations Overview section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis in this Annual Report. Our backlog can include both funded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders for our products and services for which funding has been both authorized and appropriated by the customer (U.S. Congress, in the case of U.S. Government agencies), and unfunded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders for which funding has not been appropriated. If any of our contracts were to be terminated, our backlog would be reduced by the expected value of the remaining terms of such contract. Our backlog was fully funded at April 30, 2016.

The amount of contract backlog is not necessarily indicative of future revenue because modifications to or terminations of present contracts and production delays can provide additional revenue or reduce anticipated revenue. A substantial portion of our revenue is recognized using the percentage-of-completion method, and changes in estimates from time to time may have a significant effect on revenue and backlog. Our backlog is also typically subject to large variations from time to time due to the timing of new awards.

For fiscal 2016, we generated revenues of $0.7 million and incurred a net loss attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $13.1 million, and for fiscal 2015, we generated revenues of $4.1 million and incurred a net loss attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $13.1 million. As of April 30, 2016, our accumulated deficit was $177.9 million. We have not been profitable since inception, and we do not know whether or when we will become profitable because of the significant uncertainties with respect to our ability to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoys.  

Competition

We expect to compete with other providers of in-ocean autonomous energy sources, including battery, solar and fossil-fuel providers, most of which are substantially larger than OPT and have access to greater financial resources. Incumbent sources of in-ocean energy also represent established and reliable sources of energy and already have gained customer acceptance. Our ability to compete and compete successfully for business from applications seeking in-ocean energy will depend on our ability to produce and store energy reliably in-ocean and at a total cost that is competitive with or lower than that of other providers. In addition, our ability to compete successfully will depend on the reliability of our product and our potential customers’ perceived impressions regarding our company. Our ability to compete effectively may be adversely affected by our current need for additional financing and our potential customers’ concerns about our long-term viability.

We also may compete against other renewable wave generated energy providers. As of April 2016, there were more than 250 companies, some with institutional funding, listed in the DOE’s Marine and Hydrokinetic (“MHK”) Technology Database. This DOE database provides up-to-date information on marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies and companies, both in the U.S. and around the world. Many of these companies are located in the U.K., continental Europe, Japan, Israel, the U.S. and Australia, and many of those companies are pursuing the utility, grid-connected energy market. The MHK industry is both highly competitive and continually evolving as participants strive to differentiate themselves by promoting their specific technology focusing on cost and efficiency. The companies are subdivided by implementation: wave power, current power, tidal and ocean thermal energy conversion. Within wave power, the technologies are classified as point absorber, oscillating wave column, overtopping device, attenuator and oscillating wave surge converter. Our PowerBuoy wave energy converter is classified as a point absorber.

The vast majority of the companies in the DOE’s database are small, start-up type companies with a small number of employees and in early stage development who do not have our in-ocean validation experience. Only a few of these companies have conducted accelerated life testing and have also conducted extensive wave tank testing on reduced scale models of their devices. We believe our in-ocean experience is critical in proving the reliability, survivability and performance of any wave energy system, which we believe our potential customers will require before adopting any wave generated energy solution. We believe our experience gained through full scale in-ocean deployments, coupled with other types of testing, and our resulting understanding of risks and failure modes may provide us with an advantage compared to other wave energy potential competitors.

OPT's analysis of the DOE database indicates that approximately twenty wave energy technologies were selected for further evaluation primarily based on company financial capability, type of system and potential to compete in autonomous (non-grid connected) markets. Of these, there are three companies that we believe may have the technical capability and financial viability to compete in the autonomous market; however, their technologies are still in early stage development with limited ocean testing. We believe that none of these technologies are at the maturity level of our current PB3 PowerBuoy, and because of this we may have a first mover advantage as compared with these wave energy providers.

Intellectual Property

We believe that our technology differentiates us from other providers of wave technologies. As a result, our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our products, technology and know-how, to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, and continuing technological innovation and may rely on licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position.

As of April 2016, we have been issued 62 U.S. patents, of which 48 are active and 14 have expired. We have filed for two additional U.S. patents. A total of 22 of the active U.S. patents have been issued foreign patent protection. An additional four active patents have been filed for foreign patent protection. Our patent portfolio includes patents and patent applications with claims directed to: 

The expiration dates for our issued U.S. patents range from 2018 to 2032. We do not consider any single patent or patent application that we hold to be material to our business. The patent positions of companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our technology will depend on our success in continuing to obtain effective patent claims and enforcing those claims once granted. In addition, certain technologies that we developed with U.S. federal government funding are subject to certain government rights as described in "Risk Factors — Risks Related to Intellectual Property."

We use trademarks on nearly all of our products and believe that having distinctive marks is an important factor in marketing our products. We have registered our PowerBuoy^®, PBView^®, Talk on Water^®, CellBuoy^® and PowerTower^® marks and our Making Waves in Power^® service mark in the United States. Trademark ownership is generally of indefinite duration when marks are properly maintained in commercial use.

Regulation

Our PowerBuoys are subject to regulation in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions concerning, among other areas, site approval and environmental approval and compliance. In order to encourage the adoption of offshore power solutions, many governments offer subsidies and other financial incentives and have mandated renewable energy targets which some of our customers may be able to leverage. However, these subsidies, incentives and targets may not be applicable to our technology and therefore may not be available to our customers.

The renewable energy industry has also been subject to increasing regulation. As the renewable energy industry continues to evolve and as the wave energy industry continues to evolve, we anticipate that wave energy technology and our PowerBuoys and their deployment will be subject to increased oversight and regulation in accordance with international, national and local regulations relating to safety, sites, and environmental protection.

Site Approval, Environmental Approval and Compliance

We present additional information regarding the regulatory requirements relating to our in-ocean deployments above, under “Product and Technologies – Deployments.”

Subsidies and Incentives

Renewable energy subsidies and incentives are generally applicable only to electric generation and supply to the utility grid. However, our autonomous applications may permit a customer to reduce its carbon emissions, which our potential customers may be able to publicize in their environmental stewardship reports.

Employees

As of April 30, 2016, we had 29 full-time employees and one part-time employee. Of these employees, 28 are located in Pennington, New Jersey and one is located in the U.K. We believe that our future success will depend in part on our continued ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel. None of our employees is represented by a labor union, and we believe our employee relations are good.

ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and in prior reports pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and our registration statements filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. If any of the following risks actually occur, they may materially harm our business and our financial condition and results of operations. In this event, the market price of our Common Stock could decline and your investment could be lost.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our auditors have raised substantial doubts as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. We have experienced substantial and recurring losses from operations, which losses have caused an accumulated deficit of $177.9 million at April 30, 2016. At April 30, 2016, we had approximately $6.7 million in cash on hand. We generated revenues of only $.7 million in fiscal 2016, and $4.1 million in fiscal 2015. Based on the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balances as of April 30, 2016, the Company believes that it will be able to finance its capital requirements and operations into at least the quarter ending January 31, 2017. We continue to experience operating losses and currently have only one primary revenue producing contract, which is an agreement with MES (the “MES Agreement”) to, among other things, lease and deploy our PB3 PowerBuoy off Kozushima Island, Japan and to provide certain engineering and other services. The total value of the lease and other services to be provided by us under the MES Agreement is $975,587. We currently expect the term of the lease to commence in March 2017, and the term of the MES Agreement to extend through August 2017. During the final three months of fiscal 2016, our net burn rate (cash used in operations less cash generated by operations) including product development spending was approximately $900,000 per month.

We have been funding our business principally through sales of our securities, and we expect to continue to fund our business with sales of our securities and, to a limited extent, with our revenues until, if ever, we generate sufficient cash flow to internally fund our business. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. We anticipate that our operating expenses will be approximately $12 million in fiscal 2017 including product development spending of more than $5 million. However, we may choose to reduce our operating expenses through personnel reductions, and reductions in our research and development and other operating costs during fiscal year 2017, if we are not successful in our efforts to raise additional capital. We cannot assure you that we will be able to increase our revenues and cash flow to a level which would support our operations and provide sufficient funds to pay our obligations for the foreseeable future. Further, we cannot assure you that we will be able to secure additional financing or raise additional capital or, if we are successful in our efforts to raise additional capital, of the terms and conditions upon which any such financing would be extended. If we are unable to meet our obligations, we would be forced to cease operations, in which event investors would lose their entire investment in our company.

We may not be able to raise sufficient capital to continue to operate our business.

Historically, we have funded our business operations through sales of equity securities. We do not know whether we will be able to secure additional equity funding or, if secured, whether the terms will be favorable to us or our investors. Our ability to obtain additional funding will be subject to a number of factors, including market conditions, our operating performance, pending litigation and investor sentiment. These factors may make additional funding unavailable, or the timing, amount, terms and conditions of additional funding unattractive. If we issue additional equity securities to raise capital, our existing stockholders would experience dilution or may be subordinated to any rights, preferences or privileges granted to the new equity holders. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC registering the sale of up to $15,000,000 of debt, equity and other securities (the “Shelf Registration Statement”), which was declared effective on April 26, 2016. Under the Shelf Registration Statement and our previous shelf registration statement on Form S-3 effective February 15, 2013 (the “2013 Form S-3 Shelf”), we offered and sold $293,343 in value of our Common Stock in an “at the market” offering facility (“ATM Facility”) during the period from October 2015 through April 2016. We paid H.C. Wainwright & Co., our sales agent in the ATM Facility, a sales commission of approximately $4,400 related to those shares. We terminated the ATM Facility in June 2016 and will not offer additional securities under the ATM Facility.

Sales under our current Shelf Registration Statement or other sales of equity or convertible securities could be dilutive to our stockholders. We cannot assure you that we will be able to issue any such securities or, if issued, what the terms of those securities would be. In particular, any new securities issued could have rights senior to those associated with our Common Stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Should the financing we require to sustain our working capital needs be unavailable or prohibitively expensive when we require it, our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected and we may be unable to continue our operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We depend on a limited number of customers for substantially all of our revenues. The loss of, or a significant reduction in revenues from, any of these customers could significantly reduce our revenues and harm our operating results.

Historically, a small number of customers have provided substantially all of our revenues, and these revenues have been generated under development and cost reimbursement agreements rather than commercial contracts. The EU accounted for 58%, the DOE accounted for 28% and MES accounted for 14% of our revenues during fiscal 2016. In fiscal 2015, revenues from the EU accounted for 23%, revenues from the DOE accounted for 37% and revenues from MES accounted for 40% of our total revenues. Our existing contracts with the DOE were completed in fiscal 2016. In order to receive future funding from the DOE, we are required to enter into additional contracts with the DOE, which would require appropriation by the U.S. Congress. Additional funding for projects may not be approved or we may not be able to negotiate future agreements on acceptable terms, if at all.

Generally, we recognize revenue using the percentage-of-completion method based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion. In certain circumstances, revenue under contracts that have specified milestones or other performance criteria may be recognized only when our customer acknowledges that such criteria have been satisfied. In addition, recognition of revenue (and the related costs) may be deferred for fixed-price contracts until contract completion if we are unable to reasonably estimate the total costs of the project prior to completion. Because we currently have a small number of customers and contracts, problems with a single contract would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently only have one revenue producing contract, which is our agreement with MES. Historically, we have relied on a small group of customers for substantially all of our revenue, and we expect that such concentration will continue for the foreseeable future. A customer’s payment default, or the loss of a customer as a result of competition, creditworthiness, our failure to perform, our inability to negotiate extensions or replacements of contracts, or otherwise, would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to secure additional commercial customers, or additional revenue-generating contracts.

If sufficient demand for our PowerBuoys does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipate, our revenue generation will be limited, and it is unlikely that we will be able to achieve and, if achieved, then sustain profitability.

Even if wave energy technology achieves broad commercial acceptance, our PowerBuoys may not prove to be a commercially viable technology for generating electricity from ocean waves. We have invested a significant portion of our time and financial resources since our inception in the development of our PowerBuoys, but have not yet achieved successful commercialization of our PowerBuoys. As we seek to begin to manufacture, market, sell and deploy our PowerBuoys in greater quantities, we may encounter unforeseen hurdles that would limit the commercial viability of our PowerBuoys, including unanticipated manufacturing, deployment, operating, maintenance and other costs. Our target customers and we may also encounter technical obstacles to deploying, operating and maintaining PowerBuoys.

If demand for our PowerBuoys fails to develop sufficiently, it is unlikely that we will be able to grow our business or generate sufficient revenues to achieve and then sustain profitability. In addition, demand for PowerBuoys in our presently targeted markets, including coastal North America, Europe, Australia and Japan, may not develop or may develop to a lesser extent than we anticipate.

If we are not successful in commercializing our PowerBuoy, or are significantly delayed in doing so, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to obtain or maintain intellectual property rights relating to our technology and products, the commercial value of our technology and products may be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part upon our ability to obtain protection in the United States and other countries for our products by establishing and maintaining intellectual property rights relating to or incorporated into our technology and products. We own a variety of patents and patent applications in the U.S. and corresponding patents and patent applications in several foreign jurisdictions. However, we have not obtained patent protection in each market in which we plan to compete. In addition, we do not know how successful we would be should we choose to assert our patents against suspected infringers and we do not know what the cost to do so would be. Our pending and future patent applications may not issue as patents or, if issued, may not issue in a form that will be advantageous to us. Even if issued, patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing similar products or limit the length of term of patent protection we may have for our products. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the U.S. and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are the subject of pending and threatened securities and other litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend, and if decided against us, could require us to pay substantial judgments or settlements. We may be the subject of future securities or other litigation, which could adversely affect our company, our business and our liquidity.

We and our former Chief Executive Officer, Charles Dunleavy, are defendants in the Securities Class Action discussed elsewhere in the Annual Report. On May 5, 2016, the parties entered into the Stipulation in which they agreed to a settlement of the Securities Class Action, subject to Court approval after notice to class members. The Stipulation provides, among other things, for a settlement payment by or on behalf of us of $3,000,000 in cash, of which we will pay $500,000 and our insurer will pay $2,500,000, and the issuance by the Company of 380,000 shares of its Common Stock to the class members. In connection with the proposed settlement, the parties have agreed to execute mutually agreeable releases. On June 7, 2016, the Court entered an Order Granting Preliminary Approval of Settlement. The Court has scheduled a hearing for November 14, 2016 to determine, among other things, whether to grant final approval of the proposed settlement. The amounts agreed in the Stipulation agreement, including the amount to be contributed by our insurance carrier, have been reflected in our financial statements as of April 30, 2016. The Stipulation is subject to approval by the Court following notice to all class members. We cannot assure you that the Court will approve the Stipulation or that this pending litigation will be settled on such terms or at all.

We are the subject of certain other pending and threatened litigation, some of which arises, in part, from the securities offering that we conducted in April 2014 and other activities. This litigation is costly and time consuming to defend and may distract our management from the daily operations of our business. We may be the subject of additional future securities litigation, which could adversely affect our company, our business and our liquidity. Although we maintain directors’ and officers’ insurance coverage, we cannot assure you that this insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover the substantial fees of lawyers and other professionals advisors relating to these pending lawsuits or any future litigation, our obligations to indemnify our officers and directors who may become parties to such pending and future actions, or the amount of any judgments or settlements that we may be obligated to pay in connection with these lawsuits. In addition, these actions have caused our insurance premiums and retention amounts to increase, and we may be subject to additional increases in the future or be subjected to other changes in our insurance coverages. Further, given the volatility of the market price of our Common Stock, we may be subject to further class action securities and other litigation. Accordingly, we have incurred and may continue to incur substantial legal expenses, judgments and/or settlements relating to pending, threatened and future litigation and our management’s time and attention may be diverted from the operation of our business, which could materially and adversely affect the Company.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information and know-how, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to patented technology, we rely upon unpatented proprietary technology, processes and know-how, particularly with respect to our PowerBuoy control and electricity generating systems. We generally seek to protect this information in part by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors.

We have a pending SEC investigation that has caused us to incur significant costs and expenses and has diverted our management time, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and our ability to raise capital in the future.

We have received two subpoenas from the SEC arising out of public disclosures related to a now-terminated agreement between VWP and ARENA, and related to our April 4, 2014 public offering. We have provided information to the SEC in response to that subpoena, and we continue to respond and cooperate with the SEC in this investigation. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant professional fees and other costs related to the SEC investigation. We are unable to predict what action, if any, might be taken by the SEC or its staff as a result of this investigation or what impact, if any, the cost of responding to the SEC’s investigation or its ultimate outcome might have on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We have not established any provision for losses relating to this matter. If the SEC were to conclude that enforcement action is appropriate, we could be required to pay civil penalties and fines, and the SEC could impose other sanctions against us or against our current and former officers and directors. In addition, our Board of Directors, management and employees may expend a substantial amount of time on the SEC investigation, diverting resources and attention that would otherwise be directed toward our operations and implementation of our business strategy, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

If we are unable to attract and retain management and other qualified personnel, we may not be able to achieve our business objectives.

Our success depends on the skills, experience and efforts of our senior management and other key product development, manufacturing, and sales and marketing employees. We have limited financial resources and cannot be certain that we will be able to attract, retain and motivate such employees. The loss of the services of one or more of these employees could have a material adverse effect on our business. There is a risk that we will not be able to retain or replace these key employees. Implementation of our business plans will be highly dependent upon our ability to hire and retain senior executives as well as talented staff in various fields of expertise.

In January 2015, we hired a new President and Chief Executive Officer. Following the resignation of a Director in March 2016, we added two new Directors in May 2016 for a total of six Directors. As of July 2016, only three of our six Directors have served on our Board of Directors for 18 months or longer.

Changes in senior management are inherently disruptive, and efforts to implement any new strategic or operating goals may not succeed in the absence of a long-term management team. Changes to strategic or operating goals with the appointment of new executives may themselves prove to be disruptive. Periods of transition in senior management leadership are often difficult as the new executives gain detailed knowledge of our operations and due to cultural differences that may result from changes in strategy and style. Without consistent and experienced leadership, customers, employees, creditors, stockholders and others may lose confidence in us.

To be successful, we need to retain key personnel. Qualified individuals, including engineers and project managers, are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. With the exception of our President and Chief Executive Officer, all of our officers and other employees are at-will employees, which means they can terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and their knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace. If we lose the services of key personnel, or do not hire or retain other personnel for key positions, our business, results of operations and stock price could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to effectively manage our growth, this could adversely affect our business and operations.

The scope of our operations to date has been limited, and we do not have experience operating on the scale that we believe may be necessary to achieve profitable operations. Our current personnel, facilities, systems and internal procedures and controls may not be adequate to support future growth. This factor, when combined with the technical complexity of some of our development efforts, may result in our inability to meet certain customer expectations or deadlines and could result in the amendment to, or termination of, customer contracts or relationships. To realize our desired growth, we may need to add sales, marketing and engineering offices in our existing and/or additional locations, which may include Australia, Japan, and continental Europe, and which may result in additional organizational complexity.

To manage the expansion of our operations, we may be required to improve our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, increase our manufacturing capacity and throughput and expand, train and manage our employee base, which may need to increase significantly if we are to be able to fulfill our current manufacturing and growth plans. Our management may also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers and other third parties, as well as attract new customers and suppliers. If we do not meet these challenges, we may be unable to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures.

We have only manufactured a limited number of PowerBuoys to date over a 15 year period and to date we have not produced PowerBuoys in any significant quantity or for commercial production. Our PowerBuoys have been used for testing and development and may not have a sufficient operating history to confirm how they will perform over their estimated useful life.

We began developing and testing wave energy technology over 15 years ago. However, to date, we have only manufactured a limited number of PowerBuoys for use in ocean testing and development. The longest continuous in-ocean deployment of our PowerBuoy was from December 2009 to January 2012 and was an earlier iteration of our PowerBuoy. As a result, our PowerBuoys may not have a sufficient operating history to confirm how they will perform over their estimated useful life. Our technology may not yet have demonstrated that our engineering and test results can be duplicated in volume or in commercial production. We have conducted and plan to continue to conduct practical testing of our PowerBuoy. If our PowerBuoy ultimately proves ineffective or unfeasible, we may not be able to engage in commercial production of our products or we may become liable to our customers for quantities we are obligated but are unable to produce. If our PowerBuoys perform below expectations, we could lose customers and face substantial repair and replacement expenses which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have a history of operating losses and may not achieve or maintain profitability and positive cash flow.

We have incurred net losses since we began operations in 1994, including net losses attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $13.1 million in fiscal 2016 and $13.1 million in fiscal 2015. As of April 30, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $177.9 million. To date, our activities have consisted primarily of activities related to the development and testing of our technologies and our PowerBuoy. Thus, our losses to date have resulted primarily from costs incurred in our research and development programs and from our selling, general and administrative costs. As we continue to develop our proprietary technologies, we expect to continue to have a net use of cash from operating activities unless or until we achieve positive cash flow from the commercialization of our products and services.

We do not know whether we will be able to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoys, or whether we can achieve profitability. There is significant uncertainty about our ability to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoys in our targeted markets. Even if we do achieve commercialization of our PowerBuoy and become profitable, we may not be able to achieve or, if achieved, sustain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

We face numerous accident and safety risks and hazards, including extreme environmental hazards, which are inherent in offshore operations.

Portions of our operations are subject to hazards and risks inherent in the building, testing, deploying and maintenance of our PowerBuoys. These hazards and risks could result in personal injuries, loss of life, liberation of a PowerBuoy from its moorings due to extreme environmental conditions and damage caused by its drifting, and other damages, which may include damage to our properties, including our PowerBuoy, and the properties of others and other consequential damages, and could lead to the suspension of certain of our operations, large damage claims, damage to our safety reputation and a loss of business. Some of these risks may be uninsurable and some claims may exceed our insurance coverage. Therefore, the occurrence of a significant accident or other risk event or hazard that is not fully covered by insurance could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results and, even if fully covered by insurance, could materially and adversely affect our business due to the impact on our reputation for safety. In addition, the risks inherent in our business are such that we cannot assure that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at reasonable rates.

We anticipate that our contracts with our customers will generally include cancellation for convenience clauses that permit our customers to terminate the contract for their convenience; if a customer were to terminate its contract with us for convenience, this could materially adversely affect our business.

We anticipate that our contracts with our customers will be structured as capital equipment contracts or capital equipment leases, and could include a cancellation for convenience clause, which we believe is relatively standard in these types of contracts. Cancellation for convenience clauses allow the customer to cancel the contract or lease at their option without cause prior to defined points in time, generally subject to a reasonable notice period. Our agreement with MES includes a cancellation for convenience clause. If MES or any of our future customers were to cancel their contracts with us for convenience, such cancellation could adversely affect our business.

Our relationships with our strategic partners may not be successful, and we may not be successful in establishing additional relationships, either of which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products and services.

An important element of our business strategy is to enter into application development agreements and strategic alliances with companies committed to providing products and services which require in-ocean energy sources. Generally, these types of relationships obligate us to provide certain services or perform certain tasks in connection with the relationship with the alliance partner, and we are generally responsible for paying the costs we incur relating to such services or tasks. These relationships generally are not expected to provide us with any revenues or sources of financing. We currently have strategic arrangements with WCS, Gardline and National Buoy Data Center. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable alliance partners, we may fail to meet our business objectives for the commercialization of our PowerBuoys. We may face significant competition in seeking appropriate alliance partners. Moreover, these development agreements and strategic alliances are complex to negotiate and time consuming to document. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish additional strategic relationships or other alternative arrangements. The terms of any additional strategic relationships or other arrangements that we establish may not be favorable to us. Furthermore, even if we are able to find, negotiate and enter into these relationships, such arrangements may be conditional upon our receipt of additional funding. There can be no assurance that we will receive such additional funding. In addition, strategic relationships may not be successful, and we may be unable to sell and market our PowerBuoys to these companies and their affiliates and customers in the future, or growth opportunities may not materialize, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are and may become the target of additional securities litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend.

In the past, companies that experience significant volatility in the market price of their publicly-traded securities have become subject to class action securities litigation.  Our stock price has been volatile, and class action securities litigation and derivative lawsuits have been filed against us and it is possible that additional lawsuits could be brought against us in the future. The results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. These lawsuits assert types of claims that, if resolved against us, could give rise to substantial damages, and an unfavorable outcome or settlement of these lawsuits, or any future lawsuits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price. Even if these lawsuits, or any future lawsuits, are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits may be material to our business and our operations. Moreover, these lawsuits may divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. For more information on our legal proceedings, see Item 3 “Legal Proceedings” of this Annual Report and Note 13 “Commitments and Contingencies – Litigation” in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Our future success in our selected markets depends in part on our ability to achieve cost savings over existing and incumbent solutions. If we are unable to achieve cost savings relating to our PowerBuoy, the commercial prospects for our PowerBuoy may be adversely affected.

Our goal is to commercialize our PowerBuoy. Our success in meeting this objective depends, in part, on our ability to provide energy to our prospective customers at a cost savings over existing and incumbent power solutions already being utilized by our customers and potential customers. We have experienced problems and delays in the development and deployment of our PowerBuoy in the past, and could experience similar delays or other difficulties in the future. If we are unable to demonstrate to our prospective customers that our PowerBuoy is cost competitive with existing alternative power sources, or if it takes us longer to do so than we anticipate, we may be unable to continue our business, achieve commercialization of our PowerBuoy, achieve a competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations, or become profitable. In addition, if the costs associated with these development efforts exceed our projections, our results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Problems with the quality or performance of our PowerBuoys would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our agreements with customers will generally include guarantees with respect to the quality and performance of our PowerBuoys. Because of the limited operating history of our PowerBuoys, we have been required to make analytical assumptions regarding the durability, reliability and performance of the systems, and we may not be able to predict whether and to what extent we may be required to perform under the guarantees that we expect to give our customers. Our assumptions could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our PowerBuoys, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective systems in the future. We will bear the risk of claims long after we have sold our PowerBuoys and recognized revenue. Moreover, any widespread product failures could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the event we are unable to satisfy regulatory requirements relating to internal control over financial reporting, or if our internal controls are not effective, our business and financial results may suffer.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports and to effectively prevent fraud. In fiscal 2016, our controller voluntarily resigned from our company to accept another position of employment, and we have not replaced her with a full-time employee, but rather have delegated most of her duties to other personnel, including outsourcing a portion of these responsibilities. If we cannot provide reasonable assurance with respect to the integrity of our financial reports and effectively prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed. Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to furnish a report by management on internal control over financial reporting, including management's assessment of the effectiveness of such control. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including any failure to implement new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business and operating results could be harmed, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations, and there could also be a material adverse effect on our stock price.

Any joint venture or other collaborative projects that we enter into, or any failure to identify appropriate joint venture candidates, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

It is part of our strategy to co-invest in some of our wave power projects with third parties through joint ventures by acquiring non-controlling interests in special purpose entities, or to engage with third parties in other similar collaborative projects. We may not be able to identify appropriate strategic partners, or successfully negotiate, finance or operate any joint ventures or other collaborative projects. Even if an appropriate strategic partner has been identified and engaged, such relationships with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, loss of sole decision-making authority and control of operations and that are material to our business, and the possibility that a strategic partner might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Strategic alliances may be expensive to implement and there is the associated risk that a strategic partner may have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions that are contrary to our policies or objectives. Moreover, disputes between us and a strategic partner may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, both a strategic alliance itself and the failure to identify appropriate potential opportunities could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have not yet deployed a wave power array of two or more PowerBuoys in a single geographic location. If we are unable to successfully deploy a multiple-system wave power array, our capability to generate revenues may be limited, and we may be unable to achieve and then maintain profitability.

We have not yet deployed a wave power array of two or more PowerBuoys. Whether we are able to do so is contingent upon, among other things, our ability to manufacture and produce multiple PowerBuoys in a short period of time, receipt of required governmental permits, obtaining adequate financing, successful array design and implementation and, finally, successful deployment and connection of the PowerBuoys.

We have not yet conducted ocean testing or otherwise installed in the ocean a multiple-system wave power array. In particular, unlike single-system wave power arrays, multiple-system wave power arrays may require the use of an underwater substation to connect the power transmission cables from, and collect the electricity generated by, each PowerBuoy in the array. We have not yet deployed an underwater substation connected to multiple PowerBuoys. In addition, unanticipated issues may arise with the logistics and mechanics of deploying and maintaining multiple PowerBuoys at a single site and the additional equipment associated with these multiple-system wave power arrays.

The development and deployment of an array of PowerBuoys could require us to incur significant expenses for preliminary engineering, permitting and other expenses before we can determine whether a project is feasible, economically attractive or capable of being financed. We may be unsuccessful in accomplishing any of these tasks or doing so on a timely basis.

Failure by third parties to supply or manufacture components of our products or to deploy our systems timely or properly could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have been and expect to continue to be highly dependent on third parties to supply or manufacture components of our PowerBuoys. If, for any reason, our third-party manufacturers or vendors are not willing or able to provide us with components or supplies in a timely fashion, or at all, our ability to manufacture and sell many of our products could be impaired.

We do not have long-term contracts with our third-party manufacturers or vendors. If we do not develop ongoing relationships with vendors located in different regions, we may not be successful at controlling unit costs as our manufacturing volume increases. We may not be able to negotiate new arrangements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or at all.

In addition, we rely on third parties, under our oversight, for the deployment and mooring of our PowerBuoys. We have utilized several different deployment methods, including towing the PowerBuoy to the deployment location and transporting the PowerBuoy to the deployment location by barge or ocean workboat. If these third parties do not properly deploy our systems, cannot effectively deploy the PowerBuoy on a large, commercial scale, or otherwise do not perform adequately, or if we fail to recruit and retain third parties to deploy our systems in particular geographic areas, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have limited manufacturing experience. If we are unable to increase our manufacturing capacity in a cost-effective manner, our business will be materially harmed.

We plan to manufacture key components of our PowerBuoys, including the PTO advanced control and generation systems, while outsourcing the manufacturing for other components of our PowerBuoys, including the structure itself. However, we have only manufactured our PowerBuoys in limited quantities for use in development and testing and have limited commercial manufacturing experience, and our work with our vendors has not included work on multiple orders on time-critical deadlines. Our future success depends on our ability to significantly increase both our manufacturing capacity and production throughput in a cost-effective and efficient manner, and to manage multiple vendors with several orders on specific deadlines. In order to meet our growth objectives, we will need to increase our engineering, contract management, and manufacturing staff. There is intense competition for hiring qualified technical and engineering personnel, and we have limited funding available to retain such additional staff. Therefore, we may not be able to hire a sufficient number of qualified personnel to allow us to meet our growth objectives.

We may be unable to develop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards or production volumes necessary to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoys. If we cannot do so, we may be unable to expand our business, satisfy our contractual obligations or become profitable. Even if we are successful in developing our manufacturing capabilities and processes, we may not be able to do so in time to meet our commercialization schedule or satisfy the requirements of our customers.

Our investments in joint ventures could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on a co-venture’s financial condition and disputes between us and our co-ventures.

It is part of our strategy we may co-invest with third parties through joint ventures or by acquiring non-controlling interests in special purpose entities. In these situations, we will not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the joint venture. Investments in joint ventures involve risks that would not be present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that our co-ventures might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Our co-ventures may have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions that are contrary to our policies or objectives. Disputes between us and our co-ventures may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by, or disputes with, partners or co-ventures might result in additional risk.

If we infringe or are alleged to have infringed upon intellectual property rights of third parties, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our products may infringe, or be claimed to infringe, upon patents or patent applications under which we do not hold licenses or other rights. Third parties may own or control these patents and patent applications in the United States and abroad. From time to time, we receive correspondence from third parties offering to license patents to us. Correspondence of this nature might be used to establish that we received notice of certain patents in the event of subsequent patent infringement litigation. Third parties could bring claims against us that would cause us to incur substantial expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could cause us to pay substantial damages. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay manufacturing or sales of the product or component that is the subject of the suit.

As a result of patent infringement claims, or in order to avoid potential claims, we may choose or be required to seek a license from the third party and be required to pay license fees, royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to infringement claims against us, we may become a party to other types of patent litigation and other proceedings, including interference proceedings declared by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office, regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology. The cost to us of any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. In addition, if we were to license our intellectual property to others, we may be required to indemnify our licensee if the licensed intellectual property is found to be infringing on a third party’s rights. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources.

Our targeted markets are highly competitive. We compete against incumbent solutions already being utilized by our customers and potential customers. If we are unable to compete effectively, we may be unable to increase our revenues and achieve or maintain profitability.

In our targeted markets, which are highly competitive, we compete against incumbent power solutions already being utilized by our customers and potential customers. If we are unable to demonstrate to our customers and our potential customers that our PowerBuoy is cost competitive to their existing alternative power solutions, or if it takes us longer to do so than we anticipate, we may be unable to expand our business, maintain our competitive position, satisfy our contractual obligations, continue to commercialize our PowerBuoy, or become profitable. In addition, if the cost associated with these development efforts exceeds our projections, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, competition may arise from other companies manufacturing similar products, developing different products that produce energy more efficiently than our products, or making improvements to traditional energy-producing methods or technologies, any of which could make our products less attractive or render them obsolete. If we are not successful in manufacturing systems that generate competitively priced power, we may not be able to respond effectively to competitive pressures from other renewable energy technologies or improvements to existing technologies.

If we are unable to respond effectively to such competitive forces, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our targeted markets are subject to their own inherent risks, and if those risks should materialize then our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our product development costs are substantial and may increase in the future.

Our product development costs primarily relate to our efforts to increase the output, durability and commercial viability of our PowerBuoy. Our product development costs were $7.0 million in fiscal 2016 and $4.1 million in fiscal 2015. It is our goal to fund the majority of our product development expenses, including cost sharing obligations under some of our customer contracts, over the next several years with sources of external funding, but we do not currently have any such committed sources of funding, and we may not be able to secure any such funding in the future. If we are unable to obtain external funding, our operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may be required to curtail our product development expenses, among other consequences.

We may be subject to additional litigation and other regulatory proceedings that may negatively impact our results of operations.

From time to time, we may be subject to additional litigation and/or regulatory actions relating to our business.  The initiation or defense of litigation or regulatory actions would require us to make certain expenditures and divert the attention of our management away from operating our business. In addition, an unfavorable decision or outcome could result in further, potentially significant, expenditures.

Our PowerBuoys have been subject to periodic in-ocean testing and are reliant in part on the results of computer modeling and simulation.

Our PowerBuoy systems have been subject to periodic ocean testing since 1997. However, not all PowerBuoys have been subject to extensive ocean testing and may rely on computer modeling and simulation that attempt to predict performance under various ocean wave conditions and other parameters in a deployment environment. Use of accelerated life testing, as well as computer simulation models, has inherent risks and performance could be substantially different than predicted. We have conducted limited operational testing, accelerated life testing and periodic in-ocean testing, and we may later discover one or more significant defects requiring redesign and retrofit into existing systems, which may have a material adverse impact on our operations and revenues.

We market and plan to market our products in multiple international markets. If we are unable to manage our international operations effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We market and plan to market our products in multiple global regions, including Europe, Australia, North America and parts of Asia, and we are therefore subject to risks associated with having international operations. Revenues from customers who are based outside of the U.S. accounted for 72% of our revenues in fiscal 2016 and 63% of our revenues in fiscal 2015. Risks inherent in international operations include, but are not limited to, the following: 

Our business in foreign markets requires us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions in these countries. Our overall success as a global business depends, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions. We may not be able to develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The current economic environment, particularly the macroeconomic pressures in certain European countries, may increase these risks.

Our financial results may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance.

Our financial results may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. For these reasons, comparing our financial results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and our past results should not be relied on as an indication of our future performance. Our future quarterly and annual expenses as a percentage of our revenues may be significantly different from those we have recorded in the past or which we expect for the future. Our financial results in some quarters may fall below expectations. Any of these events could cause our stock price to fall. Each of the risk factors listed in this "Risk Factors" section, including the following factors, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations: 

If we become ineligible for or are otherwise unable to replace our contract with U.S. or foreign governments, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Historically we have derived a significant portion of our revenue from U.S. federal government contracts, which are subject to special funding restrictions, regulatory requirements and eligibility standards and which the government may terminate at any time or determine not to extend after their scheduled expiration. During fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, we derived 28% and 37%, respectively, of our total revenue from contracts with the U.S. federal government and 72% and 63%, respectively, from contracts with foreign entities. We may not be successful in securing any additional contracts with the U.S. federal government in the future. Any such contracts are dependent on, among other things, appropriate funding by the U.S. Congress. If we are unable to replace these contracts, our business, financial condition and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Government contracts are also subject to contractual and regulatory requirements that may increase our costs of doing business and could expose us to substantial contractual damages, civil fines and criminal penalties for noncompliance. These requirements include business ethics, equal employment opportunity, environmental, foreign purchasing, most-favored pricing and accounting provisions, among others. Payments that we receive under government contracts are subject to audit and potential refunds after the final contract payment is received.

Currency translation and transaction risk may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, and we conduct our business and incur costs in the local currency of most countries in which we operate. As a result, we are subject to currency translation risk. A large percentage of our revenues may be generated outside the United States and denominated in foreign currencies in the future. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar could affect our revenues and cost of revenues, and could result in exchange losses. In addition, we incur currency transaction risk whenever one of our operating subsidiaries enters into either a purchase or sale transaction using a different currency from our reporting currency. We cannot accurately predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our results of operations. Currently, we do not engage in any exchange rate hedging activities and, as a result, any volatility in currency exchange rates may have an immediate adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to successfully negotiate and enter into service contracts with our customers on terms that are acceptable to us, our ability to diversify our revenue stream will be impaired.

An important element of our business strategy is to enter into service contracts with our customers under which we would be paid fees for services related to the maintenance and operation of the PowerBuoys purchased from us. In addition, we may offer to lease PowerBuoys, sell power generated by PowerBuoys or sell data gathered by sensors on our PowerBuoys. Even if customers purchase or lease our PowerBuoys, they may not enter into service contracts with us. We may not be able to negotiate service, power sale or other contracts that provide us with any additional profit opportunities. Even if we successfully negotiate and enter into such service contracts, our customers may terminate them prematurely or they may not be profitable for a variety of reasons, including the presence of unforeseen hurdles or costs. In addition, if we were unable to perform adequately under such service contracts our efforts to successfully market the PowerBuoys could be impaired. Any one of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Since our PowerBuoys can only be deployed in certain geographic locations, our ability to grow our business could be adversely affected.

Not all coastal areas worldwide have appropriate natural resources for our PowerBuoys to harness wave energy. Seasonal and local variations, water depth and the effect of particular locations of islands and other geographical features may limit our ability to deploy our PowerBuoys in certain coastal areas. If we are unable to identify and deploy PowerBuoys at sufficient sites with appropriate natural resources to permit our PowerBuoys to capture wave energy, our ability to grow our business could be adversely affected.

Our contracts with governmental entities could negatively affect our intellectual property rights, and our ability to commercialize our products could be impaired.

Our agreements with government agencies in large part fund the research and development of our PowerBuoy. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, technical data and software, generally including, at a minimum, a non-exclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention, technical data or software for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise "march-in" rights. March-in rights refer to the right of the U.S. government to require us to grant a license to the technology to a responsible applicant or, if we refuse, the government may grant the license itself. U.S. government-funded inventions must be reported to the government and U.S. government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications; our rights in such inventions will normally be subject to government license rights, periodic post-contract utilization reporting, foreign manufacturing restrictions and march-in rights.

The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the technology or because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give preference to U.S. industry. Our government-sponsored research contracts are subject to audit and require that we provide regular written technical updates on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis, and, at the conclusion of the research contract, a final report on the results of our technical research. Because these reports are generally available to the public, third parties may obtain some aspects of our sensitive confidential information. Moreover, if we fail to provide these reports or to provide accurate or complete reports, the government may obtain rights to any intellectual property arising from the related research. Funding from government contracts also may limit when and how we can deploy our technology developed under those contracts. Foreign governments with which we contract to provide funding for our research and development may seek similar rights.

If we are unable to obtain all necessary regulatory permits and approvals, we will not be able to implement our planned projects or business plan.

Offshore deployment of our PowerBuoy is heavily regulated. Each of our deployments is subject to multiple permitting and approval requirements. We are dependent on state, federal and regional government agencies for such permits and approvals. Due to the unique nature of in-ocean power generation and the associated environmental impact of PowerBuoy deployment, we expect our projects to receive close scrutiny by permitting agencies, approval authorities and the public, which could result in substantial delay in the permitting process. Successful challenges by any parties opposed to our deployments could result in increased costs, or in the denial of necessary permits and approvals.

If we are unable to obtain necessary permits and approvals in connection with any or all of our projects, those projects would not be implemented and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. Further, we cannot assure you that we have been or will be at all times in complete compliance with all such permits and approvals. If we violate or fail to comply with these permits and approvals, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators.

Risk Relating to the Referendum on the U.K.’s Membership in the European Union

The announcement of the U.K.’s advisory referendum vote to exit from the European Union (“BREXIT”) could cause disruptions to and create uncertainty surrounding our business, including affecting our relationships with existing and potential customers, suppliers and employees. The referendum is non-binding; however, if passed into law, negotiations would then commence to determine the terms of the U.K’s future relationship with the E.U., including the terms of trade between the U.K. and the E.U. The effects of BREXIT will depend on any agreements the U.K. makes to retain access to E.U. markets either during a transitional period or more permanently. The measures could potentially disrupt some of our target markets and jurisdictions in which we operate, and adversely change tax benefits or liabilities in these or other jurisdictions. In addition, BREXIT could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the U.K. determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate. In addition, the announcement of BREXIT has caused significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations, including the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies. The announcement of BREXIT also may create global economic uncertainty, which may cause our customers and potential customers to monitor their costs and reduce their budgets for our products and services. Any of these effects of BREXIT, among others, could materially adversely affect our business, business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Business activities conducted by our third-party contractors and us involve the use of hazardous materials, which require compliance with environmental and occupational safety laws regulating the use of such materials. If we violate these laws, we could be subject to significant fines, liabilities or other adverse consequences.

Our manufacturing operations, particularly some of the activities undertaken by our third-party suppliers and manufacturers, involve the controlled use of hazardous materials. Accordingly, our third-party contractors and we are subject to foreign, federal, state and local laws governing the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including those relating to the use, handling and disposal of these materials. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these hazardous materials. In the event of an accident or failure to comply with environmental or health and safety laws and regulations, we could be held liable for resulting damages, including damages to natural resources, fines and penalties, and any such liability could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. While we have budgeted for future capital and operating expenditures to maintain compliance, we cannot assure you that environmental laws and regulations will not change or become more stringent in the future. Therefore, we cannot assure you that our costs of complying with current and future environmental and health and safety laws, and any liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances will not adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Wave energy technology may not gain broad commercial acceptance and, therefore, our revenues may not increase and we may be unable to achieve and, even if achieved, sustain profitability.

Wave energy technology is at an early stage of development, and the extent to which wave energy power generation will be commercially viable is uncertain. Many factors may affect the commercial acceptance of wave energy technology, including the following: 

If wave energy technology does not gain broad commercial acceptance, it is unlikely that we will be able to commercialize our PowerBuoy and our business will be materially harmed, in which case, we may curtail or cease operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

If we issue additional shares of our equity securities in the future, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution in the value of their investment or their ownership interest.

Our certificate of incorporation currently authorizes us to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of our Common Stock and to issue and designate the rights of, without stockholder approval, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. In the future, in order to raise additional capital, we may offer additional shares of our Common Stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Common Stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share paid by other investors, and dilution to our stockholders in the value of their investment and their ownership and voting interest in the Company could result.  We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by existing investors, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. 

As discussed below, we have entered into a Stipulation to settle certain pending securities class action litigation under which, if approved by the court following notice to class members, we are obligated to issue an additional 380,000 shares of our Common Stock to class members as partial consideration for the settlement. The issuance of such shares pursuant to the Settlement would be dilutive to our existing stockholders. In addition, we have a significant number of stock options and warrants outstanding. To the extent that outstanding stock options or warrants have been or may be exercised or other shares issued, current stockholders and future investors who have purchased our Common Stock will experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that we issue new securities, or raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders or result in downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock.

We may issue or sell shares of our Common Stock or securities convertible or exchangeable for our Common Stock in the future and this may depress our stock price.

Our certificate of incorporation currently authorizes us to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of Common Stock, and to issue and designate the rights of without stockholder approval, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Future sales of our Common Stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Common Stock, may depress the market price of our Common Stock.

Also, we have entered into a Stipulation to settle certain securities class action litigation captioned In re Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. Securities Litigation, Case No. 14-3799 (FLW) (LHG) (District of New Jersey) (the “Securities Class Action”), which is pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. If approved by the Court, the Stipulation will resolve the claims asserted in the Securities Class Action against us, the underwriter of our April 4, 2014 public offering, and one of our former officers and directors, by a class consisting of investors in the Company from January 14, 2014 through July 29, 2014, and investors who purchased our securities pursuant to and/or traceable to our April 4, 2014 offering of shares of our Common Stock. The Stipulation provides, among other things, for the issuance by the Company of an additional 380,000 shares of our Common Stock (the “Settlement Shares”) to the class members. On June 7, 2016, the Court entered an order granting preliminary approval of the settlement. The terms of the Stipulation, including the settlement payment and the issuance of the Settlement Shares, are subject to approval by the Court following notice to all class members. We cannot assure you that the Court will approve the Stipulation or that this pending litigation will be settled on such terms or at all.

Historically, our stock price has been volatile and this is likely to continue; purchasers of our Common Stock could incur substantial losses as a result.

Historically, the market price of our Common Stock has fluctuated significantly, and we expect that this will continue. Purchasers of our Common Stock could incur substantial losses relating to their investment in our stock as a result. For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, the 52-week high and low prices for our Common Stock were $8.50 and $0.95, respectively. Also, the stock market in general has recently experienced volatility that has often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations could result in fluctuations in the price of our Common Stock, which could cause purchasers of our Common Stock to incur substantial losses. The market price for our Common Stock may be influenced by many factors, including: 

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law may delay or prevent attempts by our stockholders to change our management and hinder efforts to acquire a controlling interest in us.

As a result of our reincorporation in Delaware in April 2007, provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions include: 

The affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote is necessary to amend or repeal the above provisions of our certificate of incorporation. In addition, absent the approval of our Board of Directors, our bylaws may only be amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, which is generally a person who together with its affiliates owns or within the last three years has owned 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, Section 203 may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company.

If securities or industry analysts fail to cover us, or do not publish research or publish unfavorable or inaccurate research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Common Stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business or our industry from time to time. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price or trading volume of our Common Stock to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover our company downgrade our Common Stock or release a negative report, or if our operating results do not meet analyst expectations, the price of our Common Stock could decline.

We have never paid cash dividends on our Common Stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock to date. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Common Stock will be the sole source of gain for our stockholders for the foreseeable future.

ITEM 1B.     UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.     PROPERTIES

Our corporate headquarters are located in Pennington, New Jersey, where we occupy approximately 22,000 square feet under a lease expiring on December 31, 2017. We use these facilities for administration, research and development, as well as assembly and testing of the generators and control models for our PowerBuoy systems.

ITEM 3.     LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Shareholder Litigation and Demands:

 We and our former Chief Executive Officer, Charles Dunleavy, are defendants in consolidated securities class action lawsuits pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey captioned In Re: Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. Securities Litigation, Civil Action No. 14-3799 (FLW) (LHG). The consolidated actions are Roby v. Ocean Power Technologies, Inc., et al., Case No. 3:14-cv-03799-FLW-LHG (filed June 13, 2014); Chew, et al. v. Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. et. al., Case No 3:14-cv-03815 (filed June 13, 2014); Konstantinidis v. Ocean Power Technologies, Inc., et al., Case No. 3:14-cv-04015 (filed June 23, 2014); and Turner v. Ocean Power Technologies, Inc., et al., Case No. 3:14-cv-04592 (filed July 22, 2014). On March 17, 2015, the court entered an order appointing Five More Special Situation Fund Ltd. as the lead plaintiff.

On October 9, 2015, the lead plaintiff filed a third amended class action complaint which alleges claims for violations of sections 12(a) (2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 and for violations of §10(b) and §20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 arising out of public statements relating to our technology and a now terminated agreement between VWP and ARENA for the VWP Project. The third amended class action complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. On November 5, 2015, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the third amended class action complaint. The lead plaintiff filed a brief in opposition to the motion on December 7, 2015, and defendants filed a reply in support of the motion on December 21, 2015. The Court has not yet ruled on the motion. On May 5, 2016, the parties entered into a Stipulation and Agreement of Class Settlement (“Stipulation”) in which they agreed to a settlement of the consolidated securities class action lawsuits, subject to Court approval. The Stipulation provides, among other things, for a settlement payment by or on behalf of the Company of $3,000,000 in cash, of which the Company will pay $500,000 and the Company’s insurer will pay $2,500,000, and the issuance by the Company of 380,000 shares (valued at $596,000 on the date the Stipulation was signed by the parties) of its Common Stock to the class members. In connection with the settlement, the parties have agreed to execute mutually agreeable releases. On June 7, 2016, the Court entered an Order Granting Preliminary Approval of Settlement. The Stipulation is subject to, among other requirements, final approval by the Court following notice to all class members. The Court has scheduled a hearing for November 14, 2016 to determine, among other things, whether to grant final approval of the settlement. The amounts agreed in the Stipulation agreement, including the amount to be contributed by our insurance carrier, have been reflected in the financial statements as of April 30, 2016.

On July 10, 2014, we received a demand letter ("Demand Letter") from an attorney claiming to represent a shareholder demanding that the Company's Board of Directors establish an independent committee to investigate and remedy alleged breaches of fiduciary duties by the Board of Directors and management relating to the VWP Project. We invited the attorney to participate in the Section 220 Demand process discussed below. On February 6, 2015, we produced documents to the attorney pursuant to a confidentiality agreement in connection with the Section 220 Demand process.

We also received a letter, dated August 19, 2014, (the "Section 220 Demand") from another attorney claiming to represent a shareholder demanding, pursuant to 8 Del. C. §220, to inspect certain books and records of the Company relating to the VWP Project and the termination of Charles Dunleavy as the Company's Chief Executive Officer. We have received two additional Section 220 Demands relating to the same subject matter from attorneys claiming to represent two different shareholders. We have responded in writing to the three Section 220 Demands and on February 6, 2015 produced documents to each of the attorneys pursuant to confidentiality agreements.

We and certain of our current and former directors and officers are defendants in a derivative lawsuit filed on March 18, 2015 in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey captioned Labare v. Dunleavy, et al., Case No. 3:15-cv-01980-FLW-LHG. The derivative complaint alleges claims for breach of fiduciary duty, abuse of control, gross mismanagement and unjust enrichment relating to the now terminated agreement between VWP and ARENA referred to above. The derivative complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. On May 18, 2015, the plaintiff and all the defendants agreed to stay the derivative lawsuit pending action in the consolidated class action securities litigation discussed above (namely, a court order denying any motions to dismiss the commencement of discovery, a joint request to lift the stay, or further order of the court).

On July 10, 2015, a second derivative lawsuit, captioned Rywolt v. Dunleavy, et al., Case No. 3:15-cv-05469, was filed by another shareholder against the same defendants in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging similar claims for breach of fiduciary duty, gross mismanagement, abuse of control, and unjust enrichment relating to the now terminated agreement between VWP and ARENA. The Rywolt complaint also seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. On September 2, 2015, the plaintiff and all the defendants agreed to stay the Rywolt derivative lawsuit pending action in the consolidated class action securities litigation discussed above (namely, a court order denying any motions to dismiss the commencement of discovery, a joint request to lift the stay, or further order of the court). In addition, on September 2, 2015, the plaintiffs in the Labare and Rywolt derivative lawsuits filed an unopposed motion to consolidate the two actions. On February 8, 2016, the Court entered an order (i) consolidating the Labare and Rywolt actions; (ii) appointing Labare and Rywolt as co-lead plaintiffs; (iii) appointing The Rosen Law Firm P.C. as lead counsel; and (iv) directing the co-lead plaintiffs to file a consolidated amended complaint within 30 days of the order. The co-lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint on March 9, 2016. Defendants have not responded to the consolidated complaint because of the pending stay.

On April 21, 2016, a third derivative lawsuit, captioned LaCalamito v. Dunleavy, et al., Case No. 3:16-cv-02249, was filed by another shareholder against certain current and former directors and officers of the Company in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging similar claims for breach of fiduciary duty relating to the now terminated agreement between VWP and ARENA. The LaCalamito complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. We have not been formally served and have not yet responded to the complaint.

On June 9, 2016, a fourth derivative lawsuit, captioned Pucillo v. Dunleavy, et al., was filed by another shareholder against certain current and former directors and officers of the Company in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging similar claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and abuse of control relating to the now terminated agreement between VWP and ARENA. The Pucillo complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. The Company has not been formally served and has not yet responded to the complaint.

We and certain of our current and former directors are defendants in a lawsuit filed by an alleged shareholder in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Mercer County Chancery Division on January 25, 2016, captioned Stern v. Ocean Power Technologies, Inc., et al., Civil Action No. C-5-16. The complaint alleges that certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws providing that the Company’s directors may be removed only for cause and only by an affirmative vote of at least 75% of the votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors are invalid under Section 141(k) of the Delaware General Corporation Law. The Complaint asserts a breach of fiduciary claim against the director defendants and a declaratory judgment claim against all defendants seeking, among other things, to invalidate the current provisions and declare that the Company’s directors may be removed and replaced without cause and by a simple majority vote. The Complaint seeks declaratory and injunctive relief as well as unspecified costs and attorneys’ fees. Defendants have not yet responded to the Complaint. By Unanimous Written Consent dated June 17, 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors amended the Company’s By-laws to delete the “only for cause” requirement, thereby allowing for removal of directors with or without cause by the Company’s stockholders.  In addition, the Board proposed, subject to approval by the Company’s stockholders at the next annual general meeting of stockholders, a similar amendment to the director removal provision in the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation.  On June 22, 2016, the parties to this lawsuit submitted a Stipulation and Proposed Order Staying Proceedings that (1) stays the case pending the stockholder vote on the proposed amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation; (2) provides for dismissal of the action with prejudice if the stockholders approve the amendment, subject to plaintiff’s right to make a fee application to the court and defendants’ right to oppose any such application; and (3) provides for the stay to be lifted and the action to resume, without waiver of any parties’ rights, if the stockholders do not approve the amendment.  The court approved the stipulation on June 30, 2016.

Employment Litigation:

On June 10, 2014, the Company announced that it had terminated Charles Dunleavy as its Chief Executive Officer and as an employee of the Company for cause, effective June 9, 2014, and that Mr. Dunleavy had also been removed from his position as Chairman of the Board of Directors. On June 17, 2014, Mr. Dunleavy wrote to the Company stating that he had retained counsel to represent him in connection with an alleged wrongful termination of his employment. On July 28, 2014, Mr. Dunleavy resigned from the Board and the boards of directors of the Company's subsidiaries. The Company and Mr. Dunleavy have agreed to suspend his alleged employment claims pending resolution of the shareholder litigation.

Except for the Stipulation agreement noted previously, we have not established any provision for losses relating to these claims and pending litigation. Due to the stages of these proceedings, and considering the inherent uncertainty of these claims and litigation, at this time we are not able to predict or reasonably estimate whether we have any possible loss exposure or the ultimate outcome of these claims.

Regulatory Matters:

SEC Subpoena

On February 4, 2015, we received a subpoena from the SEC requesting information related to the VWP Project. We have provided information to the SEC in response to that subpoena. As part of the same investigation, on July 12, 2016, the SEC issued a second subpoena requesting information related to the Company’s April 4, 2014 public offering and we are working to respond to that subpoena. The SEC investigation is ongoing and we continue to cooperate with the SEC in its investigation. We are unable to predict what action, if any, might be taken by the SEC or its staff as a result of this investigation or what impact, if any, the cost of responding to the SEC’s investigation or its ultimate outcome might have on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We have not established any provision for losses relating to this matter.

Spain IVA (sales tax)

In June 2012, we received notice that the Spanish tax authorities are inquiring into our 2010 IVA (value-added tax) filing for which the Company benefitted from the offset of approximately $250,000 of input tax. We believe that the inquiry will find that the tax credit was properly claimed and, therefore, no liability has been recorded. We have issued two letters of credit in the amount of €218,059 ($249,543) at the request of the Spanish tax authorities. This is a customary request during the inquiry period. In November 2014, March 2015 and September 2015, we received partial refunds of the amount under dispute and continue to expect that this matter will be resolved in our favor.

Spain Income Tax Audit

We are currently undergoing an income tax audit in Spain for the period from 2008 to 2014, when our Spanish branch was closed. The branch reported net operating losses for each of the years reported. We have not established any provision for losses related to this matter.

Item 4.       MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

Stock Price Information and Stockholders

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, under the symbol "OPTT." As of June 30, 2016, there were 213 holders of record for shares of our common stock. Since a portion of our common stock is held in "street" or nominee name, we are unable to determine the exact number of beneficial holders.

The following table sets forth the high and the low sale prices of our common stock as quoted by the NASDAQ Stock Market for the period indicated.

⁽¹⁾Share price has been adjusted retroactively to reflect a one-for-10 reverse stock split effective October 27, 2015.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions, future prospects, contractual restrictions and covenants and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

Transfer Agent Information

Our transfer agent is Computershare Trust Company, N.A. Computershare is located at 250 Royall Street, Canton, MA 02021-1011. Its contact information is: United States and Canada: (800) 662 – 7232, International (781) 575 – 4238 and its website is located at www.computershare.com.

Purchases Of Equity Securities By The Issuer 

The following table details our share repurchases during fiscal 2016:

Equity Compensation Plan Information

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Company’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC for the Company’s 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement") under the headings “Security Ownership Beneficial Owners and Management – Equity Compensation Plan Information” and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

Unregistered Sales Of Equity Securities And Use Of Proceeds

There have been no unregistered sales of equity securities or purchases of equity securities that are required to be disclosed.

ITEM 6.     SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not Applicable.  

ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Our fiscal year ends on April 30. References to fiscal 2016 are to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Overview

We are developing and are seeking to commercialize proprietary systems that generate electricity by harnessing the renewable energy of ocean waves. Our PowerBuoy® systems use proprietary technologies to convert the mechanical energy created by the rising and falling of ocean waves into electricity. We currently have and continue to develop our autonomous PowerBuoy. Since fiscal 2002, government agencies have accounted for a significant portion of our revenues, which were largely for the support of our product development efforts. Our goal is that an increased portion of our revenues will be from the sale of products and maintenance services, as compared to revenue from grants to support our product development efforts. As we continue to advance our proprietary technologies, we expect to have a net use of cash in operating activities unless or until we achieve positive cash flow from the planned commercialization of our products and services.

We plan to market our autonomous PowerBuoy, which is designed to generate power for use independent of the power grid, to customers that require electricity in remote locations. We believe there are a variety of potential applications for our autonomous PowerBuoy, including oil and gas, ocean observing, security and defense and as well as other markets, which we refer to collectively as autonomous application markets.

We were incorporated in New Jersey in 1984, began business operations in 1994, and were re-incorporated in Delaware in 2007. We currently have five wholly-owned subsidiaries: Ocean Power Technologies Ltd., organized under the laws of the United Kingdom, Reedsport OPT Wave Park LLC, organized under the laws of Oregon, and Oregon Wave Energy Partners I, LLC, organized under the laws of Delaware, Ocean Power Technologies (Australasia) Pty Ltd (“OPTA”), organized under the laws of Australia. OPTA owns 100% of Victorian Wave Partners Pty. Ltd. (“VWP”), which is also organized under the laws of Australia. We acquired the remaining 12% of OPTA which we did not previously own in September 2015.

The development of our technology has been funded by capital we raised and by development engineering contracts we received starting in fiscal 1995, including projects with the DOE, the U.S. Navy, the Department of Homeland Security and MES. Please see Item 1 of this Annual Report– "Business – Customers” and “Historic Projects” for more information.

Through these historic projects, we also continued development of our PowerBuoy technology as well as our next generation PowerBuoy technology. We are continuing to focus on developing and commercializing our PowerBuoy products and services for use in autonomous power applications.

During fiscal 2016, we continued work under our contract with the DOE and continued to seek to implement the strategic pivot in our business plan initiated in fiscal 2015, focusing on the autonomous applications markets. Our contract with the DOE was for development efforts that focused on further optimization of our modular PTO technology. In March 2015, we successfully completed a stage gate review during which the DOE reviewed advancements related to PTO design aspects such as reliability, cost take out, manufacturability and scalability and completed the final stage of the contract during fiscal 2016. We also deployed the PB40 PowerBuoy off the coast of New Jersey in late July 2015 and subsequently retrieved it approximately three weeks later. We were permitted to operate the PB40 at this location for a period of up to one year, but retrieved the PB40 sooner than expected to repair a component part. Although the PB40 produced power throughout its deployment period, it began reporting unexpected performance data. This performance data indicated likely failures of components associated with the float braking system which would be activated during severe storm periods in order to prevent damage to the float. As a result, we retrieved the PB40 to avoid potential physical damage to the buoy structure in the event of a severe storm. During the limited deployment period, we were able to obtain performance data, which we will use to further understand the PB40’s system performance and power generation in varying wave states. In addition, we were also able to use the deployment and retrieval of the PB40, 30 miles off of the coast of New Jersey, to validate our logistical processes associated with permitting, staging, towing and installation of the PB40 at its moored location. Because the PB40 is a legacy utility prototype device, we do not consider it to be a critical part of our current business plan focusing on the autonomous applications market. Based on our review to date, we currently believe that the failed components are unique to the PB40, and therefore, we do not believe that these component failures will materially impact the functionality of any of our other autonomous PowerBuoys. Costs associated with the retrieval of the PB40 buoy were reflected in our product development expenses. The PB40 was subsequently dismantled and disposed of. Costs related to the retrieval of anchors and mooring line will be expensed as incurred. We retained sections of the PB40 and plan to investigate, analyze and asses the component failures of the PB40.

We also deployed our PB3-A1 PowerBuoy off the coast of New Jersey in August 2015. The PB3-A1 contains an improved PTO system compared to the APB350 that was deployed in 2011 in connection with the U.S. Navy's LEAP Program and then redeployed in 2013 in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The PB3-A1 features an advanced PTO design with a focus on reliability, manufacturability, and cost and efficiency improvement. In its final configuration, the PB3 uses a modular ESS to provide continuous power to the payload even when the PowerBuoy is not generating new power due to calm sea states. In a calm sea state (i.e., no waves to generate power), we believe the ESS will have enough storage capacity to provide up to seven days of continuous power (or longer, depending on payload, continuous power rating and on-board modular ESS configuration) to the majority of ocean sensors when starting from a fully charged state. When the PB3 is deployed in the ocean, real-time performance and weather data is collected and transmitted to the Company’s monitoring and analysis center at its corporate headquarters in Pennington, NJ. Subsequent to its initial August deployment, the PB3-A1 was retrieved for maintenance and repairs and redeployed in October 2015. In January 2016, we again retrieved the PB3 for additional maintenance and repair. Costs related to the retrieval are reflected in our product development costs. After repair and upgrades, we redeployed the PB3-A1 in June 2016.

We also are continuing to work to develop solutions seeking to improve our products’ durability and reliability and to reduce their cost. For example, the original APB350 utilized a rack and pinion PTO and successfully powered U.S. Navy and U.S. Homeland Security equipment off the coast of New Jersey for nearly three months. The redesigned PB3 leverages our knowledge base from that design to incorporate new design features which we believe will improve its reliability and efficiency, including a redesigned PTO and a higher efficiency and higher voltage ESS. In July 2016, we deployed our first commercial PB3 PowerBuoy, approximately four miles off of the coast of New Jersey.  The Company currently anticipates that this deployment will be the final validation of the PB3 prior to the anticipated March 2017 six-month lease of the PB3 PowerBuoy under a previously announced customer agreement.

In January 2013, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “2013 Form S-3”), which was declared effective by the SEC in February 2013. Under the 2013 Form S-3, in June 2013, the Company established an At the Market Offering Facility (the “2013 ATM Facility”) with Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC (“Ascendiant”) via an At the Market Offering Agreement (the “2013 ATM Agreement”). Under the 2013 ATM Agreement, we offered and sold shares of our common stock from time to time through Ascendiant, acting as sales agent, in ordinary brokerage transactions at prevailing market prices. Under the 2013 ATM Facility, during fiscal 2014, we issued 330,633 shares of our common stock at an average price to the public of $30.20 per share, receiving net proceeds from the 2013 ATM Facility of approximately $9,698,000.

Also in fiscal 2014, we entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Roth Capital Partners, LLC on April 4, 2014, (the “2014 Underwriting Agreement”) with respect to the issuance and sale in an underwritten public offering of an aggregate of 380,000 shares of our Common Stock at a price of $31.00 per share (the “2014 Public Offering”) under the 2013 Form S-3. The Underwriting Agreement contained customary representations, warranties and agreements by us, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations, and a 90-day lock-up period that limited transactions in our Common Stock by us. Net proceeds from the 2014 Public Offering, which was completed in early April 2014, were approximately $10,828,000.

Form S-3 limits the aggregate market value of securities that we are permitted to offer in any 12-month period to one-third of our public float. In 2014, we fully utilized our available transaction capacity to sell securities under the 2013 Form S-3. However, we regained the ability to utilize the 2013 Form S-3 as we entered fiscal 2016. Under the SEC’s regulations, the securities registered under our 2013 Form S-3 may only be offered and sold if not more than three years have elapsed from the initial effective date of the Form S-3, except that if a new shelf registration statement is filed then we are permitted to continue to offer and sell securities under the Form S-3 until the earlier of the effective date of the new shelf registration statement or 180 days after the third anniversary of the initial effective date. On February 12, 2016, we filed a new Form S-3 shelf registration statement (the “2016 Form S-3”) to register the offering and sale of up to $15 million of our securities. The 2016 Form S-3 registration was declared effective by the SEC on April 26, 2016.

In October 2015, we entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement (the “2015 Offering Agreement”) with Rodman & Renshaw, a unit of H. C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Manager”) under which we offered shares of our common stock, from time to time through or to the Manager, acting as sales agent and/or principal, (the “2015 ATM Offering”). Under the 2015 Offering Agreement, during the year ended April 30, 2016, we sold 144,571 shares of Common Stock with an aggregate market value of $293,343 under the Offering Agreement and paid the Manager a sales commission of approximately $4,400 related to those shares.

On June 2, 2016, we entered into a securities purchase agreement, which was amended on June 7, 2016 (as amended, the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional purchasers (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, we sold an aggregate of 417,000 shares of common stock together with warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 145,952 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock was sold together with a warrant to purchase 0.35 of a share of common stock at a combined purchase price of $4.60. The net proceeds from the offering to us were approximately $1.6 million, after deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, but excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the warrants issued in the offering. The warrants have an exercise price of $6.08 per share, will be exercisable on December 8, 2016, and will expire five years following the date of issuance.

The sale of additional equity or convertible securities could result in dilution to our stockholders. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of debt securities or preferred stock, these securities could have rights senior to those associated with our common stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. We do not have any committed sources of debt or equity financing and we cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us when needed, or at all. If we are unable to obtain required financing when needed, we may be required to reduce the scope of our operations, including our planned product development and marketing efforts, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. If we are unable to secure additional financing, we may be forced to cease our operations.

During fiscal 2014, our subsidiary VWP received approximately A$5.6 million ($5.2 million) in initial grant funding from ARENA. The Company recorded this payment as an advance payment within the consolidated balance sheet. We classified the initial grant funding received from ARENA, of A$5,595,723 ($5,179,960), which included GST, as restricted cash. In July 2014, the VWP Board of Directors determined that the project contemplated by the grant was no longer commercially viable and subsequently terminated the Funding Deed and returned to ARENA the grant funds received.

During fiscal 2015, the Company remitted the GST in the amount of A$508,702 ($470,905) to the Australian Tax Office (“ATO”) in accordance with local tax laws and reclaimed this amount from the ATO during such fiscal period. In August 2014, the Company returned the initial grant funding received of A$5,595,723 ($5,179,960) and interest of A$109,051 ($102,061) to ARENA in accordance with the Deed of Variation and Termination of Funding Deed executed between the parties in August 2014.

As of April 30, 2016, our backlog was negligible. As of April 30, 2015, our negotiated backlog was $0.9 million. In 2016, we have excluded from backlog the suspended utility project with MES as we do not expect work under that contract to continue due to the shift in focus to an autonomous project. Subsequently, on May 31, 2016, we entered into a contract with MES totaling $975,587, a portion of which was performed in fiscal 2016 as agreed under a LOI signed in March 2016. Our backlog can include both funded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders for our products and services for which funding has been both authorized and appropriated by the customer (U.S. Congress, in the case of U.S. Government agencies), and unfunded amounts, which are unfilled firm orders for which funding has not been appropriated. If any of our contracts were to be terminated, our backlog would be reduced by the expected value of the remaining terms of such contract. Our backlog was fully funded at April 30, 2016.

The amount of contract backlog is not necessarily indicative of future revenue because modifications to, or terminations of present contracts and production delays can provide additional revenue or reduce anticipated revenue. A substantial portion of our revenue has been for the support of our product development efforts. These revenues are recognized using the percentage-of-completion method, and changes in estimates from time to time may have a significant effect on revenue and backlog. Our backlog is also typically subject to large variations from time to time due to the timing of new awards.

We are also seeking to develop strategic alliances with other companies that have developed or are developing in-ocean applications requiring a persistent source of power to address identified needs of potential customers. As announced in October 2015, we signed a MOU with Gardline Environmental, Ltd. to jointly investigate innovative metocean monitoring and maritime security systems for prospective customers using both companies’ technologies. The MOU can be terminated by either party, and each party will bear its own respective costs associated with the MOU.

In June 2016, we announced a definitive agreement with MES for certain engineering and other services, and a six-month lease of our PB3 PowerBuoy, anticipated to commence in March 2017, and currently expected to extend through August 2017. The total value of this agreement is $975,587, and is subject to a number of terms and conditions, including MES’ right to terminate the contract for convenience, provisions relating to inspection and testing, packing and deliveries, warranties, indemnity, limits of liability, and risk of loss and insurance.

For fiscal 2016, we generated revenues of approximately $0.7 million and incurred a net loss attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $13.1 million, and for fiscal 2015, we generated revenues of $4.1 million and incurred a net loss attributable to Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. of $13.1 million. As of April 30, 2016, our accumulated deficit was $177.9 million. We have not been profitable since inception, and we do not know whether or when we will become profitable because of the significant uncertainties with respect to our ability to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoys in the autonomous (grid independent) applications markets.

As part of our strategic pivot in business operations initiated in fiscal 2015, we are focused on developing the PowerBuoy technology for use in the autonomous applications markets. Such applications require remote ocean power sources that operate independently of the utility grid by supplying electric power to payloads that are integrated directly in the PowerBuoy and/or located in its vicinity. Based on market research and available public data, we believe opportunity exists in six markets that could have a direct need for our autonomous PowerBuoys: oil and gas, ocean observing, security and defense, offshore wind, communications, and ocean aquaculture.

The PB3 has undergone a design iteration from our immediate prior design focusing on improving its reliability and survivability in the anticipated operating ocean environment, and will continue to undergo further enhancements through customary product life cycle management. The PB3-A1 was an initial prototype that has now undergone in-ocean and accelerated life testing, and we believe that the PB3 will achieve a maturity level for use by early adopters in fiscal 2017, but we are in the early stages of seeking to commercialize our product and we cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to do so. We believe that the PB3 will generate and store sufficient power to address some application requirements in our target markets. Our product development and engineering efforts are focused, in part, on increasing the energy output and efficiency of our PowerBuoys and, if we are able to do so, we believe the PowerBuoy would be useful for additional applications where cost savings and additional power are required by our potential customers. We have only begun to explore opportunities in these target markets, and we have not yet developed any integrated solutions and product offerings in these potential markets. We believe that by increasing the energy output of our PowerBuoys we may be able to address larger segments of our target markets.

We also are seeking to enter into strategic relationships to seek to validate our PowerBuoy as a source of in-ocean power. We have entered into a CRADA agreement with the NDBC under a CRADA under which we integrated the NDBC’s SCOOP monitoring system integrated into our PB3 PowerBuoy deployed off the coast of New Jersey in June 2016. In May 2016, we entered into a Memorandum of Agreement (“MOA”) with the WCS to explore the use of our PowerBuoys in conjunction with ocean life monitoring sensors to collect ocean mammal migrations data. We typically bear our own costs associated with these types of strategic relationships and these generally do not produce any revenues for us. In June 2016, we redeployed the PB3-A1 with both the NDBC SCOOP and the WCS sensor included as payloads.

Going Concern

Our financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. We have experienced substantial and recurring losses from operations, which losses have caused an accumulated deficit of $177.9 million at April 30, 2016. At April 30, 2016, we have approximately $6.7 million in cash on hand. We generated revenues of only $0.7 million in fiscal 2016, and $4.1 million in fiscal 2015. Based on the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balances as of April 30, 2016, the Company believes that it will be able to finance its capital requirements and operations into at least the quarter ending January 31, 2017. The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended April 30, 2016, contains an explanatory paragraph regarding our ability to continue as a going concern, based on, among other factors, that our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional external capital and increase revenues. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to generate revenues, become profitable, raise additional outside capital or to continue as a going concern. If we are not successful in our efforts to raise additional capital sufficient to support our operations, we would be forced to cease operations, in which event investors would lose their entire investment in our company.

Financial Operations Overview

The following describes certain line items in our statement of operations and some of the factors that affect our operating results.

Revenues

Generally, we recognize revenue using the percentage-of-completion method based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion. In certain circumstances, revenue under contracts that have specified milestones or other performance criteria may be recognized only when our customer acknowledges that such criteria have been satisfied. In addition, recognition of revenue (and the related costs) may be deferred for fixed-price contracts until contract completion if we are unable to reasonably estimate the total costs of the project prior to completion. Some revenue contracts may contain complex criteria or uncertainty surrounding the terms of performance and customer acceptance. These contracts are subject to interpretation, and management may make a judgment as to the amount of revenue earned and recorded. Because we have a small number of contracts, revisions to the percentage-of-completion determination, management interpretation or delays in meeting performance and contractual criteria or in completing projects may have a significant effect on our revenue for the periods involved. Upon anticipating a loss on a contract, we recognize the full amount of the anticipated loss in the current period.

Generally, our contracts are either cost-plus or fixed-price contracts. Under cost plus contracts, we bill the customer for actual expenses incurred plus an agreed-upon fee. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method based on the maximum awarded contract amount. In certain cases, we may choose to incur costs in excess of the maximum awarded contract amounts resulting in a loss on the contract. Currently, we have two types of fixed-price contracts, firm-fixed price and cost-sharing. Under firm fixed-price contracts, we receive an agreed-upon amount for providing product development and services that are specified in the contract. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method based on the contract amount. Depending on whether actual costs are more or less than the agreed-upon amount, there is a profit or loss on the project. Under cost-sharing contracts, the fixed amount agreed upon with the customer is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project. We fund the remainder of the costs as part of our product development efforts. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method based on the amount agreed upon with the customer. An amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenues resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. Our share of the costs is recorded as product development expense. Some of our revenue for fiscal 2016 and 2015 was from cost-sharing contracts.

The following table provides information regarding the breakdown of our revenues by customer for fiscal years 2016 and 2015:

We currently focus our sales and marketing efforts on North America, Europe, Australia and Japan. The following table shows the percentage of our revenues by geographical location of our customers for fiscal 2016 and 2015:

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues consists primarily of incurred material, labor and manufacturing overhead expenses, such as engineering expense, equipment depreciation and maintenance and facility related expenses, and includes the cost of PowerBuoy parts and services supplied by third-party suppliers. Cost of revenues also includes PowerBuoy system delivery and deployment expenses and may include anticipated losses at completion on certain contracts.

Some of our revenue recorded for fiscal 2016 was generated from cost-sharing contracts, which result in zero gross profit. In fiscal 2015, our firm fixed-price contract with MES recorded under the percentage-of-completion method had an increase in estimated total costs of the project. This increase in estimated project costs resulted in a gross loss and we recorded an accrual for the future anticipated loss on the contract.

Our ability to generate a gross profit will depend on the nature of future contracts, our success at generating revenues through sales of our PowerBuoy systems, the nature of our contracts generating revenues to fund our product development efforts, and our ability to manage costs incurred on fixed price commercial contracts.

Product development costs

Our product development costs consist of salaries and other personnel-related costs and the costs of products, materials and outside services used in our product development and unfunded research activities. Our product development costs relate primarily to our efforts to increase the power output and reliability of our PowerBuoy system, and to development of new products, product applications and complementary technologies. We expense all of our product development costs as incurred. Over the next several years, it is our goal to fund the majority of our product development efforts with sources from commercial relationships, including cost-sharing agreements. If we are unable to obtain commercial relationships or cost-sharing arrangements, we may be forced to curtail our development expenses and scope to reduce our overall expenses. We recently narrowed our development focus to the PB3 to drive toward commercialization of that product and to reduce our overall expenses. In the future, we also may continue to develop the PB15 (formerly known as PB10) if we determine that future relationships warrant incurring the costs associated with such product development.

Selling, general and administrative costs

Our selling, general and administrative costs consist primarily of professional fees, salaries and other personnel-related costs for employees and consultants engaged in sales and marketing and support of our PowerBuoy systems and costs for executive, accounting and administrative personnel, professional fees and other general corporate expenses.

Interest (expense) income, net

Interest income consists of interest received on cash and cash equivalents, investments in commercial bank-issued certificates of deposit and U.S. Treasury bills and notes and interest expense paid on certain obligations to third parties. Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities were $7.1 million as of April 30, 2016, compared to $17.9 million as of April 30, 2015.

Interest income in fiscal 2016 reflects interest income on cash, equivalent restricted cash and marketable securities. Interest expense in fiscal 2015 reflects interest paid in connection with the return of funds associated with the ARENA project.

Foreign exchange loss

We transact business in various countries and have exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Foreign exchange gains and losses arise in the translation of foreign-denominated assets and liabilities, which may result in realized and unrealized gains or losses from exchange rate fluctuations. Since we conduct our business in US dollars and our functional currency is the US dollar, our main foreign exchange exposure, if any, results from changes in the exchange rate between the US dollar and the British pounds sterling, the Euro and the Australian dollar. Due to the macroeconomic pressures in certain European countries, foreign exchange rates may become more volatile in the future.

We may invest our foreign cash reserves in certificates of deposit, and we maintain cash accounts that are denominated in British pounds sterling, Euros and Australian dollars. These foreign denominated certificates of deposit and cash accounts had a balance of $1.2 million as of April 30, 2016 and $1.4 million as of April 30, 2015, compared to our total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities balances of $7.1 million as of April 30, 2016 and $17.9 million as of April 30, 2015. These foreign currency balances are translated at each month end to our functional currency, the US dollar, and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in our results of operations.

In addition, a portion of our operations is conducted through our subsidiaries in countries other than the United States, specifically Ocean Power Technologies Ltd. in the United Kingdom, the functional currency of which is the British pound sterling, and Ocean Power Technologies (Australasia) Pty Ltd. in Australia, the functional currency of which is the Australian dollar. Both of these subsidiaries have foreign exchange exposure that results from changes in the exchange rate between their functional currency and other foreign currencies in which they conduct business. All of our international revenues for the years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015 were recorded in Euros or British pounds sterling.

We currently do not hedge our exchange rate exposure. However, we assess the anticipated foreign currency working capital requirements and capital asset acquisitions of our foreign operations and attempt to maintain a portion of our cash and cash equivalents denominated in foreign currencies sufficient to satisfy these anticipated requirements. We also assess the need and cost to utilize financial instruments to hedge currency exposures on an ongoing basis and may hedge against exchange rate exposure in the future.

Income taxes

As of April 30, 2016, we had federal and foreign net operating loss carry forwards of $119.2 million and $19.7 million, respectively, and federal research and development tax credits of $2.6 million, which may be used to offset future taxable income. As of April 30, 2016, we had state net operating loss carry forwards of $24.0 million. If not utilized, the net operating loss carry forwards and credit carry forwards will expire at various dates through 2035. We may not achieve profitability in time to utilize the tax credit and net operating loss carry forwards in full or at all. In addition, we have determined that the future utilization of our net operating loss carry forwards is subject to limitations based upon changes in ownership including changes resulting from our initial public offering in April 2007, pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code. As discussed in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, we have established a valuation allowance for our net deferred tax assets, which were $52.6 million as of April 30, 2016 and $50.8 million as of April 30, 2015.

During the years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, we sold New Jersey State net operating tax losses in the amount of $19.7 million and $14.0 million, respectively, resulting in the recognition of income tax benefits of $1.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Results of Operations

This section should be read in conjunction with the discussion below under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Fiscal Years Ended April 30, 2016 and 2015

The following table contains selected statement of operations information, which serves as the basis of the discussion of our results of operations for the years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015:

(1)   Certain subtotals may not add due to rounding.

Revenues

Revenues decreased by $3.4 million, or 83%, to $0.7 million in fiscal 2016, as compared to $4.1 million in fiscal 2015. The decrease in revenue is due to the billable work completed on existing contracts in the 2015 period, with no associated billable work in the 2016 period. Also, our billable work under our letter of intent with MES during the fiscal 2016 period was lower than our billable work in the prior period under our prior MES contract. With the exception of the MES letter of intent, we did not add revenue-producing contracts or contracts to fund our product development costs during fiscal 2016.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues decreased by approximately $4.0 million, or 86%, to $0.7 million in fiscal 2016, as compared to $4.7 million in fiscal 2015. The decrease in cost of revenue is related to lower costs incurred during the 2016 period as a result of decreased billable work on contracts performed in the 2016 period, decreased billable work related to the completion of our WavePort contract with the EU in fiscal 2015, and the decrease in billable work under the project with MES. This is discussed more fully above in “Overview.” During the year ended April 30, 2015, our firm-fixed price contract with MES recorded under the percentage-of-completion method had an increase in estimated total costs of the project. This increase in estimated project costs resulted in us incurring a gross loss on this contract and we recorded an accrual for the future anticipated loss on the contract.

Some of our projects in fiscal 2016 and 2015 were under cost-sharing contracts. Under cost-sharing contracts, we receive a fixed amount agreed upon with the customer that is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project. We fund the remainder of the costs primarily as part of our product development efforts. Revenue is typically recorded using the percentage-of-completion method applied to the contractual amount agreed upon with the customer. An equal amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenues resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. Our share of the costs is considered to be product development expense. Our ability to generate a gross profit will depend on the nature of future contracts, our success generating revenues through sales of our PowerBuoy systems, the nature of contracts for our development efforts, and our ability to manage costs incurred on our fixed price contracts.

Product Development Costs

Product development costs increased by approximately $2.9 million, or 70%, to $7.0 million in fiscal 2016 as compared to $4.1 million in fiscal 2015. The increase in product development costs was related primarily to increased costs associated with the deployment and retrieval costs of our legacy PB40 and PB3-A1 PowerBuoys, in addition to development costs associated with our investigation of the potential use of our PowerBuoys in autonomous market applications. Over the next several years, it is our goal to fund the majority of our product development efforts with external funding from commercial relationships, including cost-sharing arrangements. If we are unable to obtain commercial relationships or cost-sharing arrangements, we may curtail our development expenses and scope as necessary. We recently narrowed our development focus to the PB3 to seek to commercialize our PowerBuoy and related products and services.

Selling, general and administrative costs

Selling, general and administrative costs decreased by approximately $2.8 million, or 30%, to $6.7 million for fiscal 2016 as compared to $9.6 million for fiscal 2015. The decrease was related to site development expenses related to our project in Australia incurred in fiscal 2015 with no corresponding costs in fiscal 2016, lower patent costs as our patents were fully amortized in 2015, and lower recruiting and third party consultant fees in the 2016 period. These decreases were partially offset by increased employee-related costs.

Litigation settlement

The litigation settlement costs relate to the settlement of the Securities Class Action, described elsewhere in this Annual Report. The net charge of $1.1 million expensed in fiscal 2016 consist of a settlement payment to be made by us in connection with the proposed settlement of certain pending securities class action litigation, which is comprised of $500,000 in cash, and the issuance by us of 380,000 shares of our Common Stock with a fair value of $596,600 on the date of the Stipulation, which is May 5, 2016. Settlement of the class action litigation is subject to approval by the Court after notice to class members and cannot be assured. For more information, see Item 3 “Legal Proceedings” of this Annual Report and Note 13 “Commitments and Contingencies – Litigation” in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

Interest (expense) income, net

Interest income, net increased to approximately $8,000 for fiscal 2016, as compared to interest expense, net of approximately $32,000 in fiscal 2015. Fiscal 2015 included interest expense recorded for the repayment of funds received in March 2014 from ARENA of $5.2 million.

Foreign exchange loss

Foreign exchange loss was approximately $0.1 million for fiscal 2016, compared to a foreign exchange loss of approximately $0.5 million for fiscal 2015. The difference was attributable primarily to the relative change in value of the British pound sterling, Euro and Australian dollar compared to the U.S. dollar during the two periods.

Other income

During fiscal 2016, other income was approximately $0.2 million compared to approximately $0.4 million for fiscal 2015. Fiscal 2016 other income consisted primarily of a refund of approximately $0.2 million we received related to research and development expenditures in Australia. During fiscal 2015, we reached a favorable settlement with a vendor regarding a disputed transaction in the amount of approximately $0.2 million. In fiscal 2015, we also received a refund of approximately $0.2 million related to research and development expenditures in Australia.

Income tax benefit

During the years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, we sold New Jersey State net operating losses in the amount of $19.7 million and $14.0 million, respectively, resulting in the recognition of income tax benefits of $1.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The Company has a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.

Net Loss Outlook

We have incurred net losses since we began operations in 1994. To achieve profitability, we will need to increase revenue and gross profit, control our fixed costs and/or possibly reduce our expenses, including our unfunded product development expenditures.

We do not know whether or when we will become profitable because of the significant uncertainties with respect to our ability to successfully commercialize our PowerBuoys in our target markets. Even if we do achieve profitability at some point in the future, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, the cash flows from customer revenues have not been sufficient to fund our operations and provide the capital resources for our business. For the two years ended April 30, 2016, our aggregate revenues were $4.8 million, our aggregate net losses were $26.3 million and our aggregate net cash used in operating activities was $28.1 million.

Net cash used in operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $10.9 million and $17.2 million for fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively. The change was the result of an decrease in net loss of $0.1 million and an increase in cash used by the net change in operating assets and liabilities of $6.7 million primarily due to the return of the advance payment of $4.7 million related to the former ARENA contract in fiscal 2015, offset in part by higher non-cash operating items of $0.5 million.

The decrease in our net loss for fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 is the result of our recording a gross profit in fiscal 2016 of approximately $37,000 compared to loss of $0.6 million in 2015. The 2015 gross loss related primarily to our project with MES of $0.5 million, a decrease in selling, general and administrative costs of $2.8 million relating $0.8 million to fully amortized patents in 2015, $0.6 million of site development costs from the MES terminated contract incurred in fiscal 2015, and a $1.4 million decrease in legal, consulting and recruiting fees in fiscal 2016. These amounts were offset by an increase in product development costs of $2.9 million associated with the deployment and retrieval costs of our PB40 and PB3-A1 PowerBuoys, and litigation settlement of $1.1 million recorded in fiscal 2016 relating to the Stipulation to resolve certain pending securities class action litigation. See Note 13 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The decrease in noncash operating items in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015, reflects a decrease in amortization expense for patents of $0.8 million and a decrease in foreign exchange loss of $0.3 million offset by settlement of a lawsuit in common stock of $0.6 million

The increase in operating assets and liabilities in fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015 is due to a reduction in advanced payments received from customers of $4.7 million (relating to the return of the initial grant funding on the ARENA project in fiscal 2015), a net increase of $1.0 million in unearned revenues, other assets of $0.3 million, and other net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $0.7 million.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $0.1 million for fiscal 2016 versus $21.1 million for fiscal 2015. The change was primarily the result of a net decrease of $14.4 million in maturities of marketable securities and restricted cash of $6.7 million in fiscal 2016.

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $0.2 million in fiscal 2016, and net cash used by financing activities was approximately $0.1 million for fiscal 2015. The net cash provided in fiscal 2016 was from the sale of our common stock, net of issuance costs, offset in part by the repayment of long-term debt and capital lease principal. The fiscal 2015 net cash used was primarily related to the repayment of long-term debt.

Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents

The effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents was approximately a decrease of $11,000 and a decrease of approximately $0.4 million in fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively. The effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents results primarily from gains or losses on consolidation of foreign subsidiaries and foreign denominated cash and cash equivalents.

Liquidity Outlook

Our financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. We have experienced substantial and recurring losses from operations, which losses have caused an accumulated deficit of $177.9 million at April 30, 2016. At April 30, 2016, we had approximately $6.7 million in cash on hand. We generated revenues of only $.7 million in fiscal 2016, and $4.1 million in fiscal 2015. Based on the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balances as of April 30, 2016, the Company believes that it will be able to finance its capital requirements and operations into at least the quarter ending January 31, 2017.

These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Management recognizes that in order for us to meet our capital requirements, and continue to operate, additional financing will be necessary. We expect to raise additional funds through private or public equity investment in order to maintain and/or expand the range and scope of our business operations. However, we cannot assure you that any such additional funds will be available for us on acceptable terms, when needed, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed or generate positive cash flow, it is unlikely that we will be able to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We expect to devote substantial resources to continue our development efforts for our PowerBuoys and to expand our sales, marketing and manufacturing programs associated with the planned commercialization of the PowerBuoys. Our future capital requirements will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

We have incurred negative operating cash flows since our inception. As of April 30, 2016, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balance was approximately $6.8 million. Based upon our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balance as of April 30, 2016, we believe that we will be able to finance our capital requirements and operations into at least the quarter ending January 31, 2017. In addition, as of April 30, 2016 and 2015, our restricted cash balance was approximately $0.3 million and $0.4 million respectively.

During fiscal year 2015, we received a deficiency notice form the Listing Qualifications Department of the NASDAQ Stock Market notifying us that the minimum bid price of our common stock had failed to meet the requirements for continued inclusion of our common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market. In October 2015, at our annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders approved an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to effectuate a reverse stock split of our common stock. Subsequently, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to effectuate a one-for-10 reverse stock split of our common stock. Our common stock began trading on a post-reverse stock split-adjusted basis on the NASDAQ Capital Market on October 29, 2015. Subsequently, on November 12, 2015, the NASDAQ notified us that our common stock had regained compliance with the NASDAQ listed company closing bid price requirement. All common stock per share information in this Annual Report has been adjusted to give effect to the one-for-10 reverse stock split of our common stock.

During fiscal 2016 and 2015, we have continued to make investments in ongoing product development efforts in anticipation of future growth. Our future results of operations involve significant risks and uncertainties. Factors that could affect our future operating results and cause actual results to vary materially from expectations include, but are not limited to, risks from insufficient capital, technology development, scalability of technology and production, ability to secure customers and revenue-producing contracts, our ability to settle or have dismissed pending litigation, dependence on skills of key personnel, concentration of customers and suppliers, performance of PowerBuoy, deployment risks and laws, regulations and permitting. In order to complete our future growth strategy, we will require additional financing. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available to us as needed on terms acceptable to us or at all. Historically, we have raised proceeds through sales of our equity securities in the public capital markets. If sufficient financing is not obtained, we will be required to further curtail or limit our operations, including our product development costs, and/or selling, general and administrative activities in order to reduce our cash expenditures and may be required to cease operations.

Historically, we have funded our operations principally through public sales of our equity securities. In January 2013, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the SEC in February 2013 (“2013 Form S-3”). We offered and sold 330,633 shares of our common stock at an average price to the public of $30.20 per share through an at the market facility (“2013 ATM Facility”) with Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC (“Ascendiant”) via an At the Market Offering Agreement under our 2013 Form S-3. We received net proceeds of approximately $9,698,000 from the 2013 ATM Facility.

In fiscal 2014, we also offered and sold 380,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $31.00 per share in an underwritten public offering under the 2013 Form S-3 through Roth Capital Partners, LLC (“Roth”) pursuant to an underwriting agreement dated April 4, 2014 (the “2014 Underwritten Offering”). We completed the 2014 Underwritten Offering in April 2014, with net proceeds to us of approximately $10,828,000.

In October 2015, we entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement (“2015 ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Manager”), under which we offered from time to time in an at the market offering (the “2015 ATM Facility”) shares of our common stock under the Form S-3 and under a subsequent shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “2016 Form S-3”) declared effective by the SEC in April 2016. The 2016 Form S-3 registers for sale up to $15 million in securities by us in a public offering, although we are limited by Instruction I.B.6 in the amount that we may sell under Form S-3 in any 12 calendar month period to one third of our public float. Under the 2015 ATM Facility, between October 2015 and April 2016, we issued and sold 144,571 shares of our common stock with an aggregate market value of $293,343 under the 2015 ATM Agreement at an average price of $2.03 per share. We paid the Manager of the 2015 ATM Facility a sales commission of approximately $4,400 related to those shares. We terminated the 2015 ATM Agreement on June 2, 2016, effective immediately, and the 2015 ATM Facility is no longer available for use by us.

On June 2, 2016, we entered into a securities purchase agreement, which was amended on June 7, 2016 (as amended, the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional purchasers (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, we sold an aggregate of 417,000 shares of common stock together with warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 145,952 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock was sold together with a warrant to purchase 0.35 of a share of common stock at a combined purchase price of $4.60. The net proceeds to us from the offering were approximately $1.6 million, after deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, but excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the warrants issued in the offering. The warrants have an exercise price of $6.08 per share, will be exercisable beginning in December 2016, and will expire five years following the date of issuance. We paid the placement agents approximately $116,000 as placement agent fees in connection with the sale of securities in the offering. We also reimbursed the placement agents $35,000 for their out of pocket and legal expenses in connection with the offering

The sale of additional equity or convertible securities could result in dilution to our stockholders. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of debt securities or preferred stock, these securities could have rights senior to those associated with our Common Stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. We do not have any committed sources of debt or equity financing and we cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us when needed, or at all. If we are unable to obtain required financing when needed, we may be required to reduce the scope of our operations, including our planned product development and marketing efforts, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. If we are unable to secure additional financing, we may be forced to cease our operations.

We require additional capital to fund our operations. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available to us when needed on acceptable terms, or at all.

During fiscal 2015, we remitted the GST in the amount of A$508,702 (US$470,905) to the Australian Tax Office (ATO) in accordance with local tax laws and reclaimed this amount from the ATO during such fiscal period. In August 2014, we returned the initial grant funding received of A$5,595,723 (US$5,179,960) and interest of A$109,051 (US$102,061) to ARENA in accordance with the Deed of Variation and Termination of Funding Deed executed between the parties in August 2014.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet financing activities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations set forth above are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those described below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following accounting policies require significant judgment and estimates by us in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Legal Contingencies

As discussed in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report under the heading “Legal Proceedings” and in Note 13, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company is currently subject to various legal proceedings and claims. The Company records a contingent liability when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable in accordance with SFAS No. 5, “Accounting for Contingencies”. There is a significant judgment required in both the probability determination and as to whether an exposure can be reasonably estimated since the outcome of legal proceedings and claims brought against the Company are subject to significant uncertainty. In management’s opinion, any reasonable possible losses in addition to the amounts accrued for litigation would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or operating results. Should the Company fail to prevail in any of these legal matters or should several of these legal matters be resolved against the Company in the same reporting period, the operating results of a particular reporting period could be materially adversely affected.

Revenue recognition and unearned revenues 

Our contracts are either cost plus or fixed price contracts. Under cost plus contracts, customers are billed for actual expenses incurred plus an agreed-upon fee. Currently, we have two types of fixed price contracts, firm fixed price and cost-sharing. Under firm fixed price contracts, we receive an agreed-upon amount for providing product development and services specified in the contract. Under cost-sharing contracts, the fixed amount agreed upon with the customer is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project.

Generally, we recognize revenue using the percentage-of-completion method based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion. In certain circumstances, revenue under contracts that have specified milestones or other performance criteria may be recognized only when the customer acknowledges that such criteria have been satisfied. In addition, recognition of revenue (and the related costs) may be deferred for fixed-price contracts until contract completion if we are unable to reasonably estimate the total costs of the project prior to completion. Some revenue contracts may contain complex criteria or uncertainty surrounding the terms of performance and customer acceptance. These contracts are subject to interpretation and management may make a judgment as to the amount of revenue earned and recorded. Because we have a small number of contracts, revisions to the percentage-of-completion determination, management interpretation or delays in meeting performance and contractual criteria or in completing projects may have a significant effect on revenue for the periods involved.

Under cost plus and firm fixed price contracts there is a profit or loss on the project depending on whether actual costs are more or less than the agreed upon amount. Under cost-sharing contracts, an amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenues, resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. Our share of the costs is recorded as product development expense.

Unbilled receivables represent expenditures on contracts, plus applicable profit margin, not yet billed. Unbilled receivables are normally billed and collected within one year. Billings made on contracts are recorded as a reduction in unbilled receivables, and to the extent that those billings exceed costs incurred plus applicable profit margin, they are recorded as unearned revenues.

Stock-based compensation

Costs resulting from all share-based payment transactions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements at their fair values.

Determining the appropriate fair-value model and calculating the fair value of stock-based awards at the date of grant using any valuation model requires judgment. We may use a Monte Carlo simulation model for performance-based stock awards, if applicable, and use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of employee stock options. Option pricing models, including the Black-Scholes model, require the use of input assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term and the expected dividend rate. Beginning in fiscal 2014, expected volatility for 2015 was based on the Company’s historical volatility. In prior years, we estimated our expected volatility based on that of what we considered to be similar publicly-traded companies because our stock had been publicly traded in the U.S. only since April 2007, so we did not have significant observable share-price volatility for the U.S. capital markets. We did not estimate our expected volatility based on the price of our common stock on the AIM market of the London Stock Exchange, on which our shares traded from October 2003 until we voluntarily delisted in January 2011, because we did not believe, based on the historically low trading volume of our shares on that market, that the volatility of our common stock on the AIM market was an appropriate indicator of the expected volatility of our common stock. We estimate the expected term using the average midpoint between the vesting terms and the contractual terms of our options as permitted by the SEC's Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment. If we determine another method to estimate expected term is more reasonable than our current method, or if another method for calculating this input assumption is prescribed by authoritative guidance, the fair value calculated for future stock-based awards could change significantly. Longer expected terms have a significant impact on the value of stock-based compensation determined at the date of grant. The expected dividend rate is not significant to the calculation of the fair value of our stock-based awards.

In addition, we are required to develop an estimate of the number of stock-based awards that will be forfeited due to employee turnover.

Quarterly changes in the estimated forfeiture rate can have a significant effect on reported stock-based compensation. If the actual forfeiture rate is higher than the estimated forfeiture rate, then an adjustment is made to increase the estimated forfeiture rate, which will result in a decrease to the expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements during the quarter of the change. If the actual forfeiture rate is lower than the estimated forfeiture rate, then an adjustment is made to decrease the estimated forfeiture rate, which will result in an increase to the expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements. These adjustments affect our cost of revenues, product development costs and selling, general and administrative costs. To date, the effect of forfeiture adjustments on our consolidated financial statements has been insignificant. The expense we recognize in future periods could differ significantly from the current period and/or our forecasts due to adjustments in the assumed forfeiture rates.

The aggregate share-based compensation expense related to all share-based transactions related to employees was approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million in fiscal 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which such items are expected to affect taxable income. The tax consequences of most events recognized in the current year's financial statements are included in determining income taxes currently payable. However, because tax laws and financial accounting standards differ in their recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, expenses, gains and losses, differences arise between the amount of taxable income and pretax financial income for a year and between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. Because we assume that the reported amounts of assets and liabilities will be recovered and settled, respectively, a difference between the tax basis of an asset or a liability and its reported amount in the balance sheet will result in a taxable or a deductible amount in some future years when the related liabilities are settled or the reported amounts of the assets are recovered, giving rise to a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability. We then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance. As discussed in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, we have established a valuation allowance for our net deferred tax assets, which was $52.6 million and $50.8 million as of April 30, 2016 and April 30, 2015, respectively. During the years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, we sold New Jersey State net operating losses in the amount of $19.7 million and $14.0 million, respectively, resulting in the recognition of income tax benefits of $1.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively, recorded in our Statement of Operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. This guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance also requires an entity to disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Qualitative and quantitative information is required about:

In August 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance deferring the effective date of the revenue recognition standard. In March and April 2016, the FASB issued additional updated guidance, which clarifies certain aspects of the ASU and the related implementation guidance issued by the FASB-IASB Joint Transition Resource Group for Revenue Recognition. This guidance is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We are currently evaluating the impact that this guidance will have on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, “Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern,” which describes how an entity should assess its ability to meet obligations and sets rules for how this information should be disclosed in the financial statements. The standard provides accounting guidance that will be used along with existing auditing standards. The new standard applies to all entities for the first annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter. Early application is permitted. We are evaluating the effect ASU 2014-15 will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures and have not yet determined the effect of the standard on our ongoing financial reporting at this time.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, “Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs,” which intends to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs. This ASU is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Currently, ASU 2015-03, would not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures. We will evaluate the effect of ASU 2015-03 for future periods, as applicable.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, “Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes,” which will require entities to present all deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) and deferred tax liabilities (“DTLs”) as non-current on the balance sheet. This guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted, and entities may choose whether to adopt this update prospectively or retrospectively. On January 31, 2016, we elected to adopt ASU 2015-17 and changed our method of classifying DTAs and DTLs as either current or non-current to classifying all DTAs and DTLs as non-current, using a prospective method. Prior balance sheets were not retrospectively adjusted. The adoption did not have a material effect on our financial position.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” which makes limited amendments to the guidance in U.S. GAAP on the classification and measurement of financial instruments. The update significantly revises an entity's accounting related to the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. It also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The update will take effect for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We will evaluate the effect of ASU 2016-01 for future periods as applicable.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. The new standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. We are evaluating the effect ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures and have not yet determined the effect of the standard on our ongoing financial reporting at this time.

In March 2016, the FASB issues ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)”, or ASU No. 2016-09. The amendments of ASU No. 2016-09 were issues as part of the FASB's Simplification initiative focused on improving areas of GAAP for which cost and complexity may be reduced while maintaining or improving the usefulness of information disclosed within the financial statements. The amendments focused on simplification specifically with regard to share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. The guidance in ASU No. 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company will evaluate the effect of ASU 2016-09 for future periods as applicable.

ITEM 7A.     QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.         FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are listed in Item 15 — "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report.

ITEM 9.         CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

 ITEM 9A.     CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are our controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the” Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b). Based upon that evaluation, as of April 30, 2016, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The annual report of management on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is provided under “Reports of Management” on page F-2, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. As described therein, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of April 30, 2016.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended April 30, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B.      OTHER INFORMATION

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

        Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Company’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC for the Company’s 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement") under the headings "Election of Directors," "Executive Officers," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance," "Code of Ethics" and "Corporate Governance" and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Executive Compensation" and "Director Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 12.   SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Executive Compensation," and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 13.   CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" and "Corporate Governance" and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

ITEM 14.   PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Information with respect to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the heading "Ratification of the Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm," and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

PART IV

ITEM 15.     EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) (1) Financial Statements: See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1.

(3) Exhibits: See Exhibit Index on pages 49 to 50.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Exhibits Index

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Reports of Management

Management's Report on Consolidated Financial Statements

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the management of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (the Company) in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles to reflect the financial position of the Company and its operating results. The financial information appearing throughout this Annual Report is consistent with the consolidated financial statements. Management is responsible for the information and representations in such consolidated financial statements, including the estimates and judgments required for their preparation. The consolidated financial statements have been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which appears herein.

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which is composed entirely of directors who are not officers or employees of the Company, meets regularly with management and the independent registered public accounting firm. The independent registered public accounting firm has had, and continues to have, direct access to the Audit Committee without the presence of other management personnel, and have been directed to discuss the results of their audit work and any matters they believe should be brought to the Committee's attention. The independent registered public accounting firm reports directly to the Audit Committee.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2016. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment using those criteria, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of April 30, 2016.

/s/   GEORGE H. KIRBY                     

George H. Kirby

Chief Executive Officer

/s/   MARK A. FEATHERSTONE                      

Mark A. Featherstone

Chief Financial Officer

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Ocean Power Technologies, Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries as of April 30, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended April 30, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries as of April 30, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended April 30, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in note 1 (b) to the consolidated financial statements, as of April 30, 2016 the Company has cash and cash equivalents of $6.7 million, and the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has an accumulated deficit. These factors raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are described in note 1 (b). The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

July 15, 2016

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(1) Common Stock, Treasury Stock, Additional Paid-In Capital and share data at April 30, 2015, has been adjusted retroactively to reflect a 1-for-10 reverse stock split effective October 27, 2015.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations