ODP Corp - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 28, 2019

Or

For the transition period from                                      to                                     

Commission file number 1-10948

Office Depot, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(561) 438-4800

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days: Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files): Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2019 (based on the closing market price of the common stock on the Composite Tape on June 28, 2019) was approximately $1,109,692,554 (determined by subtracting from the number of shares outstanding on that date the number of shares held by affiliates of the registrant).

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, as of the latest practicable date: At February 19, 2020, there were 528,121,055 outstanding shares of Office Depot, Inc. Common Stock, $0.01 par value.

Documents Incorporated by Reference:

Certain information required for Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the Office Depot, Inc. definitive Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after close of the registrant’s fiscal year.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

The order and presentation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) differ from that of the traditional U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Form 10-K format. We believe that our format better presents the relevant sections of this document and enhances readability. See “Form 10-K Cross-Reference Index” within “Financial Statements and Supplemental Details” for a cross-reference index to the traditional SEC Form 10-K format.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2019 (“Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Reform Act”), that involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include both historical information and other information that can be used to infer future performance. Examples of historical information include annual financial statements and the commentary on past performance contained in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”). While certain information has specifically been identified as being forward-looking in the context of its presentation, we caution you that, with the exception of information that is historical, all the information contained in this Annual Report should be considered to be “forward-looking statements” as referred to in the Reform Act. Without limiting the generality of the preceding sentence, any time we use the words “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “continue” and similar expressions, we intend to clearly express that the information deals with possible future events and is forward-looking in nature. Certain information in our MD&A is clearly forward-looking in nature, and without limiting the generality of the preceding cautionary statements, we specifically advise you to consider all of our MD&A in the light of the cautionary statements set forth herein.

Much of the information in this Annual Report that looks towards future performance of Office Depot, Inc. and its subsidiaries is based on various factors and important assumptions about future events that may or may not actually come true. As a result, our operations and financial results in the future could differ materially and substantially from those we have discussed in this Annual Report. Significant factors that could impact our future results are provided in “Risk Factors” within Other Key Information included in this Annual Report. Other risk factors are incorporated into the text of our MD&A, which should itself be considered a statement of future risks and uncertainties, as well as management’s view of our businesses. We assume no obligation (and specifically disclaim any such obligation) to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

In this Annual Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the “Company,” “Office Depot,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Office Depot, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

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THE COMPANY

We were incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1986 and opened our first retail store in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on October 9, 1986. Since then, we have become a leading provider of business services and supplies, products and technology solutions to small, medium and enterprise businesses, through our fully integrated business-to-business (“B2B”) distribution platform of 1,307 retail stores, online presence, and dedicated sales professionals and technicians, all supported by our world-class supply chain facilities and delivery operations. Through our banner brands Office Depot®, OfficeMax®, CompuCom® and Grand & Toy®, as well as others, we offer our customers the tools and resources they need to focus on starting, growing and running their businesses.

Our long-term strategy to deliver customer-focused value through our integrated B2B distribution platform is founded on three strategic pillars:

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol ODP.

FISCAL YEAR

Our fiscal year results are based on a 52- or 53-week calendar ending on the last Saturday in December. Fiscal year 2019 had 52 weeks and ended on December 28, 2019. Fiscal year 2018 had 52 weeks and ended on December 29, 2018. Fiscal year 2017 had 52 weeks and ended on December 30, 2017. Certain subsidiaries, including CompuCom, operate on a calendar year basis; however, the reporting difference did not have a material impact on 2019 and the other periods presented.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

We make available, free of charge, on the “Investor Relations” section of our website, www.officedepot.com, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, such as the Company, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov.

Additionally, our corporate governance materials, including our bylaws, corporate governance guidelines, charters of the Audit, Compensation, and Corporate Governance and Nominating Committees, and our code of ethical behavior may be found under the “Investor Relations” section of our website, www.officedepot.com.

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HOW WE ORGANIZE OUR BUSINESS

At December 28, 2019, our operations are organized into three reportable segments (or “Divisions”): Business Solutions Division, which we also refer to as BSD, Retail Division and CompuCom Division. The CompuCom Division was formed after the acquisition of CompuCom Systems, Inc. (“CompuCom”) on November 8, 2017. Additional information regarding our Divisions and operations in geographic areas is presented in MD&A and in Note 5. “Segment Information” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements located in Financial Statements and Supplemental Details of this Annual Report.

BUSINESS SOLUTIONS DIVISION

The Business Solutions Division, or BSD, is the largest component of our integrated B2B platform and provides our customers with nationally branded as well as our private branded office supply products and services. Additionally, BSD provides adjacency products and services including cleaning and breakroom supplies, technology services, copy and print services, and office furniture products and services in the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Canada through a dedicated sales force, catalogs, telesales, and electronically through our Internet websites. Adjacency products primarily include cleaning and breakroom supplies, technology and furniture and our service offerings are comprised of copy and print services, product subscriptions, and managed print and fulfillment services. BSD includes the distribution businesses we have acquired as part of our strategic transformation described within Our Strategy.

The Business Solutions Division is comprised of two main sales channels: contract and direct.

Our contract sales channel serves business customers including small, medium, and enterprise businesses as well as schools and local, state and national governmental agencies. We also enter into agreements with consortiums to sell to entities across many industries, including government and non-profit entities, in non-exclusive buying arrangements.

Our direct sales channel primarily serves small to medium-sized customers. Direct customers can order products through our eCommerce platform, from our catalogs, or by phone. Website functionality provides customers the convenience of using the loyalty program and offers suggestions by product ratings, pricing, and brand, among other features. Customer orders are fulfilled through our supply chain. See “Supply Chain” within Our Strategy for additional information on our supply chain network.

We have implemented several initiatives to strengthen the core of our Business Solutions Division, including the following:

RETAIL DIVISION

The Retail Division markets a broad assortment of merchandise through our chain of retail stores throughout the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The retail stores operate under both the Office Depot and OfficeMax brands, though systems, processes and offerings have converged. We currently offer products in three categories: supplies, technology, and furniture and other. See “Merchandising and Services” within Our Strategy for additional information on our product categories. In addition, our Retail Division offers a range of business-related services targeted to small businesses, technology support services as well as printing, copying, mailing and shipping services. The print needs for retail and business customers are also facilitated through our regional print production centers.

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At the end of 2019, the Retail Division operated 1,307 retail stores which includes locations temporarily closed for remodeling. We have a broad representation across North America with the largest concentration of our retail stores in Texas, California, and Florida. Most of our retail stores are located in leased facilities that currently average over 20,000 square feet. To better serve our customers any way they choose to shop, we have a Buy Online-Pickup in Store (“BOPIS”) offering in all locations and offer same-day store delivery in selected markets. Sales under these programs are serviced by store employees and fulfilled with store inventory and therefore are reported in the Retail Division results.

In 2018, we introduced a variety of business services focused on “human touch” expertise to small and medium-sized businesses. The new offerings provide customers with enhanced tools and services as well as access to remote and in-person advisors and technical support, including tech services kiosks in more than 200 retail stores. Our services also include payroll support, bookkeeping, storage and shredding, shipping and printing, and workspace planning and assembly services. We offer these business services on our eCommerce platform, in store, and through a dedicated sales team. Since 2018, we have transformed nine of our retail locations to include integrated co-working spaces to help small business owners, entrepreneurs, freelancers, remote workers and startups achieve their goals in a flexible and modern environment.

Since we implemented our Comprehensive Business Review in 2016, we have closed a total of 208 retail stores and focused on reducing our operating and general and administrative expenses in order to optimize our asset base and drive operational efficiencies. In addition, we expect to close 90 stores in 2020 and 2021 as part of our Business Acceleration Program, which is a company-wide, multi- year, cost reduction and business improvement program.

COMPUCOM DIVISION

The CompuCom Division was formed after our acquisition of CompuCom Systems, Inc. on November 8, 2017. CompuCom is a technology service provider supporting the distributed technology needs of enterprise organizations in the United States and Canada. With a vision of connecting people, technology, and the edge with a seamless experience, CompuCom enables enterprise employees to be productive. CompuCom offers a broad range of solutions including technology lifecycle management, end user computing and collaboration, service desk, remote technology monitoring and management, and IT workforce solutions.

CompuCom’s unique capabilities allow us to enhance our service offerings and attract new customers. The minimal overlap between CompuCom’s customer base and the customer base of our Business Solutions and Retail Divisions allows us to capture cross-selling opportunities by offering a full suite of products and services. We are leveraging our more than 6,800 CompuCom technicians to serve our extensive small, medium-sized, and large enterprise business customers who require technical support.

OUR CAPITAL

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We currently operate under the brand names Office Depot®, OfficeMax®, CompuCom®, Grand & Toy®, as well as others. We hold trademark registrations domestically and worldwide and have numerous other applications pending worldwide for the names “Office Depot,” “OfficeMax,” “TUL,” “Ativa,” “Foray,” “Realspace,” “WorkPro,” “Brenton Studio,” “Highmark” and others. As with all domestic trademarks, our trademark registrations in the United States are for a ten-year period and are renewable prior to their respective expirations, as long as the trademarks are used in the regular course of trade. We also hold issued patents and pending patent applications domestically for certain private brand products, such as shredders, office chairs and writing instruments.

EMPLOYEES

As of January 25, 2020, we had approximately 40,000 employees.

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OUR STRATEGY

STRATEGIC TRANSFORMATION

Since 2017, we have been undergoing a strategic business transformation to pivot Office Depot into an integrated B2B distribution platform, with the objective of expanding our product offerings to include value-added services for our customers and capture greater market share. As part of this transformation, we acquired CompuCom in 2017 and an enterprise IT solutions integrator and managed services provider in 2018.

We continue to expand our reach and distribution network through acquisitions of profitable regional office supply distribution businesses, serving small and mid-market customers. Many of these customers are in geographic areas that were previously underserved by our network. This has allowed for an effective and accretive means to expand our distribution reach, target new business customers and grow our offerings beyond traditional office supplies.

The operating results of the acquired office supply distribution businesses are combined with our operating results subsequent to their purchase dates and are included in the Business Solutions Division. The operating results of CompuCom and the enterprise IT solutions integrator and managed services provider are included in the CompuCom Division. Refer to Note 2. “Acquisitions” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

SUPPLY CHAIN

We operate a network of distribution centers (“DCs”) and crossdock facilities across the United States, Puerto Rico, and Canada, including two DCs which support the operations of CompuCom. Our DCs fulfill customer orders, while crossdocks are smaller flow-through facilities where merchandise is sorted for distribution and shipped to fulfill the inventory needs of our retail locations. Our supply chain operations are also supported by a dedicated fleet of over 1,000 transportation vehicles. With our network of DCs, crossdocks, and vehicles, we are capable of providing next-day delivery services for approximately 98.5% of the population in the United States.

We continue to invest in our supply chain network, focusing on further enhancing our capabilities, increasing efficiency and lowering our costs. For example, we have grown our private fleet of transportation vehicles and introduced automated technology and robotics into our DCs and crossdock facilities. These investments position us to pursue opportunities beyond our traditional business, including utilizing our supply chain as a logistics service for third parties, including customers.

Excluding the two DCs supporting the CompuCom operations, DC and crossdock facilities’ costs, such as real estate, technology, labor, depreciation and inventory are allocated to the Retail and Business Solutions Divisions based on the relative services provided. For the two DCs supporting the CompuCom operations, these costs are included within the CompuCom Division.

We believe that inventory held in our DCs is at levels sufficient to meet current and anticipated customer needs. Certain purchases are sent directly from the manufacturer, industry wholesaler or other primary supplier to our customers or retail stores. Some supply chain facilities and some retail locations also house sales offices, showrooms, and administrative offices supporting our contract sales channel.

As of December 28, 2019, we operated a total of 67 DCs and crossdock facilities in the United States and Canada. Refer to “Properties” within Other Key Information for more details.

Out-bound delivery and inbound direct import operations are currently provided by third-party carriers along with our own vehicles.

MERCHANDISING AND SERVICES

Our merchandising and services strategy is to meet our customers’ needs by offering a broad selection of nationally branded office supply and adjacency products, as well as our own private branded products and services. The selection of our private branded products has increased in breadth and level of sophistication over time. We currently offer products under such labels, including Office Depot®, OfficeMax®, Foray®, Ativa®, TUL®, Realspace®, WorkPro®, Brenton Studio®, Highmark®, and Grand & Toy®.

We generally classify our product offerings into three categories: (1) supplies, (2) technology, and (3) furniture and other. The supplies category includes products such as paper, writing instruments, office supplies, and cleaning and breakroom supplies. The technology category includes products such as toner and ink, printers, computers, tablets and accessories, and electronic storage. The furniture and other category includes products such as desks, seating, and luggage.

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We classify our service offerings into two categories: (1) technology and (2) copy, print, and other. The technology category includes the technology service offerings provided through our CompuCom Division, such as technology lifecycle management, end user computing and collaboration, service desk, remote technology monitoring and management, and IT workforce solutions, as well as technology service offerings provided in our retail stores, such as equipment installation and repair. The copy, print, and other category includes offerings such as printing of business cards, banners, documents and promotional products, copying and photo services, managed print and fulfillment services, product and service subscriptions, and sales of third party software, gift cards, warranties, remote support as well as rental income on operating lease arrangements where the Company conveys to its customers the right to use devices and other equipment for a stated period.

Total Company sales by offering were as follows:

** 2017 includes technology product and services sales of CompuCom subsequent to the acquisition date of November 8, 2017.

We buy substantially all of our merchandise directly from manufacturers, industry wholesalers, and other primary suppliers, and source our private branded products from domestic and offshore sources. We enter into arrangements with vendors that can lower our unit product costs if certain volume thresholds or other criteria are met. For additional discussion regarding these arrangements, refer to “Critical Accounting Policies” in MD&A.

We operate separate merchandising functions in the United States and Canada. Each function is responsible for selecting, purchasing, managing the product life cycle of our inventory, and managing pricing for all channels. Organizationally, they are aligned under the same Corporate leadership. In recent years, we have increasingly used global offerings across the regions to further reduce our product cost while maintaining product quality.

We operate a global sourcing office in Shenzhen, China, which allows us to better manage our product sourcing, logistics and quality assurance. This office consolidates our purchasing power with Asian factories and, in turn, helps us to increase the scope of our own branded offerings.

SALES AND MARKETING

We regularly assess consumer shopping behaviors in order to refine our strategy and curate the desired product assortment, shopping environment and purchasing methods. Identifying the most desirable and effective way to reach our customers and allowing them to shop through whichever channel they prefer will continue to be a priority. These efforts have impacted the extent, format and vehicles we use to advertise to and reach customers, our web page design, promotions and product offerings.

Our marketing programs are designed to attract and retain customers, drive frequency of customer visits, increase customer spend in our stores and websites, and build brand awareness. We have shifted a meaningful amount of our marketing efforts in recent periods to digital programs that enhance personalized offerings and promote customer satisfaction, and include the use of social media platforms. We also continue to advertise through traditional marketing vehicles such as national and local TV, radio, billboards, major newspapers in most of our North American markets and direct mail and catalogues.

Our customer loyalty and other incentive programs provide our customers with rewards that can be applied towards future purchases or other incentives. These programs enable us to effectively market to our customers and may change as customer preferences shift.

We perform periodic competitive pricing analyses to monitor each market, and prices are adjusted as necessary to further our competitive positioning. We generally target our pricing to be competitive with other resellers of office products and providers of business services and technology solutions.

Our customer acquisition efforts regularly shift to vehicles and formats found to be most productive for reaching the targeted customer. We acquire customers through e-mail and social media campaigns, online affiliate connections, on-premises sales calls,

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outbound sales calls, and catalogs, among others. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of total consolidated sales or receivables in 2019, 2018 or 2017. Additionally, we believe that none of our business segments is dependent upon a single customer or a few customers, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect in our consolidated results of operations.

SEASONALITY

Our business experiences a certain level of seasonality, with sales generally trending lower in the second quarter, following the “back-to-business” sales cycle in the first quarter and preceding the “back-to-school” sales cycle in the third quarter and the holiday sales cycle in the fourth quarter for our Business Solutions and Retail Divisions. The CompuCom Division generally does not experience notable seasonality. Certain working capital components may build and recede during the year reflecting established selling cycles. Business cycles can and have impacted our operations and financial position when compared to other periods.

INDUSTRY AND COMPETITION

We operate in a highly competitive environment. Our Business Solutions and Retail Divisions compete with office supply stores, wholesale clubs, discount stores, mass merchandisers, online retailers, food and drug stores, computer and electronics superstores and direct marketing companies. These companies compete with us in substantially all of our current markets. Increased competition in the office products markets, together with increased advertising, and Internet-based search tools, has heightened price awareness among end-users. Such heightened price awareness has led to sales and margin pressure on our office products categories and has impacted our results. In addition to price, we also compete based on customer service, the quality and extent of product selection and convenience. Other office supply retail companies market similarly to us in terms of store format, pricing strategy, product selection and product availability in the markets where we operate. Some of our competitors are larger than us and have greater financial resources, which provide them with greater purchasing power, increased financial flexibility and more capital resources for expansion and improvement, which may enable them to compete more effectively. We anticipate that in the future we will continue to face high levels of competition from these companies.

We believe our robust field sales forces, dedicated customer service associates and the efficiency and convenience for our customers from our combined contract and direct sales distribution channels position our Business Solutions Division well to compete with other business-to-business office products distributors.

We believe our Retail Division competes favorably against competitors based on convenience, location, the quality of our customer service, our store layouts, the range and depth of our merchandise offering and our pricing.

The CompuCom Division operates in an environment that is highly competitive, rapidly evolving and subject to shifting client needs and expectations. We compete with companies that provide IT services and outsourcing, as well as companies that sell IT related products. We believe that the principal competitive factors in our business include technical expertise, geographic reach, and the ability to provide compelling solutions to meet the needs of end users and distributed technology. We believe our CompuCom Division successfully competes based on the quality of our customer service, the geographic reach of our services, and the breadth of our offerings.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

As both a significant user and seller of paper products, we have developed environmental practices that are values-based and market-driven. Our environmental initiatives center on three guiding principles: (1) recycling and pollution reduction; (2) sustainable forest management; and (3) issue awareness and market development for environmentally preferable products. We offer thousands of different products containing recycled content and technology recycling services.

Office Depot continues to implement environmental programs in line with our stated environmental vision to “increasingly buy green, be green and sell green” — including environmental sensitivity in our packaging, operations and sales offerings. We have been commended for our leadership position for our facility design, recycling efforts, and ‘green’ product offerings. Additional information on our green product offerings can be found at www.officedepot.com/buygreen.

We are subject to a variety of environmental laws and regulations related to historical OfficeMax operations of paper and forest products businesses and timberland assets. We record environmental and asbestos liabilities, and accrue losses associated with these obligations, when probable and reasonably estimable. We record a separate insurance recovery receivable when considered probable. Refer to “Legal Proceedings” within Other Key Information for more details.

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WHO MANAGES OUR BUSINESS

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The following information is provided regarding the executive officers of Office Depot.

Gerry P. Smith — Age: 56

Mr. Smith was appointed to serve as our Chief Executive Officer and a Director effective February 27, 2017. Prior to joining us, Mr. Smith was at Lenovo Group Limited (“Lenovo”) since 2006, most recently as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Lenovo since 2016 where he was responsible for all operations across Lenovo’s global product portfolio. Prior to assuming this role, also in 2016, Mr. Smith was Executive Vice President and President, Data Center Group. From 2015 to 2016, he served as Chief Operating Officer of the Personal Computing Group and Enterprise Business Group, and from 2013 to 2015 he served as President of the Americas. In these roles, Mr. Smith oversaw Lenovo’s fast-growing enterprise business worldwide and Lenovo’s overall business in the America’s region. Prior to that, Mr. Smith was President, North America and Senior Vice President, Global Operations of Lenovo from 2012 to 2013, and Senior Vice President of Global Supply Chain of Lenovo from 2006 until 2012 where he was responsible for end-to-end supply chain management. Prior to Lenovo, Mr. Smith held a number of executive positions at Dell Inc. from 1994 until 2006, as the company became a global leader in personal computers.

N. David Bleisch — Age: 60

Mr. Bleisch was appointed to serve as our Executive Vice President, Chief Legal & Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary in August 2018. Previously he served as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary from September 2017 to August 2018. Prior to joining us, Mr. Bleisch was Senior Vice President and Chief Legal Officer for The ADT Corporation (“ADT”) from September 2012 through May 2016, where he managed the legal, environmental, health and safety, government affairs and corporate governance matters. Prior to assuming this role, Mr. Bleisch served in several leadership roles at Tyco International before being appointed Vice President and General Counsel of Tyco Security Solutions. Before joining Tyco, Mr. Bleisch was Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of The LTV Corporation. Before LTV, Mr. Bleisch was a partner with Jackson Walker LLP. He currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Education Foundation of Palm Beach County.

Jerri L. DeVard — Age: 61

Ms. DeVard was appointed to serve as our Executive Vice President and Chief Customer Officer in January 2018. In this role, Ms. DeVard leads Customer Service, Marketing and Communications functions. Ms. DeVard joined us in September 2017 as Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer. Prior to joining us, Ms. DeVard was Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer for ADT from April 2014 to June 2016. Prior to ADT, Ms. DeVard held various marketing leadership positions for Nokia, Verizon and Citigroup. She currently serves on the Board of Directors for Under Armour, Inc. and Cars.com.

John W. Gannfors — Age: 54

Mr. Gannfors was appointed to serve as our Executive Vice President, Chief Merchandising and Supply Chain Officer in August 2018. Previously Mr. Gannfors served as Executive Vice President, Transformation, Strategic Sourcing and Supply Chain from July 2017 to August 2018, and as our Executive Vice President, Transformation and Strategic Sourcing when he joined the Company in April 2017. Prior to joining us, Mr. Gannfors served as Chief Procurement Officer at Lenovo Group Limited, where he spent nearly ten years. Prior to assuming this role, Mr. Gannfors served in various leadership roles at Dell. Mr. Gannfors began his career in Product Management at Lockheed Martin’s Calcomp division, as well as Definicon Systems.

Todd Hale — Age: 47

Mr. Hale was appointed to serve as our Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer in August 2016. Previously, Mr. Hale served as our Senior Vice President, North American Chief Information Officer. Mr. Hale joined us in 2004 where he held several positions of increasing levels of responsibility such as Director, IT Supply Chain Systems; Senior Director, Merchandising, Marketing and Inventory Management Systems; and Vice President, North American Chief Information Officer and Vice President of Applications Development. Prior to joining us, Mr. Hale held various IT leadership positions with the Eckerd Corporation. He began his career in retail consulting for Proctor & Gamble and Walmart.

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Kevin Moffitt — Age: 46

Mr. Moffitt was appointed to serve as our Executive Vice President, Chief Retail Officer in November 2018. Previously, Mr. Moffitt served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Retail Officer from January 2018 to November 2018; Senior Vice President, Chief Digital Officer in 2017; Senior Vice President, eCommerce & Direct Business Unit Leader from 2016 to 2017; and as our Vice President, eCommerce Product Management and Customer Experience from 2012 to 2016. Prior to joining us, he held several leadership roles at Dillards and Crossview.

Stephen M. Mohan — Age: 43

Mr. Mohan was appointed to serve as our Executive Vice President, Business Solutions Division in May 2019. Prior to joining us, Mr. Mohan served as Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing, North American Transportation at XPO Logistics, Inc., a transportation and logistics company, from October 2017 to May 3, 2019. Prior to joining XPO Logistics, Mr. Mohan served as Executive Vice President and Chief Sales Officer at Clean Harbors, an environmental, energy and industrial services company, from October 2016 to February 2017 and Senior Vice President, Field Sales for Republic Services, Inc., a waste collection and energy services company, from September 2009 to September 2016. His career began in 1999 at Reed Business Information, where he led acquisition and management of a large account portfolio for a leading provider of data and business information solutions.

John “Mick” Slattery — Age: 51

Mr. Slattery was appointed to serve as our President, CompuCom Division in June 2019. Mr. Slattery has nearly 30 years of experience in the technology-enabled business services space, and most recently served as the Chief Executive Officer of Conduent Transportation LLC, a division of Conduent, Inc., a technology-led business process services company. Prior to joining Conduent in 2018, Mr. Slattery was a founding executive team member of Avanade, Inc., a global professional services company providing IT consulting and services and was formed as a joint venture between Accenture plc and Microsoft Corporation. During his 17-year career with Avanade, Mr. Slattery served in a series of roles with increasing levels of responsibility, and ultimately served as President, North America. Prior to joining Avanade, Mr. Slattery served as Associate Partner, Communications & High Tech at Accenture plc.

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OTHER KEY INFORMATION

RISK FACTORS

In addition to risks and uncertainties in the ordinary course of business that are common to all businesses, important factors that are specific to us and our industry could materially impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future performance and results. You should carefully consider the risks described below in our subsequent periodic filings with the SEC. The following risk factors should be read in conjunction with the MD&A and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report.

Risks related to our business

Our business is highly competitive and failure to adequately differentiate ourselves or respond to the decline in general office supplies sales or to shifting consumer demands could continue to adversely impact our financial performance.

The office products market is highly competitive and we compete locally, domestically and internationally with office supply resellers, including Staples, Internet-based companies such as Amazon.com, mass merchandisers such as Wal-Mart and Target, wholesale clubs such as Costco, Sam’s Club and BJs, computer and electronics superstores such as Best Buy, food and drug stores, discount stores, and direct marketing companies. Some competitors may offer a broader assortment of products or have more extensive e-commerce channels, while others have substantially greater financial resources to devote to sourcing, marketing and selling their products. The ability of consumers to compare prices using smartphones and digital technology puts additional pressure on us to maintain competitive pricing. In addition, consumers are utilizing more technology and purchasing less paper, ink and toner, physical file storage and general office supplies. In order to achieve and maintain expected profitability levels, we must continue to grow by adding new customers and taking market share from competitors. If we are not able to compete effectively, it could negatively affect our business and results of operations.

The retail sector continues to focus on delivery services, with customers increasingly seeking faster, guaranteed delivery times and low-price or free shipping. Our ability to be competitive on delivery times and delivery costs depends on many factors, and our failure to successfully manage these factors and offer competitive delivery options could negatively impact the demand for our products and our profit margins. Because our business strategy is based on offering superior levels of customer service and a full range of services to complement the products we offer, our cost structure might be higher than some of our competitors, and this, in conjunction with price transparency, could put pressure on our margins.

In addition, the CompuCom Division operates in an environment that is highly competitive, rapidly evolving and subject to shifting client needs and expectations. We compete with companies that provide IT services and outsourcing, as well as companies that sell IT related products. If we are unable to: (i) provide technology solutions and services that meet consumer needs; (ii) continuously procure products that are up-to-date and among the latest trends in the rapidly changing technological environment; (iii) differentiate ourselves from other retailers who sell similar products; and (iv) effectively compete, our sales and financial performance could be negatively impacted.

Our focus on services as a strategic priority exposes us to certain risks that could have a material adverse impact on our revenue and profitability as well as our reputation.

Our transformation into a more business services-driven platform that delivers a full range of services complements our product offerings, including consultation, design, delivery, installation, set-up, protection plans, repair, and technical support. These services can differentiate us from many of our competitors and provide an opportunity to deliver superior customer service while generating additional revenue and profit. However, designing, marketing and executing these services successfully and consistently is subject to risks. These risks include, for example:

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As customers increasingly migrate to websites and mobile applications to initiate transactions, it is inherently more difficult to demonstrate and explain the features and benefits of our service offerings, which can lead to a lower revenue mix of these services. Our ability to compete successfully depends on our ability to ensure a continuing and timely introduction of innovative new products, services and technologies to the marketplace. If we are unable to pivot into a more business services-driven platform and sell innovative new products, our ability to gain a competitive advantage could be adversely affected.

These expanded risks increase the complexity of our business and places significant responsibility on our management, employees, operations, systems, technical expertise, financial resources, and internal financial and regulatory control and reporting functions. In addition, new initiatives we test through trials and pilots may not scale or grow effectively or as we expected, which could limit our growth and negatively affect our operating results. They may also involve significant laws or regulations that are beyond our current expertise.

Our business strategy includes making acquisitions and investments that complement our existing business. These acquisitions and investments could be unsuccessful or consume significant resources, which could adversely affect our operating results.

Our ability to achieve the benefits we anticipate from acquisitions we make will depend in large part upon whether we are able to leverage the capabilities of the acquired companies to grow revenue across our combined organization, manage the acquired company’s business, execute our strategy in an efficient and effective manner and realize anticipated cost synergies. In addition, private companies recently acquired which were previously not subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), may lack certain internal controls, which could ultimately affect our ability to ensure compliance with the requirements of SOX.

Because our business and the business of acquired companies may differ operationally, we may not be able to effectively manage or oversee the operations of the acquired company’s business smoothly or successfully and the process of achieving expected revenue growth and cost synergies may take longer than expected. If we are unable to successfully manage the operations of the acquired company’s business, we may be unable to realize the revenue growth, cost synergies and other anticipated benefits we expect to achieve as a result of the acquisition.

If we are unable to successfully maintain a relevant omni-channel experience for our customers, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

With the increasing use of computers, tablets, mobile phones and other devices to shop in our stores and online, we offer full and mobile versions of our website and applications for mobile phones and tablets. In addition, we use social media as a means of interacting with our customers and enhancing their shopping experiences. We rely on our omni-channel capabilities to provide a seamless shopping experience to our customers and to keep pace with new developments by our competitors. If we are unable to attract and retain team members or contract third parties with the specialized skills needed to support our omni-channel platforms or are unable to implement improvements to our customer-facing technology in a timely manner, our ability to compete and our results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, if our website and our other customer-facing technology systems do not function as designed, the customer experience could be negatively affected, resulting in a loss of customer confidence and satisfaction, and lost sales, which could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.

Our failure to effectively manage our real estate portfolio may negatively impact our operating results.

Effective management of our real estate portfolio is critical to our omni-channel strategy. Most of our properties are subject to long-term leases. As such, it is essential that we effectively evaluate a range of factors that may influence the success of our long-term real estate strategy. Such factors include but are not limited to:

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The consequences for failure to effectively evaluate these factors or negotiate appropriate terms or anticipate changes could include:

These consequences could have a materially adverse impact on our profitability, cash flows and liquidity.

For leased property, the financial impact of exiting a location varies greatly depending on, among other factors, the terms of the lease, the condition of the local real estate market, demand for the specific property, our relationship with the landlord and the availability of potential sub-lease tenants. It is difficult for us to influence some of these factors, and the costs of exiting a property can be significant. In addition to rent, we are still responsible for the maintenance, taxes, insurance and common area maintenance charges for vacant properties until the lease commitment expires or is terminated. Similarly, when we enter into a contract with a tenant to sub-lease property, we usually retain our obligations as the master lessor. This leaves us at risk for any remaining liability in the event of default by the sub-lease tenant.

We do a significant amount of business with government entities, various purchasing consortiums, and through sole- or limited- source distribution arrangements, and loss of this business could negatively impact our results.

One of our largest customer groups consists of various governmental entities, government agencies and non-profit organizations, such as purchasing consortiums. Contracting with U.S. state and local governments is highly competitive, subject to federal and state procurement laws, requires more restrictive contract terms and can be expensive and time-consuming. Bidding such contracts often requires that we incur significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will win a contract. Our ability to compete successfully for and retain business with federal, state and local governments is highly dependent on cost-effective performance. Our business with governmental entities and agencies is also sensitive to changes in national and international priorities and their respective budgets, which in the current economy continue to decrease. We also service a substantial amount of business through agreements with purchasing consortiums and other sole- or limited-source distribution arrangements. If we are unsuccessful in retaining these customers, or if there is a significant reduction in sales under any of these arrangements, it could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Failure to attract and retain qualified personnel could have an adverse impact on our business.

Our performance is highly dependent on attracting, retaining and engaging appropriately qualified employees in our stores, service centers, distribution centers, field and corporate offices. The market for qualified employees, with the right talent and competencies, is highly competitive. Factors that affect our ability to maintain sufficient numbers of qualified employees include employee morale, our reputation, unemployment rates, competition from other employers, availability of qualified personnel and our ability to offer appropriate compensation packages. We operate in a competitive labor market and there is a risk that market increases in compensation could have a material adverse effect on our profitability. Failure to recruit or retain qualified employees, and the inability to keep our supply of skills and resources in balance with client demand, may impair our efficiency and effectiveness, our ability to pursue growth opportunities and adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, a significant amount of turnover of our executive team or other employees in key positions with specific knowledge relating to us, our operations and our industry, may negatively impact our operations.

We depend on our executive management team and other key personnel, and the inability to recruit and retain certain personnel could adversely affect our performance and result in the loss of management continuity and institutional knowledge.

Although certain members of our executive team have entered into agreements relating to their employment with us, most of our key personnel are not bound by employment agreements, and those with employment or retention agreements are bound only for a limited

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period of time. If we are unable to retain our key personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop and implement our business plans, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Failure to execute effective advertising efforts and maintain our reputation and brand at a high level, may adversely impact our financial performance.

Effective advertising and marketing efforts play a crucial role in maintaining high customer traffic. We focus on developing new marketing initiatives and maintaining effective promotional strategies that target further growth in our business. Failure to execute effective advertising efforts to attract new customers or retain existing customers, or misjudgment of consumer responses to our existing or future promotional activities, may adversely impact our financial performance.

Failure to detect, prevent, or mitigate issues that might give rise to reputational risk or failure to adequately address negative publicity or perceptions could adversely impact our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition. Issues that might pose a reputational risk include an inability to achieve our omni-channel goals, including providing an e-commerce and delivery experience that meets the expectations of consumers; failure of our cyber-security measures to protect against data breaches; product liability and product recalls; our social media activity; failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations; and any of the other risks enumerated in these risk factors. In addition, information concerning us, whether or not true, may be instantly and easily posted on social media platforms at any time, which information may be adverse to our reputation or brand. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. If our reputation or brand is damaged, our customers may refuse to continue shopping with us, potential employees may be unwilling to work for us, business partners may be discouraged from seeking future business dealings with us and, as a result, our operations and financial results may suffer.

Disruptions of our computer systems could adversely affect our operations.

We rely heavily on computer systems to process transactions, including delivery of technology services, manage our inventory and supply-chain and to summarize and analyze our global business. Our systems are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber-attack or other security breaches, catastrophic events such as fires, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, acts of war or terrorism, and usage errors by our employees. If our computer systems are damaged or cease to function properly, or, if we do not replace or upgrade certain systems, we may incur substantial costs to repair or replace them and may experience an interruption of our normal business activities or loss of critical data. We are undertaking certain system enhancements and conversions to increase productivity and efficiency, that, if not done properly, could divert the attention of our workforce and constrain for some time our ability to provide the level of service our customers demand. Also, once implemented, the new systems and technology may not provide the intended efficiencies or anticipated benefits and could add costs and complications to our ongoing operations.

A breach of our information technology systems could adversely affect our reputation, business partner and customer relationships and operations and result in high costs.

Through our sales, marketing activities, and use of third-party information, we collect and store certain personally identifiable information that our customers provide to purchase products or services, enroll in promotional programs, register on our website, or otherwise communicate and interact with us. This may include, but is not limited to, names, addresses, phone numbers, driver license numbers, e-mail addresses, contact preferences, personally identifiable information stored on electronic devices, and payment account information, including credit and debit card information. We also gather and retain information about our employees in the normal course of business. We may share information about such persons with vendors that assist with certain aspects of our business. In addition, our online operations depend upon the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks, such as information permitting cashless payments.

We have instituted safeguards for the protection of such information and invested considerable resources, including insurance to cover cyber liabilities, in protecting our systems. These security measures may be compromised as a result of third-party security breaches, burglaries, cyber-attack, errors by employees or employees of third-party vendors, faulty password management, misappropriation of data by employees, vendors or unaffiliated third-parties, or other irregularity, and result in persons obtaining unauthorized access to our data or accounts. Despite instituted safeguards for the protection of such information, we cannot be certain that all of our systems and those of our vendors and unaffiliated third-parties are entirely free from vulnerability to attack or compromise given that the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently. During the normal course of our business, we have experienced and we expect to continue to experience attempts to breach our systems, none of which has been material to the Company to date, and we may be unable to protect sensitive data and the integrity of our systems or to prevent fraudulent purchases. We are also subject to data privacy and security laws and regulations, the number and complexity of which are increasing globally, and despite reasonable efforts to comply with all applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will not be the subject of enforcement or other legal actions in the event of an incident. Moreover, an alleged or actual security breach that affects our systems or results in the unauthorized release of personally identifiable information could:

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Our business may be adversely affected by the actions of and risks related to the activities of our third-party vendors.

We purchase products for resale under credit arrangements with our vendors and have been able to negotiate payment terms that are approximately equal in length to the time it takes to sell the vendor’s products. When the global economy is experiencing weakness as it has in the past, vendors may seek credit insurance to protect against non-payment of amounts due to them. If we experience declining operating performance and severe liquidity challenges, vendors may demand that we accelerate our payment for their products or require cash on delivery, which could have an adverse impact on our operating cash flow and result in severe stress on our liquidity. Borrowings under our existing credit facility could reach maximum levels under such circumstances, causing us to seek alternative liquidity measures, but we may not be able to meet our obligations as they become due until we secure such alternative measures.

We use and resell many manufacturers’ branded items and services. As a result, we are dependent on the availability and pricing of key products and services, including ink, toner, paper and technology products. As a reseller, we cannot control the supply, design, function, cost or vendor-required conditions of sale of many of the products we offer for sale. Disruptions in the availability of these products or the products and services we provide to our customers may adversely affect our sales and result in customer dissatisfaction. Further, we cannot control the cost of manufacturers’ products, and cost increases must either be passed along to our customers or will result in erosion of our earnings.

Failure to identify desirable products and make them available to our customers when desired and at attractive prices could have an adverse effect on our business and our results of operations. In addition, a material interruption in service by the carriers that ship goods within our supply chain may adversely affect our sales. Many of our vendors are small or medium sized businesses which are impacted by current macroeconomic conditions, both in the U.S., Asia and other locations. We may have no warning before a vendor fails, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We also engage key third-party business partners to support various functions of our business, including but not limited to, information technology, web hosting and cloud-based services, human resource operations, customer loyalty programs, gift cards, customer warranty, delivery and installation, technical support, transportation and insurance programs. Any material disruption in our relationship with key third-party business partners or any disruption in the services or systems provided or managed by third parties could impact our revenues and cost structure and hinder our operations, particularly if a disruption occurs during peak revenue periods.

Disruption of global sourcing activities, evolving foreign trade policy (including tariffs imposed on certain foreign made goods) could negatively impact the cost and availability of our products.

Economic and civil unrest in areas of the world where we source products, as well as shipping and dockage issues, could adversely impact the availability or cost of our products, or both. Most of our goods imported to the U.S. arrive from Asia through ports located on the U.S. west coast and we are therefore subject to potential disruption due to labor unrest, security issues or natural disasters affecting any or all of these ports. In addition, we purchase and source products from a wide variety of suppliers, including from suppliers overseas, particularly in China. As a consequence, trade restrictions, including new or increased tariffs, quotas, embargoes, sanctions, safeguards, customs restrictions, epidemics/pandemics, like coronavirus, and mandatory government closures could increase our cost of goods sold or reduce the supply of the products available to us. There is no assurance that any such increased costs could be passed on to our customers, or that we could find alternative products from other sources at comparable prices. To the extent that we are subject to more challenging regulatory environments and enhanced legal and regulatory requirements, such exposure could have a material adverse effect on our business, including the added cost of increased compliance measures that we may determine to be necessary.

General trade tensions between the U.S. and China, which began escalating in 2018, could have a negative impact on our business. We have incurred incremental costs related to trade tariffs on inventory we purchase from China, but such costs have not had a material impact on our results of operations. We continue to monitor and evaluate the potential impact of the effective and proposed tariffs as

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well as other recent changes in foreign trade policy on our supply chain, costs, sales and profitability and have implemented strategies to mitigate such impact, including changes to our contracting model, alternative sourcing strategies and selective price increase pass-through efforts. If any of these events continue as described, they could disrupt the movement of products through our supply chain or increase their cost. In addition, while we may be able to shift our sourcing options, executing such a shift would be time consuming and would be difficult or impracticable for many products and may result in an increase in our manufacturing costs. Substantial regulatory uncertainty exists regarding foreign trade and trade policy, both in the United States and abroad. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, retaliatory tariffs, or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact demand for our products, our costs, our customers, our suppliers, and/or the U.S. economy, which in turn could adversely impact our results of operations and business.

Our exclusive brands products are subject to several additional product, supply chain and legal risks that could affect our operating results.

In recent years, we have substantially increased the number and types of products that we sell under our own brands including Office Depot®, OfficeMax® and other proprietary brands. While we have focused on the quality of our proprietary branded products, we rely on third parties to manufacture these products. Such third-party manufacturers may prove to be unreliable, the quality of our globally sourced products may vary from our expectations and standards, such products may not meet applicable regulatory requirements which may require us to recall those products, or such products may infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties. Moreover, as we seek indemnities from the manufacturers of these products, the uncertainty of realization of any such indemnity and the lack of understanding of U.S. product liability laws in certain foreign jurisdictions make it more likely that we may have to respond to claims or complaints from our customers.

Product safety and quality concerns could have a material adverse impact on our revenue and profitability.

If the products we sell fail to meet applicable safety standards or our customers’ expectations regarding safety and quality, we could be exposed to increased legal risk and our reputation may be damaged. Failure to take appropriate actions in relation to product recalls could lead to breaches in laws and regulations and leave us susceptible to government enforcement actions or private litigation. Recalls of products, particularly when combined with lack of available alternatives or our difficulty in sourcing sufficient volumes of replacement products, could also have a material adverse impact on our revenue and profitability.

Covenants in our credit facility and term loan could adversely impact our operations.

Our asset-based credit facility contains a fixed charge coverage ratio covenant that is operative only when borrowing availability is below $125 million or prior to a restricted transaction, such as incurring additional indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, dividends, or share repurchases if we do not have the required liquidity. The agreement governing our credit facility (the “Amended Credit Agreement” as defined in Note 11, “Debt,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements) also contains representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and default provisions. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our Amended Credit Agreement. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under our Amended Credit Agreement, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If the lenders were to accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay our asset based credit facility and our other indebtedness. Also, should there be an event of default, or a need to obtain waivers following an event of default, we may be subject to higher borrowing costs and/or more restrictive covenants in future periods. Acceleration of our obligations under our credit facilities would permit the holders of our other material debt to accelerate their obligations.

In addition, the CompuCom acquisition was funded, in part, with a $750 million term loan facility. In November 2018, we executed the First Amendment to the Term Loan Credit Agreement to reduce the applicable interest rate from LIBOR plus 7.00% to LIBOR plus 5.25%. In connection with the applicable interest rate reduction, we made a voluntary repayment under the Term Loan Credit Agreement of $194 million. This Term Loan Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 11, “Debt,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements) contains representations and warranties, events of default, and affirmative and negative covenants that are customary for similar financings and which include, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions, restrictions on the ability to declare or pay dividends, repurchase common stock, create liens, incur additional indebtedness, make investments, dispose of assets, and merge or consolidate with any other person. In addition, a minimum liquidity maintenance covenant, requiring us and our restricted subsidiaries to retain unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and availability under our Amended Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount of at least $400 million, will apply at any time that our senior secured leverage ratio under the agreement is greater than 1.50:1.00 as calculated quarterly. At December 28, 2019, our senior secured leverage ratio was 0.69:1.00 and the Company was in compliance with the agreement.

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A downgrade in our credit ratings or a general disruption in the credit markets could make it more difficult for us to access funds, refinance indebtedness, obtain new funding or issue securities.

While merger- and restructuring-related costs have been significant between 2013 and 2019, historically, we have generated positive cash flow from operating activities and have had access to broad financial markets that provide the liquidity we need to operate our business. Together, these sources have been used to fund operating and working capital needs, as well as invest in business expansion through capital improvements and acquisitions. Deterioration in our financial results or the impact of significant merger, integration and restructuring costs could negatively impact our credit ratings, our liquidity and our access to the capital markets. If we need to refinance all or a portion of that indebtedness, there is no assurance that we will be able to secure such refinancing at the same or more favorable terms than the terms of our existing indebtedness.

We have incurred significant impairment charges and we continue to incur impairment charges.

We regularly assess past performance and make estimates and projections of future performance at an individual store level. Reduced sales, our shift in strategy to be less price promotional, as well as competitive factors and changes in consumer spending habits resulted in a downward adjustment of anticipated future cash flows for the individual stores that resulted in the impairment. We foresee challenges in the market and economy that could adversely impact our operations. To the extent that forward-looking sales and operating assumptions are not achieved and are subsequently reduced, or if we commit to a more aggressive store downsizing strategy, including allocating capital to further modify store formats, additional impairment charges may result. We have also recognized impairment charges on retail store related assets, including operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, that were deemed unrecoverable based on the Comprehensive Business Review and the Business Acceleration Program. Additional asset impairments may be recognized based on future decisions and conditions.

Changes in the numerous variables associated with the judgments, assumptions and estimates we make, in assessing the appropriate valuation of our goodwill and other intangible assets of our reporting units, including changes resulting from macroeconomic, or disposition of components within reporting units, could in the future require a reduction of goodwill and recognition of related non-cash impairment charges. If we were required to further impair our store assets, our goodwill or intangible assets of our reporting units, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, we experienced a decline in the market valuation of our common shares during 2019, which was considered in our determination of the key valuation assumptions used in our impairment assessments. The decline in our market capitalization has not resulted in a trigger for impairment during the year, however, if the decline becomes sustained or future declines in macroeconomic factors or business conditions occur, we could incur impairment changes in future periods.

We have retained responsibility for liabilities of acquired companies that may adversely affect our financial results.

OfficeMax sponsors defined benefit pension plans covering certain terminated employees, vested employees, retirees, and some active employees (the “Pension Plans”). The Pension Plans are frozen and do not allow new entrants; however, they are under-funded and we may be required to make contributions in subsequent years in order to maintain required funding levels. Required future contributions could have an adverse impact on our cash flows and our financial results. Additional future contributions to the Pension Plans, financial market performance and Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) funding requirements could materially change these expected payments.

As part of the sale of our business in Europe, we have retained responsibility for the defined benefit plan covering certain employees in the United Kingdom. While the plan was in a net asset position at the end of 2019, changes in assumptions and actual experience could result in that plan being considered underfunded in the future. Additionally, we have agreed to make contributions to the plan as required by the trustees. Financial performance of the plan and future valuation assumptions could materially change the expected payments. In addition, as part of the sale transaction, the purchaser shall indemnify and hold us harmless in connection with any guarantees in place as of September 23, 2016, and given by us in respect of the liabilities or obligations of the European business. Further, if the purchaser wishes to terminate any such guarantee or cease to comply with any underlying obligation which is subject to such a guarantee, the purchaser shall obtain an unconditional and irrevocable release of the guarantee. However, we are contingently liable in the event of a breach by the purchaser of any such obligation.

In connection with OfficeMax’s sale of its paper, forest products and timberland assets in 2004, OfficeMax agreed to assume responsibility for certain liabilities of the businesses sold. These obligations include liabilities related to environmental, asbestos, health and safety, tax, litigation and employee benefit matters. Some of these retained liabilities could turn out to be significant, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Our exposure to these liabilities could harm our ability to compete with other office products distributors who would not typically be subject to similar liabilities.

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Our quarterly operating results are subject to fluctuation due to the seasonality of our business.

Our business, except for CompuCom, experiences a certain level of seasonality with sales generally trending lower in the second quarter, following the “back-to-business” sales cycle in the first quarter and preceding the “back-to-school” sales cycle in the third quarter and the holiday sales cycle in the fourth quarter. As a result, our operating results have fluctuated from quarter to quarter in the past, with sales and profitability being generally stronger in the second half of our fiscal year than the first half of our fiscal year. Factors that could also cause these quarterly fluctuations include: the pricing behavior of our competitors; the types and mix of products sold; the level of advertising and promotional expenses; severe weather; macroeconomic factors that affect consumer confidence and spending; and the other risk factors described in this section. Most of our operating expenses, such as occupancy costs and associate salaries, are not variable, and so short-term adjustments to reflect quarterly results are difficult. As a result, if sales in certain quarters are significantly below expectations, we may not be able to proportionately reduce operating expenses for that quarter, and therefore such a sales shortfall would have an adverse effect on our net income for the quarter.

Changes in tax laws in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate can cause fluctuations in our overall tax rate impacting our reported earnings.

Our tax rate is derived from a combination of applicable tax rates in the various domestic and international jurisdictions in which we operate. While we have disposed of the majority of our international businesses, we remain subject to international taxes as part of our existing operations. Depending upon the sources of our income, any agreements we may have with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, and the tax filing positions we take in these jurisdictions, our overall tax rate may fluctuate significantly from other companies or even our own past tax rates. In addition, changes in applicable U.S. or foreign tax laws and regulations, including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or their interpretation and application, including the possibility of retroactive effect, could affect our tax expense and profitability. At any given point in time, we base our estimate of an annual effective tax rate upon a calculated mix of the tax rates applicable to us and to estimates of the amount of income likely to be generated in any given geography. The loss of or modification to one or more agreements with taxing jurisdictions, whether as a result of a third party challenge, negotiation, or otherwise, a change in the mix of our business from year to year and from country to country, changes in rules related to accounting for income taxes, changes in tax laws in any of the multiple jurisdictions in which we operate, changes in valuation allowances, or adverse outcomes from the tax audits that regularly are in process in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could result in substantial volatility, including an unfavorable change in our overall tax rate and/or our effective tax rate.

Increases in wage and benefit costs, changes in laws and other labor regulations could impact our financial results and cash flow.

Our expenses relating to employee labor, including employee health benefits, are significant. Our ability to control our employee and related labor costs is generally subject to numerous external factors, including prevailing wage rates, recent legislative and private sector initiatives regarding healthcare reform, and adoption of new or revised employment and labor laws and regulations. Recently, various legislative movements have sought to increase the federal minimum wage in the United States and the minimum wage in a number of individual states, some of which have been successful at the state level. As federal or state minimum wage rates increase, we may need to increase not only the wage rates of our minimum wage employees, but also the wages paid to our other hourly employees as well. Further, should we fail to increase our wages competitively in response to increasing wage rates, the quality of our workforce could decline, causing our customer service to suffer. Any increase in the cost of our labor could have an adverse effect on our operating costs, financial condition and results of operations. We have a large employee base and while our management believes that our employee relations are good, we cannot be assured that we will not experience organization efforts from labor unions. The potential for unionization could increase if federal legislation is passed that would facilitate labor organization. Significant union representation would require us to negotiate wages, salaries, benefits and other terms with many of our employees collectively and could adversely affect our results of operations by significantly increasing our labor costs or otherwise restricting our ability to maximize the efficiency of our operations.

We also have employees in Canada, Mexico, India, Costa Rica and Asia and are required to comply with laws and regulations in those countries that may differ substantially from country to country, requiring significant management attention and cost.

Changes in the regulatory environment and violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws may negatively impact our business.

We are subject to regulations relating to our corporate conduct and the conduct of our business, including securities laws, consumer protection laws, trade regulations, advertising regulations, privacy and cybersecurity laws, and wage and hour regulations and anti-corruption legislation. Certain jurisdictions have taken a particularly aggressive stance with respect to such matters and have implemented new initiatives and reforms, including more stringent regulations, disclosure and compliance requirements.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Recent years

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have seen a substantial increase in anti-bribery law enforcement activity with more frequent and aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by both the Department of Justice and the SEC, increased enforcement activity by non-U.S. regulators and increases in criminal and civil proceedings brought against companies and individuals. Our policies mandate compliance with all anti-bribery laws. However, we operate in certain countries that are recognized as having governmental and commercial corruption. Our internal control policies and procedures may not always protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or third-party intermediaries. Violations of these anti-bribery laws may result in criminal or civil sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our common stock price has been and may continue to be subject to volatility, and shareholders could incur substantial losses of any investment in our common stock.

Our common stock price has experienced volatility over time and this volatility may continue, in part due to factors mentioned in this Item 1A. As a result of these and other factors, investors in our common stock may not be able to resell their shares at or above their original purchase price.

There can be no assurance that we will pay cash dividends.

Decisions regarding dividends are within the discretion of the Board of Directors, and depend on a number of factors, including general business and economic conditions, our financial condition, operating results and restrictions imposed by our debt agreements, the emergence of alternative investment or acquisition opportunities, changes in business strategy and other factors. Changes in, or the elimination of dividends could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Macroeconomic conditions have had and may continue to adversely affect our business and financial performance.

Our operating results and performance depend significantly on economic conditions and their impact on business and consumer spending. In the past, the decline in business and consumer spending has caused our comparable retail store sales to decline from prior periods. Our business and financial performance may continue to be adversely affected by current and future economic conditions, including, without limitation, the level of consumer debt, high levels of unemployment, higher interest rates and the ability of our customers to obtain credit, which may cause a continued or further decline in business and consumer spending.

Increases in fuel and other commodity prices could have an adverse impact on our earnings.

We operate a large network of retail stores, delivery centers, and delivery vehicles. As such, we purchase significant amounts of fuel needed to transport products to our stores and customers as well as shipping costs to import products from overseas. While we may hedge our anticipated fuel purchases, the underlying commodity costs associated with this transport activity is beyond our control and may be volatile. Disruptions in availability of fuel could cause our operating costs to rise significantly to the extent not covered by our hedges and could have a negative impact on our ability to operate our transportation networks. Additionally, other commodity prices, such as paper, may increase and we may not be able to pass along such costs to our customers. Fluctuations in the availability or cost of our energy and other commodity prices could have a material adverse effect on our profitability.

We are subject to legal proceedings and legal compliance risks.

We are involved in various legal proceedings, which from time to time may involve class action lawsuits, state and federal governmental inquiries, audits and investigations, environmental matters, employment, tort, state false claims act, consumer litigation and intellectual property litigation. At times, such matters may involve directors and/or executive officers. Certain of these legal proceedings, including government investigations, may be a significant distraction to management and could expose our Company to significant liability, including settlement expenses, damages, fines, penalties, attorneys’ fees and costs, and non-monetary sanctions, including suspensions and debarments from doing business with certain government agencies, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. For a description of our legal proceedings, refer to Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Catastrophic events could adversely affect our operating results.

The risk or actual occurrence of various catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance. Such events may be caused by, for example:

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Such events can adversely affect our work force and prevent employees and customers from reaching our stores and properties and can disrupt or disable portions of our supply chain and distribution network. They can also affect our information systems, resulting in disruption to various aspects of our operations, including our ability to transact with customers and fulfill orders. As a consequence of these or other catastrophic events, we may endure interruption to our operations or losses of property, equipment or inventory, which would adversely affect our revenue and profitability. For example, hurricanes can disrupt operations in the southeastern United States where a heavy concentration of our customers are located, and negatively impacted sales in both our Retail and Business Solutions Divisions.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Chancery Court”), or, if the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the district of Delaware or other state courts located in the State of Delaware, as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our shareholders, which could discourage lawsuits against us and our directors and officers.

Pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Chancery Court (or, if the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) is the sole and exclusive forum for any shareholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring: (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our shareholders, (3) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws, or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, except as to each of (1) through (4) above, for any claim as to which the Court of Chancery determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten days following such determination). This forum selection provision may limit the ability of our shareholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum that such shareholders find favorable for disputes with us or our directors or officers, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors and officers.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction.

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PROPERTIES

As of December 28, 2019, our wholly-owned entities operated, as part of continuing operations, in the following locations:

STORES

Retail and CompuCom Divisions (United States)

The supply chain facilities which we operate in the continental United States and Puerto Rico support our Retail, Business Solutions and CompuCom Divisions and the facilities in Canada support our Business Solutions and CompuCom Divisions. The following table sets forth the locations of our principal supply chain facilities as of December 28, 2019.

DCs and Crossdock Facilities

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Our principal corporate headquarters in Boca Raton, FL consists of three interconnected buildings of approximately 625,000 square feet and our corporate office in Fort Mill, SC consists of approximately 152,000 square feet of office space. These facilities are considered to be in good condition, adequate for their purpose and suitably utilized according to the individual nature and requirements of the relevant operations. Although we currently own our corporate office in Boca Raton, FL, as well as a small number of our retail store locations, most of our facilities are leased or subleased. Additional information regarding our operating leases and leasing arrangements is available in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 12, “Leases” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of our legal proceedings, refer to Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol ODP.

Holders

As of the close of business on February 19, 2020, there were 7,650 holders of record of our common stock.

Cash Dividend

Prior to July 2016, we had never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. Beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2016, our Board of Directors declared and paid cash dividends on our common stock.

The timing, declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock fall within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our operating results, earnings, financial condition, the capital requirements of our business and other factors. Payment of dividends is permitted under our existing term loan facility subject to certain restrictions and under our existing credit facilities subject to minimum liquidity or fixed charge ratio requirements.

For additional information about cash dividends declared and paid in 2019, refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in MD&A and Note 13. “Stockholders’ Equity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

In November 2018, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program of up to $100 million of our common stock effective January 1, 2019, which extends until the end of 2020 and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The stock repurchase authorization permits us to repurchase stock from time-to-time through a combination of open market repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, 10b5-1 trading plans, accelerated stock repurchase transactions and/or other derivative transactions. The exact number and timing of stock repurchases will depend on market conditions and other factors, and will be funded through available cash balances. However, our ability to repurchase our common stock is subject to certain restrictions under the Term Loan Credit Agreement. The authorized amount under the stock repurchase program excludes fees, commissions or other expenses. In November 2019, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the authorization of the existing stock repurchase program of up to $200 million and extended the program through the end of 2021. The new authorization includes the remaining authorized amount under the existing stock repurchase program.

The following table summarizes our common stock repurchases during the fourth quarter of 2019.

We purchased approximately 4 million and 11 million shares of our common stock during the first and fourth quarters of fiscal 2019, respectively, at a weighted average price of $2.68 per common share. We made no repurchases of common stock during the second and third quarters of fiscal 2019. For the year 2019, we purchased approximately 15 million common shares for total consideration of $40 million. At December 28, 2019, approximately $161 million remains available for additional purchases under the stock repurchase program.

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Office Depot Stock Comparative Performance Graph

The information contained in this Office Depot Comparative Performance Graph section shall not be deemed to be filed as part of this Annual Report and does not constitute soliciting material and should not be deemed filed or incorporated by reference into any other filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate the graph by reference.

The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total returns of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (“S&P 500”) and the Standard & Poor’s Specialty Stores Index (“S&P Specialty Stores”) of which we are a component of each Index.

The graph assumes an investment of $100 at the close of trading on December 27, 2014, the last trading day of fiscal year 2014, in our common stock, the S&P 500 and the S&P Specialty Stores.

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*

Among Office Depot, Inc., the S&P 500 Index

and the S&P Specialty Stores Index

*$100 invested on 12/27/14 in stock or 12/31/14 in index, including reinvestment of dividends. Indexes calculated on month-end basis.

Copyright© 2020 Standard & Poor’s, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.

The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

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SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data at and for each of the five fiscal years in the period ended December 28, 2019. It should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto in Financial Statements and Supplemental Details and MD&A of this Annual Report.

We have accounted for the disposition of substantially all of the business formerly presented as the International Division as discontinued operations in all periods. The disposition was complete as of the end of fiscal 2018, and there are no further discontinued operations in 2019. We have included the amounts associated with our acquired businesses from their dates of acquisition.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide information to assist readers in better understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations. We recommend reading this MD&A in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in this Form 10-K.

OVERVIEW

THE COMPANY

We are a leading provider of business services and supplies, products and technology solutions to small, medium and enterprise businesses, through our fully integrated business-to-business (“B2B”) distribution platform of 1,307 retail stores, online presence, and dedicated sales professionals and technicians. Through our banner brands Office Depot®, OfficeMax®, CompuCom® and Grand&Toy®, as well as others, we offer our customers the tools and resources they need to focus on starting, growing and running their business.

At December 28, 2019, our operations are organized into three reportable segments (or “Divisions”): Business Solutions Division, Retail Division and CompuCom Division.

The Business Solutions Division, or BSD, is the largest component of our integrated B2B platform and provides our customers with nationally branded as well as our private branded office supply products and services. Additionally, BSD provides adjacency products and services including cleaning and breakroom supplies, technology services, copy and print services, and office furniture products and services in the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Canada through a dedicated sales force, catalogs, telesales, and electronically through our Internet websites. BSD includes the distribution businesses we have acquired as part of our strategic transformation described in the section below.

The Retail Division includes our chain of retail stores in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands where we sell office supplies, technology products and solutions, business machines and related supplies, print, cleaning, breakroom supplies and facilities products, and furniture. In addition, our Retail Division offers a range of business-related services targeted to small businesses, technology support services as well as printing, copying, mailing and shipping services.

The CompuCom Division was formed during the fourth quarter of 2017 as a result of our acquisition of CompuCom Systems, Inc. (“CompuCom”). The CompuCom Division is a technology services provider supporting the distributed technology needs of enterprise organizations in the United States and Canada. With a vision of connecting people, technology, and the edge with a seamless experience, CompuCom enables enterprise employees to be productive. CompuCom offers a broad range of solutions including technology lifecycle management, end user computing and collaboration, service desk, remote technology monitoring and management, and IT workforce solutions.

STRATEGIC TRANSFORMATION

Since 2017, we have been undergoing a strategic business transformation to pivot Office Depot into an integrated B2B distribution platform, with the objective of expanding our product offerings to include value-added services for our customers and capture greater market share. As part of this transformation, we acquired CompuCom in 2017 and an enterprise IT solutions integrator and managed services provider in 2018.

We continue to expand our reach and distribution network through acquisitions of profitable regional office supply distribution businesses, serving small and mid-market customers. Many of these customers are in geographic areas that were previously underserved by our network. During 2019, we acquired five small independent regional office supply distribution businesses which has allowed for an effective and accretive means to expand our distribution reach, target new business customers and grow our offerings beyond traditional office supplies.

The aggregate total purchase consideration, including contingent consideration, for the five acquisitions completed in 2019 was approximately $27 million, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The aggregate purchase price was primarily funded with cash on hand, with the remainder consisting of contingent consideration estimated to be $2 million, the majority of which will be paid in the third quarter of 2020.

The operating results of the acquired office supply distribution businesses are combined with our operating results subsequent to their purchase dates, and are included in the Business Solutions Division, and the operating results of CompuCom and the enterprise IT solutions integrator and managed services provider are included in the CompuCom Division. Refer to Note 2. “Acquisitions” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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DISPOSITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION — DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

In September 2016, our Board of Directors approved a plan to sell substantially all of our international operations, formerly reported as the International Division through four disposal groups (Europe, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand (“Oceania”) and mainland China) (the “International Operations”). Collectively, these dispositions represented a strategic shift that had a major impact on the Company’s operations and financial results and have been accounted for as discontinued operations. As of the end of fiscal 2018, the sale of the International Operations was complete, and there are no further discontinued operations in 2019. We retained the assets and obligations of a frozen defined benefit pension plan in the United Kingdom. Refer to “Pension Plan – UK” in Note 15. “Employee Benefit Plans” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We retained the sourcing and trading operations of the former International Division, which are presented as Other in Note 5. “Segment Information” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS AND LIQUIDITY

The following summarizes the significant factors impacting our operating results from continuing operations for the 52-week period ended December 28, 2019 (also referred to as “2019”) and the 52-week period ended December 29, 2018 (also referred to as “2018”) as well as our liquidity in 2019 and 2018. We have omitted discussion of 2017 results where it would be redundant to the discussion previously included in Part II, Item 7 of our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our consolidated sales were 3% lower in 2019 compared to 2018 mostly due to lower sales in our Retail Division, which decreased 6% in 2019 as a result of lower comparable store sales and store closures. Our CompuCom Division also experienced lower sales of 8% in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to a decline in sales of services as a result of reduced business volume. Our Business Solutions Division sales remained flat in 2019 compared to 2018.

Product sales decreased 3% in 2019 compared to 2018 primarily driven by lower comparable store sales and store closures in the Retail Division. The decline in 2019 was partially offset by an increase in product sales in our CompuCom Division as a result of increased discipline in our selling process and improved relationships with our product manufacturer partners.

Sales of services decreased 5% primarily driven by a decline in sales of services in our CompuCom Division. The decline in 2019 was partially offset by the continued expansion of services we offer in our Retail Division, including a higher volume of subscriptions and increased sales of our copy and print services. We also experienced a continued increase in services in our Business Solutions Division as a result of acquisitions and increased sales of our managed print and fulfillment services. On a consolidated basis, services represented approximately 15% of our total sales in 2019, consistent with 2018.

OTHER SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IMPACTING TOTAL COMPANY RESULTS AND LIQUIDITY

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OPERATING RESULTS BY DIVISION

Discussion of additional income and expense items, including material charges and credits and changes in interest and income taxes follows our review of segment results. Fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017 include 52 weeks.

BUSINESS SOLUTIONS DIVISION

Product sales from our Business Solutions Division decreased 1% in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to lower revenue generated in our eCommerce platform and office supplies product categories as a result of our targeted efforts to reduce sales with lower margins. This decrease was partially offset by the positive impact of acquisitions and growth in certain adjacency categories such as cleaning and breakroom supplies. Product sales from our Business Solutions Division increased 3% in 2018 compared to 2017, primarily due to acquisitions, higher online sales and growth in adjacency categories, such as cleaning/breakroom supplies and furniture, partially offset by lower sales of other product categories including paper, toner and ink. Improved sales from the omni-channel programs that we report under our Retail Division partially offset the growth in product sales from our Business Solutions Division – see discussion on order online for pick up in stores or ship from stores within the Retail Division analysis.

Sales of services in our Business Solutions Division increased 8% in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase is primarily due to acquisitions and increased sales of our managed print and fulfillment services. Sales of services in our Business Solutions Division increased 16% in 2018 compared to 2017. This positive movement was the reflection of increased sales of our managed print and fulfillment services, and the expansion of our subscription offerings.

The Business Solutions Division operating income increased 12% in 2019 compared to 2018. As a percentage of sales, operating income improved by approximately 50 basis points. The increase in operating income in 2019 was related to a number of factors, primarily due to the reduction in selling, general and administrative expenses achieved through our Business Acceleration Program initiatives. Business Solutions Division operating income decreased 7% in 2018 compared to 2017. As a percentage of sales, operating income declined by approximately 50 basis points in 2018 compared to 2017. Higher selling, general and administrative expenses from investments in our eCommerce platform, demand generation activities and acquisition costs negatively impacted operating income in 2018. However, these expenses were partially offset by an increase in gross profit primarily from acquisitions. Operating income in our Business Solutions Division in 2018 was also negatively impacted by the migration of legacy OfficeMax customers to our current systems, which was completed in 2018.

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RETAIL DIVISION

Products sales in our Retail Division decreased 8% and 7% in 2019 and 2018, respectively, compared to the corresponding prior-year periods. This was primarily the result of planned closings of underperforming stores coupled with fewer transactions in the remaining locations, that was partially offset by gradual increase in the volume of transactions where our customers buy online for pick up in our stores (“BOPIS”). BOPIS transactions are included in our Retail Division results because they are fulfilled with retail store inventory and serviced by retail store associates. Our BOPIS sales were $205 million in 2019 and $189 million in 2018, which represented increases of 8% and 24%, respectively, from the preceding years.

Sales of services in our Retail Division increased 6% in 2019 compared to 2018. This increase is due to the expansion of our copy and print services and continued volume increase in subscription offerings. In 2018, sales of services were 1% higher compared to 2017. The adoption of the new revenue recognition standard, which requires that our third-party software sales be reported on a net basis, negatively affected the comparability of our sales of services by $53 million year-over-year. This change in presentation had no impact to the timing of recognition, gross profit, earnings or cash flows. Excluding the impact of the new revenue recognition standard, sales of services in 2018 actually increased 11% from 2017 due to the expansion of our copy and print services, subscription offerings, and the introduction of new technology services offered to our retail customers by our retail store associates.

Comparable store sales decreased 4% in 2019 and 2018 reflecting lower store traffic, partially offset by higher conversion rate, year-over-year growth in BOPIS transactions, and an increase in loyalty program membership. We continue to experience growth in revenues from copy and print services, offset by lower sales in traditional categories such as office supplies, furniture, computers and technology related products. Our comparable store sales relate to stores that have been open for at least one year. Stores are removed from the comparable sales calculation one month prior to closing, as sales during that period are mostly related to clearance activity. Stores are also removed from the comparable sales calculation during periods of store remodeling, store closures due to hurricanes or natural disasters, or if significantly downsized. Our measure of comparable store sales has been applied consistently across periods but may differ from measures used by other companies.

The Retail Division operating income increased 1% in 2019 compared to 2018. As a percentage of sales, this reflects a year-over-year increase of approximately 30 basis points. The increase in operating income was mostly attributable to a higher gross margin rate achieved by improvements in distribution and inventory management costs. The increase was also attributable to lower selling, general and administrative expenses resulting from continuous efforts to optimize costs and lower operating lease costs recognized as a result of store impairments. The increase in operating income was partially offset by the flow-through impact of lower sales. The Retail Division operating income declined 24% in 2018 compared to 2017. The decline was mostly attributable to the flow-through impact of lower sales and gross margin rate, partially offset by lower dollars spent for selling, general and administrative expenses, including payroll and other store expenses from both store closures and increased efficiency. The Retail Division’s operating income results in 2019 and 2018 include the impact of investments in additional service delivery capabilities, sales training, and other customer-oriented initiatives.

At the end of 2019, the Retail Division operated 1,307 retail stores in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Store opening and closing activity for the last three years has been as follows:

Charges associated with store closures as part of a restructuring plan are reported in Asset impairments and Merger and restructuring expenses, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, as part of our periodic recoverability assessment of owned retail stores and distribution center assets, and operating lease ROU assets, we recognize impairment charges in the Asset impairments line item of our Consolidated Statements of Operations. These charges are reflected in Corporate reporting and are not included in the

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determination of Division operating income. Refer to “Corporate” discussion below for additional information regarding expenses incurred to date.

COMPUCOM DIVISION

The CompuCom Division was formed at the time of acquisition on November 8, 2017 and the amounts reflect its operating results since that date. The total sales and operating income increase in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to a full year of operating results in this Division.

Product sales in our CompuCom Division increased 16% in 2019 compared to 2018. Strong product sales growth was driven by increased discipline in our selling process and improved relationships with our product manufacturer partners.

Sales of services in our CompuCom Division decreased 15% in 2019 compared to 2018. This was primarily due to lower project-related revenue from existing customer accounts and lower business volume, partially as a result of our targeted efforts to reduce certain unprofitable sales activities. Although sales of services in 2019 declined from 2018, we have experienced stability in acquiring new customers over the most recent quarters as we continue our efforts to grow revenue under our new leadership at this Division. In connection with these efforts, we continue to refocus on our strengths, placing greater emphasis on our core offerings beyond the traditional outsourcing services and expanding our value proposition into infrastructure modernization and digital workforce transformation.

The CompuCom Division reported operating loss of $2 million in 2019 compared to operating income of $17 million in 2018. The year-over-year decrease in operating profitability was driven by lower sales volume, including lower project-related revenue from existing customer accounts without a commensurate reduction in associated labor-related expenses and ongoing expenditures to support the Division’s strategic transformation. Operating results have been improving sequentially since the first quarter of 2019, which is mostly attributable to increased cost efficiencies as a result of our Business Acceleration Program initiatives. We continue to take several actions to improve future operating performance at our CompuCom Division. These include increasing the use of automation and technology to further improve service efficiency, simplifying organizational structures to improve service velocity, and aligning sales efforts to better serve our customers and accelerate cross-selling opportunities.

OTHER

Certain operations previously included in the International Division, including our global sourcing and trading operations in the Asia/Pacific region, which we have retained, are presented as Other. These operations primarily relate to the sale of products to former joint venture partners, and are not material in any period. Also included in Other is the elimination of intersegment revenues of $14 million in 2019 and $11 million in 2018. There is no elimination of intersegment revenues reflected in the 2017 amount.

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CORPORATE

The line items in our Consolidated Statements of Operations impacted by Corporate activities are presented in the table below, followed by a narrative discussion of the significant matters. These activities are managed at the Corporate level and, accordingly, are not included in the determination of Division income for management reporting or external disclosures.

In addition to these charges and credits, certain selling, general and administrative expenses are not allocated to the Divisions and are managed at the Corporate level. Those expenses are addressed in the section “Unallocated Costs” below.

Asset impairments

Asset impairment charges are comprised of the following:

We regularly review retail store assets for impairment indicators at the individual store level, as this represents the lowest level of identifiable cash flows. When indicators of impairment are present, a recoverability analysis is performed which considers the estimated undiscounted cash flows over the retail store’s remaining life and uses input from retail operations and accounting and finance personnel. These inputs include our best estimates of retail store-level sales, gross margins, direct expenses, exercise of future lease renewal options when reasonably certain to be exercised, and resulting cash flows, which, by their nature, include judgments about how current initiatives will impact future performance. If the undiscounted cash flows of a retail store cannot support the carrying amount of its assets, the assets are impaired and written down to estimated fair value. In 2019, we recognized asset impairment charges of $56 million associated with our continuing operations. Of these asset impairment charges, $46 million was related to the impairment of operating lease ROU assets associated with our retail store locations, $8 million was related to impairment of fixed assets at these retail store locations, and the remaining $2 million related to write-down of intangible assets that are not currently used.

We have historically performed our annual goodwill impairment assessment as of the first day of the third quarter each year. During 2019, we changed our annual impairment assessment date to the first day of fiscal month December, which is in the fourth quarter. In connection with the change, goodwill was evaluated for impairment as of both annual test dates in 2019, and no impairment was identified. Our assessment in the third quarter of 2019 was performed using a quantitative test that combined the income approach and the market approach valuation methodologies, and concluded that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded their respective carrying amount. Our assessment in the fourth quarter of 2019 was performed using a quantitative assessment for the CompuCom reporting unit, and qualitative assessments for all other reporting units. Consistent with the third quarter test, the quantitative assessment combined the income approach and the market approach valuation methodologies and concluded that the fair value of the CompuCom reporting unit continues to exceed its carrying amount by a similar margin.

We continue to monitor the performance of our Contract reporting unit, a component of our Business Solutions Division segment, and our CompuCom reporting unit, which both passed the quantitative assessments performed in 2019 with margins in excess of those determined in our 2018 annual assessment. The CompuCom Division reported an operating loss for year-to-date 2019 that was mainly driven by temporary shortfalls in revenue and profitability in the first quarter of 2019, and has improved its operational performance during the remainder of 2019. We continue to take several actions to improve the future operating performance of CompuCom, including the use of automation and technology to further improve service efficiency, simplifying organizational structures to improve service velocity, and aligning sales efforts to better serve its customers and accelerate cross-selling opportunities. The anticipated impacts of these actions are reflected in key assumptions used in our quantitative assessment, and if not realized, could result in future impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for the CompuCom reporting unit. In addition, we experienced a decline in the market valuation of our common shares during 2019, which was considered in our determination of the key valuation assumptions used in our impairment assessments. The decline in our market capitalization has not resulted in a trigger for impairment during the year, however, if the decline becomes sustained or future declines in macroeconomic factors or business conditions occur, we could incur impairment charges in future periods.

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Merger and restructuring expenses, net

Since 2017, we have taken actions to optimize our asset base and drive operational efficiencies. These actions include acquiring profitable businesses, closing underperforming retail stores and non-strategic distribution facilities, consolidating functional activities, eliminating redundant positions and disposing of non-strategic businesses and assets. The expenses and any income recognized directly associated with these actions are included in Merger and restructuring expenses, net on a separate line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in order to identify these activities apart from the expenses incurred to sell to and service our customers. These expenses are not included in the determination of Division operating income. Merger and restructuring expenses, net were $116 million in 2019, $72 million in 2018 and $94 million in 2017.

Business Acceleration Program

In May 2019, our Board of Directors approved a company-wide, multi-year, cost reduction and business improvement program to systematically drive down costs, improve operational efficiencies, and enable future growth investments. Under this program (the “Business Acceleration Program”), we have made and will continue to make organizational realignments stemming from process improvements, increased leverage of technology and accelerated use of automation. This has resulted and will continue to result in the elimination of certain positions and a flatter organization. In connection with the Business Acceleration Program, we also anticipate closing approximately 90 underperforming retail stores in 2020 and 2021, and 9 other facilities, consisting of distribution centers and sales offices, of which 7 were closed as of the end of 2019. Total estimated costs to implement the Business Acceleration Program are expected to be approximately $107 million, comprised of:

Of the aggregate costs to implement the Business Acceleration Program, approximately $104 million are expected to be cash expenditures through 2021 funded primarily with cash on hand and cash from operations.

In 2019, we incurred $82 million in restructuring expenses associated with the Business Acceleration Program which consisted of $40 million of severance costs, $39 million in third-party professional fees, and $3 million of retail store and facility closure costs and other. Of the expenses incurred in 2019, cash expenditures of $69 million were paid through the end of 2019.

Other

Included in restructuring expenses in 2019, 2018 and 2017 are $8 million, $5 million and $50 million, respectively, of costs incurred in connection with the Comprehensive Business Review, a program we announced in 2016 and concluded at the end of 2019. These costs include severance, facility closure costs, contract termination, accelerated depreciation, relocation and disposal gains and losses, as well as other costs associated with retail store closures. Under the Comprehensive Business Review, we closed a total of 208 retail stores of which 54 occurred in 2019.

Additionally, restructuring expenses in 2018 and 2017 included professional fees of $11 million and $2 million, respectively, associated with planning our multi-year strategic transformation.

Refer to Note 3. “Merger and Restructuring Activity” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for an extensive analysis of these Corporate charges.

Legal Expense Accrual

During 2018, we recorded $25 million of legal expense accrual that was paid in 2019 in connection with certain settlement discussions we had undertaken with the Federal Trade Commission.

Unallocated Expenses

We allocate to our Divisions functional support expenses that are considered to be directly or closely related to segment activity. These allocated expenses are included in the measurement of Division operating income. Other companies may charge more or less for functional support expenses to their segments, and our results, therefore, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used

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by other companies. The unallocated expenses primarily consist of the buildings used for our corporate headquarters and personnel not directly supporting the Divisions, including certain executive, finance, legal, audit and similar functions. Unallocated expenses also include the pension credit related to the frozen OfficeMax pension and other benefit plans. Additionally, the pension plan in the United Kingdom that has been retained by us in connection with the sale of the European Business, as well as certain general and administrative costs previously allocated to the International Division that have been excluded from the discontinued operations measurement have been included in corporate unallocated expenses.

Unallocated expenses were $100 million, $93 million, and $96 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The increase in 2019 compared to 2018 is primarily resulted from higher incentive expenses associated with our overall performance in 2019, partially offset by savings associated with our Business Acceleration Program initiatives. Unallocated expenses remained relatively flat in 2018 when compared to 2017.

Other Income and Expense

Interest income includes $19 million in 2019, $19 million in 2018 and $20 million in 2017, related to the Timber notes receivable, including amortization of the fair value adjustment recorded in purchase accounting. Interest expense includes non-recourse debt interest, including amortization of the fair value adjustment recorded in purchase accounting, amounting to $14 million in 2019, $18 million in 2018 and $18 million in 2017. Refer to Note 10. “Timber Notes/Non-Recourse Debt,” and Note 11. “Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we entered into a $750 million Term Loan Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 11, “Debt,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements), due 2022. Borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement were issued with an original issue discount, at an issue price of 97.00%, and incurred interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus 7.00%. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we entered into the First Amendment (as defined in Note 11, “Debt,” of the Consolidated Financial Statements) to reduce the interest rate from LIBOR plus 7.00% to LIBOR plus 5.25%. In connection with the applicable interest rate reduction, we also made a voluntary repayment under the Term Loan Credit Agreement in the amount of $194 million. As a result, we recognized a $15 million loss on modification of debt in 2018, which consists of a 1% prepayment premium and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and original issue discount in an amount proportional to the term loan repaid. We recorded $40 million, $70 million and $10 million of interest expense in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to the Term Loan Credit Agreement.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate of 32% in 2019 differs from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the impact of state taxes and certain nondeductible items, the recognition of valuation allowances, and our mix of income and losses across U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate of 37% in 2018 reflected the same Federal marginal tax rate of 21% and the impact of mixed income and losses across US and non-US jurisdictions. In addition, the 2018 rate was impacted by several discrete items, including the impact of a potentially nondeductible legal settlement and excess tax deficiencies associated with stock-based compensation awards, state taxes, and certain other nondeductible items. We completed several acquisitions and dispositions, some of which resulted in the recognition of gain or loss for tax purposes, which differed from the amount recognized for GAAP purposes. Our effective tax rate in 2017 varied considerably as a result of three primary factors: 1) the impact of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act; 2) the mix of income and losses across U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions; and 3) the reduction of previously established valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. As a result, our effective tax rates were 32% in 2019, 37% in 2018 and 51% in 2017.

As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) for corporations was repealed. In addition, any unused AMT Credits that remain unused for tax years after 2017 can be refunded up to 50% of the unused balance in any tax year. For the 2018 tax year, we received a cash refund of $44 million of our credits in the fourth quarter. For 2019, it is anticipated that $22 million will be available for refund. These amounts are reflected as a reduction of deferred tax assets.

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It is expected that we will recognize a large deferred tax liability related to the maturity of the Timber Note Receivable. The entire deferred gain will be recognized, resulting in significant taxable income in the first quarter of 2020. However, the triggered gain is expected to be largely offset by available capital loss carryforwards, both Federal and state, state net operating losses, and any remaining Federal credits. As a result, the majority of our remaining AMT credits will be utilized at that time.

During 2019, we established valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets related to certain credits and carryforwards that more likely than not will not be utilized prior to expiration.

We continue to have a U.S. valuation allowance for certain U.S. Federal credits and state tax attributes, which relate to deferred tax assets that require either certain types of income or for income to be earned in certain jurisdictions in order to be realized. We will continue to assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets in the U.S. and remaining foreign jurisdictions in future periods. Changes in pretax income projections could impact this evaluation in future periods.

It is reasonably possible that certain tax positions of $2 million will be resolved within the next 12 months. Additionally, we anticipate that it is reasonably possible that new issues will be raised or resolved by tax authorities that may require changes to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits; however, an estimate of such changes cannot reasonably be made.

We file a U.S. Federal income tax return and other income tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. Federal and state and local income tax examinations for years before 2017 and 2014, respectively. The acquired OfficeMax U.S. consolidated group is no longer subject to U.S. Federal income tax examination and with few exceptions, is no longer subject to U.S. state and local income tax examinations for years prior to 2014. Our U.S. Federal income tax returns for 2017 and 2018 are currently under review. Generally, we are subject to routine examination for years 2013 and forward in our international tax jurisdictions.

Refer to Note 6. “Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional tax discussion.

Discontinued Operations

Refer to Note 18. “Discontinued Operations” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

LIQUIDITY

At December 28, 2019, we had $698 million in cash and cash equivalents, an increase of $40 million from December 29, 2018. In addition, at the end of fiscal 2019 we had $920 million of available credit under the Amended Credit Agreement based on the December 2019 borrowing base certificate, for a total liquidity of approximately $1.6 billion, flat with $1.6 billion at the end of fiscal 2018. We currently believe that our cash and cash equivalents on hand, availability of funds under the Amended Credit Agreement, and full year cash flows generated from operations will be sufficient to fund our working capital, capital expenditures, debt repayments, common stock repurchases, cash dividends on common stock, merger integration and restructuring expenses, and future acquisitions consistent with our strategic growth initiatives for at least twelve months from the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Financing

No amounts were drawn under the Amended Credit Agreement during 2019 and there were no amounts outstanding at December 28, 2019. There were letters of credit outstanding under the Amended Credit Agreement at the end of 2019 totaling $65 million and we were in compliance with all applicable financial covenants as of December 28, 2019.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties, events of default, and affirmative and negative covenants that are customary for similar financings and which include, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions, restrictions on our ability to declare or pay dividends, repurchase common stock, create liens, incur additional indebtedness, make investments, dispose of assets, and merge or consolidate with any other person. In addition, a minimum liquidity maintenance covenant, requiring us and our restricted subsidiaries to retain unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and availability under our Amended Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount of at least $400 million, will apply at any time that our senior secured leverage ratio under the agreement is greater than 1.50:1.00 as calculated quarterly. At December 28, 2019, the Company’s senior secured leverage ratio was 0.69:1.00 and the Company was in compliance with the agreement.

As disclosed in Note 10. “Timber Notes/Non-Recourse Debt,” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, during the third quarter of 2019, through a bankruptcy remote indirect subsidiary, we entered into a term loan agreement which provides for us to receive a $735 million loan on October 31, 2019 (the “Bridge Loan”) that was used to refinance our Securitization Notes. We received a net cash payment of $87.7 million upon maturity of the Installment Notes and the Bridge Loan on January 29, 2020, which were net settled as they were with the same third-party financial institution. This amount includes principal of $82.5 million and interest of $5.2 million.

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Tax refund

As noted in the “Income Taxes” section above, we received a refund of unutilized AMT credits of $44 million in the fourth quarter of 2019. In addition, we anticipate an additional $22 million in 2020 with the filing of our 2019 return.

Strategic Transformation

In addition to the acquisitions disclosed herein, we have evaluated, and expect to continue to evaluate, possible acquisitions and dispositions of businesses and assets in connection with our strategic transformation. Such transactions may be material and may involve cash, our securities or the incurrence of additional indebtedness (Refer to Note 2. “Acquisitions” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Capital Expenditures

In 2020, we expect capital expenditures of up to approximately $150 million, including investments to support our critical priorities and redesign the layout of our stores to enhance our in-store experience. These expenditures will be funded through available cash on hand and operating cash flows.

Share Repurchases

In November 2018, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program of up to $100 million of our common stock effective January 1, 2019, which extends until the end of 2020 and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The stock repurchase authorization permits us to repurchase stock from time-to-time through a combination of open market repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, 10b5-1 trading plans, accelerated stock repurchase transactions and/or other derivative transactions. The exact number and timing of stock repurchases will depend on market conditions and other factors, and will be funded through available cash balances. However, our ability to repurchase our common stock is subject to certain restrictions under the Term Loan Credit Agreement. The authorized amount under the stock repurchase program excludes fees, commissions or other expenses. In November 2019, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the authorization of the existing stock repurchase program of up to $200 million and extended the program through the end of 2021. The new authorization includes the remaining authorized amount under the existing stock repurchase program. Under the stock repurchase program, we purchased approximately 15 million shares at cost of $40 million in 2019.

Dividends

On February 4, 2020, our Board of Directors declared a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.025 per share, payable on March 13, 2020, to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 2, 2020. The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains certain restrictions on our ability to declare or pay dividends.

CASH FLOWS

Cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities of continuing operations is summarized as follows:

Operating Activities from Continuing Operations

Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations decreased by $250 million during 2019 when compared to 2018. This was primarily driven by significant working capital improvements recognized in 2018 that were not replicated in 2019. Cash outflows associated with our Business Acceleration Program of approximately $69 million, a $25 million legal settlement payment which is included in the change in net working capital, and a payment in the amount of $11 million for contingent consideration related to an acquisition were other significant contributors to the decrease in cash flow from operating activities.

Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations increased by $149 million during 2018 when compared to 2017. This was driven by favorable changes in working capital of $260 million, partially offset by lower net income from continuing operations of $47 million. The improvement in working capital is primarily associated with extended payment terms on our accounts payable coupled with improved collections on our accounts receivable. These improvements in working capital were partially offset by a large reduction in inventory levels in 2017 compared to 2018, when the number of store closures was substantially lower than the prior two years. Cash flows from operating activities includes outflows related to merger, restructuring, and integration activity.

The timing of changes in working capital is subject to variability during the year and across years depending on a variety of factors, including period end sales, the flow of goods, credit terms, timing of promotions, vendor production planning, new product introductions and working capital management. For our accounting policy on cash management, refer to Note 1. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Investing Activities from Continuing Operations

Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations was $119 million in 2019, primarily driven by $150 million in capital expenditures associated with our service platform, distribution network, retail experience, and eCommerce capabilities. In addition, we spent $22 million in business acquisitions, net of cash acquired. These cash outflows from investing activities were partially offset by net cash proceeds of $50 million associated with the disposal of non-strategic assets.

Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations was $249 million in 2018, primarily driven by $187 million in investments made in our service platform, eCommerce, and capabilities across our retail and distribution network, the inclusion of a full year of capital expenditures associated with our CompuCom Division, and $81 million in business acquisitions net of cash acquired and contingent consideration liabilities. These cash outflows from investing activities were partially offset by net cash proceeds of $15 million associated with the disposal of non-strategic assets.

Financing Activities from Continuing Operations

Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations was $212 million in 2019, primarily driven by $98 million net repayments on long and short-term borrowings, $55 million in cash dividends, $40 million in repurchases of common stock, including commissions, and a $12 million acquisition contingent consideration payment up to the amount of the acquisition-date liability.

Cash used in financing activities of continuing operations was $414 million in 2018, reflecting $97 million net repayments on long and short-term borrowings and a $194 million voluntary partial repayment of our Term Loan Credit Agreement. Cash dividends and repurchases of common stock in 2018 were $55 million and $39 million, respectively. We also used $18 million in cash to acquire a non-controlling equity interest of a subsidiary related to the CompuCom acquisition. We sold this subsidiary in December 2018, and the net cash proceeds were included in the $15 million net cash proceeds associated with the disposal of non-strategic assets described above in investing activities from continuing operations.

Discontinued Operations

Cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities of discontinued operations is summarized as follows:

Cash flows from operating activity of discontinued operations reflect cash movements between continuing operating and discontinued operating entities up until the sale of the individual businesses included in the disposal group. All intercompany transactions between discontinued and continuing operating entities are eliminated in consolidation. As disclosed in Note 18. “Discontinued Operations,” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, all discontinued operations were sold in 2018. Accordingly, there were no cash activities of discontinued operations in 2019.

The change in operating cash flows of discontinued operations in 2018 compared to 2017 reflects the impact of the sale of our former businesses in Australia and New Zealand in 2018.

Cash flows provided by investing activities of discontinued operations in 2018 reflect the sale of our former businesses in Australia and New Zealand, net of $6 million paid for professional fees and other closing costs.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 28, 2019, we had retail stores and other facilities and equipment under operating lease agreements, which are included in the table within the Contractual Obligations section below. Most of these are no longer off-balance sheet arrangements with the adoption of the new lease accounting standard in 2019. Refer to Note 1. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 12. “Leases” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about the new lease accounting standard. In addition, Note 17. “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements describes certain of our arrangements that contain indemnifications.

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Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations at December 28, 2019, and the effect such obligations are expected to have on liquidity and cash flow in future periods. Some of the figures included in this table are based on management’s estimates and assumptions about these obligations, including their duration, the possibility of renewal, anticipated actions by third parties and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are necessarily subjective, the amounts we will actually pay in future periods may vary from those reflected in the table.

If we can unilaterally terminate an agreement simply by providing a certain number of days notice or by paying a termination fee, we have included the amount of the termination fee or the amount that would be paid over the “notice period.” As of December 28, 2019, purchase obligations include marketing services, outsourced accounting services, certain fixed assets and software licenses, service and maintenance contracts for information technology and communication. Contracts that can be unilaterally terminated without a penalty have not been included.

Our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 28, 2019 includes $176 million classified as Deferred income taxes and other long-term liabilities. Deferred income taxes and other long-term liabilities primarily consist of net long-term deferred income taxes, deferred lease credits, long-term restructuring accruals, certain liabilities under our deferred compensation plans, accruals for uncertain tax positions, and environmental accruals. Certain of these liabilities have been excluded from the above table as either the amounts are fully funded or the timing and/or the amount of any cash payment is uncertain. Refer to Note 3. “Merger and Restructuring Activity” for a discussion of our restructuring accruals and Note 6. “Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our deferred tax positions and accruals for uncertain tax positions.

Our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 28, 2019 also includes $86 million of current and non-current pension and postretirement obligations, which is also excluded from the table above, as the timing of the cash payments is uncertain. Our estimate is that payments in future years will total $62 million. This estimate represents the minimum contributions required per Internal Revenue Service funding rules and our estimated future payments under pension and postretirement plans. Actuarially-determined liabilities related to pension and postretirement benefits are recorded based on estimates and assumptions. Key factors used in developing estimates of these liabilities include assumptions related to discount rates, rates of return on investments, healthcare cost trends, benefit payment patterns and other factors. Changes in assumptions related to the measurement of funded status could have a material impact on the amount reported. Refer to Note 15. “Employee Benefit Plans” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

In addition to the above, we have outstanding letters of credit totaling $65 million at December 28, 2019.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Preparation of these statements requires management to make judgments and estimates. Some accounting policies and estimates have a significant impact on amounts reported in these financial statements. A summary of significant accounting policies can be found in Note 1. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We have also identified certain accounting policies and estimates that we consider critical to understanding our business and our results of operations and we have provided below additional information on those policies. Refer to Note 1. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 12. “Leases” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about the significant changes made for adopting the new lease accounting standard in 2019.

Inventory valuation — Inventories are stated at the lower of weighted average cost or net realizable value. We monitor active inventory for excessive quantities and slow-moving items and record adjustments as necessary to lower the value if the anticipated realizable amount is below cost. We also identify merchandise that we plan to discontinue or have begun to phase out and assess the estimated recoverability of the carrying value. This includes consideration of the quantity of the merchandise, the rate of sale, and our assessment of current and projected market conditions and anticipated vendor programs. If necessary, we record a charge to cost of sales to reduce the carrying value of this merchandise to our estimate of the lower of cost or realizable amount. Additional promotional activities may be initiated, and markdowns may be taken as considered appropriate until the product is sold or otherwise disposed. Estimates and judgments are required in determining what items to stock and at what level, and what items to discontinue and how to value them prior to sale.

We also recognize an expense in cost of sales for our estimate of physical inventory loss from theft, short shipments and other factors — referred to as inventory shrink. During the year, we adjust the estimate of our inventory shrink rate accrual following on-hand adjustments and our physical inventory count results. These changes in estimates may result in volatility within the year or impact comparisons to other periods.

Vendor arrangements — Inventory purchases from vendors are generally under arrangements that automatically renew until cancelled with periodic updates or annual negotiated agreements. Many of these arrangements require the vendors to make payments to us or provide credits to be used against purchases if and when certain conditions are met. We refer to these arrangements as “vendor programs.” Vendor programs fall into two broad categories, with some underlying sub-categories. The first category is volume-based rebates. Under those arrangements, our product costs per unit decline as higher volumes of purchases are reached. Current accounting rules provide that companies with a reasonable basis for estimating their full year purchases, and therefore the ultimate rebate level, can use that estimate to value inventory and cost of goods sold throughout the year. We believe our history of purchases with many vendors provides us with a basis for our estimates of purchase volume. If the anticipated volume of purchases is not reached, however, or if we form the belief at any point in the year that it is not likely to be reached, cost of goods sold and the remaining inventory balances are adjusted to reflect that change in our outlook. We review sales projections and related purchases against vendor program estimates at least quarterly and adjust these balances accordingly.

The second broad category of arrangements with our vendors is event-based programs. These arrangements can take many forms, including advertising support, special pricing offered by certain of our vendors for a limited time, payments for special placement or promotion of a product, reimbursement of costs incurred to launch a vendor’s product, and various other special programs. These payments are classified as a reduction of costs of goods sold or inventory, based on the nature of the program and the sell-through of the inventory. Some arrangements may meet the specific, incremental, identifiable cost criteria that allow for direct operating expense offset, but such arrangements are not significant.

Vendor programs are recognized throughout the year based on judgment and estimates and amounts due from vendors are generally settled throughout the year based on purchase volumes. The final amounts not already collected from vendors are generally known soon after year-end and are reflected in our results of operations. Substantially all vendor program receivables outstanding at the end of the year are settled within the three months following year-end. We believe that our historical collection rates of these receivables provide a sound basis for our estimates of anticipated vendor payments throughout the year.

Long-lived asset impairments — Long-lived assets with identifiable cash flows are reviewed for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. We assess recovery of the asset or asset groups using estimates of cash flows directly associated with the future use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset groups. If anticipated cash flows are insufficient to recover the asset on an undiscounted basis, impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value (generally, the discounted cash flows or its salvage value) and its carrying value, and any costs of disposition. Factors that could trigger an impairment assessment include, among others, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used or the business climate that could affect the value of the asset. As restructuring activities continue, we may identify assets or asset groups for sale or abandonment and incur impairment charges.

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Because of declining sales, store assets are reviewed periodically throughout the year for recoverability of their asset carrying amounts. The frequency of this test may change in future periods if performance warrants. The analysis uses input from retail store operations and our accounting and finance personnel that organizationally report to the Chief Financial Officer. These projections are based on our estimates of store-level sales, gross margins, direct expenses, and resulting cash flows and, by their nature, include judgments about how current initiatives will impact future performance. Store asset impairment charges of $54 million, $6 million and $2 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, are included in Asset impairments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Based on the fourth quarter 2019 analysis, a 100-basis point further decrease in next year sales, combined with a 50-basis point decrease in gross margin from the rates utilized in our analysis, would have increased the impairment charge by less than $1 million. Further, a 100-basis point decrease in sales for all periods would have increased the impairment charge by less than $1 million.

Important assumptions used in these projections include an assessment of future overall economic conditions, our ability to control future costs, maintain aspects of positive performance, and successfully implement initiatives designed to enhance sales and gross margins. To the extent our estimates of future performance are not realized, future assessments could result in material impairment charges.

Goodwill and other intangible assets — Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired entity over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. We review the carrying amount of goodwill at the reporting unit level on an annual basis, or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances suggest that goodwill may not be recoverable. For those reporting units where events or change in circumstances indicate that potential impairment indicators exist, we perform a quantitative assessment to determine whether the carrying amount of goodwill can be recovered. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred.

When performing the annual goodwill impairment test, we may start with an optional qualitative assessment which involves the evaluation of all events and circumstances, including both positive and negative events, in their totality, to determine whether it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we bypass the qualitative assessment, or if the qualitative assessment indicates that a quantitative analysis should be performed, we evaluate goodwill for impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including the associated goodwill. We estimate the reporting unit’s fair value using discounted cash flow analysis and market-based evaluations, when available. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recorded to reduce the carrying value to the estimated fair value. We typically use a combination valuation approaches that are dependent on several significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasts of future revenues, cost of sales, expenses and the weighted-average cost of capital for each reporting unit. Any adverse change in these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of goodwill and could have a material impact on our financial statements.

Other intangible assets primarily include customer relationship values, trade names and technology. At December 28, 2019, the net carrying amount of customer relationships totaled $303 million, and primarily related to the CompuCom acquisition and OfficeMax merger. The original valuation assumed continuation of attrition rates previously experienced with these businesses and synergy benefits from the transactions. If we experience an unanticipated decline in sales or profitability associated with these customers, the remaining useful life will be reassessed and could result in either acceleration of amortization or impairment.

Accounting for Business Combinations — We include the results of operations of acquired businesses in our consolidated results prospectively from the date of acquisition. Total purchase consideration of acquired businesses may include contingent consideration based on the future results of operations of the acquired businesses. Significant judgements are required to estimate the future results of operations of the acquired businesses and the contingent consideration. Differences between the actual results of operations of the acquired businesses and the original estimate may result in additional contingent consideration liabilities. Changes in fair value of the contingent consideration may result in additional transaction related expenses. We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and non-controlling interests in the acquired entity generally based on their fair values at the acquisition date. We use various valuation methodologies to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including using a market participant perspective when applying cost, income and relief from royalty analyses, supplemented with market appraisals where appropriate. Significant judgments and estimates are required in preparing these fair value estimates. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair value of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests in the acquired entity is recorded as goodwill. The primary items that generate goodwill include the value of the synergies between the acquired company and us and the value of the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualifies for recognition as an intangible asset. Acquisition-related expenses and post-acquisition restructuring costs are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred.

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SIGNIFICANT TRENDS, DEVELOPMENTS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Competitive Factors — We continue to see development and growth of competitors in all segments of our business. In particular, Internet-based companies, mass merchandisers and wholesale clubs, as well as food and drugstore chains, have increased their assortment of home office merchandise, attracting additional back-to-school customers and year-round casual shoppers. We have seen substantial growth in the number of competitors that offer office products over the Internet, as well as the breadth and depth of their product offerings. In addition to large numbers of smaller Internet providers featuring special price incentives and one-time deals (such as close-outs), we are experiencing strong competitive pressures from large Internet providers such as Amazon and Walmart that offer a full assortment of office products through direct sales and, in the case of Amazon, acting as a “storefront” for other specialty office product providers.

Wholesale clubs have expanded beyond their in-store assortment by adding catalogs and websites from which a much broader assortment of products may be ordered. We also face competition from other office supply stores that compete directly with us in numerous markets. This competition is likely to result in increased competitive pressures on pricing, product selection and services provided by our Retail and Business Solutions Divisions. Many of these retail competitors, including discounters, wholesale clubs, and drug stores and grocery chains, carry basic office supply products. Some of them also feature technology products. Many of them may price certain of these offerings lower than we do, but they have not shown an indication of greatly expanding their somewhat limited product offerings at this time. This trend towards a proliferation of retailers offering a limited assortment of office products is a potentially serious trend that could shift purchasing away from office supply specialty retailers and adversely impact our results. Another trend in our office products industry has been consolidation, as competitors in office supply stores and the copy/print channel have been acquired and consolidated into larger, well-capitalized corporations. This trend towards consolidation, coupled with acquisitions by financially strong organizations, is potentially a significant trend in our office products industry that could impact our results. Additionally, consumers are utilizing more technology and purchasing less paper, ink and toner, physical file storage and general office supplies. Lower demand for printing paper is causing a decline in manufacturing and ensuing industry supply of paper products. This in turn is leading to a meaningful increase in paper cost, which we are not always able to pass along to our customers commensurably.

Our CompuCom Division also operates in an environment that is highly competitive, rapidly evolving and subject to shifting client needs and expectations. We compete with companies that provide IT services and outsourcing, as well as companies that sell IT related products.

We regularly consider these and other competitive factors when we establish both offensive and defensive aspects of our overall business strategy and operating plans.

Economic Factors — Our customers in the Retail Division and certain of our customers in the Business Solutions and CompuCom Divisions are small and home office businesses. Accordingly, spending by these customers is affected by macroeconomic conditions, such as changes in the housing market and commodity costs, credit availability and other factors.

Liquidity Factors — We rely on our cash flow from operating activities, available cash and cash equivalents, and access to broad financial markets to provide the liquidity we need to operate our business and fund integration and restructuring activities. Together, these sources have been used to fund operating and working capital needs, as well as invest in business expansion through capital improvements and acquisitions. While we have in place a $1.2 billion asset-based credit facility to provide liquidity, the economic factors affecting our business may limit our ability to access this credit facility in full or cause future refinancing terms to be less favorable than the terms of our current indebtedness.

MARKET SENSITIVE RISKS AND POSITIONS

We have adopted an enterprise risk management process patterned after the principles set out by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO). We utilize a common view of exposure identification and risk management. A process is in place for periodic risk reviews and identification of appropriate mitigation strategies.

We have market risk exposure related to interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and commodities. Market risk is measured as the potential negative impact on earnings, cash flows or fair values resulting from a hypothetical change in interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates over the next year. Interest rate changes on obligations may result from external market factors, as well as changes in our credit rating. We manage our exposure to market risks at the corporate level. The portfolio of interest-sensitive assets and liabilities is monitored to provide liquidity necessary to satisfy anticipated short-term needs. Our risk management policies allow the use of specified financial instruments for hedging purposes only; speculation on interest rates, foreign currency rates, or commodities is not permitted.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, debt obligations, and defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans.

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The impact on cash and cash equivalents held at December 28, 2019 from a hypothetical 50-basis point change in interest rates would be an increase or decrease in interest income of approximately $3 million. The impact on our term loan at December 28, 2019 from a hypothetical 50-basis point change in interest rates would be an increase or decrease in interest expense of approximately $2 million.

The following table provides information about our debt portfolio outstanding as of December 28, 2019, that is sensitive to changes in interest rates. The following table does not include our obligations for pension plans and other postretirement benefits, although market risk also arises within our defined benefit pension plans to the extent that the obligations of the pension plans are not fully matched by assets with determinable cash flows. Refer to Note 15. “Employee Benefit Plans” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our pension plans and other postretirement benefits obligations.