ONCOSEC MEDICAL Inc - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________.

Commission file number 000-54318

ONCOSEC MEDICAL INCORPORATED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(855) 662-6732

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of January 31, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $21 million, computed by reference to the price at which the registrant’s common stock was last sold on such date, as reported by the Nasdaq Capital Market. Shares of common stock held by the registrant’s officers and directors and holders of 10% or more of the outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock have been excluded from this calculation because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates of the registrant; however, this determination of affiliate status is not, and shall not be considered, a determination of affiliate status for any other purpose.

As of October 31, 2022, there were 39,396,309 outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

None.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER MATTERS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act.” Forward-looking statements relate to future events or circumstances or our future performance and are based on our current assumptions, expectations and beliefs about future developments and their potential effect on our business. All statements in this report that are not statements of historical fact could be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. The forward-looking statements in this report include statements about, among other things: the status, progress and results of our clinical programs; our ability to obtain regulatory approvals for, and the level of market opportunity for, our product candidates; our business plans, strategies and objectives, including plans to pursue collaboration, licensing or other similar arrangements or transactions; our expectations regarding our liquidity and performance, including our expense levels, sources of capital and ability to maintain our operations as a going concern; the competitive landscape of our industry; and general market, economic and political conditions.

Some of the factors that we believe could cause actual results to differ from those anticipated or predicted include:

Forward-looking statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of future performance, and they are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks described under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item IA of this report and similar discussions contained in the other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the “SEC.” Moreover, we operate in a rapidly evolving industry in which new risks and uncertainties continuously emerge, and it is not possible for us to predict all of the risks we may face or assess the impact of all uncertainties or other factors on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors could cause actual results to differ from our current expectations, assumptions or beliefs. In light of these risks, uncertainties and other factors, the forward-looking events and circumstances described in this report may not occur and our results, levels of activity, performance or achievements could differ materially from those expressed in or implied by any forward-looking statements we make. As a result, you should not place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and unless required to by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement for any reason, including to reflect new information, future developments, actual results or changes in our expectations.

We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by this cautionary note.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references to OncoSec, our Company, we, us and our in this report refer to OncoSec Medical Incorporated and its subsidiary.

We own registered trademark rights in the United States to ImmunoPulse®, and we have filed applications in the United States and in certain foreign jurisdictions to register trademark rights to ImmunoPulse and OncoSec. Other service marks, trademarks or trade names used in this report are the property of their respective owners. We do not use the ® or ™ symbol in each instance in which one of our registered or common law trademarks appears in this report, but this should not be construed as any indication that we will not assert our rights thereto to the fullest extent permissible under applicable law.

We make available, free of charge, on our website, www.oncosec.com, our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K and amendments thereto, as soon as reasonably practical after we file such materials with the SEC. Any information that we include on or link to our website is not, and should not be considered, part of this report.

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. The risks described below are a summary of the principal risks associated with an investment in us and are not the only risks we face. You should carefully consider these risk factors, the risk factors described in Item 1A, and the other reports and documents that we have filed with the SEC.

Risks Related to Our Business

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Our Growth Strategy

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

General Risk Factors

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

OVERVIEW

We are a late-stage immuno-oncology company focused on designing, developing and commercializing innovative, proprietary, intra-tumoral DNA-based therapeutics delivered by electroporation (“EP”) to stimulate and augment anti-tumor immune responses for the treatment of cancers. Our core technology, ImmunoPulse®, is a drug-device therapeutic modality platform comprised of a proprietary OncoSec Medical System EP device (the “OMS EP Device”) and a proprietary DNA plasmid delivery and application method that enables transient expression of recombinant therapeutic molecules in cells. The OMS EP Device is designed to promote cellular uptake of plasmid DNA injected directly into solid tumors to allow subsequent expression of the encoded therapeutic protein. Our OMS EP Device can be adapted to treat different tumor types, and consists of an electrical pulse generator paired with disposable applicators. Our lead product candidate is a plasmid encoding interleukin-12 (“IL-12”) called tavokinogene telseplasmid (“TAVO™”). The OMS EP Device is used to deliver TAVO™ into cells in tumor lesions, with the aim of reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the treated tumor and eliciting systemic tumor-specific immune responses in cancer patients. Activation of an appropriate anti-tumor inflammatory response in the treated lesion can drive the immune system to mount a systemic anti-tumor response against untreated tumors in other parts of the body. In 2017, we received Fast Track Designation and Orphan Drug Designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for TAVO™ in metastatic melanoma, which could qualify TAVO™-EP for expedited FDA review, a rolling Biologics License Application (“BLA”) review and certain other benefits to achieve faster registration of a therapeutic product.

Development Programs

Our current focus is to continue development of TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in melanoma.

Our KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial, testing TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab), is a registration-directed, Phase 2b open-label, single-arm, multicenter trial in approximately 100 patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic melanoma after treatment with anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor (nivolumab or pembrolizumab), conducted in the United States, Canada, Australia and Europe. In May 2017, we entered into a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”) in connection with the KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, each company will bear its own costs related to manufacturing and supply of its product, as well as be responsible for its own internal costs. OncoSec is the sponsor of the KEYNOTE-695 trial and we are responsible for external costs. The KEYNOTE-695 trial completed enrollment of the primary cohort (105 patients) in December 2020. In December 2020, the protocol was amended to include an additional cohort, consisting of patients who were exposed to treatment with ipilimumab and progressed on prior anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. The amendment also enabled enrollment of approximately 25 additional patients to be treated with an updated version of the OMS EP Device (i.e., GenPulse^TM generator and Series 3 Applicator). Database lock for the 105 patients enrolled in Cohort 1 is November 2022 and the final data analyses of the primary and secondary endpoints are expected to be available during the first quarter of 2023 and fourth quarter of 2022, respectively.

In August 2020, we supported commencement of an investigator-initiated Phase 2 trial (Phase 2 IIT) conducted by the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine to evaluate TAVO™-EP as neoadjuvant treatment (administered before surgery) in combination with intravenous OPDIVO® (nivolumab) in up to 33 patients with operable locally/regionally advanced melanoma. This Phase 2 IIT has been designed to evaluate whether the addition of TAVO™-EP can increase the published anti-tumor response observed with monotherapy OPDIVO®, an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with locally/regionally advanced melanoma prior to surgical resection of tumors. This Phase 2 IIT began enrolling patients in December of 2020. Enrollment for this trial is expected to be completed in 2023. Preliminary data from this Phase 2 IIT will be presented at an international medical conference, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), in 2022.

In May 2018, we entered into a second clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck with respect to a KEYNOTE-890, Phase 2 trial of TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA®. In Cohort 1 of this trial we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the combination in patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic triple negative breast cancer (“TNBC”), who have previously failed at least one systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, both companies will bear their own costs related to manufacturing and supply of their product, as well as be responsible for their own internal costs. OncoSec is the sponsor of the KEYNOTE-890 trial and responsible for external costs. Enrollment of Cohort 1 was completed (26 patients) in December 2020. Interim data for Cohort 1 was initially presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (“SABCS”) in December 2019; an update on this cohort was presented at the SABCS in December 2021. In June 2020, we amended our second clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement to include KEYNOTE-890, Cohort 2, for the frontline treatment of patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC with the combination of TAVO-EP, KEYTRUDA, and chemotherapy. Enrollment of Cohort 2 (target 40 patients) began in January 2021. Due to slow enrollment and competing trials by other sponsors in front-line TNBC, recruitment on KEYNOTE-890 Cohort 2 has been halted as of October 2022.

In May 2019, we supported commencement of an investigator-initiated Phase 1 clinical trial (Phase 1 IIT) conducted by the University of California San Francisco (“UCSF”) Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. This Phase 1 IIT enrolls patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head & Neck and is a single-arm open-label clinical trial in which 68 evaluable patients will receive TAVO™-EP, KEYTRUDA® and epacadostat. Recruitment on this Phase 1 IIT was halted for strategic reasons in June 2021.

Technology Platform

Our ImmunoPulse® platform is based on the concept of delivering macromolecules, including but not necessarily limited to plasmid DNA, into cells for local expression and activity via electroporation by an electric field that is generated by our OMS EP Device. The clinical lead molecule TAVO™ is a plasmid encoding human IL-12. Our most advanced device is the GenPulse 2.0 with our Series 3 Applicator. Clinical trials with TAVO™-EP have been conducted with predecessor OMS EP Devices. While seeking regulatory approval of GenPulse 2.0, we are also exploring other device strategies for use in future programs. We are developing our next-generation EP device and applicator, including advancements toward prototypes, and intend to pursue discovery research to identify other product candidates that, similar to IL-12, can be encoded into plasmid-DNA and delivered, using our proprietary delivery and application method, intratumorally using EP once our financial position allows such expanded discovery research. For example, we intend to develop proprietary technology to potentially treat liver, lung, bladder, pancreatic and other difficult to treat visceral lesions through the direct delivery of plasmid encoded therapeutics with the Visceral Lesion Applicator (“VLA”). We also intend to continue to pursue potential new trials and studies related to TAVO™, in various tumor types.

In November 2020, we obtained an exclusive license to the Cliniporator® electroporation gene electrotransfer platform from IGEA Clinical Biophysics. This platform has been used for electrochemotherapy in and outside of Europe in over 200 major oncological centers to treat cutaneous metastatic cancer nodules, including melanoma. The license encompasses a broad field of use for gene delivery in oncology, including use for our VLA development efforts.

The VLA is intended and may be designed to work with low voltage EP generators, including but not limited to Cliniporator® and our proprietary APOLLO^TM EP generator, and is expected to enable transfection of immunologically relevant genes into cells located in visceral primary or metastatic tumor lesions. In early 2020, we presented preclinical data pertaining to visceral delivery of plasmid-based therapeutics as two poster presentations, one at the Society for Interventional Oncology and one at the Society for Interventional Radiology. Additionally, we have successfully completed several animal studies to test the VLA and improve its design. We expect to bring a VLA into the clinic in 2023. However, this timeline is under evaluation and may extend. We believe that the flexibility of our proprietary plasmid-DNA technology may allow the Company to deliver other immunologically relevant molecules into the tumor microenvironment in addition to the delivery of TAVO™.

Cancer Immunotherapy Treatments: Background

Many traditional modalities for treating cancer, such as chemotherapy, provide limited survival benefits and are frequently associated with significant side effects. Immunotherapy, which has received significant attention in recent years, focuses on modulating the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Systemic delivery of cytokines that regulate the immune system, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-10 (IL-10), or interleukin-12 (IL-12), has shown indications of efficacy but also mechanism-based toxicity.

The development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics, which target and block critical “immune checkpoint” proteins such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), program cell-death-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1), has been successful at augmenting anti-tumor immunity with more easily controlled toxicity than systemic cytokines. To date, several agents have been approved for the treatment of multiple cancers, e.g., anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab, Keytruda^®). Although these new immuno-oncology agents have shown clinical benefits for patients with solid tumors across multiple cancer types, a majority of patients do not respond (primary refractory) or will eventually relapse. One hypothesis for lack of efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in primary refractory patients is that the tumor lacks a sufficient immune milieu, i.e., is deficient of infiltrating immune cells (immune desert) or infiltrating immune cells have impaired anti-tumor effector function (exhausted, immune excluded). Thus, novel therapeutic approaches that can alter the tumor immune environment directly are an area of intense research.

The TAVO™ EP therapeutic approach was developed to allow safe delivery of a powerful and well characterized cytokine, IL-12, encoded on a plasmid into cells in the tumor microenvironment and, thereby, achieving local expression. Local IL-12 expression curtails systemic toxicity and achieves activation of immune effector cells in the tumor microenvironment, which ultimately can result in systemic immune surveillance.

RECENT DEVLOPMENTS

Restructuring Plan

As previously disclosed, on October 2, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a restructuring plan (the “Restructuring Plan”) that is designed to prioritize clinical activities in melanoma to reduce operating expenses while advancing our lead product candidate, TAVO™ EP, toward near-term data milestones in connection with the KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial. As part of the Restructuring Plan, we restructured our internal operations and reduced our workforce by approximately 45%, or approximately 18 employees.

We currently estimate that we will incur charges of approximately $750,000 to $800,000 in connection with the Restructuring Plan, consisting primarily of cash expenditures for employee transition, notice period and severance payments, retention bonus payments, and related costs as well as non-cash expenses related to vesting of share-based awards. We expect that the majority of the restructuring charges will be incurred in the fourth calendar quarter of 2022 and first calendar quarter of 2023, and that the execution of the Restructuring Plan will be substantially complete by the second calendar quarter of 2023.

The charges that we expect to incur in connection with the Restructuring Plan are estimates and subject to a number of assumptions, and actual results may differ materially. The foregoing estimated amounts do not include any non-cash charges associated with stock-based compensation. We expect to operationalize additional cost reduction actions that will include other incremental cost reduction actions unrelated to workforce reductions.

Nasdaq Compliance

As previously disclosed, on June 2, 2022, we received notice (the “Notice”) from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as the minimum bid price of our common stock had been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. The Notice had no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock, which continues to trade at this time on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ONCS.”

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have 180 calendar days, or until November 29, 2022, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for at least ten consecutive business days during this 180 calendar day period. In the event we do not regain compliance by November 29, 2022, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day grace period if we meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares ($1 million) and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the minimum bid price, and provide written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. If we do not regain compliance within the allotted compliance period(s), Nasdaq will provide notice that the Company’s common stock will be subject to delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market. In that event, we may appeal such delisting determination to a hearings panel.

We continue to monitor the closing bid price of our common stock and are considering options to resolve our noncompliance with the minimum bid price requirement, including by conducting a reverse stock split.

COVID-19

Our operational and financial performance have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our clinical trials have experienced delays in patient enrollment, potentially due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic or concerns among patients about participating in clinical trials during a public health emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic is also affecting the operations of government entities, such as the FDA, as well as contract research organizations, third-party manufacturers, and other third-parties upon whom we rely. The extent of the impact on our operations cannot be ascertained at this time.

CLINICAL PROGRAMS

Our Lead Product Candidate: TAVO™

TAVO™-EP is a drug-device combination. The therapeutic modality consists of a DNA plasmid called tavokinogene telseplasmid (TAVO™) that encodes the potent immune-stimulatory cytokine IL-12. TAVO™ is injected directly into tumor lesions and, using our proprietary OMS EP Device, transfected into local cells. Our clinical data indicates that the in vivo gene transfer of plasmid DNA-encoded IL-12 using EP is well-tolerated. Anti-tumor activity has been observed as early as after a single cycle of treatment. Importantly, regression in distant, non-injected/non-electroporated lesions has also been observed (“abscopal effect”) in different solid cancers.

OUR CLINICAL PIPELINE

Melanoma

Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer with rapidly rising incidences both in the U.S. and globally. The National Cancer Institute (“NCI”) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (“SEER”) Program estimates that 96,480 new melanoma cases were diagnosed in 2019, representing 5.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. Overall, the five-year survival rate for melanoma, regardless of disease stage, is high (92.2%); however, according to SEER 2019, for patients who present with metastatic disease and receive systemic treatment, the five-year survival rate is considerably lower at less than 25%. Despite recent advances in therapy, advanced metastatic melanoma continues to present a major and increasing burden with significant morbidity and mortality.

KEYNOTE-695 Study (ongoing)

The KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial is a Phase 2b, open-label, single-arm, multi-center trial of TAVO™ EP in combination with an intravenous anti-PD-1 antibody, Merck’s KEYTRUDA®, in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic melanoma and confirmed progression on immediate prior anti-PD-1 therapy. The KEYNOTE-695 trial completed enrollment of the original cohort (105 patients) in December of 2020; approximately half of the cohort was enrolled during the COVID-19 pandemic.

KEYNOTE-695 enrollment criteria with respect to anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor failure is highly restrictive. In order to be considered an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor failure, all patients must have histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of unresectable melanoma (Stage III or IV) with progressive locally advanced or metastatic diseases, be refractory/relapsed to anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, namely KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) or OPDIVO® (nivolumab), as either monotherapy or in combination with other approved checkpoint inhibitors or targeted therapies according to their approved label. Patients must have relapsed as documented by confirmed disease progression within 12 weeks of the last dose of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody administration. Patients can have no intervening therapies between failure of anti-PD-1 therapy and the TAVO™ / KEYTRUDA® combination treatment with the exception of approved BRAF (proto-oncogene B-Raf)/MEK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor combinations. Patients that are BRAF/MEK inhibitor eligible may have received BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment. The primary endpoint of the study is to assess the objective response rate (“ORR”) based on RECIST v1.1 by blinded independent central review (BICR). Database lock for the 105 patients enrolled in Cohort 1 is November 2022 and the final data analyses of the primary and secondary endpoints are expected to be available during the first quarter of 2023 and fourth quarter of 2022, respectively.

KEYNOTE-695 is a registration-directed clinical trial. In order to be eligible for accelerated approval, the TAVO™-EP / KEYTRUDA® combination must treat a serious condition and provide a meaningful advantage over available therapies. Prior to the commencement of the trial, we reviewed the patient inclusion and progression criteria, and other trial requirements with FDA. In light of this review, we strictly defined the patient population to be enrolled in KEYNOTE-695 to include only those patients who have definitively progressed on prior anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapy.

In July 2021, we entered into a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck with respect to a Phase 3 study of TAVO^TM in combination with KEYTRUDA^® to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the combination in patients with Stage III or IV unresectable, metastatic melanoma, and who are refractory to prior checkpoint therapy. This study is referred to as KEYNOTE-C87. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, both companies will bear their own costs related to manufacturing and supply of their product, as well as be responsible for their own internal costs. We are the study sponsor and are responsible for external costs. The trial is designed to be a global Phase 3 randomized clinical trial and is intended to support accelerated approval by the U.S. FDA and/or serve as a pivotal study to support a full licensure.

OMS-102 (completed)

OMS-102 was an open-label, multi-center, Phase 2 trial of TAVO™-EP and KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in patients with advanced, metastatic melanoma. In August 2015, we enrolled the first patient in our Phase 2 investigator-sponsored clinical trial led by the clinicians at UCSF. Huntsman Cancer Institute in Utah was the second clinical site. The primary endpoint of this trial was to assess the anti-tumor efficacy of the combination of TAVO™-EP and KEYTRUDA® in patients with stage III/IV metastatic melanoma whose tumors are characterized by low frequency of CD8⁺/PD-1⁺/CTLA-4⁺ TILs (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes). The primary endpoint of the study was best overall response rate by RECIST of the combination regimen. Recent data suggests that patients whose tumors are lacking TILs or CD8⁺ T-cells at the tumor margin or generally have a low frequency of CD8⁺/PD-L1⁺/CTLA-4⁺ TILs are unlikely to respond to anti-PD-1 therapies such as KEYTRUDA®, while tumors with a frequency of CTLA-4⁺/PD-L1⁺/CD8⁺ T-cells >20% in the tumor are likely to have a clinical benefit. Therapies, such as TAVO™, that promote TIL generation and PD-L1 positivity play an important role in potentially augmenting the clinical efficacy of the anti-PD1/PD-L1 agents.

Initial data of the OMS-102 trial were presented in February 2017 at ASCO-SITC and the trial stopped enrolling patients in September 2017, allowing us to progress on to the KEYNOTE-695 trial. The study was selected for an oral presentation at SITC 2017, and the final data were published in Clinical Cancer Research in May 2020. The overall response rate in 22 evaluated patients was 41%, with 36% complete responses. These results suggest that the combination of TAVO and KEYTRUDA has efficacy in this low TIL metastatic melanoma patient population. Furthermore, the combination therapy was well tolerated. Data from this trial was published in Clinical Cancer Research in May 2020.

OMS-100 (completed)

OMS-100 was an open-label Phase 2 trial of TAVO™-EP monotherapy in patients with stage III/IV metastatic melanoma. The study was selected for an oral presentation at the Melanoma Bridge Conference in 2018, and final data from this trial were published in the Annals of Oncology in March 2020. Among 28 evaluable patients treated with up to 4 cycles of TAVO-EP on days 1, 5 and 8 of each 12-week cycle, the response rate was 35.7%, and among all evaluable patients, including those treated on alternative dosing schedules, the response rate was 29.8%. The results of this study demonstrated that multiple treatment cycles of TAVO™ were well tolerated, with no treatment-limiting toxicities. The majority of adverse events were localized to the treatment site and Grade-1 or -2 in severity.

Following this trial, a retrospective analysis of the patients who went on to receive an anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy was conducted. Results from this retrospective analysis suggested that TAVO™ primes and enhances response rates to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Specifically, of the 29 patients who completed TAVO™ treatment, 14 subsequently received an anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Overall, five of these 14 patients (36%) experienced a complete response and four patients experienced a partial response (29%), for an overall response rate of 65% (75% without intervening therapies). Two patients experienced stable disease (14%) and three patients experienced progressive disease (21%). We believe this retrospective sequential data could suggest combinatorial potential of an immune-priming effect with TAVO™ prior to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Data from this retrospective analysis formed the clinical rationale for conducting OMS-102.

Phase 2 Investigator-Initiated Melanoma Neoadjuvant Trial

In August 2020, we supported commencement of an investigator-initiated Phase 2 trial conducted by the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine to evaluate TAVO™ as neoadjuvant treatment (administered before surgery) in combination with intravenous OPDIVO® (nivolumab) in up to 33 patients with operable locally/regionally advanced melanoma. This trial has been designed to evaluate whether the addition of TAVO™ can increase the published anti-tumor response observed with monotherapy OPDIVO®, an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with locally/regionally advanced melanoma prior to surgical resection of tumors. This trial began enrolling patients in December 2020. Using a Simon’s 2-stage design the trial has met the pre-specified efficacy criteria to pass Stage 1 and has proceeded enrollment on to Stage 2 in up to 33 patients. Enrollment for this trial is expected to be completed in 2023. Preliminary data from this trial will be presented at an international medical conference, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Annual Meeting, in November 2022.

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

Breast cancer was the most common cancer diagnosed among U.S. women and was the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in 2021. Worldwide, approximately 170,000 new cases of TNBC are diagnosed each year, with TNBC representing one of the four main molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer, accounting for approximately 10-20% of all breast cancer, according to breastcancer.org. According to the American Cancer Society, for patients who present with Stage 4 metastatic breast cancer, the five-year survival rate is considerably lower at approximately 22%.

TNBC frequently affects younger women (under 40 years old) and is characterized by higher relapse rates than estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. TNBC is also associated with an increased risk of recurrence, both locally and in distant sites including the lungs and brain. Advanced TNBC remains a significant area of unmet medical need. Chemotherapy is the current standard-of-care treatment in the adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and metastatic settings. Due to the loss of hormone receptors on the tumor cell, patients with TNBC do not benefit from hormonal therapy or treatments targeting the oncogenic HER2 pathway. The standard of care for TNBC patients with recurrent and/or metastatic disease is cytotoxic chemotherapy, leading to a median survival of approximately 13 months from the time of recurrence or diagnosis of distant metastases.

During October of 2022, we decreased all clinical activity outside of our melanoma clinical pipeline, including trials and studies involving TNBC.

KEYNOTE-890 study (halted)

KEYNOTE-890 is a Phase 2, open-label, single-arm, multi-center trial of TAVO™-EP in combination with an intravenous anti-PD-1 antibody, Merck’s pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®), in patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of inoperable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC who have received at least one prior line of approved systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Cohort 1 of this study was enrolling patients who had experienced at least one prior treatment option including chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Cohort 2 was enrolling treatment-naïve patients in front-line TNBC with the study treatment regimen of TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA and chemotherapy.

KEYNOTE-890, Cohort 1 completed enrollment in early 2020. Enrollment in Cohort 2 began in the first quarter of 2021. Interim data for Cohort 1 was initially presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (“SABCS”) in December 2019, and an update on this cohort was presented at the SABCS in December 2021. Enrollment of Cohort 2 (target 40 patients) began in January 2021. Due to slow enrollment and competing studies in front-line TNBC, recruitment on Cohort 2 has been halted as of October 2022. We have deferred further development of TAVO™ for the treatment of TNBC in order to focus our efforts and our resources on our ongoing development of TAVO™ in melanoma.

OMS-140 (enrollment completed)

OMS-140 is a Phase 2, monotherapy trial in patients with advanced or metastatic TNBC. The trial was conducted at Stanford University and was designed to assess safety and efficacy of TAVO™ by evaluating whether TAVO™ promotes tumor immunogenicity by driving a pro-inflammatory cascade that leads to increases in cytotoxic tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (“TILs”). The presence and number of TILs is thought to be a key requirement for promoting the anti-tumor activity of anti-PD-1. By driving cytotoxic immune cells into the tumor, TAVO™ could be used in combination with checkpoint blockade therapies, which have reported some, but limited, activity in TNBC.

The primary objective of the trial is to evaluate the potential of TAVO™ to promote a pro-inflammatory molecular and histological signature, and the secondary objectives include the evaluation of safety and tolerability, evaluation of local ablation effect (% of necrosis), and description of other evidence of anti-tumor activity. The trial was subsequently amended to also capture the post-TAVO™ treatments and outcomes.

Preliminary data was presented at the SABCS annual meeting in 2018 and enrollment in this trial (n=10) is now complete. The clinical observations from this study prompted us to conduct KEYNOTE-890.

Duke University

We have an ongoing research collaboration with Duke University’s Center for Applied Therapeutics (“Duke University”) to evaluate TAVO™ in combination or sequenced with a HER2-plasmid vaccine administered with our APOLLO™ EP generator in preclinical studies. The research is led by Herbert Kim Lyerly, M.D., George Barth Geller Professor, Professor of Immunology, Surgery and Pathology at Duke University School of Medicine and a director on our board of directors. This work, showing that intratumoral plasmid IL12 expands CD8⁺ T cells and induces a CXCR3 gene signature (CXCR3-GS) in tumors that sensitizes TNBC patients to anti-PD-1 therapy, was recently reported in a peer reviewed journal.

In this study, Duke investigators used mouse models of TNBC, to evaluate immune activation in response to administration of intratumoral IL-12 plasmid followed by electroporation (tavokinogene telseplasmid; TAVO™). Collaborators at Stanford further presented a single-arm, prospective clinical trial of TAVO™-EP monotherapy in patients with treatment refractory, advanced TNBC (OMS-140). Single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse tumors identified a CXCR3-GS following TAVO™-EP treatment associated with enhanced antigen presentation, T cell infiltration and expansion, and PD-1/PD-L1 expression. Assessment of tissue from patients before and after treatment confirmed the enrichment of this CXCR3-GS in tumors from patients with enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration following treatment. One patient, previously unresponsive to anti-PD-L1 therapy, but who exhibited an increased CXCR3-GS after TAVO™ treatment, went on to receive additional anti-PD-1 therapy as their immediate next treatment after OMS-140, and demonstrated a significant clinical response. These data suggest that a safe, effective intratumoral IL-12 therapy can enhance antigen presentation and CD8 T cell recruitment, which contribute to the antitumor efficacy. They identify a TAVO™-EP treatment-related gene signature associated with improved outcomes and conversion of nonresponsive tumors, potentially even beyond TNBC.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Head & Neck Cancer (SCCHN)

Head and neck cancer represent approximately 4% of all cancers in the U.S., and it is estimated over 65,000 patients will develop head and neck cancer this year with over 14,000 deaths.

During October of 2022, we decreased all clinical activity outside of our melanoma clinical pipeline, including trials and studies involving SCCHN.

OMS-131 (closed)

OMS-131 is an investigator-initiated Phase 2 clinical trial conducted by the UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. OMS-131, also referred to as the “TRIFECTA” trial, was initiated after clinical observations from a 2017 pilot study of TAVO™ in head and neck cancer patients demonstrated clinical and biological results including evidence of synergy between TAVO™ and PD-1 antibodies in the disease. Recruitment for this study was halted for strategic reasons in June 2021. We have deferred further development of TAVO™-EP for the treatment of head and neck cancer in order to focus our efforts and our resources on our ongoing development of TAVO™-EP in melanoma.

Our OMS Electroporation Device

The effectiveness of DNA-based therapeutics is dependent upon their uptake into cells by crossing the cell membrane. In the 1970s, it was discovered that the brief application of high-intensity, pulsed electric fields to cells resulted in a temporary and reversible increase in the permeability of the cell membrane, a mechanism known as EP.

The transient, reversible nature of the permeabilization of cell membranes by electroporation (EP) and the resulting increase in intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents is the underlying basis of our therapeutic approach. Our EP delivery system consists of an electrical pulse generator paired with disposable applicators facilitating electroporation. The extent of membrane permeabilization depends on various electrical, physical, chemical, and biological parameters, but EP delivery has been demonstrated to promote cellular uptake of chemical molecules such as chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., bleomycin and cisplatin), and other therapeutic agents including nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Multiple viral and non-viral delivery modalities have been developed to deliver nucleic acids into cells, however, many of these methods have faced challenges related to the safe and efficient expression of the DNA-encoded biologic into the intended target cells. For example, viral mediated delivery technologies appear to be efficient at transfecting cells, but they have suffered from significant safety issues related to the immunogenicity of the viral vector, shedding of the virus, and potential integration of the viral DNA into the host genome. Other non-viral delivery methods have employed the use of nanotechnology to coat the DNA with lipids. Although these lipid nanoparticle technologies have been used extensively in the clinic to deliver DNA-encoded biologic agents, few particles have been developed with the ability to specifically target cancer cells; instead, many of these particles naturally target the liver, which can function as a sink for the therapeutic agent or lead to potential liver toxicities.

EP has also been used extensively in the clinic to deliver DNA and other therapeutic agents. EP has not shown the same safety concerns that limit the use of other drug delivery modalities. In fact, the use of EP to deliver bleomycin intratumorally has been approved for use in Europe and is being used for cancers such as basal cell carcinoma across many European countries, including the United Kingdom.

Our OMS EP Device is designed to create favorable conditions to deliver plasmid DNA encoding immunotherapeutic cytokines into cells of the tumor microenvironment. The cytokine-encoding plasmid is injected directly into tumor lesions and taken up by cells after local exposure to electric pulses produced by the pulse generator and the needle-electrode.

Our lead product candidate, TAVO™, consists of a plasmid construct encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 that is injected into the tumor and delivered into the tumor cells through in vivo electroporation using our OMS EP Device. Once our financial position allows such expanded research efforts, we may also continue researching other DNA-encoded, immunologically-active molecules, with an aim of developing additional immunotherapeutic drugs that, when delivered using our OMS EP Device, may be capable of breaking the immune system’s tolerance to cancer.

Visceral Lesion Applicator (VLA)

Ongoing efforts aim to develop our next-generation intratumoral delivery device and applicators. We have made advancements toward prototypes, pursuing discovery research to identify other product candidates that, in addition to IL-12, can be encoded into propriety plasmid-DNA, delivered intratumorally. While our current focus is on melanoma, we may continue developing a new, propriety technology to potentially treat liver, lung, bladder, pancreatic and other difficult to treat visceral lesions through the direct delivery of plasmid-based therapeutics, such as IL-12, with a new VLA once our financial position allows us to do so.

The VLA is intended and may be designed to work with low voltage EP generators. We have successfully completed several pre-clinical animal studies and presented data in posters at the 2020 Society for Interventional Oncology meeting, where it was awarded “Best Technology Scientific Abstract”, and the 2020 Society for Interventional Radiology meeting. The Company expected to bring a VLA into the clinic in 2023. However, this timeline is under evaluation and may extend beyond 2023. Moving forward, we see significant opportunity to leverage this innovative technology to secure new partnerships that may allow us to expand our capabilities, help cancer patients with unmet clinical needs, and drive shareholder value.

COMMERCIALIZATION

Strategy

Our primary focus is to pursue our study of TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in melanoma, including our planned and ongoing clinical trials discussed under “Clinical Programs” above and potentially other trials we may pursue in the future.

As a part of our commercialization strategy, we also regularly assess and evaluate potential collaboration opportunities to identify novel therapeutic modalities for EP delivery as well as rational combinations for TAVO™-EP with existing and emerging cancer therapeutics, e.g., monoclonal antibody therapies and other large and small molecule drugs. For instance, we may seek to collaborate with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies to provide us with access to complementary proprietary technologies and/or greater resources. In addition, we may seek to expand the applications of our technologies through strategic collaborations or other opportunities, such as in-licensing or strategic acquisitions, and we may seek to out-license our intellectual property to other companies to leverage our technologies for applications that we may not choose to internally and independently develop.

Manufacturing and Supply

Currently, we assemble and store certain components of our OMS EP Device system, which is our proprietary delivery mechanism for our TAVO™ product candidate, and we utilize the services of qualified contract manufacturers to produce the remaining components of this system and for the manufacturing, testing, packaging and storage of our plasmid product candidate for clinical trials or other studies. Manufacturing of our systems and product supplies requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the use of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Currently, we do not own and have no plans to build our own clinical or commercial Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) manufacturing capabilities for any device, drug substance or drug product. We expect to increase our reliance on third-party manufacturers but may also consider alternative manufacturing strategies.

We rely upon a small number of suppliers and manufacturers for our clinical activities. For manufacturing and distributing we use external parties, which collectively account for approximately 90% of clinical materials and EP systems support and materials. We believe there are alternate sources of raw material supply and finished goods manufacturing to satisfy our requirements, although transitioning to other vendors, if necessary, could result in delay or additional costs. In addition, for combination trials, we typically rely exclusively on one supplier of the non-company-owned product used in the trial, such as our reliance upon Merck for the supply of KEYTRUDA® in the KEYNOTE-695 and KEYNOTE-890 studies.

We are ISO 13485:2016 certified and comply with all appropriate standards and authorities for the assembly, manufacturing and activities we conduct, and we have established an audited quality management system for these activities. In addition, all contract manufacturers that we use must comply with various requirements enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection programs. See “Regulation” below for more information.

COMPETITION

The biotechnology industry is intensely competitive. This competitive environment stimulates an ongoing and extensive search for technological innovation and necessitates effective and targeted marketing strategies to communicate the effectiveness, safety and value of products to healthcare professionals in private practice and group practices and payors in managed care organizations, group purchasing organizations, and Medicare and Medicaid services.

We face competition from a number of sources, including large pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions. We compete against other developers of cancer treatments, including immunotherapy treatments as well as other types of treatments for cancer indications on which we are focused. In particular, a number of companies, including large pharmaceutical companies, have development strategies similar to our current focus. These companies could include, among others, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Iovance Therapeutics, Syndax, Dynavax Technologies, Checkmate, Immunomedics and Idera Pharmaceuticals. In addition, we also compete with other clinical-stage biotechnology companies for funding and support from healthcare and other investors and potential collaboration relationships with larger pharmaceutical or other companies, as well as for personnel with expertise in our industry. We are smaller and less well-funded than many of our competitors, and we have a shorter and less proven operating history and a less recognizable and established brand name than many of our competitors. In addition, some of our competitors have commercially available products, which provide them with operating revenue and other competitive advantages.

Our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their product candidates more rapidly than we can or may obtain more robust patent protection or other intellectual property rights to protect their product candidates and technologies, which could limit or prevent us from developing or commercializing our product candidates. If we are able to obtain regulatory approval of one or more of our product candidates, we will face competition from approved products or products under development by other companies that may address our targeted indications. If we directly compete with large entities for the same markets and/or customers, their greater resources, brand recognition, sales and marketing experience and financial strength could prevent us from capturing a share of these markets or customers. Our competitors may also develop products that are more effective, more useful, better tolerated, subject to fewer or less severe side effects, more widely prescribed, less costly or more widely accepted for other reasons than any of our products that obtain regulatory approvals, and our competitors may also be more successful than us in manufacturing, distributing and otherwise marketing their products.

We expect our product candidates, if approved and commercialized, to compete on the basis of, among other things, product efficacy and safety, time to market, price, coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors, extent of adverse side effects and convenience of treatment procedures. We may not be able to effectively compete in any of these areas. Presently, we compete with other biotechnology companies for funding and support on the basis of our technology platforms and the potential value of our product candidates based on the factors described above.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We believe our success and ability to compete depends in large part on our ability to protect our proprietary rights and technologies, including obtaining and maintaining patent, trademark and trade secret protection of our product candidates and their respective components and underlying technologies, including devices, formulations, manufacturing methods and methods of treatment, and appropriately safeguarding unpatented proprietary rights, including trade secrets and know-how. Our core technology, ImmunoPulse®, is designed to enable transient expression of recombinant therapeutic molecules in cells, and is a drug-device therapeutic modality platform comprised of our proprietary OMS EP Device and proprietary DNA plasmid delivery and application methods, protected through a combination of Company-owned and in-licensed patents as well as through various trade secrets, know-how, and other proprietary rights.

As of October 2022, we owned 74 issued patents (6 U.S. and 68 foreign) and 93 pending patent applications (14 U.S. and 79 foreign). We are currently prosecuting pending patent applications in various jurisdictions. We have issued patents in the U.S., Europe, Hong Kong and Japan with claims directed to cytokine-based intratumoral immunotherapies in combination with a checkpoint inhibitor. These patents expire in 2036. U.S. Patent 11,318,305, with claims directed to electroporation systems and devices having adaptive control features, was issued on May 3, 2022, and is expected to expire in 2037. Japanese Patent 7079729, directed to our next generation IL-12 expression vector was issued on May 25, 2022, and expires in 2036. In addition, we have licensed intellectual property rights that allow us to use certain EP technology to deliver DNA-based cytokines as an immunotherapy, as well as catheter-based delivery devices. From these in-licensed portfolios, we have access to 91 issued U.S. and foreign issued patents (7 from USF, 26 from Gaeta Therapeutics, and 58 from Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Inovio)) and 13 U.S. and foreign pending patent applications (1 from USF, 3 from Gaeta Therapeutics, and 9 from Inovio). We expect to continue to file additional patent applications, if and when appropriate, as our research and development efforts continue. The majority of the patents in our portfolio, including owned and in-licensed patents and fundamental patents directed toward our proprietary technology, expire between 2023 and 2041. We have previously obtained patent protection through an asset purchase agreement with Inovio covering our original clinical electroporation device. The primary patents providing protection of this original device have expired. However, the Company has recently filed applications, in 2019-2021, on our next generation electroporation devices and applicator handles and our next generation DNA-based cancer immunotherapeutics and will continue to file patent applications this year.

In addition, we have entered into a cross-license agreement for certain electroporation technology with Inovio, including patent protection for some of our clinical electroporation devices (some of which, as noted above, have recently expired or will soon expire). Under the terms of the agreement, Inovio has granted us a non-exclusive, worldwide license under certain of its electroporation patents, and in exchange, we have granted to Inovio an exclusive license to certain of our purchased technology in a limited field of use.

REGULATION

Commercialization Approval for our Product Candidates

Biotechnology companies are subject to extensive, complex, costly and evolving government regulation relating to the ability to market and sell any therapeutic or medical device. In the United States, these regulations are principally enforced by the FDA and state government agencies. Outside the United States, these regulations are typically administered by various health authorities comparable to the FDA in countries where products or product candidates are researched, tested, manufactured and/or marketed.

United States

General

In the United States, the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, other state statutes and regulations, many of which are administered and enforced by the FDA, govern or influence, among other things, the research, development, verification, validation, clinical testing, manufacturing, storage, record-keeping, approval, labeling, promotion, marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, import and export of product candidates such as ours. Under these regulations, we and our contract manufacturers may be subject to periodic inspection of our facilities, quality controls and other procedures, and operations and/or the testing of our product candidates during and after the approval process for a product candidate, to confirm compliance with all applicable regulations, including current good manufacturing practices (“cGMPs”) and other applicable requirements.

Possible penalties or other consequences for failure to comply with these regulatory requirements include, among others, observations, notices, citations and/or warning letters that could force us to modify our clinical programs or other activities; clinical holds on our ongoing clinical programs; adverse publicity from the FDA or others; the FDA’s suspension of its review of pending applications; fines; product recalls or seizures; total or partial suspension of production and/or distribution; labeling changes; withdrawal of previously granted product approvals; enforcement actions; injunctions and civil or criminal prosecution. Any such sanctions, if imposed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Approval Process

Before any new drug, device or dosage form, including a new use of a previously approved drug or biologic, can be marketed in the United States, FDA approval is required. The process required by the FDA before a product may be marketed in the United States generally involves, among other things:

The pre-clinical and clinical testing and approval process can take many years and requires substantial time, effort and financial resources. The receipt and timing of approval, if any, is uncertain. The results of pre-clinical tests, together with certain manufacturing information, analytical data and a proposed clinical trial protocol and other information, are submitted as part of an IND to the FDA. Once an IND is in effect, the protocol for each clinical trial to be conducted under the IND must be submitted to the FDA, which may or may not allow the trial to proceed. A separate submission to an existing IND must also be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drugs or biologics to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with good clinical practice requirements. For purposes of a NDA or BLA submission and approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in the following sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined:

The results of product development, pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of a NDA or BLA requesting approval to market the product. NDAs or BLAs must also contain extensive information relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, controls, and proposed labeling, among other things.

Once the NDA or BLA submission has been accepted, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. Pursuant to the FDA’s performance goals, NDA and BLA standard reviews are to be completed within 10 months, subject to extensions by the FDA. Before approving a NDA or BLA, the FDA often inspects the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured and will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with good manufacturing practices. Additionally, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with good clinical practices before approving a NDA or BLA. If the FDA determines that a NDA or BLA is not approvable, then the FDA may outline the deficiencies and often will request that additional information be provided or additional clinical trials be completed. Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional testing or information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.

Further, even if regulatory approval of a product candidate is obtained, such approval would specify the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. Additionally, we would be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA with respect to any approved product, including requirements related to, among other things, drug or device listing, record-keeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, manufacturing practices, labeling, advertising, promotion, and reporting of adverse events associated with any approved products. Moreover, we could be required to conduct post-approval studies, such as Phase 4 clinical trials, or surveillance programs to monitor the safety of any approved products. FDA has the authority to stop or limit further marketing of a product or impose more stringent labeling restrictions based on the results of these post-approval programs or in the event of any unexpected or serious health or safety concern regarding any approved product.

Non-U.S. Regulation

If we pursue research and/or commercialization activities for our product candidates outside the United States, we would need to obtain necessary approvals from the regulatory authorities comparable to the FDA in applicable jurisdictions before we could commence clinical trials or marketing of our product candidates in these jurisdictions. In addition, we would become subject to a variety of foreign regulations regarding safety and efficacy of our product candidates and governing, among other things, clinical trials, commercial activities, manufacture and distribution of our product candidates. The requirements to obtain product approvals vary widely from country to country, and the FDA’s approval requirements, review procedures and timelines may not be the same as or even similar to the requirements or a comparable foreign regulator. As a result, even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate in one country, we may be required to undertake additional clinical trials or studies, submit additional information, wait for longer review periods or make other efforts in order to obtain regulatory approvals in other desirable geographic markets.

Healthcare Laws and Regulations

The healthcare industry is heavily regulated, constantly evolving and subject to significant change and fluctuation. The U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that currently impact our business include, among others:

Additionally, the healthcare compliance environment is continuously changing at the federal level and with some states mandating implementation of compliance programs, compliance with industry ethics codes, spending limits and reporting to state governments of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians. Further, to the extent we continue to pursue operations in foreign countries, such as our clinical activities in Australia, or in Canada, or if we seek to sell any product that obtains regulatory approval in a foreign country, we would be subject to different reporting and other compliance requirements in multiple jurisdictions, including foreign laws and regulations comparable to the U.S. laws and regulations described above.

All of these laws impose penalties for non-compliance, some of which may be severe. If we or our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties, fines or other monetary damages or orders forcing us to curtail or restructure our operations.

Other Regulatory Requirements and Environmental Matters

We are or may become subject to various laws and regulations regarding laboratory practices and the experimental use of animals, as well as environmental laws and regulations governing, among other things, any use and disposal by us of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances in connection with our research. In each of these areas, the FDA and other government agencies have broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including, among other things, the ability to levy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance of approvals, seize or recall products and withdraw approvals.

In addition, to the extent we continue to pursue operations in foreign jurisdictions, we will be subject to anti-bribery laws in the United States and applicable foreign jurisdictions, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and comparable foreign laws. Further, we are subject to a variety of laws and regulations relating to other matters, including workplace health and safety, labor and employment, public reporting and taxation, among others, and our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including monetary penalties or imposition of sanctions or other corrective requirements.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our senior management team and Board of Directors have decades of experience, each demonstrating a strong track record of success in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including in research and development, commercialization and financing activities. In addition, we have assembled a clinical and regulatory team experienced in developing and advancing novel therapeutic approaches through clinical testing and regulatory approvals, including extensive technical, manufacturing, analytical and quality experience to oversee our clinical, manufacturing and testing activities. Our team consists of a relatively small number of employees, as well as consultants and advisors regarding research and development, regulatory, compliance, healthcare and investor and public relations matters. We also expect to engage experts in healthcare and in general business to advise us in various capacities. For instance, we have in the past consulted with various oncology researchers and clinicians to provide counsel as part of our advisory panels for our clinical programs, and we expect to continue to establish consulting and advisory relationships with scientific, clinical and medical experts in academia and industry to assist us with FDA submissions, clinical testing and identification and development of new product candidates.

As of July 31, 2022, we had a total of 41 employees, including 40 full-time employees and 1 part-time employee. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and we believe that our relations with our employees are good.

On October 2, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the Restructuring Plan that is designed to prioritize clinical activities in melanoma to reduce operating expenses while advancing our lead product candidate, TAVO™ EP, toward near-term data milestones in connection with the KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial. As part of the Restructuring Plan, we restructured our internal operations and reduced our workforce by approximately 45%, or approximately 18 employees. Please see “Recent Developments” above for further information.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada in February 2008 under the name Netventory Solutions Inc. to pursue the business of inventory management solutions. In March 2011, we completed a merger with our subsidiary to change our name to “OncoSec Medical Incorporated,” and we commenced operations as a biotechnology company upon our acquisition of assets from Inovio related to the use of drug-medical device combination products for the treatment of various cancers. Our principal executive office is located at 24 North Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534 and the telephone number is (855) 662-6732. Our website address is www.oncosec.com. Information contained on our website is not, and should not be considered, part of this report. We will make available free of charge through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish such materials to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. We are not including the information on our website as a part of, nor incorporating it by reference into, this report. Additionally, the SEC maintains a website that contains annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other information that issuers (including us) file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s website address is http://www.sec.gov/.

In addition, we intend to use our media and investor relations website, SEC filings press releases, public conference calls and webcasts as wells as social media to communicate with our subscribers and the public about the Company, its services and other issues. It is possible that the information we post on social media could be deemed to be material information. Therefore, in light of the SEC’s guidance, we encourage investors, the media and others interested in the Company to review the information we post on the U.S. social media channels listed on our website.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider each of the following risks, together with the other information contained in this report and the other documents we file with the SEC before making any investment decision with respect to our securities. If any of the risks described below materialize, our business, financial condition, prospects and/or operating results could be materially and adversely affected. These factors could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, and you could lose all or a substantial part of your investment. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us may also materially and adversely affect our business operations and financial condition or the price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our majority stockholders may have significant influence over the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, which may prevent us from engaging in certain transactions.

As the date hereof, our two largest shareholders own approximately 51% of the Company’s common stock. As a result, these stockholders may exercise significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the appointment of our directors and the approval of significant corporate transactions. This ownership and control may also have the effect of delaying or preventing a future change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination that may be in the best interest of the Company and any other stockholders. This ownership and control may be used to prevent the Company from raising additional funds through the sale of equity which may make it more difficult for the Company to finance its operations.

We have never generated, and may never generate, revenue from our operations.

We have not generated any revenue from our operations since our inception, and we do not anticipate generating meaningful revenue in the near term. During our fiscal year ended July 31, 2022, we incurred a net loss of approximately $34 million, and from inception through July 31, 2022, we have incurred an accumulated deficit of approximately $286 million. We will need significant additional funding to continue our operations and pursue our strategic plans, including continued development of TAVO™-EP. Although we have been and expect to continue to tightly manage our operating expenses, we expect our operating expenses will continue to increase as we further our development activities and pursue FDA approval for one or more of our product candidates.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our product development and planned commercialization efforts, many of which are discussed in these risk factors, we are unable to predict the extent of our future losses or when, or if, we will generate meaningful revenue or become profitable, and it is possible we will never achieve these goals. Our failure to develop our investments in our proprietary technologies and product candidates into revenue-generating operations would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects and could result in our inability to continue operations.

We have limited working capital and a history of losses, which raises substantial doubt as to whether we will be able to continue as a going concern.

Our auditor’s report on our financial statements for the year ended July 31, 2022, includes an explanatory paragraph related to the existence of substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The Company has never generated any cash from its operations and does not expect to generate such cash in the near term. As a result, the Company has suffered recurring losses and requires significant cash resources to execute its business plans. These losses are expected to continue for an extended period of time. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date of filing. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a number of factors, including, among others, our ability to generate positive data from our clinical trials and pre-clinical studies, the condition of the capital markets and the other risks described in these risk factors. If any one of these factors is unfavorable, we may not be able to obtain additional funding, in which case, our business could be jeopardized and we may not be able to continue our operations or pursue our strategic plans. If we are forced to scale down, limit or cease operations, our stockholders could lose all or part of their investment in our Company.

We do not have adequate cash resources to fund our operations into calendar year 2023 and will need to raise additional capital to continue operating our business. If we are unable to secure additional funds, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our clinical development programs and commercialization efforts or cease all operations.

As of July 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $12.3 million. We do not generate any cash from our operations. Based on our cash and cash equivalent balance as of July 31, 2022, our Management is of the opinion that without further fundraising or other increase in our cash and cash equivalents balance, we will not have sufficient resources to enable us to continue our operations. Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, should enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through the fourth calendar quarter of 2022. This estimate does not take into account any additional expenditures that may result from any further strategic transactions to expand and diversify our product candidates, including acquisitions of assets, businesses, new product candidates or strategic alliances or collaborations that we may pursue.

Historically, we have raised the majority of the funding for our business through offerings of our common stock and warrants to purchase our common stock. Due to our need for additional funds in the short-term, we are exploring other ways of funding our operations, including debt financings. In addition, we may seek to engage in one or more strategic alternatives, such as a strategic partnership with one or more parties, the licensing, sale or divestiture of some of our assets or the sale of our Company, but there can be no assurance that we would be able to enter into such a transaction or transactions on a timely basis or on terms favorable to us, or at all.

If we issue equity or convertible debt securities to raise additional funds, our existing stockholders would experience further dilution, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. If we incur debt, our fixed payment obligations, liabilities and leverage relative to our equity capitalization would increase, which could increase the cost of future capital. Further, the terms of any debt securities we issue or borrowings we incur, if available, could impose significant restrictions on our operations, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity or other operating restrictions that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business, and any such debt could be secured by any or all of our assets pledged as collateral. Additionally, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital, including investment banking, legal and accounting fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs.

Our ability to raise additional funds in the short-term will depend on financial, economic and market conditions and the willingness of potential investors or lenders to provide funding, all of which are outside of our control, and we may be unable to raise financing in the short-term, or on terms favorable to us, or at all. Furthermore, high volatility in the capital markets has had, and could continue to have, a negative impact on the price of our common stock, and could adversely impact our ability to raise additional funds. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funding, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our clinical development programs and commercialization efforts or cease all operations, and our stockholders could lose all or part of their investment in our Company.

If we are unable to raise sufficient capital in the short-term, we will be unable to fund our operations and may be required to evaluate further alternatives, which could include dissolving and liquidating our assets or seeking protection under the bankruptcy laws. A determination to file for bankruptcy could occur at a time that is earlier than when we would otherwise exhaust our cash resources.

We are a clinical-stage company with a limited operating history and no approved products, which makes assessment of our future viability difficult, and may hinder our ability to generate revenue and meet our other objectives.

We are a clinical-stage, pre-commercial, company with only a limited operating history upon which to base an evaluation of our current business and future prospects and how we will respond to competitive, financial or technological challenges. Additionally, although we are investigating licensing and partnering opportunities, no such opportunities have been finalized and, even if completed, we do not expect that these potential opportunities would generate any significant near-term revenue. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing, staffing and financing, applying for patent rights, undertaking clinical trials of TAVO™-EP, and engaging in other research and development activities, including pre-clinical and other clinical studies of our other product candidates. We have not demonstrated an ability to obtain regulatory approval of a product candidate, or conduct the sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, the revenue-generating potential of our business is unproven and uncertain.

In addition, we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business or our industry. We will be subject to the risks, uncertainties and difficulties frequently encountered by clinical-stage companies in evolving markets, and we may not be able to successfully address any or all of these risks and uncertainties. Further, errors may be made in predicting and reacting to relevant business or industry trends. The occurrence of any of these risks could cause our business, results of operations, and financial condition to suffer or fail.

We are significantly dependent on the success of our ImmunoPulse® technology platform and our product candidates that utilize this platform, including our lead product candidate TAVO™-EP.

We have invested, and we expect to continue to invest, significant efforts and financial resources in the development of product candidates based on our electroporation technology, including primarily our lead product candidate TAVO™-EP. Our ability to generate meaningful revenue, which may not occur for the foreseeable future, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of one or more of these product candidates. However, such regulatory approval and commercialization may never occur. We are working on updated versions of the OMS EP Device to ensure compliance with current regulatory standards as a prerequisite for FDA clearance. We anticipate that we will need to have clinical experience with this device before we seek regulatory approval for our product candidate. If we experience delays in completion of this work or FDA approval in using the updated OMS EP Device in our ongoing clinical trials, it could delay our clinical programs, necessitate enrolling more patients in our ongoing clinical trials, delay the commercialization our product candidate and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The success of TAVO™, our OMS EP Device, or any other product candidates based on our electroporation technology will depend on a number of factors, including, among others:

If one or more of these factors is unfavorable, we could experience significant delays or we may not be able to successfully commercialize TAVO™ or any of our other product candidates, which would materially harm our business.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates and may fail to capitalize on programs or product candidates that may present a greater commercial opportunity or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

The success of our business depends upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize product candidates based on our programs. If we do not successfully develop and eventually commercialize products, we will face difficulty in obtaining product revenue in future periods, or may never obtain such revenue, resulting in significant harm to our financial position and adverse effects our share price. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources.

Additionally, because we have limited resources, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with certain programs or product candidates or for indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our estimates regarding the potential market for a product candidate could be inaccurate, and our spending on current and future research and development programs may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through strategic collaboration, licensing, or other arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate. Alternatively, we may allocate internal resources to a product candidate in a therapeutic area in which it would have been more advantageous to enter into a partnering arrangement.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon or delay our development efforts with respect to a particular product candidate or fail to develop a potentially successful product candidate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

It may be difficult to identify and enroll patients due to clinical trial inclusion-exclusion criteria or other factors, which has in the past, and may in the future, lead to delays in enrollment and in generating clinical data for our trials.

Our clinical trials have had, and may have in the future, strict inclusion criteria for patient enrollment. These criteria could present significant obstacles to the timely recruitment and enrollment of a sufficient number of eligible patients into our trials. We may experience slower than expected patient enrollment in our existing or future clinical trials. Any inability to successfully enroll the number of patients meeting the criteria for any of our clinical trials could cause significant delays in the trial and increase the costs associated with the trial, which could materially harm our business and prospects.

Patient enrollment in a clinical trial may be affected by many factors, including:

Business or economic disruptions or global health concerns could seriously harm our development efforts and increase our costs and expenses.

Broad-based business or economic disruptions could adversely affect our ongoing or planned research and development or clinical activities. For example, in December 2019 an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus originated in Wuhan, China, and has since spread globally. To date, this outbreak has resulted in extended shutdowns of businesses and has had ripple effects on businesses around the world. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are unpredictable. The outbreak may result in additional or more extensive travel restrictions, closures, disruptions of businesses or facilities around the world or lead to social, economic, political or labor instability in the affected areas may impact our suppliers’ or our customers’ operations. Additionally, variants of the disease present additional uncertainty that could lead to further restrictions that may have a negative impact on our operations and the larger economy.

Global epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could also negatively affect the hospitals and clinical sites in which we conduct any of our clinical trials, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operations and financial condition. We cannot presently predict the scope and severity of any potential business shutdowns or disruptions, but if we or any of the third parties with whom we engage, including the suppliers, clinical trial sites, regulators and other third parties with whom we conduct business, were to experience shutdowns or other business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted.

Certain characteristics of our ImmunoPulse® platform may negatively impact market acceptance of the platform.

Physicians, patients, and third-party payors may be less accepting of product candidates based on our ImmunoPulse® technology platform due to certain characteristics of this platform. For example, these parties may have concerns about the complexity inherent in a combination therapy approach or the clinical application of electroporation technology, which is less prevalent in the U.S. than in certain foreign markets. Moreover, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors about the benefits of any of our technologies and product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful. As a result, even if any of our product candidates achieve regulatory approval, a lack of acceptance by physicians, third-party payors and patients of the products or underlying technologies could prevent their successful commercialization and could materially limit our revenue potential.

Our business and operations could be adversely affected by the effects of global health epidemics and pandemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Our operational and financial performance have already been affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our clinical trials have experienced delays in patient enrollment, potentially due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic, or concerns among patients about participating in clinical trials during a public health emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the operations of government entities, such as the FDA, as well as contract research organizations, third-party manufacturers, and other third-parties upon whom we rely. As a result of previous “shelter-in-place” orders, quarantines or similar orders or restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19, many companies, including our own, implemented work-from-home policies for their employees. The effects of these stay-at-home orders and work-from-home policies may have negatively impacted productivity, resulting in delays in our clinical programs and timelines. These and similar disruptions in our operations, ongoing or in the future, could negatively impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

The spread of COVID-19 has also led to disruption and volatility in the global capital markets, which increases the cost of, and adversely impacts access to, capital, i.e., increases economic uncertainty. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business, financial results, and value of our common stock, it may also affect our ability to access capital and obtain financing, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity and ability to continue as a going concern.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 continues to evolve rapidly, and the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, new variants of the virus, or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. Despite the development of effect COVID-19 vaccines and other treatments, we still do not yet know the full impact of potential delays or effects on our business, our clinical trials, our ability to access the capital markets, or supply chains or on the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely.

If the commencement or completion of clinical testing for our product candidates is delayed or prevented, we could experience significantly increased costs and our ability to pursue regulatory approval or generate revenue could be delayed or limited.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, unpredictable and difficult to design and implement. Even if we are able to complete our ongoing and currently proposed clinical trials and assuming the results are favorable, clinical trials for product candidates based on our technology are planned to continue for several years and may take significantly longer than expected to complete. Even with the Fast Track designation we received from the FDA for TAVO™-EP in metastatic melanoma in February 2017, additional clinical trials, which can take years to complete, are still required.

Delays in the commencement or completion of clinical testing could significantly affect our product development costs and business plan. We do not know and cannot predict whether any of our ongoing or planned trials or studies will be completed on schedule or at all. We also do not know and cannot predict whether any other pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, including Phase 3 clinical trials to follow completion of our ongoing or any other Phase 2 clinical trials, will be planned or will begin, and in many cases such future trials would be dependent on obtaining favorable results from preceding studies.

The commencement and completion of clinical trials can be delayed or prevented for many reasons, including due to delays or issues related to:

With respect to any clinical trial we plan, the FDA could determine it is not satisfied with our plan or the details of our clinical trial protocols and designs and could put a clinical hold on the proposed trials, or issue a clinical hold after a trial has commenced. Any such determination could delay the commencement or completion of the trials and would be a setback for the commercialization strategy for the product candidate that is the subject of the trial. Additionally, changes in applicable regulatory requirements and guidance may occur, in which case clinical trial protocols may need to be amended to reflect these changes. Any such amendments could require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs or IBCs for re-examination, which could impact the costs, timing and successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays in completion of, or if we terminate, any of our ongoing, planned or future clinical trials, the commercial prospects for our product candidates could be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

To the extent we conduct clinical trials of our product candidates in combination with third parties’ products, we will face additional risks relating to these products.

To the extent our commercialization strategy includes the combination of our product candidates with third parties’ products or product candidates, we will likely be required to conduct clinical studies to evaluate the combinations. We have several ongoing and planned combination trials, and these combination studies involve additional risks due to their reliance on circumstances outside our control, such as those relating to the availability and marketability of the third-party product involved in the study. If the marketability of third-party products such as KEYTRUDA® is impacted, or if we are unable to secure and maintain a sufficient supply of such third-party products when needed on commercially reasonable terms, our clinical studies could be delayed or we could be forced to terminate these studies. Such a delay or termination could have a material negative impact on our development strategy, business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

If serious adverse or unacceptable side effects are identified during the development of one or more of our product candidates or any future product candidate, we may need to address any serious safety concerns as part of ongoing or post-marketing surveillance efforts; otherwise we may need to modify, limit or discontinue development efforts related to some of our product candidates.

Establishing the safety of a new product is one of the principal objectives of any clinical trial. Adverse events, including serious adverse events, suspected adverse reactions, and unexpected adverse events, and their proper reporting, form the basis of the critical risk-benefit analysis of investigational drug therapies. If adverse events are identified during the development of one or more of our product candidates or any future product candidates, we may need to address any serious safety concerns as part of ongoing or post-market surveillance efforts. Alternatively, we may need to modify, limit or discontinue the development of these product candidates to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the adverse events, undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. In the development of new and investigational drug therapies in this industry, many compounds that initially showed promise in early-stage testing have later been associated with adverse events, including serious adverse events that have subsequently prevented further development of the compound. It is not uncommon for adverse events to be encountered during clinical trials. Upon discovery of an adverse event, sponsors are required to investigate this event in order to determine whether there is enough evidence to suggest that there was a reasonable possibility that the drug caused the adverse event.

In the event that adverse events, including serious adverse events, suspected adverse reactions, and unexpected adverse events are identified during any of our clinical trials, these trials could be modified, limited, suspended or terminated. Such adverse events may trigger a notification requirement to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, who in turn could order us to cease further clinical investigation or deny approval of one or more of our product candidates or any future product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The FDA could also issue a letter requesting additional data or information prior to making a final decision regarding whether or not to approve a product candidate. The number of requests for additional data or information issued by the FDA in recent years has increased and has resulted in substantial delays in the approval of several new drugs. Adverse events or undesirable side effects caused by one or more of our product candidates or any future product candidates could also result in the inclusion of unfavorable information in our product labeling, such as a black box warning, or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for any or all targeted indications, and in turn prevent us from commercializing and generating market acceptance and revenues from the sale of that product candidate. Adverse events or side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial and could result in potential product liability claims.

No matter how extensive clinical trials and premarket studies may be, the safety profile of a new therapeutic product can only be fully characterized by continuing safety surveillance through a spontaneous adverse event monitoring system and a post-marketing surveillance study. FDA may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered. It is well understood in the drug development process that drug safety can never be considered an absolute, since the safety profile of a new therapeutic product will continue to evolve as more information is generated, gathered, and assessed over the course of general use.

Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates or any future product candidates receive marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by this product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of any of our product candidates or any future product candidates, or could substantially increase our commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating significant revenues, or any revenues, from its sale.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and other studies, and if these third parties do not successfully carry out their duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We have entered into, and expect to continue to enter into, agreements with third-party CROs to help us manage critical aspects of the clinical trials we sponsor. We rely on these third parties for the execution of certain of our clinical trials and pre-clinical studies, and we only control certain aspects of their activities. We and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’s regulations for conducting clinical trials and good clinical practice, as well as the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. We are also required to harmonize standard operating procedures between companies and conduct periodic internal and vendor audits to ensure compliance. Additionally, the FDA and comparable foreign regulators enforce these good clinical practice regulations through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators, trial sites, laboratories and other entities involved in the completion of the study protocol and processing of data.

If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable good clinical practice or other regulations, the data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and/or the FDA or comparable foreign regulators may refuse to accept the data, and these regulators may require us to perform additional or repeat clinical trials, which could significantly increase costs and delay the regulatory approval process. Additionally, repeated compliance failures could prompt the FDA or other regulatory authority to suspend or terminate a clinical trial, which could cause significant approval delays and increased costs. Further, if CROs do not otherwise successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may need to be extended, delayed or terminated or we may not be able to rely on the data produced by the trials.

Moreover, if any of our relationships with third-party CROs terminate before completion of a clinical trial, we may not be able to establish arrangements with alternative CROs on commercially reasonable terms, on a timely basis or at all, which could materially delay or jeopardize the trial. Any such occurrence could delay or prevent us from obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates or successfully commercializing our product candidates, which could increase our costs, delay or eliminate our prospects for generating revenue, and otherwise materially harm the results of our operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that our consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed to us alleged trade secrets of their other clients or former employers.

As is common in the biopharmaceutical industry, we engage the services of consultants to assist in the development of product candidates. Many of these consultants were previously employed at or may have previously been, or are currently providing, consulting services to, other pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may become subject to claims related to whether these consultants have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or their former or current customers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to Management.

We have participated in, and continue to participate in, clinical trials conducted under an approved investigator-sponsored investigational new drug (IND) application, and we have little or no control over the conduct or timing of, or FDA communications regarding, these trials.

We have engaged sponsor-investigators and continue to engage sponsor-investigators to participate in clinical trials conducted under an approved investigator-sponsored IND application. We also have plans to engage sponsor-investigators in future investigator-sponsored trials under both INDs and Investigational Device Exemptions (“IDEs”), since our product candidates are drug-device combination products. In investigator-initiated trials, the clinical investigator typically designs and implements the study and the investigator or its institution acts as the sponsor of the trial. This sponsor has control over the design, conduct and timing of the trial, and as a result, we have limited or no control over the commencement, conduct and completion of these investigator-initiated trials. In addition, regulations and guidelines imposed by the FDA with respect to INDs and IDEs include a requirement that the sponsor of a clinical trial perform the study in accordance with an approved investigational plan, and provide ongoing communication with the FDA as it pertains to the safety of the drug, device, or treatment being tested. It is the responsibility of the investigator, as the sponsor of the trial, to be the sole point of contact with the FDA for these communications and to exercise all decision-making authority regarding these or other submissions to the FDA about the trial. Consequently, we may have little or no control over the content or timing of these communications, including whether they are timely, accurate or complete. Any failures by the investigator sponsoring these trials could result in reviews, audits, delays or clinical holds by the FDA that could negatively affect the timelines for these trials or jeopardize their completion. As a result, our lack of control over the conduct and timing of, and communications with the FDA regarding, these investigator-sponsored trials expose us to additional risks, many of which are outside of our control and the occurrence of which could severely harm our performance and the commercial prospects for our product candidates.

Regulatory authorities may not approve our product candidates, or any approvals we achieve may be too limited or too late for us to earn meaningful, or any, revenue.

The research, testing, and possible eventual manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, marketing and distribution of our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the U.S., as well as comparable regulatory bodies in other countries. These regulatory agencies have the authority to delay approval of or refuse to approve our product candidates for a variety of reasons, including, among others, the occurrence of adverse reactions or a failure to meet safety and efficacy endpoints in our clinical trials or otherwise to the satisfaction of the regulator, disapproval of our or our partners’ trial design, or disagreement with our interpretation of data from pre-clinical studies or clinical trials. As a result, even if our product candidates achieve their endpoints in clinical trials, they still may not be approved by any of these regulatory agencies. Moreover, the requirements to obtain product approvals vary widely from country to country, and the FDA’s approval requirements, review procedures and timelines may not be the same as or even similar to the requirements of a comparable foreign regulator. As a result, even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate in one country, we may be required to undertake additional clinical trials or studies, submit additional information, wait for longer review periods or make other efforts in order to obtain regulatory approvals in other desirable geographic markets, or may not be able to achieve approval in those other desirable geographic markets.

Although we have seen no systemic drug-related adverse events in our trials and studies to date, if we cannot adequately demonstrate through the clinical trial process that a product candidate we are developing is safe and effective, regulatory approval of that product candidate may never be achieved, which could impair our reputation, increase our costs and delay or prevent us from generating revenue. Importantly, success in pre-clinical testing and early clinical studies does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate adequate data to demonstrate the required level of efficacy and safety of an investigational drug. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including many with greater resources and experience than we have, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after obtaining promising results in Phase 2, and earlier studies. Further, even if a product candidate is approved, it may be approved for fewer or more limited indications than requested, may include substantial safety warnings or the approval may be subject to the performance of significant post-marketing studies. In addition, regulatory agencies may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates. Any limitation, condition or denial of approval could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.

Furthermore, because of the substantial competition we face, even if we are ultimately able to achieve regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates, delays in such regulatory approval could delay, limit or prevent our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates if competing products obtain approvals before ours, or with more permissible, or less-restricted, claims and gain market traction against which we are not able to compete. Moreover, we may be forced to reevaluate our development strategies and plans in the face of setbacks or other delays that could jeopardize the value of any regulatory approval that is obtained, which could include abandoning planned clinical trial efforts for a product candidate that we no longer believe has promising value as a commercial product. If we are not able to obtain or maintain required regulatory approvals for our product candidates or if we decide or are forced to abandon our efforts to obtain or maintain these approvals, we would have expended significant costs on assets that may never generate any return. Such an outcome would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as on our continued viability as a company.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business; even if we comply with such laws and regulations, they may result in higher costs for us in the form of higher raw material, energy, freight and compliance costs.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. Although we believe that the safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions. Increased environmental legislation or regulation could also result in higher costs for us in the form of higher raw materials, as well as energy and freight costs. It is possible that certain materials might cease to be permitted to be used in our processes. We could also incur additional compliance costs for monitoring and reporting emissions and for maintaining permits.

The biotechnology industry is highly competitive, and many of our competitors are significantly larger and more experienced than we are.

The biotechnology industry is intensely competitive. This competitive environment stimulates an ongoing and extensive search for technological innovation and necessitates effective and targeted marketing strategies to communicate the effectiveness, safety and value of products to healthcare professionals in private practice and group practices and payors in managed care organizations, group purchasing organizations, and Medicare and Medicaid services.

We face competition from a number of sources, including large pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions. We compete against all other developers of cancer treatments, including other immunotherapy treatments as well as other types of treatments for the cancer indications on which we are focused. In particular, a number of companies, some of which are large, well-established pharmaceutical companies, have development strategies similar to our current focus. These companies could include, among others, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Iovance Therapeutics, Syndax, Dynavax Technologies, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals and Idera Pharmaceuticals. In addition, we also compete with other clinical-stage biotechnology companies for funding and support from healthcare and other investors and potential collaboration relationships with larger pharmaceutical or other companies, as well as for personnel with expertise in our industry. We are smaller, less experienced and less well-funded than many of our competitors, and we have a shorter and less proven operating history and a less recognizable and established brand name than many of our competitors. In addition, some of our competitors have commercially available products, which provide them with operating revenue and other competitive advantages. Furthermore, recent trends in the biotechnology industry are for large drug companies to acquire smaller outfits and consolidate into a smaller number of very large entities, which further concentrates financial, technical, and market strength and increases competitive pressure in the industry.

Our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their product candidates more rapidly, or with more or more-extensive claims, than we can or may obtain more robust patent protection or other intellectual property rights to protect their product candidates and technologies, which could limit or prevent us from developing or commercializing our product candidates. If we are able to obtain regulatory approval of one or more of our product candidates, we would face competition from approved products or products under development by larger companies that may address our targeted indications. If we directly compete with these very large entities for the same markets and/or customers, their greater resources, brand recognition, sales and marketing experience and financial strength could prevent us from capturing a share of these markets or customers. Our competitors may also develop products that are more effective, more useful, better tolerated, subject to fewer or less severe side effects, more widely prescribed, less costly or more widely accepted for other reasons than any of our products that might obtain regulatory approvals, and our competitors may also be more successful than us in manufacturing, distributing and otherwise marketing their products.

We expect our product candidates, if approved and commercialized, to compete on the basis of, among other things, product efficacy and safety, time to market, price, coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors, extent of adverse side effects and convenience of treatment procedures. We may not be able to effectively compete in any of these areas, or we may be prevented from being able to compete at all in these areas due to the performance of our products during clinical trials and/or the circumstances of an approval. Presently, we compete with other biotechnology companies for funding and support on the basis of our technology platforms and the potential value of our product candidates based on the factors described above.

If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects may be materially adversely affected.

We may incur liability if our presentations of information regarding our product candidates are determined, or are perceived, to be inconsistent with regulatory requirements or guidelines.

The FDA provides guidelines regarding appropriate presentation of product information and continuing medical and health education activities. Even though we do not have any FDA approved products, these guidelines apply to our current activities with respect to disclosures, presentations or other communications about our product candidates and technologies at healthcare conferences or in other forums. Although we endeavor to follow these guidelines, the FDA, the Office of the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the Department of Justice could disagree, in which case we could be subject to significant liability, including civil and administrative remedies as well as criminal sanctions. In addition, Management’s attention could be diverted and our reputation could be damaged, any of which could materially harm our business and prospects.

If we and our contract manufacturers fail to produce our systems and product candidates in the volumes and within the timelines we require, or if they fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could face delays in the development and commercialization of our equipment and product candidates.

Currently, we assemble certain components of our OMS EP Device, which is our proprietary delivery mechanism for our TAVO™ product candidate, and we utilize the services of contract manufacturers to manufacture the remaining components of these systems and for the manufacture, testing and storage of all of our supply of our plasmid product candidate for clinical trials or other studies. Except for the facility used to assemble certain components of our electroporation system, we do not own and have no plans to build our own clinical or commercial manufacturing capabilities, and we expect to increase our reliance on third-party manufacturers if and when we commercialize any of our product candidates and systems.

The manufacture of our systems and product supplies requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the use of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Manufacturers often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up for commercial production if regulatory approvals are obtained. These difficulties include, among others: problems with production costs and yields; quality control issues, including qualification of the equipment, stability of product candidates and compliance with testing requirements; shortages of qualified personnel; and compliance with strictly enforced federal, state and foreign regulations. If we or our manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties or our manufacturers otherwise fail to comply with their contractual obligations to us, our ability to provide our electroporation equipment to our partners and product candidates to patients enrolled in our clinical trials, or to commercially launch a product if regulatory approvals are obtained, would be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the supply of clinical trial supplies could delay the completion of our clinical trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining our clinical trial programs, and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new trials at significant additional expense or terminate the development program completely.

In addition, all manufacturers of our products must comply with current good manufacturing practices, which are regulated by the FDA through its facilities inspection programs. These practices include requirements regarding, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the generation and maintenance of records and documentation. We are required by law to establish adequate oversight and control over raw materials, components and finished products furnished by our third-party manufacturers, but we have limited direct control over our manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards. Any failure by our manufacturers, including our non-U.S. contract manufacturers, to comply with these requirements could potentially result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, restrictions on imports and exports, suspension or delay in product approval, product seizure or recall or withdrawal of product approval. Additionally, if the safety of any product candidate or approved product is compromised due to our or our manufacturers’ failure to adhere to applicable regulatory requirements or for other reasons, we may not be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our products, and we may be held liable for any injuries sustained as a result of the failure. Any of these factors could cause delays in clinical trials, regulatory submissions or approvals, entail significant costs or hinder our ability to effectively commercialize our product candidates. Furthermore, assuming we are successful in receiving approval for and commercializing one or more of our product candidates, if our manufacturers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities on a timely basis, pursuant to provided specifications and at commercially reasonable prices, we may be unable to meet demand for our products and we could lose potential revenue.

Our business and operations could suffer in the event of cyber-attacks or system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future partners, contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, ransomware, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. System failures, accidents or security breaches could cause material disruptions to our commercialization activities, clinical and other development programs, financial and disclosure controls and other reporting functions and the administrative aspects of our business, in addition to possibly requiring substantial expenditures of capital and other resources to remedy. Further, any loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials as a result of such a disruption could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the lost data. Moreover, to the extent any such disruption results in the loss of or damage to our data or applications or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur significant liabilities. The occurrence of any of these circumstances could cause our operations and our performance to suffer.

We may be unable to acquire or develop new product candidates or technologies, or we may never be able to commercialize any product candidates or technologies we do successfully acquire or develop.

As part of our business strategy, we plan to expand our clinical pipeline and build our portfolio of product candidates through the development, acquisition or licensing of assets or businesses, product candidates or approved products. The process of identifying, planning, negotiating, implementing and integrating an acquisition or license of a new business, product candidate or approved product can be lengthy and complex and can involve numerous difficulties, including difficulties related to:

As a result of these and other difficulties, any efforts to acquire or develop new product candidates, technologies or businesses may not produce commercially successful products or otherwise result in meaningful revenue or profitability for our business. As a result, the pursuit of these activities could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Any collaboration arrangements we may establish may not be successful, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

We may seek collaboration arrangements for the development or commercialization of our current and any future product candidates. To the extent we pursue collaboration arrangements, we would face significant risks in connection with establishing and maintaining the arrangements, including, among others:

In addition, collaboration arrangements may also include our pursuit of combination trials to develop and commercialize our product candidates as combination products, such as our KEYNOTE-695 and KEYNOTE-890 studies with Merck’s KEYTRUDA®. To the extent we continue to pursue these or any other similar collaborative arrangement, we will face certain additional risks and uncertainties in development, as drug/device combination products are particularly complex, expensive and time-consuming to develop due to the number of variables involved in the final product design, including ease of patient and doctor use, establishing clinical efficacy, reliability and cost of manufacturing, regulatory approval requirements and standards and other important factors. Additionally, combination products face continued risk and uncertainty post-development in connection with manufacturing and supply regarding the establishment of a reliable commercial supply chain.

The occurrence of any of these risks with respect to any collaboration arrangements we pursue or establish could materially adversely affect our performance, financial condition and reputation.

We may not be successful in executing our sales and marketing strategy for the commercialization of any of our product candidates, should they be approved, in which case we may not be able to generate significant, or any, revenue.

If one or more of our product candidates are approved, our commercialization strategy may include the establishment of our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities to market products to our target markets. Developing these capabilities would require significant expenditures on personnel and infrastructure. Moreover, we have no experience with these activities. While we currently expect that any approved products would be marketed for a limited patient population, we might not be able to create an effective sales force to address even a niche market. In addition, some of our product candidates could require, if approved, a large sales force to call on and educate physicians and patients. We could decide in the future to pursue collaborations with one or more pharmaceutical companies to sell, market and distribute any approved products, but we may not be able to establish any such arrangement when desired, on acceptable terms or at all. Further, any such collaboration we do establish may not be effective in generating meaningful revenue to us.

We may be unsuccessful in implementing the commercialization strategies we have planned. Further, we have not proven our ability to succeed in the biotechnology industry and are not certain that our commercialization strategies, even if implemented as we envision, would lead to significant revenue. If we are unable to successfully implement our commercialization plans and drive adoption by patients and physicians of any product candidates that obtain regulatory approval, then we will not generate meaningful, or any, revenue, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

If any product candidate that receives regulatory approval does not achieve broad market acceptance, our revenue potential may be limited.

The commercial success of any product candidate that obtains marketing approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities will depend on the acceptance of these products by physicians, patients, third-party payors and the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of any product candidate that receives regulatory approval will depend on a number of factors, including:

Failures with respect to any one of these factors could severely limit the commercial potential of any product candidate that obtains regulatory approval, which could materially adversely affect our performance and prospects.

We may not be able to establish adequate coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors for any product candidate that achieves regulatory approvals, which could severely limit our market potential, performance and prospects.

Cost containment has become a significant trend in the U.S. healthcare industry. Third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for certain products and procedures. Increasingly, third-party payors are challenging the prices charged for medical products and treatments and require that companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices. In addition, recent trends in U.S. politics suggest that the U.S. healthcare insurance framework may experience significant changes in the near term. For all of these and other reasons, coverage and reimbursement at adequate or commercially viable levels may not be available for any product candidate that achieves regulatory approval. If coverage and reimbursement is not available or is not available at an adequate level for any approved product, the demand for or price of the product could be materially negatively affected, which could severely limit our revenue potential and prospects.

In addition, the regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, coverage and reimbursement for new therapeutic products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals remains subject to continuing government control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate in a particular country, we could be subject to continuing pricing regulations that could delay our commercial launch of the product or negatively impact the revenue potential for the product in that country.

Future growth, including growth in international operations, could strain our resources, and if we are unable to manage any growth we may experience, we may not be able to successfully implement our business plans.

In late 2016, we established a subsidiary corporation in Australia in preparation for planned clinical trials in that country. In addition, our business plan includes continued growth of our operations, including, among other things, growth in our workforce, expansion of our clinical trial efforts within and outside of the U.S., and expansion of our portfolio of product candidates. This growth could place an additional strain on our Management, administrative, operational and financial infrastructure, and will require that we incur significant additional costs and hire and train additional personnel to support our expanding operations. Further, we must maintain and continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures, which can be more challenging during periods of expansion. As a result, our future success will depend in part on the ability of Management to effectively manage any of this growth we may experience. If we fail to successfully manage any growth we may experience, we may be unable to execute on our business plan.

In connection with any geographic expansion we may pursue, international operations would involve substantial additional risks, including, among others:

The occurrence of any of these risks could limit our ability to pursue international expansion, increase our costs or expose us to fines or other legal sanctions, any of which could negatively impact our business, reputation and financial condition.

If we are unable to successfully recruit and retain qualified personnel, we may not be able to maintain or grow our business.

In order to successfully implement and manage our business plans, we depend on, among other things, successfully recruiting and retaining qualified executives, managers, scientists and other employees with relevant experience in life sciences and the biotechnology industry. Competition for qualified individuals is intense, particularly in our industry, due to the many larger and more established life science and biotechnology companies that compete with us for talent. We may also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we heavily rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific, clinical and regulatory advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategies. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by others or may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to support us. If we are not able to retain existing personnel, consultants and/or advisors, and find, attract and retain new qualified personnel, consultants and/or advisors on acceptable terms and in a timely manner to coincide with our needs, we may not be able to successfully maintain or grow our operations and our business and prospects could suffer.

Additionally, although we have employment agreements with each of our executive officers, these agreements are terminable by them at will. The loss of the services of any one or more members of our current senior management team could, among other things, disrupt or divert our focus from pursuing our business plans while we seek to recruit other executives, impact the perceptions of our existing and prospective employees, partners and investors regarding our business and prospects, cause us to incur substantial costs in connection with managing transitions and recruiting suitable replacements and, if the departing personnel are crucial to any of our clinical or other development programs, delay or prevent the development and commercialization of the affected product candidates. These risks would be amplified if we are not able to recruit suitable replacements for any departing personnel on acceptable terms and in a timely manner. The occurrence of any of these or other potential consequences could cause significant harm to our business.

Recent changes in the Company’s executive management team and Board of Directors may be disruptive to, or cause uncertainty in, its business, results of operations and the price of the Company’s common stock.

On June 24, 2021, Daniel J. O’Connor stepped down from his positions as Chief Executive Officer, President and Director of the Company, and the Company’s Board of Directors appointed Brian A. Leuthner, formerly Chief Operating Officer, as the Company’s interim Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s Board of Directors commenced a search to recruit a permanent successor with the assistance of an executive search firm. Subsequently, on August 13, 2021, Mr. Brian A. Leuthner stepped down from his role as interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Also on August 13, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors formed a temporary Leadership Committee consisting of three board members, Dr. Margaret Dalesandro, Dr. Yuhang Zhao and Dr. Herbert Kim Lyerly, to lead all development efforts, with a focus on the Company’s lead asset, TAVO™, until a permanent Chief Executive Officer is hired. Subsequently, upon Dr. Dalesandro’s and Dr. Zhao’s resignation from the Board of Directors on December 13, 2021 and December 15, 2021, respectively, the Board of Directors appointed Dr. Linda Shi and Mr. Kevin Smith to serve on the Leadership Committee. On February 17, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the appointment of George Chi, CFA, CPA as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and on April 28, 2022, approved the appointment of Robert H. Arch, Ph.D., as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, after which the Leadership Committee was dissolved. Changes in the Company’s executive management team and to the Board of Directors, may be disruptive to, or cause uncertainty in, the Company’s business, and any additional changes to the executive management team or the Board of Directors could have a negative impact on the Company’s ability to manage and grow its business effectively. Any such disruption or uncertainty or difficulty in efficiently and effectively filling key roles could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations and the price of the Company’s common stock.

Extensive industry regulation has had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our business, especially our product development, manufacturing and distribution capabilities.

Biotechnology companies are subject to extensive, complex, costly and evolving government regulation relating to the ability to market and sell any drug or medical device. In the U.S., these regulations are principally administered and enforced by the FDA and, to a lesser extent, by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”), and comparable state government agencies, and outside the U.S., these types of regulations are typically administered by various regulatory agencies comparable to the FDA in foreign countries where products or product candidates are researched, tested, manufactured and/or marketed.

The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), the Controlled Substances Act, and other federal statutes and regulations, as well as similar state and foreign statutes and regulations, govern or influence, among other things, the research, development, design, verification, validation, clinical testing, manufacture, storage, record-keeping, approval, labeling, promotion, marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, import and export of product candidates such as ours. Under these regulations, we and our contract manufacturers may become subject to periodic inspection of our facilities, quality control and other procedures, and operations and/or product candidate testing by the FDA, DEA and other authorities during and after the approval process for a product candidate, to confirm compliance with all applicable regulations, including current good manufacturing practices and other applicable requirements. Further, even if regulatory approval of a product candidate is obtained, such approval would, in the U.S. at least, impose limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed, and these limitations could materially limit a product’s market and revenue potential. Additionally, we would be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA and/or comparable foreign regulators with respect to any approved product. Moreover, we could be required to conduct potentially costly post-approval studies or surveillance programs to monitor the effect of any approved products, and the FDA and comparable foreign regulators have the authority to stop or limit further marketing of a product or impose more stringent labeling restrictions based on the results of these post-approval tests and programs or in the event of any unexpected or serious health or safety concern regarding any approved product.

Possible penalties or other consequences for failure to comply with these regulatory requirements include, among others, observations, notices, citations and/or warning letters that could force us to modify our clinical programs or other activities; clinical holds on our ongoing clinical programs; adverse publicity from the FDA or others; the FDA’s suspension of its review of pending applications; fines; product recalls or seizures; injunctions; total or partial suspension of production and/or distribution; labeling changes; withdrawal of previously granted product approvals; enforcement actions; restrictions on imports and exports; injunctions and civil or criminal prosecution. Any such sanctions, if imposed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Moreover, the regulations, policies and guidance of the FDA or other regulatory agencies could change and new or additional statutes or regulations could be enacted or promulgated. If changes or new laws are more stringent or impose additional, different, or more challenging requirements, our costs of compliance could increase, regulatory approval of our product candidates could be delayed or jeopardized, or post-approval activities for any product candidates that obtain regulatory approval could be further restricted or regulated. If we are not able to achieve and maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market any of our product candidates, which would materially adversely affect our prospects to generate revenue.

If we fail to comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations, prospects and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The healthcare industry is heavily regulated, constantly evolving and subject to significant change and fluctuation. The U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that impact our business include, among others:

Additionally, the healthcare compliance environment is continuously changing at the federal level and with some states mandating implementation of compliance programs, compliance with industry ethics codes, registration requirements for sales personnel, spending limits and reporting to state governments of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians. This shifting regulatory environment, as well as our obligation to comply with different reporting and other compliance requirements, in multiple jurisdictions, including foreign laws and regulations comparable to the U.S. laws and regulations described above, to the extent we continue to pursue operations in foreign countries, such as our clinical activities in Australia, or if we seek to sell any product that obtains regulatory approval in a foreign country, increases the possibility that we may violate one or more of these laws. In addition, these conditions may also adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, the availability of capital, our ability to generate meaningful or any revenue and, if any of our product candidates achieve regulatory approval, our ability to establish a price we believe is fair for the approved product. Further, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights would be applicable to our business, if any of our product candidates obtain regulatory approval and become commercially available.

All of these laws impose penalties or other consequences for non-compliance, some of which may be severe. If we or our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, the consequences could include, but are not limited to, fines or other monetary damages, orders forcing us to curtail or restructure our operations, injunctions and civil or criminal prosecution. Any such penalties could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and pursue our strategic plans. Additionally, any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert Management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with the various U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations that apply to our business could prove costly. The occurrence of any of these risks could cause our performance and financial condition to materially suffer.

We are subject to new legislation and regulatory proposals that may affect costs for compliance and adversely affect revenue.

Congress has closely monitored drug pricing and health care spending in the U.S. Many members of Congress have prioritized policies targeting drug prices and health care spending and are committed to lowering spending in federal government programs. Legislative efforts to reduce health care spending within federal programs may affect overall health care spending in the U.S. The Prescription Drug Pricing Reduction Act, or PDPRA, which was introduced in Congress in 2019, and again in 2020, proposed to, among other things, penalize pharmaceutical manufacturers for raising prices on drugs covered by Medicare Parts B and D faster than the rate of inflation, cap out-of-pocket expenses for Medicare Part D beneficiaries, and several changes to how drugs are reimbursed in Medicare Part B. A similar drug pricing bill, the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act, proposes to enable direct price negotiations by the federal government for certain drugs (with the maximum price paid by Medicare capped based on an international index), requires manufacturers to offer these negotiated prices to other payers, and restricts manufacturers from raising prices on drugs covered by Medicare Parts B and D. This Act passed in the House of Representatives when it was introduced in 2019, and it has been introduced again in the 2021 term. In September 2021, provisions from this Act were included in budget reconciliation recommendations from several House committees. These recommendations include a provision advanced by the Ways and Means Committee that would limit federal tax credits associated with the clinical study of certain drugs intended for use in certain rare diseases. If passed, this law could increase the costs associated with clinical development and regulatory approval of our product candidates. More recently, on August 16, 2022, President Joseph Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 into law. The Inflation Reduction Act, among other things, amends the longstanding “non-interference” clause under Medicare Part D and now permits the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to negotiate prescription drug prices with companies for a small number of brand name drugs or biologics without generic or biosimilar competitors starting in 2026 for such products covered under Medicare Pard D and in 2028 for products covered under Medicare Part B. Further, the House and Senate Judiciary Committees have also focused heavily on patent and exclusivity reform for prescription drugs. While we cannot predict what proposals may ultimately become law, elements under consideration could significantly change health care spending in which the U.S. biotechnology and pharmaceutical markets operate.

President Joseph Biden, like his predecessor, has prioritized drug pricing and price transparency in the health care industry. On July 9, 2021, President Biden signed an Executive Order (“EO”) directing federal agencies to develop and implement policies to lower drug prices. The EO expresses the Biden Administration’s support for a range of drug policy proposals, including Medicare drug pricing negotiation, inflationary rebates, and drug importation from foreign countries, including Canada. Under the previous Administration, the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) proposed or enacted several drug pricing measures, including finalization of a regulation that would prohibit rebates from drug manufacturers to payors (referred to as the Rebate Rule). The Rebate Rule’s implementation was delayed by courts, and Congress may prevent its implementation through legislation. Legislative or regulatory changes to the framework of permissible rebates could impact our ability to negotiate with payers to obtain coverage and reimbursement, which may ultimately impact our ability to market our products.

On June 24, 2019, President Donald Trump signed an EO directing federal agencies to improve price transparency. Since then, under both the Trump and Biden Administrations, HHS has proposed and implemented regulations to improve price transparency in both provider and payor industries. These transparency measures may shift bargaining power among various stakeholders within the U.S. drug supply chain and could ultimately impact drug pricing and health care costs generally.

Further, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), within HHS, has significant regulatory authority to promulgate regulations and impose other compliance requirements that may increase our compliance costs and impact our ability to attain profitability and market our products. CMS sets coverage and reimbursement rates for Medicare and oversees the implementation of Medicaid at the state level. CMS could modify or impose coverage restrictions or modify reimbursement rates on any of our products in a manner that could adversely impact our business. For example, on January 8, 2021, CMS approved Tennessee’s Medicaid section 1115 demonstration application, granting the state the unprecedented ability to implement a closed drug formulary without foregoing the state’s entitlement to rebates under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Implementation of a closed formulary could mean that our products could be excluded from coverage under Medicaid. Further, CMS has implemented regulations that encourage the implementation of value-based payment models for drugs within the Medicaid program. Such payment mechanisms, if implemented, could lead to reduced payment for any of our products.

Within CMS, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (“CMMI”), as established by the Affordable Care Act, has broad authority to design, implement, and test new health care payment models that could potentially lower health care spending while maintaining quality or increase quality without increasing spending. CMMI has considered implementing models that could have a significant adverse effect on our business. For example, on November 27, 2020, CMMI finalized a mandatory Medicare Part B drug payment model that would have aligned payment for drugs with international reference prices, entitled the Most Favored Nation (“MFN”) Model. The MFN Model was enjoined by a Federal court on December 28, 2020 for failure to comply with rulemaking procedural requirements. The Biden Administration has withdrawn the MFN Model, but it is unclear whether the Administration will propose and implement the same or a similar model in future rulemaking, and we cannot predict how future regulatory actions by CMMI or any other component of CMS may impact our business.

In addition to significant uncertainty with respect to legislation and regulation at the federal level, similar developments by state governments may impact our business. State legislative and regulatory developments could impact drug development, manufacturing, pricing, marketing, distribution, coverage, or payment. Jurisdictional and preemption issues between federal and state laws and regulations are complex and increase the costs of compliance. Further, similar legislative and regulatory uncertainties may arise in foreign drug markets, some of which are heavily regulated. We cannot predict how developments at the state level may impact our business.

Any product for which we obtain marketing approval could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with products, when and if any of them is approved.

Any product for which we might obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes and facilities, post-approval data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration requirements, compliance with industry standards and regulatory requirements (e.g., current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMPs”) and good documentation practices) relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, adherence to requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping, and compliance with requirements regarding company presentations and interactions with healthcare professionals. Even if we obtain regulatory approval of a product, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing, studies, and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. We also may be subject to certain state laws, including registration requirements covering the marketing, promotion, and distribution of products. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, may result in actions such as:

If we or our respective suppliers, third-party contractors, clinical investigators or collaborators are slow to adapt, or are unable to adapt, to changes in existing regulatory requirements or adoption of new regulatory requirements or policies, we or our respective collaborators may experience one or more of the actions above, resulting in decreased revenue from milestones, product sales or royalties.

Europe has enacted a new data privacy regulation, the General Data Protection Regulation, a violation of which could subject us to significant fines.

In May 2018, a new privacy regime, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, took effect across all member states of the European Economic Area. The new regime increases our obligations with respect to clinical trials conducted in the member states by expanding the definition of personal data to include coded data, and requiring changes to informed consent practices and more detailed notices for clinical trial subjects and investigators. In addition, it increases the scrutiny that clinical trial sites located in the member states should apply to transfers of personal data from such sites to countries that are considered to lack an adequate level of data protection, such as the U.S. The regime imposes substantial fines for breaches of data protection requirements, which can be up to four percent of global revenues or 20 million Euros, whichever is greater, and it also confers a private right of action on data subjects for breaches of data protection requirements. Compliance with these directives is a rigorous and time-intensive process that may increase our cost of doing business, and the failure to comply with these laws could subject us to significant fines.

Our employees, consultants, or third-party partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including but not necessarily limited to noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements or internal procedures, policies or agreements to which such employees, consultants and partners are subject, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees, consultants, or third party partners could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with manufacturing standards, including those we have established, to comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately, to comply with internal procedures, policies or agreements to which such employees, consultants or partners are subject, or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing, promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee, consultant, or third-party misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. The precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We receive a large amount of proprietary information from potential or existing licensors of intellectual property and potential acquisition target companies, all pursuant to confidentiality agreements. The confidentiality and proprietary invention assignment agreements that we have in place with each of our employees and consultants prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of such information, but such employees or consultants may nonetheless disclose such information through negligence or willful misconduct. Any such unauthorized disclosures could subject us to monetary damages and/or injunctive or equitable relief. The notes, analyses and memoranda that we have generated based off such information are also valuable to our businesses, and the unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation of such materials by our employees and consultants could significantly harm our strategic initiatives, especially if such disclosures are made to our competitor companies.

We face potential product liability exposure, and if successful claims are brought against us, we could incur substantial liability.

The clinical use of our product candidates and, if any of our product candidates achieves regulatory approval, any future commercial use of the approved products, exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Any side effects, manufacturing defects, misuse, or abuse associated with our product candidates or any approved products could result in injury to a patient or even death. In addition, a liability claim could be brought against us even if our product candidates or any approved products merely appear to have caused an injury. These product liability claims could be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others that come into contact with our product candidates or any approved products.

Regardless of merit or potential outcome, product liability claims against us could result in, among other effects, the inability to continue clinical testing of our product candidates or, for any approved products, commercialization of the products, impairment of our business reputation, withdrawal of clinical trial participants and distraction of Management’s attention from our primary business activities. In addition, if we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liabilities, including liabilities that may be beyond the scope or limits of any applicable insurance policies we may have in place. Any of these outcomes could severely harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

We may not be able to realize value from, or otherwise preserve and utilize, our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes.

If a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the corporation’s net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes arising prior to the ownership change are subject to limitations on use after the ownership change. In general, an ownership change occurs if there is a cumulative change in the corporation’s equity ownership by certain stockholders that exceeds 50% over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. If we experience such an ownership change, our net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to the ownership change would be subject to annual limitations that could reduce, eliminate or defer the utilization of these losses.

Moreover, the recognition and measurement of net operating loss carryforwards may include estimates and judgments by Management, and the Internal Revenue Service could, upon audit or other investigation, disagree with the amount of net operating loss carryforwards or the determination of whether an ownership change has occurred. Additionally, legislative or regulatory changes or judicial decisions could further negatively impact the ability to use any tax benefits associated with net operating loss carryforwards. Any inability to use net operating loss carryforwards to reduce our U.S. federal or state income tax liability could materially harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our business depends in large part on our ability to protect our proprietary rights and technologies, and we may be unsuccessful in these efforts.

We believe our success and ability to compete depends in large part on obtaining and maintaining patent, trademark and trade secret protection of our product candidates and their respective components and underlying technologies, including devices, formulations, manufacturing methods and methods of treatment, as well as successfully defending our intellectual property rights against third-party challenges. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using or selling products that infringe on our intellectual property rights depends on the extent to which we have secured and properly safeguarded these rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets.

Although we previously owned patents protecting our OMS EP Devices, our primary U.S. and foreign patents providing such protection expired in 2017 and 2018, and the final foreign patents expired in late 2019. As a result, we may have limited ability to enforce these rights against third parties to prevent them from making or selling competing products that rely upon the protected technology, which could harm our competitive position and prospects. In addition to these proprietary rights that expired between 2017 and 2019, we also own or have exclusively licensed certain patents and applications that cover our current clinical methods. These patents/patent applications will expire between 2024 and 2041. These method patents protect the use of a product for a specified method under certain defined parameters. These types of method patents do not prevent a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical or similar to the protected product under parameters that are outside the scope of the patented method claims. Moreover, even if competitors do not actively promote such a product for the indications protected by the method patent, physicians could prescribe the products for these methods on an off-label basis. Although such off-label prescriptions may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method-of-use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to detect, prevent or prosecute. Furthermore, our licensed patents expiring between 2024 and 2032 may not have as broad a scope as our patents that expired between 2017 and 2019, which in turn may limit our remedies against competitors making and marketing a product that is identical or similar to ours.

To the extent our existing patents or pending or planned patent applications expire before we are able to commercialize product depending on the technology or do not otherwise provide sufficient protection, we could be subject to substantially increased competition and our business and ability to commercialize or license our technology or product candidates could be materially adversely affected.

Even if we secure patents that cover our proprietary technology, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights with patents may prove inadequate. For instance, the breadth of claims in a patent application is often restricted during patent prosecution, resulting in granted claims with a more limited scope than the claims in the original application. Additionally, pending or future patent applications may not result in issued patents. Laws and regulations for the prosecution of patents are continuously evolving, and the U.S. Supreme Court has, in the past several years, revised certain tests regarding both the grant and review of patents that could make it more difficult to obtain issued patents. Also, any patents that are granted could be subject to post-grant proceedings that could limit their scope or enforceability, and claims that are amended during post-grant proceedings may not be broad enough to provide meaningful protection. Moreover, any patents that are issued to us or any future collaborators may be circumvented or invalidated by third-party efforts, may expire before or shortly after obtaining necessary regulatory approvals, or may not provide sufficient proprietary protection or competitive advantage for other reasons. Such challenges could include third-party pre-issuance submissions of prior art to the PTO, or opposition, derivation, reexamination, inter parties review, or post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. The cost of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that our efforts to establish priority or validity of the invention would be unsuccessful, resulting in a material adverse effect on our U.S. patent position. An adverse determination in any such submission, patent office trial, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, render unenforceable, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates. Further, obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. These risks may be amplified in some foreign jurisdictions, where patent protection may not be as strong or as effective as it is in the U.S.

Our reliance on unpatented proprietary rights, including trade secrets and know-how, may also pose significant risks. For instance, it can be difficult to protect these rights and they may lose their value if they are independently developed by a third party or if their secrecy is lost. Although we have taken measures to protect these rights, including establishing confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants and other third parties, these measures may not sufficiently safeguard our unpatented proprietary rights and may not provide adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of the confidential information. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the U.S. are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Moreover, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such parties, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

If we are unable to secure patent protection for our patentable technologies, if any of our issued patents are limited or found to be invalid or unenforceable, or if we are otherwise unable to adequately protect our patented or unpatented proprietary rights, our business and prospects could be materially negatively affected.

Our in-licensed intellectual property may not provide us with sufficient rights and may not prevent competitors from pursuing similar technology.

In addition to our owned proprietary rights, we have also exclusively licensed certain patents and patent applications that cover our current and future clinical platforms. These patents will expire between 2024 and 2032. These method patents protect the use of a product for a specified method under certain defined parameters. This type of patent does not prevent a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical or similar to the protected product under parameters that are outside the scope of the patented method claims. Moreover, even if competitors do not actively promote such a product for the indications protected by the method patent, physicians could prescribe the products for these methods on an off-label basis. Although such off-label prescriptions may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method-of-use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to detect, prevent or prosecute.

We entered into a license agreement with Gaeta Therapeutics in May 2019. Under the license, we obtained exclusive worldwide rights to Gaeta Therapeutics’ portfolio of patents and applications covering the combination use of IL-12 protein or DNA and various checkpoint inhibitor therapies, including anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 compounds, in key global markets. Although we do not currently rely on the intellectual property we have licensed from Gaeta, our product candidates could in the future utilize this intellectual property. The in-licensing of this portfolio provides patent protection on our current clinical methods in certain countries until at least 2032 and also gives us the potential to block others utilizing IL-12 in combination with various checkpoint inhibitors, which may not be part of our current clinical platform.

If we are not able to maintain our existing in-licenses or if we are not able to establish new in-licenses for any other third-party rights we need, we could become subject to significant costs or royalty or other fees to establish alternative license arrangements, if such licenses are available when needed, on acceptable terms or at all, or we could be forced to develop modifications to the affected product candidates or technologies to avoid reliance on the third-party rights, if such modifications are possible. If there is any conflict, dispute, disagreement or issue of non-performance between us and the respective licensing partner regarding the rights or obligations under the license agreements, including any conflict, dispute or disagreement arising from a failure to satisfy payment obligations under such agreements, the ability to develop and commercialize the affected product candidate may be adversely affected. Any inability to secure and maintain adequate rights to any third-party technologies necessary for the development of our product candidates could severely limit our continued research and development activities, our efforts to obtain product approvals and, if such approvals are obtained, our ability to commercialize the approved products, any of which would materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

We may become involved in litigation or other proceedings in our efforts to protect our patent and other intellectual property rights, which could require significant time and costs and would be subject to unpredictable outcomes.

We may become aware of activities by third parties, including our competitors, that infringe our issued patents or other intellectual property rights. If we choose to file a lawsuit against a potentially infringing third party to try to enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights, the third party may seek a ruling that the patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced. Such a ruling could severely limit our ability to protect our rights from use by third parties. Further, patent law is a constantly evolving body of law, and changes can affect our rights and our ability to execute on our strategy and our financial results. In the past several years, the U.S. Supreme Court has revised certain tests regarding assessing the validity of patents, which could result in the invalidation of issued patents and/or their claims based on the application of the current patent validity standards. As a result, in the event of any patent infringement litigation or other proceedings involving our patents, our patents could be subject to challenge and subsequent invalidation or significant narrowing of claim scope under the current standards. Moreover, even if the validity of our patents is upheld in a patent infringement lawsuit, a court could refuse to stop a third party’s activities on the grounds that the activities do not infringe the specific claims of our patents. Further, even if we were successful in stopping the infringing activity, patent infringement lawsuits are expensive and could consume significant time, Management attention, capital and other resources. Any claims we assert against accused infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents; or provoke those parties to petition the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, to institute inter partes review against the asserted patents, which may lead to a finding that all or some of the claims of the patent are invalid.

These risks of third parties’ infringement of our intellectual property rights may increase if we engage in discussions, collaborations or other strategic arrangements with third parties. Also, new challenges could arise if and to the extent we pursue engagements with third parties located outside the U.S. These factors could increase the risks and costs associated with building and protecting our intellectual property portfolio and could adversely affect our performance and our business prospects. Despite efforts to protect our proprietary information during such discussions, third parties may unintentionally or willfully disclose or convert our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches.

Third parties may claim that we infringe their proprietary rights, which could prevent us from pursuing our clinical and other studies and other research and development activities.

The validity and infringement of patents or proprietary rights of third parties has been the subject of substantial litigation in the biotechnology industry. In the course of our research and development activities, we could become subject to legal claims that we, our activities or our product candidates or technologies infringe the rights of others. This type of patent infringement litigation is costly and time-consuming and diverts the attention of Management and technical personnel. In addition, if we or our product candidates or technologies are found to infringe the rights of others, we could lose our ability to continue our development programs or could be forced to pay monetary damages. Although the parties to patent and intellectual property disputes in the biotechnology industry have often settled their disputes by establishing licenses or similar arrangements, the costs associated with these arrangements may be substantial and could include ongoing royalties. Furthermore, any such licenses may not be available when needed, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. These risks may be amplified due to our small size and limited experience and resources relative to many of our competitors. As a result, any claims of infringement against us, adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding or failure to obtain necessary licenses could materially delay, hinder or restrict our development efforts or prevent us from continuing to pursue our operational and strategic plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations.

Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after a first filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in patents or pending patent applications that we own or licensed, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. In the event that a third party has also filed a U.S. patent application relating to our product candidates or a similar invention, depending upon the priority dates claimed by the competing parties, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the PTO to determine priority of invention in the U.S. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that our efforts to establish priority of invention would be unsuccessful, resulting in a material adverse effect on our U.S. patent position. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain.

Risks Related to Our Growth Strategy

If we acquire, enter into joint ventures with or obtain a controlling interest in companies in the future, it could adversely affect our operating results and the value of our Common Stock thereby diluting stockholder value and disrupting our business.

As part of our growth strategy, we might acquire, enter into joint ventures with, or obtain a significant ownership stake in other companies. Acquisitions of, joint ventures with and investments in other companies involve numerous risks, including, but not necessarily limited to:

If we fail to properly evaluate potential acquisitions, joint ventures or investments, we might not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such transaction, we might incur costs in excess of what we anticipate, and Management resources and attention might be diverted from other necessary or valuable activities.

If we cannot continue to fund our research and development programs, we may be required to reduce product development, which will adversely impact our growth strategy.

Our research and development programs will require substantial additional capital to conduct research, preclinical testing and human studies, establish pilot scale and commercial scale manufacturing processes and facilities, and establish and develop quality control, regulatory, marketing, sales and administrative capabilities to support these programs. We expect to fund our research and development activities from a combination of cash generated from royalties and milestones from our partners in various past, ongoing and future collaborations and additional equity or debt financings from third parties. These financings could depress our stock price. If additional funds are required to support our operations and such funds cannot be obtained on favorable terms, we may not be able to develop products, which will adversely impact our growth strategy. For example, in October 2022, due to our financial position we made the strategic decision to decrease all clinical activity outside of our melanoma clinical pipeline, including trials and studies involving TNBC and SCCHN.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The price and trading volume of our common stock may be subject to extreme volatility, and stockholders could lose all or part of their investment in our Company.

The trading volume and market price of our common stock has experienced, and is likely to continue to experience, significant volatility. This volatility could negatively impact our ability to raise additional capital or utilize equity as consideration in any acquisition transactions we may seek to pursue, and could make it more difficult for existing stockholders to sell their shares of our common stock at a price they consider acceptable or at all. This volatility is caused by a variety of factors, including, among the other risks described in these risk factors:

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for stock of companies in the life sciences and biotechnology industries in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of specific companies. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against a company. This type of litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our Management’s attention and resources.

If we issue additional equity securities in the future, our existing stockholders would be diluted.

Our articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 100,000,000 shares of our common stock. In addition to capital-raising activities, on which we have historically relied for cash to fund our operations, other possible business and financial uses for our authorized common stock include, among others, stock splits, acquiring other businesses or assets in exchange for shares of our common stock, issuing shares of our common stock to collaborators in connection with strategic alliances, issuing common stock to vendors for services performed, attracting and retaining employees with equity compensation or other transactions and corporate purposes that our Board of Directors deems to be in the best interest of our Company. Additionally, issuances of common stock could be used for anti-takeover purposes or to delay or prevent changes in control or management of our Company. Any future issuances of our common stock may be consummated on terms that are not favorable, may not enhance stockholder value and may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. Further, any such issuance will reduce the book value per share of our common stock and reduce the proportionate ownership and voting power of our existing stockholders.

We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future, and any return on investment may be limited to the value of your stock.

We have never paid dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any dividends for the foreseeable future. You should not rely on an investment in our stock if you require dividend income. Further, you will only realize income on an investment in our stock in the event you sell or otherwise dispose of your shares at a price higher than the price you paid for your shares. Such a gain would result only from an increase in the market price of our common stock, which is uncertain and unpredictable.

If outstanding options or warrants to purchase shares of our common stock are exercised or outstanding restricted stock units vest and settle, our existing stockholders would be diluted.

As of July 31, 2022, we had outstanding (i) options to purchase approximately 2.9 million shares of our common stock, (ii) warrants to purchase approximately 1.7 million shares of our common stock, and (iii) approximately 0.06 million restricted stock units. In addition, as of July 31, 2022, there were approximately 1.8 million shares reserved for future issuance under our stock incentive and stock purchase plans. The exercise of options and warrants, the vesting and settlement of restricted stock units or the issuance of additional equity awards under our stock incentive and stock purchase plans could have an adverse effect on the market for our common stock, including the price that any stockholder could obtain for its shares. Further, our existing stockholders could experience significant dilution in the net tangible book value of their investment upon the issuance of additional shares of our common stock through the exercise of derivative securities that are currently outstanding or that we may issue in the future.

Sales of common stock by our stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the market price of our common stock.

The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales by, or the perceived possibility of sales by, our existing stockholders. Since March 2011, we have completed a number of offerings of our common stock and warrants. Future sales of common stock by significant stockholders, including by those who acquired their shares in our prior equity offerings, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the price of our common stock.

If our stock price continues to remain below $1.00 or our stockholders’ equity falls below $2.5 million, our common stock may be subject to delisting from The Nasdaq Stock Market, which would materially reduce the liquidity of our common stock and have an adverse effect on our market price.

On June 2, 2022, we received Notice (the “Notice”) from Nasdaq that the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as the minimum bid price of our common stock has been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. The Notice has no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock, which will continue to trade at this time on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ONCS.”

 In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have a period of 180 calendar days, or until November 29, 2022, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for at least ten consecutive business days during this 180 calendar day period. In the event we do not regain compliance by November 29, 2022, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day grace period if the Company meets the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares ($1 million) and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the minimum bid price, and we provide written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. If we do not regain compliance within the allotted compliance period(s), Nasdaq will provide notice that our common stock will be subject to delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market. In that event, we may appeal such delisting determination to a hearings panel.

We are currently evaluating our alternatives to resolve the listing deficiency.

Additionally, Nasdaq has the authority, pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5550(b)(1), to delist our common stock if our stockholders’ equity falls below $2.5 million. As of July 31, 2022, our stockholders’ equity was $6.1 million. If our stockholders equity falls below $2.5 million, as a result of operating losses or for other reasons, we will fail to meet Nasdaq’s stockholders’ equity requirement. We expect that our stockholders’ equity as of October 31, 2022 will fall below Nasdaq’s $2.5 million threshold. If that occurs, or if we are unable to demonstrate to Nasdaq’s satisfaction that we subsequently regained compliance with this requirement, Nasdaq will notify us of such non-compliance. If we receive such notice from Nasdaq, in accordance with Nasdaq rules, we will have 45 calendar days from the date of the notification to submit a plan to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). If our compliance plan is accepted, we may be granted up to 180 calendar days from the date of the initial notification to evidence compliance.

We are actively monitoring our stockholders’ equity and will consider any and all options available to us to maintain compliance. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to maintain compliance and meet Nasdaq’s minimum stockholders’ equity requirements. To the extent that we are unable to maintain compliance, there is a risk that our common stock may be delisted from Nasdaq, which would adversely impact liquidity of our common stock, potentially result in even lower bid prices for our common stock, and make it more difficult for us to obtain financing through the sale of our common stock.

General Risk Factors

Our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity needs could be materially negatively affected by market fluctuations and economic downturn.

Our results of operations could be materially negatively affected by economic conditions generally, both in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world. Continuing concerns over COVID-19, inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, including acts of war, the availability and cost of credit, the U.S. mortgage market and residential real estate market in the U.S. have contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and the markets going forward. These factors, combined with volatile oil prices, declining business and consumer confidence, have precipitated fears of a possible economic recession. Domestic and international equity markets continue to experience heightened volatility and turmoil. These events and the continuing market upheavals may have an adverse effect on us. In the event of a continuing market downturn, our results of operations could be adversely affected by those factors in many ways, including making it more difficult for us to raise funds if necessary, and our stock price may further decline.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results and stockholders and the investment community could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business.

Our Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Although Management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of July 31, 2022, our controls over financial processes and reporting may not continue to be effective, or we may identify significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal controls in the future. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, including failures to implement new or improved controls as needed in a timely and effective manner or remediate any significant deficiency or material weakness that is identified in the future, could cause noncompliance with our public reporting obligations, an inability to produce reliable financial reports or material misstatements in our financial statements or other public disclosures. If any of these circumstances were to occur, investors could lose confidence in our financial and other reported information, our reputation could otherwise be harmed, the investment of our stockholders in our company could be negatively affected and the costs to us of raising additional capital could materially increase, any of which could harm our business and prospects.

Maintaining compliance with our reporting and other obligations as a public company could strain our resources and distract Management.

As a public company, we experience significant demands that are not applicable to private companies. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related and other rules implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market, which maintains the securities exchange on which our common stock is listed for trading, impose a number of requirements on public companies, including with respect to corporate governance practices, periodic reporting and other disclosure requirements and financial and disclosure controls and procedures. Further, the SEC and other regulators have continued to adopt new rules and make changes to existing regulations that require our compliance, such as the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the corporate governance and executive compensation-related disclosure requirements of this legislation.

Maintaining compliance with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies involves significant legal, accounting and financial costs. Additionally, if we grow as anticipated, we may need to hire additional personnel and implement new and more sophisticated financial and accounting systems and procedures to continue to meet our public company obligations. Our Management and other personnel devote substantial attention to maintaining our compliance with these obligations, which diverts attention from other aspects of our business. Any failure to comply with these public company requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects and could materially harm our stockholders’ investment in our Company.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our corporate and executive office is located in Pennington, New Jersey, where we lease space at 24 N. Main Street, Pennington, New Jersey, pursuant to a lease agreement which expires in February 2023. Additionally, we entered into a lease agreement commencing in January 2023 for space located at 850 Bear Tavern Road, Ewing, New Jersey, 08628 which expires in 2025. Our Company also has an office located in San Diego, California, where we lease space at 3565 General Atomics Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA, 92121, pursuant to a lease which expires in 2023. Additionally, we entered into a lease assignment agreement for space located at 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California, 92121 which expires in 2025. We have also entered into lease arrangements for lab space in San Diego, California to support our research and development department, but are in the process of terminating such lease after giving effect to our Restructuring Plan more fully discussed in Item 1. Business—Recent Developments.

We believe our current facilities are adequate to meet our current operating needs and will remain adequate for the foreseeable future. Should we need additional space, we currently do not foresee significant difficulties in obtaining additional facilities.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of business, we may become a party to lawsuits involving various matters. The impact and outcome of litigation, if any, is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. To our knowledge, we are not currently a party, and our properties are not currently subject, to any actual or threatened legal proceedings that, in the opinion of Management, are expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Trading Information

Our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market tier under the symbol “ONCS” since May 29, 2015.

The following table sets forth the range of reported high and low sales prices for our common stock for the fiscal quarters indicated, as reported on the Nasdaq:

Holders

As of October 31, 2022, there were 42 holders of record of our common stock, plus an indeterminate number of additional stockholders whose shares of our common stock are held on their behalf by brokerage firms or other agents.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends or distributions on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to support operations and to finance expansion and therefore we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The information included under Item 12 of Part III of this report, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters,” is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item 5 of Part II of this report.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On August 2, 2021, we issued a total of 12,500 shares of our common stock to a third-party firm pursuant to a consulting agreement at a market price of $2.22 per share for services rendered.

The securities above were offered and sold without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act as a transaction not involving a public offering as well as similar exemptions under applicable state laws, in reliance on the following facts: no general solicitation was used in the offer or sale of such shares; the recipient of such shares represented that it was acquiring the shares for investment for its own account and not with a view to or for resale in connection with any distribution thereof within the meaning of the Securities Act; the recipient of such shares had adequate access to information about us; the recipient of such shares represented that it had a preexisting business or personal relationship with us or had the capacity to protect its own interests in connection with acquiring such shares; and such shares were issued as restricted securities with restricted legends referring to the Securities Act.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not applicable.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references to “OncoSec,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to OncoSec Medical Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiary.

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is not a complete description of our business or the risks associated with an investment in our common stock. As a result, this discussion and analysis should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Annual Report, as well as the other disclosures in this report and in the other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.

This discussion and analysis and the other disclosures in this report contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements relate to future events or circumstances or our future performance and are based on our current assumptions, expectations and beliefs about future developments and their potential effect on our business. All statements in this Annual Report that are not statements of historical fact could be forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements in this discussion and analysis and elsewhere in this Annual Report include statements about, among other things, the status, progress and results of our clinical programs and our expectations regarding our liquidity and performance, including our expense levels, and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Forward-looking statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of future performance, and they are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item IA of this Annual Report and similar discussions contained in the other documents we file from time to time with the SEC. In light of these risks, uncertainties and other factors, the forward-looking events and circumstances described in this Annual Report may not occur and our results, levels of activity, performance or achievements could differ materially from those expressed in or implied by any forward-looking statements we make. As a result, you should not place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and unless required to by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement for any reason, including to reflect new information, future developments, actual results or changes in our expectations.

Overview

We are a late-stage immuno-oncology company focused on designing, developing and commercializing innovative, proprietary, intra-tumoral DNA-based therapeutics to stimulate and to augment anti-tumor immune responses for the treatment of cancers. Our core technology platform ImmunoPulse® is a drug-device therapeutic modality platform comprised of proprietary intratumoral electroporation (“EP”) delivery devices (the “OMS EP Device”) and a proprietary DNA plasmid delivery and application method that triggers transient expression of target protein in cells. The OMS EP Device is designed to deliver plasmid DNA-encoded drugs directly into a solid tumor and promote an immunological response against the cancer. The OMS EP Device can be adapted to treat different tumor types, and consists of an electrical pulse generator paired with disposable applicators. Our lead product candidate is a DNA-encoded interleukin-12 (“IL-12”) called tavokinogene telseplasmid (“TAVO™”). The OMS EP Device is used to deliver TAVO™ intratumorally, with the aim of reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the treated tumor. The activation of the appropriate inflammatory response can drive a systemic anti-tumor response against untreated tumors in other parts of the body. In 2017, we received Fast Track Designation and Orphan Drug Designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for TAVO™ in metastatic melanoma, which could qualify TAVO™ for expedited FDA review, a rolling Biologics License Application review and certain other benefits.

Our current focus is to pursue our study of TAVO™-EP in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in melanoma.

Performance Outlook

As a result of recent cash runway and working capital limitations, we expect to use our available working capital in the near term primarily for the advancement of our existing and planned clinical melanoma programs, including delivery of the KEYNOTE-695 trial results. In order to preserve our existing working capital, we have decreased clinical work on our other clinical trials and studies, including those involving triple negative breast cancer. We anticipate our spending on clinical programs and the development of our next-generation OMS EP Device will continue throughout our current fiscal year. Our spending on research and development programs will be prioritized to support development of TAVO™-EP in melanoma, based on our current focus on the KEYNOTE-695 trial. Due to ongoing restructuring efforts, we expect our cash-based general and administrative expenses to remain relatively flat in the near term, as we seek to continue to leverage internal resources and automate processes to decrease our outside services expenses. See “Results of Operations” below for more information.

Restructuring Plan

As previously disclosed, on October 2, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a restructuring plan (the “Restructuring Plan”) that is designed to prioritize clinical activities in melanoma to reduce operating expenses while advancing our lead product candidate, TAVO™ EP, toward near-term data milestones in connection with the KEYNOTE-695 clinical trial. As part of the Restructuring Plan, we restructured our internal operations and reduced our workforce by approximately 45%, or approximately 18 employees.

We currently estimate that we will incur charges of approximately $750,000 to $800,000 in connection with the Restructuring Plan, consisting primarily of cash expenditures for employee transition, notice period and severance payments, retention bonus payments, and related costs as well as non-cash expenses related to vesting of share-based awards. We expect that the majority of the restructuring charges will be incurred in the fourth calendar quarter of 2022 and first calendar quarter of 2023, and that the execution of the Restructuring Plan will be substantially complete by the second calendar quarter of 2023.

The charges that we expect to incur in connection with the Restructuring Plan are estimates and subject to a number of assumptions, and actual results may differ materially. The foregoing estimated amounts do not include any non-cash charges associated with stock-based compensation. We expect to operationalize additional cost reduction actions that will include other incremental cost reduction actions unrelated to workforce reductions.

COVID-19

Our operational and financial performance have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our clinical trials have experienced delays in patient enrollment, potentially due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic or concerns among patients about participating in clinical trials during a public health emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic is also affecting the operations of government entities, such as the FDA, as well as contract research organizations, third-party manufacturers, and other third-parties upon whom we rely. The extent of the impact on our operations cannot be ascertained at this time.

Results of Operations for the Year Ended July 31, 2022 Compared to the Year Ended July 31, 2021

The financial data for the years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2021 is presented in the following table and the results of these two periods are included in the discussion thereafter.

Revenue

We have not generated any revenue since our inception, and we do not anticipate generating any revenue in the near term.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses decreased by approximately $8.3 million, from $34.1 million during the year ended July 31, 2021, to $25.8 million during the year ended July 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to the following approximate decreases: (i) a $6.3 million decreases in clinical trial-related costs to support our various clinical studies and costs for discovery research and product development, (ii) a $1.6 million decreases in stock-based compensation expense for employees and consultants, and (iii) a $0.4 million decrease in payroll and related benefits expenses, primarily due to decreased headcount.

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $3.1 million, from $14.3 million during the year ended July 31, 2021, to $11.2 million during the year ended July 31, 2022. This decrease was largely due to the following: (i) a $2.4 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense for employees and consultants, (ii) a $1.6 million decrease in payroll and related benefits expenses primarily due to a severance payment of $1.8 million to the former CEO of the Company in the prior period, and (iii) a $0.6 million decrease in consulting costs, primarily related to business development and public relations. The decrease was offset by: (i) a $0.7 million increase in legal expenses, primarily related to $1 million in insurance recoveries received in connection with prior litigation with Alpha Holdings, Inc. in the prior period, and (ii) a $0.6 million increase in insurance costs related to increased D&O insurance premiums.

Gain on Extinguishment of Debt

Gain on Extinguishment of Debt decreased by approximately $1.0 million from $1.0 million for the year ended July 31, 2021, to $0 for the year ended July 31, 2022. During the year ended July 31, 2021, the loan issued to the Company under the Small Business Administration’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) under Division A. Title I of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was forgiven, which resulted in a gain on extinguishment of debt of approximately $1.0 million.

Foreign Currency Exchange Loss

Foreign currency exchange loss, increased by approximately $0.4 million from a loss of $0.1 million for the year ended July 31, 2021 to a loss of $0.5 million for the year ended July 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to unrealized foreign currency transaction losses recognized in connection with our Australian subsidiary’s intercompany loan.

Income Tax benefit

In April 2022, we received $3.3 million in net proceeds from the sale of our net operating losses (“NOL”) under the State of New Jersey NOL Transfer Program. In June 2021, the Company received $2.4 million in net proceeds from the sale of its New Jersey NOL under the State of New Jersey NOL Transfer Program.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Working Capital

The following table and subsequent discussion summarize our working capital as of each of the periods presented:

Current Assets

Current assets as of July 31, 2022 decreased by $34.0 million to $15.2 million, from $49.2 million as of July 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily related to the decrease of cash in the amount of $33.7 million and the decrease of prepaid insurance in the amount of $0.3 million. The decrease in cash was due to cash used to support our operations during the year ended July 31, 2022. The decrease in prepaid insurance was due to decreased D&O insurance premiums upon renewal of D&O insurance in July 2022.

Current Liabilities

Current liabilities as of July 31, 2022 decreased by $1.4 million to $6.6 million, from $8.0 million as of July 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses pertaining to our legal costs and our manufacturing and clinical research activities.

Cash Flow

Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended July 31, 2022 was $32.1 million, as compared to $41.8 million for the year ended July 31, 2021. The $9.7 million decrease in cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to a decrease in cash used to support our operating activities, including but not limited to, our clinical trials, a decrease in research and development activities and general working capital requirements.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for year ended July 31, 2022 was $0.2 million, as compared to $0.8 million for the year ended July 31, 2021. During the year ended July 31, 2022, the Company purchased property and equipment for future use in its clinical trials and other research and development efforts. During the year ended July 31, 2021, the Company licensed generator technology and purchased property and equipment for use in its clinical trials and other research and development efforts.

Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $1.2 million for the year ended July 31, 2022, as compared to $68.2 million provided by financing activities for the year ended July 31, 2021. Net cash used in financing activities during the year ended July 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to principal payments on notes payable. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended July 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to $52.6 million net proceeds received from public offerings of securities in August 2020 and January 2021, $5.0 million received from the co-promotion agreement with Sirtex Medical US Holdings, Inc. (“Sirtex”), $5.4 million received from warrant and option exercises and $5.8 million from the purchase of shares pursuant to participation rights set forth under the Grand Decade Developments Limited, a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Grand Pharmaceutical Group Limited (formerly China Grand Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Holdings Ltd.) (“CGP”) and Sirtex stockholders agreements originally entered into on October 10, 2019.

Uses of Cash and Cash Requirements

Our primary uses of cash have been to finance clinical and research and development activities focused on the identification and discovery of new potential product candidates, the development of innovative and proprietary medical approaches for the treatment of cancer, and the design and advancement of pre-clinical and clinical trials and studies related to our pipeline of product candidates. We also use our capital resources on general and administrative activities and building and strengthening our corporate infrastructure, programs and procedures to enable compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations.

Our primary objectives for the next 12 months are to continue the advancement of our KEYNOTE-695 trial and to continue our research and development activities for our next-generation EP device. In addition, we expect to pursue capital-raising transactions, which could include equity or debt financings, in the near term to fund our existing and planned operations and acquire and develop additional assets and technology consistent with our business objectives as opportunities arise.

Going Concern and Management’s Plans

We have sustained losses in all reporting periods since inception, with an accumulated deficit of approximately $286 million as of July 31, 2022. These losses are expected to continue for an extended period of time. Further, we have never generated any cash from our operations and do not expect to generate such cash in the near term. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.

As of October 17, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6.7 million. Since inception, cash flows from financing activities have been the primary source of the Company’s liquidity. Based on our current cash levels, we believe our cash resources are insufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the 12 months following the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.

We will need to raise additional capital to continue operating our business and fund our planned operations, including research and development, clinical trials and, if regulatory approval is obtained, commercialization of its product candidates. In addition, we will require additional financing if we desire to in-license or acquire new assets, research and develop new compounds or new technologies and pursue related patent protection, or obtain any other intellectual property rights or other assets. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available to us when needed, that Management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us, or whether we will become profitable and generate positive operating cash flow. The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, and, more specifically, on the progress of our clinical development programs. Similarly, if our common stock is delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, it may limit our ability to raise additional funds. See “Nasdaq Deficiency Notice” below. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has also caused volatility in the global financial markets and threatened a slowdown in the global economy, which may negatively affect our ability to raise additional capital on attractive terms or at all. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional funds when needed, on favorable terms or at all, we will not be able to continue the development of our product candidates as currently planned or at all, will need to reevaluate our planned operations and may need to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our development programs, reduce expenses or cease operations, any of which would have a significant negative impact on our prospects and financial condition.

Sources of Capital

We have not generated any revenue since our inception, and we do not anticipate generating revenue in the near term. Historically, we have raised the majority of the funding for our business through offerings of our common stock and warrants to purchase our common stock. If we issue equity or convertible debt securities to raise additional funds, our existing stockholders would experience further dilution, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. If we incur debt, our fixed payment obligations, liabilities and leverage relative to our equity capitalization would increase, which could increase the cost of future capital. Further, the terms of any debt securities we issue or borrowings we incur, if available, could impose significant restrictions on our operations, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity or other operating restrictions that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business, and any such debt could be secured by any or all of our assets pledged as collateral. Additionally, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital, including investment banking, legal and accounting fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs.

Nasdaq Deficiency Notice

On June 2, 2022, we received notice (the “Notice”) from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) that the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as the minimum bid price of our common stock had been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days as of the date of the Notice. The Notice had no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock, which continues to trade at this time on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ONCS.”

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have a period of 180 calendar days, or until November 29, 2022, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for at least ten consecutive business days during this 180 calendar day period. In the event we do not regain compliance by November 29, 2022, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day grace period if the Company meets the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares ($1 million) and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the minimum bid price, and we provide written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. If we do not regain compliance within the allotted compliance period(s), Nasdaq will provide notice that our common stock will be subject to delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market. In that event, we may appeal such delisting determination to a hearings panel.

We are currently evaluating our alternatives to resolve the listing deficiency including, but not limited to, conducting a reverse stock split. To the extent that we are unable to resolve the listing deficiency, there is a risk that our common stock may be delisted from Nasdaq, which would adversely impact liquidity of our common stock and potentially result in even lower bid prices for our common stock.

On November 29, 2021, we notified Nasdaq that Robert E. Ward had resigned as a member of the Board of Directors and the Company’s Audit Committee, as disclosed on our Current Report filed on Form 8-K on November 30, 2021. After giving effect to Mr. Ward’s resignation, the Company’s Audit Committee no longer consisted of three independent members as required by Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A).

On December 8, 2021, we received a letter from Nasdaq noting that we no longer complied with the requirement of Listing Rule 5605. The letter also acknowledged that the Listing Rules provide a cure period in order for us to regain compliance until the earlier of our next annual meeting of stockholders or November 23, 2022.

On June 9, 2022, the Board of Directors appointed Mr. Joon Kim, an incumbent independent director, to the Audit Committee. On June 13, 2022, Nasdaq confirmed that we had regained compliance under Listing Rule 5605.

Critical Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant accounting estimates related to our ability to continue as a going concern and certain calculations related to that determination. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. On an ongoing basis, we review our estimates to ensure that they appropriately reflect changes in the business or as new information becomes available. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for internal projects, as well as partner-funded collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses, which include salaries, stock-based compensation and other personnel-related expenses, facility costs, supplies, depreciation of facilities and laboratory equipment, as well as research consultants and the cost of funding research at universities and other research institutions, and are expensed as incurred. Costs to acquire technologies that are utilized in research and development that have no alternative future use, are expensed when incurred. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 730-20, we account for upfront, non-refundable research and development payments received from a related party as a long-term liability as there has not been a substantive and genuine transfer of risk and there is a presumption that we are obligated to repay the related party.

Equity-Based Awards

We grant equity-based awards (typically stock options or restricted stock units) under our stock-based compensation plan and occasionally outside of our stock-based compensation plan, with terms generally similar to the terms under our stock-based compensation plan. We estimate the fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. For employees, directors and consultants, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. The fair value amount is then recognized over the period during which services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. We estimate the fair value of restricted stock unit awards based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right of use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and operating lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating leases are included in ROU assets, current operating lease liabilities, and long-term operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.

Lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are initially recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date calculated using our incremental borrowing rate applicable to the lease asset, unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. ROU assets also include any lease payments made at or before lease commencement and exclude any lease incentives received. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. Our leases do not contain any residual value guarantees. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all its leases.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The information required by this Item 8 is incorporated by reference to our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the report of our independent registered public accounting firm beginning at page F-1 of this report.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our Management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures reflects the fact that there are resource constraints and that Management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our Management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of July 31, 2022. Based on such evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of July 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. With the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer, our Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2022. In conducting such evaluation, Management used the criteria set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control — Integrated Framework” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on this evaluation, Management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of July 31, 2022, based on those criteria.

This report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding our internal control over financial reporting, in accordance with applicable SEC rules that permit us to provide only Management’s report in this report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended July 31, 2022, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements prepared for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Board of Directors

The following table sets forth the names, ages as of October 31, 2022, and certain other information for each member of our board of directors (our “Board”):

Dr. Linda Shi, M.D., Ph.D., is the deputy president and Chief Medical officer of Grand Pharma (China) Co. Ltd. (Grand Pharma), as well as an Executive Director of Grand Pharmaceutical Group Limited, a publicly listed company in Hong Kong. Prior to joining Grand Pharma in 2019, Dr. Shi was the EU Regulatory Leader in the Global Regulatory Affairs (GRA) for Neuroscience at Janssen R&D in Belgium for more than 12 years.

Dr. Shi has over 30 years of clinical and research experience in academic settings and the pharmaceutical industry, with significant experience working with global multifunctional matrixed teams to drive forward complex projects. She led various applications for clinical trials (Clinical Trial Applications (CTA) and Investigational New Drug Applications (IND)) across Europe and in the United States, particularly in relation to strategic assessments of first-in-human clinical trials with innovative research paths. Dr. Shi obtained her M.D. in China and also a Ph.D. in Medical Sciences from Vrije Universiteit Brussel. She has been appointed as a guest professor and visiting fellow in various universities worldwide.

Dr. Robert H. Arch has served as an independent consultant to various pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies since July 2021. Previously, Dr. Arch served as Head of Research at Elpiscience Biopharma, Ltd. from October 2019 to June 2021 and Head of the Liver Disease Department at China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research from February 2017 to October 2019. Dr. Arch’s leadership roles have been focused on shaping strong teams and building diversified research and development pipelines with innovative assets, from ideas to late-stage clinical development programs. Dr. Arch’s career over 28 years extends from academia to the pharmaceutical industry, including positions at Novartis, Takeda, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer. Dr. Arch’s expertise in basic research and drug development includes chronic liver disease, cancer, immuno-oncology, respiratory disease, and inflammatory disorders. Dr. Arch holds a Ph.D. in Germany from the University of Wuerzburg and the German Cancer Research Center (the “DKFZ”), Heidelberg. After postdoctoral training at the DKFZ and the University of Chicago, Dr. Arch started his independent career as a faculty member in the Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Immunology at Washington University in Saint Louis. Dr. Arch is an author on more than 40 publications and book chapters and co-inventor on several patents for clinical-stage assets.

Ms. Stephany Foster has over 20 years of experience in the fields of accounting and human resource management. Since October 2019, Ms. Foster has served as Chief Human Resources Officer, Senior Vice President, Head of Global Human Resources, and a member of the Executive Committee of QIAGEN N.V., a global provider of Sample to Insight solutions that enable customers to gain valuable molecular insights from samples containing the building blocks of life. Prior to this position, Ms. Foster served as Vice President, Head of Compensation and Benefits, at QIAGEN from January 2019, and earlier as Vice President, Head of Internal Audit, at QIAGEN from January 2005 to December 2018. Ms. Foster holds both a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Accounting from the University of Notre Dame.

Mr. Joon Kim has served on our Board since December 2018. Mr. Kim is an accomplished litigator with extensive experience in both business and criminal litigation matters. With a particularly strong background in representing clients in court proceedings, Mr. Kim has a comprehensive understanding of every stage of the litigation process, including all aspects of initial investigatory/discovery proceedings, settlement negotiations, contested hearings, pretrial and trial motions, evidentiary issues, trials, and the handling of post-judgment challenges and appeals. Mr. Kim advises corporate clients of varying sizes on a variety of subject matters, inclusive of assisting the top management with strategic decision-making. Mr. Kim has acted as an advisor to Alpha Holdings, Co., Ltd. since July 2018.

From April 2017 to March 2020, as a partner in Lee & Ko’s International Litigation and Dispute Resolution and White Collar Crime Practice Groups, Mr. Kim advised clients, both domestic and international, on a broad range of litigation and dispute-resolution matters. In addition, Mr. Kim served as a public prosecutor in California, representing the People of the State of California in criminal proceedings. In that capacity, Mr. Kim has first-chaired both jury and non-jury trials, and has been trained in all aspects of litigation. During his time as a public prosecutor, Mr. Kim also had the experience of serving as a research fellow at the Institute of Justice, under the auspices of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Korea, where he worked closely with Korean public prosecutors. Mr. Kim received his J.D. from Berkeley School of Law and his B.S. from the Berkeley School of Business. Mr. Kim’s legal experience and expertise are the primary qualifications for him to serve as a director of the Company.

Dr. Herbert Kim Lyerly, M.D., is the George Barth Geller Professor of Cancer Research (from 2004), Professor of Surgery (from 1997), Immunology (from 2017) and Pathology (from 2018), and Director of the Surgical Sciences Applied Therapeutics section at Duke University (from 2021), and former Director of the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, a position he held from 2003 to 2011. He is an internationally recognized expert in cancer therapy and immunotherapy, has published over 300 scientific articles and book chapters, and has edited ten textbooks on surgery, cancer immunotherapy and novel cancer therapies. He serves on the editorial board of 12 scientific journals.

Dr. Lyerly was appointed in 2008 by President George W. Bush to serve on the National Cancer Advisory Board, which oversees the National Cancer Institute, where he served until 2014. He has served as Chair of the Cancer Center’s Subcommittee and served on the Global Health Subcommittee of the National Cancer Advisory Board. He has served on the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) Council of Councils, and on the board of the NIH Office of AIDS Research. He has also been a member of the scientific advisory boards of the Susan G. Komen Foundation and the Burroughs Welcome Foundation. He is a highly sought-after consultant and advisor and has served on the Cancer Center’s external advisory boards for the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Michigan, University of Chicago, University of Alabama, University of Arizona, Boston University and Purdue University. He has served as an advisor to the University of Washington and Case Western Reserve Clinical and Translational Science Institutes. Dr. Lyerly’s experience and expertise in the field of oncology are the primary qualifications for him to serve as a director of the Company.

Mr. Kevin R. Smith is currently the Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director of Sirtex Medical US Holdings, Inc. (“Sirtex”), a position that he has held since October 2019. Mr. Smith served as the interim Chief Executive Officer of OncoSec from February 2022 to May 2022. He combines more than 20 years of sales and marketing experience in the medical device industry with the keen instincts of an entrepreneur. Prior to his appointment to Chief Executive Officer of Sirtex, Mr. Smith served as Sirtex’s interim Chief Executive Officer from April 2019 to October 2019 and Executive Vice President of Sales & Marketing, Americas from August 2017 to April 2019. Before joining Sirtex, Mr. Smith was Executive Vice President of Business Development at Gel-e, Inc., a company based at the University of Maryland specializing in advanced material hemostasis products, a position he held since January 2017. Mr. Smith’s previous positions include Chief Commercial Officer of Sensium Healthcare along with Global Vice President of Sales & Marketing at Teleflex, where he was the senior sales and marketing executive in the company’s cardiac business unit. Mr. Smith holds a Master of Business Administration in Global Management from the University of Phoenix and a Bachelor of Science in Marketing from the University of Kentucky. Mr. Smith’s leadership experience, as well as his experience in the marketing and sales sector of the medical device industry, are the primary qualifications the Board considered in nominating him as a director of the Company.

Mr. Chao Zhou is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Grand Pharmaceutical Group Limited, a public company listed on the Hong Kong stock exchange that develops, manufactures and distributes pharmaceutical products and medical devices to retailers and medical organizations with significant experience in research and development and product commercialization in China, a position he has held since June 2021. Since 2018, Mr. Zhou has served on the Board of Directors of Grand Pharma Sphere Pte. Ltd, a Singapore based company, Sirtex Medical Pty Ltd., the Australian based global medical device company and Cloudbreak Pharmaceutical Inc., a Cayman Islands based company which is engaged in the business of the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of biopharmaceutical product. Prior to his role as Chief Executive Officer of Grand Pharmaceutical Group Limited, from 2013 Mr. Zhou served as a Management Director in the Department of Legal Security for China Grand Enterprises, Inc., an investment company engaged in the operation and management of businesses covering pharmaceuticals and healthcare, commodity trading, real estate investment, financial service and other sectors. He earned his Bachelor in Law from Ocean University of China and a Master in International Law from the University of International Business and Economics. We believe that Mr. Zhou is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors due to his commercial experience in the biopharmaceutical industry.

Arrangements with Members of Our Board

On February 7, 2020, the Company closed (the “Closing”) a strategic transaction (the “CGP Transaction”) with Grand Decade Developments Limited, a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Grand Pharmaceutical Group Limited (formerly China Grand Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Holdings Ltd.), a company formed under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (“CGP”), and its affiliate, Sirtex Medical US Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Sirtex”). In connection with the Closing, the Company entered into a Stockholders Agreement (the “Stockholders Agreements”) with each of CGP and Sirtex, pursuant to which, among other things, CGP exercised its option to nominate two (2) individuals to the Board and Sirtex exercised its option to nominate one (1) director to the Board. Pursuant to the Stockholders Agreements, CGP nominated Yuhang Zhao, Ph.D., and Chao Zhou to the Company’s Board, and Sirtex nominated Kevin R. Smith to the Company’s Board. On December 15, 2021, Dr. Zhao resigned from the Board and CGP exercised its option pursuant to its Stockholders Agreement and appointed Dr. Shi as her replacement. Additionally, pursuant to the CGP Stockholders Agreement, CGP is entitled to nominate up to two (2) replacement independent directors in the event that any independent director that was a director on the Board at the Closing resigns or otherwise ceases to be a director. On November 23, 2021, Robert E. Ward, former independent director, resigned from his position on the Board. CGP subsequently nominated Ms. Stephany Foster to the Board and on October 7, 2022, the Board formally appointed Ms. Foster as an independent director of the Board.

On August 31, 2018, OncoSec and Alpha Holdings, Inc. (“Alpha”) entered into a stock purchase agreement (the “Alpha Stock Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which OncoSec agreed to issue and sell to Alpha shares of its common stock. Pursuant to the Alpha Stock Purchase Agreement, Alpha was given the option to nominate one individual to the Company’s Board. Mr. Kim was appointed to the Board in accordance with the terms of the Alpha Stock Purchase Agreement in conjunction with the closing of the transaction in December 2018.

Additionally, on August 13, 2021, of the Board of Directors formed a temporary Leadership Committee consisting of three board members, Dr. Margaret Dalesandro, Dr. Yuhang Zhao and Dr. Herbert Kim Lyerly, to lead all development efforts, with a focus on the Company’s lead asset, TAVO™, until a permanent Chief Executive Officer was hired. Subsequently, upon Dr. Dalesandro’s and Dr. Zhao’s resignation from the Board of Directors on December 13, 2021 and December 15, 2021, respectively, the Board of Directors appointed Dr. Linda Shi and Mr. Kevin Smith to serve on the Leadership Committee. On April 28, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the appointment of Robert H. Arch, Ph.D., as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, after which the Leadership Committee was dissolved.

Other than as described above, there is no arrangement or understanding between any nominee and any other person or persons pursuant to which any nominee was or is to be selected as a director or director nominee of the Company. There are no family relationships between any of the directors or our executive officers.

Executive Officers

Set forth below is information regarding the current executive officers of the Company, including biographical summaries.

Please see Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance—Board of Directors above for Dr. Robert H. Arch’s biography.

Mr. George Chi joined the Company from THPlasma, where he served as Chief Executive Officer since July 2020 and helped found the company’s plasma collection business and establish regular commercial sales. Prior to joining THPlasma, Mr. Chi served as Chief Financial Officer of CASI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“CASI”), a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing innovative therapeutics and pharmaceutical products, from September 2018 to February 2020. Prior to joining CASI, Mr. Chi was Vice President of Finance at Flavors Holdings, Inc., a packaged food company, from October 2016 to September 2018, where he led the global accounting function, including financial reporting, planning, treasury, investor relations, tax and auditing with global sales in 90 countries. Prior to his time at Flavor Holdings, Inc. from 2014-2016, Mr. Chi was Chief Financial Officer at BPL Plasma, a large third party blood plasma collection business. From 2008-2013, Mr. Chi was finance director at Unilever PLC where he was responsible for leading the accounting function including financial reporting, annual budgeting and strategic planning. Mr. Chi holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and a M.B.A. in finance and operations from the Yale School of Management. He also holds certifications as a CPA and CFA.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Role of the Board

The primary functions and responsibilities of the Board are to oversee Management’s operation of the business and affairs of the Company, the determination of our objectives and strategies, and the management of our risks. The functions of the Board are carried out by the full Board and, when delegated, by our Board committees, and each director is a full and equal participant in the major strategic and policy decisions of the Company. The Board has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines to assist the Board and its committees in performing their duties and serving the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. These Corporate Governance Guidelines are available on our website, located at www.oncosec.com, on the Governance page under the Investors tab.

Between August 1, 2021 and July 31, 2022 (“Fiscal Year 2022”), our Board of Directors held 15 meetings and took 10 actions by unanimous written consent.

Board Committees

The Board has established the following standing committees: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The Board may also create additional, temporary committees from time to time, including committees relating to financings, strategic transactions or other significant corporate matters. The Board has adopted a written charter for each of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, current copies of which are available on our website, located at www.oncosec.com, on the Governance page under the Investors tab.

Audit Committee

The primary functions of the Audit Committee are, among other things: overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements and internal control over financial reporting; reviewing the policies and procedures adopted by the Company to fulfill its responsibilities regarding the fair and accurate presentation of financial statements; appointing, retaining and overseeing the work of our independent registered public accounting firm; reviewing and discussing reports from our independent registered public accounting firm regarding critical accounting policies and practices, alternative treatments of financial information and any material written communications between such firm and Management; reviewing and discussing with Management and our independent registered public accounting firm the Company’s financial statements and financial disclosures prior to the filing thereof in any report filed with the SEC; taking appropriate action to oversee and ensure the independence of our independent registered public accounting firm; and establishing procedures for the confidential and anonymous submission by our employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters. The Audit Committee met 5 times in Fiscal Year 2022.

Nasdaq has established rules and regulations regarding the composition of audit committees and the qualifications of audit committee members. Our Board of Directors has examined the composition of our Audit Committee and the qualifications of our Audit Committee members in light of the current rules and regulations governing audit committees. Based upon this examination, our Board of Directors has determined that each member of our Audit Committee is independent and is otherwise qualified to be a member of our Audit Committee in accordance with such rules. Ms. Foster, Dr. Lyerly and Mr. Kim currently serve on the Audit Committee.

Additionally, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) requires that at least one member of the Audit Committee have a “heightened” level of financial and accounting sophistication. Such a person is known as the “audit committee financial expert” under the SEC’s rules. During his service on the board during fiscal year 2022, our Board determined that Dr. James DeMesa was an “audit committee financial expert,” as the SEC defines that term, and that each member of the Audit Committee has sufficient knowledge in reading and understanding the Company’s financial statements to serve on such committee. Dr. DeMesa resigned from his position on the Board on October 1, 2022. On October 7, 2022, Ms. Foster was appointed to the Board and Audit Committee, and concurrently our Board determined that Ms. Foster is an “audit committee financial expert,” as the SEC defines that term.

Compensation Committee

The primary functions of the Compensation Committee are, among other things: reviewing and approving compensation programs and arrangements applicable to our officers; determining the objectives of our executive officer compensation programs, including reviewing and establishing goals and objectives relevant to Chief Executive Officer compensation, and determining the extent to which they are achieved and any related compensation is earned; administering our incentive compensation and equity-based plans; reviewing Management’s risk assessment regarding the compensation policies and practices of the Company and taking steps to provide that such policies and practices do not encourage unnecessary or excessive risk-taking; and reviewing and approving director compensation and benefits. The Compensation Committee met 5 times in Fiscal Year 2022.

While certain members of senior management, including primarily our Chief Executive Officer, present their views regarding attainment of business objectives and recommended compensation, the Compensation Committee performs its own independent analysis and makes final determinations regarding compensation-related matters. Our Chief Executive Officer is not present during the Compensation Committee’s or the Board’s voting or deliberations regarding his own compensation.

The Compensation Committee’s charter gives the Compensation Committee the authority, without any approval of the Board or Management, to engage and compensate compensation consultants and other advisors as it deems necessary or desirable to carry out its duties, including its evaluation of director or executive officer compensation. Pursuant to its charter and in accordance with applicable Nasdaq and SEC rules, the Compensation Committee would assess the independence of any compensation consultant, including the existence of any conflicts of interest, prior to any engagement.

Nasdaq has established rules and regulations regarding the composition of compensation committees and the qualifications of compensation committee members. As a controlled company, we are not required to have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. However, our Board of Directors has examined the composition of our Compensation Committee and the qualifications of our Compensation Committee members in light of the current rules and regulations governing compensation committees. Based upon this examination, our Board of Directors has determined that two members of our Compensation Committee are independent and all members are otherwise qualified to be a member of our Compensation Committee in accordance with such rules. Dr. Lyerly, Ms. Foster and Mr. Smith currently serve on the Compensation Committee.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

The primary functions of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are, among other things: assisting in the identification of nominees for election to our Board, consistent with qualifications and criteria approved by the Board; determining the composition of the Board and its committees; recommending to the Board the director nominees for the annual meeting of stockholders; establishing and monitoring a process of assessing the Board’s effectiveness; developing and overseeing a set of corporate governance guidelines and procedures; and overseeing the evaluation of the Board and the Company’s Management. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met 2 times in Fiscal Year 2022.

Mr. Smith, Mr. Kim and Mr. Zhou currently serve on the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.

Nomination of Directors

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for identifying and evaluating individuals qualified to become directors and recommending these candidates to our Board for nomination or appointment.

Director Qualifications

In considering potential new directors, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may review individuals from various disciplines and backgrounds. Among the qualifications to be considered in the selection of candidates are broad experience in business, finance or administration; familiarity with the Company’s industry; and prominence and reputation. Since prominence and reputation in a particular profession or field of endeavor are what bring most persons to the Board’s attention, there is further consideration of whether the individual has the time available to devote to the work of the Board and on one or more of its committees. To this end, our Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that no director is to hold more than four directorships of publicly traded companies, and no member of our Audit Committee is to sit on the Audit Committee of more than two other publicly traded companies. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also reviews the activities and associations of each candidate to ensure there is no legal impediment, conflict of interest or other consideration that might hinder or prevent service on the Board. With respect to the nomination of continuing directors for re-election, an individual’s past contributions to the Board are also considered.

Other than the foregoing, there are no stated minimum criteria for director nominees and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may also consider these factors and any such other factors as it deems appropriate and in the best interests of the Company and our stockholders. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee does, however, recognize that under applicable regulatory requirements at least one member of the Board should meet the criteria for an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by SEC rules and the members of certain of our Board committees must satisfy enhanced independence criteria under applicable Nasdaq and SEC rules. Further, although the Company does not have a formal diversity policy, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks to assemble a Board that brings to the Company a variety of perspectives, skills, expertise, and sound business understanding and judgment, derived from a broad range of business, professional, governmental, finance, community and industry experience.

Identification and Evaluation of Director Nominees

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee utilizes a variety of methods for identifying and evaluating nominees for director. Potential director candidates may come to the attention of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee through current members of the Board, executive officers, professional search firms, stockholders or others. These candidates are evaluated at regular or special meetings of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and may be considered at any point during the year. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee recommends the director nominees to our Board for approval for election at each annual meeting of stockholders. Under our bylaws, any director appointed by our Board is subject to re-election by our stockholders at our next annual meeting of stockholders.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

The Board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available for review on our website at www.oncosec.com, on the Governance page under the Investors tab, and is also available in print, without charge, to any stockholder who requests a copy by writing to us at OncoSec Medical Incorporated, 24 N. Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534, Attention: Investor Relations. We expect that any amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or any waivers of its requirements, will be disclosed on our website.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our officers, directors and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our common stock to file reports of securities ownership and changes in such ownership with the SEC. To our knowledge, based solely on our review of such reports filed electronically with the SEC or written representations from persons subject to Section 16(a), we believe that during Fiscal Year 2022, all Section 16(a) reporting requirements applicable to our directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders were completed in a timely manner, except for a late Form 3 was filed by Dr. Linda Shi.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among our current directors and executive officers.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth the total compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to those individuals who served as our named executive officers during Fiscal Year 2022.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table sets forth information regarding equity awards held by the named executive officers as of July 31, 2022:

Compensation Matters

Cash Bonuses

On March 3, 2022, the Compensation Committee approved discretionary cash bonus awards to certain of our employees, including our named executive officers, as follows: Mr. DelAversano received a cash bonus of $70,875.

On May 2, 2022, Mr. Arch was given a signing bonus equal to $150,000, payable in three installments over Mr. Arch’s first year of employment, provided that Mr. Arch is employed on each applicable installment date.

Equity Awards

The named executive officers received grants of equity awards in Fiscal Year 2022 as described below.

Robert H. Arch, Ph.D.

On May 2, 2022, in connection with the appointment of Mr. Arch as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Arch received a one-time inducement award of 700,000 stock options to purchase the Company’s common stock. The options vest quarterly over a one-year period commencing on July 31, 2022.

Employment Agreements

The following is a description of the employment agreement for Mr. Arch, our President and Chief Executive Officer.

On April 28, 2022, we entered into an executive employment agreement with Mr. Arch, our President and Chief Executive Officer. The employment agreement provides for the following, among other things:

We do not have employment agreements with Mr. DelAversano and Mr. Chi and did not enter into employment agreements with Mr. Leuthner prior to his resignation. However, we entered into offer letters on February 1, 2021 with Mr. Leuthner and on January 28, 2022 with Mr. Chi, which provided for the following, among other things:

Terms of Mr. Leuthner’s offer letter:

Terms of Mr. Chi’s offer letter:

Other Elements of Compensation

Health and Welfare Plans

Our executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, including our health and welfare plans, on the same basis as our other employees.

401(k) Plan

We currently maintain a defined contribution savings plan pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The plan is for the benefit of all qualifying employees, including our executive officers, and permits voluntary contributions by employees of up to 100% of eligible compensation, subject to maximum limits imposed by the Internal Revenue Service. The terms of the plan allow for discretionary employer contributions, and we currently match 100% of each employee’s contributions, up to a maximum of 3% of such employee’s annual compensation.

DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

Director Compensation Policy

The Board determines the form and amount of director compensation after its review of recommendations made by the Compensation Committee. Directors who are also employees of our Company do not receive any separate compensation for their service as directors, except that all directors receive reimbursement for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in attending Board or Board committee meetings or otherwise in connection with performance of their duties as directors. Under our director compensation policy in place for Fiscal Year 2022, our directors’ cash compensation was as follows:

In addition, each non-employee independent director will receive a stock option award of 50,000 upon election and 25,000 annually thereafter.

Director Compensation Table

The following table provides information about the compensation of our non-employee directors for Fiscal Year 2022: