Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2019 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED JUNE 30, 2019

or

Commission File Number 000-50549

Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(858) 434-1113

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).      Yes ☐    No ☒

As of August 6, 2019, the registrant had 15,384,764 shares of common stock outstanding.

Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Financial Statements

Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except par value)

See accompanying notes.

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Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes.

4

Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

(Unaudited; in thousands)

See accompanying notes.

5

Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

(Unaudited; in thousands)

See accompanying notes.

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Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited; in thousands)

See accompanying notes.

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Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Description of Business

Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company,” “Oncternal,” or the “combined company”), formerly known as GTx, Inc., was incorporated in Tennessee in September 1997 and reincorporated in Delaware in 2003 and is based in San Diego, California. The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing first-in-class product candidates for cancers with critical unmet medical need. The Company’s clinical pipeline consists of its lead program, cirmtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to ROR1 (Receptor-tyrosine kinase-like Orphan Receptor 1), and TK216, a small molecule inhibiting the biological activity of ETS-family transcription factor oncoproteins targeting patients with Ewing sarcoma. The Company is also developing a CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T-cells) product candidate that targets ROR1.

Merger

On March 6, 2019, the Company, then operating as GTx, Inc. (“GTx”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, as amended (the “Merger Agreement”), with privately-held Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. (“Private Oncternal”) and Grizzly Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”). Under the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Private Oncternal, with Private Oncternal surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). On June 7, 2019, the Merger was completed.  GTx changed its name to Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc., and Private Oncternal, which remains as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, changed its name to Oncternal Oncology, Inc. On June 10, 2019, the combined company’s common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “ONCT.”

Except as otherwise indicated, references herein to “Oncternal,” “the Company,” the “combined company,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” refer to Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. on a post-Merger basis, and the term “Private Oncternal” refers to the business of privately-held Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc., prior to completion of the Merger.  References to GTx refer to GTx, Inc. prior to completion of the Merger.  

Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, each outstanding share of Private Oncternal common stock outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Merger was converted into approximately 0.073386 shares of Company common stock (the “Exchange Ratio”), after taking into account the Reverse Stock Split, as defined below. Immediately prior to the closing of the Merger, all shares of Private Oncternal preferred stock then outstanding were exchanged into shares of common stock of Private Oncternal. In addition, all outstanding options exercisable for common stock of Private Oncternal and warrants exercisable for convertible preferred stock of Private Oncternal became options and warrants exercisable for the same number of shares of common stock of the Company multiplied by the Exchange Ratio. Immediately following the Merger, stockholders of Private Oncternal owned approximately 77.5% of the outstanding common stock of the combined company.

The transaction was accounted for as a reverse asset acquisition in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, Private Oncternal was deemed to be the accounting acquirer for financial reporting purposes. This determination was primarily based on the facts that, immediately following the Merger: (i) Private Oncternal’s stockholders owned a substantial majority of the voting rights in the combined company, (ii) Private Oncternal designated a majority of the members of the initial board of directors of the combined company, and (iii) Private Oncternal’s senior management holds all key positions in the senior management of the combined company. As a result, as of the closing date of the Merger, the net assets of the Company were recorded at their acquisition-date relative fair values in the condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company and the reported operating results prior to the Merger will be those of Private Oncternal.  

Reverse Stock Split and Exchange Ratio

On June 7, 2019, in connection with, and prior to the completion of, the Merger, the Company effected a one-for-seven reverse stock split of its then outstanding common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The par value and the authorized shares of the common stock were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. All issued and outstanding Private Oncternal common stock, preferred stock, options and warrants prior to the effective date of the Merger have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Exchange Ratio for all periods presented.

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Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Oncternal Oncology, Inc. and Oncternal, Inc. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Liquidity and Going Concern

From its inception through June 30, 2019, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to organizational activities including raising capital, building infrastructure, acquiring assets, developing intellectual property, and conducting preclinical studies, clinical trials and product development activities. The Company has a limited operating history and the sales and income potential of the Company’s business and market are unproven. Since inception, the Company has experienced recurring net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities and expects to continue to incur losses into the foreseeable future. At June 30, 2019, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $56.5 million and had cash and cash equivalents of $28.5 million. The Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund its operations into the second quarter of 2020. The Company will need to continue to raise a substantial amount of funds until it is able to generate revenues to fund its development activities and operations. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. However, based on the Company’s current working capital, anticipated operating expenses and net losses and the uncertainties surrounding its ability to raise additional capital as needed, as discussed below, the Company believes that there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company plans to continue to fund its losses from operations and capital funding needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government funding, or other sources, including, potentially, collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain any sources of financing on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that the Company can raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, the Company’s stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact the Company’s ability to conduct its business.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements at June 30, 2019, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and with GAAP. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring accruals, which in the opinion of management are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of the interim date and results of operations for the interim periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year or future periods. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on Form S-4/A on May 6, 2019.

Use of Estimates

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes requires it to make estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates consist of those used to determine the fair value of the Company’s preferred stock, preferred stock warrant liability and stock-based awards, and those used to determine grant revenue and accruals for research and development costs. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately materially differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash in readily available checking accounts and money market accounts.

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Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to significant risk on its cash balances due to the financial position of the depository institution in which those deposits are held. Additionally, the Company established guidelines regarding approved investments and maturities of investments, which are designed to maintain safety and liquidity.

Patent Costs

Costs related to filing and pursuing patent applications are recorded as general and administrative expense and expensed as incurred since recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.

Research and Development Expenses and Accruals

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for the Company’s own and for sponsored and collaborative research and development activities. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include manufacturing process development costs, manufacturing costs, costs associated with preclinical studies and clinical trials, regulatory and medical affairs activities, quality assurance activities, salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, fees paid to third-party consultants, license fees and overhead.

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions, clinical research organizations, clinical manufacturing organizations and other companies. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and payments made in advance of performance are reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as prepaid expenses and other or accrued liabilities. The Company records accruals for estimated costs incurred for ongoing research and development activities. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the services, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the prepaid or accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

Preferred Stock Warrant Liability

Prior to the Merger, Private Oncternal had outstanding freestanding warrants to purchase shares of its Series B-2 convertible preferred stock (the “Series B-2 warrants”). Because the underlying Series B-2 convertible preferred stock was classified as temporary equity, the Series B-2 warrants were classified as a liability in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Private Oncternal adjusted the carrying value of such Series B-2 warrants to their estimated fair value at each reporting date, with any related increases or decreases in the fair value recorded as an increase or decrease to other income (expense) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Upon the completion of the Merger, the Series B-2 warrants were amended such that they were converted into warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock. As amended, warrant liability accounting is no longer required and the fair value of the warrant liability has been reclassified into stockholders’ equity.

Fair Value Measurements

The accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or non-recurring basis. Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the accounting guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets.

Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s current financial assets and liabilities are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The Company has no financial assets or liabilities, other than the preferred stock warrant liability described below, measured at fair value on a recurring basis. No transfers between levels have occurred during the periods presented.

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Liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2018, the preferred stock warrant liability was recorded at fair value utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model using significant unobservable inputs consistent with the inputs used for the Company’s stock-based compensation expense adjusted for the preferred stock warrants’ expected term and the fair value of the underlying preferred stock.

The Company calculated the final remeasurement of the preferred stock warrant liability on June 7, 2019, the Merger closing date, using the closing price of GTx’s common stock on that date to determine the fair value of the warrants, and recorded a $1.3 million change in the fair value of the preferred stock warrant liability for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the preferred stock warrant liability as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:

The following table provides a reconciliation of the preferred stock warrant liability measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

Revenue Recognition

The Company currently generates revenue from a research subaward agreement from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (see Note 4), which provides the Company with payments in return for certain research and development activities over a contractually defined period. Revenue from such subaward is recognized in the period during which the related qualifying services are rendered and costs are incurred, provided that the applicable conditions under the subaward agreement have been met.

The subaward agreement is on a best-effort basis and does not require scientific achievement as a performance obligation. All fees received under the agreement are non-refundable. The costs associated with the agreement are expensed as incurred and reflected as a component of research and development expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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Funds received from the subaward agreement are recorded as revenue as the Company is the principal participant in the arrangement because the activities under the subaward are part of the Company’s development programs. In those instances where the Company first receives consideration in advance of providing underlying services, the Company classifies such consideration as deferred revenue until (or as) the Company provides the underlying services. In those instances where the Company first provides the underlying services prior to its receipt of consideration, the consideration is recorded as a grant receivable. At June 30, 2019, the Company had deferred grant revenue of $2.4 million and at December 31, 2018, the Company had a grant receivable of $0.1 million. The Company considers the grant receivable to be fully collectible; accordingly, no allowance for doubtful amounts has been established.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense represents the fair value of equity awards, on the grant date, recognized in the period using the Black- Scholes option pricing model. The Company recognizes expense for awards with graded vested schedules over the requisite service period of the awards (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. For equity awards for which vesting is subject to performance-based milestones, the expense is recorded over the remaining service period after the point when the achievement of the milestone is probable or the performance condition has been achieved.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes net deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If management determines that the Company would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, management would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

Segment Reporting

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment in the United States.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Net loss and comprehensive loss were the same for all periods presented.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities and adjusted for the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding that are subject to repurchase. The Company has excluded weighted-average shares subject to repurchase of 59,114 shares and 72,997 shares from the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and has excluded weighted-average shares subject to repurchase of 180,724 shares and 194,545 shares from the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods. For all periods presented, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding as inclusion of the potentially dilutive securities would be antidilutive.

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Potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share, because to do so would be anti-dilutive, are as follows (in common stock equivalent shares; in thousands):

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The amendments relate to disclosures regarding unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty and are to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of the adoption of this guidance on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which, for operating leases, requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet. The standard also requires a lessee to recognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach. As the Company has elected the practical expedient for short-term leases, the adoption of this standard had no impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements on the date of adoption as the Company’s only lease was on a month-to-month basis for a contract period of less than one year and expired in May 2019.  Subsequent to its adoption, the Company entered into a new office lease agreement and has applied the provisions of this guidance (See Note 3).

Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

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Rent expense was $24,000 and $1,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Rent expense was $33,000 and $4,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Until May 31, 2019, the Company subleased its office space in San Diego, California on a month-to-month basis.

On May 22, 2019, the Company entered into a sublease agreement for office space of 4,677 square feet in San Diego, California (“San Diego Lease”) which expires on March 31, 2021. Base rent is approximately $166,000 annually and the monthly rent expense is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The San Diego Lease is included in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at the present value of the lease payments. As the San Diego Lease does not have an implicit interest rate, the present value reflects a 10.0% discount rate which is the estimated rate of interest that the Company would have to pay in order to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term and in a similar economic environment. The Company recognized an operating lease right-of-use asset and an aggregate lease liability of $0.3 million as of June 30, 2019, in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. The weighted average remaining lease term was 1.75 years.  

Maturities of lease liabilities due under this lease agreement as of June 30, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):

In June 2019, the Company engaged Newfront Insurance as its broker to obtain director and officer liability insurance for the Company effective as of the Merger. The son of Richard Vincent, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, acted as the Company’s agent at Newfront Insurance. The Company paid a premium of approximately $1.0 million in June 2019, for which the son will derive a commission of approximately $87,000. See Notes 4 and 6.

Between April 10 and May 1, 2019, three putative class action lawsuits and one individual lawsuit were filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware: Wheby  v. GTx, Inc. et al., Miller v. GTx, Inc. et al., Tabb v. GTx, Inc. et al., and Living Seas LLC v. GTx, Inc. et al. (collectively, the “Delaware Actions”) On April 11 and 23, 2019, two putative class actions were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York: Kopanic v. GTx, Inc. et al. and Cooper  v. GTx, Inc. et al. (collectively, the “New York Actions” and, together with the Delaware Actions, the “Actions”).  The Actions name as defendants us and our former board of directors, and, in the case of the Wheby and Miller actions, Private Oncternal and Merger Sub.  The Actions allege that defendants violated Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, as well as Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder, in connection with our filing of the Registration Statement in connection with the Merger.  Three of the Delaware Actions have now been voluntarily dismissed with prejudice: the Wheby action on June 12, 2019; the Miller action on July 15, 2019; and the Living Seas action on June 26, 2019. At June 30, 2019, the Company cannot predict the outcome of or estimate the possible loss or range of loss from any of these matters.

Georgetown University (“Georgetown”)

In March 2014, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “Georgetown License Agreement”) with Georgetown, pursuant to which the Company: (i) licensed the exclusive worldwide right to patents and technologies for the development and commercialization of certain product candidates targeting EWS-FLI1 as an anti-tumor therapy for therapeutic, diagnostics, or research tool purposes, (ii) is solely responsible for all development and commercialization activities and costs, and (iii) is responsible for all costs related to the filing, prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patent rights.

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Under the terms of the Georgetown License Agreement, commencing in 2015, the Company: (i) shall pay and has paid an annual license maintenance fee of $10,000 until the first commercial sale occurs, (ii) is required to make up to $0.2 million in aggregate milestone payments upon the achievement of certain regulatory milestones, and (iii) will be required to pay low single digit royalties based on annual net product sales. The Company accounted for the licensed technology as an asset acquisition because it did not meet the definition of a business. All milestone payments under the Georgetown License Agreement will be recognized as research and development expense upon completion of the required events, as the triggering events are not considered to be probable until they are achieved. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had not triggered or made any milestone payments under the Georgetown License Agreement.

The Georgetown License Agreement may be terminated by either party upon material breach or may be terminated by the Company as to one or more countries with 90 days written notice of termination. The term of the Georgetown License Agreement will continue until the expiration of the last valid claim within the patent rights covering the product. Georgetown may terminate the agreement in the event: (i) the Company fails to pay any amount and fails to cure such failure within 30 days after receipt of notice, (ii) the Company defaults in its obligation to obtain and maintain insurance and fails to remedy such breach within 60 days after receipt of notice, or (iii) the Company declares insolvency or bankruptcy. The Company may terminate the Georgetown License Agreement at any time upon at least 60 days’ written notice.

In 2017, the Company entered into a research agreement with Georgetown for up to $150,000. The Company recorded research and development expenses of $13,000 and $19,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and $32,000 for each of the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.  

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (“MD Anderson”)

In December 2014, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement (as amended, the “Collaboration”) with MD Anderson, which provides for the conduct of preclinical and clinical research for TK216 in exchange for certain program payments. If MD Anderson successfully completes all the requirements of the Collaboration in full and the program is successfully commercialized, the Company will be required to pay aggregate milestone payments of $1.0 million based on net product sales. The Company recorded no research and development expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.

Agreements with the Regents of the University of California (the “Regents”)

In March 2016, and as amended and restated in August 2018 in connection with the spin-off transactions described below, the Company entered into a license agreement (as amended, the “Regents License Agreement”) for the development, manufacturing and distribution rights related to the development and commercialization of ROR1 related naked antibodies, antibody fragments or synthetic antibodies, and genetically engineered cellular therapy. The Regents License Agreement was amended on March 25, 2019 and May 15, 2019, to update the patents covered under the agreement.  The Regents License Agreement provides for the following: (i) in May 2016, an upfront license fee of $0.5 million was paid and 107,108 shares of common stock were issued, (ii) $25,000 in annual license maintenance fees commencing in 2017, (iii) reimbursement of up to $30,000 in annual patent costs, (iv) certain development and regulatory milestones aggregating from $10.0 million to $12.5 million, on a per product basis, (v) certain worldwide sales milestones based on achievement of tiered revenue levels aggregating $75.0 million, (vi) low single-digit royalties, including potential future minimum annual royalties, on net sales of each target, and (vii) minimum diligence to advance licensed assets consisting of at least $1.0 million in development spend annually through 2021. Under the Regents License Agreement, the Company recorded: (i) no license maintenance fees as research and development expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and (ii) $0.1 million and $23,000 in patent costs as general and administrative expense for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $0.2 million and $44,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, the Company believes it has met its obligations under the Regents License Agreement.

In July 2016, and as modified by the amended and restated Regents License Agreement in August 2018, the Company entered into a Research Agreement (the “Research Agreement”) with the Regents for further research on a ROR1 therapeutic development program. Under this five-year agreement, the Regents will have an aggregate budget of $3.6 million, with $125,000 payable quarterly. The Company recorded research and development expense under this Agreement of $0.1 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and $0.3 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. Such costs are includable as part of the Company’s annual diligence obligations under the Regents License Agreement.

The Regents License Agreement will expire upon the later of the expiration date of the longest-lived patent rights or the 15th anniversary of the first commercial sale of a licensed product. The Regents may terminate the Regents License Agreement if: (i) a material breach by the Company is not cured within a reasonable time, (ii) the Company files a claim asserting the Regents licensed patent rights are invalid or unenforceable and (iii) the Company files for bankruptcy. The Company may terminate the agreement at any time upon at least 60 days’ written notice.

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University of Tennessee Research Foundation (“UTRF”)

In July 2007, the Company and UTRF entered into a consolidated, amended and restated license agreement (the “SARM License Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company was granted exclusive worldwide rights in all existing selective androgen receptor modulator (“SARM”) technologies owned or controlled by UTRF, including all improvements thereto, and exclusive rights to future SARM technology that may be developed by certain scientists at the University of Tennessee or subsequently licensed to UTRF under certain existing inter-institutional agreements with The Ohio State University.  Under the SARM License Agreement, the Company is obligated to pay UTRF annual license maintenance fees, low single-digit royalties on net sales of products and mid-single-digit royalties on sublicense revenues.

The Company and UTRF also entered into a license agreement (the “SARD License Agreement”) in March 2015 pursuant to which the Company was granted exclusive worldwide rights in all existing selective androgen receptor degrader (“SARD”) technologies owned or controlled by UTRF, including all improvements thereto.  Under the SARD License Agreement, the Company is obligated to employ active, diligent efforts to conduct preclinical research and development activities for the SARD program to advance one or more lead compounds into clinical development.  The Company is also obligated to pay UTRF annual license maintenance fees, low single-digit royalties on net sales of products and additional royalties on sublicense revenues, depending on the state of development of a clinical product candidate at the time it is sublicensed.

Velos Biopharma Holdings, LLC (“VBH”) and VelosBio, Inc. (“VelosBio”) Spin-off Transactions

In November 2017, the Company formed VBH and in December 2017, made an in-kind tax-free distribution of 100% of its interest in VBH to the Company’s stockholders, option holders and warrant holders of record. On February 6, 2018, the Company licensed and assigned its rights to two preclinical product candidates, previously under the Regents License Agreement, to VBH. In consideration for the license, the Company: (i) received a promissory note receivable from VBH of $0.1 million, with an annual interest rate of 2.64% and a due date of 10 years, and (ii) made a partial assignment of its March 2016 Regents License Agreement. Pursuant to the partial assignment, VBH assumed certain obligations related to the licensed Products under the Regents License Agreement as follows: (i) reimbursement of certain historical and future patent costs related to the Products, (ii) certain development and sales milestones for advancing licensed Products targets, (iii) low single-digit royalties, including potential future minimum annual royalties, on net sales of each licensed Product target are to be allocated between the Company and VBH, (iv) certain third party agreements and related obligations specifically related to the licensed Products, (v) minimum diligence requirements to advance licensed assets consisting of a minimum of $0.5 million in development spend annually through 2021, and (vi) Research Agreement obligations equal to $0.5 million annually commencing January 1, 2018. Due to the high uncertainty of the success of VBH ever repaying the note receivable and associated interest, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance for these amounts as of June 30, 2019.

In December 2017, VelosBio was incorporated with VBH being its sole stockholder. On February 6, 2018, VBH sublicensed and assigned its intellectual property rights to its two preclinical product candidates to VelosBio. In consideration for the license, VelosBio agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop the licensed products as well as the following payment obligations: (i) the assumption of each of the VBH assumed obligations under the partial assignment between the Company and VBH as outlined above, and (ii) certain tiered development milestone and royalty payments to VBH. In August 2018, the Company entered into the amended and restated Regents License Agreement and VelosBio entered into their own license agreement directly with the Regents. There is no common control overlap between the companies.

Also on February 6, 2018, the Company and VelosBio entered into: (i) an asset purchase agreement whereby VelosBio purchased the Company’s right, title and interest in the Company’s nominal assets related to the two preclinical product candidates and assumed the Company’s $0.2 million convertible note payable and related $16,000 of accrued interest which has been recorded as other income, and (ii) a transition services agreement whereby the Company agreed to provide VelosBio with certain transition services, as follows: (a) access to certain common laboratory equipment at the Company’s lab facility, (b) certain named employees were to devote up to 80% of their time supporting VelosBio related activities, (c) cirmtuzumab manufacturing, process optimization and ancillary activities until VelosBio was able to establish their own, and (d) agreement to cost share the purchase of certain antibody materials with VelosBio. Such services were to be provided at cost or cost plus. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company incurred $2.6 million and $2.7 million, respectively, of costs on behalf of VelosBio that were substantially reimbursed and recorded on a net basis within operating expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2018, there were no ongoing rights or commitments under the asset purchase or transition services agreements.

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The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) Award

In August 2017, CIRM awarded an $18.3 million grant to researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine (“UC San Diego”) to advance the Company’s Phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating cirmtuzumab in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma. The Company: (i) is conducting this study in collaboration with UC San Diego, (ii) estimates it will receive $16.1 million in development milestones under research subaward agreements throughout the award project period, estimated to be from October 1, 2017 to March 31, 2022, (iii) is committed to certain co-funding requirements, (iv) received subaward payments of $2.4 million and $0 in three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $3.7 million and $0.5 million the for six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and (v) is required to provide UC San Diego progress and financial update reports throughout the award period. The subaward does not bear a royalty payment commitment, nor is the subaward otherwise refundable. For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded revenue of $0.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and recorded revenue of $1.1 million and $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Related qualifying subaward costs for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $1.2 million and $2.8 million, respectively, and $2.1 million and $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, the Company believes it has met its obligations under the CIRM award and UC San Diego subawards.

Clinical Trial and Supply Agreement

In April 2018, the Company entered into a Clinical Trial and Supply Agreement with Pharmacyclics, LLC, an AbbVie Company (“Pharmacyclics”) to supply ibrutinib for the Company’s Phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating cirmtuzumab in combination with ibrutinib.  The Company and Pharmacyclics amended the Clinical Trial and Supply Agreement in August 2019.  Such agreement does not bear any upfront costs, inventory purchase costs, milestone or royalty payment commitments or other financial obligations.

License and Development Agreement with Shanghai Pharmaceutical (USA) Inc. (“SPH USA”), a Related Party

In November 2018, the Company entered into a License and Development Agreement (“LDA”) with SPH USA for: (i) the territory of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (“Greater China”), and (ii) rights to manufacture, develop, market, distribute and sell all of the Company’s product candidates under the Georgetown License Agreement and the Regents License Agreement (exclusive to Greater China only). Under the LDA, SPH USA is solely responsible for: (a) all preclinical and clinical development activities required in order to obtain regulatory approval in Greater China for such product candidates, (b) any third-party license milestone or royalty payments owed under the Georgetown License Agreement and the Regents License Agreement, and (c) paying the Company a low single digit royalty on net sales in the territory.

The LDA will expire upon the expiration of the last royalty term for the last licensed product. The LDA may be terminated by: (i) SPH USA on a country by country or product by product basis with 180 days written notice, (ii) either party upon material breach that is not cured within 90 days, and (iii) either party in the event the other party declares insolvency or bankruptcy.

The Merger, which closed on June 7, 2019, was accounted for as a reverse asset acquisition pursuant to Topic 805, Business Combinations, as substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired were concentrated in a group of similar non-financial assets, and the acquired assets did not have outputs or employees. Because the assets had not yet received regulatory approval, the fair value attributable to these assets was recorded as in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) expenses in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on June 7, 2019, the Company, a representative of holders of the contingent value rights (“CVRs”), and Computershare, Inc. as rights agent entered into a Contingent Value Rights Agreement (the “CVR Agreement”). Pursuant to the CVR Agreement, the Company’s stockholders of record as of immediately prior to the Merger received one CVR for each share of the Company’s common stock held immediately prior to the Merger. CVR holders are entitled to receive 75% of the aggregate amount of any net proceeds received by the combined company during the 15-year period after the closing of the Merger from the grant, sale or transfer of rights to the Company’s SARD or SARM technology that occurs during the 10-year period after the closing (or in the 11th year if based on a term sheet approved during the initial 10-year period) and, if applicable, to receive royalties on the sale of any SARD or SARM products by the combined company during the 15-year period after the closing. The CVR Agreement will continue in effect until the payment of all amounts payable thereunder.  As of the June 7, 2019 closing date and June 30, 2019, no milestones had been accrued as there were no potential milestones yet considered probable.

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The total purchase price paid in the Merger has been allocated to the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the completion of the Merger. The following summarizes the purchase price paid in the Merger (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

The allocation of the purchase price is as follows:

(2)      Represents the research and development projects of GTx which were in-process, but not yet completed, and which the Company plans to advance. This consists primarily of GTx’s preclinical SARD technology. Current accounting standards require that the fair value of IPR&D projects acquired in an asset acquisition with no alternative future use be allocated a portion of the consideration transferred and charged to expense on the acquisition date. The acquired assets did not have outputs or employees.

6.     Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation

On June 7, 2019, the Company’s certificate of incorporation was amended and restated to authorize 60,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, each with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Convertible Preferred Stock

        In connection with the Merger, all of the outstanding shares of Private Oncternal’s convertible preferred stock were converted into 8,148,268 shares of the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2018, Private Oncternal’s convertible preferred stock is classified as temporary equity on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in accordance with authoritative guidance for the classification and measurement of potentially redeemable securities whose redemption is based upon certain change in control events outside of Private Oncternal’s control, including liquidation, sale or transfer of control of Private Oncternal. Private Oncternal did not adjust the carrying values of the convertible preferred stock to the liquidation preferences of such shares because the occurrence of any such change of control event was not deemed probable.

Sales of Convertible Preferred Stock

In September, November and December 2017, Private Oncternal issued an aggregate of 1,662,494 shares of Series B-2 preferred stock at a per share purchase price of $6.13, raising net cash proceeds of $8.9 million, of which $1.1 million was collected in February 2018 and, as such, was recorded as a stock subscription receivable within mezzanine equity at December 31, 2017.

In November 2018, contemporaneous with entering into the LDA, Private Oncternal issued 2,495,114 shares of Series C preferred stock to SPH USA, at a per share purchase price of $6.81, raising net cash proceeds of $16.8 million. Private Oncternal concluded that the shares were issued at fair value and therefore no value was ascribed to the LDA.

Common Stock Warrants

In September, November and December 2017, as adjusted for the Exchange Ratio, Private Oncternal issued 371,624 Series B-2 warrants, which converted into rights to purchase common stock of the Company at the Merger closing, at an exercise price of $6.13 per share. The warrants expire on various dates in September, November and December 2022.

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On September 29, 2017, the Company completed a private placement transaction that included warrants to purchase an aggregate of 469,996 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $63.14 per share. The five-year warrants expire on September 29, 2022.

The Company assessed whether the above warrants require accounting as derivatives after the Merger closing. The Company determined that the warrants were indexed to the Company's own stock. As such, the Company has concluded the warrants meet the scope exception for determining whether the instruments require accounting as warrant liabilities. As of June 30, 2019, none of the warrants have been exercised.

Common Stock and Unvested Share Liability

The Company has issued restricted common stock subject to vesting and repurchase by the Company. For employee and non-employee awards, the issuance date fair value is recognized over the requisite service period of the award (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. In addition, the Company has outstanding unvested shares related to the early exercise of stock options. The Company has the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase any unvested shares at the original purchase price upon any voluntary or involuntary termination. The consideration received in exchange for unvested shares is recorded as an unvested share liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and is reclassified into common stock and additional paid-in capital as the shares vest. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the unvested share liability was $30,000 and $54,000, respectively.

A summary of the Company’s unvested shares is as follows (in thousands):

Equity Incentive Plans

Contemporaneous with the Merger  closing: (i) Private Oncternal’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2015 Plan”) was assumed by the Company, and (ii) the Company adopted the 2019 Incentive Award Plan (“2019 Plan”) under which the sum of: (a) 1,678,571 shares of common stock, (b) any shares of common stock which were subject to awards under the GTx 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan”) as of  June 7, 2019 which became available for issuance under the 2019 Plan in a number not to exceed 278,343 shares, and (c) an annual increase on the first day of each calendar year beginning January 1, 2020 and ending on and including January 1, 2029, equal to the lesser of (A) 5% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (B) such smaller number of shares of common stock as is determined by the Board, are reserved for issuance.

As of June 30, 2019, there were 322,775 outstanding and fully vested options under the 2013 Plan with a weighted average exercise price of $76.58 per share.

In July 2015, Private Oncternal adopted the 2015 Plan which provided for the issuance of up to 631,120 shares of common stock for incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards and other stock awards to its employees, members of its board of directors and consultants.  In general, the options issued under the 2015 Plan expire ten years from the date of grant and vest over a four-year period. Certain grants vest based on the achievement of development or regulatory milestones. No further awards will be made under the 2015 Plan, which was terminated in June 2019.

The 2015 Plan allows for the early exercise of all stock option grants if authorized by the board of directors at the time of grant. The Company has the option to repurchase any unvested shares at the original purchase price upon any voluntary or involuntary termination.

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A summary of the Company’s stock option activity under the 2019 Plan and 2015 Plan is as follows:

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and year ended December 31, 2018 was not material. The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the time of the option exercise and the exercise price of that stock option.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock option grants were as follows:

Expected volatility. Prior to the Merger, Private Oncternal did not have a trading history for its common stock.  Accordingly, the expected volatility assumption is based on volatilities of a peer group of similar companies whose share prices are publicly available. The peer group was developed based on companies in the life sciences industry. The Company will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock price becomes available.

Expected term. The expected term represents the period of time that options are expected to be outstanding. Because Private Oncternal did not have historical exercise behavior, it determined the expected life assumption using the simplified method for employees, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and its vesting period. The expected term for nonemployee options is generally the remaining contractual term.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield on the U.S. Treasury securities with a maturity date similar to the expected term of the associated stock option award.

Expected dividend yield. The Company bases the expected dividend yield assumption on the fact that it has never paid cash dividends and has no present intention to pay cash dividends and, therefore, used an expected dividend yield of zero.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for all equity awards has been reported in the statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

As of the latest balance sheet presented, the total compensation cost related to nonvested awards not yet recognized and the weighted-average period over which it is expected to be recognized was $90,000 and 2.9 years, respectively.

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Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

Common stock reserved for future issuance is as follows (in thousands):

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The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (i) our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2019 (this “Quarterly Report”), (ii) the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the period ended March 31, 2019 of privately-held Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. (“Private Oncternal”) prior to the merger described herein (“Merger”), included in our Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on August [8], 2019, and (iii) Private Oncternal’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, included in our Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed with the SEC on May 6, 2019 (Registration No. 333-230758) (the “Registration Statement”). As further described in Note 1 – Description of Business and Note 5 – Merger of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, Private Oncternal was determined to be the accounting acquirer in the Merger. Accordingly, the pre-Merger historical financial information presented in this Quarterly Report reflects the standalone financial statements of Private Oncternal and, therefore, period-over-period comparisons may not be meaningful. In addition, references to the Company’s operating results prior to the Merger will refer to the operating results of Private Oncternal. Except as otherwise indicated herein or as the context otherwise requires, references in this Quarterly Report to “Oncternal” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation, on a post-Merger basis, and the term “Private Oncternal” refers to the business of privately-held Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. prior to completion of the Merger.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategies and plans, prospective products, product approvals, research and development costs, timing and likelihood of success, plans and objectives of management for future operations and future results of anticipated products, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

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Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing first-in-class product candidates for cancers with critical unmet medical need. Our development efforts are focused on promising, yet untreated biological pathways implicated in cancer generation or progression.

Our lead product candidate is cirmtuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that is designed to inhibit the ROR1 receptor, which is being evaluated in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (“CLL”) and mantle cell lymphoma (“MCL”), and in a Phase 1b clinical trial in combination with paclitaxel for women with unresectable or metastatic breast cancer. ROR1 is a growth factor receptor that is widely expressed on many tumors and whose overexpression has been correlated with poor prognosis, which activates pathways that lead to increased tumor proliferation, invasiveness and drug resistance. In June 2019, we presented data at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (“ASCO”) annual meeting from our CIRRL  (Cirmtuzumab and Ibrutinib targeting ROR1 for Leukemia and Lymphoma) clinical trial clinical trial, reporting that results from the first 12 patients with CLL treated in the Part 1 dose finding cohort of the Phase 1 portion of the study our clinical trial demonstrated an observed interim overall objective response rate (“ORR”) of 91.7% for the combination of cirmtuzumab plus ibrutinib, including three patients with clinical or confirmed complete responses, and a well-tolerated safety profile consistent with that seen for ibrutinib treatment alone.

In August 2019, we announced that we have opened for enrollment the randomized, Phase 2, randomized portion of the study triggered based on favorable outcomes from the Part 1 dose-finding and Part 2 dose-conforming cohorts of the clinical trial, including an observed interim ORR of 100% for the first nine CLL patients with evaluable data receiving the recommended dosing regimen who have completed 12 weeks of cirmtuzumab plus ibrutinib treatment in Part 2 of the study, and a well-tolerated safety profile consistent with that seen with ibrutinib treatment alone. We anticipate reporting additional data from this study in patients with CLL and MCL at a scientific conference in the fourth quarter of 2019. In addition, at another conference we expect to report data from our Phase 1b study of cirmtuzumab in combination with paclitaxel from patients with breast cancer.

We are also developing TK216, a small molecule that is designed to inhibit E26 Transformation Specific (“ETS”) family oncoproteins, which alter gene transcription and RNA processing and lead to increased cell proliferation and invasion. TK216 is being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial, alone and in combination with vincristine, in patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma, a rare pediatric cancer. We anticipate completing the dose finding portion of our Phase 1 study of TK216 for patients with Ewing sarcoma and opening the expansion cohort in the third quarter of 2019. We anticipate reporting data from this study at a scientific conference in the fourth quarter of 2019.

In addition, we are developing a CAR-T product candidate that targets ROR1, which is currently in preclinical development as a potential treatment for solid tumors and hematologic cancers.  We anticipate selecting a candidate CAR-T construct for studies to support an investigational new drug application in hematologic cancers in the second half of 2019, initiating a Phase 1 clinical trial for hematological cancers in 2020.

On March 6, 2019, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, as amended (the “Merger Agreement”), with privately-held Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc. (“Private Oncternal”) and Grizzly Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”). Under the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Private Oncternal, with Private Oncternal surviving as our wholly-owned subsidiary (the “Merger”). On June 7, 2019, the Merger was completed.  We then changed our corporate name from GTx, Inc., to Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc., and Private Oncternal, which remains our wholly-owned subsidiary, changed its name to Oncternal Oncology, Inc. On June 10, 2019, our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “ONCT.”

Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, each outstanding share of Private Oncternal common stock outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Merger was converted into 0.073386 shares of our common stock (the “Exchange Ratio”), after taking into account a one-for-seven reverse stock split. Immediately prior to the closing of the Merger, all shares of Private Oncternal preferred stock then outstanding were exchanged into shares of common stock of Private Oncternal. In addition, all outstanding options exercisable for common stock of Private Oncternal and warrants exercisable for convertible preferred stock of Private Oncternal became options and warrants exercisable for the same number of shares of our common stock multiplied by the Exchange Ratio. Immediately following the Merger, stockholders of Private Oncternal owned approximately 77.5% of our outstanding common stock.

Prior to the Merger, we had been evaluating enobosarm, a selective androgen receptor modulator (“SARM”), for the treatment of post-menopausal women with stress urinary incontinence (“SUI”).  However, based on the results of the ASTRID trial, we determined that there was not a sufficient path forward to warrant additional clinical development of enobosarm to treat SUI, and discontinued further development of enobosarm to treat SUI, as well as our SARM technology generally.

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Prior to the Merger and since its inception in 2013, Private Oncternal had devoted most of its resources to organizing and staffing, business planning, raising capital, acquiring product candidates and securing related intellectual property rights and advancing its preclinical and clinical development programs. Under our research subaward agreements with the University of California San Diego School of Medicine (“UC San Diego”), we are eligible to receive up to $16.1 million in development milestones throughout the award project period, estimated to be from October 1, 2017 to March 31, 2022. Prior to the Merger, Private Oncternal funded its operations primarily through: (i) gross proceeds of $49.0 million from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred stock, and (ii) receipt of $7.7 million in subaward grant payments received from UC San Diego. As of June 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $28.5 million, including cash proceeds of $18.3 million received in connection with the closing of the Merger.

We have incurred net losses in each year since inception. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our current or future product candidates. Our net losses were $25.1 million ($18.1 million related to nonrecurring Merger costs) and $3.9 million for six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $56.5 million. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with: (i) advancing our research and development programs, (ii) general and administrative costs associated with our operations, and (iii) in-process research and development costs associated with the Merger. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years. We expect that our expenses and capital funding requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly if and as we:

We will not generate product sales revenue unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates and do not enter into a commercialization partnership, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our internal commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing and distribution. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

As a result, we believe we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our business strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government funding, or other sources, including potentially collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. We may not be able to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or eliminate the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of 2020. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. See “Liquidity and Going Concern.” Beyond that point, we will need to

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raise additional capital to finance our operations, which cannot be assured. Management has concluded that this circumstance raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the issuance date of our condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2019. See Note 1 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Components of Results of Operations

Grant Revenue

We have not and do not expect to generate any product sales revenue in the foreseeable future. If our development efforts for our product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval, we may generate product sales revenue in the future. We cannot predict if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our product candidates. We may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. Our total revenue to date has been derived from a California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) grant subaward with UC San Diego.

In August 2017, CIRM awarded an $18.3 million grant to researchers at UC San Diego to advance our Phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating cirmtuzumab in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies, including MCL and CLL. Oncternal is conducting this study in collaboration with UC San Diego and estimates it will receive $16.1 million in development milestones under research subaward agreements throughout the award project period, estimated to be from October 1, 2017 to March 31, 2022. In addition, we are committed to certain co-funding requirements and are required to provide UC San Diego progress and financial update reports throughout the award project period. We received subaward payments of $3.7 million and $0.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, we have met our obligations under the CIRM award and UC San Diego subawards.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the preclinical and clinical development of our lead product candidate, cirmtuzumab, as well as TK216, which include:

We accrue all research and development costs in the period for which they are incurred. Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors, collaborators and third-party service providers. Advance payments for goods or services to be received in future periods for use in research and development activities are deferred and then expensed as the related goods are delivered and as services are performed.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we: (i) invest in additional operational personnel to support our planned product development efforts, and (ii) continue to invest in developing our product candidates as our product candidates advance into later stages of development, and as we begin to conduct larger clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials.

Our direct research and development expenses are tracked by product candidate and consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid under third-party license agreements and to outside consultants, contract research organizations (“CROs”), contract manufacturing organizations and research laboratories in connection with our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. We do not allocate employee costs and costs associated with our discovery efforts, laboratory supplies and facilities, including other indirect costs, to specific product candidates because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We use internal resources primarily to conduct our research as well as for managing our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. These employees work across multiple programs and, therefore, we do not track our costs by product candidate unless such costs are includable as subaward costs.

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We cannot determine with certainty the timing of initiation, the duration or the completion costs of current or future preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates due to the inherently unpredictable nature of preclinical and clinical development, including any potential expanded dosing beyond the original protocols based in part on ongoing clinical success. Clinical and preclinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations. We anticipate that we will make determinations as to which product candidates to pursue and how much funding to direct to each product candidate on an ongoing basis in response to the results of ongoing and future preclinical studies and clinical trials, regulatory developments and our ongoing assessments of each product candidate’s commercial potential. We will need to raise substantial additional capital in the future. In addition, we cannot forecast which product candidates may be subject to future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, insurance costs, facility costs and professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, investor and public relations, accounting and audit services. Personnel-related costs consist of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation. We expect our general and administrative expenses will increase substantially as we: (i) incur additional costs associated with being a public company, including audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums, and investor relations costs, (ii) hire additional personnel, and (iii) protect our intellectual property.

Other Income (Expense)

Change in Fair Value of Preferred Stock Warrant Liability

In connection with Private Oncternal’s Series B-2 preferred stock financing in 2017, Private Oncternal issued warrants to purchase shares of its Series B-2 preferred stock. We classify these warrants as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and remeasure them to fair value at each reporting date, and we recognize changes in the fair value of the warrant liability as a component of other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Upon the closing of the Merger, all outstanding warrants to purchase Private Oncternal Series B-2 preferred stock were converted into warrants to purchase our common stock. As a result, such warrants will no longer require liability accounting and the fair value of the warrant liability has been reclassified to stockholders’ equity.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash equivalents, which consist of money market funds. Our interest income has not been significant due to low interest earned on invested balances.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:

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Grant Revenue

Grant revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $0.7 million, compared to $1.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was driven by lower research and development subaward related costs in 2019 as compared to 2018.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated:

Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $2.6 million and $3.5 million, respectively, a decrease of $0.9 million. The decrease was due to a $1.0 million decrease in direct product candidate costs, which was partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in unallocated research and development expenses.

Direct expenses for cirmtuzumab decreased $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to the following partially offsetting factors: (i) a $1.9 million decrease due primarily to the timing of manufacturing clinical trial materials in the second quarter of 2018, and (ii) a $0.5 million increase in clinical trial activities related to our ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial of cirmtuzumab in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies, including MCL and CLL, that commenced in the latter part of 2017.

Direct expenses for TK216 increased $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to the following: (i) a $0.2 million increase in manufacturing clinical trial material costs, and (ii) a $0.1 million increase in clinical trial activities related to our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of TK216 in refractory Ewing sarcoma.

In-Process Research and Development Expenses

In-process research and development expenses increased $18.1 million for three months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018, due to the issuance of common stock and transaction costs incurred related to the Merger.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $1.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively, an increase of $1.0 million. The increase is primarily due to higher corporate legal fees of $0.5 million incurred to significantly expand our intellectual property portfolio with respect to the cirmtuzumab product candidate and for additional legal support incurred to become a public company, an increase in personnel related costs of $0.4 million, as well as expenses to operate as a publicly-traded company.

Other Income (Expense)

Other expense was $1.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $0.1 million of income for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.4 million change in the fair value of the preferred stock warrant liability.

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Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:

Grant Revenue

Grant revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $1.1 million, compared to $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was due to lower research and development subaward related costs incurred in 2019 as compared to 2018.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated:

Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $4.5 million and $4.8 million, respectively, a decrease of $0.3 million. The decrease was due to a $0.2 million decrease in direct product candidate costs and a $0.1 million decrease in unallocated research and development expenses.

Direct expenses for cirmtuzumab decreased $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to the following partially offsetting factors: (i) a $1.5 million increase in clinical trial activities related to our ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial of cirmtuzumab in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies, including MCL and CLL, that commenced in the latter part of 2017, and (ii) a $2.0 million decrease in manufacturing costs, due primarily to the timing of manufacturing clinical trial materials in the second quarter of 2018.

Direct expenses for TK216 increased $0.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018, due primarily to the following partially offsetting factors: (i) a $0.1 million increase in clinical trial activities related to our continuing Phase 1 clinical trial of TK216 in refractory Ewing sarcoma, and (ii) development expenses as we generally reduced our preclinical program activities, and (ii) a $0.2 million increase in manufacturing costs for clinical trial materials.

Unallocated research and development expenses decreased $0.1 million for six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 primarily due to lower personnel costs resulting from entering into the VelosBio transition services agreement.

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In-Process Research and Development Expenses

In-process research and development expenses increased $18.1 million for six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018, due solely to the Merger.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $2.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, an increase of $1.4 million. The increase is primarily due to an increase in personnel related costs of $0.6 million, higher corporate legal fees of $0.4 million incurred to expand our intellectual property portfolio on the cirmtuzumab platform and product candidates in 2019 and additional legal support incurred to become a public company, as well as expenses to operate as a publicly-traded company.

Other Income (Expense)

Other expense was $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to other income of $0.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, a change of $1.5 million in additional expense. The decrease was primarily due to a: (i) $1.3 million decrease in the fair value of the preferred stock warrant liability, and (ii) gain of $0.2 million related to an asset purchase agreement with VelosBio as further described in Note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Liquidity and Going Concern

From our inception through June 30, 2019, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizational activities including raising capital, building infrastructure, acquiring assets, developing intellectual property, and conducting preclinical studies, clinical trials and product development activities. We have a limited operating history and the sales and income potential of our business and market are unproven. We have experienced recurring net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities. At June 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $56.5 million and had cash and cash equivalents of $28.5 million. We will need to continue to raise a substantial amount of funds until we are able to generate revenues to fund our development and operating activities.

We expect to continue to incur net losses into the foreseeable future. Successful transition to attaining profitable operations is dependent upon achieving a level of revenues adequate to support our cost structure. We have incurred net losses since inception and have relied on our ability to fund our operations through debt and equity financings and grant funding. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. This basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of our assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

We plan to continue to fund our losses from operations and capital funding needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government funding, or other sources, including potentially collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any sources of financing on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that we can raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that impact our ability to conduct our business.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

Operating activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, net cash used in operating activities was $9.9 million, resulting from our net loss of $25.1 million, which included non-cash charges of $18.1 million related to the acquisition of in-process research and development, a change in the fair value of the warrant liability of $1.3 million, offset by a $4.2 million change in our operating assets and liabilities.

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The $4.2 million change in operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a $0.7 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, a $2.4 million increase in deferred revenue, and a $5.9 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, net cash used in operating activities was $5.3 million, resulting from our net loss of $3.9 million, which included non-cash charges of other income of $0.2 million, a change in the fair value of warrant liability of $0.1 million, stock-based compensation charges of $0.1 million, and a $1.1 million change in operating assets and liabilities. The $1.1 million change in operating assets and liabilities consisted of a $2.6 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, a $1.2 million decrease in deferred revenue, and a $2.7 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Investing activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $17.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, primarily resulting from cash received in connection with the Merger. Net cash provided by investing activities was $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was nominal for the six months ended June 30, 2019. Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, which resulted from the collection of $1.1 million of Series B-2 convertible preferred stock subscriptions receivable issued in December 2017.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements into the second quarter of 2020. However, our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary materially. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we expect. Additionally, the process of testing product candidates in clinical trials is costly, and the timing of progress, potential dose expansions beyond our planned study protocols based in part on our clinical progress, and expenses in these trials is uncertain.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues to support our cost structure, we expect to finance our losses from operations and capital funding needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government funding and other sources, including potentially collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. To the extent we raise additional capital through the sale of debt or equity securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds through debt or equity financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or

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grant rights to develop and market our product candidates even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and market such product candidates by ourselves. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any sources of financing on acceptable terms, or at all.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We are party to a number of license agreements, pursuant to which we have payment obligations that are contingent upon future events such as our achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial milestones and are required to make royalty payments in connection with the sale of products developed under those agreements. As of June 30, 2019, we were unable to estimate the timing or likelihood of achieving the milestones or making future product sales and, therefore, any related payments are not included in the table above.  See Note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for a description of these agreements.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with clinical trial sites and clinical supply manufacturers and with vendors for preclinical studies, research supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination after a notice period, and, therefore, are cancelable contracts and not included in the table above.

Government Contracts, Grant Agreements and Incentive Programs

The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) Award

In August 2017, CIRM awarded an $18.3 million grant to researchers at UC San Diego, to advance our Phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating cirmtuzumab in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies, including MCL and CLL. We: (i) are conducting this study in collaboration with UC San Diego, (ii) estimate we will receive $16.1 million in development milestones under research subaward agreements throughout the award project period, estimated to be from October 1, 2017 to March 31, 2022, (iii) are committed to certain co-funding requirements, (iv) received subaward payments of $0.5 million and $3.6 million in June 2019 and 2018, respectively, and (v) are required to provide UC San Diego progress and financial update reports throughout the award project period. The subaward does not bear a royalty payment commitment, nor is the subaward otherwise refundable. For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, we recorded revenue of $1.2 million and $1.7 million, respectively. Related qualifying subaward costs during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $2.6 million and $3.4 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, we have met our obligations under the CIRM award and UC San Diego subawards to date.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of the financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods.

Our estimates are based on our historical experience, trends and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We consider our critical accounting policies and estimates to be related to research and development expenses and accruals, the valuation of warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock (which did convert at the Merger closing), and revenue recognition. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2019 from those disclosed in “Oncternal’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies,” included in the Registration Statement.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under SEC rules.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, who serve as our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2019. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of such date.

Changes in Disclosure Controls and Procedures

On June 7, 2019, we completed the Merger as described in above. Otherwise, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the six months ended June 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Litigation Related to the Merger  

  Between April 10 and May 1, 2019, three putative class action lawsuits and one individual lawsuit were filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware: Wheby  v. GTx, Inc. et al., Miller v. GTx, Inc. et al., Tabb v. GTx, Inc. et al., and Living Seas LLC v. GTx, Inc. et al. (collectively, the “Delaware Actions”) On April 11 and 23, 2019, two putative class actions were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York: Kopanic v. GTx, Inc. et al. and Cooper v. GTx, Inc. et al. (collectively, the “New York Actions” and, together with the Delaware Actions, the “Actions”).  The Actions name as defendants us and our former board of directors, and, in the case of the Wheby and Miller actions, Private Oncternal and Merger Sub.  The Actions allege that defendants violated Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, as well as Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder, in connection with our filing of the Registration Statement in connection with the Merger.  Three of the Delaware Actions have now been voluntarily dismissed with prejudice: the Wheby action on June 12, 2019; the Miller action on July 15, 2019; and the Living Seas action on June 26, 2019. We and our board of directors believe that the remaining lawsuits are without merit and intend to vigorously defend these actions. We cannot predict the outcome of or estimate the possible loss or range of loss from any of these matters. It is possible that additional, similar complaints may be filed or the complaints described above will be amended. If this occurs, we do not intend to announce the filing of each additional, similar complaint or any amended complaint unless it contains allegations that are substantially distinct from those made in the pending actions described above.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with the other information contained in this Quarterly Report, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before making a decision to purchase or sell shares of our common stock. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed in the risk factors below will not occur. These risks could have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects. If that were to happen, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations or financial condition. As a result of the Merger, the following the risks represent material changes from those set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have a limited operating history, have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We may never generate any revenue or become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.

Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. To date, we have focused primarily on organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, identifying, acquiring and in-licensing our product candidates and conducting preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials. Cirmtuzumab and TK216 are in clinical development, while our ROR1 CAR-T program is in the preclinical stage. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third-party to do so on our behalf, or embark on sales and marketing activities necessary for successful post regulatory approval product commercialization, and have not developed any companion diagnostic test for our product candidates. Consequently, any predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing biopharmaceutical products.

We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. If our product candidates are not successfully developed and approved, we may never generate any revenue. Our net losses were $25.1 million and $3.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of June 30, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $56.5 million. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. All of our product candidates will require substantial additional development time and resources before we would be able to apply for or receive regulatory approvals and begin generating revenue from product sales. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and anticipate these losses will increase substantially as we continue to develop, seek regulatory approval for and potentially commercialize any of our product candidates, and seek to identify, assess, acquire, in-license or develop additional product candidates.

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To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing products that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing clinical trials and preclinical studies of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates and manufacturing, marketing and selling any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We are only in the preliminary stages of most of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability. In addition, we have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biopharmaceutical industry. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress our value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product candidates or even continue our operations. A decline in our company’s value could also cause stockholders to lose all or part of their investment.