OneSpan Inc. - Annual Report: 2015 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS PURSUANT TO

SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

(Mark One)

or

Commission file number 000-24389

VASCO Data Security International, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

1901 South Meyers Road, Suite 210

Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois 60181

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(630) 932-8844

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act.     Yes               No       X    

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the act.     Yes               No          X    

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes      X         No          

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).     Yes      X        No          

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  [    ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer      X             Accelerated filer                  Non-accelerated filer               Smaller reporting company          

                                                              (do not check if smaller reporting company)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes              No      X    

As of June 30, 2015, the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity (based upon the last sale price of the common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market on June 30, 2015) held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $900,260,577 at $30.19 per share.

As of February 11, 2016, there were 40,132,324 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain sections of the registrant’s Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders and Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

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This report contains trademarks of VASCO Data Security International, Inc. and its subsidiaries, which include VASCO, the VASCO “V” design, Digipass as a Service, MYDIGIPASS.COM, DIGIPASS, VACMAN, aXsGUARD, IDENTIKEY, Cronto, and eSignLive.

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Cautionary Statement for Purposes of the Safe Harbor Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended concerning, among other things, our expectations regarding the prospects of, and developments and business strategies for, VASCO and our operations, including the development and marketing of certain new products and services and the anticipated future growth in certain markets in which we currently market and sell our products and services or anticipate selling and marketing our products or services in the future. These forward-looking statements (1) are identified by use of terms and phrases such as “expect”, “believe”, “will”, “anticipate”, “emerging”, “intend”, “plan”, “could”, “may”, “estimate”, “should”, “objective”, “goal”, “possible”, “potential”, “project”, and similar words and expressions, but such words and phrases are not the exclusive means of identifying them, and (2) are subject to risks and uncertainties and represent our present expectations or beliefs concerning future events. VASCO cautions that the forward-looking statements are qualified by important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors have been described in greater detail in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and include, but are not limited to, (a) risks specific to VASCO, including demand for our products and services, competition from more established firms and others, pressure on price levels and our historical dependence on relatively few products, certain suppliers and key customers, (b) risks inherent to the computer and network security industry, including rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, increasingly sophisticated hacking attempts, increasing numbers of patent infringement claims, changes in customer requirements, price competitive bidding, and changing government regulations, and (c) risks of general market conditions, including, currency fluctuations and the uncertainties resulting from turmoil in world economic and financial markets. Thus, the results that we actually achieve may differ materially from any anticipated results included in, or implied by these statements. Except for our ongoing obligations to disclose material information as required by the U.S. federal securities laws, we do not have any obligations or intention to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances in the future or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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PART I

Item 1 - Business

VASCO Data Security International, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Delaware in 1997 and is the successor to VASCO Corp., a Delaware corporation. Our principal executive offices are located at 1901 South Meyers Road, Suite 210, Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois 60181; the telephone number at that address is 630 932 8844. Our international headquarters in Europe is located at World-Wide Business Center, Balz-Zimmermannstrasse 7, CH-8152, Glattbrugg, Switzerland; the phone number at this location is +41 43 555 3500. Our principal operations offices in Europe are located at Koningin Astridlaan 164, B-1780 Wemmel, Belgium and the telephone number at that address is +32 2 609 9700. Unless otherwise noted, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “VASCO”, “company”, “we”, “our”, and “us” refer to VASCO Data Security International, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Additional information on the company, our products and services and our results, including the company’s annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) are available, free of charge, on our website at https://www.vasco.com. You may also read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Our reports are filed electronically with the SEC and are also available on the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov).

General

VASCO is an IT security company that designs, develops and markets security and business enablement solutions that secure and manage access to digital assets, and protect and facilitate transactions online, via mobile devices, and in-person. VASCO is a world leader in providing two-factor authentication and electronic signature solutions to financial institutions. VASCO solutions secure access to data, assets, and applications for global enterprises; provide tools for application developers to easily integrate security functions into their web-based and mobile applications; and facilitate digital transactions involving the signing, sending and managing of documents. Our core technology, two-factor authentication (also known as 2FA) strengthens the process of verifying the identity of users by means of a combination of two different components. These components may consist of something that the user knows, such as a username, and another item that the user possesses, such as a VASCO hardware or software authenticator that generates a one-time password (OTP). Two-factor authentication is a type of multi-factor authentication.

VASCO’s security solutions include both open standards-based and proprietary solutions, some of which are patented products and services used for authentication, electronically signing transactions and documents, and identity management in Business-to-Business (“B2B”), Business-to-Employee (“B2E”) and Business-to-Consumer (“B2C”) environments.

Historically, we have focused on two target market segments, the banking and/or financial services market (which we refer to as the “Banking Market” or “Banking”) and the enterprise and application security market (which we refer to as the “Enterprise and Application Security Market” or “Enterprise and Application Security”). Our target markets include, but are not limited to, applications where individuals access assets and information, and conduct transactions that have value.

In this increasingly connected world, online and mobile application owners and users benefit from our expertise in two-factor authentication, transaction signing, and application security. Our convenient and proven security solutions enable trusted interactions between businesses, employees, and consumers across a variety of online and mobile platforms.

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In order to grow in this rapidly evolving market, VASCO has developed a growth strategy. Our strategy includes the following:

Our newest product offerings enhance our library of mobile application security modules, add risk-based anti-fraud solutions, and deliver broad-based signature capabilities that enable secure and simple digitized business transactions.

The number of people using the internet via computers, tablets, and smartphones continues to grow at a rapid pace. Consumers are embracing online and mobile transactions and banking in ever-increasing numbers. Organizations of all types have an increasing number of employees and business partners accessing protected resources from remote locations. New business paradigms such as these introduce new security risks for all participants, especially banks, merchants, and online service providers. Large and powerful criminal hacking organizations are launching more sophisticated hacking attacks with greater frequency. The criminal activities of private and state-sponsored hacking organizations has driven an increased need for security solutions and the expansion of regulations requiring organizations to improve their security measures to protect against hacking attacks and breaches. Several governments worldwide have recognized the risk associated with using fixed passwords for internet applications and have issued specific rules requiring two-factor authentication for online banking security. We anticipate that this trend may continue and that governments in other countries could prepare similar guidance or rules in order to protect their citizens’ online assets.

Our Background

Our predecessor company, VASCO Corp., entered the data security business in 1991 through the acquisition of a controlling interest in ThumbScan, Inc., which we renamed as VASCO Data Security, Inc.

In 1996, we expanded our computer security business by acquiring Lintel Security NV/SA, a Belgian corporation, which included assets associated with the development of security tokens and security technologies for personal computers and computer networks. Also in 1996, we acquired Digipass NV/SA, a Belgian corporation, which was also a developer of security tokens and security technologies and whose name we changed to VASCO Data Security NV/SA in 1997.

In 1997, VASCO Data Security International, Inc. was incorporated and in 1998, we completed a registered exchange offer with the holders of the outstanding securities of VASCO Corp.

In December 2006, we opened our international headquarters in Zurich, Switzerland. In 2007, we established wholly owned sales subsidiaries in Brazil and Japan.

In 2008 and 2009, we established wholly-owned sales subsidiaries in Mumbai, India and Bahrain, respectively.

In 2011, we completed the establishment of our wholly-owned sales subsidiary in China and received our trade license for a new subsidiary in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Since the 1998 exchange offer, we have engaged in eleven acquisitions and one disposition.

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In May 2013, we acquired Cronto Limited (“Cronto”), a provider of secure visual transaction authentication solutions for online banking. Cronto’s patented solution offers a robust, yet simple way to assure that a financial transaction has not been compromised, or “hacked.” The Cronto solution has been integrated into VACMAN Controller and IDENTIKEY Server, VASCO’s security platforms that support VASCO’s entire family of strong authentication and e-signature products.

In May 2014, we acquired Risk IDS, a provider of risk-based authentication solutions to the global banking community. The platform is designed to evaluate the profile of the user requesting access to the system to determine the risk profile associated with the transaction. It features a real-time analysis engine that uses rules and statistical techniques to improve real-time fraud detection. The Risk IDS solution is being integrated into our family of strong authentication and e-signature products.

In November 2015, we acquired Silanis Technology Inc., a leading provider of Electronic Signature (e-signature) and digital transaction solutions used to sign, send and manage documents. Silanis’ eSignLive™ platform is trusted by some of the largest banks, insurers and government agencies.

Our Approach

We believe that security solutions for authentication, electronic signature, and identity management that protect access to financial accounts and internal and cloud applications as well as the integrity of transactions, must be broad in scope and address all of the critical aspects of data security. The market requirements for security continue to evolve and we are responding by expanding our solutions beyond traditional authentication to include more channels such as mobile and ATM security. We believe that effective security solutions must address and assimilate issues relating to the following:

Accordingly, we have adopted the following approach to data security in designing our products:

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Our Products and Services

Authentication and anti-fraud solutions, our primary product offerings, provide a flexible and affordable means of authenticating users to networks and to web-based and mobile applications. Our authentication products calculate dynamic passwords, also known as one-time passwords (“OTP”), that authenticate users logging onto networks or other applications. In addition, our products can be used to enable electronic signatures to protect electronic transactions and the integrity of the contents of such transactions.

Multi-factor authentication consists of several factors:

Using our solutions, to enter a remote system, access protected applications, or electronically sign a transaction, the user needs the following:

Both factors help ensure that the correct person is being granted access to an application, protected data, or signing a transaction, instead of a hacker. This helps reduce fraud and protect valuable assets.

VASCO’s primary product and service lines include Host System products, which are typically a component of an organization’s IT infrastructure, and Client Authenticators, which are devices used by end users for authentication.

Host System products:

Client Authenticator Products:

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VASCO offers additional product and service lines including three categories of solutions; Developer Tools, which are typically used by organizations developing mobile applications, Risk Analysis Products, used to identify and mitigate the risk of fraud, and e-signature solutions used to sign, send, and mange documents.

Developer Tools:

Risk Analysis Products:

Electronic Signature Products:

We offer our Host System products in one of two models, an on-premises model or an in-the-cloud services model:

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Banking

Enterprise VPN Access

Enterprise Single Sign-on

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MYDIGIPASS Security in the Cloud

Electronic Signature Products

Our eSignLive e-signature solution provides features that we believe are unique and provide a competitive advantage to us. This includes both on-premises or in the cloud implementation, full white-labeling capabilities, and an active audit trail that satisfies compliance and evidentiary requirements, depicted in the graphic below.

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Detailed Product Descriptions

VACMAN Controller

The VACMAN product line incorporates a range of strong authentication utilities and solutions designed to allow organizations to add DIGIPASS strong authentication into their existing networks and applications.

In order to provide the greatest flexibility, without compromising functionality or security, VACMAN solutions are designed to integrate with most popular hardware and software. Once integrated, the VACMAN components become largely transparent to the users, minimizing rollout and support issues.

VACMAN is the backbone of VASCO’s product strategy towards the banking and e-commerce markets. VACMAN encompasses all four authentication technologies (passwords, dynamic password technologies, certificates, and biometrics) and allows our customers to use any combination of those technologies simultaneously. VACMAN is natively embedded in or compatible with the solutions of over 100 VASCO solution partners.

Designed by specialists in system access security, VACMAN makes it easy to administer a high level of access control and allows our customers to match the level of authentication security used with their perceived risk for each user of their application. Our customer simply adds a field to his or her existing user database, describing the authentication technology used and, if applicable, the unique DIGIPASS assigned to the end user of their application. VACMAN takes it from there, automatically authenticating the logon request using the security sequence the user specifies, whether it’s a one-time password using either response-only or a challenge/response authentication scheme or an electronic signature.

VACMAN allows the user the freedom to provide secure remote access to virtually any type of application. VACMAN is a library requiring only a few days to implement in most systems and supports all DIGIPASS functionality. Once linked to an application, VACMAN automatically handles login requests from any user authorized to have a DIGIPASS.

IDENTIKEY Authentication Server

IDENTIKEY Authentication Server is an off-the-shelf centralized authentication server that supports the deployment, use, and administration of DIGIPASS strong user authentication. IDENTIKEY is based on VASCO’s core VACMAN technology.

IDENTIKEY Authentication Server is available in a Banking Edition and three versions for the Enterprise and Application Security market that can be easily upgraded.

The Banking Edition provides robust protection against man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, the highest security, and verified fit into existing PCI-DSS environments without reducing compliancy. This version includes:

The three versions available to the Enterprise and Application Security market include:

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The Enterprise Edition is the optimum solution for SMBs that want to secure more than remote access by using the same DIGIPASS device to secure additional applications at little to no extra cost. It also addresses the need of large enterprises to set up a pool of replication servers to share the authentication load and assure high-availability, especially when securing an increased number of customers and partners who use web-hosted applications.

IDENTIKEY Appliance and IDENTIKEY Virtual Appliance

IDENTIKEY Appliance is a standalone authentication solution that offers strong two-factor authentication for remote access to a corporate network or to web-based in-house business applications. It comes in a standard 19 inch rack mountable “slim fit” design. The appliance verifies DIGIPASS/IDENTIKEY authentication requests from RADIUS clients and web filters and can easily be integrated with any infrastructure. It features a web-based administration interface as well as an auditing and reporting console.

IDENTIKEY Virtual Appliance is a virtualized authentication appliance that secures remote access to corporate networks and web-based applications.

IDENTIKEY Federation Server

IDENTIKEY Federation Server is a server appliance that provides an identity and access management platform. It is used to validate user credentials across multiple applications and disparate networks. The solution validates users and creates an identity ticket enabling web single sign-on for different applications across organizational boundaries. IDENTIKEY Federation Server works as an Identity Provider within the local organization, but can also delegate authentication requests (for unknown users) to other Identity Providers. In a Federated Model, IDENTIKEY Federation Server not only delegates but also receives authentication requests from other Identity Providers, when local users want to access applications from other organizations within the same federated infrastructure.

Cloud Services (DPaaS and MDP)

In October of 2010, we launched our DIGIPASS as a Service security platform. Our initial DPaaS offering was directed at providing two-factor authentication for B2B and B2E applications. B2B applications are applications between two organizations that have an on-going relationship of some type. An example could be a manufacturer that has a web site through which a customer regularly purchases its products. VASCO’s DPaaS platform could be used to authenticate the purchaser to prevent fraudulent activities. B2E applications are applications which have been outsourced by an organization. These could be sales reporting and forecasting applications, payroll and 401(k) plan administration applications, human resource applications, etc. that are operated in the cloud.

We launched MYDIGIPASS (“MDP”) in April 2012. MDP is directed at the B2B and B2C market. Our goal is to have the user securely access multiple applications with only one DIGIPASS. We believe that with this approach, we can bring the security of multifactor authentication to a large number of online applications.

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The combination of our core business line and service offering brings a large number of online applications within VASCO’s reach. While revenues generated from MDP to date have been minimal, we believe MDP has potential for future growth as it will make authentication more affordable and readily available to users and applications markets. We believe that this combination provides VASCO with a viable position in the market, giving us the opportunity to target web application owners and offer their end users convenience and security.

DIGIPASS Hardware Authenticators

We offer a wide variety of DIGIPASS authenticators, each of which has its own distinct characteristics to meet the needs of our customers. All models of the DIGIPASS family are designed to work together so that our customers can switch their users’ devices without requiring any changes to their existing infrastructure. Our hardware DIGIPASS models range from simple one-button devices to devices that include more secure technologies, such as PKI.

With the acquisition of Cronto, VASCO has also added visual cryptography to its product portfolio. Sensitive transaction data are captured in a cryptogram that consists of a matrix of colored dots. By scanning the image with a hardware or software authenticator, the data contained in the cryptogram is decrypted and the transaction details are presented to the user for verification providing a highly secure method of visual transaction signing with maximum user convenience.

During 2014, we launched Bluetooth-enabled authentication and digital signature solutions that bring our high level of security to the increasing number of users of tablets and smart phones that have no USB port. VASCO’s Bluetooth Smart devices create an immediate virtual secure connection between the authenticator and the mobile device using a Bluetooth Smart connection.

Many DIGIPASS authenticators also combine the benefits of traditional password authenticators (authentication and digital signatures) with smart card readers. Together, they bring portability to smart cards and allow the use of secure time-based algorithms.

DIGIPASS hardware technology is designed to support authentication and digital signatures for applications running on desktop PCs, laptops, tablets, and smart phones.

DIGIPASS Software Authenticators

Our DIGIPASS Software authenticators are designed to provide our customers with increased security for access to their networks and applications without having to carry a standalone hardware device.

Many of our DIGIPASS Software authenticator models also balance the need for stronger mobile application security with the demands for user convenience by delivering comprehensive, built-in security for mobile applications, combined with a frictionless, “hands-free” authentication and e-signing experience for mobile users.

DIGIPASS for Apps is a software development kit that contains a library of APIs (application programming interface) that allows application developers to add important security features to their mobile applications such as secure storage, secure communication channel, secure provisioning, device binding capabilities, jailbreak detection, rootkit detection, geolocation, IP address detection, and other security features. DIGIPASS for Mobile offers a similar set of security features as a downloadable mobile application.

Developer Tools:

In addition to serving as a software authenticator, DIGIPASS for Apps is a comprehensive software development kit (SDK) that allows application developers to natively integrate application security such as two-factor authentication and electronic signing into mobile applications. Through a complete library of APIs, application developers can extend and strengthen application security, deliver enhanced convenience to their application users, and streamline application deployment and lifecycle management processes.

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Risk Analysis Products:

IDENTIKEY Risk Manager (IRM) is a comprehensive anti-fraud solution designed to help banks and other users improve the manner and speed of detecting fraud across multiple channels. It enables banks and financial institutions to take a proactive approach to fraud prevention, while at the same time making the experience frictionless for their end users. IRM uses analytic techniques such as Neural Network implementations to score real-time transaction activity. Cross-channel prebuilt rules complement this score and allow fraud experts to make decisions on alerts or link to automated business processes such as Step-Up Authentication. This solution may be implemented in combination with our DIGIPASS for Apps to provide end-to-end trust with minimal impact on the end user experience. These products are targeted at banks, transaction processors, and ATM operations.

eSignLive e-signature:

eSignLive supports a broad range of e-signature requirements from the simple to the complex, and from the occasional electronic contract to processing tens of thousands of transactions. eSignLive’s unified platform provides multiple deployment options including public cloud, private cloud, or on-premises, without compromising on security or functionality. Customers can fully customize the e-signature end-user experience to reinforce their brand for a seamless signing experience.

eSignLive is a well-established solution with successful deployments across web, call center and retail channels. It offers an optimal e-signing experience across multiple devices—laptop, mobile phone, or tablet—contributing to high levels of user adoption and satisfaction. Each step of the e-signature workflow may be customized, from authentication to e-document distribution, to ensure a high level of signer satisfaction across multiple channels.

eSignLive provides the most comprehensive and secure electronic evidence for the strongest legal protection by capturing both document and process-level evidence. This reduces the time and cost of gathering evidence and demonstrating legal and regulatory compliance.

Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights and Licenses

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, design and trade secret laws, as well as employee and third-party non-disclosure agreements to protect our proprietary rights. In particular, we hold several patents in the U.S. and in other countries, which cover multiple aspects of our technology. These patents expire between 2021 and 2034. In addition to the issued patents, we also have several patent applications pending in the U.S., Europe and other countries. The majority of our issued and pending patents cover our DIGIPASS family and other authentication related technology. We believe these patents to be valuable property rights and we rely on the strength of our patents and on trade secret law to protect our proprietary technology. We furthermore have registrations for most of our trademarks in most of the markets where we sell the corresponding products and services and registrations of the designs of many of our hardware products primarily in the EU and China. To the extent that we believe our intellectual property rights are being infringed upon, we intend to assert vigorously our intellectual property rights, including but not limited to, pursuing all available legal remedies.

Research and Development

Our research and development efforts historically have been, and will continue to be, concentrated on product enhancement, new technology development, and related new product introductions. We employ a team of full-time engineers and, from time to time, also engage independent engineering firms to conduct non-strategic research and development efforts on our behalf. For fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, we incurred expenses of $18.5 million, $19.5 million, and $21.3 million, respectively, for research and development.

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Production

Our security hardware DIGIPASS products are manufactured by third party manufacturers pursuant to purchase orders that we issue. Our hardware DIGIPASS products are made primarily from commercially available electronic components purchased globally. Our software products, including software versions of our DIGIPASS products, are produced in-house.

Hardware DIGIPASS products utilize commercially available programmable microprocessors purchased from several suppliers. The microprocessors are the most important components of our security authenticators that are not commodity items readily available on the open market. Some microprocessors are single sourced. Orders of microprocessors generally require a lead-time of 12-16 weeks. We attempt to maintain a sufficient inventory of all parts to handle short-term increases in orders.

Large orders that would significantly deplete our inventory are typically required to be placed with more than twelve weeks of lead-time, allowing us to make appropriate arrangements with our suppliers. During 2013, we purchased a multi-year supply of certain microprocessors scheduled to be discontinued by a manufacturer. Since this time, we have reengineered most products that were impacted to use other processors with the exception of some products for which we believe our processor inventory is still adequate.

We purchase microprocessors and arrange for shipment to third parties for assembly and testing in accordance with our design specifications. The majority of our DIGIPASS products are manufactured by four independent vendors domiciled in Hong Kong and Macau with production facilities in mainland China. Purchases from these companies are made on a volume purchase order basis. Equipment designed to test product at the point of assembly is supplied by VASCO. We maintain a local team in China who conduct daily quality control and weekly quality assurance procedures. Periodic visits are conducted by our personnel for purposes of quality management, assembly process review, and supplier relations.

Competition

The market for computer and network security solutions is very competitive and, like most technology-driven markets, is subject to rapid change and constantly evolving products and services. Our main competitors are Gemalto and RSA Security, a subsidiary of EMC Corporation. There are many other companies, such as Kobil Systems, SafeNet (acquired by Gemalto in 2014), Symantec, and Entrust that offer competing authentication hardware, software and services that range from simple locking mechanisms to sophisticated encryption technologies. Certain mobile device manufacturers and financial institutions have developed proprietary electronic transaction security solutions. We face additional competition from many small authentication solution providers many offering new technologies and niche solutions such as biometric or behavioral analysis. We believe competition is likely to intensify as a result of increasing demand for security products fueled by an increase in publicized sophisticated hacking attacks and increased use of mobile payments.

We believe that the principal competitive factors affecting the market for computer and network security products include the strength and effectiveness of the solution, technical features, ease of use, quality/reliability, customer service and support, name recognition, customer base, distribution channels, and the total cost of ownership of the authentication solution. Although we believe that our products currently compete favorably with respect to such factors, other than name recognition in certain markets, there can be no assurance that we can maintain our competitive position against current and potential competitors, especially those with significantly greater financial, marketing, service, support, technical, and other competitive resources.

Some of our present and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, purchasing, and other resources than we do, and as a result, may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, or to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of products, or to deliver competitive products at a lower end-user price.

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Current and potential competitors have established or may establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties to increase the ability of their products to address the needs of our prospective customers. It is possible that new competitors or alliances may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share. Accordingly, we have forged, and will continue to forge, our own partnerships to offer a broader range of products and capabilities to the market.

Our products are designed to allow authorized users access to a computing environment or application, in some cases using patented technology, as a replacement for or supplement to a static password. Although certain of our security token technologies are patented, there are other organizations that offer token-type password generators incorporating challenge-response or response-only approaches that employ different technological solutions and compete with us for market share.

Sales and Marketing

Our security solutions are sold worldwide through our direct sales force, as well as through distributors, resellers and systems integrators. Our traditional security solutions are sold through our direct sales force, as well as through approximately 52 distributors, their reseller networks and systems integrators. A sales staff of 93 coordinates our sales activity through both our sales channels and those of our strategic partners making direct sales calls either alone or with the sales personnel of our partners. Our sales staff also provides product education seminars to sales and technical personnel of vendors and distributors with whom we have working relationships and to potential end-users of our products.

VASCO secures and trains its channel. Over 1,200 staff members of our channel partners have become VASCO certified.

Our sales force is able to offer each customer a choice of an on-site implementation using our traditional on-premises model or a cloud implementation using our services platform.

Our DPaaS solution is sold primarily by our direct sales force calling on Enterprise and Application Security customers.

Our MDP solution is also sold primarily by our direct sales force and marketed to application owners. We will work with the application owners to develop marketing programs that will encourage users of the application to access that application through our services platform.

Part of our expanded selling effort includes approaching our existing strategic partners to find additional applications for our security products. In addition, our marketing plan calls for the identification of new business opportunities that may require enhanced security over the transmission of electronic data or transactions where we do not currently market our products. Our efforts also include various activities to increase market awareness of the MDP/DPaaS solutions as well as preparation and dissemination of white papers explaining how our security products can add value or otherwise be beneficial.

Customers and Markets

Customers for our products include some of the world’s most recognized names: HSBC, Rabobank, Belfius, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, BNP-Paribas Fortis, Swedbank, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Citibank, and Commonwealth Bank of Australia

Our top 10 customers contributed 50%, 46%, and 40%, in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, of total worldwide revenue. In 2015 and 2014, Rabobank contributed 30% and 12% of our worldwide revenue, respectively. In addition, in 2014, and 2013, HSBC contributed approximately 11% and 18%, of our worldwide revenue, respectively.

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A significant portion of our sales is denominated in foreign currencies and changes in exchange rates impact results of operations. To mitigate exposure to risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates, we attempt to denominate an amount of billings in a currency such that it would provide a hedge against operating expenses being incurred in that currency. For additional information regarding how currency fluctuations can affect our business, please refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”

We experience seasonality in our business. Historically, these seasonal trends are most notable in the summer months, particularly in Europe, when many businesses defer purchase decisions; however, the timing of any one or more large orders may temper or offset this seasonality.

We organize our sales group and report our results in two vertical markets:

Our channel partners are critical to our success in selling to businesses in the Enterprise and Application Security markets. We serve this market primarily via our two-tier indirect sales channel. We invest in and support our channel with marketing and public relations actions. Distributors and resellers get the tools they need to be successful, such as campaigns, case studies, marketing funds and more. We train employees of our resellers and distributors on-site and in our offices. In addition, we have developed online video training software that allows us to cost effectively provide training worldwide.

We expect that sales into the application security market, other than businesses, will be on a direct sale basis. We plan to add sales and marketing staff to help increase revenues from each of these targeted areas.

Backlog

Our backlog at December 31, 2015 was approximately $51 million compared to $113 million at December 31, 2014 and $42 million at December 31, 2013. We anticipate that substantially all of the backlog at the end of 2015 will be shipped in 2016. We do not believe that the specific amount of backlog at any point in time is indicative of the trends in our markets or the expected results of our business. Given the large size of orders, the backlog number can change significantly with the receipt of a new order or modification of an existing order.

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Financial Information Relating to Foreign and Domestic Operations

For financial information regarding VASCO, see our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes, which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have a single reportable segment for all our products and operations. See Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a breakdown of revenue and long-lived assets between U.S. and foreign operations.

Employees

As of December 31, 2015, we had 545 total employees, which included 520 full-time employees. Of the total employees, 389 were employed in VASCO’s authentication and anti-fraud business, and 156 were employed by our 2015 acquisition, Silanis Technology Inc. Of the total employees, 319 in EMEA (Europe, the Middle East and Africa), 51 were located in the U.S., 138 in Canada, 29 in the Asia Pacific Rim (including Australia, India, Japan and Central Asia), and 4 in Latin America. Of the total employees, 259 were involved in sales, marketing, operations and customer support, 209 in research and development and 77 in general and administration.

Item 1A - Risk Factors

RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, which we consider the most significant, as well as other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, there are a number of less significant and other general risk factors that could affect our future results. If any of the events described in the risk factors were to occur, our business, financial condition or operating results could be materially and adversely affected. We have grouped our Risk Factors under captions that we believe describe various categories of potential risk. For the reader’s convenience, we have not duplicated risk factors that could be considered to be included in more than one category.

Risks Related to Our Business

A significant portion of our sales are to a limited number of customers. The loss of substantial sales to any one of them could have an adverse effect on revenues and profits.

We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers, many of which are financial institutions. The loss of substantial sales to any one of them could adversely affect our operations and results. In fiscal 2015, 2014, and 2013, our top 10 largest customers contributed 50%, 46%, and 40%, respectively, of total worldwide revenue. In 2015 and 2014, Rabobank contributed 30% and 12%, respectively, of total revenue principally due to an order for card readers incorporating our CrontoSign technology.

In fiscal 2014 and 2013, HSBC contributed approximately 11% and 18%, respectively, of total worldwide revenue. HSBC has no long term contractual commitment to purchase products or services from us. HSBC and its affiliates only make purchase commitments pursuant to individual purchase orders placed with us from time to time, which are subject to our acceptance. The general commercial framework that applies to such purchases by HSBC may be terminated by HSBC at any time, without cause, on 90 days’ notice to us without payment of any termination charge by HSBC.

The return of a worldwide recession and/or an increase in the concern over the European sovereign debt crisis may further impact our business.

Our business is subject to economic conditions that may fluctuate in the major markets in which we operate. Factors that could cause economic conditions to fluctuate include, without limitation, recession, inflation, deflation, interest rates, unemployment, consumer debt levels, general retail or commercial markets and consumer or business purchasing power or preferences.

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While it appears that circumstances that led to the sovereign debt crisis have abated, many significant economic issues have not been addressed fully. As a result, we expect that Europe will continue to face difficult economic conditions in 2016. If global economic and financial market conditions remain uncertain and/or weak for an extended period of time, any of the following factors, among others, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations:

While we believe that many of the effects of the recession and credit crisis have abated, we are unable to predict potential future economic conditions, disruptions in the sovereign debt markets or other financial markets, the Euro Monetary Union or the European Union, or the effect of any such disruption or disruptions on our business and results of operations, but the consequences may be materially adverse. We believe that our business in the Banking market in Europe would be impacted most directly by any such disruption and that the consequences may be materially adverse, as approximately 68% of our consolidated revenues originated in the EMEA region in 2015.

Disruptions in markets or the European Union may affect our liquidity and capital resources.

We believe our financial resources and current borrowing arrangements are adequate to meet our operating needs. However, disruptions in the sovereign debt markets or other financial markets, the Euro Monetary Union or the European Union, could materially adversely affect our liquidity and capital resources and expose us to additional currency fluctuation risk. Sufficiently adverse effects could cause us to modify our business plans.

Furthermore, in an adverse economic environment there is a risk that customers may delay their orders until the economic conditions improve further. If a significant number of orders are delayed for an indefinite period of time, our revenue and cash receipts may not be sufficient to meet the operating needs of the business. If this is the case, we may need to significantly reduce our workforce, sell certain of our assets, enter into strategic relationships or business combinations, discontinue some or all of our operations, or take other similar restructuring actions. While we expect that these actions would result in a reduction of recurring costs, they also may result in a reduction of recurring revenue and cash receipts. It is also likely that we would incur substantial non-recurring costs to implement one or more of these restructuring actions.

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We have a long operating history, but only modest accumulated profit.

Although we have reported net income of $42.1 million, $33.5 million, and $11.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, our retained earnings were only $168 million at December 31, 2015. Over our 24 year operating history, we have operated at a loss for many of those years. In the current uncertain economic environment, it may be difficult for us to sustain our recent levels of profitability.

We derive revenue from a limited number of products and do not have a broadly-diversified product base.

Substantially all of our revenue is derived from the sale of authentication products. We also anticipate that a substantial portion of our future revenue, if any, will also be derived from these products and related services. If the sale of these products and services is impeded for any reason and we have not diversified our product offerings, our business and results of operations would be negatively impacted.

The sales cycle for our products and technology is long, and we may incur substantial expenses for sales that do not occur when anticipated.

The sales cycle for our products, which is the period of time between the identification of a potential customer and completion of the sale, is typically lengthy and subject to a number of significant risks over which we have little control. If revenue falls significantly below anticipated levels, our business would be seriously harmed.

A typical sales cycle in the Banking market is often six months or more. Larger Banking transactions may take up to 18 months or more. Purchasing decisions for our products and systems may be subject to delays due to many factors that are not within our control, such as:

As our operating expenses are based on anticipated revenue levels, a small fluctuation in the timing of sales can cause our operating results to vary significantly between periods.

We have a great dependence on a limited number of suppliers and the loss of their manufacturing capability could materially impact our operations.

In the event that the supply of components or finished products is interrupted or relations with any of our principal vendors is terminated, there could be increased costs and considerable delay in finding suitable replacement sources to manufacture our products. The majority of our products are manufactured by four independent vendors domiciled in Hong Kong and Macau. Our hardware DIGIPASSES are assembled at facilities in mainland China. The importation of these products from China exposes us to the possibility of product supply disruption and increased costs in the event of changes in the policies of the Chinese government, political unrest or unstable economic conditions in China or developments in the United States or European Union that are adverse to trade, including enactment of protectionist legislation.

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We order processors well in advance of expected use and produce finished goods prior to the receipt of customer orders. If orders are not received, we could suffer losses related to the write down or write off of inventory that cannot be sold at full value.

In an attempt to minimize the risk of not having an adequate supply of component parts to meet demand, especially in situations where we have been notified that key processors will no longer be manufactured, we purchase multiple years’ supply of processors based on internal forecasts of demand. In addition, to meet customers’ demands for accelerated delivery of product, we produce finished product for existing customers before we receive the order from the customer. Should our forecasts of future demand be inaccurate or if we produce product that is never ordered, we could incur substantial losses related to the write down or write off of our inventory.

Our success depends on establishing and maintaining strategic relationships with other companies to develop, market, and distribute our technology and products and, in some cases, to incorporate our technology into their products.

Part of our business strategy is to enter into strategic alliances and other cooperative arrangements with other companies in our industry. We currently are involved in cooperative efforts with respect to the incorporation of our products into products of others, research and development efforts, marketing efforts and reseller arrangements. None of these relationships are exclusive, and some of our strategic partners also have cooperative relationships with certain of our competitors. If we are unable to enter cooperative arrangements in the future or if we lose any of our current strategic or cooperative relationships, our business could be harmed. We do not control the time and resources devoted to such activities by parties with whom we have relationships. In addition, we may not have the resources available to satisfy our commitments, which may adversely affect these relationships. These relationships may not continue, may not be commercially successful, or may require our expenditure of significant financial, personnel and administrative resources from time to time. Further, certain of our products and services compete with the products and services of our strategic partners.

We may not be able to maintain effective product distribution channels, which could result in decreased revenue.

We rely on both our direct sales force and an indirect channel distribution strategy for the sale and marketing of our products. We may be unable to attract distributors, resellers and integrators, as planned, that can market our products effectively and provide timely and cost-effective customer support and service. There is also a risk that some or all of our distributors, resellers or integrators may be acquired, may change their business models or may go out of business, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business. Further, our distributors, integrators and resellers may carry competing lines of products. The loss of important sales personnel, distributors, integrators or resellers could adversely affect us.

We depend on our key personnel for the success of our business and the loss of one or more of our key personnel could have an adverse effect on our ability to manage our business or could be negatively perceived in the capital markets.

Our success and our ability to manage our business depend, in large part, upon the efforts and continued service of our senior management team. The loss of one or more of our key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. It could be difficult for us to find replacements for our key personnel, as competition for such personnel is intense. Further, such a loss could be negatively perceived in the capital markets, which could reduce the market value of our securities.

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If we fail to continue to attract and retain qualified personnel, our business may be harmed.

Our future success depends upon our ability to continue to attract and retain highly qualified scientific, technical, sales and managerial personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense and there can be no assurance that we can attract other highly qualified personnel in the future. If we cannot retain or are unable to hire such key personnel, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be significantly adversely affected.

Changes in our effective tax rate may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our future effective tax rates may be adversely affected by a number of factors including the distribution of income among the various countries in which we operate, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets, increases in expenses not deductible for tax purposes, including the impairment of goodwill in connection with acquisitions, changes in share-based compensation expense, and changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws and changes in generally accepted accounting principles. Any significant increase in our future effective tax rates could adversely impact net income for future periods.

Our worldwide income tax provisions and other tax accruals may be insufficient if any taxing authorities assume taxing positions that are contrary to our positions.

Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and other taxes such as sales and VAT taxes. There are many transactions for which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. Some of these uncertainties arise as a consequence of intercompany agreements to purchase intellectual properties, allocate revenue and allocate costs, each of which could ultimately result in changes once the arrangements are reviewed by taxing authorities. Although we believe that our approach to determining the amount of such arrangements is reasonable, we cannot be certain that the final tax authority review of these matters will not differ materially from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and other tax accruals. Such differences could have a material effect on our income tax provisions or benefits, or other tax accruals, in the period in which such determination is made, and consequently, on our results of operations for such period.

Any acquisitions we make could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition or results.

We may make investments in complementary companies, products or technologies. Should we do so, our failure to successfully structure or manage the acquisitions could seriously harm our financial condition or operating results. The expected benefits of any acquisition may not be realized. In connection with our acquisition of Silanis and any future purchases, we will face additional financial and operational risks, including:

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Reported revenue may fluctuate widely due to the interpretation or application of accounting rules.

Our sales arrangements often include multiple elements, including hardware, software and maintenance. The accounting rules for such arrangements are complex and subject to change from time to time. Small changes in circumstances could cause wide deviations in the timing of reported revenue.

Indemnity provisions in various agreements potentially expose us to substantial liability for intellectual property infringement and other losses.

Our agreements with customers, solution partners and channel partners include indemnification provisions under which we agree to indemnify them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement and, in some cases, for damages caused by us to property or persons. Large indemnity payments could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to the Market

We face significant competition and if we lose or fail to gain market share our financial results will suffer.

The market for computer and network security products and services is highly competitive. Our competitors include organizations that provide computer and network security products based upon approaches similar to and different from those that we employ. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing, technical and other competitive resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, or to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products.

A decrease of average selling prices for our products and services could adversely affect our business.

The average selling prices for our solution offerings may decline as a result of competitive pricing pressures or a change in our mix of products, software and services. In addition, competition continues to increase in the market segments in which we participate and we expect competition to further increase in the future, thereby leading to increased pricing pressures. Furthermore, we anticipate that the average selling prices and gross profits for our products will decrease over product life cycles. To maintain or realize higher prices and gross margins, we must continue to develop and introduce new products and services that incorporate new technologies or increased functionality. If we experience pricing pressures or fail to develop new products, our revenue and gross margins could decline, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may need additional capital in the future and our failure to obtain capital would interfere with our growth strategy.

Our ability to obtain financing will depend on a number of factors, including market conditions, our operating performance and investor interest. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms and conditions of any financing unattractive. They may also result in our incurring additional indebtedness or accepting stockholder dilution. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, we may have to forego strategic acquisitions or investments, defer our product development activities, or delay the introduction of new products.

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We experience variations in quarterly operating results and sales are subject to seasonality, both of which may result in a volatile stock price.

In the future, as in the past, our quarterly operating results may vary significantly, resulting in a volatile stock price. Factors affecting our operating results include:

We also experience seasonality in all markets. These seasonal trends are most notable in the summer months, particularly in Europe, when many businesses defer purchase decisions.

Our stock price may be volatile for reasons other than variations in our quarterly operating results.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

A small group of persons control a substantial amount of our common stock and could delay or prevent a change of control.

Our Board of Directors, our officers and their immediate families and related entities beneficially own approximately 25%, with Mr. T. Kendall Hunt beneficially owning approximately 23%, of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As the Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer and our largest

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stockholder, Mr. Hunt may exercise substantial control over our future direction and operation and such concentration of control may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control and may also have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Certain provisions of our charter and of Delaware law make a takeover of our company more difficult.

Our corporate charter and Delaware law contain provisions, such as a class of authorized but unissued preferred stock which may be issued by our board without stockholder approval that might enable our management to resist a takeover of our company. Delaware law also limits business combinations with interested stockholders. These provisions might discourage, delay or prevent a change in control or a change in our management. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests, and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. The existence of these provisions could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

Future issuances of blank check preferred stock may reduce voting power of common stock and may have anti-takeover effects that could prevent a change in control.

Our corporate charter authorizes the issuance of up to 500,000 shares of preferred stock with such designations, rights, powers and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our Board of Directors, including such dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights, powers and preferences as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors without further stockholder approval. The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of common stock. In addition, the authorized shares of preferred stock and common stock could be utilized, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control.

Risks Related to Technology and Intellectual Property

Technological changes occur rapidly in our industry and our development of new products is critical to maintain our revenue.

The introduction by our competitors of products embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards could render our existing products obsolete and unmarketable. Our future revenue growth and operating profit will depend in part upon our ability to enhance our current products and develop innovative products to distinguish ourselves from the competition and to meet customers’ changing needs in the data security industry. Security-related product developments and technology innovations by others may adversely affect our competitive position and we may not successfully anticipate or adapt to changing technology, industry standards or customer requirements on a timely basis.

Our business could be negatively impacted by cyber security incidents and other disruptions.

Our use of technology is increasing and is critical in three primary areas of our business:

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A cyber incident in any of these areas of our business could disrupt our ability to take orders or deliver product to our customers, cause us to suffer significant monetary and other losses and significant reputational harm, or substantially impair our ability to grow the business. We expect that there are likely to be hacking attempts intended to impede the performance of our products, disrupt our services and harm our reputation as a company, as the processes used by computer hackers to access or sabotage technology products, services and networks are rapidly evolving in sophistication.

In July 2011, we experienced a cyber incident related to DigiNotar B.V. See Part I. Item 3 – Legal Proceedings, Part II. Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a description of the hacking incident at DigiNotar B.V., the termination of DigiNotar B.V’s registration as a certification service provider and DigiNotar B.V.’s bankruptcy. See Part I. Item 3 – Legal Proceedings for a description of legal proceedings related to the cyber security incident at DigiNotar B.V. We may incur additional losses from discontinued operations resulting from these events as a result of unanticipated costs associated with DigiNotar B.V.’s bankruptcy and potential claims that may arise in connection with the hacking incidents.

Our products contain third-party, open-source software and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could restrict our ability to sell our products or otherwise result in claims of infringement.

Our products are distributed with software programs licensed to us by third-party authors under “open-source” licenses, which may include the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser Public License, the BSD License and the Apache License. These open-source software programs include, without limitation, Linux, Apache, Openssl, IPTables, Tcpdump, Postfix, Cyrus, Perl, Squid ,Snort, Ruby, Rails, PostgreSQL, MongoDB and Puppet. These third-party, open-source programs are typically licensed to us for no fee and the underlying license agreements generally require us to make available to users the source code for such programs, as well as the source code for any modifications or derivative works we create based on these third-party, open-source software programs.

We do not believe that we have created any modifications or derivative works to, an extended version of, or works based on, any open-source software programs referenced above. We include instructions to users on how to obtain copies of the relevant open-source code and licenses.

We do not provide end users a copy of the source code to our proprietary software because we believe that the manner in which our proprietary software is aligned or communicates with the relevant open-source programs does not create a modification, derivative work or extended version of, or a work based on, that open-source program requiring the distribution of our proprietary source code.

Our ability to commercialize our products by incorporating third-party, open-source software may be restricted because, among other reasons:

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We must continue to attract and retain highly skilled technical personnel for our research and development department.

The market for highly skilled technicians is highly competitive. If we fail to attract, train, assimilate and retain qualified technical personnel for our research and development department, we will experience delays in introductions of new or modified products, loss of clients and market share and a reduction in revenue.

We cannot be certain that our research and development activities will be successful.

While management is committed to enhancing our current product offerings and introducing new products, we cannot be certain that our research and development activities will be successful. Furthermore, we may not have sufficient financial resources to identify and develop new technologies and bring new products to market in a timely and cost effective manner, and we cannot ensure that any such products will be commercially successful if and when they are introduced.

We depend significantly upon our proprietary technology and intellectual property and the loss of or the successful challenge to our proprietary rights could require us to redesign our products or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, any of which could reduce revenue and increase our operating costs.

We currently rely on a combination of patent, copyright and trademark laws, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights. We seek to protect our software, documentation and other written materials under trade secret and copyright laws, which afford only limited protection, and generally enter into confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements with our employees and with key vendors and suppliers.

There has been substantial litigation in the technology industry regarding intellectual property rights, and we may have to litigate to protect our proprietary technology.

We expect that companies in the computer and information security market will increasingly be subject to infringement claims as the number of products and competitors increases. Any such claims or litigation may be time-consuming and costly, cause product shipment delays, require us to redesign our products or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, harm our reputation, cause our customers to use our competitors’ products or divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel from normal business operations, any of which could reduce revenue and increase our operating costs.

Our patents may not provide us with competitive advantages.

We hold several patents in the United States and in other countries, which cover multiple aspects of our technology. The majority of our patents cover the DIGIPASS product line. These patents expire between 2021 and 2035. We do not believe patents expiring in 2016 will affect revenues, profitability, or increase competition. In addition to the issued patents, we also have several patents pending in the United States, Europe and other countries. There can be no assurance that we will continue to develop proprietary products or technologies that are patentable, that any issued patent will provide us with any competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties, or that patents of others will not hinder our competitive advantage. Although certain of our security token technologies are patented, there are other organizations that offer token-type password generators incorporating challenge-response or response-only approaches that employ different technological solutions and compete with us for market share.

We are subject to warranty and product liability risks.

A malfunction of or design defect in our products which results in a breach of a customer’s data security could result in tort or warranty claims against us. We seek to reduce the risk of these losses by

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attempting to negotiate warranty disclaimers and liability limitation clauses in our sales agreements. However, these measures may ultimately prove ineffective in limiting our liability for damages.

In addition to any monetary liability for the failure of our products, an actual or perceived breach of network or data security at one of our customers could adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products, and could have an adverse effect on our reputation and the demand for our products. Similarly, an actual or perceived breach of network or data security within our own systems could damage our reputation and have an adverse effect on the demand for our products.

There is significant government regulation of technology exports and to the extent we cannot meet the requirements of the regulations we may be prohibited from exporting some of our products, which could negatively impact our revenue.

Our international sales and operations are subject to risks such as the imposition of government controls, new or changed export license requirements, restrictions on the export of critical technology, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs. If we become unable to obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis our business in those countries would no longer exist and our revenue would decrease dramatically. Certain of our products are subject to export controls under U.S. law. The list of products and countries for which export approval is required, and the regulatory policies with respect thereto, may be revised from time to time and our inability to obtain required approvals under these regulations could materially and adversely affect our ability to make international sales. Violations of export control and international trade laws could result in penalties, fines, adverse reputational consequences, and other materially adverse consequences. Reference is made to Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings of this Form 10-k with respect to the internal investigation regarding sales of VASCO products by a VASCO European subsidiary to a third party distributor which distributor may have resold such products to Iranian entities.

We employ cryptographic technology in our authentication products that uses complex mathematical formulations to establish network security systems.

Many of our products are based on cryptographic technology. With cryptographic technology, a user is given a key that is required to encrypt and decode messages. The security afforded by this technology depends on the integrity of a user’s key and in part on the application of algorithms, which are advanced mathematical factoring equations. These codes may eventually be broken or become subject to government regulation regarding their use, which would render our technology and products less effective. The occurrence of any one of the following could result in a decline in demand for our technology and products:

Risks Related to International Operations

We face a number of risks associated with our international operations, any or all of which could result in a disruption in our business and a decrease in our revenue.

In 2015, approximately 95% of our revenue and approximately 63% of our operating expenses were generated/incurred outside of the U.S. In 2014, approximately 94% of our revenue and approximately 75% of our operating expenses were generated/incurred outside of the U.S. A severe economic decline in any of our major foreign markets could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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In addition to exposures to changes in the economic conditions of our major foreign markets, we are subject to a number of risks any or all of which could result in a disruption in our business and a decrease in our revenue. These include:

We are subject to foreign exchange fluctuations and risks, and improper management of that risk could result in large cash losses.

Because a significant number of our principal customers are located outside the United States, we expect that international sales will continue to generate a significant portion of our total revenue. We are subject to foreign exchange fluctuations and risks because the majority of our product costs are denominated in U.S. Dollars, whereas a significant portion of the sales and expenses of our foreign operating subsidiaries are denominated in various foreign currencies. A decrease in the value of any of these foreign currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar could adversely affect our revenue and profitability in U.S. Dollars of our products sold in these markets. We do not currently hold forward exchange contracts to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. Dollars to offset currency rate fluctuations.

We must comply with governmental regulations setting environmental standards.

Governmental regulations setting environmental standards influence the design, components or operation of our products. New regulations and changes to current regulations are always possible and, in some jurisdictions, regulations may be introduced with little or no time to bring related products into compliance with these regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may prevent us from selling our products in a certain country. In addition, these regulations may increase our cost of supplying the products by forcing us to redesign existing products or to use more expensive designs or components. In these cases, we may experience unexpected disruptions in our ability to supply customers with products, or we may incur unexpected costs or operational complexities to bring products into compliance. This could have an adverse effect on our revenues, gross profit margins and results of operations and increase the volatility of our financial results.

We are subject to the Restriction on the Use of Hazardous Substances Directive 2002/95/EC (also known as the “RoHS Directive”) and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (also known as the “WEEE Directive”). These directives restrict the distribution of products containing certain substances, including lead, within applicable geographies and require a manufacturer or importer to recycle products containing those substances.

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These directives affect the worldwide electronics and electronics components industries as a whole. If we or our customers fail to comply with such laws and regulations, we could incur liabilities and fines and our operations could be suspended.

We or our suppliers may be impacted by new regulations related to climate change.

In addition to the European environmental regulations noted above, we or our suppliers may become subject to new laws enacted with regards to climate change. In the event that new laws are enacted or current laws are modified in countries in which we or our suppliers operate, our flow of product may be impacted and/or the costs of handling the potential waste associated with our products may increase dramatically, either of which could result in a significant negative impact on our ability to operate or operate profitably.

The effects of new regulations relating to conflict minerals may adversely affect our business.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains provisions to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of certain minerals and derivatives ( collectively “Conflict Minerals”) which may originate from the conflict zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and adjoining countries (collectively, “Covered Countries”). As a result, in August 2012 the SEC established annual disclosure and reporting requirements for companies using Conflict Minerals in their products, including products manufactured by third parties. Like many electronic devices, our products contain Conflict Minerals and are subject to the disclosure and reporting requirements. Compliance with these rules also requires due diligence including country of origin inquiries to determine the sources of Conflict Minerals used in our products.

As required, we filed our annual reports related to products manufactured in calendar 2014 and 2013. We reported that we determined we had no reason to believe Conflict Minerals used in our products may have originated in Covered Countries.

We may incur costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements. These requirements may affect pricing, sourcing and availability of Conflict Minerals used to produce our devices. We may be unable to verify the origin of all Conflict Minerals in our products. We may encounter challenges with customers and stakeholders if we are unable to certify that our products are conflict free.

U.S. investors may have difficulties in making claims for any breach of their rights as holders of shares because some of our assets and executives are not located in the United States.

Several of our executives and key employees are residents of foreign countries, and a substantial portion of our assets and those of some of our executives and key employees are located in foreign countries. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process on those persons located in foreign countries, or to enforce judgments against some of our executives and key employees based upon the securities or other laws of jurisdictions in those foreign countries.

Our business in countries with a history of corruption and transactions with foreign governments increase the risks associated with our international activities.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by U.S. and other business entities for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We have operations, deal with and make sales to governmental or quasi-governmental customers in countries known to experience corruption, particularly certain countries in the Middle East, Africa, East Asia and South America, and further expansion of our international selling efforts may involve additional regions. Our activities in these countries create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees, consultants, sales agents or channel partners that could be in violation of various laws, including the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act, even though

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these parties are not always subject to our control. Violations of the FCPA may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, including suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Violations of the U.K. Bribery Act may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and we may be subject to other liabilities which could negatively affect our business operating results and financial condition.

Item 1B - Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2 - Properties

Our corporate headquarters is located in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. Our international headquarters is in Zurich, Switzerland. Our European operational headquarters is located near Brussels, Belgium. We conduct sales and marketing, research and development and customer support activities from our operational headquarters. Our logistics facility and an additional operations facility are also located in Belgium. In the Netherlands, we have two research and development facilities, one of which also houses a sales office. Additionally, we have research and development facilities in Cambridge, United Kingdom, Bordeaux, France and Vienna, Austria.

We have sales offices near Boston, Massachusetts, Sydney, Australia, Singapore, Beijing, China, Tokyo, Japan, Mumbai, India, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Dubai, and London, United Kingdom, and conduct sales activities through liaison offices and agents in Palo Alto, California, Shanghai, China, Germany, Turkey, Mexico, and Colombia.

During 2015, we acquired Silanis Technology Inc. with offices in Montreal, Canada.

All of our properties are leased and we believe that these facilities are adequate for our present growth plans.

Item 3 - Legal Proceedings

On January 10, 2011, we purchased our wholly-owned subsidiary, DigiNotar B.V., a private company organized and existing in The Netherlands from the shareholders (“Sellers”). On September 19, 2011, DigiNotar B.V. filed a bankruptcy petition under Article 4 of the Dutch Bankruptcy Act in the Haarlem District Court, The Netherlands. On September 20, 2011, the court declared DigiNotar B.V. bankrupt and appointed a bankruptcy trustee and a bankruptcy judge to manage all affairs of DigiNotar B.V. through the bankruptcy process. The trustee took over management of DigiNotar B.V.’s business activities and is responsible for the administration and liquidation of DigiNotar B.V. In connection with the bankruptcy of DigiNotar B.V., subsequent to September 20, 2011, a number of claims and counter-claims have been filed with the courts in The Netherlands (collectively, the “Court”) related to discontinued assets and discontinued liabilities and other available remedies.

On July 30, 2014, the Court issued a judgment in the DigiNotar case in favor of VASCO for €4,108 ($5,176 at an exchange rate of 1.26 U.S. Dollars per Euro, all amounts in thousands) plus interest related to the Sellers’ failure to achieve earn-out targets established in the purchase agreement, breach of certain representations and warranties under the share purchase agreement and reimbursement of certain costs incurred by VASCO as a result of such breach. The judgment was subject to additional legal proceedings.

In November 2014, all matters with the Sellers related to the sale and bankruptcy of DigiNotar B.V. were settled for €2,263 ($2,854 at an exchange rate of 1.26 U.S. Dollars per Euro, all amounts in thousands). The funds were applied first in full satisfaction of the previously recorded contingent consideration due from escrow included in assets of discontinued operations and the remainder of $1,088 recorded as income from discontinued operations net of tax of $108.

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In January 2015, we received a notice of potential claim by the trustee against all of the individuals who served as Directors of DigiNotar, both before and after our acquisition of DigiNotar. T. Kendall Hunt, Jan Valcke, and Clifford K. Bown were the Directors of DigiNotar following its purchase by VASCO. The basis for the potential claim from the trustee appears to be based primarily on the same arguments that VASCO presented in its case against the sellers, which were adjudicated in VASCO’s favor. The trustee has invited the directors (both former and new) to respond to the preliminary conclusion before he makes a decision to file a claim. While we believe that we have strong defenses against the claim, we have also notified our provider of director and officer insurance should a claim be filed and we do not expect the resolution of the potential claim to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. VASCO is indemnifying Messrs. Hunt, Valcke, and Bown for this matter.

On July 28, 2015 a putative class action complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, captioned Linda J. Rossbach v. Vasco Data Security International, Inc., et al., case number 1:15-cv-06605, naming VASCO and certain of its current executive officers as defendants and alleging violations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The suit was purportedly filed on behalf of a putative class of investors who purchased VASCO securities between February 18, 2014 and July 21, 2015, and seeks to recover damages allegedly caused by the defendants’ alleged violations of the federal securities laws and to pursue remedies under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The complaint seeks certification as a class action and unspecified compensatory damages plus interest and attorneys’ fees. Pursuant to a September 1, 2015 scheduling order entered by the court, the lead plaintiff, once appointed, will have sixty days to file an amended complaint or notify the defendants that the lead plaintiff intends to rely on the current complaint. The defendants will then have sixty days to answer or otherwise respond to the operative complaint. Although the ultimate outcome of litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes that this lawsuit is without merit and intends to defend against the action vigorously.

On October 9, 2015, a derivative complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, captioned Elizabeth Herrera v. Hunt, et al., case number 1:15-cv-08937, naming VASCO’s Board of Directors and certain of its executive officers as individual defendants and the Company as a nominal defendant. On February 23, 2016, the court in Herrera granted a stay of the action pending the resolution of a certain motion to dismiss that the parties anticipate will be filed in Rossbach. On October 22, 2015, a second derivative complaint was filed in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, captioned Beth Seltzer v. Hunt, et al., case number 2015-ch-15541, naming the same defendants. The complaints assert, among other things, that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties by making material misstatements in, and omitting material information from, the Company’s public disclosures and by failing to maintain adequate internal controls and properly manage the Company. Among other things, the complaints seek unspecified compensatory damages and injunctive relief. On October 29, 2015, a defendant removed the Seltzer action to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Thereafter, the plaintiff filed a motion to remand the action back to the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, which was denied on February 3, 2016. On February 9, 2016, the court granted an agreed motion for voluntary dismissal of the Seltzer action, which dismissed the action with prejudice as to the named plaintiff’s individual claims.

During the second quarter of 2015, VASCO management became aware that certain of its products which were sold by a VASCO European subsidiary to a third-party distributor may have been resold by the

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distributor to parties in Iran, potentially including parties whose property and interests in property may be blocked pursuant to Executive Order 13224, Executive Order 13382 or that may be identified under Section 560.304 of 31 C.F.R. Part 560 as the “Government of Iran”.

We ceased shipping to such distributor. In addition, the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors initiated an internal review of this matter with the assistance of outside counsel. As a precautionary matter, concurrent initial notices of voluntary disclosure were submitted on June 25, 2015 to each of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), and the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”).

The Audit Committee with the assistance of outside counsel has completed their review. On December 15, 2015, we filed a letter with BIS (Office of Export Enforcement) with the conclusion that the products supplied to the distributor were not subject to United States Export Control jurisdiction. The Office of Export Enforcement issued a “no action” letter, concluding the voluntary self-disclosure process under the Export Administration Regulations.

On January 13, 2016, we filed a letter with OFAC, with the conclusions that VASCO and its subsidiaries made no direct sales to Iran or any party listed by OFAC as a Specially Designated National over the 5-year period under review (i.e., June 1, 2010 to June 30, 2015), and there were 16 transactions, totaling $1,831,000 of revenue, in which VASCO Belgium sold products to the third party distributor where that distributor may have resold the products to Iranian entities. Those transactions over the 5-year period represented approximately 0.03 percent of all our sales transactions and 0.2 percent of our aggregate sales revenues. The letter further noted that the investigation did not identify any involvement on the part of senior executives of VASCO, and to the contrary, noted that VASCO executive management officials had sought to implement procedures and provided notices to VASCO’s sales personnel to prevent the diversion of VASCO products to unauthorized destinations and end users.

We have not received any response to the letter to OFAC and we cannot predict when OFAC will conclude their review of our voluntary self-disclosures. Based upon the OFAC guidelines for monetary penalties, we have recorded a reserve of $900,000 for potential penalties if they are assessed by OFAC. Ultimately no penalty may be assessed or the penalty may be less or greater than the reserve, but in any event we do not believe that the final settlement will have a material adverse impact on our business.

We are from time to time involved in litigation incidental to the conduct of our business. We are not currently a party to any lawsuit or proceeding which, in the opinion of management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Item 4 - Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5 - Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol VDSI.

The following table sets forth the range of high and low daily closing prices of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market for the past two years.

On February 11, 2016, there were 95 registered holders and approximately 26,000 street name holders of the company’s common stock.

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock since incorporation. The declaration and payment of dividends will be at the sole discretion of the Board of Directors and subject to certain limitations under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. The timing, amount and form of dividends, if any, will depend, among other things, on the company’s results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, plans for expansion and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. The company intends to retain any future earnings for use in its business and therefore does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None

Stock Performance Graph

The Stock Performance Graph below compares the cumulative total return through December 31, 2015, assuming reinvestment of dividends, by an investor who invested $100.00 on December 31, 2010, in each of (i) our common stock, (ii) the Russell 2000 index, (iii) the Standard Industrial Code Index 3577 – Computer Peripheral Equipment, NEC and (iv) a comparable industry (the peer group) index selected by the company. The peer group for this purpose consists of: American Software Inc., CommVault Systems, Inc., Ebix Inc., FireEye, Inc., Fortinet, Inc., Guidance Software, Inc., Imperva, Inc., Interactive Intelligence Group, Inc., Monotype Imaging Holdings, Inc., PROS Holdings, Inc., QAD Inc., and Seachange International, Inc. The stock price performance shown on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

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Item 6 - Selected Financial Data (in thousands, except per share data)

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Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(in thousands, except head count, ratios, time periods and percents)

Unless otherwise noted, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “VASCO”, “company”, “we”, “our”, and “us” refer to VASCO Data Security International, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended concerning, among other things, our expectations regarding the prospects of, and developments and business strategies for, VASCO and our operations, including the development and marketing of certain new products and services and the anticipated future growth in certain markets in which we currently market and sell our products and services or anticipate selling and marketing our products or services in the future. These forward-looking statements (1) are identified by use of terms and phrases such as “expect”, “believe”, “will”, “anticipate”, “emerging”, “intend”, “plan”, “could”, “may”, “estimate”, “should”, “objective”, “goal”, “possible”, “potential”, “projected” and similar words and expressions, but such words and phrases are not the exclusive means of identifying them, and (2) are subject to risks and uncertainties and represent our present expectations or beliefs concerning future events. VASCO cautions that the forward-looking statements are qualified by important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. These additional risks, uncertainties and other factors have been described in greater detail in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and include, but are not limited to, (a) risks specific to VASCO, including, demand for our products and services, competition from more established firms and others, pressures on price levels and our historical dependence on relatively few products, certain suppliers and certain key customers, (b) risks inherent to the computer and network security industry, including rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, increasingly sophisticated hacking attempts, increasing numbers of patent infringement claims, changes in customer requirements, price competitive bidding, and changing government regulations, and (c) risks of general market conditions, including currency fluctuations and the uncertainties resulting from turmoil in world economic and financial markets. Thus, the results that we actually achieve may differ materially from any anticipated results included in, or implied by these statements. Except for our ongoing obligations to disclose material information as required by the U.S. federal securities laws, we do not have any obligations or intention to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances in the future or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

General

The following discussion is based upon our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (percentages in the discussion, except for returns on average net cash balances, are rounded to the closest full percentage point) and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We design, develop, market and support both propriety and open standards-based hardware and software security systems that manage and secure access to information assets. We also design, develop, market, and support patented multi-factor user authentication products and services for e-business and e-commerce. Our products enable secure financial transactions to be made over private enterprise networks and public networks, such as the Internet. Our multi-factor user authentication is delivered via our hardware and software DIGIPASS security products (collectively “DIGIPASSES”), many of which incorporate an electronic and digital signature capability, which further protects the integrity of electronic transactions and data transmissions. Many of our software DIGIPASSES are focused on the mobile platform and can be downloaded directly to mobile devices, such as DIGIPASS for Mobile, while others are integrated directly into mobile applications (using DIGIPASS for Apps) that are downloaded onto mobile devices. Some of our DIGIPASSES are compliant with the Europay

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MasterCard Visa (“EMV”) standard and are compatible with MasterCard’s and VISA’s Chip Authentication Program (“CAP”). Some of our DIGIPASSES comply with the Initiative for Open Authentication (“OATH”). As evidenced by our current customer base, most of our products are purchased by businesses and, depending on the business application, are distributed to either their employees or their customers. Those customers may be other businesses or, as an example in the case of Internet and mobile banking, our customer banks’ corporate and retail customers. Our target market is any business process that uses some form of electronic interface, particularly the Internet, where the owner of that process is at risk if unauthorized users can gain access to its process and either obtain proprietary information or execute transactions that are not authorized. Our products can not only increase the security associated with accessing the business process, thereby reducing the losses from unauthorized access, but also, in many cases, can reduce the cost of the process itself by automating activities that were previously performed manually.

We offer our products either through: (a) a product sales and licensing model or (b) through our services platform, which includes our cloud-based service offering, MYDIGIPASS (“MDP”). Our product license and sales model is expected to be used in situations where the application owner wants to control all of the critical aspects of the authentication process. We expect that our services platform will be used by: (a) companies lacking technical resources or expertise to implement a full authentication process or preferring to focus their primary attention on other aspects of their business rather than on the authentication process or (b) companies that want to verify identities through our platform or (c) consumers that are aware of the dangers posed by identity theft.

In May 2013, we acquired Cronto Limited, a provider of secure visual transaction authentication solutions for online banking. Using the patented Cronto technology, customers can establish a secure optical communication channel with their client and display the details of a transaction in an encrypted graphical cryptogram consisting of a matrix of colored dots, which are displayed on the end user’s screen. Account holders can simply “scan” the image with our device to verify the transaction details and respond with an electronic signature, if needed.

In May 2014, we acquired Risk IDS, a provider of risk-based authentication solutions to the global banking community. Risk-based authentication provides a more flexible process of authentication to ensure higher risk profiles result in stronger challenges. It allows the application to request additional credentials when the risk level is higher. Contextual information that may be used in risk-based authentication includes user location, device characteristics, transaction amount, and other factors. This method is designed to provide variable levels of security depending on the identified risks for a particular transaction or user.

In November 2015, we acquired Silanis Technology Inc. (“Silanis”), a leading provider of electronic signature (e-signature) and digital transaction solutions used to sign, send and manage documents. We offer multiple deployment options including public cloud, private cloud, or on-premises.

Industry Growth: We do not believe that there are any accurate measurements of the total industry’s size or the industry’s growth rate. We believe, however, that the market will grow at a significant rate as the use of internet e-commerce and mobile electronic transactions and commerce increases and the awareness of cyber security risks also increases. We also believe that a market will develop for our cloud-based service offering and grow as business owners and consumers become more aware of the risks involved in conducting business over the internet. We expect that growth will be driven by new government regulations, growing awareness of the impact of cyber-crime, and the growth in commerce that is transacted electronically. The issues driving the growth are global issues and the rate of adoption in each country is a function of that country’s culture, the competitive position of businesses operating in that country, the country’s overall economic conditions and the degree to which businesses and consumers within the country use technology.

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Economic Conditions: Our revenue may vary significantly with changes in the economic conditions in the countries in which we currently sell products. With our current concentration of revenue in Europe and specifically in the banking/finance vertical market, significant changes in the economic outlook for the European Banking market may have a significant effect on our revenue.

There continues to be significant global economic uncertainty, including Europe, our most important market. While the European Union and European Central Bank continue to implement new programs to adapt to changing economic conditions in the region, Europe continues to struggle with macro-economic issues and, in most recent months, the Euro has remained weak against the U.S. Dollar and other currencies. As a result, we expect that Europe will continue to face difficult economic conditions in 2016. We believe that the current economic conditions in Europe may limit our growth opportunities in the Enterprise and Application Security market, but do not expect that the economic conditions will have a significant impact on the Banking market. Should the sovereign debt issue escalate, especially to the point that a country defaults on its debt or the European Union, or Euro Monetary Union, either disbands or is re-formulated, we expect that the resulting economic difficulties would have a major negative impact on the global economy, not just the economies of Western Europe, and our business.

Cybersecurity: Our use of technology is increasing and is critical in three primary areas of our business:

We believe that the risks and consequences of potential incidents in each of the above areas are different.

In the case of the information systems we use to help us run our business, we believe that an incident could disrupt our ability to take orders or deliver product to our customers, but such a delay in these activities would not have a material impact on our overall results. To minimize this risk, we actively use various forms of security and monitor the use of our systems regularly to detect potential incidents as soon as possible.

In the case of products that we have traditionally sold, we believe that the risk of a potential cyber incident is minimal. We offer our customers the ability to either create the secret numbers themselves or have us create the numbers on their behalf. When asked to create the numbers, we do so in a secure environment with limited physical access and store the numbers on a system that is not connected to any other network, including other VASCO networks, and similarly, is not connected to the internet.

In the case of our new products and services, which involve the active daily processing of the secret numbers on our servers or servers managed by others in a hosted environment, we believe a cyber incident could have a material impact on our future business. We also believe that these products may be more susceptible to cyber attacks than our traditional products since it involves the active processing of transactions using the secret numbers. While we do not have a significant amount of revenue from these products today, we believe that these products have the potential to provide substantial future growth. A cyber incident involving these products in the future could substantially impair our ability to grow the business and we could suffer significant monetary and other losses and significant reputational harm.

To minimize the risk, we review our security procedures on a regular basis. Our reviews include the processes and software programs we are currently using as well as new forms of cyber incidents and new or

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updated software programs that may be available in the market that would help mitigate the risk of incidents. While we do not insure against cyber incidents today, we would likely review insurance policies related to our new product offering in the future. Overall, we expect the cost of securing our networks will increase in future periods, whether through increased staff, systems or insurance coverage.

While we did not experience any cyber incident in 2015, 2014, or 2013 that had a significant impact on our business, it is possible that we could experience an incident in 2016 or future years, which could result in unanticipated costs.

See Part I, Item 3 - Legal Proceedings for a description of legal proceedings related to the cyber security incident in 2011.

Income Taxes: Our effective tax rate reflects our global structure related to the ownership of our intellectual property (“IP”). All our IP in our traditional authentication business is owned by two subsidiaries, one in the U.S. and one in Switzerland. These two subsidiaries have entered into agreements with most of the other VASCO entities under which those other entities provide services to our U.S. and Swiss subsidiaries on either a percentage of revenue or on a cost plus basis or both. Under this structure, the earnings of our service provider subsidiaries are relatively constant. These service provider companies tend to be in jurisdictions with higher effective tax rates. Fluctuations in earnings tend to flow to the U.S. company and Swiss company. Earnings flowing to the U.S. company are expected to be taxed at a rate of 35% to 40%, while earnings flowing to the Swiss company are expected to be taxed at a rate ranging from 10% to 12%.

With the majority of our revenues being generated outside of the U.S., our consolidated effective tax rate is strongly influenced by the effective tax rate of our foreign operations. Changes in the effective rate related to foreign operations reflect changes in the geographic mix of where the earnings are realized and the tax rates in each of the countries in which it is earned. The statutory tax rate for the primary foreign tax jurisdictions ranges from 8% to 35%.

The geographic mix of earnings of our foreign subsidiaries will primarily depend on the level of our service provider subsidiaries’ pretax income, which is recorded as an expense by the U.S. and Swiss subsidiaries and the benefit that is realized in Switzerland through the sales of product. The level of pretax income in our service provider subsidiaries is expected to vary based on:

For items 1 and 2 above, there is a direct impact in the opposite direction on earnings of the U.S. and Swiss entities. Any change from item 3 is generally expected to result in a larger change in income in the U.S. and Swiss entities in the direction of the change (increased revenues expected to result in increased margins/pretax profits and conversely decreased revenues expected to result in decreased margins/pretax profits).

In addition to the provision of services, the intercompany agreements transfer the majority of the business risk to our U.S. and Swiss subsidiaries. As a result, the contracting subsidiaries’ pretax income is reasonably assured while the pretax income of the U.S. and Swiss subsidiaries varies directly with our overall success in the market.

In November 2015, we acquired Silanis, a foreign company with substantial IP and net operating loss and other tax carryforwards. The tax benefit of the carryforwards has been fully reserved as realization has not been deemed more likely than not. We are currently evaluating the operations of Silanis. In the event Silanis continues to generate losses, the impact will be to increase our effective tax rate.

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Currency Fluctuations: In 2015, approximately 95% of our revenue and approximately 63% of our operating expenses were generated/incurred outside of the U.S. In 2014, approximately 94% of our revenue and approximately 75% of our operating expenses were generated/incurred outside of the U.S. While the majority of our revenue is generated outside of the U.S., the majority of our revenue is billed in U.S. Dollars. In 2015, approximately 78% of our revenue was denominated in U.S. Dollars, 18% was denominated in Euros and 4% was denominated in other currencies. In 2014, approximately 65% of our revenue was denominated in U.S. Dollars, 30% was denominated in Euros and 5% was denominated in other currencies.

Since a significant portion of our revenues and operating expenses are outside the U.S. and denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, changes in currency exchange rates, especially the Euro to U.S. Dollar, can have a significant impact on revenue and expenses. To minimize the net impact of currency on operating earnings, we attempt to denominate an amount of billings in a currency such that it would provide a hedge against the operating expenses being incurred in that currency. For the full-year 2015, we estimate that our revenue denominated in Euros of $43,000 compared to operating expenses denominated in Euros of $38,500. For the full-year 2014, we estimate that our revenue denominated in Euros of $61,200 compared to operating expenses denominated in Euros of $44,400. In 2015 compared to 2014, the U.S. Dollar, on average, strengthened approximately 20% against the Euro. We estimate that the net impact of the change in currency rates in 2015 compared to 2014 resulted in a decrease in revenue of approximately $9,600 and a decrease in operating expenses of $9,300.

The financial position and the results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries, with the exception of our subsidiaries in Switzerland, Singapore and Canada, are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Accordingly, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. Dollars using current exchange rates as of the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Translation adjustments arising from differences in exchange rates generated a comprehensive loss of $3,292 in 2015, a comprehensive loss of $4,468 in 2014 and a comprehensive gain of $1,906 in 2013. These amounts are included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. The functional currency of our subsidiaries in Switzerland, Canada, and Singapore is the U.S. Dollar.

Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in the consolidated statements of operations as other non-operating income/expense. In 2015, 2014 and 2013, we reported foreign exchange transaction losses of $1,247, $1,382, and $624, respectively.

Revenue

Revenue by Geographic Regions: We classify our sales by customers’ location in four geographic regions: 1) EMEA, which includes Europe, the Middle East and Africa; 2) the United States, which for our purposes includes sales in Canada; 3) Asia Pacific Rim; and 4) Other Countries, including Australia, Latin America and India. The breakdown of revenue in each of our major geographic areas was as follows:

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2015 Compared to 2014

Total revenue in 2015 increased $39,906, or 20%, from 2014. The increase in total revenue was primarily attributable to an increase in hardware product sold to the Banking market. Please see the discussion below under “Revenue by Target Market” for additional information.

Revenue generated in EMEA for the full-year 2015 was $34,795, or 27%, higher in 2015 than in 2014. The increase reflected an increase of approximately 33% in revenue from the Banking market and a decrease of approximately 1% in revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market. The increase in revenue in the Banking market was driven by an increase in hardware products, in large part from card readers that either include our CrontoSign technology or provide a high level of functionality. Revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market decline in hardware products was offset by non-hardware products, primarily maintenance.

Revenue generated in Asia Pacific for the full-year 2015 was $4,791, or 11%, higher in 2015 than in 2014. Revenue was approximately 13% higher in the Banking market and 15% lower in the Enterprise and Application Security market when compared to the revenue for full-year 2014. In the Banking market revenues from both hardware and non-hardware products increased.

Revenue generated in other countries for the full-year 2015 was $695, or 4%, higher in 2015 than in 2014. Revenue in other countries was approximately 6% higher in the Banking market, mostly in the Latin American market, and 22% lower in the Enterprise and Application Security market when compared to the revenue for full-year 2014.

Revenue generated in the United States for the full-year 2015 was $375, or 3%, lower in 2015 than in 2014. Revenue was approximately 7% lower in the Banking market and 1% higher in the Enterprise and Application Security market.

2014 Compared to 2013

Total revenue in 2014 increased $46,490, or 30%, from 2013. The increase in total revenue was primarily attributable to an increase in hardware products sold to the Banking market and non-hardware products sold to both the Banking and Enterprise and Application Security markets. Please see the discussion below under “Revenue by Target Market” for additional information regarding the changes in revenue from the Banking market and the Enterprise and Application Security market.

Revenue generated in EMEA for the full-year 2014 was $33,591, or 35%, higher in 2014 than in 2013. The increase reflected an increase of approximately 39% in revenue from the Banking market and an increase of approximately 20% in revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market. The increase in revenue in the Banking market was driven by an increase in both hardware products, in large part from card readers that either include our CrontoSign technology or provide a high level of functionality, and non-hardware products, primarily our mobile solutions. Growth in revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market came from non-hardware products, primarily maintenance.

Revenue generated in the United States for the full-year 2014 was $317, or 3%, higher in 2014 than in 2013. Revenue was approximately 30% higher in the Enterprise and Application Security market and was partially offset by a decline of approximately 13% in the Banking market. In the second half of 2014, HSBC adopted two-factor authentication for its retail internet banking application, but the results from their rollout was not large enough to offset our shortfall in the first half of the year when compared to the same period in 2013. To date, no other large U.S. bank has made a firm commitment to adopt two-factor authentication for their retail internet banking applications.

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Revenue generated in Asia Pacific for the full-year 2014 was $15,009, or 55%, higher in 2014 than in 2013. Revenue was approximately 63% higher in the Banking market and 7% lower in the Enterprise and Application Security market when compared to the revenue for full-year 2013. The increase in revenue in the Banking market came primarily from Japan and Hong Kong, in part reflecting the addition of new customers.

Revenue generated in other countries for the full-year 2014 was $2,427, or 12%, lower in 2014 than in 2013. Revenue in other countries was approximately 14% lower in the Banking market and 26% higher in the Enterprise and Application Security market when compared to the revenue for full-year 2013.

Revenue by Target Market: Revenue is generated currently from two primary markets, (1) Banking and (2) Enterprise and Application Security, through the use of both direct and indirect sales channels. The Enterprise and Application Security market includes products used by employees of corporations to secure their internal networks (the Enterprise Security market) and business-to-business, business-to-consumer, e-commerce, e-government, e-gaming and other vertical applications (the Application Security market) that are not related to banking or finance. In addition, maintenance and support services associated with all markets are included in the Enterprise and Application Security market results. Management currently views the Enterprise and Application Security market as one market because the same products are sold using the same methods to both groups (i.e., a direct touch model and channel distribution model). Sales to the Enterprise and Application Security market are generally for smaller quantities and higher prices than sales made to the Banking market. The breakdown of revenue between the two primary markets is as follows:

2015 Compared to 2014

Revenue for the full year 2015 from the Banking market increased $40,919, or 24%, from 2014 and revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market decreased $1,013 or 3% in the same period.

The increase in revenues from the Banking market was primarily driven by hardware sales of our CrontoSign technology card readers to Rabobank. In the fourth quarter of 2014 and full year 2015, Rabobank deployed cardreaders with CrontoSign technology to bank customers. Full year 2015 revenue from sales of CrontoSign technology card readers to Rabobank increased $53,677, over 2014. While we expect Rabobank may continue to place additional orders, we do not expect these orders to be at the same magnitude as those received in the initial rollout period.

The decrease in revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market reflects a decrease in both hardware and non-hardware revenue, offset by an increase in maintenance and support revenue, which we include with non-hardware revenues.

The changes in revenue in both markets reflects the transactional nature of our business where the absolute amount of revenue reported in any given period is a reflection of transactions closed in that period. Also, given the sustainable, repeatable nature of our revenue model, we believe that the growth over a longer period of time

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reflects the growth in our customer base, which we expect will lead to continued increases in revenues in future years, albeit with uneven growth reported annually. We expect that customers that have purchased our products in prior years will replace those products in future years for several reasons, including but not limited to:

2014 Compared to 2013

Revenue for the full year 2014 from the Banking market increased $41,292, or 33%, from 2013 and revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market increased $5,198 or 18% in the same period.

The increase in revenues from the Banking market reflects an increase in both hardware and non-hardware. The increase in hardware revenue resulted primarily from increased sales of our card readers that either include our CrontoSign technology or provide a high level of functionality, such as those that can read both a bank card and a government issued identification card. The increase in non-hardware products primarily reflected an increase in revenue from our mobile solutions, such as DIGIPASS for Mobile or DIGIPASS for Apps, and revenue from license and support revenue related to CrontoSign products.

The increase in revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market reflects an increase in non-hardware revenue, primarily maintenance and support.

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Gross Profit and Operating Expenses

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain consolidated financial data as a percentage of revenue from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

Gross Profit

2015 Compared to 2014

Consolidated gross profit for 2015 was $146,092, an increase of $18,326, or 14%, from the $127,766 reported for 2014. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue (“gross profit margin”) was 61% in 2015 compared to 63% in 2014. The decrease in the gross profit margin was primarily attributable to the following factors:

Gross margin on product sold reflects the specific mix of product and quantities sold in each period. As the size of deals increase, the gross margin generally declines. For 2015, gross margins from product sold in the Banking market was approximately 4 percentage points lower than in 2014. Gross margins from product sold in the Enterprise and Application Security market was approximately 1 percentage point higher in 2015 compared to 2014.

Revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market, which generally has gross profit margins that are 20 to 30 percentage points higher than the Banking market, was 13% of our total revenue for the full-year 2015 compared to 17% of our total revenue for the full-year 2014.

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The decline in gross margin from product sold in the Banking market is primarily attributable to the increase in card readers sold as a percentage of revenue. Card readers, which generally have gross profit margins that are 15 to 25 percentage points lower than other hardware-related margins due to competitive pricing pressures, were 36% of our total revenue for the full-year 2015 compared to 25% of our revenue for the full-year 2014. In 2015, we experienced increased demand for our card readers that include our CrontoSign technology.

2014 Compared to 2013

Consolidated gross profit for 2014 was $127,766, an increase of $27,895, or 28%, from the $99,871 reported for 2013. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue (“gross profit margin”) was 63% in 2014 compared to 64% in 2013. The decrease in the gross profit margin was primarily attributable to the following factors:

Gross margin on product sold reflects the specific mix of product and quantities sold in each period. As the size of deals increase, the gross margin generally declines. For 2014, gross margins from product sold in the Banking market was approximately 1.8 percentage points lower than in 2013. Gross margins from product sold in the Enterprise and Application Security market was approximately 0.5 percentage points higher in 2014 compared to 2013.

Revenue from the Enterprise and Application Security market, which generally has gross profit margins that are 20 to 30 percentage points higher than the Banking market, was 17% of our total revenue for the full-year 2014 compared to 18% of our total revenue for the full-year 2013.

The decline in gross margin from product sold in the Banking market is primarily attributable to the increase in card readers sold as a percentage of revenue. Card readers, which generally have gross profit margins that are 15 to 25 percentage points lower than other hardware-related margins due to competitive pricing pressures, were 25% of our total revenue for the full-year 2014 compared to 14% of our revenue for the full-year 2013. In 2014, we experienced increased demand for our card readers that either include our CrontoSign technology or provide a high level of functionality, such as those that can read both a bank card and a government issued identification card.

There were no significant changes for the full-year 2014 compared to the full-year 2013 in other factors that often affect our gross margins as a percentage of revenue. Non-hardware related revenues as a percentage of total revenue were 27% in 2014 compared to 28% in 2013. Write-downs of inventory and non-product costs did not change materially in 2014 compared to 2013. As noted above, the average exchange rates in both years were also comparable.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses are generally based on anticipated revenue levels and the majority of such expenses are fixed over short periods of time. As a result, small variations in the amount of revenue recognized in any given period could cause significant variations in the period-to-period comparisons of either the absolute amounts of operating income or operating income as a percentage of revenue. There are three primary factors that impact our operating expenses: our headcount levels, our stock-based incentive plan compensation expenses and the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates. The strengthening of the US Dollar in 2015 had a significant impact on our operating expenses. Overall, our operating expenses increased $5,961 or 7%, from $89,678 in 2014 to $95,639 in 2015. Operating expenses in 2015 were reduced by approximately $9,300 resulting from a stronger US Dollar.

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Generally, the most significant factor driving our operating expenses is our headcount. Direct compensation and benefit plan expenses historically represented between 55% and 65% of our operating expenses. Due to the strong US Dollar in 2015 and the 46% increase in general and administrative expenses, described later, compensation related expenses represented 56% of total 2015 operating expenses. We attempt to manage our headcount within the context of the economic environments in which we operate and the investments that we believe we need to make to help ensure that our infrastructure is able to support future growth and ensure that our products are competitive. The headcount from continuing operations for 2013 through 2015 is recapped in the following table:

In November 2015, with the acquisition of Silanis, our headcount increased by 156.

In 2014, we reduced staff in selected areas in an effort to improve profitability in those areas. The targeted reductions were made both in sales and marketing and in research and development. The reduction in sales and marketing was primarily focused on improving the profitability of the Enterprise and Application Security business. The reduction in research and development primarily reflected additional fine tuning related to the shutdown of our engineering operations in Australia and the move of research and development activities previously done in Australia to Austria, as well as reductions related to re-prioritizing projects for our services platform.

For 2016, we expect to increase headcount in all functional areas with the largest increases coming in sales and marketing and in research and development. We plan to increase headcount in:

The comparison of operating expenses in both 2015 to 2014 and 2014 to 2013 were impacted by changes to our long-term incentive plan compensation expenses that relate to our performance in each year. For the full-year 2015, 2014 and 2013, operating expenses included $5,650, $3,250 and $2,587, respectively, of expense related to long-term incentive plans. Based on our performance in 2015, long-term incentive awards granted at the beginning of 2015 were earned. Based on our performance in 2014, long-term incentive awards granted at the beginning of 2014 were earned. In 2013 we fell short of our targets and, as a result, long-term incentive awards for that year was not earned. Long-term incentive plan compensation expense includes both cash and stock-based incentives.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

2015 Compared to 2014

Consolidated sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $39,670, a decrease of $3,692, or 9%, from $43,362 reported for 2014. This decrease in sales and marketing expenses primarily relates to:

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partially offset by

Our average full-year headcount increased 7% in 2015 compared to 2014. The average full-time sales, marketing and operations employee headcount was 199 in 2015 compared to 186 in 2014. At year-end 2015, 2014 and 2013, the company employed 259 (73 of which were related to the Silanis acquisition), 179 and 193 sales, marketing and operations employees, respectively.

2014 Compared to 2013

Consolidated sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014 were $43,362, an increase of $3,039, or 8%, from $40,323 reported for 2013. This increase in sales and marketing expenses primarily relates to:

partially offset by

Our average full-year headcount decreased 1% in 2014 compared to 2013. The average full-time sales, marketing and operations employee headcount was 186 in 2014 compared to 187 in 2013. At year-end 2014, 2013 and 2012, the company employed 179, 193 and 172 sales, marketing and operations employees, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses

2015 Compared to 2014

Consolidated research and development costs for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $18,538, a decrease of $959, or 5%, from $19,497 for 2014. The decrease in research and development was primarily attributable to:

partially offset by,

The average research and development headcount increased approximately 10% to 151 in 2015 from 137 in 2014. At year-end 2015, 2014 and 2013, we employed 209 (68 of which relate to Silanis acquisition), 136 and 143 research and development employees, respectively. The increase in headcount primarily reflects the additional headcount related to the Silanis acquisition.

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2014 Compared to 2013

Consolidated research and development costs for the year ended December 31, 2014 were $19,497, a decrease of $1,818, or 9%, from $21,315 reported for 2013. The decrease in research and development was primarily attributable to:

partially offset by,

The average research and development headcount decreased approximately 6% to 137 in 2014 from 145 in 2013. At year-end 2014, 2013 and 2012, we employed 136, 143 and 143 research and development employees, respectively. The reduction in headcount primarily reflected efficiencies gained by completing the consolidation of our research and development operations previously in Brisbane, Australia into Vienna, Austria in the first quarter of 2014 and was partially offset by increases in staff in other locations.

General and Administrative Expenses

2015 Compared to 2014

Consolidated general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $32,489, an increase of $10,202 or 46%, from $22,287 reported for 2014.

The increase in general and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to:

partially offset by:

The average full-time general and administrative employee headcount increased approximately 7% to 62 persons in 2015 from 58 persons in 2014. At year-end 2015, 2014 and 2013, we employed 77 (including 15 from the Silanis acquisition), 56 and 60 general and administrative employees, respectively.

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2014 Compared to 2013

Consolidated general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014 were $22,287, an increase of $1,091 or 5%, from $21,196 reported for 2013. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily attributable to increases in incentive-based compensation, including $442 of long-term incentive compensation expenses for administrative staff.

The average full-time general and administrative employee headcount decreased approximately 3% to 58 persons in 2014 from 59 persons 2013. At year-end 2014, 2013 and 2012, we employed 56, 60 and 59 general and administrative employees, respectively.

Amortization Expense

2015 Compared to 2014

Amortization expense for 2015 was $4,942, an increase of $410, or 9%, from $4,532 reported for 2014. Amortization expenses are recorded in US Dollars. The increase was primarily related to the amortization of intangible assets associated with our acquisition of Silanis in November 2015.

2014 Compared to 2013

Amortization expense for 2014 was $4,532, an increase of $1,207, or 36%, from $3,325 reported for 2013. The increase was primarily related to the amortization of intangible assets associated with our acquisition of Cronto Ltd. for twelve months in 2014 compared to 7 months of amortization in 2013.

Interest Income, Net

2015 Compared to 2014

Consolidated net interest income was $364 in 2015 compared to $118 in 2014. The increase in net interest income reflected an increase in the average return on invested balances and an increase in the average net cash balance. Our return on average net cash balances was 0.2% in 2015 compared to 0.1% in 2014. Average net cash and short term investment balances were $156,297 in 2015, an increase of $38,582 or 33% from $117,715 in 2014.

2014 Compared to 2013

Consolidated net interest income was $118 in 2014 compared to $162 in 2013. The decrease in net interest income reflected a decrease in the average return on invested balances partially offset by an increase in the average net cash balance. Our return on average net cash balances was 0.1% in 2014 compared to 0.2% in 2013. Average net cash and short term investment balances were $117,715 in 2014, an increase of $20,388, or 21%, from $97,327 in 2013.

Other Income (Expense), net

2015 Compared to 2014

Other income (expense), net in 2015 primarily included exchange gains (losses) on transactions that are denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency and subsidies received from foreign governments related to increasing trade in other countries or increasing spending on research and development. Other income of $81 in 2015 compared to other expense of $286 in 2014. The fluctuation primarily reflects higher government subsidies. Exchange losses were $1,247 and $1,382 in 2015 and 2014, respectively.

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2014 Compared to 2013

Other expense was $286 in 2014 compared to income of $240 in 2013. The increase in other expense primarily reflects an increase in exchange losses. Exchange losses were $1,382 and $624 in 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Income Taxes

2015 Compared to 2014

Income tax expense for 2015 was $8,704, compared to $5,309 in 2014. The effective tax rate in 2015 was 17%, an increase of 3 percentage points from 14% in 2014. The increase in the rate in 2015 is primarily due to incremental U.S. tax provided on an intercompany dividend from our Swiss subsidiary.

2014 Compared to 2013

Income tax expense for 2014 was $5,309, compared to $3,147 in 2013. The effective tax rate in 2014 was 14%, a decrease of 8 percentage points from 22% in 2013. The decrease in the rate in 2014 is primarily attributable to a significant increase in earnings from our foreign operations, the majority of which were taxed at the lower rate in Switzerland versus other higher taxed jurisdictions in Europe.

Foreign Tax Credit and Loss Carryforwards Available

At December 31, 2015, we had U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards of $3,309, expiring in 2023. We have not provided a valuation reserve for the U.S. foreign tax credits because we believe that it is more likely than not that they will be realized.

At December 31, 2015, we have deferred tax assets of $14,019 resulting from foreign and state NOL carryforwards of $37,394 and other foreign deductible carryforwards of $24,528. At December 31, 2015, we have a valuation allowance of $13,719 against deferred tax assets related to certain carryforwards. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding carryforwards and valuation allowances.

Income/Loss from Discontinued Operations

We had income (loss) from discontinued operations of $(43) in 2015 compared to $873 for 2014. Income reported in 2014 reflected the settlement of all claims between us and the parties from whom we purchased DigiNotar in 2011.

Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements contains additional information about the discontinued operations. See Part 1, Item 1A – Risk Factors and Part 1, Item 3 – Legal Proceedings for additional information related to DigiNotar B.V.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At December 31, 2015, we had net cash balances (total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash less bank borrowings) of $78,522 and short term investments of $44,961. We had no outstanding debt or restricted cash at December 31, 2015.

Short term investments at December 31, 2015, consisting of high quality commercial paper with maturities of less than nine months, were held by our U.S. and Swiss entities and issued by domestic and foreign corporations.

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Earnings of certain subsidiaries are deemed available for distribution. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, unremitted foreign earnings available for distribution are $22,672, and $19,849, respectively. The deferred tax liability for the incremental U.S. tax to be paid upon remittance as dividends at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $137 and $955, respectively.

The earnings of certain designated subsidiaries remain permanently invested. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, total unremitted foreign earnings considered permanently invested are $131,327 and $83,122, respectively. It is not practicable to estimate the incremental U.S. tax liability which would be incurred if these earnings were repatriated.

At December 31, 2015, we held $30,018 of cash in banks in the United States and $48,504 of cash in banks outside of the United States. Of the cash in banks outside of the United States, $45,520 is not subject to significant repatriation restrictions, but may be subject to tax upon repatriation. Cash in banks outside of the United States includes $29,335 held in tax jurisdictions where we consider retained earnings to be available for distribution and $19,169 held in jurisdictions where we consider retained earnings to be permanently invested.

Cash provided by operating activities was $68,950 during the year ended December 31, 2015. During 2015, we used $55,956, for investing activities, including $74,486 for the purchase of Silanis and $1,362 for additions to property and equipment. Financing activities used $6,444, primarily to repay Silanis debt.

Cash provided by operating activities was $38,754 during the year ended December 31, 2014. During 2014, we used $67,800 for investing activities, including net short term investments of $64,940 and $1,453 for additions to property and equipment. Financing activities provided $181, primarily consisting of the tax benefit of stock-based compensation and proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

The net effect of 2015 activity resulted in an increase in net cash of $6,081 and a net cash balance of $78,522 at December 31, 2015, compared to $72,441 at the end of 2014. Our working capital at December 31, 2015 was $127,675 a decrease of $33,354 or 21%, from $161,029 at December 31, 2014. The change is primarily attributable to the purchase of Silanis in 2015. Our current ratio was 3.3 to 1.0 at December 31, 2015.

The net effect of 2014 activity resulted in a decrease in net cash of $26,166 and a net cash balance of $72,441 at December 31, 2014, compared to $98,607 at the end of 2013. Our working capital at December 31, 2014 was $161,029, an increase of $36,490 or 29%, from $124,539 at December 31, 2013. The change is primarily attributable to the generation of positive cash flow from operations in 2014. Our current ratio was 4.6 to 1.0 at December 31, 2014.

We believe that our financial resources are adequate to meet our operating needs over the next twelve months.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The company has no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Contractual Obligations

The company has the following contractual obligations at December 31, 2015:

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Purchase obligations are primarily for inventory. As further described in our Critical Accounting Policies, we regularly monitor inventories to ensure they are realizeable at stated values.

The company had $560 of unrecognized tax benefits as of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, which have been set aside in a reserve in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 Income Taxes. These amounts are not included in the above table as the timing of payment of such obligations, if any, is not determinable.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations discusses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to bad debts, net realizable value of inventory and intangible assets. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management believes the following critical accounting policies affect significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC 985-605, Software – Revenue Recognition, ASC 985-605-25, Revenue Recognition – Multiple Element Arrangements and Staff Accounting Bulletin 104.

Revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable and collection of the revenue is probable.

In multiple-element arrangements, some of our products are accounted for under the software provisions of ASC 985-605 and others under the provisions that relate to the sale of non-software products.

In our typical multiple-element arrangement, the primary deliverables include:

Our multiple-element arrangements may also include other items that are usually delivered prior to the recognition of any revenue are incidental to the overall transaction such as initialization of the hardware device, customization of the hardware device itself or the packaging in which it is delivered, deployment services where we deliver the device to our customer’s end-use customer or employee and, in some limited cases, professional services to assist with the initial implementation of a new customer.

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In multiple-element arrangements that include a hardware client device, we allocate the selling price among all elements, delivered and undelivered, based on our internal price lists and the percentage of the selling price of that element, per the price list, to the total of the estimated selling price of all of the elements per the price list. Our internal price lists for both delivered and undelivered elements were determined to be reasonable estimates of the selling price of each element based on a comparison of actual sales made to the price list for each item delivered and to vendor specific objective evidence (VSOE) for undelivered items.

Undelivered elements primarily are PCS. The method by which we determine VSOE has validated that the price lists are reasonable estimates of the selling price for PCS. The estimated selling price of PCS items is based on an established percentage of the user license fee attributable to the specific software and is applied consistently to all PCS arrangements. The percentage we use to establish VSOE, which is also generally consistent with the percentage used in the price list, is developed using the “bell curve method”. Under this method, we conclude VSOE exists when a substantial majority of PCS renewals are within a narrow range of pricing.

In multiple-element arrangements that include a software client device, we continue to account for each element under the current standards of ASC 985-605 related to software. When software client device and host software are delivered elements, we use the Residual Method (ASC 605-25) for determining the amount of revenue to recognize for token and software licenses if we have VSOE for all of the undelivered elements. Any discount provided to the customer is applied fully to the delivered elements in such an arrangement. VSOE of fair value of PCS agreements is based on customer renewal transactions on a worldwide basis. In sales arrangements where VSOE of fair value has not been established, revenue for all elements is deferred and amortized over the life of the arrangement.

For transactions other than multiple-element arrangements, we recognize revenue as follows:

We recognize revenue from sales to distributors and resellers on the same basis as sales made directly to customers. We recognize revenue when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable and collection of the revenue is probable.

For large-volume transactions, we may negotiate a specific price that is based on the number of users of the software license or quantities of hardware supplied. The per unit prices for large-volume transactions are generally lower than transactions for smaller quantities and the price differences are commonly referred to as volume-purchase discounts.

All revenue is reported on a net basis, excluding any sales taxes or value added taxes.

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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make payments for goods and services. We analyze accounts receivable, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends and changes in our customer payment terms when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is based on a specific review of all significant past-due accounts. If the financial condition of our customers deteriorates, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.

Net Realizable Value of Inventory

We write down inventory where it appears that the carrying cost of the inventory may not be recovered through subsequent sale of the inventory. We analyze the quantity of inventory on hand, the quantity sold in the past year, the anticipated sales volume in the form of sales to new customers as well as sales to previous customers, the expected sales price and the cost of making the sale when evaluating the valuation of our inventory. If the sales volume or sales price of a specific model declines significantly, additional write-downs may be required.

Impairment of Long-Lived and Intangible Assets:

Definite-lived intangible assets include proprietary technology and other intangible assets. Intangible assets other than patents with definite lives are amortized over the useful life, generally three to seven years for proprietary technology. Patents are amortized over the life of the patent, generally 20 years in the U.S.

Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets being amortized and capitalized software costs, are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss shall be recognized if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If it is determined that an impairment loss has occurred, the loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. Long-lived assets held for sale are reported at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets:

We account for goodwill and other intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other. We assess the impairment of goodwill each November or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors considered important which could trigger an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, and significant negative industry or economic trends. Once identified, the amount of the impairment is computed by comparing the carrying value of the assets to the fair value, which is based on the discounted estimated future cash flows.

We have not recognized any impairment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013 as the fair value of our reporting unit substantially exceeded the carrying amount.

Income Taxes:

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable

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income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize the effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities and in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

At December 31, 2015, we had foreign and state NOL carryforwards of $37,394, and other foreign deductible carryforwards of $24,528. ASC 740-10 requires that valuation allowances be established for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. We have provided valuation allowances against deferred tax assets related to certain NOL and other carryforwards. (See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the NOL and valuation allowance.)

Also in accordance with ASC 740-10, we have unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions. We have identified one exposure concerning cost allocations used in the implementation of our worldwide strategy related to the ownership of our intellectual property for which we had an unrecognized tax benefit of $560 at both December 31, 2015 and 2014, which is an offset to our U.S. deferred tax asset at the end of each respective period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, (ASU 2015-17), requiring deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as non-current in a classified statement of financial position. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within such annual periods. ASU 2015-17 may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. We are currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of ASU 2015-17 on our consolidated financial statements and have not yet determined the method by which we will adopt.

In September 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-16, Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments, (ASU 2015-16), which eliminates the requirement for an acquirer to retrospectively adjust the financial statements for measurement-period adjustments that occur in periods after a business combination is consummated. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within such annual periods and applies prospectively to adjustments to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date. Measurement period adjustments identified subsequent to December 31, 2015, if any, for the Silanis Acquisition, further described in Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, will be recorded and disclosed in accordance with ASU 2015-16. We are unable to estimate the quantitative impact of ASU 2015-16 on future financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in applying such process, more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing U.S. GAAP.

ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within such annual periods, using either of the following transition methods: (i) a full retrospective approach reflecting the application of the standard in each prior reporting period with the option to elect certain practical expedients, or (ii) a retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially adopting ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of adoption (which includes additional footnote disclosures).

In August 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Deferral of Effective Date deferring the new revenue standard one year and allowing early adoption as of the original effective date.

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We are currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2015-14 on our consolidated financial statements and have not yet determined the method by which we will adopt the standard and whether we will elect early adoption.

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, our management believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Item 7A - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk (In thousands)

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk – In 2015, approximately 95% of our business was conducted outside the United States, primarily in Europe, Latin America and Asia/Pacific. A significant portion of our business operations is transacted in foreign currencies. As a result, we have exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations. We are affected by both foreign currency translation and transaction adjustments. Translation adjustments result from the conversion of the foreign subsidiaries’ balance sheets and income statements to U.S. Dollars at year-end exchange rates and weighted average exchange rates, respectively. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are recorded directly into stockholders’ equity. Transaction adjustments result from currency exchange movements when one of our companies transacts business in a currency that differs from its local currency. These adjustments are recorded as gains or losses in our statements of operations. Our business transactions are spread across numerous countries and currencies. This geographic diversity reduces the risk to our operating results. As noted in Management’s Discussion and Analysis above, we attempt to minimize the net impact of currency on operating earnings by denominating an amount of billings in a currency such that it would provide a hedge against the operating expenses being incurred in that currency.

Interest Rate Risk – We have minimal interest rate risk. We had no debt outstanding at December 31, 2015. Our cash, cash equivalents, and short term investments are invested in short-term instruments at current market rates. If rates were to increase or decrease by one percentage point, the company’s interest income would increase or decrease approximately $1,235 annually.

Impairment Risk – At December 31, 2015, we had goodwill of $80,853 and other intangible assets of $37,970, primarily from acquisitions including Silanis in 2015, Risk IDS in 2014, Cronto in 2013, and other acquisitions prior to 2012. We assess the net realizable value of goodwill at least annually, and the net realizable value of other intangible assets whenever events or circumstances change indicating the carrying value may not be recoverable. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, we did not incur any impairments however, we may incur impairment charges in future periods.

Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The information in response to this item is included in our consolidated financial statements, together with the report thereon of KPMG LLP, appearing on pages F-1 through F-22 of this Form 10-K, and in Item 7 under the heading Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 9 - Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

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Item 9A - Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, who, respectively, are our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of the end of the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide assurance that (i) the information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Controls

The assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, excluded Silanis Technology Inc., acquired by the company in a business combination in the fourth quarter of 2015. Excluding the impact of Silanis, if any, there were no changes in the company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The management of VASCO Data Security International, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. While our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance that their objectives are met, they cannot provide absolute assurance. The design

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of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within a company are detected. The inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.

Management has excluded Silanis Technology, Inc. (Silanis), from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, because this entity was acquired by the company in a business combination in the fourth quarter of 2015. Silanis has total assets representing $99,376 and has total revenues representing $541, of the company’s consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Notwithstanding the limitations noted above, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have both concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting were effective at a reasonable level of assurance as of December 31, 2015.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, it used the criteria based on the framework set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission on Internal Controls (COSO) – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessments we believe that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This report appears below.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

VASCO Data Security International, Inc.:

We have audited VASCO Data Security International, Inc.’s (“the Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, VASCO Data Security International, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

VASCO Data Security International, Inc. acquired Silanis Technology, Inc. (Silanis) during 2015, and management excluded from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, Silanis’ internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets of $99,376,000 and total revenue of $541,000, included in the consolidated financial statements of VASCO Data Security International, Inc. and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Silanis.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of VASCO Data Security International, Inc. and subsidiaries as

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of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, and the consolidated financial schedule, and our report dated February 29, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and the consolidated financial schedule.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Chicago, Illinois

February 29, 2016

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PART III

Item 10 - Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

All information in response to this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Directors and Executive Officers” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Compliance” sections of VASCO’s Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item 11 - Executive Compensation

The information in response to this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Executive Compensation” section of VASCO’s Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item 12 - Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information in response to this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners, Directors and Management” section of VASCO’s Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item 13 - Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information in response to this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Directors and Executive Officers” and “Transactions with Related Persons” sections of VASCO’s Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Item 14 - Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information in response to this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Report of the Audit Committee” section of VASCO’s Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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PART IV

Item 15 - Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Form 10-K.

(1) The following consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and the related independent auditors’ report, are included on pages F-1 through F-22 of this Form 10-K:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2) The following consolidated financial statement schedule of the company is included on page F-23 of this Form 10-K:

Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

All other financial statement schedules are omitted because such schedules are not required or the information required has been presented in the aforementioned consolidated financial statements.

(3) The following exhibits are filed with this Form 10-K or incorporated by reference as set forth at the end of the list of exhibits:

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